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# George Barnes (musician)
## Style and technique {#style_and_technique}
Barnes\'s style took shape before the development of bebop, and he remained a swing stylist throughout his career. His lines were usually short, melodic, bluesy and \"inside\" (i.e., diatonic), compared to the chromaticism and long lines of bop-era guitarists. His improvisations often employed call and response phrases, and his tone was clearer, cleaner and brighter than many other jazz guitarists (such as Joe Pass or Jim Hall) and reflected his \"happy\" approach to music. His playing was noted for its bright quality and melodic style.
The single note lines in his solos never strayed far from the tune that was being played. He often made use of blues phrases, string bends and vibrato. His use of vibrato was developed from watching Violinists and would start slowly, then the speed increased. When creating vibrato he did it across the fingerboard, rather than in line with it.
He played a right-handed guitar, but George Barnes was left handed, seeing it as an advantage to use the strongest hand for work on the fretboard.
Claiming that it gave him more control, Barnes held the pick between his thumb and middle finger playing mainly with downstrokes. He only used alternate picking when picking very rapid notes on the fretboard. By tightening or loosening his grip on the pick, Barnes could change the volume and dynamics of his guitar sound. Believing that it helped to give him good tone, he always used the thickest picks, and the heaviest gauge strings possible.
Not long before his death, Barnes recorded three live albums---two produced from an April 17, 1977, concert at the San Francisco club Bimbo\'s 365, the other at the Willows Theatre in Concord, California. The albums are good examples of his swinging, happy and often mischievous style. The albums also include his banter with the audience and his introductions of tunes and his band, giving the listener a glimpse of his sense of humour.
In a review of the album *Don\'t Get Around Much Anymore* (material from a 1977 concert in Concord, California, recorded a little more than a month before Barnes\'s death at the age of 56), Jim Ferguson wrote, \"Often overlooked in a sea of more modern-sounding, bebop-oriented guitarists, George Barnes could swing like mad and spin out intricate, frequently bluesy phrases with awesome precision and musicality\...From start to finish, this well-recorded performance demonstrates the qualities that qualify Barnes for a position among the most elite players in the annals of jazz guitar.\"
In 1942, Barnes wrote the first electric guitar method book, *The George Barnes Electric Guitar Method*, published by Wm. J. Smith. In 1961, he wrote and recorded *George Barnes\' Living Guitar Method: The Easy Way to Learn All the Chords and Rhythms* and *Ten Duets for Two Guitars* (recorded with his partner Carl Kress) for Music Minus One. In 1965, he wrote *How to Arrange for Solo Guitar*, published by Peermusic. He also produced the first guitar course offered on cassette tape, *The Great George Barnes Guitar Course*, published in 1970 by Prentice Hall.
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# George Barnes (musician)
## Discography
### As leader {#as_leader}
- *The George Barnes Sextet* (Keynote, 1946)
- *Country Jazz* (Colortone, 1957)
- *Guitar in Velvet* (Grand Award, 1957)
- *Guitars\...By George!* (Decca, 1958)
- *Guitar Galaxies* (Mercury, 1960)
- *Guitars Galore* (Mercury, 1961)
- *Something Tender* with Bud Freeman and Carl Kress (United Artists Jazz, 1962)
- *Guitars, Anyone? Why Not Start at the Top?* with Carl Kress (Carney, 1963)
- *Smokey and Intimate* with Carl Kress and Flo Handy (Carney, 1964)
- *Town Hall Concert* with Carl Kress (United Artists, 1963)
- *Guitars Pure and Honest* with Bucky Pizzarelli (A&R, 1971)
- *The Guitar Album: The Historic Town Hall Concert* with Bucky Pizzarelli (Columbia, 1972)
- *Swing, Guitars* with Dick Hyman (Famous Door, 1973)
- *Live at the New School* with Ruby Braff, Michael Moore, Wayne Wright (Chiaroscuro, 1974)
- *Gems* with Joe Venuti (Concord Jazz, 1975)
- *Braff/Barnes Quartet Salutes Rodgers and Hart* with Ruby Braff (Concord Jazz, 1975)
- *Live at the Concord Summer Festival* with Joe Venuti (Concord Jazz, 1977)
- *The Uncollected George Barnes and His Octet 1946* (Hindsight, 1977)
- *Blues Going Up* (Concord Jazz, 1977)
- *Plays So Good* (Concord Jazz, 1978)
- *Two Guitars Volume 1* with Carl Kress (Stash, 1983)
- *Two Guitars and a Horn* with Carl Kress and Bud Freeman (Stash, 1983)
- *Don\'t Get Around Much Anymore* (Acoustic Disc, 2002)
**With Louis Armstrong**
- *I Love Jazz* (Decca, 1962)
- *Louis and the Angels* (Decca, 1957)
- *Louis and the Good Book* (Decca, 1958)
**With Al Caiola**
- *High Strung* (RCA Victor, 1959)
- *Italian Guitars* (Time, 1960)
- *Spanish Guitars* (Time, 1976)
**With Ben E
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# Salt Lake Golden Eagles
The **Salt Lake Golden Eagles** were a minor professional hockey team based in Salt Lake City from 1969 to 1994.
## History
They played in the Western Hockey League from 1969 to 1974, the Central Hockey League from 1974 to 1984 and the International Hockey League from 1984 to 1994. The Golden Eagles home arena was the Salt Palace from 1969 to 1991 and the Delta Center from 1991 to 1994. In 1994 Larry H. Miller, who also owned the Utah Jazz and the Delta Center, sold the team to Detroit interests. The Golden Eagles became the Detroit Vipers.
Teams that succeeded the Golden Eagles in this market:
- Utah Grizzlies -- IHL 1995--2001; AHL 2001--2005
- Utah Grizzlies -- ECHL 2005--present
- Utah Mammoth -- NHL 2024--present
NHL parent clubs.\
WHL: California Golden Seals (1972--1974) Buffalo Sabres (1970--1972) Montreal Canadiens (1969--1970) Boston Bruins (1969--1970) \
CHL: Minnesota North Stars (1983--1984) St. Louis Blues (1977--1983) Cleveland Barons (NHL) (1976--1977) California Golden Seals (1974--1976) Los Angeles Kings (1974--1975) \
IHL: New York Islanders (1993--1994) Calgary Flames (1987--1993)
## Players
## Season-by-season results {#season_by_season_results}
- Salt Lake Golden Eagles 1969--1974 (Western Hockey League)
- Salt Lake Golden Eagles 1974--1984 (Central Hockey League)
- Salt Lake Golden Eagles 1984--1994 (International Hockey League)
### Regular season {#regular_season}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Season</p></th>
<th><p>League</p></th>
<th><p>Games</p></th>
<th><p>Won</p></th>
<th><p>Lost</p></th>
<th><p>Tied</p></th>
<th><p>OTL</p></th>
<th><p>SOL</p></th>
<th><p>Points</p></th>
<th><p>Goals<br />
for</p></th>
<th><p>Goals<br />
against</p></th>
<th><p>Standing</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1969–70</p></td>
<td><p>WHL</p></td>
<td><p>72</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td><p>43</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>44</p></td>
<td><p>240</p></td>
<td><p>366</p></td>
<td><p>7th</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1970–71</p></td>
<td><p>WHL</p></td>
<td><p>72</p></td>
<td><p>18</p></td>
<td><p>49</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>41</p></td>
<td><p>217</p></td>
<td><p>327</p></td>
<td><p>6th</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1971–72</p></td>
<td><p>WHL</p></td>
<td><p>72</p></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>33</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>68</p></td>
<td><p>250</p></td>
<td><p>254</p></td>
<td><p>5th</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1972–73</p></td>
<td><p>WHL</p></td>
<td><p>72</p></td>
<td><p>32</p></td>
<td><p>25</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>79</p></td>
<td><p>288</p></td>
<td><p>259</p></td>
<td><p>2nd</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1973–74</p></td>
<td><p>WHL</p></td>
<td><p>78</p></td>
<td><p>41</p></td>
<td><p>33</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>86</p></td>
<td><p>356</p></td>
<td><p>297</p></td>
<td><p>2nd</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1974–75</p></td>
<td><p>CHL</p></td>
<td><p>78</p></td>
<td><p>43</p></td>
<td><p>24</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>97</p></td>
<td><p>317</p></td>
<td><p>245</p></td>
<td><p><strong>1st, North</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1975–76</p></td>
<td><p>CHL</p></td>
<td><p>76</p></td>
<td><p>37</p></td>
<td><p>35</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>78</p></td>
<td><p>300</p></td>
<td><p>299</p></td>
<td><p>3rd</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1976–77</p></td>
<td><p>CHL</p></td>
<td><p>76</p></td>
<td><p>31</p></td>
<td><p>39</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>68</p></td>
<td><p>276</p></td>
<td><p>288</p></td>
<td><p>5th</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1977–78</p></td>
<td><p>CHL</p></td>
<td><p>76</p></td>
<td><p>42</p></td>
<td><p>31</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>87</p></td>
<td><p>283</p></td>
<td><p>238</p></td>
<td><p>2nd</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1978–79</p></td>
<td><p>CHL</p></td>
<td><p>76</p></td>
<td><p>47</p></td>
<td><p>22</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>101</p></td>
<td><p>314</p></td>
<td><p>209</p></td>
<td><p><strong>1st</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1979–80</p></td>
<td><p>CHL</p></td>
<td><p>80</p></td>
<td><p>49</p></td>
<td><p>24</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>105</p></td>
<td><p>342</p></td>
<td><p>259</p></td>
<td><p><strong>1st</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1980–81</p></td>
<td><p>CHL</p></td>
<td><p>80</p></td>
<td><p>46</p></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>97</p></td>
<td><p>368</p></td>
<td><p>295</p></td>
<td><p>2nd</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1981–82</p></td>
<td><p>CHL</p></td>
<td><p>80</p></td>
<td><p>47</p></td>
<td><p>30</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>97</p></td>
<td><p>368</p></td>
<td><p>329</p></td>
<td><p><strong>1st, North</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1982–83</p></td>
<td><p>CHL</p></td>
<td><p>80</p></td>
<td><p>41</p></td>
<td><p>38</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>83</p></td>
<td><p>318</p></td>
<td><p>312</p></td>
<td><p>4th</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1983–84</p></td>
<td><p>CHL</p></td>
<td><p>72</p></td>
<td><p>35</p></td>
<td><p>35</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>72</p></td>
<td><p>334</p></td>
<td><p>330</p></td>
<td><p>3rd</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1984–85</p></td>
<td><p>IHL</p></td>
<td><p>82</p></td>
<td><p>35</p></td>
<td><p>39</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>82</p></td>
<td><p>332</p></td>
<td><p>323</p></td>
<td><p>6th</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1985–86</p></td>
<td><p>IHL</p></td>
<td><p>82</p></td>
<td><p>44</p></td>
<td><p>36</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>90</p></td>
<td><p>340</p></td>
<td><p>325</p></td>
<td><p>4th, West</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1986–87</p></td>
<td><p>IHL</p></td>
<td><p>82</p></td>
<td><p>39</p></td>
<td><p>31</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>90</p></td>
<td><p>360</p></td>
<td><p>357</p></td>
<td><p>2nd, West</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1987–88</p></td>
<td><p>IHL</p></td>
<td><p>82</p></td>
<td><p>40</p></td>
<td><p>34</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>88</p></td>
<td><p>308</p></td>
<td><p>303</p></td>
<td><p>2nd, West</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1988–89</p></td>
<td><p>IHL</p></td>
<td><p>82</p></td>
<td><p>56</p></td>
<td><p>22</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>116</p></td>
<td><p>369</p></td>
<td><p>294</p></td>
<td><p><strong>1st, West</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1989–90</p></td>
<td><p>IHL</p></td>
<td><p>82</p></td>
<td><p>37</p></td>
<td><p>36</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>83</p></td>
<td><p>326</p></td>
<td><p>311</p></td>
<td><p>2nd, West</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1990–91</p></td>
<td><p>IHL</p></td>
<td><p>83</p></td>
<td><p>50</p></td>
<td><p>28</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>105</p></td>
<td><p>353</p></td>
<td><p>296</p></td>
<td><p>2nd, West</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1991–92</p></td>
<td><p>IHL</p></td>
<td><p>82</p></td>
<td><p>33</p></td>
<td><p>40</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>75</p></td>
<td><p>252</p></td>
<td><p>304</p></td>
<td><p>4th, West</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1992–93</p></td>
<td><p>IHL</p></td>
<td><p>82</p></td>
<td><p>38</p></td>
<td><p>39</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>81</p></td>
<td><p>269</p></td>
<td><p>305</p></td>
<td><p>2nd, Pacific</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1993–94</p></td>
<td><p>IHL</p></td>
<td><p>81</p></td>
<td><p>24</p></td>
<td><p>52</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>--</p></td>
<td><p>53</p></td>
<td><p>243</p></td>
<td><p>377</p></td>
<td><p>4th, Pacific</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
### Playoffs
Season 1st round 2nd round Finals
---------- ------------------------ ----------------------- -----------------------------------
1969--70 Out of playoffs.
1970--71 Out of playoffs.
1971--72 Out of playoffs.
1972--73 N/A Beat Denver 4-1 Lost 0-4 in finals to Phoenix
1973--74 Lost to Portland 1-4 \-- \--
1974--75 bye Beat Omaha 3-1 **Won Adams Cup, 4-3-Dallas**
1975--76 Lost to Dallas 1-4 \-- \--
1976--77 Out of playoffs.
1977--78 Lost to Dallas 2-4 \-- \--
1978--79 N/A N/A Lost 1-4 in finals to Dallas
1979--80 N/A N/A **Won Adams Cup, 4-3-Ft.Worth**
1980--81 W, 3--2, FW W, 4--1, Tulsa **Won Adams Cup, 4-3- Wichita**
1981--82 W, 3--1, Oklahoma City L, 2--4, Dallas \--
1982--83 L, 2-4, Indianapolis \-- \--
1983--84 Out of playoffs.
1984--85 L, 3-4, Fort Wayne \-- \--
1985--86 L, 1-4, Fort Wayne \-- \--
1986--87 W, 4-2, Milwaukee W, 4-1, Fort Wayne **Won Turner Cup, 4-2, Muskegon**
1987--88 W, 4--3, Peoria W, 4--2, Colorado **Won Turner Cup, 4--2, Flint**
1988--89 W, 4--0, Denver W, 4--1, Milwaukee L, 1--4, Muskegon
1989--90 W, 4--2, Milwaukee L, 1--4, Indianapolis \--
1990--91 L, 0--4, Phoenix \-- \--
1991--92 L, 1--4, Kansas City \-- \--
1992--93 Out of playoffs.
1993--94 Out of playoffs
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| 0 |
3,729,524 |
# East Lamma Channel
The **East Lamma Channel** (`{{zh|t=東博寮海峽}}`{=mediawiki}) is a sea channel in Hong Kong. It lies between the western shores of Hong Kong Island and Ap Lei Chau, and the east side of Lamma Island. To the north it leads into the Sulphur Channel and Victoria Harbour, to the south into the South China Sea.
The East Lamma Channel is one of the areas in the world with the heaviest traffic with more than 150 deep-water vessels of all kinds passing there every day. The eastern entrance to the channel is also the pilot point for ships going to the Kwai Tsing Container Terminals and for ships passing the Ma Wan water way up to the eastern Pearl River Delta ports in Shenzhen and Guangzhou. The East Lamma Channel is the deepest water entrance to the Hong Kong water area and part of the traffic controlled Ma Wan water way used by nearly all bigger ships coming from the east.
By Hong Kong maritime laws, ocean-going vessels entering Hong Kong via the East Lamma Straight need to slow down in order to pick up pilots at the Nganchau Pilot Boarding Station, then enter the west channel to the western seaports. When ocean-going vessels leave ports in Hong Kong, they also need to slow down and let the pilot disembark at the Nganchau Pilot Boarding Station. Therefore, the average speed of ships sailing in this strait is usually not higher than 15 knots
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East Lamma Channel
| 0 |
3,729,539 |
# Monsters (Meat Puppets album)
\| length = 46:01 (Original)\
59:46 (Reissue) \| label = SST (253) \| producer = Meat Puppets \| prev_title = Huevos \| prev_year = 1987 \| next_title = No Strings Attached \| next_year = 1990 }}
***Monsters*** is the sixth studio album by American rock band the Meat Puppets, released in October 1989. Their last release on SST Records, it was reissued on Rykodisc in 1999 with additional bonus tracks, recording notes by Derrick Bostrom and liner notes by music journalist Mark Kemp. As an added bonus, the reissue includes an \"Enhanced CD\" partition for play on home computers. *Monsters* offers the promotional video for \"Light\". The clip was produced and directed by Bill Taylor and features shots of the Puppets live in concert.
## Background
Derrick Bostrom stated in 1999 that the album originated with demos for major labels, but that the band decided to record *Monsters* with SST anyway because it took too long for majors to take notice. Kirkwood added that the album had been a response to acts like Bon Jovi and that with *Monsters* he wanted to show that the Meat Puppets could be a mainstream rock band.
## Content
### Musical style {#musical_style}
*Monsters* was described as a \"heavy rock attack\" by Stephen Thomas Erlewine in an AllMusic biography of the band, while Roaul Hernandez of *The Austin Chronicle* remarked that the record was \"metal all the way\". Greg Prato stated that the *Monsters* was best described as a \"cross\" of the two preceding Meat Puppets albums, *Huevos* and *Mirage*.
## Reception
AllMusic\'s Greg Prato gave a mixed review of *Monsters*, commenting that while songs were \"hindered\" by \"synth textures\" and individual instrument recording, the record had \"several highlights\" including a \"vicious\" album opener in \"Attacked By Monsters\", and the \"tough rocker\" \"The Void\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Curt Kirkwood. `{{Track listing
| title1 = Attacked by Monsters
| length1 = 4:43
| title2 = Light
| length2 = 4:15
| title3 = Meltdown
| length3 = 3:06
| title4 = In Love
| length4 = 3:50
| title5 = The Void
| length5 = 6:32
| title6 = Touchdown King
| length6 = 6:07
| title7 = Party Till the World Obeys
| length7 = 4:20
| title8 = Flight of the Fire Weasel
| length8 = 3:16
| title9 = Strings on Your Heart
| length9 = 5:10
| title10 = Like Being Alive
| length10 = 4:42
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Track listing
| headline = CD reissue bonus tracks
| title11 = Wish Upon a Storm
| length11 = 4:27
| title12 = Flight of the Fire Weasel, Pt. 1
| length12 = 4:25
| title13 = Flight of the Fire Weasel, Pt
| 459 |
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| 0 |
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# The City Is Alive Tonight...Live in Baltimore
**The City Is Alive Tonight\...Live In Baltimore** is a live album by Dog Fashion Disco released on January 25, 2005. It was recorded at Fletcher\'s, a club in Baltimore, MD, on June 14, 2004. It also contains the bonus DVD, **DFD-Day**, a recording of the day of the show, the show itself, the party afterwards, and the next morning. The songs \"Worm in a Dog\'s Heart\", \"Rapist Eyes\", \"G Eye Joe\" & *Breed*, however, are not present in the DVD, only in the CD. DFD-DAY was directed by Justin McConnell, and partially inspired the production of the feature documentary Working Class Rock Star. The album was re-released in 2006 through Rotten Records.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs except \"Breed\" written by Dog Fashion Disco. \"Breed\" is credited as words by Kurt Cobain and music by Nirvana.
## Credits
- Todd Smith - Vocals
- Jasan Stepp - Guitar
- Jeff Siegel - Keyboards
- Brian \"Wendy\" White - Bass
- Mike \"Ollie\" Oliver - Drums
- Matt Rippetoe - Saxophone & Flute
- Drew Mazurek - Recorder, Engineer, Mixer
- Kevin Kelch - Assistant Engineer
- Joe Lambert - Mastering
- Eric Cole - A&R
- Derek Brewer - Management
- Jeff Cohen, Esq
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# British International Helicopters
**British International Helicopter Services** (**BIH**), owned by Bristow Group, is a British-owned helicopter operator. It operates a fleet of ten helicopters covering search and rescue, offshore, defence, charter and flying training activities from its bases at Newquay Airport, Coventry Airport and RAF Mount Pleasant in the Falkland Islands.
It operates from Newquay using two Eurocopter AS 365N2 Dauphin helicopters on behalf of the Royal Navy Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST) based at HMS Drake in HMNB Devonport. A Sikorsky S-61 helicopter is also used on occasions for FOST duties.
In 2015, BIH as part of a wider group won a £180 million ten-year contract to operate from RAF Mount Pleasant with the contract commencing in 2016. Two Sikorsky S-61 helicopters were used for everyday military transport and land logistic support around the islands (until replaced by the Sikorsky S-92 in 2023), where there are few roads and a 12 mi strip of sea separates the two main islands. Search and rescue is conducted using two AW189 helicopters.
Coventry Airport operator BIH (Onshore) functions as BIH\'s utilities division, servicing an operational workload that includes police and air ambulance capability, commercial helicopter support including surveying, pipeline patrols, TV mast calibration, load lifting, forestry and national park services and film work. BIH (Onshore) also maintains BIH\'s VIP and commercial charter business, flight training for both commercial and private pilots and helicopter engineering across a wide range of helicopter and aeroplane types.
## History
The company was originally British Airways Helicopters until its privatisation in September 1986, when it was sold to publisher Robert Maxwell and subsequently renamed British International Helicopters.
In 1993, CHC Helicopter acquired 40% of BIH\'s voting shares, and raised their shareholding to 90% within a year. BIH became the UK subsidiary of CHC, as Brintel Helicopters. In October 1996, Brintel acquired the Cardiff-based Veritair.
The current incarnation of the company was formed in 2000, with the backing of 3i Group and the Bank of Scotland, through a management buy in of the non-oil related operations of Scotia Helicopters and CHC Helicopter, with the Bank of Scotland providing funding of £22 million.
In 2006, BIH finalised a secondary management buy-out financed by a syndicate of investors led by Matrix Private Equity Partners, with the backing of Finance Cornwall and Chrysalis Venture Capital Trust.
As a result of the loss of a South Wales Police helicopter air support contract, the business of British International at Cardiff was sold in May 2008 to the management team led by Captain Julian Verity. The new company Heli Charter Wales is trading as Veritair Aviation.
Veritair changed its name to British International Helicopter Services in October 2008.
In June 2013, the company was acquired by The Rigby Group subsidiary Patriot Aerospace to supplement its existing aviation activities.
It was announced in April 2022 that Bristow Group was to acquire BIH in an all cash transaction. The sale was completed on 2 August 2022. The purchase included all of BIH\'s aircraft, employees and existing contracts. The BIH name and branding will be phased out and replaced by that of the wider Bristow Group.
### Cessation of passenger flights {#cessation_of_passenger_flights}
On 1 August 2012, it was announced that the service between Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly would be withdrawn from November. A Judicial Review triggered by the Tesco supermarket group over the sale of Penzance Heliport to Sainsburys created a period of delay which affected the finance to replace the fleet of helicopters.
BIH flew seasonal and year-round domestic scheduled services from its main base at Penzance Heliport (EGHK/PZE), with services to St. Mary\'s Airport (EGHE/ISC), and Tresco Heliport (EGHT/TSO), Isles of Scilly. It used two Sikorsky S-61 helicopters from a pool of nine of the type that it owned. The flights ceased on 31 October 2012.
## Fleet
- British International Helicopter Services:
- G-ATBJ Sikorsky S-61N 1965
- G-ATFM Sikorsky S-61N 1965
- G-BCEB Sikorsky S-61N 1965
- G-BFRI Sikorsky S-61N 1978
- G-FSAR Agusta AW189 2015
- G-SAAR Agusta AW189 2015
- ZJ164 Airbus Helicopters AS365N2 1991
- ZJ165 Airbus Helicopters AS365N2 1990
- BIH (Onshore):
- G-CHKW - Robinson R44 (Raven)
- G-NWPS -- Eurocopter EC135 T.1 1998
- G-SCHZ -- Eurocopter AS355 Ecureuil 2 1999
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# British International Helicopters
## Accidents and incidents {#accidents_and_incidents}
Although British International Helicopter Services (including its time under the Veritair banner) has suffered no accidents since its inception in May 2000, the following events were experienced by its predecessors:
- 16 July 1983 `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} A British Airways Helicopters Sikorsky S-61N G-BEON crashed into the southern Celtic Sea en route from Penzance to St. Mary\'s Airport in low visibility. The crash killed 20 of the 26 passengers and crew (see 1983 British Airways Sikorsky S-61 crash), making it the worst UK Helicopter accident until the 1986 British International Helicopters Chinook crash.
- 6 November 1986 `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} A British International Helicopters Boeing 234LR Chinook crashed on approach to Sumburgh Airport, Shetland Islands, killing 45 (see 1986 British International Helicopters Chinook crash).
- 13 July 1988 `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} A Sikorsky S-61N ditched into the North Sea, no injuries (see 1988 British International Helicopters Sikorsky S-61N crash).
- 21 April 2000 `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} A Veritair Eurocopter AS355 operating for South Wales Police crashed into a house in Cardiff when the tail rotor drive failed
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# Raiguer
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Location of Raiguer **Raiguer** (`{{IPA|ca|rəjˈɣe}}`{=mediawiki}, Catalan for \"the foot of a mountain\") is a comarca (county) located in the north-central part of Majorca, one of the Balearic Islands. It runs parallel to the Serra de Tramuntana district from the town of Marratxí to the town of Sa Pobla. Like the rest of the Majorcan districts, it is only recognized at a geographic level
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# 1965 All-Africa Games
The **1st All-Africa Games** (*1ers Jeux africains*), also known as **Brazzaville 1965**, was a multi-sport event played from 18 to 25 July 1965, in Brazzaville, Congo.
## History
The first games to open to the entire African continent occurred a full forty years after they were first envisioned. Pierre de Coubertin, had proposed the first African Games be held in Algiers, Algeria in 1925. The games were never organized. Four years later, Alexandria, Egypt had almost completed preparations for the African Games of 1929 when the colonial powers stepped in to cancel the games, weeks before they were to begin. The colonizers felt the games might serve to unite Africa, and help them break free from their colonial status. The idea of a continental games languished for a time until regional games in West Africa in the early sixties paved the way for the first continental games to be held in July 1965.
Foreshadowing what was to become accepted protocol at major international games, and reflecting the continent\'s relative political instability, the Congo-Brazzaville Army was on high alert throughout the games for \"malcontents\" and \"counter-revolutionaries\". All highways in and out of Brazzaville were patrolled by armored vehicles and all cars within the city, except for games participants and journalists, were stopped and inspected at major checkpoints.
2500 athletes from 29 nations marched in to the stadium. Avery Brundage, the IOC president attended the games as the IOC\'s chief observer.
The games\' success was due in a large part to the emerging African stars, such as Wilson Kiprugut Chuma (silver medalist in the Tokyo 800 meters), Mohammed Gammoudi (silver medalist Tokyo, 10,000 meters), and Kip Keino, Naftali Temu and Mamo Wolde, who would all win medals three years later at the Mexico City Olympic Games.
Men competed in ten sports, women just two; athletics and basketball.
The top medal winning nation was the United Arab Republic, at one time a political union of Egypt and Syria.\*
- (It is not yet known if any athletes from Syria competed or won medals in the African Games)
## Participating nations {#participating_nations}
Among the countries that participated at the 1965 All Africa Games were: `{{div col|colwidth=22em}}`{=mediawiki}
-
- Cameroon
-
-
-
- DR Congo
-
- Ethiopia
-
- Ghana
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Tunisia
-
-
-
- Zambia
- (Dahomey)
## Sports
- Athletics
- Boxing
- Cycling
- Judo
- Tennis
- Swimming
- Football (Soccer)
- Basketball
- Volleyball
- Handball
## Medal table {#medal_table}
## Athletics
Several athletes, all male, won more than one event:
- Gaoussou Koné, Côte d\'Ivoire (100 metres and 200 metres)
- Wilson Kiprugut, Kenya (400 metres and 800 metres)
- Kipchoge Keino, Kenya (1500 metres and 5000 metres)
- Samuel Igun, Nigeria (high jump and triple jump)
In addition, Senegal won both relay races for men (4x100 metres and 4x400 metres).
Women were only allowed to compete in 100 metres, 80 metres hurdles, high jump, long jump, javelin throw, and 4 x 100 metres relay.
## Soccer
The soccer tournament was won by the host country Congo, their only gold medal at the Games
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# Billy Hardee
**William Abraham Hardee Jr** (August 12, 1954, -- July 4, 2011) was an American professional football player who was a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL), Canadian Football League (CFL) and United States Football League (USFL) during the 1970s and 1980s. He played college football for the Virginia Tech Hokies.
## College career {#college_career}
Hardee played at Virginia Tech from 1972 to 1975. Hardee started his collegiate career as a wide receiver, transitioning to defensive back in 1974. Hardee finished in the Top 10 nationally in 1975, with seven interceptions. This, along with his work as a kickoff returner, earned him Honorable Mention as an AP All American and a spot on the National Independent All-Star Football squad. Hardee was elected into the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame in 2005.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Following graduation from Virginia Tech, Hardee went on to play in the National Football League, the Canadian Football League and the United States Football League. Hardee retired from professional football in 1985.
## After retirement {#after_retirement}
He worked in the administration department at Lake Region High School in Eagle Lake, Florida. He and his wife Deborah had three children. A son, Billy III, followed in his father\'s footsteps and played football for the Hokies from 1999 to 2001.
## Death
Hardee died from injuries sustained from a motorcycle accident near Phoenix, AZ. He was in a coma for two days and died shortly thereafter July 4, 2011
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# Anders Nygren
**Anders Theodor Samuel Nygren** (15 November 1890 -- 20 October 1978) was a Swedish Lutheran theologian. He was professor of systematic theology at Lund University from 1924 and was elected Bishop of Lund in 1948 (emeritus 1958). He is best known for his two-volume work *Agape and Eros* (first published as Eros and Agape in Swedish in 1930--1936).
Nygren\'s approach, along with that of Gustaf Aulén, characterizes what is referred to as "Lundensian Theology".
Nygren\'s observations about love are discussed at length in M. C. D\'Arcy\'s *The Mind And Heart Of Love: Lion And Unicorn, A Study In Eros And Agape*, Faber and Faber, 1945
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# University of Chichester
The **University of Chichester** is a public university located in West Sussex, England, which became a university in 2005. Campuses are based in the city of Chichester and the nearby coastal resort of Bognor Regis and an associate campus for commercial music on the Isle of Wight.
The University of Chichester has 14 departments, with specialisms including Humanities, Sport, Musical Theatre, acting and Education. Its heritage stretches back into the nineteenth century when, in 1839, *Bishop Otter College* was established. Since 2013, both campuses have seen major expansion-led building works through National Lottery funding and other funding.
The University of Chichester is a member of the Cathedrals Group.
## History
In 1840, a school for training \'Masters\' was founded by William Otter, Bishop of Chichester, which was rebuilt in his memory as the Bishop Otter College in 1849. The original buildings, created in a neo-Tudor style, were designed by the architect J. Butler.
In 1873, the campus became a training institute for women teachers due to the activism of Louisa Hubbard after the Elementary Education Act 1870 which created demand for school teachers. Fanny Trevor was appointed as the first \"Lady Principal\" of this teacher training college for women after she offered to work for nothing, starting in 1873.
Dorothy May Meads was the Principal of Bishop Otter College from 1936 until her retirement in 1947. Between 1942 and 1945, during World War II, the Air Ministry requisitioned the Bishop Otter College for the planning of D-Day. Meads moved the facility to the Old Bishop\'s Palace in Bromley (the site of Stockwell College of Education). This was briefly closed when the threat of bombing seemed high. The college moved again in 1944, to Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. The college eventually returned to Chichester at the end of the war. Under Meads the college estate was expanded with her establishing new advanced courses in craft work, gardening and physical education she was also responsible for the building of a new gymnasium.
Elisabeth Murray was the principal from 1948 until her retirement in 1970. Murray purchased sculptures and pictures from the likes of Henry Moore, Stanley Spencer and Graham Sutherland, and invited national figures to speak to staff and students at the college. She also introduced co-education, instituted responsibility for self-appraisal in student matters and grew the college\'s governing body. Men were admitted to the college in 1957.
In the 20th century the campus was gradually expanded to meet demand. There was a large extension in the 1960s, including a steep gabled cruciform chapel, designed by the architect, Peter Shepheard.
During the 1970s the Principal of Bishop Otter College was Gordon McGregor, who went on to be Principal of Ripon and York St John and latterly Emeritus Professor of Education at the University of Leeds.
At Bognor Regis a teacher training college was founded in the 1940s to support the expansion of education.
In 1977 Bishop Otter College and the Bognor Regis college were merged to form the West Sussex Institute of Higher Education (WSIHE), with degrees being awarded by CNAA and later the University of Southampton. Alumni from this period include the actor Jason Merrells and the author Paula Byrne. Between 1995 and 1999, it was known as Chichester Institute of Higher Education. It gained degree-awarding powers in 1999, becoming known as University College Chichester, and became recognised as a full university in October 2005.
In 2015 Chichester University secured government and lotteries commission funding to the value of approximately £8 million and embarked on a plan of expansions at both academic sites, involving the demolition of several smaller collegiate structures, that were no longer suitable for purpose and the construction of facilities for academia, administration and sports.
In 2016, the Chichester campus underwent redevelopment with a new Academic Building for lecture and seminar rooms, student union shop and a sprun dance space. Other work included construction of a sports dome, chapel extension, courtyard, Sports Hall and Gym refurbishment, as well as major development work on the Library or Learning Resources Centre (LRC) which has three floors. In January 2017 the multi-million pound purpose built Academic Block was opened, hosting lecture and seminar rooms, a brand new Students\' Union shop and a sprung floor dance space.
In 2018 the university opened a new £ 35million Tech Park which houses the Creative Industries and Engineering, Computing and Maths departments. The Tech Park was opened by the Duke and Duchess of Sussex.
In 2021, it opened its Nursing and Allied health building on the Chichester campus. This 1,600-square-foot teaching headquarters was part of a multimillion-pound development.
In 2022, the University of Chichester appointed former NHS leader Dame Marianne Griffiths as its first Chancellor.
In 2024, the University of Chichester appointed Professor Symeon Dagkas as Vice-Chancellor.
## Campuses
### College Lane {#college_lane}
Chichester campus or Bishop Otter campus is situated at College Lane, Chichester and is set in surroundings which include historic buildings and modern facilities. It is a five-minute walk from Chichester city centre. Chichester Festival Theatre is adjacent to the campus. Chichester City Football club, Chichester rugby club and Chichester racquets and fitness club are all adjacent to the campus.
