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# Wild Oats Markets
## Partnerships
### Fresh & Easy Markets {#fresh_easy_markets}
Fresh & Easy tested a new concept under the Wild Oats banner at a single store in Scottsdale, Arizona, in February 2015. The 10,000 sqft store opened on February 6 and "\...will help us garner insights and learnings about the \[Wild Oats\] brand and give customers even more options to shop for healthy convenience items,\" said a company spokesman. He said Fresh & Easy had no plans to put the Wild Oats name on any additional stores. Fresh & Easy decided to test the new Wild Oats concept in Scottsdale, the spokesman said, "because the original Wild Oats chain had a long history of stores there and we felt consumers there would be excited to have us use it as a test market." The test was open-ended, he added, with no specific timeframe. The store was formally called Wild Oats by Fresh & Easy. Fresh & Easy went out of business later that year.
## Proposed sale to Whole Foods Market {#proposed_sale_to_whole_foods_market}
On February 21, 2007, Whole Foods Market announced that it had agreed to acquire Wild Oats for an estimated \$565 million (\~\$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=565000000|start_year=2007}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}).
On 27 June 2007, the Federal Trade Commission issued an administrative complaint challenging the acquisition. According to the complaint, the FTC believed that the proposed transaction \"would violate federal antitrust laws by eliminating the substantial competition between these two uniquely close competitors in the operation of premium natural and organic supermarkets nationwide\" and contended that \"if the transaction goes forward Whole Foods would have the ability to raise prices and reduce quality and services.\"
On July 29, 2008, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia overturned the district court\'s decision allowing the merger. The Court of Appeals ruled that \"premium natural, and organic supermarkets\" (\"PNOS\"), such as Whole Foods and Wild Oats, constitute a distinct submarket of all grocers. The court ruled that \"mission driven\" consumers (those with an emphasis on social and environmental responsibility) would be adversely affected by the merger because substantial evidence by the FTC showed that Whole Foods intended to raise prices after consummation of the merger. In 2009, Whole Foods agreed to sell the Wild Oats chain.
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# Wild Oats Markets
## Notable achievements {#notable_achievements}
- *Supermarket News* ranked Wild Oats No. 63 in the 2007 \"Top 75 North American Food Retailers\" based on 2006 fiscal year estimated sales of \$1.2 billion.
- Wild Oats was included in *Corporate Responsibility Officer* (CRO) magazine's annual "100 Best Corporate Citizens" list for 2007, ranking No. 59 out of 1,100 U.S. public companies surveyed. The ranking is based on measures of corporate service to eight groups: shareholders, community, governance, diversity, employees, environment, human rights and product.
- Wild Oats contributed to the success of fairtrade bananas in its early days by committing to TransFair USA to replace the store\'s organic bananas with Fair Trade organic bananas. TransFair needed this commitment by a large retail chain to start this business, because of needed economies of scale and turnover speed
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# Centre for Medieval Studies, Bergen
The **Centre for Medieval Studies** at the University of Bergen, Norway was founded as a Centre of Excellence by the Research Council of Norway. It operated from 2002 to 2012.
The organization\'s site defined its goal as: \"to enhance our understanding of Europe as a whole, in the Middle Ages as well as today, from a peripheral point of view\".