The Otter Gallery was located within the LRC. It offered public art exhibitions and workshops throughout the year. It was permanently closed against public protest at the end of 2018.
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# University of Chichester
## Campuses
### Bognor Regis {#bognor_regis}
The Bognor Regis campus is in a leafy environment five minutes from the sea, and has three mansion houses with Georgian architecture: St Michael\'s, the Dome and Mordington House. The Bognor Regis campus is close to Hotham Park., The park surrounds Hotham House, built in 1792 by Sir Richard Hotham. Also nearby is the Ice House -- the original 18th Century refrigerator of Hotham Park Estate.
The university\'s £35million Tech Park was opened on Wednesday 3 October 2018 by the Duke and Duchess of Sussex.
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# University of Chichester
## Organisation
The university department structure can be found below
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# Chlorotrifluoromethane
**Chlorotrifluoromethane**, **R-13**, **CFC-13**, or **Freon 13**, is a non-flammable, non-corrosive, nontoxic chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and also a mixed halomethane. It is a man-made substance used primarily as a refrigerant. When released into the environment, CFC-13 has a high ozone depletion potential, and long atmospheric lifetime. Only a few other greenhouse gases surpass CFC-13 in global warming potential (GWP). The IPCC AR5 reported that CFC-13\'s atmospheric lifetime was 640 years.
## Production
CFC-13`{{emdash}}`{=mediawiki}like all chlorofluorocarbon compounds`{{emdash}}`{=mediawiki}contains atoms of carbon (C), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F).
It can be prepared by reacting carbon tetrachloride with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a catalytic amount of antimony pentachloride:
: CCl~4~ + 3 HF → CClF~3~ + 3 HCl
This reaction can also produce trichlorofluoromethane (CCl~3~F), dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl~2~F~2~) and tetrafluoromethane (CF~4~).
## Montreal Protocol {#montreal_protocol}
Following the unanimous ratification of the 1987 Montreal Protocol`{{emdash}}`{=mediawiki}in response to concerns about the role of concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in ozone layer-depletion in the stratosphere`{{emdash}}`{=mediawiki}a process was put into place to gradually phase out and replace CFC-13 and all the other CFCs. Research in the 1980s said that these man-made CFC compound compounds had opened a hole in ozone layer in the upper atmosphere or stratosphere that protects life on earth from UV radiation.
CFC-13\'s ozone depletion potential (ODP) is high`{{emdash}}`{=mediawiki} 1 (CCl~3~F = 1)`{{emdash}}`{=mediawiki}it is categorized as a Class I in the IPCC\'s list of ozone-depleting substances. CFC-13\'s radiative efficiency is high which results in a high global warming potential (GWPs) of 13 900 GWP-100 yr that is \"surpassed by very few other greenhouse gases.\" It is categorized as a Class I in the list of ozone-depleting Substances.
### Increase in atmospheric abundance of CFC-13 in 2010s {#increase_in_atmospheric_abundance_of_cfc_13_in_2010s}
Starting in the 2010s, despite a global ban on the production of CFCs, five of these ozone-damaging emissions were on the rise.
The atmospheric abundance of CFC-13 rose from 3.0 parts per trillion (ppt) in year 2010 to 3.3 ppt in year 2020 based on analysis of air samples gathered from sites around the world. Contrary to the Montreal Protocol, the atmospheric emissions of CFC-13 and four other chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), increased between 2010 and 2020.
As of 2023, the drivers behind the increase in CFC-13 and CFC-112a emissions were not certain.
## Physical properties {#physical_properties}
The IPCC AR5 reported that CFC-13\'s Atmospheric lifetime was 640 years.
Property Value
---------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
Density (ρ) at −127.8 °C (liquid) 1.603 g⋅cm^−3^
Density (ρ) at boiling point (gas) 6.94 kg⋅m^−3^
Density (ρ) at 15 °C (gas) 4.41 g⋅cm^−3^
Triple point temperature (T~t~) −181 °C (92 K)
Critical temperature (T~c~) 28.8 °C (302 K)
Critical pressure (p~c~) 3.86 MPa (38.6 bar)
Critical density (ρ~c~) 5.5 mol⋅L^−1^
Latent heat of vaporization at boiling point 149.85 kJ⋅kg^−1^
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure (C~p~) at −34.4 °C 0.06 kJ⋅mol^−1^⋅K^−1^
Specific heat capacity at constant volume (C~V~) at −34.4 °C 0.051 kJ⋅mol^−1^⋅K^−1^
Heat capacity ratio (к) at −34.4 °C 1.168016
Compressibility Factor (Z) at 15 °C 0.9896
Acentric factor (ω) 0.17166
Viscosity (η) at 0 °C (gas) 13.3 mPa⋅s (0.0133 cP)
Viscosity (η) at 25 °C (gas) 14.1 mPa⋅s (0
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# James Hervey Witherspoon Jr.
**James Hervey Witherspoon Jr.** (March 23, 1810, in Lancaster County, South Carolina -- October 3, 1865, in Lancaster, South Carolina) was a Confederate States of America politician. He was a colonel in the Confederate Army, and served as a representative from the first of six congressional districts of South Carolina in the Second Confederate Congress (1864-1865).
James Witherspoon was the son of James Witherspoon Sr. (1784-1842) who served as lieutenant governor of South Carolina (1826-1828). His brother Isaac Donnom Witherspoon (1803-1858) was also lieutenant governor of South Carolina. There is no information available about his youth or education. He must have studied law because he served as Judge for 16 years and he was commissioned in the Equity for 21 years. During the Civil War, he served as colonel of the 8th South Carolina State Reserves Troops.
James Witherspoon was married to Mary Elizabeth Jones Witherspoon (1811--1856). The couple had two children: Bartlett Jones Witherspoon (1832--1905) and Eliza Jones Witherspoon Wylie (1834--1909)
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# Acharavi
**Acharavi** (*Αχαράβη*) is a settlement in the northern coast of Corfu, Greece. The area offers a view of the Albanian coast. It is the seat of the municipality North Corfu.
## Population
Year Population
------ ------------
1981 545
1991 472
2001 657
2011 1,013
2021 1,100
## History
Acharavi belongs to the community of *Agios Panteleimonas* (pronounounced: \'Agios Padel\'eimonas, *Άγιος Παντελέημονας*). The formerly independent community of Agios Panteleimonas is nowadays one of the ten official sections of the municipal unit of Thinali. Etymologically, the name Acharavi consists of the Greek words Achari Hebe (pronounounced: \'Ahari Ivi, Greek: Άχαρη Ήβη) meaning \"ungracious life/youth\". Originally it was called Hebe and was an ancient Greek city, possibly named after the daughter of Zeus, Hebe. The city was destroyed in 32 BC by the Roman Emperor Octavian and was thus renamed from the city of life \"Hebe\" into the city of \"Ungracious Life\" Acharavi. After World War II and the Greek Civil War, its village was mainly rebuilt
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# Dan Kelly (sportscaster)
**Patrick Daniel Kelly** (September 17, 1936 -- February 10, 1989) was a Canadian-born sportscaster best known for his TV/radio play-by-play coverage of the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, from 1968 until his death 21 years later, as well as for his national television work on NHL telecasts in both the United States and Canada.
## Broadcasting NHL games on national television {#broadcasting_nhl_games_on_national_television}
In addition to his 21 seasons broadcasting the Blues, Kelly broadcast NHL games on national television in the United States and Canada for many years. He broadcast 16 Stanley Cup Finals between 1969 and 1988, working for CBS, the NHL Network, the Hughes Television Network, the USA Network, CBC, CTV, and Global. In addition, he also called select games on ESPN in 1985 and was the lead play-by-play announcer of the 1987 Canada Cup and at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, both for CTV.
### Memorable calls {#memorable_calls}
He was noted for his ability to project above the roaring crowds at the NHL arenas. He acknowledged that his booming call, *\"HE SHOOTS, HE SCORES!\"* was patterned after that of the famous long-time NHL announcer Foster Hewitt.
Kelly called two of the most famous goals in hockey history. One was Bobby Orr\'s Cup-winning overtime goal in 1970:
The other was Mario Lemieux\'s goal with 1:26 remaining in the decisive game 3 of 1987 Canada Cup:
He also called another Stanley Cup-winning goal for CBS as Bob Nystrom won the Cup for the Islanders in 1980:
He also called a Stanley Cup semifinal in 1971 at Chicago Stadium (nicknamed \"The Madhouse on Madison\"). When the Blackhawks scored an empty-netter to clinch the series, he yelled,*\"I can feel our broadcast booth shaking! That\'s the kind of place Chicago Stadium is right now!\"*
## Other sports broadcasting {#other_sports_broadcasting}
Besides hockey, Kelly also broadcast for NFL on CBS, as well as Missouri Tigers football, St. Louis Cardinals baseball, and St. Louis Cardinals football for St. Louis radio station KMOX at different times in his career. He also broadcast the 1964 Grey Cup from Toronto along with Don Wittman and Bud Grant.
## Death and honors {#death_and_honors}
Kelly died on February 10, 1989, from lung cancer. His sons, John and Dan P., have been broadcasting NHL games for various NHL franchises, including the Blues, for whom John is currently doing the television play-by-play.
Several months after his death, Kelly was the posthumous recipient of the Lester Patrick Trophy and the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award. In 2006, the St. Louis Blues dedicated the press box at the Enterprise Center in honor of him. In 2017, he was honored with the Missouri Broadcasters\' Hall of Fame, and he was elected to the National Sports Media Association Hall of Fame six years later
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# Eindhovense Studentenvereniging Demos
**Eindhovense Studenten Vereniging Demos** (Eindhoven Students\' Association Demos) is a students\' association in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Its members are mostly students at the Eindhoven University of Technology or the Fontys Hogeschool Eindhoven. The association was founded on March 14, 1963. The association is not based on traditional values, but on democracy and the equal status of its members. It has no hazing. Since 1969, Demos has resided in *The Bunker*, a building it shares with various other students\' associations. In 2012, it was announced that The Bunker is to be demolished, and Demos is set to move to a new building in Eindhoven\'s city center in the spring of 2016
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# The Odorants
**The Odorants** are a Finnish punk rock band.
## Biography
The Odorants were formed in 1995 when members Jaska, Anssi and Rami met in high school in Nurmo. Jaska had a friend called Murkku in Seinäjoki and the four of them quickly formed the band. Rami and Anssi could already play their instruments but the other two had no experience. Murkku, being somewhat fluent in English, became the lead singer and bassist, with Jaska assigned the drumkit.
The band made their first demo in 1996 under the name \"Butt First\" featuring their first song \"Meat Means Burger\". Soon afterwards, the Canadian DIY label United Records signed the band and included the song \"Stay Away\" on their compilation \"United We Stand Vol. 1\" (1997). One condition of this was the band changing its name, which was when they became The Odorants.
Their first EP, \"Tales from the Underground\", was released in 1998 and the opening track \"Not Over You\" received national radio airplay. In 1999 United Records closed down, cancelling a planned Odorants tour in Canada & the northern US. Their second EP, \"2.\", was self-released in June 1999 with Anssi taking over from Murkku as lead singer. After this the band were inactive for a while, with Murkku moving to Helsinki, Jaska to Imatra and Rami to Tampere.
Since 2001 The Odorants were featured on the Finnish TV stations MoonTV and Nelonen in the Jackass-style series \"Extreme Duudsonit\", which is where their early recordings are mostly known from. Their third EP, \"Sing When You Are Copulating\" was released in the same year by The Odorants own record label Mörkö Records. 500 copies were pressed which quickly sold out.
In 2002 the band got their first major recording deal with BMG Finland. Their major label debut \"Beat The Odorants\" was released March 3, 2003. They also released two singles on BMG, \"This Night\" and \"Late Night Call\", the latter of which got some commercial radio play. Jaska, being an award winning movie director, directed the video for \"This Night\" and Rami animated the video for \"Late Night Call\". Their videos were shown on MTV but the band were later dropped by BMG.
## Discography
- 1996 - *Butt First* (demo), United Records
- 1998 - *Tales from the Underground* (EP), self-released
- 1999 - *2
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# Other Hours: Connick on Piano, Volume 1
***Other Hours: Connick On Piano Volume 1*** is a jazz instrumental album, by Harry Connick Jr., released in 2003. The album features Connick on piano in the context of a small jazz group. *Other Hours* is his first quartet album, and it was also his first instrumental album in 13 years.
The album is the first of his career not released on Columbia, the label that signed him to a contract when he was 19. Columbia has allowed Connick to release his less commercial (i.e., nonvocal) recordings on the Marsalis Music label, a new company led by longtime friend Branford Marsalis. \"The *Connick on Piano* series will be purely instrumental, with all kinds of configurations: solo, big band, quartet, trio\", Connick explains.
The twelve Connick compositions on *Other Hours* was originally made for the 2001 musical *Thou Shalt Not*, which was the recipient of a Tony nomination for *Best Original Musical Score* (music & lyrics by Harry Connick Jr).
A special feature is the cover artwork. Created by his mother, Anita, who died when Connick was only 13 years old. A treasured drawing which holds great significance for the artist. \"My mother loved when I played piano for her\", Connick explained, \"so I thought it would be fitting to have a piece of her vision next to mine.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Harry Connick Jr.
1. \"What a Waste\" -- 6:59
2. \"Such Love\" -- 5:59
3. \"Take Advantage\" -- 5:16
4. \"How About Tonight\" -- 6:50
5. \"Sovereign Lover\" -- 4:42
6. \"My Little World\" -- 5:07
7. \"Oh, My Dear (Something\'s Gone Wrong)\" -- 7:47
8. \"Can\'t We Tell\" -- 2:17
9. \"Dumb Luck\" -- 6:31
10. \"Oh, Ain\'t That Sweet\" -- 4:40
11. \"The Other Hours\" -- 6:11
12. \"Your Own Private Love\" -- 3:52
Track #11, \"The Other Hours\" is also recorded with vocal by Connick, on his Grammy nominated album \"Only You\" from (2004).
Track #2 \"Such Love\", #3 \"Take Advantage\", #6 \"My Little World\", #7 \"Oh, My Dear (Something\'s Gone Wrong)\", #8 \"Can\'t We Tell\", #10 \"Oh, Ain\'t That Sweet\", and again #11 \"The Other Hours\" are also recorded with vocal by Connick (featuring Kelli O\'Hara), on CD2 of his double album \"Harry on Broadway, Act I\" from (2006).
## Musicians
- Harry Connick Jr
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# Gene Stanlee
**Eugene Stanley Zygowicz** (January 1, 1917 -- September 23, 2005) was an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name **\"Mr. America\" Gene Stanlee**.
## Early life {#early_life}
Zygowicz was born in Avondale, Chicago, Illinois. His parents, Victoria and Paul Zygowicz, were Polish immigrants. Zygowicz was the eighth child of fifteen---he had eight brothers and six sisters.
When he was five, Zygowicz fell down a set of stairs, and was partially paralyzed. He was given his last rites; however, he regained his health after being partially inspired by seeing a strongman at a church. He began wrestling and competing against other boys when he was eight and collected iron from a railyard to fashion his own homemade gym to develop his physique. By his own count, he claimed to have 165 bodybuilding trophies and 50 gold medals from bodybuilding competitions.
During World War II, Zygowicz, along with his brother Steve, served on a U.S. Navy floating repair ship as a machinist. He reportedly wrestled 134 matches for the entertainment of other servicemen in the South Pacific area during the war. He was termed \"pinup boy of the Navy\", and once he received his discharge from the Navy, he was sought out by wrestling promoters, who wanted to capitalize on his publicity.
## Professional wrestling career {#professional_wrestling_career}
Zygowicz\'s first professional match was April 26, 1946 in Milwaukee against Leo Kirilenko under the ring name \"Gene Stanlee\". All his early matches took place in the Chicago--Milwaukee area.
His career as Gene \"Mr. America\" Stanlee picked up in 1951. After defeating Pat O\'Hara on September 24 of that year Gene became NWA Southern Heavyweight Champion, and it was around this time he formed a tag team with his real-life brother Steve Stanlee. Bob Merrill also worked as a kayfabe third brother, Bob Stanlee.
On November 18, 1952, the legendary Lou Thesz faced off with, and defeated Gene Stanlee in 15:14 to retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Stanlee sold out Madison Square Garden over 50 times in his career.
While wrestling for the Midwest Wrestling Association, Stanlee won the Ohio version of the MWA Heavyweight Championship on February 2, 1956. He held the belt for over two months before dropping it to Bobo Brazil on April 19.
In an interview for the Icons of Wrestling program that aired on Canada\'s Biography Channel, and later Britain\'s TWC, Stanlee explained his concept of showmanship. \"When I walked into the ring, I would add a little showmanship to my style before I wrestled. I noticed that as I was achieving more and more showmanship, I started getting ideas. I seen that the sport was not bringing in women. So I starting glamorizing, thinking up beautiful costumes\". Stanlee began wearing ring jackets, which was a rarity in that era, and also had monogrammed towels---\"Wrestling\'s TV King\"---which he wore once he took off the ring jacket. His elaborate entrance infuriated opponents, both faces and heels, but also meant he appeared on over 200 magazine covers during his career.
## Later life {#later_life}
After retiring from wrestling, Stanlee, who was a health enthusiast and longtime vegetarian, began to sell a line of supplements and later became an advisor and physical trainer for many of Hollywood\'s great actors and actresses, such as Tom Cruise, Tom Hanks, and Cheryl Tiegs. Gene described himself as the \"world\'s foremost authority on age reversal through blood purification\", something that worked well for him as he would go on to still be very active up until the day he died.
Gene had not made a public appearance in over 20 years when he was honored at the Cauliflower Alley Club 2002 reunion in Las Vegas
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# Online Film Critics Society Awards 1999
**3rd Online Film Critics Society Awards**\
2000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Film:\
**American Beauty**
The **3rd Online Film Critics Society Awards**, honoring the best in film for 1999, were given in 2000.
## Winners and nominees {#winners_and_nominees}
### Best Picture {#best_picture}
***American Beauty***
- *Being John Malkovich*
- *Fight Club*
- *The Insider*
- *Toy Story 2*
### Best Director {#best_director}
**Sam Mendes -- *American Beauty***
- David Fincher -- *Fight Club*
- Spike Jonze -- *Being John Malkovich*
- Stanley Kubrick -- *Eyes Wide Shut*
- Michael Mann -- *The Insider*
### Best Actor {#best_actor}
**Kevin Spacey -- *American Beauty***
- Jim Carrey -- *Man on the Moon*
- Russell Crowe -- *The Insider*
- Richard Farnsworth -- *The Straight Story*
- Edward Norton -- *Fight Club*
### Best Actress {#best_actress}
**Reese Witherspoon -- *Election***
- Annette Bening -- *American Beauty*
- Heather Donahue -- *The Blair Witch Project*
- Janet McTeer -- *Tumbleweeds*
- Hilary Swank -- *Boys Don\'t Cry*
### Best Supporting Actor {#best_supporting_actor}
**Haley Joel Osment -- *The Sixth Sense***
- Wes Bentley -- *American Beauty*
- Michael Clarke Duncan -- *The Green Mile*
- John Malkovich -- *Being John Malkovich*
- Christopher Plummer -- *The Insider*
### Best Supporting Actress {#best_supporting_actress}
**Catherine Keener -- *Being John Malkovich***
- Thora Birch -- *American Beauty*
- Cameron Diaz -- *Being John Malkovich*
- Julianne Moore -- *Magnolia*
- Chloë Sevigny -- *Boys Don\'t Cry*
### Best Original Screenplay {#best_original_screenplay}
***Being John Malkovich* -- Charlie Kaufman**
- *American Beauty* -- Alan Ball
- *Magnolia* -- Paul Thomas Anderson
- *The Sixth Sense* -- M. Night Shyamalan
- *Toy Story 2* -- Andrew Stanton, Rita Hsiao, Doug Chamberlain and Chris Webb
### Best Adapted Screenplay {#best_adapted_screenplay}
***Election* -- Alexander Payne**
- *Fight Club* -- Jim Uhls
- *The Green Mile* -- Frank Darabont
- *The Insider* -- Eric Roth and Michael Mann
- *The Talented Mr. Ripley* -- Anthony Minghella
### Best Foreign Language Film {#best_foreign_language_film}
***Run Lola Run***
- *All About My Mother*
- *The Dreamlife of Angels*
- *The Red Violin*
- *Xiu Xiu: The Sent Down Girl*
### Best Documentary {#best_documentary}
***Buena Vista Social Club***
- *42 Up*
- *American Movie*
- *Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr.*
- *Trekkies*
### Best Cinematography {#best_cinematography}
***Sleepy Hollow* -- Emmanuel Lubezki**
- *American Beauty* -- Conrad L. Hall
- *Eyes Wide Shut* -- Larry Smith
- *The Straight Story* -- Freddie Francis
- *Three Kings* -- Newton Thomas Sigel
### Best Editing {#best_editing}
***Run Lola Run* -- Mathilde Bonnefoy**
- *American Beauty* -- Tariq Anwar and Christopher Greenbury
- *Fight Club* -- James Haygood
- *The Limey* -- Sarah Flack
- *Three Kings* -- Robert K. Lambert
### Best Ensemble {#best_ensemble}
***American Beauty***
- *Being John Malkovich*
- *Cradle Will Rock*
- *The Green Mile*
- *Magnolia*
### Best Original Score {#best_original_score}
***South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut* -- Marc Shaiman**
- *American Beauty* -- Thomas Newman
- *Eyes Wide Shut* -- Jocelyn Pook
- *Star Wars: Episode I -- The Phantom Menace* -- John Williams
- *The Straight Story* -- Angelo Badalamenti
### Best Debut {#best_debut}
**Spike Jonze -- *Being John Malkovich***
- Charlie Kaufman -- *Being John Malkovich*
- Sam Mendes -- *American Beauty*
- Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sánchez -- *The Blair Witch Project*
- Haley Joel Osment -- *The Sixth Sense*
### Best Official Film Website {#best_official_film_website}
- Roger Ebert (suntimes.com/ebert/index
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# The BossHoss
**The BossHoss** is a German band from Berlin, founded in 2004. They originally started with country and western style cover versions of famous pop, rock and hip hop songs, for example \"Hot in Herre\" by Nelly, \"Toxic\" by Britney Spears and \"Hey Ya!\" by Outkast. They incorporate stereotypical American cowboy behavior into their act; they wear Stetson hats, tank tops and large sunglasses, and display whiskey bottles. The band refers to their music style as \"Country Trash Punk Rock.\"
## Band history {#band_history}
The band was formed in 2004 in Berlin by Alec \"Boss\" Völkel, Sascha \"Hoss\" Vollmer and Michael Frick, and named after the song \"The Real BossHoss\" by The Sonics. They were featured in the trendsetting music show *Tracks* (on French/German TV channel ARTE) and played live during the Kiel Week. In late 2004, they signed a record deal with *Universal Music Domestic Division*.
In 2005, they released their debut album *Internashville Urban Hymns* and signed a promotional contract with ice cream producer Langnese, for which they covered \"Like Ice in the Sunshine\", the theme song from a Langnese\'s TV spot. The band played about 180 concerts that year. In 2005, they adapted \"Ca plane pour moi\" from Belgian artist Plastic Bertrand.
In 2006, BossHoss provided the soundtrack for the football film *FC Venus (2006 film)*. Release of the first single \"I Say a Little Prayer\" on April 28 and the second album \"Rodeo Radio\" on May 19. Half of that second album were their own songs, the other half cover versions. After they had released the second album, their first album rose into the charts again, sold 100,000 copies by the end of May 2006, and became a gold record in Germany.
## Band members {#band_members}
- *Boss Burns* (Alec Völkel) - vocals, washboard
- *Hoss Power* (Sascha Vollmer) - acoustic and electric guitars, vocals
- *Sir Frank Doe* (Ansgar Freyberg) - drums
- *Hank Williamson* (Malcolm Arison) - mandoline, washboard, stylophone, harp
- *Guss Brooks* (André Neumann) - acoustic and electric basses
- *Russ T. Rocket* (Stefan Buehler) - electric guitar
- *Ernesto Escobar de Tijuana* (Tobias Fischer) - percussion, keytar, melodica
### Past members {#past_members}
- Michael Frick - double bass
- *Russ* (Boris Kontorkowski) - electric guitar
- *Russ T. Nail* (Dean Micetech) - electric guitar
- *Hank Doodle* (Mathias Fauvet) - mandolin, washboard, harp
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# The BossHoss
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| Year | Title | Peak positions | |
+======+==============================+============================+============================+
| GER | AUT | SWI | |
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| 2005 | *Internashville Urban Hymns* | align=\"center\" \| 11\ | align=\"center\" \| --- |
| | | (29 We.) | |
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| 2006 | *Rodeo Radio* | align=\"center\" \| 6\ | align=\"center\" \| 40\ |
| | | (32 We.) | (5 We.) |
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| 2007 | *Stallion Battalion* | align=\"center\" \| 8\ | align=\"center\" \| 56\ |
| | | (43 We.) | (5 We.) |
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| 2009 | *Do or Die* | align=\"center\" \| 4\ | align=\"center\" \| 38\ |
| | | (16 We.) | (6 We.) |
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| 2010 | *Low Voltage* | align=\"center\" \| 7\ | align=\"center\" \| 49\ |
| | | (5 We.) | (1 We.) |
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| 2011 | *Liberty of Action* | align=\"center\" \| 4\ | align=\"center\" \| 3\ |
| | | (72 We.) | (59 We.) |
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| 2013 | *Flames of Fame* | align=\"center\" \| 2\ | align=\"center\" \| 5\ |
| | | (26 We.) | (13 We.) |
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| 2015 | *Dos Bros* | align=\"center\" \| **1**\ | align=\"center\" \| **1**\ |
| | | (67 We.) | (33 We.) |
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| 2018 | *Black Is Beautiful* | align=\"center\" \| **1**\ | align=\"center\" \| 8\ |
| | | (13 We.) | (5 We.) |
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
| 2023 | *Electric Horsemen* | align=\"center\" \| **7**\ | align=\"center\" \| 26\ |
| | | (4 We.) | (1 We.) |
+------+------------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+
Others
- *Stallion Battalion live from Cologne* (Released March 7, 2008) (Double-CD plus DVD)
### Singles
+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| Year | Title | Peak positions | |
+======+===========================================+=========================+=========================+
| GER | AUT | SWI | |
+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| 2005 | Hey Ya!\ | align=\"center\" \| 41 | align=\"center\" \| --- |
| | *Internashville Urban Hymns* | | |
+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| | Hot in Herre / Like Ice in the Sunshine\ | align=\"center\" \| 83 | align=\"center\" \| --- |
| | *Internashville Urban Hymns* | | |
+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| 2006 | I Say a Little Prayer\ | align=\"center\" \| 66 | align=\"center\" \| --- |
| | *Rodeo Radio* / *Low Voltage* | | |
+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| | Ring Ring Ring\ | align=\"center\" \| 99 | align=\"center\" \| --- |
| | *Rodeo Radio* | | |
+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| | Rodeo Radio\ | align=\"center\" \| 93 | align=\"center\" \| --- |
| | *Rodeo Radio* / *Low Voltage* | | |
+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| 2007 | Everything Counts / Truck 'n' Roll Rules\ | align=\"center\" \| 67 | align=\"center\" \| --- |
| | *Stallion Battalion* | | |
+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| 2009 | Last Day (Do or Die) | align=\"center\" \| 78 | align=\"center\" \| --- |
+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| 2011 | Heroes/Helden\ | align=\"center\" \| 28 | align=\"center\" \| 50 |
| | *Die Highlights* | | |
+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| | Don\'t Gimme That\ | align=\"center\" \| 8 | align=\"center\" \| 1 |
| | *Liberty of Action* | | |
+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| | L.O.V.E
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# Terepai Richmond
**Terepai Chalmers Richmond** (born 21 February 1971) is an Australian drummer. He joined the Sydney-based rock band The Whitlams in September 1999 and formerly played in acid jazz group Directions in Groove (d.i.g.) (1991--1998, 2008).
## Biography
Terepai Chalmers Richmond was born on 21 February 1971 to a Scottish father and a Cook Island mother who ran a restaurant in Sydney. He started drumming in his parents\' Polynesian show band at the age of six, with his sister Jennifer dancing, where he performed several shows every week until finishing school at eighteen. After finishing school, he joined Sydney soul/funk outfit Bellydance and another well established funk band Swoop (their song \"Everybody Loves The Sunshine\" contains the line \"Time to boogie to the rhythm of Terepai\"). He was the founding drummer and percussionist of acid jazz group, Directions in Groove (dig) formed in Sydney in 1991. The original dig line-up featured keyboardist and vocalist Scott Saunders, saxophonist Rick Robertson, guitarist Tim Rollinson, bassist Alex Hewetson and Richmond as drummer, percussionist and backing vocalist. He contributed song writing to all five dig albums including two live recordings. With Saunders and Samuel Dixon, Richmond went on to form Multiball (1995). Inspired by an encounter with The Roots, Multiball toured extensively and released a self-titled album before bassist Sam Dixon relocated to London. Terepai joined rock band The Whitlams in September 1999 for the release of *Love This City*, for which he recorded drums. Since then, Terepai has toured and written with the Whitlams.
Richmond has also written and toured for reggae band King Tide, funk veterans Professor Groove and the Booty Affair. As a session drummer, he is regarded as one of the best in Australia. He has worked for other artists including Savage Garden, SoulDecision, Max Sharam, Guy Sebastian, Delta Goodrem, Trevor Guthrie and Hawksley Workman.
Richmond has surfed since the age of eleven, and was once titled \"King of the Island\" (Shark Island). He has featured in numerous surfing movies including *Life Like Liquid* (Billabong) alongside Dave Rastovich, \"2230\" & \"Square\" to mention a few. He was a team surfer for Mambo in the 1990s. He won numerous surfing titles through the 1980s and 1990s before pursuing a less competitive path. Today, Terepai is renowned for his tube riding skills and can often be found hunting big waves with his eldest son \"Tainui\" in his local area South of Sydney. Photos of him have been published in surfing literature around the globe.
Richmond and Dixon provided the rhythm section for television and film composer, Stephen Rae\'s debut solo music album, *Feet Lift Off the Ground* (2004). He toured extensively with Missy Higgins, both in Australia and the United States, from 2006 to 2010. He has appeared on many Australian and American television shows including \"Letterman\", \"Earth Hour\" and \"Where I Stood\" at the 2007 ARIA Awards. He has also recorded and toured extensively with Guy Sebastian and label mate Delta Goodrem.
Richmond\'s domestic partner is former Sparkadia guitarist Tiffany Preece. The couple have three children, Rocket, Fin and Ochre
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# Warwick Hornby
**Warwick Hornby** is an Australian musician, best known for his time as bassist for The Whitlams. He joined the band together with drummer Terepai Richmond in 1998, and remained with them until 2022.
Warwick was born near Manchester, England, and emigrated to South Australia with his family in 1966. Encouraged by his parents to take up guitar at age 11, he studied music for 2 years and formed his first band, \'Virginia Wolfe\' with friends from the same area. They played high school shows, local clubs and entered Hoadley\'s Battle of the Sounds, where they were the youngest entrants. After winning their heat but then being disqualified for being ineligible for that particular heat, they were asked to perform in the final as a non competing opening act at Adelaide Town Hall. Warwick studied at the Adelaide School of Audio Engineering in 1983, where he met Hamish Marr and Rappo, two musicians from Adelaide band \'These Cars Collide\', who were looking for a bassist. He joined and the band moved to Sydney in 1984. Since then, Warwick has gone on to record and tour with Smash Mac Mac, Filthy Children (with Greg Jordan, Tony Buck and Linda Patching), The Infidels, Jan Hellriegel (NZ), Peggy Van Zalm, The Lab, Christine Anu and Paul Mac, and as a solo artist under the name Warwick Factor. He has also recorded with Max Sharam and Diana Anaid, (where he met his future Whitlams cohorts, Jak Housden and Terepai Richmond). Warwick produced re-mixes for The Lab and The Infidels.
## Warwick\'s equipment {#warwicks_equipment}
Warwick plays a G&L L.2500 5-string bass and a Peavey Midi Bass. Peavey amplification. Fx = Electro Harmonix Pog and Big Muff Deluxe, Aguilar Filter Twin, Boss Flanger
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# Canadian tort law
**Canadian tort law** is composed of two parallel systems: a common law framework outside Québec and a civil law framework within Québec, making the law system is bijural, as it is used throughout Canadian provinces except for Québec, which uses private law. In nine of Canada\'s ten provinces and three territories, tort law originally derives that of England and Wales but has developed distinctly since Canadian Confederation in 1867 and has been influenced by jurisprudence in other common law jurisdictions. As most aspects of tort law in Canada are the subject of provincial jurisdiction under the Canadian Constitution, tort law varies even between the country\'s common law provinces and territories.
In the country\'s common law provinces, a tort consists of a wrongful acts or injury that lead to physical, emotional, or financial damage to a person in which another person could be held legally responsible. The two main subcategories of tort law are intentional torts and unintentional torts. Similarly in Québec, there are four conditions necessary for a finding of civil liability under the CCQ:
- Imputability: The capacity of a tortfeasor to \"discern right from wrong\", and to understand the consequences of their actions.
- Fault: The failure of a tortfeasor to act as \"a normally prudent and reasonable person\" would have in similar circumstances.
- Damage: Harm or injury suffered by the plaintiff
- Causation: A causal link between the fault of the tortfeasor and the damage incurred by the plaintiff.
The defendant in a tort suit is called the tortfeasor, and most often, financial compensation is what tort victims acquire. All torts require proof of fault in order to determine legal responsibility, however, fault is measured differently for the different types of tort. There are criminal code offences in Canada that could also qualify as tort law under common law. However, most victims do not sue those who are criminally charged since the accused do not have the financial means to pay back the victim or because the accused is incarcerated.
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# Canadian tort law
## Common law provinces {#common_law_provinces}
Torts in the common law provinces are composed of statutory torts, where civil liability is established by a provincial statute, and common law torts, where civil liability for a particular course of conduct is established by judicial precedent. Common law torts in Canada were primarily inherited from the law of England and Wales by reception statutes enacted in the various provinces and territories, such as Ontario\'s Property and Civil Rights Act, but have since developed independently as local courts established new precedent; the legislatures modified, codified, or eliminated torts inherited from English jurisprudence; and jurisprudence from other jurisdictions influenced Canadian courts, as was notably the case with the influence of the Scots law decision in Donoghue v Stevenson in shaping product liability law in Canada and in other common law jurisdictions. As in other common law jurisdictions, Canadian torts can broadly be divided into negligence, property torts, dignitary torts, economic torts, and torts (trespass) against the person.
### Torts against the person {#torts_against_the_person}
Torts (trespass) against the person includes torts that causes physical harm to the complainant, such as:
- Assault (tort) -- Intentionally and voluntarily causing the reasonable apprehension of an immediate harmful or offensive contact. Assault has the following components:
- Threat by one person to commit unwanted physical contact to another person
- Reasonable belief to feel threatened with imminent harm
- Battery (tort) -- Bringing about an unconsentful harmful or offensive contact with a person or to something closely associated with that person (such as an item of clothing). Battery has the following components:
- Unwanted direct or indirect physical contact
- Contact was intentional
- False imprisonment -- A person is intentionally confined without legal authority. False imprisonment has the following components:
- Deprivation of liberty
- Lack of lawful authority
- False arrest -- A person is unlawfully and intentionally arrested by a peace officer or another individual with similar authorities with insufficient reason to arrest (i.e. lack of probable cause) or excessive force.
- Intentional infliction of emotional distress -- Intentional conduct that results in extreme emotional distress.
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# Canadian tort law
## Common law provinces {#common_law_provinces}
### Negligence
Negligence is a cause of action leading to relief designed to protect legal rights from actions which, although unintentional, nevertheless cause some form of legal harm to the plaintiff. In the common law provinces, there are four elements of negligence required for a particular course of conduct to be considered tortious:
- Duty: The purported tortfeasor must owe the plaintiff a duty of care, something which may arise from a variety of different factors such as the nature of a situation (e.g. a person driving a vehicle or engaging in some other foreseeably risky activity owes a duty to individuals reasonably likely to be injured such as pedestrians) or the relationship between the parties (e.g. a doctor and a patient).
- Breach: The conduct complained of must constitute a breach of the standard of care associated with the aforementioned duty. Typically this means that the court will employ a reasonable person standard in assessing whether or not the respondent\'s actions were negligent.
- Damage: The plaintiff must have suffered damage.
- Causation: The conduct complained of must either be the proximate cause or the cause in fact of the damage suffered by the plaintiff. In the former case, the respondent\'s conduct is the proximate cause of the damage if it could have been reasonably foreseen. In the latter case, the conduct is the cause in fact of the damage suffered by the plaintiff if the damage would not have occurred but for the respondent\'s conduct.
In the common law provinces, courts have restricted the types of damage for which a plaintiff may seek monetary compensation. For instance, pure economic loss may only lead to monetary compensation in a limited set of circumstances established by precedent; at present, these are 1) negligent misrepresentation or performance of a service, 2) negligent supply of shoddy goods or structures, and 3) relational economic loss between parties to a contract. Even where a plaintiff demonstrates that the conduct complained of falls within the circumstances in which pure economic loss may be recovered, they must demonstrate that they were in a \"sufficiently proximate relationship\" with the respondent. Prior to the ruling in Cooper v. Hobart in 2001, this analysis was grounded in mere foreseeability of injury; however, following the ruling, both the proximity of the parties\' relationship and foreseeability of injury must be proved. Per the ruling in Cooper, courts in the common law province apply a two-step analytical framework based on the Anns test previously applied in England and Wales under which a court will award damages for pure economic loss where the conduct falls within the established categories established by present and, if the conduct does not fall into any established category, will then proceed to examine public policy reasons for and against the recognition of a new duty of care.
In the case of *Hill v. Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police Services Board*, Mr. Hill was charged with ten counts of robbery, however, he was soon acquitted of all charges. After the charges were dropped, he then sued Hamilton\'s police service as well as some of the officers who were involved in his arrest. Hill argued that the police were negligent in conducting a thorough investigation because the police officers did not properly interview the witnesses, which ultimately led to his arrest. Hill\'s lawsuit was eventually overturned by the Supreme Court of Canada because there was not enough evidence to support Hill\'s findings that the police were negligent in their duty or standard of care. What is important to note about this particular trial is that three out of the nine Supreme Court Judges did not view the negligent tort claim as being lawful or practical because a strict duty of care towards suspects would therefore interfere with how the police operate in terms of apprehending offenders and investigating crimes.
### Property torts {#property_torts}
Property torts are civil causes of action aimed at seeking damages for interference with a plaintiff\'s property, including both immovable property and movable property or chattel. The most significant torts within this category are the two categories of trespass to property:
- Trespass to land -- Committed when an individual intentionally enters the land of another without lawful excuse. It is actionable *per se*, and thus the party whose land was entered may sue even if no actual harm is done, the only requirement is that the respondent not have the express or implied consent of the property owner to enter. In most provinces, trespass to land may also constitute a provincial offence (e.g. Ontario\'s Trespass to Property Act which provides for compensation for property owners and extinguishes the right to sue under tort law where a property owner receives such compensation under section 12 of the act) but not a criminal offence as criminal law is a federal rather than provincial power in Canada.
- Trespass to chattels -- Committed when an individual intentionally interferes with the personal property of another. Slight deprivation, like briefly placing a hand on someone else\'s car, is not actionable.
The other property torts extant in the common law provinces are:
- Conversion (law) -- An intentional tort to personal property where the defendant\'s willful interference with the chattel deprives plaintiff of the possession of the same.
- Nuisance -- Denial of quiet enjoyment to owners of real property. A private nuisance is an unreasonable, unwarranted, or unlawful interference with another person\'s private use and enjoyment of his or her property; whereas a public nuisance is an interference with the rights of the public generally. The test to determine whether an interference is reasonable is whether the gravity of the harm is outweighed by the social benefit of the nuisance.
### Dignitary torts {#dignitary_torts}
Dignitary torts are a specific category of torts where the cause of action is being subjected to certain types of indignities. The most notable dignitary torts in the common law provinces are libel and slander; however, this category also includes torts pertaining to privacy and to vexatious litigation.
- Defamation -- The communication of a statement that makes a false claim, expressively stated or implied to be factual, that may harm the reputation of an entity.
- Libel -- Written defamation
- Slander -- Spoken defamation
- Invasion of privacy or intrusion upon seclusion -- The unlawful intrusion into the personal life of another person without just cause.
- Breach of confidence -- Protects private information conveyed in confidence; typically requires that the information be of a confidential nature, communicated in confidence, and was disclosed to the detriment of the claimant. Currently, there is no consistent approach surrounding the tort of invasion of privacy in Canada.
- Abuse of process -- A malicious and deliberate misuse or perversion of regularly issued court process not justified by the underlying legal action.
- Malicious prosecution -- Similar to abuse of process, but includes intent, pursuing without probable cause, and dismissal in favor of the victim.
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# Canadian tort law
## Common law provinces {#common_law_provinces}
### Economic torts {#economic_torts}
Economic torts are a specific category of torts that provide the common law rules on liability which arise out of business transactions such as interference with economic or business relationships and are likely to involve pure economic loss. Also called business torts.
- Fraud -- Making of a false representation by one party with an intention to induce another party into an act of commission or omission owing to which the later party suffers a damage. The first Party may or may not be the benefited by the damage caused to second party. Also, the first party need not be in collusion with someone who actually benefited.
- Tortious interference -- One person intentionally damages the plaintiff\'s contractual or other business relationships.
- Conspiracy (civil) -- An agreement between two or more parties to deprive a third party of legal rights or deceive a third party to obtain an illegal objective.
- Restraint of trade -- Contractual obligations not to trade are illegal agreements on public policy grounds unless they are reasonable in the interests concerning both parties and the public at large; this mainly affects post-termination restrictive covenants in employment contracts.
- Passing off -- The tort of selling goods or services in a manner that falsely causes customers to believe they originate from a different brand or supplier. In Canada, **passing off** is both a common law tort and a statutory cause of action under the federal *Trade-marks Act* referring to the deceptive representation or marketing of goods or services by competitors in a manner that confuses consumers. The law of passing off protects the goodwill of businesses by preventing competitors from passing off their goods as those of another.
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# Canadian tort law
## Québec
Private law in the Canadian province of Québec at the time of its annexation by the British Empire was originally derived from pre-Napoleonic French law but was eventually codified in the Civil Code of Lower Canada and later the present Code Civil du Québec (CCQ). The CCQ provides for broad and generally open-ended \"civil liability\" or *la responsabilité civile* in article 1457: `{{blockquote|Every person has a duty to abide by the rules of conduct incumbent on him, according to the circumstances, usage or law, so as not to cause injury to another. Where he is endowed with reason and fails in this duty, he is liable for any injury he causes to another by such fault and is bound to make reparation for the injury, whether it be bodily, moral or material in nature. He is also bound, in certain cases, to make reparation for injury caused to another by the act, omission or fault of another person or by the act of things in his custody.}}`{=mediawiki}
The CCQ provides for and defines the scope of civil liability for damages caused by inanimate objects. Article 1465 makes the general provision that the custodian of a thing or object (*bien*) is liable for any damage caused by it, while article 1466 provides that the owner of an animal is liable for damage or injury caused by it even if it had escaped from their custody at the time of the incident. Similarly, article 1467 imposes liability for damages caused by the ruin of an immovable (i.e. a building or other fixed structure) upon its owner even if construction defects are the ultimate cause of the ruin. Strict liability is imposed upon the manufacturers of moveable things (i.e. product liability) by article 1468 for injuries caused by safety defects. An individual is exempt from civil liability in cases of force majeure (article 1470), harm caused in the process of assisting or rescuing another (article 1471), and in certain other cases prescribed by law.
### Privacy and reputational rights {#privacy_and_reputational_rights}
An important aspect of civil liability law in Québec is the individual right to privacy and dignity. In title two of book one, the CCQ provides for a series of rights comparable to but broader than the privacy torts extant in both the common law provinces and in France and other jurisdictions with civil codes based on the Napoleonic Code. Chapter III provides that \"every person has a right to the respect of his reputation and privacy\" and that the acts which may be considered invasions of an individual\'s privacy include:
- \(1\) entering or taking anything in his dwelling;
- \(2\) intentionally intercepting or using his private communications;
- \(3\) appropriating or using his image or voice while he is in private premises;
- \(4\) keeping his private life under observation by any means;
- \(5\) using his name, image, likeness or voice for a purpose other than the legitimate information of the public;
- \(6\) using his correspondence, manuscripts or other personal documents.
Additionally, a person may not collect data regarding another individual without a \"serious and legitimate reason\", must only collect \"information which is relevant to the stated objective\", and may not provide such information to third parties or use it for reasons unrelated to the objective; furthermore, in the process of gathering or using such information, one may not \"invade the privacy or injure the reputation\" of the individual. In addition to the broad tortious liability established by these principles, the chapter also creates a cause of action for individual\'s to inspect and sue for the rectification of inaccurate information concerning them.
This, together with the general liability established under article 1457, forms the basis for defamation and invasion of privacy as causes of action in Québec. To establish civil liability for defamation, the plaintiff must establish, on a balance of probabilities, the existence of an injury, a wrongful act, and of a causal connection between the two. A person who has made defamatory remarks will not necessarily be civilly liable for them. The plaintiff must further demonstrate that the person who made the remarks committed a wrongful act. Therefore, communicating false information is not, in itself, a wrongful act. In 1994, the Court of Appeal of Quebec held that defamation in Québec must be governed by a reasonableness standard, as opposed to the strict liability standard that was applicable at the time in the common law provinces; a defendant who made a false statement would not be held liable if it was reasonable to believe the statement was true. Later, in upholding the \"responsible communication\" defence in *Grant v. Torstar*, the Supreme Court of Canada extended this standard to the country\'s common law provinces as well
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# Temmink: The Ultimate Fight
***Temmink: The Ultimate Fight*** is a Dutch movie from 1998 directed by Boris Paval Conen, starring Jack Wouterse, Jacob Derwig and Will van Kralingen.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Sometime in the near future the main character, the sociopathic Temmink, beats a passerby to death and ends up in the so-called \"Arena\" - a modern version of the ancient Roman Colosseum. In an acrylic glass cage, criminals with a violent past fight each other for life or death like Roman gladiators, albeit with their bare hands in a cagefight without rules. As Temmink survives fight after fight and thus prolongs his stay in the Arena he undergoes changes. For the first time in his life he is capable of loving and makes friendship. In the background a discussion develops in the media and society in general about the ballot (who fights who) possibly being fixed and about the whole principle of convicted criminals fighting each other to death in front of a crowd
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# Lam Tsuen
**Lam Tsuen** (`{{zh|t=林村}}`{=mediawiki}) is an area in Tai Po District, Hong Kong, noted for its Lam Tsuen wishing trees. The nearby Lam Tsuen River, empties into Tai Po Hoi. `{{TOC limit|2}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
During the Qing dynasty, Lam Tsuen was a member of Tai Po Tsat Yeuk (`{{zh|t=大埔七約|l=Tai Po Seven Alliances|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}), an inter-village alliance that established Tai Wo Market (`{{zh|t=太和市|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}) in 1892 in order to break the monopoly of the old Tai Po Market (`{{zh|t=大埔墟|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}) founded by the Tang Clan of Lung Yeuk Tau (`{{zh|t=龍躍頭鄧氏|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}).
## Villages
Lam Tsuen is not a village in the political sense but rather a union of the 23 villages scattered across the Lam Tsuen Valley along with five indigenous (Punti) villages and 18 Hakka villages.
Today, Lam Tsuen spreads over an area covering 26 villages: `{{Div col}}`{=mediawiki}
- Chai Kek (*寨乪*)
- Chung Uk Tsuen (*鍾屋村*), the oldest village in Lam Tsuen, was established more than 600 years ago.
- Fong Ma Po (*放馬莆*, lit. \"place for grazing horses\"), a Punti village, where the Tin Hau Temple and the Lam Tsuen wishing trees are located
- Hang Ha Po (*坑下莆*)
- Kau Liu Ha (*較寮下*)
- Lin Au Cheng Uk (*蓮澳鄭屋*)
- Lin Au Lei Uk (*蓮澳李屋*)
- Lung A Pai (*龍丫排*), a Hakka village
- Ma Po Mei (*麻布尾*)
- Nam Wa Po (*南華莆*)
- Ng Tung Chai (*梧桐寨*)
- Pak Ngau Shek Ha Tsuen (*白牛石下村*)
- Pak Ngau Shek Sheung Tsuen (*白牛石上村*)
- Ping Long (*坪朗*)
- San Tong (*新塘*)
- San Tsuen (*新村*)
- San Uk Tsai (*新屋仔*)
- She Shan Tsuen (*社山村*)
- Shui Wo (*水窩*)
- Siu Om Shan (*小菴山*)
- Tai Om (*大菴*)
- Tai Om Shan (*大菴山*)
- Tai Yeung Che (*大陽輋*)
- Tin Liu Ha (*田寮下*), a Hakka village, which was subdivided into 2 villages: Sheung Tin Liu Ha (*上田寮下*, Upper Tin Liu Ha) and Ha Tin Liu Ha (*下田寮下*, Lower Tin Liu Ha)
- Tong Sheung Tsuen (*塘上村*)
- Wai Tau Tsuen (*圍頭村*)
Name: although the union of villages is called Lam Tsuen, however, the majority of villagers has the surname: Chong (*鍾姓*), only a small proportion of residents are of surname Lam (*林姓*)
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# Lam Tsuen
## Attractions
### Wishing Tree {#wishing_tree}
Wishing Tree is two camphor trees which were seen as \"god\" by the inhabitant. Traditionally, the villagers used to burn the joss paper and light up the candle under the trees for making wishes. In the legend, a woman who fell in ill dreamed that a god told her to visit Lam Tsuen and throw a piece of joss paper to the great tree. She followed the instruction and the women recovered. Afterwards, the people changed to toss the joss paper to the trees with their blessings written on it.
### Tin Hau Temple {#tin_hau_temple}
Tin Hau Temple at Lam Tsuen was built in 1768 to honour Tin Hau, the goddess of the sea, who calmed the sea to protect the fishermen. In the beginning, the villagers had inadequate capital to construct the temple but a rich man, Tang, paid for the construction cost after he knew the situation. Then, the villagers put *Tang*\'s monument into the temple for worship.
The villagers see the temple as the most sacred place in their village and the Bun Festival is held in there in every nine years. The regular worship and ceremony are also held in the Tin Hau Temple in normal days.
### Well-Wishing Festival {#well_wishing_festival}
Well-Wishing Festival was developed from traditional ritual for the inhabitant to the most representative ritual for making wishes in Hong Kong. The festival is held in the first couple of weeks of Chinese New Year. In the festival, the people can make wishes by tossing the joss paper, making lotus lanterns and doing other interesting activities. To attract more visitors, the Well-Wishing Carnival is developed and people can enjoy the cultural performance such as lion dance, and food stalls and game booths in the festival.
### Da Jiu Festival {#da_jiu_festival}
In Da Jiu Festival, people pray for good weather, health and peace in their village. This festival is held in Lam Tsuen in every 10 years. It lasts for five days and six nights.
## Education
Lam Tsuen is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 84. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and Tai Po Government Primary School (大埔官立小學)
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# Lake Callabonna
**Lake Callabonna** is a dry salt lake with little to no vegetation located in the Far North region of South Australia. The 160 km2 lake is situated approximately 120 km southwest of Cameron Corner, the junction of South Australia, Queensland and New South Wales. It is also known as **Lake Mulligan**.
The lake is an important site for late Pleistocene fossils. It is within the extent of the Strzelecki Desert Lakes Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for waterbirds when holding water in the aftermath of floods.
## History
The first pastoralists in the area were the Ragless brothers in 1881, who moved there from the northern Flinders Ranges, opening a sheep-run. The station owner in 1892, F. B. Ragless, was shown a number of giant skeletons embedded in the dry surface of the lake, discovered two days before by an Aboriginal station hand named Jackie Nolan. The South Australian Museum sent a worker, H. Hurst, to investigate the site. Four months later the results were delivered to the museum.
After examination of the skeletons an expedition funded by Sir Thomas Elder and E. C. Stirling, director of the South Australian Museum, was organised and Hurst led the team back to the site. After several visits, Stirling and A. H. C. Zietz collected a large number of diprotodon and dromornithidae skeletons. The area was designated a Fossil Reserve in 1901. Access is restricted.
## Protected area status {#protected_area_status}
### Strzelecki Regional Reserve {#strzelecki_regional_reserve}
The northern end of Lake Callabonna is within the boundary of the Strzelecki Regional Reserve.
### Lake Callabonna Fossil Reserve {#lake_callabonna_fossil_reserve}
Lake Callabonna is the location of a site where the "articulated skeletons of Diprotodon," an extinct genus of marsupial, were found in the late 19th century by the South Australian Museum. The site is considered to have "a very high palaeontological significance." A fossil reserve was dedicated in 1901 under state law, which is in force, as the *Crown Lands Act 1929*. Administrative responsibility lies with the South Australian Museum.
In 2002, it pointed out that the lake received "negligible management effort as a Fossil Reserve under the *Crown Lands Act 1929*" and that proclamation under the *National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972* may provide a higher level of protection against "degradation arising from uncontrolled access." It was listed on the South Australian Heritage Register in February 1997
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# Larry Smith (racing driver)
**Larry Grayson Smith** (June 2, 1940 -- August 12, 1973) was an American professional stock car racing driver. He made his debut in the 1971 World 600 in the #92 Ford, finishing 22nd. He would go on to run three more races that year, acquiring one top-ten finish. In 1972, he was named the first NASCAR Winston Cup Rookie of the Year, running 23 races and posting seven top-ten finishes. The next year, Morris H. Keen, a pit crew member and former gas man for Donnie Allison, went to Carling Black Label in Atlanta, talked to the President of the Atlanta office and acquired a sponsorship for Larry Smith.
Later that year, while running the Talladega 500, Smith spun his 1971 Mercury on lap 14 and slapped the Turn 1 retaining wall. His car suffered minor damage, which the crew was preparing to repair. However, during the ensuing caution flag, members of Smith\'s pit crew surprisingly discovered that the driver did not survive the impact of the crash; track doctors confirmed that he had died of massive head injuries.
An August 23, 1973 news report indicated that Smith\'s helmet had been sent to an independent testing laboratory for examination, to determine what role his helmet had in the injuries he sustained. It further reported that a study was underway to determine if safer helmets for drivers could be found.
A 1975 report stated that doctors determined that Smith\'s skull was \"abnormally soft\", and that it had been fractured several times before his fatal wreck.
It is rumored, but not confirmed, that the head injuries that killed Smith came because he tore the inner-lining out of his helmet, which had been bothering him for some time. He was pronounced dead on arrival at the Talladega Superspeedway infield hospital. No other drivers were involved in the crash.
Smith is one of several drivers featured in the 1975 book *The World\'s Number One, Flat-Out, All-Time Great Stock Car Racing Book* by Jerry Bledsoe. Bledsoe describes the struggles Smith went through in his run for Rookie Of The Year in 1972
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# Sunita Alahan
**Sunita Alahan** (also **Parekh**) was a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera *Coronation Street*, played by Shobna Gulati. They made their first screen appearance on 23 March 2001 and remained in the show until 2006, when the character was axed from the serial by producer Tony Wood. In 2009, Sunita returned to *Coronation Street* as a full-time character, reintroduced by producer Kim Crowther. In November 2012, Gulati announced that they had quit the soap once more, this time permanently. Sunita died on 3 April 2013 as she succumbed to the injuries she sustained during the Rovers Return fire, caused by her illicit ex-lover Karl Munro (John Michie).
Sunita\'s storylines saw her escape an arranged marriage, diagnosed with an aneurysm and a brain tumour, falsely imprisoned, held hostage, falling pregnant with twins, becoming a single parent after divorcing her husband, surviving a tram crash, embarking on an affair with Karl, becoming trapped in a fire at The Rovers Return Inn and later dying in hospital of a cardiac arrest after her breathing tube was removed by Karl.
## Creation and development {#creation_and_development}
### Introduction
On 12 February 2001, it was announced that *Coronation Street* would introduce a new Asian character named Sunita Parekh as part of an arranged marriage storyline. It was revealed that former *Dinnerladies* actress Shobna Gulati would portray Sunita and appear in the show from March. Sunita was given an immediate link to established character Dev Alahan (Jimmi Harkishin) as she was an employee at his shop in Swinton. After the announcement of the character, the storyline caused criticism among the press for reinforcing negative racial stereotypes. A *Coronation Street* spokeswoman, Alison Sinclair, defended the portrayal of the new character, commenting: \"The arranged marriage storyline is just a device for pulling viewers in. We researched various storylines with the Asian community and this gives us dramatically best way forward. But then we move on from that.\" Sinclair also said that the show had been criticised in the past for not tackling issues of concern to the characters from the minority ethnic communities portrayed. Defending the storyline, Gulati added: \"It\'s very brave to explore an issue a lot of people consider to be untrendy but it\'s prevalent and part of our culture.\" Despite the criticism, writer Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, who has sat on a parliamentary committee investigating forced marriages in Asian communities, believed such issues should be tackled on screen. She stated: \"I think these stories should be on a lot more but *Coronation Street* should have a whole range of characters. Most people who are running soaps are so narrow-minded, the only time they think of black characters is for stereotypical roles.\" She made her first on-screen appearance on 23 March 2001, although her voice only was heard on 21 March 2001.
### Brain tumour and aneurysm {#brain_tumour_and_aneurysm}
In 2004, Sunita was part of a storyline in which she discovers she is suffering from a brain tumour and aneurysm. The story was reported in tabloids prior to airing, with the storyline showing Sunita convincing herself she was suffering from migraines rather than getting herself checked out. Which she later found out was life-threatening.
### Departure (2006) {#departure_2006}
In September 2005, the *Daily Mirror* reported that Sunita could be axed along with nine other cast members as part of plans to reduce cast numbers. On 20 September 2005, it was confirmed that the character had been axed, alongside Janice Battersby (Vicky Entwistle) and Jessie Jackson (Nailah Cumberbatch). Speaking of the axings, producer Tony Wood said, \"Shobna and Vicky are superb actresses who have proved extremely popular during their time on the show. However it is the nature of soap that characters come and go and the writing team and I felt that these characters had run their course for the time being.\" Gulati said she was looking forward to a \"great exit storyline\" and it was confirmed that Sunita would not be killed off, leaving the door open for a possible return. Sunita departed on-screen on 1 February 2006. In April 2006, it was reported by the press that Gulati would return to the show, however it was revealed by a *Coronation Street* source that Sunita would only be mentioned in forthcoming scripts and would not be returning.
### Reintroduction
In May 2009, it was reported by *The Sun* that Gulati would make a \"dramatic return\" to the show. A spokesperson told Digital Spy: \"Talks have been going on, but nothing has been signed and sealed.\" On 16 May 2009, it was confirmed that Gulati would be reprising the role of Sunita. Discussing their comeback, Gulati commented: \"They didn\'t kill Sunita off - she went to live in her parents\' house in Swinton with her and Dev\'s twins. Sunita\'s a heartwarming character and I\'d like to see her come back as a mature woman - she has brought up two kids on her own and she\'s not a girl anymore.\" *Coronation Street* producer Kim Crowther first hinted at a possible return for Sunita in an interview with entertainment website *Digital Spy* in the previous week. She said: \"We have a great new direction for Dev after Tara \[Mandal\]\'s (Ayesha Dharker) exit. Further down the line, we build more family around Dev again and it might signal the return of some old faces...\" The character returned on-screen on 10 December 2009, drawing 7.79 million viewers and 34.2% of the total TV viewing audience.
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# Sunita Alahan
## Creation and development {#creation_and_development}
### Affair with Karl Munro {#affair_with_karl_munro}
In January 2012, Gulati hinted that there will be changes for Sunita in the coming weeks. It was later reported that Sunita will embark on an affair with Karl Munro (John Michie) . Speaking to the *Daily Star*, the executive producer of the show, Phil Collinson, said that Sunita catches Karl\'s eye and it makes it more exciting as Sunita is the last person viewers would expect to have an affair and hinted that \"all hell breaks loose\" when Karl\'s partner Stella Price (Michelle Collins) discovers the affair. In an interview with Digital Spy, Michie said that the main reason that Karl is attracted to Sunita is that because he is a \"serial flirt\". Michie also said that it\'s great working with Gulati and is a very easy person to work with as they get on well. `{{cquote|Sunita is in a highly emotional state, so she comes onto Karl. It doesn't go very far before they pull away, but then Karl starts to regret the fact that it hasn't gone further! You'll see that Karl ends up feeling a bit confused, and that's really the beginning of the relationship that is coming up between him and Sunita. At the start, though, it's a case of Sunita and Karl getting their signals mixed up. Karl is thinking of Stella as well, so it's quite a strange and confusing situation.
| 4 = John Michie explains the reasons for Karl and Sunita's actions<ref name="John Michie Interview" />
}}`{=mediawiki} Gulati revealed in March 2012 that a fan \"warned her off Karl\" while shopping in the supermarket. She said that Sunita has a soft spot for Karl and the person in the supermarket said to leave Karl as he has a gambling addiction. Gulati added: \"\[It\'s\] definitely interesting viewing, definitely keep watching, because Sunita and Karl - how hot is that?\" In an interview with *Digital Spy*, Gulati said that Sunita is starting to notice Karl because Dev is showing little or no interest in her. She also added that Sunita doesn\'t find Karl\'s gambling problems off-putting because she wants to be needed and that every girl likes a challenge as she feels she can change Karl.
### Departure (2013) {#departure_2013}
On 30 November 2012, Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy reported that Gulati would leave *Coronation Street* to explore other career opportunities and spend more time on comedy writing. Gulati stated \"I have loved playing Sunita but, having played the role originally from 2001 to 2005 and then returning to Corrie four years ago, I really feel the time has come for me to focus on other aspects of my career.\" Series producer Phil Collinson added that Gulati\'s departure would provide \"an exciting storyline opportunity\" for Sunita and the writing team were looking forward to plotting \"a brilliant exit story for her.\" Gulati filmed their final scenes on 27 February 2013 along with fellow departing actress, Natalie Gumede, who played Kirsty Soames.
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# Sunita Alahan
## Storylines
### 2001--2006
Sunita calls her boss Dev Alahan (Jimmi Harkishin), asking for help as she does not want to marry the man that her parents have arranged for her. She comes to Weatherfield on 23 March 2001 and tells Dev that she does not want to get married and Dev lets her stay in the corner shop flat. Her parents, Mena (Leena Dhingra) and Suresh (Kaleem Janjua) dismiss her fears as pre-wedding nerves and warn her if she doesn\'t marry Deepak, they will disown her. Sunita refuses to change her mind, starting work in the shop and residency in the flat above.
Sunita later leaves the shop and gets a job working at The Rovers Return Inn public house as a barmaid. She begins dating Ciaran McCarthy (Keith Duffy), causing problems between her and her friend, Shelley Unwin (Sally Lindsay), as he tried to wreck her relationship with his friend, Peter Barlow (Chris Gascoyne) but Ciaran is arrested for being absent without leave as he is still serving in the Navy. He is away for a while and Sunita starts developing feelings for Dev but Ciaran returns and they reconcile. Ciaran proposes and she accepts but he changes his mind about getting married and can\'t tell her so Tracy Barlow (Kate Ford) does it for him. Sunita then confronts him before ending their relationship. She briefly dates Danny Baldwin (Bradley Walsh) but ends it after discovering he is married.
Sunita later collapses and is diagnosed with an aneurysm and a brain tumour. Dev looks after Sunita, insisting that she get medical attention and going with her to her appointments. She is told that she will need an operation to repair the aneurysm but Dev\'s partner, Maya Sharma (Sasha Behar), who is friends with Danny\'s wife, Frankie Baldwin (Debra Stephenson), becomes suspicious. She sneaks into Sunita\'s flat and finds a pregnancy test. She assuming that it\'s positive until Dev tells her what is really wrong but Sunita\'s condition makes Dev realise that he is in love with her. He ends the relationship with Maya and tells Sunita after her operation. They decide to get married and they begin planning the wedding but Maya steals Sunita\'s birth certificate and as Sunita, marries 7 illegal immigrants and alerts the authorities. Sunita is arrested for bigamy on her wedding day but Dev clears Sunita\'s name, implicating Maya in her place. Sunita is released and Maya is arrested but released on bail. Angry that her scheme failed, Maya sets fire to Dev\'s shops around Manchester before taking Sunita hostage and tying her up and gagging her then capturing Dev. She sets fire to the corner shop. Sunita and Dev are rescued by Ciaran and Charlie Stubbs (Bill Ward). When Maya realises they have escaped, she tries to run them over but crashes and a truck crashes into her. She is taken to hospital in critical condition under police guard and later imprisoned.
In 2005, Sunita is overjoyed when she discovers she is expecting twins. Sunita gives birth to twins Aadi (Adam Hussain) and Asha (Tanisha Gorey), with Dev at her side. However, she later learns that Dev has children by several different women who he has given homes and jobs. She is devastated and leaves Dev after deciding she can no longer trust him. Off-screen Sunita divorces Dev, but they keep in regular contact.
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# Sunita Alahan
## Storylines
### 2009--2013 {#section_1}
When Dev sees a fellow member of his golfing club, Matt Davis (Christopher Colquhoun), with his children in December 2009, Matt tells him that he and Sunita are engaged. Infuriated, Dev visits Sunita, who apologises for not telling him sooner and reassures him that Matt does not want to take over as father figure. Dev is not convinced and confronts Matt, accusing him of doing so and implying that Matt might be a paedophile. Sunita then angrily throws Dev out, threatening to refuse him access to the children if he continues to cause trouble. In January 2010, Dev has a party for the twins for their fourth birthday at his flat in Victoria Court and Sunita is pleased by how natural with them but Matt is worried that Sunita still has feelings for Dev. Matt and Sunita\'s relationship ends as Dev and Sunita become closer, after pretending to still be married to impress Sunita\'s aunts, Grishma (Indira Joshi) and Upma (Jamila Massey), and reconcile. Sunita starts working with Dev in the Corner Shop again and in May 2010, Sunita convinces Dev to sell the flat and buy No. 7 from Maria Connor (Samia Smith). Dev agrees and Maria accepts their offer.
In August, Sunita is horrified to find Aadi unconscious on the sofa and calls an ambulance. At the hospital, they learn that he has a head injury, that caused bleeding on the brain. Sunita and Dev believe Claire Peacock (Julia Haworth) is responsible as she is their childminder, causing an argument with the Peacocks, but are shocked to learn that Simon Barlow (Alex Bain) is responsible. Aadi was injured when Simon accidentally pushed him off the sofa. Sunita feels guilty and tries to apologise to Claire but blames Claire\'s mental health history --- as she suffered post-natal depression following the birth of her son, Freddie (Niall and Luke Beresford) - angering Claire further, and she and her husband Ashley (Steven Arnold) refuse to accept Sunita\'s apology.
In December 2010, a gas explosion at the Joinery wine bar causes a tram to derail and crash into the Corner Shop. Sunita is buried under the rubble, but later makes a full recovery. She is shocked to learn that Dev has used their savings to pay for the shop refit as it had not been insured and they face financial ruin as the shop had been looted on the night of the tram crash. Dev\'s other shops are also struggling, making Steve McDonald (Simon Gregson), feel guilty and he secretly returns the money his wife Becky McDonald (Katherine Kelly) stole. Dev wants to tell the police but Sunita refuses, insisting they pay Owen Armstrong (Ian Puleston-Davies) for the re-fit, rather than give the money to the police as evidence while they investigate. Dev and Sunita realise the money was stolen by someone they knew. Knowing that the Alahans are getting suspicious and wanting to protect Becky, Steve tells them that he stole the money. However, Becky refuses to let Steve take the blame and tells Dev and Sunita that she took the money and Sunita threatens to call the police and throws her out of the corner shop. When Sunita and Dev realise that Becky had stolen the money to give to her sister, Kylie Platt (Paula Lane), so she would be able to keep custody of her nephew, Max Turner (Harry McDermott), Sunita decides not to call the police much to Dev\'s disappointment.