It was headed by Sverre Bagge
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# 97.1 FM
The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency **97.1 MHz**:
## Argentina
- Alfa in Zárate, Buenos Aires
- LRM743 FM Funes in Funes, Santa Fe
- Vorterix Rock in Buenos Aires
- Radio María in Canals, Córdoba
## Australia
- Radio National in Port Macquarie, New South Wales
- Radio National in Young, New South Wales
- Radio National in Jindabyne, New South Wales
- Rebel FM in Stanthorpe, Queensland
- Triple J in Cairns, Queensland
- Triple J in Emerald, Queensland
- 3MDR in Melbourne, Victoria
- 3GLR in Orbost, Victoria
- Radio National in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
## Brazil
- Radio Família Rio de Janeiro
## Canada
- CBHL-FM in Liverpool, Nova Scotia
- CBL-FM-4 in Owen Sound, Ontario
- CBON-FM-25 in Timmins, Ontario
- CBTB-FM in Baie Verte, Newfoundland and Labrador
- CFIL-FM in Gillam, Manitoba
- CHLC-FM in Baie-Comeau, Quebec
- CHLX-FM in Gatineau, Quebec
- CIBM-FM-4 in Saint-Juste-du-Lac, Quebec
- CIGL-FM in Belleville, Ontario
- CITB-FM in Thunder Bay, Ontario
- CJBP-FM in Neepawa, Manitoba
- CJMG-FM in Penticton, British Columbia
- CKDR-FM in Sioux Lookout and Red Lake, Ontario
- CKFI-FM in Swift Current, Saskatchewan
- CKRO-FM in Inkerman, New Brunswick
- VF2064 in Fort St. James, British Columbia
- VF2066 in Dease Lake, British Columbia
- VF2121 in Lampman, Saskatchewan
- VF2135 in Kitseguecla, British Columbia
- VF2171 in Skidegate, British Columbia
- VF2173 in Alexandria Reserve, British Columbia
- VF2232 in New Bella Bella, British Columbia
- VF2236 in Decker Lake Indian Reserve, British Columbia
- VF2328 in Revelstoke, British Columbia
- VF2539 in Spences Bridge, British Columbia
- VF2571 in McBride, British Columbia
## China
- CNR Music Radio in Beihai
- CNR The Voice of China in Hohhot and Jiayuguan
- SZMG Music Radio 97.1 FM
## Indonesia
- FM97.1 Radio Dangdut Indonesia 97
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# Wachenburg
The **Wachenburg** (`{{IPA|de|ˈvaxn̩bʊʁk|lang|Wachenburg.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a castle on a hill overlooking Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was built between 1907 and 1928 by the Weinheimer Senioren-Convent, a Corps of former students. The castle contains a restaurant with a nice view of the country
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# Gheorghe Magheru
General **Gheorghe Magheru** (`{{IPA|ro|ˈɡe̯orɡe maˈɡeru}}`{=mediawiki}; 8 April 1802, Bârzeiul de Gilort, Gorj County -- 23 March 1880 Bucharest) was a Romanian revolutionary and soldier from Wallachia, and political ally of Nicolae Bălcescu.
## A Pandur and radical conspirator {#a_pandur_and_radical_conspirator}
Magheru began his activities as an Oltenian hajduk in the area around Băilești, and led his group into volunteering for the Imperial Russian side in the Russo-Turkish War --- playing a part in the almost impossible victory of the small Russian vanguard under General Geismar over the dominating Ottoman forces at the battle of Băilești 26-27 September 1828. For his personal contribution, Magheru was decorated with the Order of Saint Anna III class --- and the Gold Sword for Bravery to wear it --- by the personal edict of Tsar Nicholas I.
He was one of the first Pandurs to join the Wallachian uprising of 1821 under the leadership of Tudor Vladimirescu. After the latter\'s assassination and the rebellion\'s failure, he returned to life as a local outlaw, only to join the Wallachian Army after a few years.
A competent soldier, Magheru went through several ranks in quick succession; at the same time, his past and career made him an important asset for the young radicals, who quickly won him for their side. He joined the Freemasonry-inspired *Frăția* (\"Brotherhood\") secret society, founded in 1834 by Bălcescu, Christian Tell, and Ion Ghica, one which aimed to counter the arbitrary rule of Alexandru Ghica, and then plotting against Gheorghe Bibescu.
## Râureni
After the outbreak of the 1848 Wallachian Revolution, Magheru served in the Provisional government formed by the radicals.
He is noted for organizing the revolutionary and Pandur army camp in Râureni---on the grounds belonging to the Schitu Troianu Monastery, at the time near Râmnicu Vâlcea (and now part of the city).
Magheru intended to use the army camp as a base for opposing threats to the Revolution, as early as the summer of that year. However, when the Ottoman troops swept into Bucharest in September, he ordered his troops to disband. In this, he probably followed the advice of the United Kingdom consul in the Wallachian capital. The pro-Ottoman attitude remained prevalent among revolutionaries: they had been well received by the Turks, who saw them as a means to oppose the overwhelming Russian influence over the Danubian Principalities, and were probably right in seeing the Turkish move as prompted exclusively by Russian requests (with Abd-ul-Mejid I careful not to leave the countries opened to the full force of Russian repression, which soon joined the Turkish armies in the occupation). This created the paradox of Russia enforcing conservative policies in Wallachia and Moldavia, while most revolutionaries were taking refuge in Istanbul. Magheru was very likely aware of such nuances, and he probably thought it best not to provoke a violent response.
## Exile
In exile in Paris (mainly), Magheru was involved in many activities of the Wallachian émigrés. He expressed his concern that the Transylvanian Revolution of Romanian Austrian subjects, aimed at the separatist Hungarian government, was likely to provoke the Romanian fighters under Avram Iancu to side with a Russian intervention, thus making it impossible for Wallachia to negotiate or fight its way out of the occupation.