Grishma and Upma, Sunita\'s aunts, return to visit her. They are shocked at how things had changed since their previous visit and are not impressed with Sunita\'s home and lifestyle and on learning that she and Dev are divorced and were pretending to be together before, so they start searching for a more suitable husband. They try to set her up with Nick Tilsley (Ben Price) and Dr. Matt Carter (Oliver Mellor). This prompts Dev to propose to Sunita in the Rovers, but she turns him down. Later that night, Sunita insists that she and Dev are fine as they are and that the proposal was just a way of proving a point to her aunts. When Dev\'s daughter, Amber Kalirai (Nikki Patel) moves in after dropping out of university, Sunita struggles to feel sympathy and the two women have a difficult relationship. Sunita soon starts to worry about their finances after Dev renews his membership at the Golf Club, despite the expense, and starts paying for Aadi to have golf lessons after he shows talent. Sunita is also angered by Amber starting a brief affair with Sophie Webster (Brooke Vincent), despite Sophie\'s relationship with Sian Powers (Sacha Parkinson). Sophie confides in Sunita who angrily warns Amber to leave Sophie alone but the damage is done and Sian jilts Sophie on their wedding day and leaves her. Sunita starts feeling that Dev takes her for granted whilst rewarding Amber for her bad behaviour. Wanting Dev to take her seriously, she gets her old job back at The Rovers when Stella Price (Michelle Collins), sympathises with her problems, particularly after she sees Dev\'s reaction to Sunita\'s news.
After Amber throws a party at No. 7, Sunita is angry as the twins had been upstairs. She shouts at Amber and refuses to apologise when Dev asks her to. Amber leaves the same day. Dev blames Sunita for this and she goes on a night out with Stella. Sunita gets drunk, climbs onto the roof of a parked car and is arrested for being drunk and disorderly. Stella\'s partner Karl Munro (John Michie) collects her from the police station and is sympathetic to her plight. Sunita kisses him but the following day they agree not to take things further. She later learns that Karl has a gambling problem when he fakes a robbery at the Rovers to pay off his debts and Stella throws him out. Sunita puts Karl up while Dev and the twins are on holiday and keeps his winnings from a roulette game, hoping to help wean him off his addiction. Stella and Karl later reconcile but she refuses to allow him near any cash. Feeling undermined by Stella and touched by Sunita\'s kindness, Karl and Sunita embark on a clandestine affair.
Karl feels guilty about cheating on Stella and ends the affair. Sunita is angered, feeling that Karl was using her and lures him into a honey-trap when he covers for Stella when she and her daughters, Leanne Battersby (Jane Danson) and Eva Price (Catherine Tyldesley) go out for the night together, trying to reconcile Eva and Leanne who have been arguing. Sunita stays to help Karl close up the pub and sees a text message from Stella to Karl on his phone, saying that she is on her way home. Sunita deletes the message and seduces him. Karl is horrified when Stella, Eva and Leanne find them together, semi-dressed, and throws them both out before telling Dev about the affair. Dev is willing to give Sunita another chance but she refuses, choosing to be with Karl and he moves into No. 7 while Dev moves into the flat above the shop. Sunita tries to make her relationship with Karl work but he resents Sunita having other priorities and he soon loses interest in her. After he gets drunk at the twins\' seventh birthday party, Dev warns Sunita that Karl is making a fool of her and Stella tells Karl about the text Sunita deleted and he realises that Sunita did it to trap him. Karl angrily confronts Sunita and storms off, going on a drunken binge. Sunita changes the locks and tells Karl, when he returns, that their relationship is over, throwing his possessions out into the street.
In the following weeks, Dev and Sunita begin to grow closer again. Dev agrees to give their relationship another go, much to Sunita\'s delight. However, when they announce this, Stella reminds Dev of the pain that Sunita caused him and urges him not to rekindle their relationship. Dev, realising that Sunita doesn\'t love him, tells her that they are finished. Sunita gets drunk and angrily confronts Stella in the Bistro. Later, whilst drinking in her back yard, Sunita sees Karl running down the ginnel and follows him into the cellar of The Rovers, where she finds him setting fire to Jason Grimshaw\'s (Ryan Thomas) building materials, trying to make it look like an accident in order to frame Jason. She attempts to confront him, and a struggle breaks out. Sunita is knocked unconscious and Karl leaves her as the fire takes hold. Sunita is rescued and rushed to hospital, where she is placed on a life support machine. Karl frames Sunita for the fire by placing the pub\'s spare set of keys with Sunita\'s belongings and pressing the keys against her fingers while she is unconscious in order for her fingerprints to be found in the investigation. When Dev learns that Sunita is starting to show signs of regaining consciousness, he tells Stella and Karl before visiting Sunita. Karl returns to the hospital and pulls out her oxygen tube. Sunita suffers a cardiac arrest and dies. Sunita is cremated in a traditional Hindu funeral on 12 April 2013. In September 2013, Karl is arrested for The Rovers fire and Sunita\'s death, and Sunita\'s name is subsequently cleared from the investigation
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# Rebel Without a Crew
***Rebel Without a Crew**\'\' (subtitle:***Or How a 23-Year-Old Filmmaker with \$7,000 Became a Hollywood Player**\'\') is a 1995 non-fiction book by Robert Rodriguez. The book chronicles the origin, production and eventual success of Rodriguez\'s debut feature, a 1992 crime thriller called El Mariachi.
Later editions of the book also feature one of Rodriguez\'s tutorials on low-budget filmmaking (*Ten Minute Film School*) and the screenplay to *El Mariachi*.
## Influence
Considered one of the best books on filmmaking and is considered an inspiration to many independent filmmakers.
## Film adaptation {#film_adaptation}
A section of the book was loosely adapted by Rodriguez himself as the 2019 film *Red 11*
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# Teror
**Teror** is a municipality in the northern part of the island of Gran Canaria in the Province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands. Its population is 12,671 (2013), and the town area is 25.70 km^2^. Teror is situated in the mountains and borders Las Palmas to the west and is part of its urban area. September 8 is the local festivity celebrating *Virgen del Pino* (virgin of the pine, patron of the Gran Canaria).
Teror has a well preserved old town centre, which is under monument protection. There is a basilica, the quiet Virgin of the Pine Square in front of it, and neatly fronted buildings along the picturesque Calle Real de la Plaza street. After shepherds witnessed a Marian apparition nearby on 8 September 1481, Teror became the most important pilgrimage destination of Gran Canaria, and, as a result, rather prosperous. White houses with wooden balconies, where many of the island's older families congregated, are typical of the town.
Mineral water is an important product of Teror. There\'s a weekly market (*mercadillo*) on Sundays.
<File:Teror> D81 6122 (38999441585).jpg\|Basilika \"Nuestra Señora del Pino\" <File:Cupola> - Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pino - Teror - Gran Canaria.jpg\|Cupola of the Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pino <File:Ayuntamiento> - Teror - Gran Canaria.jpg\|Townhall <File:Facade> - Teror - Gran Canaria - 01.jpg\|Facade, Calle Real de la Plaza <File:Facade> - Teror - Gran Canaria - 02.jpg\|Facade, Calle Real de la Plaza <File:Facade> - Teror - Gran Canaria - 03.jpg\|Facade, Calle Real de la Plaza <File:Photo> house front side balcony Calle Real de la Plaza No15 teror gran canaria spain 2015-12-25.jpg\|Balcony Calle Real de la Plaza 15 <File:Water> steps - Calle de la Diputación - Teror - Gran Canaria - 03.jpg\|Water steps <File:Teror> EM1B9766 (25026813357).jpg\|Typically Spanish Teror balcony <File:Teror> D81 6112 (38999457345).jpg\|Main street to Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pino <File:Teror> D81 6135 (39865833522).jpg\|Backside of Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pino <File:Teror> D81 6148 (28117837589).jpg\|Conspicuous corner tavern with balcony <File:Teror> D81 6150 (26025513218).jpg\|Town square in front of Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pino <File:Teror> EM1B9785 (26025475978).jpg\|Top of Basilika \"Nuestra Señora del Pino\" <File:Teror> EM1B9793 (39865766022)
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# Sherwin B. Nuland
**Sherwin Bernard Nuland** (born **Shepsel Ber Nudelman**; December 8, 1930 -- March 3, 2014) was an American surgeon and writer who taught bioethics, history of medicine, and medicine at the Yale School of Medicine, and occasionally bioethics and history of medicine at Yale College. His 1994 book *How We Die: Reflections on Life\'s Final Chapter* was a New York Times Best Seller and won the National Book Award for Nonfiction, as well as being a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize.
In 2011 Nuland was awarded the Jonathan Rhoads Gold Medal of the American Philosophical Society, for "Distinguished Service to Medicine."
Nuland wrote non-academic articles for *The New Yorker*, *The New York Times*, *The New Republic*, *Time*, *MIT Technology Review* and the *New York Review of Books*. He was a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution.
He is the father of Victoria Nuland, who served as under secretary of State for Political Affairs from 2021 to 2024.
## Biography
Nuland was born Shepsel Ber Nudelman in The Bronx, New York City, on December 8, 1930, to immigrant parents, Meyer Nudelman (a Moldovan Jewish garment repairman, 1889--1958) and Vitsche Lutsky (a Belarusian Jew, 1893--1941).
Although raised in a traditional Orthodox Jewish home, he came to consider himself agnostic, but continued to attend synagogue. As a Jew, he witnessed anti-Semitic discrimination against his cousin and changed his name when he applied to college to ensure admittance.
Nuland was a graduate of The Bronx High School of Science, New York University and Yale School of Medicine, where he obtained his M.D. degree and also completed a residency in surgery.
At the time of his death, he was living in Connecticut with his second wife, Sarah Nuland (née Peterson). He had four children, two from each marriage. His daughter Victoria Nuland, a career foreign service officer, has notably been the current under secretary of State for Political Affairs since May 2021.
Dr. Nuland avowed a \"unique relationship\" with death. The 1994 National Book Award for nonfiction was granted to his *How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter*.
In a 2001 TED talk, which was released in October 2007, Nuland spoke of his severe depression and obsessive thoughts in the early 1970s, probably caused by his difficult childhood and the dissolution of his first marriage.
As drug therapy remained ineffective, a lobotomy was suggested, but his treating resident suggested electroshock therapy instead, which led to his recovery. Twelve years after the talk, TED\'s Curator, Chris Anderson, recalled that Nuland\'s talk \"remains one of the most powerful moments in the conference's history.\"
Nuland was also one of the featured lecturers at One Day University.
In 2005, Nuland taught a series of lectures for the Teaching Company\'s The Great Courses on the history of Western medicine titled *Doctors: The History of Scientific Medicine Revealed Through Biography*.
Nuland died on March 3, 2014, at his home in Hamden, Connecticut, of prostate cancer.
## Books
- *Doctors: The Biography of Medicine* (New York: Knopf, 1988) `{{ISBN|0-679-76009-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Medicine: The Art of Healing* (New York: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, Inc. Distributed by Macmillan, 1992) `{{ISBN|0-88363-292-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *How We Die: Reflections on Life\'s Final Chapter* (New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 1994) `{{ISBN|0-679-41461-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Wisdom of the Body* (New York: Knopf, 1997) `{{ISBN|0-679-44407-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *How We Live* (New York: Vintage Books, 1998) \[originally published as *The Wisdom of the Body* in 1997\] `{{ISBN|0-09-976761-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Leonardo Da Vinci (Penguin Lives)* (New York: Viking, 2000) `{{ISBN|0-670-89391-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Mysteries Within: A Surgeon Explores Myth, Medicine, and the Human Body* (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000) `{{ISBN|0-684-85486-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Doctors\' Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever and the Strange Story of Ignac Semmelweis* (New York: W.W
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# Changu Narayan Temple
**Changu Narayan** is an ancient Hindu and Buddhist temple, located on a hilltop of Changu (also called Dolagiri) in Changunarayan Municipality of Bhaktapur District, Nepal. The temple is considered to be built in the 4th century AD and is one of the oldest Hindu temples in Nepal. The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, one of three principal deities in Hinduism.
## Location
The temple is about 7 miles (12 km) east of Kathmandu, capital of Nepal, and a few miles north of Bhaktapur. The Manohara River flows beside the hill.
## History
The temple was surrounded by champak tree forest and a small village known as Changu. A Kashmiri king is said to have given his daughter, Champak, in marriage to the prince of Bhaktapur. The temple is considered to be named after her. Following is detailed translated text from the book Bhasa Vamshavali.
> In the region of Dolagiri (original name of the Changu Narayan hill), there was a large Champaka tree. In that place, there was a Brahmin named Sudarshan who was pure, and disciplined, but prone to anger. He owned a Kapila cow, similar to the divine Kamadhenu. With the cow\'s milk, he offered sacrifices to various deities. This cow would often sit under the same Champaka tree.
>
> One day, a beautiful man emerged from the Champaka tree, drank the cow's milk, and then disappeared back into the tree. The cow would go to this tree, and the man would drink her milk. After seven days of not receiving milk from his cow, the Brahmin grew angry, thinking, \"I will not rest until I behead the one who dares drink the milk intended for sacred offerings.\" The Brahmin, full of anger, stealthily followed the cow and watched from a hidden spot.
>
> When the cow reached the base of the Champaka tree, the man emerged and began drinking her milk. In a fury, the Brahmin drew his sword and struck the man\'s neck. At that moment, the man transformed, revealing himself to be Vishnu, who was now devoid of his head bearing conch, discus, mace, and lotus, seated on Garuda. The Brahmin, realizing what he had done, was filled with immense remorse, lamenting, \"What sin have I committed in a past life to have brought this upon myself?\".
>
> As the Brahmin was about to take his own life in repentance, Lord Narayana appeared and assured him, \"Do not fear, O sage. You have no reason to grieve. Instead, abandon your fears and ask for a boon.\" The Brahmin replied, \"O Narayana, grant that the punishment for my sin of beheading you be delivered upon me by your discus.\"
>
> To this, Lord Narayana explained, \"Listen, O sage. Long ago, in a battle with a demon named Chandra, his dear friend, a Brahmin named Sumati, was killed by a weapon I had launched. Due to his strong devotion, his guru, Shukracharya, cursed me that in the future, my head would be severed by a descendant of Sumati. This was destined to happen by your hand.\"
>
> Lord Narayana continued, \"Thus, this was inevitable. Now I shall reside here as a severed head. Worship me here and offer me your prayers.\" With these words, Lord Narayana disappeared.
### Changu Narayan Pillar {#changu_narayan_pillar}
The temple houses one of the oldest pillar inscriptions in Nepal. It was made by a Lichhavi dynasty king Manadeva (r. 464 -505 AD). The inscription is written in Sanskrit. The pillar\'s complete inscription and inscriptions of other adjacent and nearby monuments were first transcribed and published in 1885 by Georg Buhler and Bhagawanla Indraji as \"Twenty-three Inscriptions from Nepal\", through the assistance of private individuals of Bombay.
Later in 1899, Sylvain Lévi, who had been granted permission to conduct historical research in Nepal through the assistance of Bhim Shamshere, the Rana dynasty prime minister. This was done despite opposition from the temple priests, who refused to allow Lévi access to the temple compound. Although Lévi was unable to directly examine the pillar, he was provided with rubbings of the inscriptions, which he subsequently published along with the text and a corresponding translation in *Le Népal*. After Lévi\'s reading, there have been several subsequent transcriptions, including those by scholars such as Gnoli, Naraharinath, Vajracharya, Joshi, and Khanal.
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# Changu Narayan Temple
## Architecture
The temple has traditional Nepali architecture. Many similar features are found at Gokarna Mahadev. The temple is surrounded by sculptures and arts related to Lord Vishnu. Also, we can find the temples of Lord Shiva, Ashta Matrika, Chhinnamasta, Kileshwor and Krishna inside the courtyard of the main temple.
There are four entrances to the temple and these gates are guarded by life-size pairs of animals such as lions, mythic sarabhas, griffins and elephants on each side of the entrances. The ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu and the other idols are carved in the struts, which support the roof.
The entrance door is gilded with carvings of Naga (legendary half-serpent, half-human creature in Hinduism). On the main entrance gate (i.e. western entrance gate), we can find the Chakra, Sankha, Kamal, and Khadga all at the top of a stone pillar. These stone pillars have an inscription in Sanskrit. This inscription is considered to be the oldest inscription of Nepal and the stone inscription pillar was erected by Licchavi (kingdom) King Manadeva in 464 AD.
The following monument is located while visiting the temple from the right side after entering from the main entrance (Eastern gate) to the courtyard
- Historical pillar erected by Mandeva in 464 AD
- **Garuda**: flying vehicle of Lord Vishnu which has got a human face and is a devotee of Vishnu.
- **Chanda Narayan (Garuda Narayan**): 7th-century stone sculpture of Vishnu riding on Garuda. This sculpture has been depicted in the 10 rupee banknote issued by Nepal Rastra Bank
- **Sridhar Vishnu**: 9th-century stone sculpture of Vishnu, Laxmi, and Garuda which stands on the pedestals of various motifs.
- **Vaikuntha VishnuA**: 16th-century sculpture of Vishnu seated on the Lalitasan position on the six armed Garuda and Laxmi seated on the lap of Vishnu
- **Chhinnamasta**: temple dedicated to Chhinnamasta Devi, who beheaded herself, offered her own blood to feed the hungry Dakini and Varnini.
- **Vishworup**: 7th-century stone sculpture- beautifully carved that depicts the scene from the Bhagwat Gita, in which Lord Krishna manifests his universal form to his devotee Arjun.
- **Vishnu Vikrant**: 7th-century sculpture of Trivikram Vishnu that depicts the scene of popular Hindu myth of Lord Vishnu and his beloved Bali Raja.
- **Narasimha**: 7th-century sculpture of Narasimha, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, killing the demon King Hiranyakasyapa to save his beloved devotee Prahalad.
- **Kileshwor**: small two-storied temples of Lord Shiva, who is believed to have appeared in this place for the protection of the hill.
The main image in the sanctum is worshiped by Hindus as a Garuda Narayan, and by Buddhists as a Hariharihari Vahan Lokeshwara. Only the priest is allowed to see the idol.
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# Changu Narayan Temple
## Structure
The Changu Narayan temple follows a traditional pagoda-style roof design with two levels, each with symmetrical pitched roofs. The roof structure is supported by small rafters arranged in a radial pattern from the center of the inner masonry cell. The dead load of the roof is transferred through rafters to the purlins and then to the wall plates, which originate from the core of the building. Inclined timber struts further help distribute the load from the purlins to the walls. Notably, the connections between the struts, purlins, and the main masonry walls are not rigid, allowing for some flexibility in the roof structure.
The foundation is designed with a wide plinth platform, functioning like a mat foundation, which helps to distribute the load and mitigate risks associated with soft soils, particularly during earthquakes. The plinth is about four feet high and provides a massive base for the structure, enhancing its stability. This design, coupled with stepped footings for the main wall, ensures that the temple is well-supported and resilient against seismic activity, which is crucial for its long-term durability in an earthquake-prone region.
The temple\'s masonry walls are constructed in a box configuration, featuring two cores. The outer core extends up to the second floor, providing structural integrity. These walls are built using a layered system: the inner face is made of sun-dried bricks, while the outer face is composed of fired clay bricks, which are smooth-finished for aesthetic and protective purposes. The mortar used in bonding the bricks is an essential element for the temple\'s strength and stability. While the mortar is often not visible, it plays a key role, and can consist of yellow clay, mud, or lime-surkhi mortar, depending on available materials.
## UNESCO Word heritage designation {#unesco_word_heritage_designation}
The temple was recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979 along with 6 other monument zones in the Kathmandu Valley, including Pashupatinath another temple complex, the urban centers of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur and the Buddhist sites Swayambunath and Bauddhanath.
## Idol theft {#idol_theft}
- In 1975 a statue of Krishna was stolen.
- In 1977 a statue of Kileswor Mahadev was stolen.
- In 1980 a statue of Surya was stolen.
- In 1981 the main statue of the temple was stolen.
- In September 2001, three idols were stolen from the temple, including that of Bhupalendra Malla. King Bhupalendra Malla had build two statues of himself and his wife Bhuvan Laxmi. The idols were erected 297 years ago in the main gate of the temple. The metal statue with the gold plate was 19 inches high and weighed 50 kg.
## Changu Museum {#changu_museum}
The Changu Museum showcases a collection of items such as a rhino-skin shield, a raincoat made from leaves, a 500-year-old dish rack, and rice that is over 225 years old. It also displays natural curiosities, including a cow\'s gallstone and the navel of a musk deer.
## Damage and renovation {#damage_and_renovation}
- The 2015 earthquake destroyed the temple. A support from Chinese team was used to reconstruct the temple. The reconstruction was completed in five years. The destruction led UNESCO to consider adding the Kathmandu valley to the endangered heritage list.
## Gallery
<File:A> Hindu temple in Bhaktapur Nepal Le Hindou temple de Changu Narayan.jpg <File:Changu.JPG> <File:ChaNaTe03.jpg> <File:ChaNaTe05.jpg> <File:Changu> Narayan -- Main Temple - 07.jpg <File:Changu> Narayan -- Vishnu-Statue - 02.jpg <File:Chhangu> Narayan, Nepal.JPG <File:Le> temple de Changu Narayan (Bhaktapur) (8567805299).jpg <File:Wooden> Door Frame, Main Temple (5243833105).jpg <File:Manadevas> Pillar (5244432292)
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# Lectures on Jurisprudence
***Lectures on Jurisprudence***, also called ***Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms*** (1763) is a collection of Adam Smith\'s lectures, comprising notes taken from his early lectures. It contains the formative ideas behind *The Wealth of Nations*.
## Background
Published as part of the 1976 Glasgow Edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith. It consists of two sets of lecture notes that were apparently taken from Smith\'s lectures of the 1760s, along with an \'Early Draft\' of The Wealth of Nations. The same material had also appeared as *An Early Draft of Part of The Wealth of Nations* and as *Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms*.
## Summary
Smith's *Lectures on Jurisprudence*, originally delivered at the University of Glasgow in 1762--1763, present his 'theory of the rules by which civil government ought to be directed.' The chief purpose of government, according to Smith, is to preserve justice; and 'the object of justice is security from injury.' The state must protect the individual's right to his person, property, reputation, and social relations. Smith elsewhere specifically defines the term jurisprudence as \"the theory of general principles of law and government\". It is also defined as the general guidelines about the essence of a nation\'s laws. In the lectures, Smith contends that every system of law aims for, and thus jurisprudence can be divided into, \"the maintenance of justice, the provision of police in order to promote opulence, the raising of revenue, and the establishment of arms for the defence of the state\".
### Part I: Of Justice {#part_i_of_justice}
- Division I. Of Public Jurisprudence
- Division II. Domestic Law
- Division III. Private Law
### Part II: Of Police {#part_ii_of_police}
The pros and cons of money, prices, and financial exchanges fall under this section of the Lectures \"since the regulation of prices and the creation of money by the state both came under the head of police.\"
- Division I. Cleanliness and Security
- Division II. Cheapness or Plenty
### Part III: Of Revenue {#part_iii_of_revenue}
### Part IV: Of Arms {#part_iv_of_arms}
### Part V: Of the Laws of Nations {#part_v_of_the_laws_of_nations}
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# Lectures on Jurisprudence
## Scholarly critique {#scholarly_critique}
According to William Caldwell, the lectures accomplish three goals: they detail Smith\'s philosophy and beliefs about economics, they explain his motivation to write about the historical origins of political societies, and they show the influence of mercantilism and Francis Hutcheson on Smith\'s thoughts on the political economy. In an article for *Political Science Quarterly*, Wilhelm Hasbach opines that Smith believed that the political economy is the foundation for morality, law, government, wealth, revenue, and arms, a position that originated from the idea of natural law. He also notes that Smith\'s relationship with the physiocrats is important in the *Lectures* and that some critics state that Smith produced the same concepts as the physiocrats on economics. Hasbach also states that Smith expands on physiocratic ideas by advocating a freedom of industry. Smith expects that industry - and also commerce - be laisser-faire and relevant to all aspects of political economics. Another scholar, C. F. Bastable, notes that Smith recognizes the need for industry for the production of wealth. Industry creates capital which is much needed in an economically viable society.
Hasbach has also written that the *Lectures* offer a perspective of Smith\'s view on property that differs from that of John Locke. Smith believes that property does not lie within the individual but rather that it ought to be shared within society. \"The individual and his labor are in no respect the ultimate source of the right of property in land: the origin of this right is in society.\" Also, according to Hasbach, Smith rejects a state of nature and the doctrine on an original contract, two ideas supported by Locke
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# Don Buchla
**Donald Buchla** (April 17, 1937 -- September 14, 2016) was an American pioneer in the field of sound synthesis. Buchla popularized the \"West Coast\" style of synthesis. He was co-inventor of the voltage controlled modular synthesizer along with Robert Moog, the two working independently in the early 1960s.`{{r|"Remembering"}}`{=mediawiki}`{{r|"RedBull2007"}}`{=mediawiki}
## Biography
Buchla was born in South Gate, California, on April 17, 1937, and grew up in California and New Jersey. He studied physics, physiology, and music at UC Berkeley, graduating in 1959 as a physics major.
Buchla formed his electronic music equipment company, Buchla and Associates, in 1962 in Berkeley, California. He was commissioned by composers Morton Subotnick and Ramon Sender, both of the San Francisco Tape Music Center, to create an electronic instrument for live performance. Buchla began designing his first modules for the Tape Music Center in 1963.
With partial funding from a \$500 Rockefeller Foundation grant made to the Tape Music Center, Buchla assembled his modules into the Buchla Modular Electronic Music System (later known as the Series 100) in 1965, which he began selling commercially in 1966.`{{r|"Remembering"}}`{=mediawiki} Buchla\'s synthesizers experimented in control interfaces, such as touch-sensitive plates. In 1969 the Series 100 was briefly sold to CBS Musical Instruments, who soon after dropped the line, not seeing the synthesizer market as a profitable area.
The year 1970 saw the release of the Buchla 200 series Electric Music Box, which was manufactured until 1985. Buchla created the Buchla Series 500, the first digitally controlled analog synthesizer, in 1971.
Shortly after, the Buchla Series 300 was released, which combined the Series 200 with microprocessors. The Music Easel, a small, portable, all-in-one synthesizer was released in 1972. The Buchla 400, with a video display, was released in 1982. In 1987, Buchla released the fully MIDI enabled Buchla 700.`{{r|"Buchla History"}}`{=mediawiki} Beginning in the 1990s, Buchla began designing alternative MIDI controllers, such as the Thunder, Lightning, and Marimba Lumina. With the recent resurgence of interest in analog synthesizers Buchla has released a revamped 200 series called the 200e.
In 2005, NIME-05 (4th International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression), in Vancouver, Canada, featured a keynote lecture by Don Buchla. There was also a sizable exhibition of many of the instruments he and his team have created over the years.
In 2012, Buchla\'s intellectual property was acquired by an Australian holding company, Audio Supermarket, which started a new brand called Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments (BEMI). Mr. Buchla was retained as Chief Technology Officer.
In 2015, it was reported that Don Buchla had taken the owners of BEMI to court, citing health problems due in part to unpaid consulting fees and asserting a claim to his original intellectual property. The lawsuit alleged breach of contract and \"bad-faith conduct\" on the part of BEMI\'s owners and sought \$500,000 in compensation.
Legal documents filed with the state of California indicate that the court ordered the case to be settled by arbitration in July 2015. In August 2016, the court dismissed the case in light of the fact that the parties had reached an out-of-court settlement.
As of 2018, a new company called Buchla U.S.A. has been created to carry on Don\'s legacy and continue producing his 200e modular synthesizer system, with certain individuals involved in engineering and manufacturing remaining involved.
## Death
Buchla died at the age of 79 on September 14, 2016, of complications from cancer in Berkeley, California.`{{r|guardian}}`{=mediawiki}
| 568 |
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# Don Buchla
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He was survived by his wife, a son, Ezra Buchla who is a musician, `{{r|guardian}}`{=mediawiki} daughters Jeannine Serbanich and Erin Buchla, and two grandchildren.
## Products
<File:Buchla> Ken Kesey.jpg\|Sound System from the bus \"Further\", designed for Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters <File:Buchla> 100 @ NYU (closeup).jpg\| Analog sequencers (bottom) on Buchla 100 (1963/1966) <File:Buchla> Music Easel.jpg\|Buchla Music Easel (ca.1973) <File:Buchla> 250e Arbitrary Function Generator.jpg\|Model 250e Multiple Arbitrary Function Generator module <File:Buchla> 260e Duophonic Pitch Class Generator (Escher\'s Barber Shoppe module).jpg\|Model 260e Duophonic Pitch Class Generator module <File:Oberheim> OB-Mx.jpg\|Oberheim OB-Mx (1994) designed by Don Buchla <File:Buchla> Piano Bar @ Cantos.jpg\|Buchla PianoBar (2001); also sold as Moog PianoBar (2003) <File:Buchla> 200 (2) @ nordcafe, Teknisca Museet.jpg\|Buchla 200 (1970--1985) <File:Buchla> 200e
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# Cordillera Real (Bolivia)
The **Cordillera Real** is a mountain range in the South American Altiplano of Bolivia, forming part of the Andes. This range of fold mountains, largely composed of granite, is located southeast of Lake Titicaca, and east of the Bolivian capital of La Paz. The range stretches 125 km in length and 20 km in width. Even though it is only 17° south of the Equator, the Cordillera Real is relatively densely glaciated. This is due to its proximity to the Amazon lowlands with its associated moist air masses.
## Mountains
The highest mountain in the range is Illimani at 6438 m. Other notable peaks are:
+-----------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| - Janq\'u Uma, 6427 m | - Wila Lluxita, 5244 m |
| - Illampu, 6368 m | - Wila Wila, 5240 m |
| - Layqa Qullu, 6166 m | - Q\'asiri, 5224 m |
| - Ch\'iyar Juqhu, 6127 m | - Churu, 5200 m |
| - Wayna Potosí, 6088 m | - Janq\'u K\'ark\'a, 5200 m |
| - Chachakumani, 6074 m | - Waxra Apachita, 5200 m |
| - Pico del Norte, 6070 m | - Jach\'a Juqhu, 5192 m |
| - Khunu Tawa, 5981 m | - Imilla Apachita, 5184 m |
| - Mamaniri, 5970 m | - Aqhuya Aqhuyani, 5164 m |
| - Qullu Wich\'inka, 5970 m | - Kunturiri, 5160 m |
| - Wayna Illampu, 5950 m | - Maman Quta, 5160 m |
| - Qutaña (Pico Schulze), 5933 m | - Ch\'iyar Qullu, 5112 m |
| - Janq\'u Piti, 5918 m | - Mich\'ini, 5100 m |
| - Qillwani, 5828 m | - Wawanaki, 5100 m |
| - Pirámide, 5906 m | - Ch\'iyar T\'ikhi, 5092 m |
| - Kimsa Qullu, 5893 m | - Japu Japuni, 5088 m |
| - Qalsata, 5874 m | - Qala T\'uxu, 5076 m |
| - Mururata, 5871 m | - Nasa Q\'ara, 5064 m |
| - Laram Quta, 5840 m | - Turini, 5064 m |
| - Q\'asiri, 5828 m | - Wari Qalluni Pata, 5064 m |
| - Uma Jalanta, 5723 m | - P\'iq\'iñ Q\'ara, 5059 m |
| - Kunturiri, 5648 m | - Kimsa Chata, 5056 m |
| - Wila Lluxi, 5596 m | - Lapuchu, 5054 m |
| - Phaq\'u Kiwuta, 5589 m | - Pallqa K\'ark\'a, 5046 m |
| - Chuyma Ch\'iyara, 5578 m | - Thipata, 5045 m |
| - Sirk\'i Qullu, 5546 m | - Janq\'u K\'ark\'a, 5038 m |
| - Janq\'u Laya, 5545 m | - Wila Quta, 5032 m |
| - Warawarani, 5542 m | - Larama Punta, 5028 m |
| - Wiluyu Janq\'u Uma, 5540 m | - Wila Lluxita, 5020 m |
| - Yapuchañani, 5526 m | - Quña Quñani, 5006 m |
| - Llamp\'u, 5519 m | - Wila Kunka Pata, 5002 m |
| - Janq\'u Uyu, 5512 m | - Jisk\'a Chukita, 4980 m |
| - Jisk\'a Pata, 5508 m | - Tira K\'ark\'a, 4974 m |
| - Milluni, 5483 m | - Milluni, 4968 m |
| - Imasiña, 5458 m | - Q\'ulini, 4968 m |
| - Patapatani, 5452 m | - Q\'ara Qullu, 4956 m |
| - Chiqapa, 5450 m | - Salla Jipiña, 4944 m |
| - Silla Pata, 5442 m | - Wanakuni, 4944 m |
| - Wintanani, 5428 m | - Jach\'a Pata, 4940 m |
| - Pulpituna, 5426 m | - Ñuñuni Qalani, 4940 m |
| - Jach\'a Pata, 5424 m | - Wisk\'achani, 4940 m |
| - Chacaltaya, 5421 m | - Taypi K\'uchu, 4928 m |
| - Jathi Qullu, 5421 m | - Parqu Quta, 4910 m |
| - Nasa Q\'ara, 5416 m | - Jisk\'a Turini, 4905 m |
| - Pura Purani T\'uxu, 5416 m | - Parqu Quta, 4900 m |
| - Ch\'iyar Qullu, 5398 m | - Qawiña, 4900 m |
| - Mullu Apachita, 5368 m | - Q\'iya Q\'iyani, 4898 m |
| - Qulin Tuqu, 5368 m | - Qullqi Chata, 4876 m |
| - Ch\'iyar Qirini, 5363 m | - Ch\'iyar Qullu, 4875 m |
| - Jach\'a T\'uxu, 5358 m | - Jamp\'aturi, 4871 m |
| - Mik\'aya, 5342 m | - Ch\'uñawi, 4846 m |
| - Tilata, 5336 m | - Uyu K\'uchu, 4800 m |
| - Qala Uyu, 5324 m | - Wallata Qalluni, 4795 m |
| - Wak\'ani, 5321 m | - Qala Wathiyani, 4794 m |
| - Pura Purani, 5318 m | - Sura Qullu, 4752 m |
| - Wila Jisk\'a Pata, 5310 m | - Wari Wachana, 4745 m |
| - Qutapata, 5300 m | - Wich\'u Apachita, 4708 m |
| - Jach\'a Qullu, 5298 m | - Q\'iya Q\'iyani, 4704 m |
| - Qutapata, 5288 m | - Inka, c
| 842 |
Cordillera Real (Bolivia)
| 0 |
3,729,910 |
# Shire of Peak Downs
The **Shire of Peak Downs** was a local government area in the Central Highlands of Queensland, Australia, 320 km west of both Rockhampton and Mackay. On 15 March 2008 the shires of Duaringa, Emerald, Bauhinia and Peak Downs were amalgamated to form the Central Highlands Region.
## History
*Yambina* (also known as *Jambina* and *Jambeena*) is an Australian Aboriginal language of Central Queensland. Its traditional language region is the local government area of Central Highlands Region, including Peak Downs, Logan Creek, south to Avon Downs, east to Denham Range and Logan Downs, west to Elgin Downs and at Solferino. On 11 November 1879, the Belyando Division was established as one of 74 divisions around Queensland under the *Divisional Boards Act 1879*.
On 20 September 1884, Peak Downs Division was separated from the southern part of Belyando Division.
On 31 March 1903, Peak Downs Division became the Shire of Peak Downs. In 1927, the shire\'s offices were located in Capella.
In 2008, the shire\'s offices were located at 24 Conran Street. The Peak Downs Cemetery was also located in Capella.
## Towns and localities {#towns_and_localities}
The Shire of Peak Downs included the following settlements:
**Towns:**
- Capella
- Tieri
## Economy
It had about 4,000 inhabitants, the primary economic activities in the shire are coal mining, farming and grazing.
The Shire is part of the Bowen Basin, a major coal deposit. Mining began in the shire in the late 1970s with the opening of Gregory coal mine in 1979, which was followed by Mount Isa Mines\' Oaky Creek coal mine in 1983. Oaky Creek was also the reason behind the construction of the township of Tieri, whose sole purpose was to house the workforce that was required to operate Oaky Creek. Three more mines were opened in the 1990s -- Ensham/Yongala, Crinum and Gordonstone (later purchased by Rio Tinto and renamed Kestrel coal mine).
Peak Downs is also an area of intensive agricultural production, which is made possible by its black soil plains and is typified by the abundance and variety of grains in the Shire. Grains planted include sorghum, wheat, barley, sunflower and more recently chickpeas.
## Chairmen and mayors {#chairmen_and_mayors}
### Chairmen
- 1927: Percy Charles Allan
### Mayors
In 1993, the *Local Government Act Number 70* was introduced; it included that all heads of local government councils should be known as mayors and all other elected representatives were to be known as councillors
| 410 |
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| 0 |
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# Jussi Jokinen
**Jussi Petteri Jokinen** (born April 1, 1983) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey forward. After playing in his native Finland with Oulun Kärpät of the Liiga he was drafted by the National Hockey League (NHL)\'s Dallas Stars in 2001 in the sixth round, 192nd overall, and spent his first three NHL seasons with the team. Jokinen has also played in the NHL for the Tampa Bay Lightning, Carolina Hurricanes, Pittsburgh Penguins, Florida Panthers, Edmonton Oilers, Los Angeles Kings, Columbus Blue Jackets and Vancouver Canucks.
Jokinen is of no relation to former NHL player Olli Jokinen, but has a younger brother, Juho, who also plays hockey. During his NHL career, Jokinen was widely considered a shootout and faceoff specialist.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Dallas Stars {#dallas_stars}
Jokinen was drafted by the Dallas Stars in the sixth round, 192nd overall, at the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He spent four seasons before his NHL debut playing for Oulun Kärpät of the SM-liiga, the top Finnish league.
In his rookie year in 2005--06, Jokinen gained a great reputation as a top shootout specialist in the NHL. Until being stopped by Vesa Toskala, he was a remarkable nine-for-nine in shootouts before his first unsuccessful attempt. On November 16, 2007, Jokinen scored four goals against the Colorado Avalanche in a 6--1 win.
### Tampa Bay Lightning and Carolina Hurricanes {#tampa_bay_lightning_and_carolina_hurricanes}
At the NHL trade deadline, on February 26, 2008, Jokinen was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning (along with Mike Smith, Jeff Halpern and a 2009 fourth-round draft pick) in exchange for Brad Richards and Johan Holmqvist. Jokinen finished with 16 goals and 42 points.
On February 4, 2009, Jokinen was placed on waivers by the Lightning and later, on February 7, 2009, was traded to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for Wade Brookbank, Josef Melichar and a 2009 fourth-round draft pick. During the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs, on April 21, he scored the latest regulation game-winning goal in NHL playoff history, with 0.2 seconds remaining in the third period, as the Hurricanes defeated the New Jersey Devils 4--3 in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Quarter-finals.
On June 29, 2009, the Hurricanes signed Jokinen to a two-year, \$3.4 million contract (\$1.5 million in 2009--10 and \$1.9 million in 2010--11). As of November 19, 2009, Jokinen had scored a total of 25 goals in 46 shootout attempts, with an impressive 54.3% success rate. Eight of those shootout goals were game-winners.
Jokinen re-signed with his former Finnish club Kärpät during the 2012--13 NHL lockout and committed himself to remain with the club until the resumption of the NHL season in January 2013.
### Pittsburgh Penguins {#pittsburgh_penguins}
On March 26, 2013, Jokinen was placed on waivers by Hurricanes. On April 3, 2013, Jokinen was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for a conditional sixth- or seventh-round pick in 2013. In his first game with the Penguins, Jokinen scored Pittsburgh\'s lone goal in regulation and tallied the only shootout goal for the team in a 2--1 victory over the New York Rangers. During the 2013--14 season, on October 8, 2013, Jokinen scored his first hat-trick with the Penguins in a 5--2 win over his former team, the Carolina Hurricanes. Jokinen enjoyed his most productive season since 2010, totaling 21 goals and 57 points in 81 games with the Penguins, playing alongside Evgeni Malkin for most of the season.
### Florida Panthers {#florida_panthers}
On July 1, 2014, as an unrestricted free agent, Jokinen signed a four-year, \$16 million contract with the Florida Panthers. During his second season with the club, Jokinen scored 18 goals and 60 points, the second-best offensive output of his career. During six playoff games, Jokinen contributed one goal and three assists.
### Final NHL season {#final_nhl_season}
On June 30, 2017, following the 2016--17 season and with one-year remaining on his contract, Jokinen was bought-out by the Panthers. On July 7, 2017, as a free agent, Jokinen signed a one-year, \$1.1 million contract with the Edmonton Oilers. In the 2017--18 season, he struggled to find his role with Edmonton, adding just 1 assist in 14 games. On November 14, 2017, he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Mike Cammalleri. Jokinen recorded 1 goal and 4 assists in 18 games for the club.
On January 16, 2018, Jokinen was placed on waivers by the Kings, and was then claimed off waivers by the Columbus Blue Jackets on January 17. On February 26, 2018, Jokinen and Tyler Motte were traded to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for Thomas Vanek. As a result of this trade, Jokinen became the fourth player in NHL history, behind Dennis O\'Brien, Dave McLlwain and Mark Arcobello, to play for four different NHL teams in a single season. He also joins the exclusive club of scoring at least a point in each of the four different hockey clubs he played for in one NHL season, along with O\'Brien and Arcobello.
### Return to Europe {#return_to_europe}
Having completed his NHL career, Jokinen returned to Europe in signing with EHC Kloten of the Swiss League. He registered 12 points through just 7 games before returning to his original Finnish club, Oulun Kärpät.
After three further seasons in the Liiga, Jokinen announced his retirement on May 18, 2021, ending a career spanning 20 seasons.
## International play {#international_play}
Jokinen has played for the Finnish national team in multiple tournaments, including the 2006 and 2014 Winter Olympics, winning a silver and bronze medal.
In 2016, Jokinen and teammate Aleksander Barkov Jr. were selected to represent Team Finland at the 2016 IIHF World Championship. They won silver after a 2--0 loss to Team Canada.
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# Jussi Jokinen
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
-------------- ----------------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1999--2000 Kärpät FIN U18 15 6
1999--2000 Kärpät Jr. A 28 4
2000--01 Kärpät FIN U18 1 2
2000--01 Kärpät Jr. A 48 18
2001--02 Kärpät Jr
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3,729,916 |
# Rob Jones (footballer, born 1979)
**Robert William Jones** (born 3 November 1979) is an English football coach and former professional footballer.
Jones played as a defender having started his career with York City, before playing as a semi-professional for Whitby Town, Northallerton Town, Spennymoor United and Gateshead, he soon moved into the Football League in 2003 with Stockport County. After a brief loan spell with Macclesfield Town, Jones joined Grimsby Town, where his performances in the 2005--06 season earned him a move to Scottish Premier League club Hibernian.
Jones captained Hibs as the club won the 2007 Scottish League Cup final, in which he scored the opening goal. He moved to Scunthorpe United in 2009 for a club record fee, before signing for Sheffield Wednesday in 2011. Jones won promotion with Wednesday in 2011--12, but signed for Doncaster Rovers on 31 July 2012. He was appointed to a player/coach role with Doncaster in January 2013.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Early career {#early_career}
Born in Stockton-on-Tees, North East England, Jones began his career with York City\'s youth system as a schoolboy, where he played initially as a striker before being moved to play at left-back. After becoming disillusioned he gave up professional football and became a teacher, while playing non-League football with Northern Premier League side Whitby Town. He then went to Northallerton Town of the Northern League for the 1999--2000 season, before moving back to the Northern Premier League with Spennymoor United towards the end of the season. Jones then moved on to Gateshead at the beginning of the 2001--02 season. During his spell with the Tyneside club he made 87 appearances, scoring 19 goals from the centre of defence.
### Stockport County {#stockport_county}
On 29 March 2003, Jones was signed by Stockport County for a fee of £5,000. Jones made his professional debut on 9 August 2003 in a 1--0 defeat against Wycombe Wanderers. Originally signed as cover, Jones struggled to break into the first team both under Carlton Palmer and his replacement Sammy McIlroy. By the end of the season Jones had only managed 16 appearances, scoring two goals against Luton Town and Peterborough United. During his spell with County he had a spell on loan with Macclesfield Town where he played one match, a 2--2 away draw against Hull City.
### Grimsby Town {#grimsby_town}
Jones signed on a free transfer for Russell Slade\'s Grimsby Town in July 2004 after impressing on trial. During the 2004--05 season, his first year at Blundell Park Jones struggled to cement his place in the first team, and was often overlooked in favour of Terrell Forbes and Justin Whittle. Jones made his debut on the opening day of the season in a 1--0 away defeat against Darlington. During the 2005--06 season Jones moved on to play a central role in the team in his second season. The club made a strong start to the season in both league and cup which included a 1--0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur in the League Cup second round during September 2005. It was following this match that Jones who impressed at centre half was carried off the pitch by Grimsby fans. The club failed to gain automatic promotion from League Two on the final day of the season and had to settle for the play-offs. Despite beating local rivals Lincoln City in the semi-final Grimsby lost the final 1--0 to Cheltenham Town. Following the club\'s failure to secure promotion Jones was one of several key players who departed the club in the summer of 2006 with the club agreeing a deal to sell Jones to Scottish Premier League club Hibernian.
### Hibernian
Jones signed for Hibernian on a four-year contract in June 2006. He was very well received by Hibs supporters, who created his own individual song to the tune of \"Gold\" by Spandau Ballet. Jones was made captain of Hibernian in January 2007, replacing Kevin Thomson.
Jones went on to captain Hibs to their first piece of silverware in 16 years by beating Kilmarnock 5--1 in the 2007 Scottish League Cup final. He opened the scoring in that match with a header from a corner kick. Due to his height, Jones is effective in the air both defensively and at attacking set pieces. As of January 2009, Jones has scored ten goals in Scottish Premier League matches.
BBC Sport reported in the summer of 2007 that Jones had been angered by Hibs turning down an offer for him from Leeds United. Ipswich Town were also interested in Jones at the same time. Colchester United made a \"six figure offer\" for Jones during January 2009, but this was rejected by Hibs. Hibs also stated their intention to report Colchester to the Football League and the Football Association because Colchester publicised their offer, even though the offer document stated that it was \"confidential\". Hibs later rejected a second offer from Colchester for Jones.
### Scunthorpe United {#scunthorpe_united}
The 2009 close season saw Jones linked with several Championship clubs including Derby, Nottingham Forest, Bristol City and Swansea. He eventually signed for Scunthorpe United for an undisclosed \"club record\" fee.
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# Rob Jones (footballer, born 1979)
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Sheffield Wednesday {#sheffield_wednesday}
On 17 March 2011, Jones signed an emergency loan deal with Sheffield Wednesday until the end of the 2010--11 season. At the end of the season, Wednesday signed Jones on a two-year contract. Gary Megson then appointed Jones team captain for the 2011--12 season.
### Doncaster Rovers {#doncaster_rovers}
On 31 July 2012, Jones continued his tour of South Yorkshire, leaving recently promoted side Sheffield Wednesday to join League One club Doncaster Rovers, effectively replacing George Friend, who had just signed for Middlesbrough. Jones scored his first goal for Doncaster in a League Cup win over Hull City on 28 August 2012. Following the departure of manager Dean Saunders, Jones and former Wales manager Brian Flynn were put in temporary charge of the squad. After Flynn was appointed manager on a permanent basis, Jones was given a player/coach role to assist Flynn.
On the final day of the 2012--13 season Rovers faced title rivals Brentford away from home and in the final minute conceded a penalty which would have seen Doncaster fall to 3rd and seen the club have to make do with a play-off spot, however Marcello Trotta hit the crossbar and in the resulting scramble Doncaster went on the break to score in the final seconds with James Coppinger\'s goal not only rescuing them from the play-offs but handing them the League One title after leaders AFC Bournemouth could only manage a draw away at Tranmere Rovers. At the end of the season Flynn stood aside and was promoted to Director of Football, where he was replaced by Paul Dickov. Dickov in turn appointed his own coaching staff and named former Manchester City manager Brian Horton as his assistant resulting in Jones relinquishing his coaching duties and returning to be a full-time member of the playing squad. Jones took over as caretaker manager when Dickov was dismissed on 8 September 2015, and remained in charge until Darren Ferguson took over as manager on 18 October. Jones left Doncaster by mutual consent on 1 February 2016.
### Hartlepool United {#hartlepool_united}
On 3 March 2016, Jones signed for League Two club Hartlepool United on a contract until the end of 2015--16.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Jones is now a coach at the Leeds based soccer academy RIASA, which brings over players from USA for academic studying and football coaching
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# Erwin Sánchez
**Erwin Sánchez Freking** (born 19 October 1969) is a Bolivian former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder, currently a manager.
Dubbed *Platini*, most of his professional career was spent in Portugal, amassing Primeira Liga totals of 288 matches and 59 goals over 13 seasons mainly in representation of Boavista and Benfica. Retiring in 2005, he subsequently became a coach.
From 2006 to 2009, Sánchez managed the Bolivia national team after having appeared as a player in the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the country\'s third participation.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Sánchez started his career at hometown\'s Club Destroyers, then moved to Club Bolívar. He was signed by S.L. Benfica for the 1990--91 season, but was not very successful there, also being loaned to Lisbon neighbours G.D. Estoril Praia.
Sánchez joined Boavista F.C. after being released in 1992, eventually becoming one of the team\'s best players. This prompted a 1997 return to Benfica, but the player again failed to settle, returning to the *Axadrezados* (chequereds) and being crucial to the club\'s only league conquest in 2001, with nine goals in 33 games.
After a serious anterior cruciate ligament injury, Sánchez eventually lost importance in Boavista and left the club in 2004 after a coaching spell, returning home for a final season with Oriente Petrolero and retiring as a player at the age of 36. In his last appearance, on 14 March 2005 against Club Blooming, he assaulted referee Wilson Aliaga, being suspended for 18 months.
Sánchez had another managerial spell at Boavista, as well as two each at Blooming and Oriente Petrolero.
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# Erwin Sánchez
## International career {#international_career}
Sánchez was a leading player for Bolivia, being crucial to the nation\'s qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The team exited the competition in the group stage, and he scored their only goal in a 3--1 loss against Spain; this was also the country\'s first and only goal in three appearances in World Cup tournaments.
Sánchez appeared in a total of 57 matches over 16 years, netting 15 times. He was part of their 1997 Copa América squad, playing all the matches save one for the runner-up hosts and scoring three goals, including in the final with Brazil.
In 2006, Sánchez was named national team manager, being dismissed after the unsuccessful 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign.
### International goals {#international_goals}
\# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
------ ------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- -------- ------------------------------
1\. 10 September 1989 Estadio Nacional, Lima, Peru 1--**2** 1--2 1990 World Cup qualification
2\. 9 July 1991 Estadio Sausalito, Viña del Mar, Chile 2--**1** 2--1 1991 Copa América
3\. 18 July 1993 Polideportivo Cachamay, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela 1--**1** 1--7 1994 World Cup qualification
4\. 1--**5**
5\. 1--**7**
6\. 8 August 1993 Estadio Hernando Siles, La Paz, Bolivia **1**--0 3--1
7\. 22 August 1993 Estadio Hernando Siles, La Paz, Bolivia **3**--0 7--0
8\. 4 May 1994 Stade Pierre de Coubertin, Cannes, France **1**--0 1--0 Friendly
9\. 27 June 1994 Soldier Field, Chicago, United States **1**--2 1--3 1994 FIFA World Cup
10\. 25 October 1995 Estadio Ramón Tahuichi Aguilera, Santa Cruz, Bolivia **2**--0 2--2 Friendly
11\. 21 June 1997 Estadio Hernando Siles, La Paz, Bolivia **2**--0 2--1 1997 Copa América
12\. 25 June 1997 Estadio Hernando Siles, La Paz, Bolivia **1**--1 3--1
13\. 29 June 1997 Estadio Hernando Siles, La Paz, Bolivia **1**--1 1--3 1997 Copa América Final
14\. 5 July 1999 Monumental Río Parapití, Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay **1**--0 1--1 1999 Copa América
15\. 26 April 2000 Estadio Hernando Siles, La Paz, Bolivia **1**--0 1--1 2002 World Cup qualification
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sánchez\'s son, also called Erwin, was also a Bolivian international midfielder
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# Formal calculation
In mathematical logic, a **formal calculation**, or **formal operation**, is a calculation that is *systematic but without a rigorous justification*. It involves manipulating symbols in an expression using a generic substitution without proving that the necessary conditions hold. Essentially, it involves the **form** of an expression without considering its underlying meaning. This reasoning can either serve as positive evidence that some statement is true when it is difficult or unnecessary to provide proof or as an inspiration for the creation of new (completely rigorous) definitions.
However, this interpretation of the term formal is not universally accepted, and some consider it to mean quite the opposite: a completely rigorous argument, as in formal mathematical logic.
## Examples
Formal calculations can lead to results that are wrong in one context, but correct in another context. The equation
$$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} q^n = \frac{1}{1-q}$$
holds if *q* has an absolute value less than 1. Ignoring this restriction, and substituting *q* = 2 to leads to
$$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} 2^n = -1.$$
Substituting *q*=2 into the proof of the first equation, yields a formal calculation that produces the last equation. But it is wrong over the real numbers, since the series does not converge. However, in other contexts (e.g. working with 2-adic numbers, or with integers modulo a power of 2), the series does converge. The formal calculation implies that the last equation must be valid in those contexts.
Another example is obtained by substituting *q*=-1. The resulting series 1-1+1-1+\... is divergent (over the real and the p-adic numbers) but a value can be assigned to it with an alternative method of summation, such as Cesàro summation. The resulting value, 1/2, is the same as that obtained by the formal computation.
### Formal power series {#formal_power_series}
Formal power series is a concept that adopts the form of power series from real analysis. The word \"formal\" indicates that the series need not converge. In mathematics, and especially in algebra, a formal series is an infinite sum that is considered independently from any notion of convergence and can be manipulated with algebraic operations on series (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, partial sums, etc.).
A formal power series is a special kind of formal series, which may be viewed as a generalization of a polynomial, where the number of terms is allowed to be infinite, with no requirements of convergence. Thus, the series may no longer represent a function of its variable, merely a formal sequence of coefficients, in contrast to a power series, which defines a function by taking numerical values for the variable within a radius of convergence. In a formal power series, the powers of the variable are used only as position-holders for the coefficients, so that the coefficient of $\displaystyle x^5$ is the fifth term in the sequence. In combinatorics, the method of generating functions uses formal power series to represent numerical sequences and multisets, for instance allowing concise expressions for recursively defined sequences regardless of whether the recursion can be explicitly solved. More generally, formal power series can include series with any finite (or countable) number of variables, and with coefficients in an arbitrary ring.
Rings of formal power series are complete local rings, which supports calculus-like methods in the purely algebraic framework of algebraic geometry and commutative algebra. They are analogous to p-adic integers, which can be defined as formal series of the powers of p.
### Symbol manipulation {#symbol_manipulation}
#### Differential Equations {#differential_equations}
To solve the differential equation
$$\frac{dy}{dx} = y^2$$
these symbols can be treated as ordinary algebraic symbols, and without giving any justification regarding the validity of this step, we take reciprocals of both sides:
$$\frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{1}{y^2}$$
A simple antiderivative:
$$x = \frac{-1}{y} + C$$
$$y = \frac{1}{C-x}$$
Because this is a *formal* calculation, it is acceptable to let $C = \infty$ and obtain another solution:
$$y = \frac{1}{\infty - x} = \frac{1}{\infty} = 0$$
The final solutions can be checked to confirm that they solve the equation.
#### Cross Product {#cross_product}
The cross product can be expressed as the following determinant:
$$\mathbf{a\times b} = \begin{vmatrix}
\mathbf{i}&\mathbf{j}&\mathbf{k}\\
a_1&a_2&a_3\\
b_1&b_2&b_3\\
\end{vmatrix}$$ where $( \mathbf{i},\mathbf{j},\mathbf{k})$ is a positively oriented orthonormal basis of a three-dimensional oriented Euclidean vector space, while $a_1,a_2,a_3, b_1, b_2, b_3$ are scalars such that $\mathbf{a} = a_1 \mathbf{i} + a_2 \mathbf{j} + a_3 \mathbf{k}$, and similar for $\mathbf{b}$
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# Andy Lloyd (cricketer)
**Timothy Andrew Lloyd** (born 5 November 1956) is a former English cricketer, who played in one Test match and three One Day Internationals for England in 1984. His top score in One Day Internationals was 49 at Trent Bridge, England\'s top score in their only victory against the West Indies that summer. His only Test was against the same opposition, also in June 1984. After making ten runs, and batting for 33 minutes, Lloyd was hit on the head by the West Indian fast bowler, Malcolm Marshall. Despite wearing a helmet, Lloyd spent several days in hospital and did not play for the remainder of 1984. He never played for England again (although he was part of an \"English Counties XI\" tour of Zimbabwe that winter), and is the only Test Match opening batsman never to have been dismissed in Test cricket.
He was both club captain (1988--1992) and chairman for Warwickshire cricket before announcing his resignation on 15 November 2004 due to business difficulties. He led Warwickshire to its NatWest Trophy final victory in 1989 against Middlesex at Lord\'s.
Lloyd made a total of 17,211 runs in all first-class cricket, with 29 centuries, and he took 23 wickets. He is no relation to fellow cricketers David or Clive Lloyd
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# Danilovgrad
**Danilovgrad** (Cyrillic: Даниловград) is a town in central Montenegro. It has a population of 6,852, according to the 2011 census. It is situated in the Danilovgrad Municipality which lies along the main route between Montenegro\'s two largest cities, Podgorica and Nikšić. Via villages, Danilovgrad forms part of a conurbation with Podgorica.
The town of Danilovgrad is located in the Bjelopavlići plain, a fertile valley of the Zeta River. It is the centre of the Danilovgrad municipality, which has a population of 18,472.
## History
In the surroundings of Danilovgrad, there are remains of Gradina (Martinići), dating back to the time of the Serbian ruler Petar Gojniković, from the Vlastimirović dynasty. The court was built by another member of the dynasty, prince Mutimir, who was also once buried in there. Gradina is also a prominent seat from the Nemanjić period, believed to be the birthplace of Rastko Nemanjić, also known as Saint Sava, the founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Danilovgrad was founded with the purpose of being the capital of Montenegro. Foundations for this planned city were first laid by King Nikola I in 1870. However, after the cities of Nikšić and Podgorica were liberated from Ottoman hands, during the Congress of Berlin, its significance diminished. It was named after Nicholas\' predecessor, Prince Danilo.
### World War II {#world_war_ii}
On May 31, 1944, a USAF Consolidated B-24 Liberator crashed in Danilovgrad. Although its entire crew of 10 ejected and survived, they were later caught and became prisoners of war. On July 23, 1944, at least 48 members of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia were killed in a mass execution by Chetniks in the village of Lazine.
### During the Yugoslav Wars {#during_the_yugoslav_wars}
From 14 to 15 April 1995, a pogrom drove out the Romani population in one of Danilovgrad\'s neighborhoods, Božova Glavica.
On 24 March 1999, the Milovan Šaranović barracks in Danilovgrad were bombed by NATO aircraft, killing a soldier named Saša Stojić. He was the first victim of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.
## Climate
Like many parts of Montenegro, Danilovgrad has a humid subtropical climate (*Cfa* according to the Köppen climate classification) with cool winters and hot, drier summers. On 8 August 2012, Danilovgrad recorded a temperature of 44.8 C, which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Montenegro.
## Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the population of the town was 5,156.
Ethnicity Number Percentage
------------------ ----------- ------------
Montenegrins 3,637 70.5%
Serbs 1,118 21.7%
Albanians 20 0.4%
Russians 14 0.3%
Croats 8 0.2%
Roma 7 0.1%
other/undeclared 352 6.8%
**Total** **5,156** **100%**
: Ethnicity in 2011
Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011
Religion (2011 Census) Number
------------------------ --------
Eastern Orthodoxy 4,762
Islam 80
Catholicism 23
Christians 11
Protestants 0
Jehovah Witness 0
Buddhist 0
Adventist 7
Agnosticism 0
Atheism 57
Undeclared 128
Other 83
## Sports
The local football team is FK Iskra, who have been playing in the country\'s top tier since 2015. They host their games at the Braća Velašević Stadium. The town\'s basketball team is KK Danilovgrad and RK Danilovgrad is the handball club.
## Transport
Danilovgrad is situated approximately halfway between two largest Montenegrin cities, Podgorica and Nikšić, on the main road that connects these two. It is also served by the Nikšić--Podgorica railway.
Podgorica Airport is 30 km away, and has regular flights to Belgrade, Budapest, Bari, Zagreb, Skopje, Zürich, Frankfurt, Ljubljana, Paris, Rome and Vienna
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# Bryan Harvey (musician)
**Bryan Taber Harvey** (April 27, 1956 -- January 1, 2006) was an American musician noted for his fronting role in House of Freaks.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Harvey first gained attention in the early 1980s as singer-guitarist in a power pop band based out of Richmond, Virginia, called The Dads. Popular at East Coast colleges, the band reached the pinnacle of its success in 1984 with the release, on CBS records, of its self-titled album.
Harvey\'s subsequent musical career included long-time participation in the indie supergroup Gutterball, which featured former Dream Syndicate frontman Steve Wynn. Harvey\'s most enduring project, however, was House of Freaks, a two-man band with Richmond percussionist Johnny Hott, who had a penchant for banging on anything he could drag into the studio that made the noise he wanted.
House of Freaks was signed to Rhino Records for their first three albums, but had trouble finding a permanent home towards the end of the band\'s existence, bouncing around from indie to indie. They played with other groups on occasion, most notably on a couple of tracks with the Norfolk band Waxing Poetics (whose first album was produced by Mitch Easter and R.E.M. bassist Mike Mills). Their debt to the blues was evident from their first album, but they later moved more and more towards the stripped down style of rockabilly bands like the Chickasaw Mudpuppies and the Flat Duo Jets. However, they were closer in spirit to artists like Tom Waits or Lyle Lovett, exploring in particular the blessing/curse of family and community and their effects on the individual.
House of Freaks disbanded in 1995. Both members were involved with the making of the most recent Gutterball outing, but the rumors say that Hott has left that group as well and been replaced by the drummer for The dB\'s. Bryan Harvey completed a solo album in early 1997, which remains unreleased. Gutterball is still considered to be an open project by the people involved; however, no plans have been made to record new material.
## Murder
Bryan along with his wife Kathryn Harvey (née Grabinsky, born November 28, 1966, aged 39), maternal half-sister of actor Steven Culp, and their two daughters Stella (b. November 3, 1996, aged 9) and Ruby (b. July 4, 2001, aged 4) on January 1, 2006, were victims of the 2006 Richmond spree murders. Hott had approached the Harvey home in South Richmond in anticipation of a New Year\'s Day party and discovered that the house was on fire. Authorities subsequently found the four family members slain in the basement, the result of a home invasion.
## Legacy
In early 2006, a compilation album of Harvey\'s music, *Remember Me Well*, was released.
In 2006 the documentary *Crack In The Sidewalk* about Harvey and House of Freaks was released, directed by Kris Kristensen
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# Tomi Pettinen
**Tomi Pettinen** (born June 17, 1977) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 24 games in the National Hockey League with the New York Islanders between 2002 and 2006. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1996 to 2012, was mainly spent in the SM-liiga. He was drafted by the New York Islanders as their ninth-round pick, #267 overall, in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft.
Pettinen came to North America in 2002 to play for Islanders minor league club, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers. While in his native Finland, he has played for Ilves, HIFK, and Lukko
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# Communist League (Denmark)
The **Communist League** (*Kommunistisk Forbund*; *KF*) was a political party in Denmark. KF was founded on 21 January 1973 in Århus, by the \"Leninist Fraction\" (a name given to them by their opponents) inside the Left Socialists (VS).
The party maintained between 300 and 350 active members from 1973 until it was dissolved in 1980 when its members rejoined VS.
## History
The \"Leninist Fraction\" had emerged in 1970, following the disillusionment of a faction within VS that wanted a stronger focus on labour struggles. The faction was able to push through a new party programme and win leadership of VS at the fourth VS congress in 1971. VS then plunged into factional infighting. The conflicts reached their peak at the fifth congress in November 1972, after which the faction left VS. In fact, the faction was able to gather a majority of the delegates at the 1972 congress, but in spite of this they opted to leave VS and form a new organization on the grounds that it was not possible to build a militant and revolutionary organization cohabitating with hippies and anti-trade union tendencies. Around 300 VS members followed the faction to found KF, leaving VS with just around 300 members.
The Kommunistisk Forbund was established 21 January 1973 in Aarhus. KF was mainly centered on Aarhus and Aalborg, which had been the main bases of the group that had left VS. In Aarhus it had a base among student activists in the \'Students Front\'. The Copenhagen branch of KF was quite weak, however. KF established new branches in Odense and Helsingør, and became the leading force in the revolutionary left in Aarhus, Aalborg, and Odense. KF started publishing *Vejen til Socialismen* in 1976 and *Arbejderpolitik* in 1977.
In 1975, factional conflicts surged within KF. One section, centered in the university environment in Aarhus, emerged as a group called the \"Coffee Club\" (*Kaffeklubben*). It proposed certain renewals of the strategy of KF. Ahead of the 1977 congress, a document, based upon the inputs from the Coffee Club, was approved as a strategic document of KF.
In 1977, about 6% of delegates, based in Copenhagen, formed the splinter group *Kommunistisk Forbund - politik* (KF-p). Members of KF-p were more closely aligned with Leninism than KF, and differed from the party in their position that the 1917 October Revolution was the basis of communist revolution in Denmark. After departing from KF, KF-p attempted to join VS, but were denied entry on grounds of political disagreements.
In 1980 the party was dissolved and its members rejoined VS. During its existence, KF held seven congresses and various annual summer camps
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# Essays on Philosophical Subjects
***Essays on Philosophical Subjects***, by the Scottish economist Adam Smith, is a history of astronomy until Smith\'s own era, plus some thoughts on ancient physics and metaphysics.
This work was published posthumously (after death), in 1795, using material which Smith had intended to publish but had not prepared at the time of his death in 1790. This was done by his literary executors, two old friends from the Scottish academic world; physicist/chemist Joseph Black and pioneering geologist James Hutton. A brief account of their work appears in a section entitled \'Advertisement by the Editors\'.
The book consists in distinct works:
- The History of Astronomy
- The History of the Ancient Physics
- The History of the Ancient Logics and Metaphysics
- Of the External Senses
- Of the Nature of that Imitation which takes place in what are called The Imitative Arts
The *History of Astronomy* is the largest of these and is thought to have been written in the 1750s, before Smith\'s major works. The overall understanding is excellent, though the Glasgow Edition of 1976 includes some detailed criticism of his use of sources. It also defends him for calling Newton a philosopher rather than a scientist; the word \'scientist\' did not exist before 1839.
The *History of Astronomy* is divided in four sections.
- Section I : \"Of the effect of Unexpectedness, or of Surprise\". (§1-10)
- Section II : \"Of wonder, or of Effects of Novelty\". (§1-12)
```{=html}
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- Section III : \"Of the Origin of Philosophy\". (§1-7) Here Smith defines the Philosphy as a rational explication of the world.
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- Section IV : \"The History of Astronomy\". (§1-76) Smith outlines the history of modern astrometric systems. He appoints : Copernic, Gallilee, Kepler, Descartes, and Newton system. The modern astronomy is no longer mathematical but of the physical order. According to smith, if a system is simpler and more efficient in its explanations, then it is more likely to be closer to the way nature works.
It also contains Smith\'s first mention of the invisible hand:
: For it may be observed, that in all Polytheistic religions, among savages, as well as in the early ages of `{{linktext|heathen}}`{=mediawiki} antiquity, it is the irregular events of nature only that are ascribed to the agency and power of the gods. Fire burns, and water refreshes; heavy bodies descend, and lighter substances fly upwards, by the necessity of their own nature; nor was the invisible hand of Jupiter ever apprehended to be employed in those matters.See
- \"Of the External senses\" deals with each sense in turn. According to Smith, each idea is an expression of a sensory impression. He concluded the previous section intituled \"The History of the Ancient Logics and Metaphysics\" on the question of language. The language motif is continued.
Touching (§3-21)
Tasting (§22)
Smelling (§23)
Hearing (§24-88)
The order of passage is not insignificant. Smith affirmed that every sens expect touching is directly linked to an organ. Usually, seeing is the sens that is the more mobilised. Indeed, he has a value of true, clarity and knowledge.
In this part of the essay, two philosophical debates are mobilised :
- The distinction between the primary and secondary qualities.
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- The Molyneux problem
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
The **FIS Ski Jumping World Cup** is the world\'s highest level of ski jumping and the FIS Ski Flying World Cup as the subdivisional part of the competition. It was founded by Torbjørn Yggeseth for the 1979/80 season and organized by the International Ski Federation. Women began competing during the 2011/12 season.
The rounds are hosted primarily in Europe, with regular stops in Japan and rarely in North America. These have been hosted in total 21 countries around the world for both men 20 and women: Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States.{{#tag:ref\|Note that the rounds hosted in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovakia were held when the countries were still part of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia respectively.\|group=nb}}
Summer Grand Prix is the top level summer competition on plastic. The lower competitive circuits include the Continental Cup, the Inter-Continental Cup, the FIS Cup, the FIS Race and the Alpen Cup.