He approached the Hungarian leader Lajos Kossuth in January 1849, with a project that would have replaced the tight centralization with a confederation between Hungary and a more Romanian than not Transylvania.
The project was ignored by both sides: the Transylvanian Romanians thought of themselves as loyal subjects of the Habsburg Crown, and had already suffered waves of violence after Józef Bem\'s armies marched into the region (in the very same project, Magheru asked that Kossuth renounce the politics of repression and revolutionary terror).
## Later life and legacy {#later_life_and_legacy}
Magheru returned to Wallachia and was active in *Partida Națională*, the movement working for the Union of Moldavia and Wallachia (it was largely composed of former 1848-activists in the two countries). Their political ideal was fulfilled on 24 January 1859, when the already Prince of Moldavia Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected in Bucharest.
One of the main arteries in Bucharest bears Magheru\'s name (*see Bulevardul Magheru*), and the campsite in Râureni is now a museum. He is honored on a postage stamp issued by the Romanian Postal Service
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# Queen High
***Queen High*** is the title of an American pre-Code musical comedy film, produced by Paramount Pictures in 1930. Based upon the 1926 stage musical *Queen High* that Buddy DeSylva, Lewis Gensler, and Laurence Schwab had adapted from Edward Peple\'s 1914 farce *A Pair of Sixes*.
The film stars Charlie Ruggles, Frank Morgan, and Ginger Rogers in one of her earliest film appearances. Making her first film appearance in an uncredited bit part is tap dancer Eleanor Powell, whose career in musicals would not take off for another five years. Powell was appearing on Broadway in a show entitled *Follow Thru* at the time, and a segment of the show was filmed for the movie. Both Rogers and Powell were still in their teens. Principal photography took place in Astoria Studios in Queens.
## Plot
A rivalry between two businessmen results in a game of poker. Whoever loses the game becomes the winner\'s servant for a year.
## Cast
- Charles Ruggles as T. Boggs Johns
- Frank Morgan as Mr. Nettleton
- Ginger Rogers as Polly Rockwell
- Stanley Smith as Dick Johns
- Helen Carrington as Mrs. Nettleton
- Rudolph Cameron as Cyrus Vanderholt
- Betty Garde as Florence Cole
- Teresa Maxwell-Conover as Mrs. Rockwell
- Nina Olivette as Coddles
- Tom Brown as Jimmy
- Eleanor Powell (as uncredited dancer)
## Soundtrack
- **\"Everything Will Happen for the Best\"**
: Written by Buddy G. DeSylva and Lewis E. Gensler
- **\"Brother, Just Laugh It Off\"**
: Written by Arthur Schwartz and Ralph Rainger
- **\"I\'m Afraid of You\"**
: Written by Arthur Schwartz and Ralph Rainger
- **\"It Seems to Me\"**
: Written by Howard Dietz (as Dick Howard) and Ralph Rainger
- **\"I Love the Girls in My Own Peculiar Way\"**
: Written by E.Y. Harburg and Henry Souvaine
## Preservation
Though part of the 700 or so films Paramount sold to Universal, the film is preserved in the Library of Congress with a copy
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# Uranyl
The **uranyl** ion with the chemical formula `{{chem|UO|2|2+}}`{=mediawiki} has a linear structure with short U--O bonds, indicative of the presence of multiple bonds between uranium and oxygen, with uranium in the oxidation state +6. Four or more ligands may be bound to the uranyl ion in an equatorial plane around the uranium atom. The uranyl ion forms many complexes, particularly with ligands that have oxygen donor atoms. Complexes of the uranyl ion are important in the extraction of uranium from its ores and in nuclear fuel reprocessing.
## Structure and bonding {#structure_and_bonding}
The uranyl ion is linear and symmetrical, specifically belonging to the D~∞h~ point group, with both U--O bond lengths of about 180 pm. The bond lengths are indicative of the presence of multiple bonding between the uranium and oxygen atoms. Since uranium(VI) has the electronic configuration of the preceding noble gas, radon, the electrons used in forming the U--O bonds are supplied by the oxygen atoms. The electrons are donated into empty atomic orbitals on the uranium atom. The empty orbitals of lowest energy are 7s, 5f and 6d. In terms of valence bond theory, the sigma bonds may be formed using d~*z*^2^~ and f~*z*^3^~ to construct sd, sf and df hybrid orbitals (the *z*-axis passes through the oxygen atoms). (d~*xz*~, d~*yz*~) and (f~*xz*^2^~ and f~*yz*^2^~) may be used to form pi bonds. Since the pair of d or f orbitals used in bonding are doubly degenerate, this equates to an overall bond order of three. The uranyl ion is always associated with other ligands. The most common arrangement is for the so-called equatorial ligands to lie in a plane perpendicular to the O--U--O line and passing through the uranium atom. With four ligands, as in \[UO~2~Cl~4~\]^2−^, the uranium has a distorted octahedral environment. In many cases more than four ligands occupy the equator.
In uranyl fluoride, UO~2~F~2~, the uranium atom achieves a coordination number of 8 by forming a layer structure with two oxygen atoms in a uranyl configuration and six fluoride ions bridging between uranyl groups. A similar structure is found in α-uranium trioxide, with oxygen in place of fluoride, except that in that case the layers are connected by sharing oxygen atom from \"uranyl groups\", which are identified by having relatively short U--O distances. A similar structure occurs in some uranates, such as calcium uranate, CaUO~4~, which may be written as Ca(UO~2~)O~2~ even though the structure does not contain isolated uranyl groups.
## Spectroscopy
The colour of uranyl compounds is due to ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions at ca. 420 nm, on the blue edge of the visible spectrum. The exact location of the absorption band and NEXAFS bands depends on the nature of the equatorial ligands. Compounds containing the uranyl ion are usually yellow, though some compounds are red, orange or green.
Uranyl compounds also exhibit luminescence. The first study of the green luminescence of uranium glass, by Brewster in 1849, began extensive studies of the spectroscopy of the uranyl ion. Detailed understanding of this spectrum was obtained 130 years later. It is now well-established that the uranyl luminescence is more specifically a phosphorescence, as it is due to a transition from the lowest triplet excited state to the singlet ground state. The luminescence from K~2~UO~2~(SO~4~)~2~ was involved in the discovery of radioactivity.
The uranyl ion has characteristic *ν*~U--O~ stretching vibrations at ca. 880 cm^−1^ (Raman spectrum) and 950 cm^−1^ (infrared spectrum). These frequencies depend somewhat on which ligands are present in the equatorial plane. Correlations are available between the stretching frequency and U--O bond length. It has also been observed that the stretching frequency correlates with the position of the equatorial ligands in the spectrochemical series.
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# Uranyl
## Aqueous chemistry {#aqueous_chemistry}
The aqueous uranyl ion is a weak acid.
: \[UO~2~(H~2~O)~4~\]^2+^ `{{eqm}}`{=mediawiki} \[UO~2~(H~2~O)~3~(OH)\]^+^ + H^+^;`{{pad|2.5em}}`{=mediawiki} p*K*~a~ = ca. 4.2
As pH increases polymeric species with stoichiometry \[(UO~2~)~2~(OH)~2~\]^2+^ and \[(UO~2~)~3~(OH)~5~\]^+^ are formed before the hydroxide UO~2~(OH)~2~ precipitates. The hydroxide dissolves in strongly alkaline solution to give hydroxo complexes of the uranyl ion.
The uranyl ion can be reduced by mild reducing agents, such as zinc metal, to the oxidation state +4. Reduction to uranium(III) can be done using a Jones reductor.
### Complexes
The uranyl ion behaves as a hard acceptor and forms weaker complexes with nitrogen-donor ligands than with fluoride and oxygen donor ligands, such as hydroxide, carbonate, nitrate, sulfate and carboxylate. There may be 4, 5 or 6 donor atoms in the equatorial plane. In uranyl nitrate, \[UO~2~(NO~3~)~2~\]·2H~2~O, for example, there are six donor atoms in the equatorial plane, four from bidentate nitrato ligands and two from water molecules. The structure is described as hexagonal bipyramidal. Other oxygen-donor ligands include phosphine oxides and phosphate esters. As discovered by Christian Friedrich Bucholz already in 1805, uranyl nitrate, UO~2~(NO~3~)~2~, can be extracted from relatively concentrated aqueous solutions into diethyl ether. The complex that is extracted has two nitrato ligands bound to the uranyl ion, making a complex with no electrical charge and also the water molecules are replaced by ether molecules, giving the whole complex notable hydrophobic character. Electroneutrality is the most important factor in making the complex soluble in organic solvents. The nitrate ion forms much stronger complexes with the uranyl ion than it does with transition metal and lanthanide ions. For this reason only uranyl and other actinyl ions, including the plutonyl ion, `{{chem|PuO|2|2+}}`{=mediawiki}, can be extracted from mixtures containing other ions. Replacing the water molecules that are bound to the uranyl ion in aqueous solution by a second, hydrophobic, ligand increases the solubility of the neutral complex in the organic solvent. This has been called a synergic effect.