The Olympic Winter Games, the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships and the FIS Ski Flying World Championships do not count towards the World Cup. However, the 1984 Olympic Games, the 1982 Nordic World Ski Championships and the 1992, 1994, 1996 and 1998 Ski Flying World Championships were counted towards the World Cup.
## Scoring system {#scoring_system}
Each season consists of 25--30 competitions, usually two competitions on the same hill during a weekend. One competition consists of a qualifying round; first round, with 50 competitors; and second round, with 30. Qualifying round for the main event was introduced in 1990 to limit the number of competitors. The top 30 in the first round advance to the second round, which is held in reverse order, so the best jumper in the first round jumps last. The aggregate score in the first and second rounds determine the competition results. The top 30 are awarded World Cup points. The winner gets 100 points while number 30 receives 1 point. At team events only top 8 receive points.
### Men\'s Individual {#mens_individual}
Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
------------------ ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- --------------------------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
1979/80--1992/93 25 20 15 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 *points were not awarded*
1993/94--present 100 80 60 50 45 40 36 32 29 26 24 22 20 18 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
### Women\'s Individual {#womens_individual}
Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
------------------ ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
2011/12--present 100 80 60 50 45 40 36 32 29 26 24 22 20 18 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
### Men\'s team {#mens_team}
Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
------------------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- --------------------------- ---- -------------------------------- ---- ---- ---- ----
1991/92--1992/93 60 50 40 30 20 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
1993/94--1999/00 200 160 120 100 90 80 *points were not awarded*
2000/01--present 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 *points are not being awarded*
### Women\'s team {#womens_team}
Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
------------------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----
2017/18--present 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50
### Mixed team {#mixed_team}
Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
------------------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ---- ---- ----
2012/13--present 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Men\'s standings {#mens_standings}
The table below shows the three highest ranked jumpers each year.
### Overall
Season Winner Runner-up Third
--------- ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
1979/80 Hubert Neuper Armin Kogler Stanisław Bobak
1980/81 Armin Kogler Roger Ruud Horst Bulau
1981/82 Armin Kogler (2) Hubert Neuper Horst Bulau (2)
1982/83 Matti Nykänen Horst Bulau Armin Kogler
1983/84 Jens Weißflog Matti Nykänen Pavel Ploc
1984/85 Matti Nykänen Andreas Felder Ernst Vettori
1985/86 Matti Nykänen Ernst Vettori Andreas Felder
1986/87 Vegard Opaas Ernst Vettori Andreas Felder
1987/88 Matti Nykänen (4) Pavel Ploc Primož Ulaga
1988/89 Jan Boklöv Jens Weißflog Dieter Thoma
1989/90 Ari-Pekka Nikkola Ernst Vettori (3) Andreas Felder
1990/91 Andreas Felder `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Stephan Zünd Dieter Thoma (2)
1991/92 Toni Nieminen Werner Rathmayr Andreas Felder (4)
1992/93 Andreas Goldberger Jaroslav Sakala Noriaki Kasai
1993/94 Espen Bredesen Jens Weißflog (2) Andreas Goldberger
1994/95 Andreas Goldberger Roberto Cecon Janne Ahonen
1995/96 Andreas Goldberger (3) Ari-Pekka Nikkola Janne Ahonen
1996/97 Primož Peterka Dieter Thoma Kazuyoshi Funaki
1997/98 Primož Peterka (2) Kazuyoshi Funaki Andreas Widhölzl
1998/99 Martin Schmitt Janne Ahonen Noriaki Kasai (2)
1999/00 Martin Schmitt (2) Andreas Widhölzl Janne Ahonen
2000/01 Adam Małysz Martin Schmitt Risto Jussilainen
2001/02 Adam Małysz Sven Hannawald Matti Hautamäki
2002/03 Adam Małysz Sven Hannawald (2) Andreas Widhölzl
2003/04 Janne Ahonen Roar Ljøkelsøy Bjørn Einar Romøren
2004/05 Janne Ahonen (2) Roar Ljøkelsøy (2) Matti Hautamäki (2)
2005/06 Jakub Janda Janne Ahonen (2) `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Andreas Küttel
2006/07 Adam Małysz (4) Anders Jacobsen `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann
2007/08 Thomas Morgenstern Gregor Schlierenzauer Janne Ahonen (4)
2008/09 Gregor Schlierenzauer `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann Wolfgang Loitzl
2009/10 `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann Gregor Schlierenzauer Thomas Morgenstern
2010/11 Thomas Morgenstern (2) `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann (2) Adam Małysz
2011/12 Anders Bardal Gregor Schlierenzauer (3) Andreas Kofler
2012/13 Gregor Schlierenzauer (2) Anders Bardal Kamil Stoch
2013/14 Kamil Stoch Peter Prevc Severin Freund
2014/15 Severin Freund Peter Prevc (2) Stefan Kraft
2015/16 Peter Prevc Severin Freund Kenneth Gangnes
2016/17 Stefan Kraft Kamil Stoch Daniel-André Tande
2017/18 Kamil Stoch (2) Richard Freitag Daniel-André Tande (2)
2018/19 Ryōyū Kobayashi Stefan Kraft Kamil Stoch
2019/20 Stefan Kraft Karl Geiger Ryōyū Kobayashi
2020/21 Halvor Egner Granerud Markus Eisenbichler Kamil Stoch (3)
2021/22 Ryōyū Kobayashi (2) Karl Geiger (2) Marius Lindvik
2022/23 Halvor Egner Granerud (2) Stefan Kraft (2) Anže Lanišek
2023/24 Stefan Kraft (3) Ryōyū Kobayashi Andreas Wellinger
2024/25 Daniel Tschofenig Jan Hörl Stefan Kraft (2)
### Nations Cup {#nations_cup}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
--------- -------------- -------------------- --------------------
1979/80
1980/81 Austria Norway
1981/82 Austria Norway Finland
1982/83 Norway Finland Austria
1983/84 Finland
1984/85 Finland Austria Norway
1985/86 Austria Finland Norway
1986/87 Norway Finland Austria
1987/88 Finland Czechoslovakia Norway
1988/89 Norway Finland Austria
1989/90 Austria Czechoslovakia (2) Finland
1990/91 Austria Finland
1991/92 Austria Finland Czechoslovakia (2)
1992/93 Austria Japan Norway
1993/94 Norway Japan Austria
1994/95 Finland Austria Japan
1995/96 Finland Japan (3) Austria
1996/97 Japan Norway Finland
1997/98 Japan Austria Germany
1998/99 Japan (3) Germany Austria
1999/00 Finland Austria Germany
2000/01 Finland (7) Austria Germany
2001/02 Germany Austria Finland
2002/03 Austria Finland Norway
2003/04 Norway Finland Austria
2004/05 Austria Finland Norway
2005/06 Austria Norway Finland
2006/07 Austria Norway
2007/08 Austria Norway Finland (8)
2008/09 Austria Finland (9) Norway
2009/10 Austria Norway Germany
2010/11 Austria Norway
2011/12 Austria Norway Germany
2012/13 Norway Austria Germany
2013/14 Austria Germany
2014/15 Germany Norway Austria (8)
2015/16 Norway Slovenia Germany
2016/17 Poland Austria Germany
2017/18 Norway Germany Poland (2)
2018/19 Poland (2) Germany Japan (3)
2019/20 Germany (3) Austria (9) Norway
2020/21 Norway (9) Poland Germany
2021/22 Austria Slovenia Germany
2022/23 Austria Norway (12) Slovenia (2)
2023/24 Austria Slovenia (3) Germany (11)
2024/25 Austria (22) Germany (6) Norway (9)
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Men\'s standings {#mens_standings}
### Ski Flying {#ski_flying}
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Season | Winner | Runner-up | Third |
+=========+===============================================+============================================+===================================================+
| 1990/91 | `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Stephan Zünd | Stefan Horngacher | Ralf Gebstedt |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1991/92 | Werner Rathmayr | Andreas Goldberger | Andreas Felder |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1992/93 | Jaroslav Sakala | Didier Mollard | Andreas Goldberger |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1993/94 | Jaroslav Sakala (2) | Espen Bredesen | Roberto Cecon |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1994/95 | Andreas Goldberger | Takanobu Okabe | Roberto Cecon (2) |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1995/96 | Andreas Goldberger (2) | Janne Ahonen | Christof Duffner |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1996/97 | Primož Peterka | Takanobu Okabe (2) | Kazuyoshi Funaki |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1997/98 | Sven Hannawald | Kazuyoshi Funaki | Andreas Widhölzl\ |
| | | | `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Primož Peterka |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1998/99 | Martin Schmitt | Noriaki Kasai | Hideharu Miyahira |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1999/00 | Sven Hannawald (2) | Janne Ahonen (2) | Tommy Ingebrigtsen |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2000/01 | Martin Schmitt (2) | Adam Malysz | Risto Jussilainen |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2008/09 | Gregor Schlierenzauer | Harri Olli | `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2009/10 | Robert Kranjec | Gregor Schlierenzauer | `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2010/11 | Gregor Schlierenzauer | Martin Koch | Thomas Morgenstern |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2011/12 | Robert Kranjec (2) | Martin Koch (2) | `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann (3) |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2012/13 | Gregor Schlierenzauer (3) | Robert Kranjec | Andreas Stjernen |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2013/14 | Peter Prevc | Noriaki Kasai (2) | Gregor Schlierenzauer |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2014/15 | Peter Prevc | Severin Freund | Jurij Tepeš |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2015/16 | Peter Prevc (3) | Robert Kranjec (2) | Johann André Forfang |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2016/17 | Stefan Kraft | Andreas Wellinger | Kamil Stoch |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2017/18 | Andreas Stjernen | Robert Johansson\ | |
| | | `{{flagicon|POL}}`{=mediawiki} Kamil Stoch | |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2018/19 | Ryōyū Kobayashi | Markus Eisenbichler | Piotr Żyła |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2019/20 | Stefan Kraft | Timi Zajc | Piotr Żyła (2) |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2020/21 | Karl Geiger | Ryōyū Kobayashi | Markus Eisenbichler |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2021/22 | Žiga Jelar | Timi Zajc (2) | Stefan Kraft |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2022/23 | Stefan Kraft (3) | Halvor Egner Granerud | Anže Lanišek |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2023/24 | Daniel Huber | Stefan Kraft | Peter Prevc |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2024/25 | Domen Prevc | Anže Lanišek | Andreas Wellinger |
+---------+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
### Ski Jumping (JP) Cup {#ski_jumping_jp_cup}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
--------- ------------------- -------------------- ------------------
1995/96 Ari-Pekka Nikkola Andreas Goldberger Masahiko Harada
1996/97 Dieter Thoma Primož Peterka Hiroya Saito
1997/98 Primož Peterka Masahiko Harada Andreas Widhölzl
1998/99 Janne Ahonen Martin Schmitt Kazuyoshi Funaki
1999/00 Martin Schmitt Andreas Widhölzl Janne Ahonen
\*This additional title was awarded from 1996 to 2000 for the best individual normal and large hill results only.\
The winner received a small Crystal Globe. This title was distinct from the overall WC, which included ski flying.
- Titles Overall:
Rank Nation Wins Second Third Total
------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 **15** **14** **14** **43**
2 8 4 7 19
3 6 1 5 12
4 5 5 5 15
5 3 10 4 19
6 3 2 1 6
7 2 2 4 8
8 1 3 2 6
9 1 1 2
9 1 1 2
11 1 1
12 1 2 3
13 1 1 2
13 1 1
14 1 1
- Nations Cup:
Rank Nation Wins Second Third Total
------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 **22** 9 8 **39**
2 9 **12** 9 30
3 7 9 8 24
4 3 6 **11** 20
5 3 3 3 9
6 2 1 2 5
7 2 2 4
8 3 2 5
9 1 1
10 1 1
- Ski Flying:
Rank Nation Wins Second Third Total
------ -------- -------- --------- ------- --------
1 **10** **6** **6** **22**
2 8 5 4 17
3 5 3 4 12
4 2 2
5 1 \|**6** 2 9
6 1 3 3 7
7 1 3 4
8 3 1 4
9 2 3 5
10 1 1
11 2 2
| 713 |
FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
| 2 |
3,730,010 |
# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Men\'s tournaments {#mens_tournaments}
There are other tournaments as part of the World Cup:
### K.O.P. International Ski Flying Week {#k.o.p._international_ski_flying_week}
+--------+--------------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| Season | Winner | Runner-up | Third |
+========+==========================+======================+======================================================+
| 1980 | Per Bergerud | Stanisław Bobak | Ján Tánczos |
+--------+--------------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1981 | Alois Lipburger | Andreas Felder | John Broman |
+--------+--------------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1982 | Hubert Neuper | Matti Nykänen | Andreas Felder |
+--------+--------------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1983 | Matti Nykänen | Pavel Ploc | Horst Bulau |
+--------+--------------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1984 | Matti Nykänen (2) | Pavel Ploc (2) | Jens Weißflog |
+--------+--------------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1985 | Ole Gunnar Fidjestøl | Miran Tepeš | Jiří Parma\ |
| | | | `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Trond Jøran Pedersen\ |
| | | | `{{flagicon|PPR}}`{=mediawiki} Tadeusz Fijas |
+--------+--------------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1986 | Andreas Felder | Matti Nykänen (2) | Ernst Vettori |
+--------+--------------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1987 | Andreas Felder (2) | Ole Gunnar Fidjestøl | Miran Tepeš |
+--------+--------------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 1989 | Ole Gunnar Fidjestøl (2) | Mike Holland | Jan Boklöv |
+--------+--------------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
### Nordic Tournament {#nordic_tournament}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- ----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
1997 Kazuyoshi Funaki Kristian Brenden Andreas Widhölzl
1998 Andreas Widhölzl Sven Hannawald Hiroya Saito
1999 Noriaki Kasai Kazuyoshi Funaki Sven Hannawald
2000 Sven Hannawald Janne Ahonen Ville Kantee
2001 Adam Małysz Andreas Goldberger Martin Schmitt
2002 Matti Hautamäki Adam Małysz Martin Schmitt (2)
2003 Adam Małysz Matti Hautamäki Tami Kiuru
2004 Roar Ljøkelsøy Bjørn Einar Romøren `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann
2005 Matti Hautamäki (2) Roar Ljøkelsøy Michael Uhrmann
2006 Thomas Morgenstern `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Andreas Küttel Janne Happonen
2007 Adam Małysz (3) Andreas Kofler `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann
2008 Gregor Schlierenzauer Tom Hilde Janne Happonen (2)
2009 Gregor Schlierenzauer (2) Harri Olli `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann (3)
2010 `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann Adam Małysz (2) Thomas Morgenstern
### Raw Air {#raw_air}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- ----------------------- ------------------ ---------------------
2017 Stefan Kraft Kamil Stoch Andreas Wellinger
2018 Kamil Stoch Robert Johansson Andreas Stjernen
2019 Ryōyū Kobayashi Stefan Kraft Robert Johansson
2020 Kamil Stoch (2) Ryōyū Kobayashi Marius Lindvik
2022 Stefan Kraft Karl Geiger Ryōyū Kobayashi
2023 Halvor Egner Granerud Stefan Kraft (2) Anže Lanišek
2024 Stefan Kraft (3) Peter Prevc Daniel Huber
2025 Andreas Wellinger Domen Prevc Ryōyū Kobayashi (2)
### Planica7
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- ----------------- ---------------------- ----------------------
2018 Kamil Stoch Johann André Forfang Robert Johansson
2019 Ryōyū Kobayashi Markus Eisenbichler Timi Zajc
2021 Karl Geiger Ryōyū Kobayashi Markus Eisenbichler
2022 Timi Zajc Marius Lindvik Peter Prevc
2023 Stefan Kraft Anže Lanišek Timi Zajc (2)
2024 Daniel Huber Peter Prevc Johann André Forfang
2025 Domen Prevc Anže Lanišek (2) Andreas Wellinger
### Swiss Tournament {#swiss_tournament}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- ---------------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------------
1980 Roger Ruud Johan Sætre `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Hansjörg Sumi
1981 Armin Kogler Hubert Neuper Johan Sætre
1982 Massimo Rigoni Klaus Ostwald Andreas Bauer
1983 Per Bergerud Pentti Kokkonen Jari Puikkonen
1985 Jens Weißflog Ernst Vettori Per Bergerud
1986 Rolf Åge Berg Matti Nykänen Ulf Findeisen
1988 Matti Nykänen Miran Tepeš Ernst Vettori
1990 František Jež Heinz Kuttin Ari-Pekka Nikkola
1992 Andreas Felder Werner Rathmayr `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Stephan Zünd
### Bohemia Tournament {#bohemia_tournament}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
1981 Roger Ruud Armin Kogler Hans Wallner
1983 Klaus Ostwald Markku Pusenius Pavel Ploc
1984 Jens Weißflog Jiří Parma Holger Freitag
1986 Matti Nykänen Ernst Vettori Jiří Parma
1989 Jon Inge Kjørum Pavel Ploc Ladislav Dluhoš
1990 Werner Haim Ladislav Dluhoš Ernst Vettori
1994 Espen Bredesen Jaroslav Sakala Lasse Ottesen
### FIS Team Tour {#fis_team_tour}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- ------------- ------------ -------------
2009
2010 Austria Norway
2011 Austria Norway Germany (2)
2012 Austria (3) Norway (3)
2013 Norway (2) Slovenia Austria
### Willingen Five (2018--2020) / Six (2021) {#willingen_five_20182020_six_2021}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- ----------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------
2018 Kamil Stoch Johann Andre Forfang Daniel-André Tande
2019 Ryōyū Kobayashi Piotr Żyła Karl Geiger
2020 Stephan Leyhe Stefan Kraft Marius Lindvik
2021 Halvor Egner Granerud Daniel-André Tande Markus Eisenbichler
### Titisee-Neustadt Five {#titisee_neustadt_five}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- ----------------- --------------- ---------------
2020 Ryōyū Kobayashi Dawid Kubacki Stephan Leyhe
### PolSKI Tour {#polski_tour}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- --------- ----------- ---------
2024 Austria Slovenia Germany
| 692 |
FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
| 3 |
3,730,010 |
# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Women\'s standings {#womens_standings}
### Overall {#overall_1}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
--------- ------------------------ ---------------------------- --------------------
2011/12 Sarah Hendrickson Daniela Iraschko Sara Takanashi
2012/13 Sara Takanashi Sarah Hendrickson Coline Mattel
2013/14 Sara Takanashi Carina Vogt Yūki Itō
2014/15 Daniela Iraschko-Stolz Sara Takanashi Carina Vogt
2015/16 Sara Takanashi Daniela Iraschko-Stolz (2) Maja Vtič
2016/17 Sara Takanashi (4) Yūki Itō Maren Lundby
2017/18 Maren Lundby Katharina Althaus Sara Takanashi (2)
2018/19 Maren Lundby Katharina Althaus Juliane Seyfarth
2019/20 Maren Lundby (3) Chiara Hölzl Eva Pinkelnig
2020/21 Nika Križnar Sara Takanashi (2) Marita Kramer
2021/22 Marita Kramer Nika Križnar Urša Bogataj
2022/23 Eva Pinkelnig Katharina Althaus (3) Ema Klinec
2023/24 Nika Prevc Eva Pinkelnig Alexandria Loutitt
2024/25 Nika Prevc (2) Selina Freitag Katharina Schmid
### Nations Cup {#nations_cup_1}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
--------- ------------------- -------------- --------------
2011/12
2012/13 United States (2) Japan
2013/14 Japan Germany Slovenia
2014/15 Japan Germany
2015/16 Austria Japan Slovenia
2016/17 Japan (2) Germany Slovenia (3)
2017/18 Germany Japan (3)
2018/19 Germany Norway Austria
2019/20 Austria Norway Japan
2020/21 Austria Slovenia Norway
2021/22 Slovenia Austria Japan
2022/23 Austria Germany (4) Norway (3)
2023/24 Austria (6) Slovenia (3) Japan (5)
2024/25 Germany (3) Norway (3) Austria (2)
### Raw Air {#raw_air_1}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- --------------------- ----------------------- -------------------
2019 Maren Lundby Katharina Althaus Juliane Seyfarth
2020 Maren Lundby (2) Silje Opseth Eva Pinkelnig
2022 Nika Križnar Sara Takanashi Urša Bogataj
2023 Ema Klinec Katharina Althaus (2) Selina Freitag
2024 Eirin Maria Kvandal Silje Opseth (2) Eva Pinkelnig (2)
2025 Nika Prevc Eirin Maria Kvandal Anna Odine Strøm
### Russia Tour Blue Bird {#russia_tour_blue_bird}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- ------------------ ---------------- -------------------
2019 Juliane Seyfarth Maren Lundby Katharina Althaus
2021 Marita Kramer Sara Takanashi Nika Križnar
### Alpenkrone
Season Winner Runner-up Third
-------- -------------- --------------- -----------
2022 Nika Križnar Marita Kramer Lisa Eder
### Lillehammer Triple {#lillehammer_triple}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
--------- ----------------------- ------------------ ----------------
2017/18 Katharina Althaus Maren Lundby Sara Takanashi
2018/19 Katharina Althaus (2) Juliane Seyfarth Ramona Straub
### Silvester Tournament {#silvester_tournament}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
--------- --------------- ------------------ ----------------
2021/22 Marita Kramer Nika Križnar Sara Takanashi
2022/23 Eva Pinkelnig Anna Odine Strøm Nika Križnar
### 2 Nights Tour {#nights_tour}
Season Winner Runner-up Third
--------- ---------------- --------------------- ------------------
2023/24 Nika Prevc Eva Pinkelnig Abigail Strate
2024/25 Nika Prevc (2) Eirin Maria Kvandal Katharina Schmid
- Nations Cup:
Rank Nation Wins Second Third Total
------ -------- ------- -------- ------- --------
1 **6** 1 2 9
2 3 **4** 1 8
3 2 3 **5** **10**
4 2 2
5 1 3 3 7
6 3 3 6
| 432 |
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| 4 |
3,730,010 |
# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Titles
### Overall {#overall_2}
Rank Winner 1st 2nd 3rd
------- ----------------------------------------------- ----- ----- -----
**1** **Matti Nykänen** 4 1 0
2 Adam Małysz 4 0 1
3 Stefan Kraft 3 2 2
4 Andreas Goldberger 3 0 1
5 Gregor Schlierenzauer 2 3 0
6 Janne Ahonen 2 2 4
7 Kamil Stoch 2 1 3
8 Armin Kogler 2 1 1
Ryōyū Kobayashi 2 1 1
10 Martin Schmitt 2 1 0
11 Thomas Morgenstern 2 0 1
12 Primož Peterka 2 0 0
Halvor Egner Granerud 2 0 0
14 Simon Ammann 1 2 1
15 /`{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Jens Weißflog 1 2 0
Peter Prevc 1 2 0
17 Andreas Felder 1 1 4
18 Severin Freund 1 1 1
19 Hubert Neuper 1 1 0
Ari-Pekka Nikkola 1 1 0
Anders Bardal 1 1 0
22 Daniel Tschofenig 1 0 0
Jakub Janda 1 0 0
Toni Nieminen 1 0 0
Espen Bredesen 1 0 0
Vegard Opaas 1 0 0
Jan Boklöv 1 0 0
### Ski Flying {#ski_flying_1}
Rank Winner 1st 2nd 3rd
------- --------------------------- ----- ----- -----
**1** **Gregor Schlierenzauer** 3 1 1
**Stefan Kraft** 3 1 1
3 Peter Prevc 3 0 1
4 Robert Kranjec 2 2 0
5 Andreas Goldberger 2 1 1
6 Jaroslav Sakala 2 0 0
Sven Hannawald 2 0 0
Martin Schmitt 2 0 0
9 Ryōyū Kobayashi 1 1 0
10 Primož Peterka 1 0 1
11 Stephan Zünd 1 0 0
Werner Rathmayr 1 0 0
Andreas Stjernen 1 0 0
Karl Geiger 1 0 0
Žiga Jelar 1 0 0
Daniel Huber 1 0 0
Domen Prevc 1 0 0
### Ski Jumping (JP) Cup {#ski_jumping_jp_cup_1}
Rank Winner 1st 2nd 3rd
------ -------------------- ----- ----- -----
1 **Primož Peterka** 1 1 0
**Martin Schmitt** 1 1 0
3 Janne Ahonen 1 0 1
4 Ari-Pekka Nikkola 1 0 0
Dieter Thoma 1 0 0
| 326 |
FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
| 5 |
3,730,010 |
# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Men\'s general statistics {#mens_general_statistics}
Events Winners
-------- ---------
1148 172
update: 30 March 2025 `{{col-begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{col-break|width=22%}}`{=mediawiki}
### Wins
Rank style=\"background:#ccc;\" width:15%\"\|Wins
------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
**1** **Gregor Schlierenzauer** **53**
2 Matti Nykänen 46
3 Stefan Kraft 45
4 Adam Małysz 39
Kamil Stoch 39
6 Janne Ahonen 36
7 Ryōyū Kobayashi 35
8 /`{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Jens Weißflog 33
9 Martin Schmitt 28
10 Andreas Felder 25
Halvor Egner Granerud 25
12 Peter Prevc 24
13 Thomas Morgenstern 23
Simon Ammann 23
15 Severin Freund 22
16 Andreas Goldberger 20
17 Sven Hannawald 18
Andreas Widhölzl 18
19 Noriaki Kasai 17
20 Matti Hautamäki 16
21 Kazuyoshi Funaki 15
Primož Peterka 15
Ernst Vettori 15
Karl Geiger 15
25 Horst Bulau 13
Armin Kogler 13
27 Andreas Kofler 12
/`{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Dieter Thoma (`{{Abbr|5|5 wins for West Germany}}`{=mediawiki}+`{{Abbr|7|7 wins for Germany}}`{=mediawiki}) 12
29 Roar Ljøkelsøy 11
Dawid Kubacki 11
31 Pavel Ploc 10
Anders Jacobsen 10
33 Masahiko Harada 9
Toni Nieminen 9
Ari-Pekka Nikkola 9
Roger Ruud 9
Primož Ulaga 9
Andreas Wellinger 9
Domen Prevc 9
40 Espen Bredesen 8
Hubert Neuper 8
Martin Höllwarth 8
Bjørn Einar Romøren 8
Richard Freitag 8
Daniel-André Tande 8
Marius Lindvik 8
Daniel Tschofenig 8
Anže Lanišek 8
49 Robert Kranjec 7
Vegard Opaas 7
Anders Bardal 7
### Podiums
Rank style=\"background:#ccc;\" width:22%\"\|Podiums
------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
**1** **Stefan Kraft** **126**
2 Janne Ahonen 108
3 Adam Małysz 92
4 Gregor Schlierenzauer 88
5 Simon Ammann 80
Kamil Stoch 80
7 Matti Nykänen 76
Thomas Morgenstern 76
9 /`{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Jens Weißflog (`{{Abbr|42|42 podiums for East Germany}}`{=mediawiki}+`{{Abbr|31|31 podiums for Germany}}`{=mediawiki}) 73
10 Ryōyū Kobayashi 71
11 Andreas Goldberger 63
Noriaki Kasai 63
13 Peter Prevc 62
14 Ernst Vettori 54
15 Severin Freund 53
16 Martin Schmitt 52
17 Andreas Felder 51
18 Andreas Widhölzl 49
19 Andreas Wellinger 43
20 Ari-Pekka Nikkola 42
21 Halvor Egner Granerud 41
Karl Geiger 41
### Top ten appearances {#top_ten_appearances}
Rank Top 10s
------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------
**1** **`{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Janne Ahonen** **248**
2 Stefan Kraft 234
3 Noriaki Kasai 213
4 Kamil Stoch 199
5 Adam Małysz 198
6 Simon Ammann 181
7 Thomas Morgenstern 172
8 Gregor Schlierenzauer 164
9 Peter Prevc 155
10 Andreas Goldberger 153
11 Andreas Widhölzl 142
12 Ryōyū Kobayashi 140
13 Ernst Vettori 127
14 /`{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Jens Weißflog (`{{Abbr|71|71 top tens for East Germany}}`{=mediawiki}+`{{Abbr|55|55 top tens for Germany}}`{=mediawiki}) 126
Johann André Forfang 126
16 Severin Freund 124
17 Matti Hautamäki 122
Michael Hayböck 122
19 Karl Geiger 117
20 Andreas Kofler 116
21 Roar Ljøkelsøy 115
22 Matti Nykänen 114
Martin Höllwarth 114
Piotr Żyła 114
| 438 |
FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
| 6 |
3,730,010 |
# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Ski flying section {#ski_flying_section}
Events Winners
-------- ---------
152 57
update: 30 March 2025 `{{col-begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{col-break|width=22%}}`{=mediawiki}
### Wins {#wins_1}
Rank style=\"background:#ccc;\" width:20%\"\|Wins
------- --------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
**1** **Gregor Schlierenzauer** **14**
2 Stefan Kraft 10
3 Peter Prevc 8
4 Matti Nykänen 6
Adam Małysz 6
Robert Kranjec 6
7 Andreas Goldberger 5
Kamil Stoch 5
Timi Zajc 5
10 Sven Hannawald 4
Martin Koch 4
Domen Prevc 4
13 Ole Gunnar Fidjestøl 3
Andreas Felder 3
Jaroslav Sakala 3
Takanobu Okabe 3
Martin Schmitt 3
Matti Hautamäki 3
Noriaki Kasai 3
Ryōyū Kobayashi 3
Halvor Egner Granerud 3
22 Alois Lipburger 2
Hubert Neuper 2
Werner Rathmayr 2
Andreas Widhölzl 2
Bjørn Einar Romøren 2
Harri Olli 2
Anders Jacobsen 2
Janne Ahonen 2
Severin Freund 2
Jurij Tepeš 2
Karl Geiger 2
Daniel Huber 2
34 Per Bergerud 1
Stephan Zünd 1
Stefan Horngacher 1
Staffan Tällberg 1
Ralph Gebstedt 1
Primož Peterka 1
Akira Higashi 1
Hideharu Miyahira 1
Risto Jussilainen 1
Florian Liegl 1
Roar Ljøkelsøy 1
Janne Happonen 1
Andreas Stjernen 1
Thomas Morgenstern 1
Johan Remen Evensen 1
Anders Bardal 1
Kazuyoshi Funaki 1
Richard Freitag 1
Robert Johansson 1
Markus Eisenbichler 1
Piotr Żyła 1
Žiga Jelar 1
Marius Lindvik 1
Andreas Wellinger 1
Anže Lanišek 1
### Podiums {#podiums_1}
Rank Podiums
------- ----------------------- ---------
**1** **Stefan Kraft** **25**
2 Gregor Schlierenzauer 19
3 Robert Kranjec 17
Peter Prevc 17
5 Adam Małysz 15
6 Simon Ammann 14
7 Andreas Goldberger 13
Martin Koch 13
9 Noriaki Kasai 11
Timi Zajc 11
Ryōyū Kobayashi 11
12 Domen Prevc 10
13 Matti Nykänen 9
Johann André Forfang 9
15 Sven Hannawald 8
Andreas Felder 8
17 Martin Schmitt 7
Janne Ahonen 7
Kamil Stoch 7
Markus Eisenbichler 7
Anže Lanišek 7
Andreas Wellinger 7
23 Andreas Widhölzl 6
Takanobu Okabe 6
Matti Hautamäki 6
Jurij Tepeš 6
27 Anders Jacobsen 5
Thomas Morgenstern 5
Risto Jussilainen 5
Piotr Żyła 5
31 Ole Gunnar Fidjestøl 4
Jaroslav Sakala 4
Johan Remen Evensen 4
Roar Ljøkelsøy 4
Pavel Ploc 4
Roberto Cecon 4
Bjørn Einar Romøren 4
Harri Olli 4
Andreas Stjernen 4
Kazuyoshi Funaki 4
Halvor Egner Granerud 4
Daniel Huber 4
### Top ten appearances {#top_ten_appearances_1}
Rank Top 10s
------- ----------------------- ---------
**1** **Stefan Kraft** **42**
2 Robert Kranjec 39
3 Peter Prevc 35
4 Adam Małysz 34
Noriaki Kasai 34
6 Simon Ammann 33
7 Kamil Stoch 32
Johann André Forfang 32
9 Gregor Schlierenzauer 30
10 Janne Ahonen 29
11 Martin Koch 27
12 Piotr Żyła 26
Domen Prevc 26
14 Ryōyū Kobayashi 24
15 Severin Freund 23
Michael Hayböck 23
17 Andreas Goldberger 22
Matti Hautamäki 22
Timi Zajc 22
| 454 |
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| 7 |
3,730,010 |
# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Women\'s statistics {#womens_statistics}
`{{legend|#EFDECD|retired female ski jumper}}`{=mediawiki}
Events Winners
-------- ---------
257 28
update: 21 March 2025
### Wins {#wins_2}
Rank Wins
------- ---------------------------- --------
**1** **Sara Takanashi** **63**
2 Maren Lundby 30
3 Nika Prevc 22
4 Katharina Schmid 19
5 Eva Pinkelnig 16
Daniela Iraschko-Stolz
7 Marita Kramer 15
8 Sarah Hendrickson 13
9 Yūki Itō 9
10 Chiara Kreuzer 8
11 Silje Opseth 7
12 Nika Vodan 6
Eirin Maria Kvandal
14 Juliane Seyfarth 4
15 Anna Odine Strøm 3
Jacqueline Seifriedsberger
Urša Bogataj
18 Ema Klinec 2
Joséphine Pagnier
Alexandria Loutitt
Carina Vogt
Coline Mattel
### Wins per season {#wins_per_season}
Rank Wins Season
------- -------------------- -------- ---------
**1** **Nika Prevc** **15** 2024/25
**Sara Takanashi** 2013/14
2 Sara Takanashi 14 2015/16
4 Maren Lundby 12 2018/19
5 Maren Lundby 9 2017/18
Sara Takanashi 2016/17
Sarah Hendrickson 2011/12
8 Sara Takanashi 8 2012/13
9 Marita Kramer 7 2020/21
Marita Kramer 2021/22
Katharina Althaus 2022/23
Nika Prevc 2023/24
### Consecutive wins {#consecutive_wins}
Rank Wins Season
------- -------------------- -------- ------------
**1** **Nika Prevc** **10** 2024/25
**Sara Takanashi** 2015/16
3 Sara Takanashi 7 2013/14
4 Maren Lundby 6 2017/18
Maren Lundby 2018/19
6 Sara Takanashi 5 2015, 2016
Sara Takanashi 2016, 2017
Marita Kramer 2021, 2022
8 Sara Takanashi 4 2012/13
Sara Takanashi 2013/14
Sara Takanashi 2013/14
Chiara Kreuzer 2019/20
Marita Kramer 2021/22
### Average points per season {#average_points_per_season}
Rank Points Season
------- -------------------- ----------- ---------
**1** **Sara Takanashi** **95.56** 2013/14
2 Sara Takanashi 94.71 2015/16
3 Maren Lundby 93.84 2017/18
4 Sarah Hendrickson 89.92 2011/12
5 Sara Takanashi 81.06 2012/13
### Podiums {#podiums_2}
Rank Podiums
------- ---------------------------- ---------
**1** **Sara Takanashi** **116**
2 Maren Lundby 62
3 Katharina Schmid 59
4 Daniela Iraschko-Stolz 53
5 Eva Pinkelnig 47
6 Nika Prevc 32
7 Ema Klinec 31
8 Nika Vodan 29
9 Yūki Itō 28
10 Sarah Hendrickson 25
11 Marita Kramer 23
Jacqueline Seifriedsberger
13 Carina Vogt 22
Eirin Maria Kvandal
14 Silje Opseth 21
16 Chiara Kreuzer 20
17 Anna Odine Strøm 15
18 Urša Bogataj 14
Selina Freitag
20 Juliane Seyfarth 13
21 Irina Avvakumova 12
### Podiums per season {#podiums_per_season}
Rank Podiums Season
------- ------------------- --------- ---------
**1** **Nika Prevc** **19** 2024/25
**Maren Lundby** 2018/19
3 Sara Takanashi 18 2013/14
Eva Pinkelnig 2022/23
5 Sara Takanashi 16 2015/16
6 Maren Lundby 15 2017/18
Sara Takanashi 2016/17
8 Katharina Althaus 13 2018/19
Juliane Seyfarth
Sara Takanashi 2012/13
Eva Pinkelnig 2023/24
12 Sarah Hendrickson 12 2011/12
Maren Lundby 2019/20
Chiara Kreuzer
Nika Prevc 2023/24
### Top 10 appearances {#top_10_appearances}
Rank Top 10s
------- ---------------------------- ---------
**1** **Sara Takanashi** **204**
2 Katharina Schmid 161
3 Yūki Itō 143
4 Daniela Iraschko-Stolz 118
5 Maren Lundby 110
6 Eva Pinkelnig 109
7 Ema Klinec 107
Jacqueline Seifriedsberger 107
9 Nika Vodan 98
10 Chiara Kreuzer 85
| 472 |
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Team events {#team_events}
### Individual team wins {#individual_team_wins}
(includes team, super team & mixed-team events)
Rank Team wins
------- --------------------------- -----------
**1** **Gregor Schlierenzauer** **17**
**Stefan Kraft** **17**
3 Thomas Morgenstern 16
4 Andreas Kofler 15
5 Johann André Forfang 14
6 Daniel-André Tande 13
7 Peter Prevc 12
Michael Hayböck 12
9 Martin Koch 11
Robert Johansson 11
### Men\'s team {#mens_team_1}
Rank *after 124 events* 1st 2nd 3rd Total
------ -------------------- ----- ----- ----- --------
1 42 25 26 **93**
2 28 22 20 70
3 16 30 23 69
4 15 13 9 37
5 12 11 15 38
6 7 13 12 32
7 4 10 15 29
8 0 1 2 3
9 0 0 1 1
### Men\'s super team {#mens_super_team}
Rank *after 7 events* 1st 2nd 3rd Total
------ ------------------ ----- ----- ----- -------
1 3 1 0 4
2 2 1 1 4
3 1 4 2 7
4 1 0 0 1
5 0 1 2 3
6 0 0 2 2
### Women\'s team {#womens_team_1}
Rank *after 9 events* 1st 2nd 3rd Total
------ ------------------ ----- ----- ----- -------
1 4 1 2 7
2 2 1 1 4
3 2 0 1 3
4 1 4 1 6
5 0 2 1 3
6 0 1 2 3
7 0 0 1 1
### Women\'s super team {#womens_super_team}
Rank *after 3 event* 1st 2nd 3rd Total
------ ----------------- ----- ----- ----- -------
1 1 0 2 3
2 1 0 1 2
3 1 0 0 1
4 0 2 0 2
5 0 1 0 1
### Mixed team {#mixed_team_1}
Rank *after 10 events* 1st 2nd 3rd Total
------ ------------------- ----- ----- ----- -------
1 4 3 3 10
2 2 1 0 3
3 1 4 4 9
4 2 1 2 5
5 1 1 0 2
6 0 0 1 1
- updated: 29 March 2025
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Various
### Youngest winners {#youngest_winners}
Rank Age
------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
**1** **Steve Collins** **`{{Age in years and days|1964|3|13|1980|3|9}}`{=mediawiki}**
2 Thomas Morgenstern
3 Toni Nieminen
4 Janne Ahonen
5 Gregor Schlierenzauer
### Oldest winners {#oldest_winners}
Rank Age
------- ------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
**1** **Noriaki Kasai** **`{{Age in years and days|1972|6|6|2014|11|29}}`{=mediawiki}**
2 Takanobu Okabe
3 Robert Kranjec
4 Pius Paschke
5 Jernej Damjan
### Youngest on podium {#youngest_on_podium}
Rank Age
------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
**1** **Steve Collins** **`{{Age in years and days|1964|3|13|1980|3|9}}`{=mediawiki}**
2 Jakub Sucháček
3 Thomas Morgenstern
4 Toni Nieminen
5 Domen Prevc
### Oldest on podium {#oldest_on_podium}
Rank Age
------- ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
**1** **Noriaki Kasai** **`{{Age in years and days|1972|6|6|2017|3|26}}`{=mediawiki}**
2 Takanobu Okabe
3 Manuel Fettner
4 Simon Ammann
5 Piotr Żyła
### Consecutive wins {#consecutive_wins_1}
Rank Wins Season
------- --------------------------- ------- ----------
**1** **Janne Ahonen** **6** 2004/05
**Matti Hautamäki** **6** 2004/05
**Thomas Morgenstern** **6** 2007/08
**Gregor Schlierenzauer** **6** 2008/09
**Ryōyū Kobayashi** **6** 2018/19
6 Andreas Goldberger 5 1994/95
Adam Małysz 5 2000/01
Sven Hannawald 5 2001/02
Halvor Egner Granerud 5 2020/21
10 Ole Bremseth 4 1981/82
Jens Weißflog 4 1983/84
Andreas Felder 4 1984/85
Espen Bredesen 4 1993, 94
Martin Schmitt 4 1999/00
Thomas Morgenstern 4 2010/11
Janne Ahonen 4 2004/05
Gregor Schlierenzauer 4 2007/08
Peter Prevc 4 2015/16
Simon Ammann 4 2009/10
Severin Freund 4 2014/15
Kamil Stoch 4 2016/17
Kamil Stoch 4 2017/18
Ryōyū Kobayashi 4 2021/22
Halvor Egner Granerud 4 2022/23
Stefan Kraft 4 2023/24
### Consecutive podiums {#consecutive_podiums}
Rank Podiums Season
------- ----------------------- --------- ----------
**1** **Janne Ahonen** **13** 2004/05
2 Peter Prevc 12 2015/16
Halvor Egner Granerud 12 2022/23
4 Dawid Kubacki 10 2019/20
Dawid Kubacki 10 2022/23
Stefan Kraft 10 2023, 24
7 Matti Nykänen 9 1986, 87
Gregor Schlierenzauer 9 2008/09
Stefan Kraft 9 2016/17
10 Thomas Morgenstern 8 2007/08
Gregor Schlierenzauer 8 2008, 09
12 Jens Weißflog 7 1983/84
Espen Bredesen 7 1993, 94
Andreas Goldberger 7 1994/95
Sven Hannawald 7 2001/02
Simon Ammann 7 2008/09
Daniel Tschofenig 7 2024/25
### Wins in a season {#wins_in_a_season}
Rank Wins Season
------- ----------------------- -------- ---------
**1** **Peter Prevc** **15** 2015/16
2 Gregor Schlierenzauer 13 2008/09
Ryōyū Kobayashi 13 2018/19
Stefan Kraft 13 2023/24
5 Janne Ahonen 12 2004/05
Halvor Egner Granerud 12 2022/23
7 Martin Schmitt 11 1999/00
Adam Małysz 11 2000/01
Halvor Egner Granerud 11 2020/21
### Podiums in a season {#podiums_in_a_season}
Rank Podiums Season
------- ----------------------- --------- ---------
**1** **Peter Prevc** **22** 2015/16
2 Ryōyū Kobayashi 21 2018/19
3 Gregor Schlierenzauer 20 2008/09
Stefan Kraft 20 2023/24
5 Martin Schmitt 18 1998/99
Halvor Egner Granerud 18 2022/23
### Most points in a season {#most_points_in_a_season}
Rank Points Season
------- ----------------------- ---------- ---------
**1** **Peter Prevc** **2303** 2015/16
2 Stefan Kraft 2149 2023/24
3 Halvor Egner Granerud 2128 2022/23
4 Ryōyū Kobayashi 2085 2018/19
5 Gregor Schlierenzauer 2083 2008/09
### Most points in a season to 1992/93 {#most_points_in_a_season_to_199293}
Rank Points Season
------- ----------------------- --------- ---------
**1** **Ari-Pekka Nikkola** **287** 1989/90
2 Matti Nykänen 282 1987/88
3 Matti Nykänen 270 1982/83
4 Toni Nieminen 269 1991/92
5 Andreas Felder 260 1990/91
### Most points in a ski flying season {#most_points_in_a_ski_flying_season}
Rank Points Season
------- --------------------------- --------- ---------
**1** **Gregor Schlierenzauer** **544** 2012/13
2 Peter Prevc 530 2015/16
3 Domen Prevc 485 2024/25
4 Stefan Kraft 480 2022/23
5 Gregor Schlierenzauer 477 2008/09
### Highest win rate in a season {#highest_win_rate_in_a_season}
Rank Procent Season
------- ----------------------- ----------- ---------
**1** **Adam Małysz** **52,4%** 2000/01
2 Peter Prevc 51,7% 2015/16
3 Matti Nykänen 50,0% 1987/88
4 Gregor Schlierenzauer 48,1% 2008/09
5 Andreas Goldberger 47,6% 1994/95
### Highest podium rate in a season {#highest_podium_rate_in_a_season}
Rank Procent Season
------- ----------------------- ----------- ---------
**1** **Peter Prevc** **75,9%** 2015/16
2 Ryōyū Kobayashi 75,0% 2018/19
3 Gregor Schlierenzauer 74,1% 2008/09
4 Andreas Goldberger 71,4% 1994/95
5 Simon Ammann 69,6% 2009/10
### Average points per competition {#average_points_per_competition}
Rank Points Season
------- ----------------------- ----------- ---------
**1** **Peter Prevc** **79.41** 2015/16
2 Gregor Schlierenzauer 77.15 2008/09
3 Andreas Goldberger 74.81 1994/95
4 Ryōyū Kobayashi 74.46 2018/19
5 Adam Małysz 72.90 2000/01
### Average points per competition to 1992/93 {#average_points_per_competition_to_199293}
Rank Points Season
------- -------------------- ----------- ---------
**1** **Matti Nykänen** **14.10** 1987/88
2 Toni Nieminen 12.80 1991/92
3 Jan Boklöv 12.35 1988/89
4 Andreas Goldberger 12.11 1992/93
5 Ari-Pekka Nikkola 11.48 1989/90
### Highest overall advantage {#highest_overall_advantage}
Rank Points Season
------- ----------------------- --------- ---------
**1** **Peter Prevc** **813** 2015/16
2 Ryōyū Kobayashi 736 2018/19
3 Andreas Goldberger 636 1994/95
4 Gregor Schlierenzauer 621 2012/13
5 Stefan Kraft 476 2023/24
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Various
### Highest overall advantage to 1992/93 {#highest_overall_advantage_to_199293}
Rank Points Season
------- ------------------- -------- ---------
**1** **Matti Nykänen** **95** 1987/88
2 Jan Boklöv 55 1988/89
3 Andreas Felder 54 1990/91
4 Ari-Pekka Nikkola 48 1989/90
5 Toni Nieminen 40 1991/92
### Individual starts {#individual_starts}
Rank Starts
------- ------------------- ---------
**1** **Noriaki Kasai** **579**
2 Simon Ammann 510
3 Kamil Stoch 462
4 Janne Ahonen 412
5 Piotr Żyła 387
### Overall leader by total events {#overall_leader_by_total_events}
Rank Events
------- ----------------------- --------
**1** **Janne Ahonen** **73**
2 Matti Nykänen 62
3 Stefan Kraft 58
4 Thomas Morgenstern 52
5 Ryōyū Kobayashi 47
6 Adam Małysz 46
7 Martin Schmitt 45
8 Gregor Schlierenzauer 44
9 Hubert Neuper 38
Simon Ammann 38
11 Andreas Felder 37
Kamil Stoch 37
### Ski flying leader by total events {#ski_flying_leader_by_total_events}
Rank Events
------- --------------------------- --------
**1** **Gregor Schlierenzauer** **16**
2 Stefan Kraft 13
3 Robert Kranjec 9
4 Peter Prevc 7
5 Andreas Goldberger 5
Sven Hannawald 5
Halvor Egner Granerud 5
Domen Prevc 5
updated: 30 March 2025
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## World Cup winners by nations {#world_cup_winners_by_nations}
The table below lists those nations which have won at least one World Cup race (current as of 30 March 2025).
### Men
Rank Nation Total FH LH NH
------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- ------- ----- ----- ---- ----
1 **296** 49 205 42
2 **152** 17 117 18
3 **151** 15 102 34
4 **138** 15 108 15
5 **100** 12 73 15
6 **99** 12 83 4
7 **79** 28 50 1
8 **33** 1 30 2
9 **28** --- 20 8
10 (`{{Abbr|4CZE|4 winners were Czechs}}`{=mediawiki} / `{{Abbr|1SVK|1 winner was Slovakian}}`{=mediawiki}) **19** --- 12 7
11 **17** 3 14 ---
12 **14** --- 6 8
13 (all Slovenes) **10** --- 6 4
14 **7** 1 5 1
**7** --- 4 3
16 **6** --- 5 1
17 **3** --- 3 ---
18 **1** --- 1 ---
**1** --- 1 ---
**Total** 1161 153 845 163
- after 1148 individual events (13 double wins).
### Men\'s team {#mens_team_2}
Rank Nation Total FH LH NH
------ ----------- -------- ------- ---- ----- ---- ----
1 **42** 8 33 1
2 **28** 8 20 ---
3 **16** 2 14 ---
4 **15** 4 10 1
5 **12** 5 7 ---
6 **7** 1 6 ---
7 **4** --- 4 ---
**Total** 124 28 94 2
- after 124 men\'s team events.
### Men\'s super team {#mens_super_team_1}
Rank Nation Total FH LH NH
------ ----------- ------- ------- --- ----- ---- ----
1 **3** 1 2 ---
2 **2** --- 1 1
3 **1** --- 1 ---
**1** --- 1 ---
**Total** 7 1 5 1
- after 7 men\'s super team events.
### Women
Rank Nation Total FH LH NH
------ ----------- -------- ------- ----- ----- ---- ----
1 **72** --- 13 59
2 **58** --- 20 38
3 **47** 1 21 25
4 **35** 1 15 19
5 **25** --- 8 17
6 **13** --- 1 12
7 **4** --- 2 2
8 **2** --- --- 2
**2** --- 1 1
10 **1** --- --- 1
**Total** 259 2 81 176
- after 257 individual events (2 double wins).
### Women\'s team {#womens_team_2}
Rank Nation Total LH NH
------ ----------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ----
1 **3** --- 3
2 **2** --- 2
**2** --- 2
4 **1** --- 1
**Total** **8** --- **8**
- after 8 women\'s team events.
### Women\'s super team {#womens_super_team_1}
Rank Nation Total FH LH NH
------ ----------- ------- ------- ----- ---- ---- ----
1 **1** --- --- 1
**1** --- --- 1
**1** --- --- 1
**Total** 3 --- --- 3
- after 3 women\'s super team events.
### Mixed team {#mixed_team_2}
Rank Nation Total LH NH
------ ----------- ------- ------- ----- ---- ----
1 **4** 2 2
**2** 2 ---
**2** 2 ---
4 **1** --- 1
**1** 1 ---
**Total** 10 7 3
- after 10 mixed events.
`{{legend|#EFDECD|''those countries no longer exist''}}`{=mediawiki}
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Hosts
### Men {#men_1}
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| Rank | Nation | | Total | | FH | LH | NH |
+======+============================+==========+=========+=========+=========+====+====+
| 1 | Planica | 82 | **53** | 18 | 11 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 2 | Sapporo | 80 | --- | 65 | 15 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 3 | Oberstdorf | 74 | 26 | 48 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 4 | Engelberg | 70 | --- | **70** | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 5 | Lahti | 65 | --- | 42 | **23** | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 6 | Bischofshofen | 49 | --- | 49 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 7 | Lillehammer | 48 | --- | 41 | 7 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Zakopane | 48 | --- | 47 | 1 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 9 | Garmisch-Pa | 46 | --- | 46 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Holmenkollen | 46 | --- | 44 | 2 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 11 | Innsbruck | 44 | --- | 44 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 12 | Willingen | 42 | --- | 42 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 13 | Ruka\ | 36 | --- | 36 | --- | | |
| | (Kuusamo) | | | | | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 14 | Harrachov | 30 | 11 | 18 | 1 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Tauplitz\ | 30 | 30 | --- | --- | | |
| | (Bad Mitterndorf) | | | | | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Vikersund | 30 | 30 | --- | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 17 | Thunder Bay | 28 | --- | 13 | 15 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 18 | Trondheim | 27 | --- | 26 | 1 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 19 | Kuopio | 25 | --- | 21 | 4 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Titisee-Neustadt | 25 | --- | 25 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 21 | Lake Placid | 24 | --- | 16 | 8 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 22 | Predazzo\ | 20 | --- | 13 | 7 | | |
| | (Val di Fiemme) | | | | | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 23 | Falun | 19 | --- | 12 | 7 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 24 | Klingenthal | 17 | --- | 17 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 25 | Wisła | 16 | --- | 16 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 26 | Nizhny Tagil | 14 | --- | 14 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 27 | Liberec | 12 | --- | 11 | 1 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 28 | Štrbské Pleso | 9 | --- | 6 | 3 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | St. Moritz | 9 | --- | --- | 9 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 30 | Chamonix | 8 | --- | --- | 8 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 31 | Gstaad | 6 | --- | --- | 6 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Örnsköldsvik | 6 | --- | --- | 6 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Hakuba | 6 | --- | 6 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Villach | 6 | --- | --- | 6 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 35 | Cortina d\'Ampezzo | 5 | --- | --- | 5 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Oberhof | 5 | --- | 3 | 2 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 37 | Iron Mountain | 4 | --- | 4 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Râșnov | 4 | --- | --- | 4 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 39 | St. Nizier | 3 | --- | 3 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Pragelato | 3 | --- | 3 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 41 | Ironwood | 2 | 2 | --- | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Bærum | 2 | --- | 2 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Sarajevo | 2 | --- | 1 | 1 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Oberwiesenthal | 2 | --- | --- | 2 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Park City | 2 | --- | 2 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Whistler | 2 | --- | 2 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Sochi | 2 | --- | --- | 2 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Almaty | 2 | --- | 2 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Pyeongchang | 2 | --- | 1 | 1 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| 50 | Gallio | 1 | --- | --- | 1 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Meldal | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Sollefteå | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Raufoss | 1 | --- | --- | 1 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Bollnäs | 1 | --- | --- | 1 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Ruhpolding | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Courchevel | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Murau | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Ramsau | 1 | --- | --- | 1 | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
| | Total | **1148** | **152** | **834** | **162** | | |
+------+----------------------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+----+----+
### Mixed
Rank Nation Total FH LH NH
------ ------------------ -------- --------- ------- ------- ---- ----
1 Lillehammer 3 --- 1 2
Willingen 3 --- 3 ---
3 Râșnov 1 --- --- 1
Oslo 1 --- 1 ---
Titisee-Neustadt 1 --- 1 ---
Lake Placid 1 --- 1 ---
Total **10** **---** **7** **3**
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Hosts
### Women\'s super team {#womens_super_team_2}
Rank Nation Total FH LH NH
------ -------- ------- --------- --------- ------- ---- ----
1 Zaō 3 --- --- 3
Total **3** **---** **---** **3**
updated: 30 March 2025 `{{col-break|width=45%}}`{=mediawiki}
### Women {#women_1}
Rank Nation Total FH LH NH
------ ------------------ --------- ------- -------- --------- ---- ----
1 Lillehammer 30 --- 16 14
2 Hinzenbach 27 --- --- 27
3 Zaō 23 --- --- 23
Ljubno 24 --- --- 24
5 Sapporo 22 --- 10 12
6 Râșnov 16 --- --- 16
7 Holmenkollen 15 --- 14 1
8 Oberstdorf 14 --- 8 6
9 Nizhny Tagil 10 --- --- 10
10 Hinterzarten 9 --- 2 7
11 Willingen 7 --- 7 ---
12 Chaykovsky 6 --- 2 4
13 Lahti 5 --- 4 1
14 Trondheim 4 --- 2 2
Planica 4 --- 1 3
Villach 4 --- --- 4
17 Klingenthal 3 --- 3 ---
Ramsau 3 --- --- 3
Titisee-Neustadt 3 --- 3 ---
Engelberg 3 --- 3 ---
21 Predazzo 2 --- --- 2
Schonach 2 --- --- 2
Sochi 2 --- --- 2
Almaty 2 --- --- 2
Pyeongchang 2 --- --- 2
Prémanon 2 --- --- 2
Oberhof 2 --- --- 2
Wisła 2 --- 2 ---
Zhangjiakou 2 --- --- 2
Garmisch-Pa 2 --- 2 ---
Lake Placid 2 --- 2 ---
Vikersund 2 2 --- ---
33 Falun 1 --- --- 1
Total **257** **2** **81** **174**
### Men\'s team {#mens_team_3}
Rank Nation Total FH LH NH
------ ------------------ --------- -------- -------- ------- ---- ----
1 Lahti 24 --- 23 1
2 Planica 23 19 4 ---
3 Willingen 17 --- 17 ---
4 Zakopane 13 --- 13 ---
5 Ruka 7 --- 7 ---
Holmenkollen 7 --- 7 ---
7 Oberstdorf 5 5 --- ---
Klingenthal 5 --- 5 ---
Wisła 5 --- 5 ---
10 Vikersund 4 4 --- ---
11 Predazzo 2 --- 2 ---
Kuopio 2 --- 2 ---
13 Sapporo 1 --- 1 ---
Harrachov 1 --- 1 ---
Thunder Bay 1 --- 1 ---
Trondheim 1 --- 1 ---
Hakuba 1 --- 1 ---
Villach 1 --- --- 1
Pragelato 1 --- 1 ---
Park City 1 --- 1 ---
Titisee-Neustadt 1 --- 1 ---
Bischofshofen 1 --- 1 ---
Total **124** **28** **94** **2**
### Women\'s team {#womens_team_3}
Rank Nation Total FH LH NH
------ -------------- ------- --------- ------- ------- ---- ----
1 Zaō 3 --- --- 3
Ljubno 3 --- --- 3
3 Hinterzarten 1 --- --- 1
Chaykovsky 1 --- 1 ---
Hinzenbach 1 --- --- 1
Total **9** **---** **1** **8**
### Men\'s super team {#mens_super_team_2}
Rank Nation Total FH LH NH
------ ------------------ --- ------- ----- ----- ---- ----
1 Lake Placid 2 --- 2 ---
2 Wisła 1 --- 1 ---
Râșnov 1 --- --- 1
Oberstdorf 1 1 --- ---
Titisee-Neustadt 1 --- 1 ---
Lahti 1 --- 1 ---
**Total** 7 1 5 1
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Timeline calendar {#timeline_calendar}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th width="90" style="background:#ccc;"><p>Season</p></th>
<th width="3"><p> </p></th>
<th colspan="4" style="background:#ccc;"><p>Men's<br />
Individual</p></th>
<th width="3"><p> </p></th>
<th colspan="4" style="background:#ccc;"><p>Men's<br />
Team</p></th>
<th width="3"><p> </p></th>
<th colspan="3" style="background:#ccc;"><p>Women's<br />
Individual</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td width="40" style="background:#ccc;"><p>FH</p></td>
<td width="40" style="background:#ccc;"><p>LH</p></td>
<td width="40" style="background:#ccc;"><p>NH</p></td>
<td width="50" style="background:#ccc;"><p>Total</p></td>
<td width="40" style="background:#ccc;"><p>FH</p></td>
<td width="40" style="background:#ccc;"><p>LH</p></td>
<td width="40" style="background:#ccc;"><p>NH</p></td>
<td width="50" style="background:#ccc;"><p>Total</p></td>
<td width="40" style="background:#ccc;"><p>FH</p></td>
<td width="40" style="background:#ccc;"><p>LH</p></td>
<td width="40" style="background:#ccc;"><p>NH</p></td>
<td width="50" style="background:#ccc;"><p>Total</p></td>
<td width="40" style="background:#ccc;"><p>LH</p></td>
<td width="40" style="background:#ccc;"><p>NH</p></td>
<td width="50" style="background:#ccc;"><p>Total</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1979/80</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p><strong>25</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1980/81</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p><strong>24</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1981/82</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p><strong>22</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1982/83</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p><strong>25</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1983/84</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p><strong>24</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1984/85</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p><strong>21</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1985/86</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p><strong>25</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1986/87</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p><strong>22</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1987/88</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p><strong>20</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1988/89</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p><strong>20</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1989/90</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p><strong>25</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1990/91</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p><strong>22</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1991/92</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p><strong>21</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1992/93</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p><strong>17</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1993/94</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p><strong>19</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1994/95</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p><strong>21</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>1</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1995/96</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p><strong>28</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>4</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1996/97</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>19</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p><strong>25</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>1</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1997/98</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>19</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p><strong>27</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1998/99</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>23</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p><strong>29</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>1</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1999/00</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>22</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p><strong>26</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>3</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2000/01</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>21</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>4</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2001/02</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p><strong>22</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p><strong>5</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2002/03</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>23</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>27</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2003/04</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>22</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>23</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2004/05</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>24</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>28</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>3</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2005/06</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>22</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2006/07</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>24</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2007/08</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>22</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p><strong>27</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>3</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2008/09</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p><strong>27</strong></p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>6</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2009/10</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>23</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>4</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2010/11</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p>19</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>26</strong></p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>5</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2011/12</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>19</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p><strong>26</strong></p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p><strong>6</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p><strong>13</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2012/13</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p><strong>27</strong></p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>6</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td><p><strong>16</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2013/14</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>25</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p><strong>28</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>4</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p><strong>18</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2014/15</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>25</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p><strong>31</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>5</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p><strong>13</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2015/16</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p><strong>29</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>6</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p><strong>17</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2016/17</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p><strong>26</strong></p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>6</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p><strong>19</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2017/18</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>18</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>22</strong></p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>8</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p><strong>15</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2018/19</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>22</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>28</strong></p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>7</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td><p><strong>24</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2019/20</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p><strong>27</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>5</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p><strong>16</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2020/21</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p><strong>25</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>4</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p><strong>13</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2021/22</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>24</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>28</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>5</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p><strong>19</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2022/23</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>25</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p><strong>32</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>3</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p><strong>26</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2023/24</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>24</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p><strong>32</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>3</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p><strong>24</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2024/25</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>23</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>29</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p><strong>24</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Events</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>152</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>834</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>162</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>1148</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>28</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>94</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>124</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>81</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>174</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>257</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>9</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>Double wins</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>1</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>11</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>1</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>13</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>–</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p><strong>Winners</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>153</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>845</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>163</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>1161</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>28</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>94</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>124</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>2</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>81</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>176</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>259</strong></p></td>
<td><p>–</p></td>
<td><p><strong>9</strong></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Last updated: 30 March 2025
| 982 |
FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
| 15 |
3,730,010 |
# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## World Cup finals {#world_cup_finals}
### Men {#men_2}
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| - 1980 --- `{{flagicon|TCH}}`{=mediawiki} Štrbské Pleso | - 1992 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2003 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2014 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica |
| - 1981 --- `{{flagicon|YUG}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 1993 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2004 --- `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Oslo | - 2015 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica |
| - 1982 --- `{{flagicon|YUG}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 1994 --- `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} Thunder Bay | - 2005 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2016 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica |
| - 1983 --- `{{flagicon|YUG}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 1995 --- `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Oberstdorf | - 2006 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2017 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica |
| - 1984 --- `{{flagicon|YUG}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 1996 --- `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Oslo | - 2007 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2018 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica |
| - 1985 --- `{{flagicon|TCH}}`{=mediawiki} Štrbské Pleso | - 1997 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2008 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2019 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica |
| - 1986 --- `{{flagicon|YUG}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 1998 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2009 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2020 --- `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Trondheim |
| - 1987 --- `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Oslo | - 1999 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2010 --- `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Oslo (4) | - 2021 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica |
| - 1988 --- `{{flagicon|YUG}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2000 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2011 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2022 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica |
| - 1989 --- `{{flagicon|YUG}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2001 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2012 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2023 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica |
| - 1990 --- `{{flagicon|YUG}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2002 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2013 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2024 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica |
| - 1991 --- `{{flagicon|TCH}}`{=mediawiki} Štrbské Pleso (3) | | | - 2025 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica (36) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+
### Women {#women_2}
+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| - 2012 --- `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Oslo | - 2022 --- `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Oberhof |
| - 2013 --- `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Oslo | - 2023 --- `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Lahti |
| - 2014 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica | - 2024 --- `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Planica (2) |
| - 2015 --- `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Oslo | - 2025 --- `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Lahti (2) |
| - 2016 --- `{{flagicon|KAZ}}`{=mediawiki} Almaty | |
| - 2017 --- `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Oslo (4) | |
| - 2018 --- `{{flagicon|GER}}`{=mediawiki} Oberstdorf | |
| - 2019 --- `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Chaykovsky | |
| - 2020 --- `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Trondheim | |
| - 2021 --- `{{flagicon|RUS}}`{=mediawiki} Chaykovsky (2) | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 422 |
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| 16 |
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## World Cup all-time records {#world_cup_all_time_records}
### Men {#men_3}
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| Category | Name | Record |
+========================================================================+=======================================================+=============+
| record prize money per single season (2008/09) | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 524,500 CHF |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| overall titles | Adam Małysz\ | 4 |
| | `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Matti Nykänen | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| consecutive overall titles | Adam Małysz | 3 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| overall podiums | Janne Ahonen | 8 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| consecutive overall podiums | Armin Kogler\ | 4 |
| | `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Matti Nykänen\ | |
| | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Andreas Goldberger | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| ski flying titles | Gregor Schlierenzauer\ | 3 |
| | `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Peter Prevc\ | |
| | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Stefan Kraft | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| ski flying title podiums | Gregor Schlierenzauer\ | 5 |
| | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Stefan Kraft | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| individual wins | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 53 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| individual podiums | Stefan Kraft | 126 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| individual ski flying wins | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 14 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| individual ski flying podiums | Stefan Kraft | 25 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| team wins | Gregor Schlierenzauer\ | 17 |
| | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Stefan Kraft | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| team podiums | Stefan Kraft | 46 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| individual top 10s | Janne Ahonen | 248 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| individual ski flying top 10s | Stefan Kraft | 42 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| career total points | Janne Ahonen | 15753 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| career total points (since 1993/94) | Janne Ahonen | 15748 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| career total points (to 1992/93) | Matti Nykänen | 1712 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| most times winning individual points | Noriaki Kasai | 466x |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| consecutive wins | Janne Ahonen\ | 6 |
| | `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Matti Hautamäki\ | |
| | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Thomas Morgenstern\ | |
| | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Gregor Schlierenzauer\ | |
| | `{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} Ryōyū Kobayashi | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| consecutive podiums | Janne Ahonen | 13 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| wins in a single season (2015/16) | Peter Prevc | 15 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| ski flying wins in a single season | Gregor Schlierenzauer\ | 4 |
| | `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Peter Prevc\ | |
| | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Stefan Kraft | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| podiums in a single season (2015/16) | Peter Prevc | 22 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| ski flying podiums in a single season | Gregor Schlierenzauer\ | 6 |
| | `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Stefan Kraft | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| overall points in a single season (2015/16) | Peter Prevc | 2303 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| overall points in a single season to 1992/93 (1989/90) | Ari-Pekka Nikkola | 287 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| points in a single ski flying season (2012/13) | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 544 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| highest win rate in a season (2000/01) | Adam Małysz | 52,4% |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| highest podium rate in a season (2015/16) | Peter Prevc | 75,9% |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| average points per competition in a season (2015/16) | Peter Prevc | 79.41 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| average points per competition in a season to 1992/93 (1987/88) | Matti Nykänen | 14.10 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| highest overall advantage in a season (2015/16) | Peter Prevc | 813 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| highest overall advantage in a season to 1992/93 (1987/88) | Matti Nykänen | 95 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| most wins in a calendar year (2001) | Adam Małysz | 17 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| most podiums in a calendar year (2001) | Adam Małysz | 22 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| most points in a calendar year (2001) | Adam Małysz | 2307 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| most wins at one venue (Lahti) | Matti Nykänen | 8 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| youngest winner overall (1991/92) | Toni Nieminen | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| oldest winner overall (2023/24) | Stefan Kraft | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| youngest winner (Lahti \'80) | Steve Collins | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| oldest winner (Ruka \'14) | Noriaki Kasai | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| youngest jumper on podium | Steve Collins | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| oldest jumper on podium | Noriaki Kasai | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| youngest jumper in top 10 | Steve Collins | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| oldest jumper in top 10 | Noriaki Kasai | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| oldest jumper performing | Noriaki Kasai | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| individual performances | Noriaki Kasai | 579 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| team performances | Noriaki Kasai | 73 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| all performances | Noriaki Kasai | 652 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| \# of seasons performing | Noriaki Kasai | 34 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| overall leader by total events | Janne Ahonen | 73 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| ski flying leader by total events | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 16 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| most points in a single competition (Ruka \'23) | Stefan Kraft | 363.5 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| most points in a ski flying competition (Vikersund \'11) | Gregor Schlierenzauer\ | 498,6 |
| | `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Johan Remen Evensen | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| most points in a ski flying competition with 3 rounds (Vikersund \'24) | Daniel Huber | 689,2 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| win with the highest point advantage (Planica \'87) | Andreas Felder | 47,5 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| longest time between first and last win | Noriaki Kasai | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| longest time between first and last podium | Noriaki Kasai | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| career total wins (individual & team) | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 70 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| career total podiums (individual & team) | Stefan Kraft | 172 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| wins on a large hill | Gregor Schlierenzauer | 36 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| wins on a normal hill | Matti Nykänen | 15 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
update: 30 March 2025
| 954 |
FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
| 17 |
3,730,010 |
# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## World Cup all-time records {#world_cup_all_time_records}
### Women {#women_3}
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| Category | Name | Record |
+==========================================================+===========================================+=============+
| record prize money per single season (2024/25) | Nika Prevc | 129,569 CHF |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| overall titles | Sara Takanashi | 4 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| consecutive overall titles | Maren Lundby | 3 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| overall podiums | Sara Takanashi | 8 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| consecutive overall podiums | Sara Takanashi | 7 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| individual wins | Sara Takanashi | 63 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| individual podiums | Sara Takanashi | 116 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| individual top 10s | Sara Takanashi | 204 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| career total points | Sara Takanashi | 14332 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| consecutive wins | Sara Takanashi\ | 10 |