The complexes formed by the uranyl ion in aqueous solution are of major importance both in the extraction of uranium from its ores and in nuclear fuel reprocessing. In industrial processes, uranyl nitrate is extracted with tributyl phosphate (TBP, (CH~3~CH~2~CH~2~CH~2~O)~3~PO) as the preferred second ligand and kerosene the preferred organic solvent. Later in the process, uranium is stripped from the organic solvent by treating it with strong nitric acid, which forms complexes such as \[UO~2~(NO~3~)~4~\]^2−^ which are more soluble in the aqueous phase. Uranyl nitrate is recovered by evaporating the solution.
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# Uranyl
## Minerals
The uranyl ion occurs in minerals derived from uranium ore deposits by water-rock interactions that occur in uranium-rich mineral seams. Examples of uranyl containing minerals include:
- silicates: uranophane (H~3~O)~2~Ca(UO~2~)~2~(SiO~4~)·3H~2~O)
- phosphates: autunite (Ca(UO~2~)~2~(PO~4~)~2~·8--12H~2~O), torbernite (Cu(UO~2~)~2~(PO~4~)·8--12H~2~O)
- arsenates: arsenuranospathite (Al(UO~2~)~2~(AsO~4~)~2~F·20H~2~O)
- vanadates: carnotite (K~2~(UO~2~)~2~(VO~4~)~2~·3H~2~O), tyuyamunite (Ca(UO~2~)~2~V~2~O~8~·8H~2~O)
- carbonates: schröckingerite NaCa~3~(UO~2~)(CO~3~)~3~(SO~4~)F·10H~2~O
- oxalates: uroxite \[(UO~2~)~2~(C~2~O~4~)(OH)~2~(H~2~O)~2~\]·H~2~O.
These minerals are of little commercial value as most uranium is extracted from pitchblende.
## Uses
Uranyl salts are used to stain samples for electron and electromagnetic microscopy studies of DNA. Some uranyl complexes have also emerged as visible-light catalysts for the selective fluorination of unactivated C-H bonds, which is of utility in organic synthesis, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and materials chemistry.
## Health and environmental issues {#health_and_environmental_issues}
Uranyl salts are toxic and can cause severe chronic kidney disease and acute tubular necrosis. Target organs include the kidneys, liver, lungs and brain. Uranyl ion accumulation in tissues including gonocytes produces congenital disorders, and in white blood cells causes immune system damage. Uranyl compounds are also neurotoxins. Uranyl ion contamination has been found on and around depleted uranium targets.
All uranium compounds are radioactive. However, uranium is usually in depleted form, except in the context of the nuclear industry. Depleted uranium consists mainly of ^238^U which decays by alpha decay with a half-life of `{{val|4.468|(3)|e=9|u=years}}`{=mediawiki}. Even if the uranium contained ^235^U which decays with a similar half-life of about `{{val|7.038|e=8|u=years}}`{=mediawiki}, both of them would still be regarded as weak alpha emitters and their radioactivity is only hazardous with direct contact or ingestion
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# Intervalometer
An **intervalometer,** also called an **interval meter** or **interval timer,** is a device that measures short intervals of time. People commonly use such devices to signal, in accurate time intervals, the operation of some other device. The intervalometer measures the intermittent pulses between a starting pulse signal and an ending pulse signal, before a pulse counter measures the number of pulses released into the appropriate time interval. For instance, an intervalometer might activate something every 30 seconds.
## Photography
`{{see also|Long-exposure photography|Time-lapse photography|Multiple exposure}}`{=mediawiki}
Photographers use intervalometers to trigger exposures. Photographers often do this for a time-lapse series, or to take or begin taking picture after a set delay.
Examples of intervalometer use in aerial photography include delaying the start of picture taking by an unattended camera until some time after takeoff and separating multiple exposures in time, and thus distance as the vehicle containing the camera travels, to obtain the 3D effect (stereoscopy). To obtain the 3D effect each image should have about 60% of the surface in common with either the preceding or following image. The interval is calculated as a function of the altitude and speed of the vehicle; shorter intervals for low altitude and high speed.
Often the purpose of a photographic intervalometer is to reduce the resources required either to take the pictures or post-process them as similar images could be obtained by having the camera continuously take pictures as rapidly as possible. Using an intervalometer permits restricting the pictures taken to only those with the desired content. This reduces the requirements for resources such as power and storage media (e.g. film or memory card space).