| | `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Nika Prevc | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| consecutive podiums | Sara Takanashi | 27 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| wins in a single season | Sara Takanashi\ | 15 |
| | `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Nika Prevc | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| podiums in a single season | Maren Lundby\ | 19 |
| | `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Nika Prevc | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| overall points in a single season (2024/25) | Nika Prevc | 1933 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| average points per competition in a season (2013/14) | Sara Takanashi | 95.56 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| highest overall advantage in a season (2013/14) | Sara Takanashi | 914 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| most wins at one venue (Hinzenbach) | Sara Takanashi | 8 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| youngest winner (Yamagata \'12) | Sara Takanashi | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| oldest winner (Planica \'24) | Eva Pinkelnig | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| youngest jumper on podium | Gianina Ernst | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| oldest jumper on podium | Daniela Iraschko-Stolz | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| individual performances | Sara Takanashi | 241 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| overall leader by total events | Sara Takanashi | 77 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| most points in a single competition (Lahti \'25) | Nika Prevc | 328,8 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| most points in a ski flying competition (Vikersund \'24) | Eirin Maria Kvandal | 431,2 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| win with the highest point advantage (Lahti \'25) | Nika Prevc | 51,4 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
| longest time between first and last win | Jacqueline Seifriedsberger | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+
update: 21 March 2025
| 386 |
FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
| 18 |
3,730,010 |
# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## One country podium sweep {#one_country_podium_sweep}
### Men {#men_4}
No. Date Place Season Winner Second Third
----- -------------------- ------------------------ --------- ----------------------- ----------------------- --------------------
1 27 December 1979 Cortina d\'Ampezzo 1979/80 Toni Innauer Hubert Neuper Alfred Groyer
2 20 January 1980 Thunder Bay Armin Kogler Hubert Neuper Toni Innauer
3 22 March 1980 Planica Hubert Neuper Armin Kogler Hans Millonig
4 25 March 1980 Štrbské Pleso Armin Kogler Hans Millonig Hubert Neuper
5 14 February 1981 Ironwood 1980/81 Alois Lipburger Andreas Felder Fritz Koch
6 22 March 1982 Štrbské Pleso 1981/82 Ole Bremseth Olav Hansson Johan Sætre
7 15 December 1990 Sapporo 1990/91 André Kiesewetter Dieter Thoma Josef Heumann
8 2 March 1991 Lahti 1990/91 Andreas Felder Heinz Kuttin Werner Haim
9 17 January 1992 St. Moritz 1991/92 Andreas Felder Werner Rathmayr Martin Höllwarth
10 26 January 1992 Oberstdorf Werner Rathmayr Andreas Felder Andreas Goldberger
11 1 January 1998 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1997/98 Kazuyoshi Funaki Masahiko Harada Hiroya Saitō
12 11 January 1998 Ramsau am Dachstein Masahiko Harada Kazuyoshi Funaki Hiroya Saitō
13 1 March 1998 Vikersund Takanobu Okabe Hiroya Saitō Noriaki Kasai
14 3 March 2001 Oberstdorf 2000/01 Risto Jussilainen Veli-Matti Lindström Matti Hautamäki
15 24 January 2002 Hakuba 2001/02 Andreas Widhölzl Martin Koch Stefan Horngacher
16 15 December 2002 Titisee-Neustadt 2002/03 Martin Höllwarth Andreas Goldberger Andreas Kofler
17 28 January 2006 Zakopane 2005/06 Matti Hautamäki Tami Kiuru Janne Ahonen
18 9 December 2007 Trondheim 2007/08 Thomas Morgenstern Andreas Kofler Wolfgang Loitzl
19 31 January 2009 Sapporo 2008/09 Gregor Schlierenzauer Thomas Morgenstern Wolfgang Loitzl
20 17 December 2010 Engelberg 2010/11 Thomas Morgenstern Andreas Kofler Wolfgang Loitzl
21 18 March 2011 Planica Gregor Schlierenzauer Thomas Morgenstern Martin Koch
22 27 November 2011 Ruka 2011/12 Andreas Kofler Gregor Schlierenzauer Thomas Morgenstern
23 30 December 2011 Oberstdorf Gregor Schlierenzauer Andreas Kofler Thomas Morgenstern
24 26 January 2014 Sapporo 2013/14 Jernej Damjan Peter Prevc Robert Kranjec
25 30 January 2016 Sapporo 2015/16 Peter Prevc Domen Prevc Robert Kranjec
26 18 March 2018 Vikersund 2017/18 Robert Johansson Andreas Stjernen Daniel-André Tande
27 6 December 2020 Nizhny Tagil 2020/21 Halvor Egner Granerud Robert Johansson Marius Lindvik
28 25 March 2022 Planica 2021/22 Žiga Jelar Peter Prevc Anže Lanišek
29 13 March 2024 Trondheim 2023/24 Stefan Kraft Daniel Tschofenig Jan Hörl
30 22 December 2024 Engelberg 2024/25 Daniel Tschofenig Jan Hörl Stefan Kraft
31 29 December 2024 Oberstdorf Stefan Kraft Jan Hörl Daniel Tschofenig
32 4 January 2025 Innsbruck Stefan Kraft Jan Hörl Daniel Tschofenig
33 6 January 2025 Bischofshofen Daniel Tschofenig Jan Hörl Stefan Kraft
### Women {#women_4}
No. Date Place Season Winner Second Third
----- -------------------- ----------- --------- ------------------- ----------------- ----------------
1 12 February 2017 Ljubno 2016/17 Katharina Althaus Carina Vogt Svenja Würth
2 13 March 2022 Oberhof 2021/22 Urša Bogataj Nika Križnar Ema Klinec
3 5 February 2023 Willingen 2022/23 Yuki Ito Nozomi Maruyama Sara Takanashi
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Shared wins {#shared_wins}
### Men {#men_5}
No. Season Date Place Hill Size Winners
----- --------- -------------------- -------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ------ -----------------------------------------------
1 1981/82 3 January 1982 Innsbruck Bergiselschanze K104 LH Manfred Deckert
2 1985/86 19 January 1986 Oberwiesenthal Fichtelbergschanzen K90 NH Ulf Findeisen
3 1988/89 14 January 1989 Liberec Ještěd A K120 LH Pavel Ploc
4 1989/90 11 February 1990 `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Engelberg Gross-Titlis-Schanze K120 LH Ari-Pekka Nikkola
5 1990/91 1 January 1991 Garmisch-Pa Große Olympiaschanze K107 LH Jens Weißflog
6 1995/96 21 January 1996 Sapporo Ōkurayama K115 LH Ari-Pekka Nikkola
7 2004/05 29 January 2005 Zakopane Wielka Krokiew HS134 LH Adam Małysz
8 2010/11 12 February 2011 Vikersund Vikersundbakken HS225 FH Gregor Schlierenzauer
9 2012/13 17 March 2013 Oslo Holmenkollbakken HS134 LH Gregor Schlierenzauer
10 2014/15 29 November 2014 Ruka Rukatunturi HS142 LH `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Ammann
11 2016/17 11 February 2017 Sapporo Ōkurayama HS137 LH Maciej Kot
12 2021/22 27 February 2022 Lahti Salpausselkä HS130 LH Ryōyū Kobayashi
13 2022/23 27 November 2022 Ruka \|Rukatunturi HS142 LH Halvor Egner Granerud
### Women {#women_5}
No. Season Date Place Hill Size Winners
----- --------- -------------------- -------- -------------------- ------ ------------------------
1 2012/13 9 December 2012 Sochi RusSki Gorki HS106 NH Daniela Iraschko-Stolz
2 2014/15 15 February 2015 Ljubno Savina HS95 NH Daniela Iraschko-Stolz
## Timeline of record World Cup winners {#timeline_of_record_world_cup_winners}
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Name | Start | End | Wins |
+======================================================+====================+====================+================+
| Toni Innauer | 27 December 1979 | 30 December 1979 | **1** |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Toni Innauer\ | 30 December 1979 | 1 January 1980 | **1** |
| `{{flagicon|DDR}}`{=mediawiki} Jochen Danneberg | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Toni Innauer\ | 1 January 1980 | 4 January 1980 | **1** |
| `{{flagicon|DDR}}`{=mediawiki} Jochen Danneberg\ | | | |
| `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Hubert Neuper | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Hubert Neuper | 4 January 1980 | 20 January 1980 | **2** |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Hubert Neuper\ | 20 January 1980 | 9 February 1980 | **2** |
| `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Armin Kogler | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Hubert Neuper\ | 9 February 1980 | 2 March 1980 | **2** |
| `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Armin Kogler\ | | | |
| `{{flagicon|POL}}`{=mediawiki} Piotr Fijas | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Hubert Neuper\ | 2 March 1980 | 8 March 1980 | **2** |
| `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Armin Kogler\ | | | |
| `{{flagicon|POL}}`{=mediawiki} Piotr Fijas\ | | | |
| `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Toni Innauer | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Armin Kogler | 8 March 1980 | 1 January 1982 | **3**--**8** |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Armin Kogler\ | 1 January 1982 | 17 January 1982 | **8** |
| `{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} Roger Ruud | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Armin Kogler | 17 January 1982 | 27 February 1983 | **9**--**12** |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Armin Kogler\ | 27 February 1983 | 6 March 1983 | **12** |
| `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Matti Nykänen | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Armin Kogler\ | 6 March 1983 | 11 March 1983 | **12** |
| `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Matti Nykänen\ | | | |
| `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} Horst Bulau | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Armin Kogler | 11 March 1983 | 26 March 1983 | **13** |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Armin Kogler\ | 26 March 1983 | 10 December 1983 | **13** |
| `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Matti Nykänen | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Armin Kogler\ | 10 December 1983 | 18 February 1984 | **13** |
| `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Matti Nykänen\ | | | |
| `{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} Horst Bulau | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Matti Nykänen | 18 February 1984 | 26 January 2013 | **14**--**46** |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Matti Nykänen\ | 26 January 2013 | 3 February 2013 | **46** |
| `{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} Gregor Schlierenzauer | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
| Gregor Schlierenzauer | 3 February 2013 | streak in run | **47**--**53** |
+------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+----------------+
## Key people {#key_people}
Torbjørn Yggeseth was a founder of World Cup in 1979. A new function race director was established in 1988 by International Ski Federation, with its first director Niilo Halonen then called FIS coordinator for ski jumping. Before that season this function did not exist. In the premiere Women\'s 2011/12 World Cup season Chika Yoshida was entitled as World Cup Coordinator, but since the season 2012/13 Yoshida is called Race Director. `{{col-begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{col-break|width=50%}}`{=mediawiki}
### Men {#men_6}
No. Function Mandate Seasons
----- ---------------- -------------------- --------------- ---------
1 Niilo Halonen race director (RD) 1988--1992
2 Walter Hofer 1992--2020 28
3 Sandro Pertile 2020--present 5
Race director assistants
- Miran Tepeš (1999--2016)
- Borek Sedlák (2016--present)
Equipment control
- Sepp Gratzer (1992--2021)
- Mika Jukkara (2021--2022)
- Christian Kathol (2022--present)
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# FIS Ski Jumping World Cup
## Key people {#key_people}
### Women {#women_6}
No
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| 21 |
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# Tony Pigott
**Anthony Charles Shackleton Pigott** (born 4 June 1958), was educated at Harrow School and is a former English cricketer, who played in one Test for England in 1984, when he was called up as an emergency replacement in New Zealand. He was playing provincial cricket there at the time of an injury crisis, although according to Martin Williamson of Cricinfo, Pigott \"would not have been high in the selectors\' minds\".
At that time, Pigott was a fast bowler of some promise, playing in Wellington, New Zealand, for experience during the traditional winter\'s break from the domestic game in his homeland. Pigott was due to get married, and the surprise call-up meant he had to postpone his wedding to represent his country. Pigott got off to a good start, taking a New Zealand wicket with only his seventh delivery. However, with a depleted side, England were twice bowled out for less than 100, and lost the match within twelve hours of actual playing time.
Pigott played first-class cricket for Sussex and later for Surrey. His initial three first-class wickets in 1978, came courtesy of a hat-trick for Sussex against Surrey. However, his career became blighted by back injuries and petered out altogether after his move to play for Surrey. In total, he took 672 first-class wickets at marginally under 31 each. His top score was 104 not out, his only first-class ton. After turning to coaching Surrey\'s second XI, he returned as Chief Executive at Sussex following an acrimonious coup. \"I\'m a Sussex boy and it horrifies me to see the club in such a state with no one prepared to take the blame for it,\" added Pigott.
He became unhappy with the vagaries of his responsibilities, and resigned for personal reasons in 1999
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# LGBTQ rights in Cambodia
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) people in Cambodia face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Although same-sex sexual activity is legal in Cambodia, it provides no anti-discrimination protections for LGBT people, nor does it prohibit hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
King Norodom Sihamoni supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage. After the Taiwanese Constitutional Court ruled that banning same-sex marriage was unconstitutional, many called on Cambodia to legalise same-sex marriage.
Phnom Penh and Siem Reap have a visible LGBT scene, with many bars, clubs and other venues catering to the LGBT community. Pride parades have been held in Cambodia since 2003, and have been gaining traction every year. However, while LGBT visitors tend to feel accepted, many LGBT Cambodians report societal discrimination, including forced opposite-sex marriages, discrimination at work and bullying at schools. Several human rights group, notably the Cambodian Center for Human Rights, CamASEAN and the Rainbow Community Kampuchea, work to reduce LGBT-related discrimination and raise awareness of LGBT people. Through their work, they have persuaded the Government to introduce new LGBT-inclusive education classes in all Cambodian schools and to offer same-sex couples limited legal recognition.
## Legality of same-sex sexual activity {#legality_of_same_sex_sexual_activity}
Private, adult, non-commercial and consensual sexual activity between people of the same sex is legal in Cambodia, and was never criminalised within the history of the country. The age of consent is 15, regardless of gender identity and sexual orientation. A few aspects of the Criminal Code may impact the rights of LGBT people living in Cambodia: it is illegal in Cambodia to be a prostitute or live in the same residence as prostitutes. This becomes an issue when LGBT people live on the streets and do not have access to education. Article 298 of the Criminal Code prohibits soliciting for sex in public, even if the sexual activity will take place in private, with fines.
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# LGBTQ rights in Cambodia
## Recognition of same-sex relationships {#recognition_of_same_sex_relationships}
The Civil Code and the *Law on the Marriage and Family* explicitly ban same-sex marriage and do not recognise civil partnerships in Cambodia. However, there has been greater public awareness about same-sex couples since the 1990s.
Since September 1993, the Constitution of Cambodia has defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman. The provision in the Constitution related to marriage was modified in 2011 but still defines marriage as between \"one husband and one wife\". Although, cases of same-sex marriage could still be officiated over in religious ceremonies. In one case of partnership recognition, Khav Sokha and Pum Eth were married on 12 March 1995, in the village of Kro Bao Ach Kok, in Kandal Province, where they are from. Sokha said in an interview to the *Phnom Penh Post*, \"The authorities thought it was strange, but they agreed to tolerate it because I have three children already (from a previous marriage). They said that if we were both single (and childless), we would not be allowed to get married because we could not produce children.\" Thus, it was a fully acknowledged marriage, with official approval, and there was not really any reaction to it. It was a popular event, with 250 people coming to the ceremony and partying, including Buddhist monks and high officials from the province.
In February 2004, the issue of LGBT rights in Cambodia was discussed by then King Norodom Sihanouk. King Sihanouk wrote on his website that he was impressed by marriage of same-sex partners in San Francisco, and that if his people wished for same-sex marriage to be legalized in Cambodia, he would do so. King Sihanouk also stated that he believed that God views homosexuals, as well as transvestites, as equal because \"\[God loves\] wide range of tastes\". Current King Norodom Sihamoni also supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage.
In 2015, Council of Ministers spokesman Phay Siphan expressed support for same-sex marriage in Cambodia, by saying that current law already protects LGBT people from discrimination. The Cambodian Center for Human Rights disputed this statement and called on the Government to pass legislation in order to ensure LGBT equality.
The Rainbow Community Kampuchea (*សហគមន៍ឥន្ទធនូកម្ពុជា*; RoCK), with the help of local authorities, has created a formal relationship registry program, called the \"Declaration of Family Relationship\". According to RoCK, \"the Declaration of Family Relationship is a civil contract between two people who are willing to be together and share responsibility taking care of the family, children and distribute the joint asset, as legal spouses do\". By May 2018, the civil contract had been introduced to 50 communes in 15 provinces, and 21 couples had signed the forms.
In July 2019, the Cambodian Government accepted recommendations to legalise same-sex marriage from Iceland, the Netherlands and Canada during the country\'s third Universal Periodic Review, which is held by the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC).
## Adoption and parenting {#adoption_and_parenting}
By law, only married couples may adopt in Cambodia. However, local authorities tend to be quite lax, and many same-sex couples have been able to adopt children.
LGBT individuals are allowed to adopt.
## Gender identity and expression {#gender_identity_and_expression}
Cambodian law does not allow for legal gender changes, nor for sex reassignment surgery.
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# LGBTQ rights in Cambodia
## Discrimination protections {#discrimination_protections}
The Constitution does not expressly protect LGBT people from discrimination, but it does guarantee equal rights for all citizens, irrespective of sex or \"other status\". Similarly, while sex discrimination is prohibited in civil rights laws, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity is not expressly prohibited in such areas as employment, education, health care, housing, banking or public accommodations.
In 2007, Prime Minister of Cambodia Hun Sen publicly stated that he was disowning and disinheriting his adopted daughter because she is a lesbian and had married another woman. However, in the same statement, Hun Sen stated that he did not want other parents to mistreat their gay children.
In 2010, the Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR) established the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Project to empower LGBT people throughout Cambodia to advocate for their rights and to improve respect for LGBT people throughout Cambodia. In December 2010, the CCHR published a ground-breaking report on the situation of LGBT people in Cambodia.
In January 2019, Cambodia received recommendations from Iceland, Mexico, Sweden and Uruguay to outlaw discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and establish educational programmes and campaigns to raise awareness of LGBT people and discrimination. While Cambodia did not directly confirm whether it would enact such legislation, it did state that \"the Government values and respects LGBT rights\".
### Media
In 2015, the Ministry of Information sent out a letter imploring popular media outlets in Cambodia to stop mocking the LGBT community. The letter cites the Constitution that ridiculing the LGBT community deprives them of \"the honor and rights of LGBT people who are also protected by the state\'s law as well as other citizens\".
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# LGBTQ rights in Cambodia
## School curriculum and sex education {#school_curriculum_and_sex_education}
In June 2017, the Khmer Government announced new life skill courses about sex education. The courses cover topics such as sexual health, gender-based violence, gender identity and combating discrimination against the LGBT population. They became part of the curriculum in all of Cambodia\'s schools in 2018. Previously, LGBT activists along with the Ministry of Education were active in training more than 3,000 teachers in 20 schools across nine Cambodian provinces in ways to include LGBT issues in their classes.
## Living conditions {#living_conditions}
Although Cambodia is considered tolerant toward the LGBT community, there are widespread reports that discrimination is still present. A July 2019 survey conducted by Rainbow Community Kampuchea, titled \"Family Violence towards Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender (LBT) people in Cambodia\" in which 61 LBT women (23 lesbians, 4 bisexual women and 34 trans women) were surveyed, revealed that more than 80% of the respondents had suffered emotional and physical violence from their family members, 35% had considered suicide following their families\' non-acceptance, and 10% had experienced sexual violence or were forced into heterosexual marriage.
### Traditional cultural mores {#traditional_cultural_mores}
The Khmer language recognizes male (*ប្រុស* *brŏs*) and female (*ស្រី* *srei*) as the dominant genders, but also includes term *khteuy* (*ខ្ទើយ*; equivalent to the Thai *kathoey*, which is derived from the Khmer word) for a third gender intermediate between the other two: it describes a person who has the external physical characteristics of either *brŏs* or *srei* but behaves in a manner appropriate to the other. As in Thailand, the term *kathoey* now refers almost exclusively to the physiologically masculine pair of this term -- i.e., physical males who have a female identity, most often expressed in cross-dressing.
Evidence suggests that people of diverse sexual orientation and gender identity were an accepted part of society over 700 years ago. According to the writings of a Chinese diplomat named Chou Ta-kuan (also spelled Zhou Daguan), who visited the Kingdom at the time, there were men who dressed as women in the vicinity of Angkor Wat, indicating the prevalence of gender non-conformity during that period.
The broad category of *khteuy* covers two distinct sub-groupings, \"short hairs\" and \"long hairs\". Short hairs (*សក់ខ្លី* *sák khlei*) are men who dress and identify as men but have sex with \"real\" men; they are usually married, and very few of them have sex exclusively with men. Long hairs (*សក់វែង* *sák vêng*, also called *ស្រីស្រស់* *srei srás*, meaning \"charming girls\") identify and behave as women, and may use hormones and surgery to change their physical sex. They call themselves *kteuy*, but may feel insulted if outsiders use this term.
\"Real men\" (*ប្រុសពិតប្រាកដ* *brŏs pĭt brakâd*), men who identify, appear and behave as *brŏs*, are the object of desire for both \"long\" and \"short hairs\". All \"real men\" are, or will be, married; some have sex only with women, but others have a range of sexual partners.
*Khteuys* face significant problems of social acceptance (including issues relating to marriage and children) and violence. The general social environment towards *khteuys* is tolerant, but those who transgress gender behaviour are nevertheless treated with contempt and subject to discrimination (\"real men\" with important jobs who engage in same-sex relations hide their lifestyles). Some \"real men\" are violently prejudiced against \"non-real men\", and may attack or rape them (former King Sihanouk once commented that \"real men\", not minorities, are the source of violence in society).
The cultural tolerance of LGBT people has yet to advance LGBT rights legislation. While the cultural mores and Buddhism tend to produce a degree of tolerance for LGBT people, harassment and discrimination still occur and there is also intense social pressure to marry a suitable person of the opposite sex, and raise a family.
### HIV/AIDS
In 2019, Keo Remy, the director of the Cambodia Human Rights Committee, said that there has been an increase of HIV infections within the LGBT community, especially among people under 30.
### LGBT tourism {#lgbt_tourism}
While not officially government-sponsored, there is also an active business for LGBT tourists visiting Cambodia.
In February 2011, after some Cambodian tourism businesses had set up a global campaign called *Adore Cambodia!* to let LGBT tourists know they are welcome in the country, the Ministry of Tourism welcomed this initiative. \"We have no policy to discriminate on sex, national and religious grounds. We really support them,\" said So Sokvuthy from the Ministry.
### Annual Pride celebrations {#annual_pride_celebrations}
Cambodia\'s first ever LGBT Pride celebration was held in 2003 in the capital city of Phnom Penh. It is now a yearly event that \"openly celebrates the diversity of Cambodia\". Once a taboo subject, there has been an increasing acceptance of homosexuality among Cambodians. In 2006, about 400 Cambodians came to support and celebrate Pride. The first Siem Reap Pride was held in 2018.
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# LGBTQ rights in Cambodia
## Living conditions {#living_conditions}
### The Gay City {#the_gay_city}
In 2010, it was reported that a significant number of poor and working class LGBT people had relocated to Beoung Kak 2. Public Radio International referred to this city as \"Cambodia's first gay town\".
### Popular culture {#popular_culture}
Tolerance for LGBT people is seen within traditional cultural mores along with the modern popular cultural mores. The first ever Cambodian-made film depicting a homosexual relationship debuted in early 2009, going on to become a blockbuster in the country; it was called *Who Am I?*. It was written and directed by Phoan Phuong Bopha and was shown on Cambodian Television Network (CTN), the country\'s most-watched TV station, dozens of times. In 2015, Cambodia got its first LGBT magazine, *Q Cambodia.*
## Public opinion {#public_opinion}
In 2015, TNS Cambodia conducted a survey focused on the opinions and attitudes towards LGBT people in Cambodia. According to the survey, 55% of Cambodians were in favour of same-sex marriage, while 30% were opposed and 15% were neutral. Additionally, a majority of Cambodians reported personally knowing an openly LGBT person. However, most LGBT Cambodians said they had been victim of discrimination when coming out to their families and friends.
In an interview conducted in 2018, Ith Sovannareach, founder of La Chhouk Recycled & Creative Fashion, said that \"Just five or 10 years ago, Cambodians saw the LGBT community as social trash\... People saw them as unnatural strangers\... But now there is less discrimination, as we\'ve seen more coverage on television and in newspapers about their capabilities.\"
A poll by Pew Research Center in 2023 found that 57% of Cambodian supported same-sex marriage while 42% opposed.
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# LGBTQ rights in Cambodia
## Human rights reports {#human_rights_reports}
### 2017 United States Department of State report {#united_states_department_of_state_report}
In 2017, the United States Department of State reported the following, concerning the status of LGBT rights in Cambodia:
- \"The most significant human rights issues included: extrajudicial killings; at least one disappearance by local security forces; continued prisoner abuse in government facilities; arbitrary arrests by the government, including the warrantless arrest of the CNRP leader Kem Sokha; increased restrictions on freedoms of speech, assembly, and association including on press freedom and online expression; the use of violence and imprisonment---both actual and threatened---to intimidate the political opposition and civil society as well as to suppress dissenting voices; corruption; violence against women and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons; child abuse; and forced labor.\"
- Acts of Violence, Discrimination, and Other Abuses Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity\
\"No laws criminalize consensual same-sex sexual conduct, nor was there official discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) persons, although some societal discrimination and stereotyping persisted, particularly in rural areas.\
In general LGBTI persons had limited job opportunities due to discrimination and exclusion. LGBTI persons were frequently harassed and bullied because of their appearance and their work in the entertainment and commercial sex sectors. There were no reports of government discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment, citizenship, access to education, or health care. The general population, however, typically treated persons involved in consensual same-sex relationships with fear and suspicion.\
A local LGBTI rights organization reported more than 100 incidents of violence or abuse against LGBTI persons, including domestic violence by family members. Stigma or intimidation may have inhibited further reporting of incidents.\"
## Summary table {#summary_table}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Same-sex sexual activity legal (Always legal)
Equal age of consent (15) (Always equal)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl
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# Petteri Nokelainen
**Petteri Antti Nokelainen** (born January 16, 1986) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey forward who played over 200 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He concluded his professional career in returning to his original club, SaiPa of the Finnish Liiga.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Nokelainen was drafted by the New York Islanders as their first-round pick, 16th overall, in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the SM-Liiga for SaiPa in his native Finland, before going to North America in 2005 to play for the New York Islanders. Prior to Saipa, he played in Imatran Ketterä.
Twelve games into the 2005--06 NHL season with the Islanders, during which he scored a goal and an assist, Petteri suffered a severe knee injury. Many thought that this injury would sideline him for the rest of the year, but the knee healed without surgery and Nokelainen returned to finish the rest of the season with the Islanders. His knee still required surgery, which he had performed after the season.
On September 11, 2007, Nokelainen was traded to Boston for Ben Walter and a conditional second round draft pick. On March 4, 2009, Nokelainen was traded by the Bruins to the Anaheim Ducks for Steve Montador.
On March 3, 2010, Nokelainen was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes in exchange for a sixth round pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. Helping the Coyotes qualify for the playoffs for the first time in 7 seasons, Petteri went scoreless in five postseason games against the Detroit Red Wings. On July 1, 2010, Nokelainen was bought out from the remaining year of his contract by the Coyotes, releasing him as a free agent. Later that summer, Nokelainen signed a two-year contract with Jokerit of the SM-liiga. Nokelainen\'s season ended with a trophy, as Finland won the 2011 IIHF World Championship in Slovakia with Nokelainen scoring the game-winning goal in the final against Sweden.
After one season with Jokerit, Nokelainen returned to the Phoenix Coyotes, signing a one-year contract on May 20, 2011.
On October 23, 2011, the Montreal Canadiens acquired Nokelainen and defenceman Garrett Stafford from the Phoenix Coyotes in exchange for forward Brock Trotter and a seventh-round pick in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft.
On August 16, 2013, Nokelainen returned to Europe as a free agent and signed a one-year contract with Swedish club, Brynäs IF of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL)
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# Beesanahalli
**Beesana Halli** is a village in hosadurga Taluk, near Chitradurga in the Indian state of Karnataka.
It is a small village of about 100 Lingayat, Golla and Dalit families. It is the birthplace of the late Sri Channaveerajja. He was born to a Lingayat family, and taught vedanta to people irrespective of caste. He had many Lingayat, nayaka, banjara, adivasi, and Dalit followers. His Samadhi is in this village. He was popularly called Beesanalli Ajjaaru
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# St. Martin's Church, Landshut
The **Church of St. Martin** is a medieval church in Landshut, Bavaria. St. Martin\'s Church, along with Trausnitz Castle and the celebration of the Landshuter Hochzeit (wedding), are the most important landmarks and historical events of Landshut. The Brick Gothic building features Bavaria\'s tallest church tower, and this steeple is also the 2nd tallest brick structure in the world (after Anaconda Smelter Stack) made without steel supports. St. Martin\'s church\'s bell tower has a height of 130.6 m.`{{Ref|a|1}}`{=mediawiki} *Main article: List of tallest church buildings*
## History
In the year 1204, the town of Landshut was founded by Duke Louis I, Duke of Bavaria the Kelheimer. He established Castle Trausnitz and built a small church on the site of the present-day St. Martin\'s Church. That structure was superseded by building the existing church, which began in 1389.`{{Ref|a|1}}`{=mediawiki} It took about 110 years to finish the church. During this period, five architects managed the building site. It took 55 years just to build the tower. The church was finally dedicated in 1500.`{{Ref|a|1}}`{=mediawiki}
## Features
The choir elbow cross of 1495 has an overall length of 8 m (22 feet). The crucifix is one of the largest of the late Gothic period. The body was carved from a lime tree trunk and has a length of 5.80 m (16 feet) and an arm width of 5.40 m (15 feet). Sculpted by Michel Erhart, it was installed in 1495.
Other important works of art in the church include the high altar, the hexagonal pulpit carved from a single stone, and the \"rose wreath/ring Madonna\" (about 1520), created by Hans Leinberger and considered one of his most important works of art.
## Construction and renovations {#construction_and_renovations}
Construction of the church began around 1389, under the architect Hans von Burghausen. The exact date for the beginning of construction of the church is not well known, but its construction was first noted in the city chronicle in 1392. The building was completed in 1500.
The church was built from brick and mortar. Five thousand wooden stakes were used for the foundation. The stakes are located completely in the groundwater, in order to delay rot caused by bacteria.
With a height of 130.6 m (428 feet), the church tower is considered to be the tallest brick building in the world, surpassing the Church of Our Lady, Bruges, in Belgium by 8.6 meters. In the year 2001, St. Martin\'s Church received the title of basilica minor from the Pope.
The church is built in Gothic style, demonstrated by the pointed shape of its windows and arches
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# Seymour Greenberg
**Seymour Greenberg** (August 10, 1920 in Chicago, Illinois -- March 3, 2006 in Park Ridge, Illinois) was an amateur American clay-court specialist tennis player in the 1940s and 1950s. Greenberg won the U.S. Men\'s Clay Court Championships in 1942 and 1943.
Greenberg was ranked U.S. No. 5 in singles in 1943 and 1944, and also in 1942, 1945, and 1947.
## Early life {#early_life}
Greenberg was born in Chicago, Illinois to Jacob and Sylvia Greenberg, lived in Highland Park, Illinois, and was Jewish.
## Tennis career {#tennis_career}
He won the Western Boys' 15 and Under Championship, and was runner-up in the National 15s.
Greenberg won the National Public Parks Championship. He also won the Illinois State high school singles titles in 1936 and 1937 while at Lane Technical College Prep High School in Chicago, where he was valedictorian. Greenberg won the City of Chicago Championship in 1939.
Greenberg won the Illinois State Championships nine times.
Attending the school on scholarship, Greenberg was captain of the Northwestern University tennis team and became that school\'s first Big Ten Conference singles champion when he won the title in 1940. He repeated in 1941 and won the Big Ten doubles championships in 1940 (with Jerry Clifford), 1941 (with Gene Richards), and 1942 (also with Richards). Greenberg\'s three doubles titles still rank first all-time in Big Ten history. He led the Northwestern Wildcats to the Big Ten team championships in 1940 and 1942. He was a member of the Phi Epsilon Pi fraternity.
Greenberg won the U.S. Men\'s Clay Court Championships in 1942 and 1943. Greenberg was also a singles quarterfinalist at the U.S. Championships in 1942, 1943, 1944, and 1945. He won the men\'s singles in the Ojai Tennis Tournament in 1947.
In 1943 at the Cincinnati Open, Greenberg reached the singles and doubles finals but lost the singles final to future International Tennis Hall of Fame inductee Bill Talbert. He and his partner Joe Scherr lost the doubles final to Talbert and partner Alvin Bunis.
During World War II he was a Lieutenant in the US Air Force.
## Halls of Fame {#halls_of_fame}
Greenberg has been inducted into:
- the Chicago Jewish Sports Hall of Fame (1982),
- the United States Tennis Association/Midwest (formerly Western Tennis Association) Hall of Fame (in 1990),
- the Northwestern University Athletic Hall of Fame (2000), and
- the Chicago Tennis Hall of Fame (2004)
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Greenberg married the late Wanda Henderson in 1952. Greenberg\'s sister Toby played in the Maccabiah Games in Israel. Greenberg\'s death resulted from complications of Parkinson\'s disease in Park Ridge Illinois
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