Most digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras are limited to 30 second or shorter exposures. An intervalometer can control long (\>30 seconds) or very long exposures (minutes or hours) using the \"Bulb\" setting. Long and very long exposures taken at night can be combined to create time-lapse animations, including star trails. Astrophotographers can use processing techniques with such exposures to create images of deep-sky objects in the night sky, like nebulae and galaxies.
Most modern cameras include the most basic intervalometer functionality, the \"self-timer\". This delays the shutter release for a short time, allowing the photographer to get into the picture, for example.
In the past, intervalometers were external devices that interfaced to a camera shutter to take a picture, or series of pictures, at a set time. These sometimes used existing remote shutter features on cameras. Later, standalone products commonly referred to as intervalometers added capabilities beyond the basics of just measuring, and signaling, a time interval. One of the first added features was the ability to use an external event to signal the start of the time intervals. The ability to sense an external event is such a common feature of intervalometer products that many people do not distinguish between the sensing of the event and the measuring of time intervals.
What is meant when someone refers to an \"intervalometer\" must be determined from context. Some possibilities are: time-lapse capability (strictly an intervalometer function), sensing of a remote event, a time delay longer than what most consider the \"self-timer\" range, etc. Strictly speaking, an intervalometer only measures, and/or signals, time intervals.
Almost all digital cameras have basic intervalometer functions---current and elapsed times. More advanced functions are a matter of what the manufacturer chooses to implement in the camera\'s firmware. Functions beyond the self-timer are beginning appear in some digital cameras, and often distinguish between similar models in a camera line.
## Military application {#military_application}
The ALE-39 countermeasures system uses intervalometers manufactured by Ledex Inc. (now part of Johnson Electric) of Dayton, Ohio. The ALE-39 fires flares in a synchronized pattern, rapidly and with great reliability. The intervalometer in the ALE-39 is essentially a solenoid-actuated rotary switch driven by a separate programmer, which gives timing intervals and channel enabling to either of one or two channels. Intervalometers that contain internal interval clocks include the Lau-68, Suu-13 and similar electromechanically sequenced switches. Safety is provided to unfired outputs by maintaining a ground connection to all except the output being selected for firing; i.e., providing an electrical pulse to the firing squib.
Bomber aircraft can release all bombs at once (\"salvo\") or drop individual bombs at intervals. A bombardier who selects the latter can program an intervalometer to control the rate of bomb release, which determines how far apart they land in the target area.
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# Intervalometer
## Home
Common intervalometers in homes include timers that turn lights on and off at set times, or controllers for automatic sprinkler system. People use these devices when they leave home for an extended period, to make it appear the home is occupied. There are also a large number of commercial and industrial applications for even such basic intervalometers
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# Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg
**Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg** (`{{IPA|de|baːt ˈmʏnstɐ ʔam ˈʃtaɪn ˈeːbɐnbʊʁk}}`{=mediawiki}) is a spa town of about 4,000 inhabitants (as of 2004) in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Since 1 July 2014, it is part of the town Bad Kreuznach. It was the seat of the former like-named *Verbandsgemeinde*, but not part of it. Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg was granted town rights on 29 April 1978 and is recognized as a mineral spring spa (*Mineralheilbad*) and a climatic spa (*heilklimatischer Kurort*). Today the \"Spa\" is famous for its clinics specializing in cardiological and orthopaedic rehabilitation. The many graduation towers form the largest open air inhalatorium in Europe.
## Geography
### Location
Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg lies between 108 and 320 m above sea level at the foot of Castle Ebernburg in a region of low mountains with forests and vineyards framed by craggy massifs of the Rheingrafenstein and the Rotenfels and also by the river Nahe. The two rock formations in question, which lie across the river, are the highest north of the Alps, rising more than 200 m from the river bank. The town lies 6 km south of Bad Kreuznach and 50 km southwest of Mainz. The municipal area measures 9.53 km^2^. The greatest extent of graduation towers in Germany (roughly 1.4 km) stretches through the Salinental (\"Saltworks Dale\") from the neighbouring town of Bad Kreuznach to Bad Münster\'s spa zone.
### Neighbouring municipalities {#neighbouring_municipalities}
Clockwise from the north, Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg\'s neighbours are the municipality of Traisen, the town of Bad Kreuznach, the municipality of Altenbamberg, the municipality of Feilbingert, the municipality of Niederhausen and the municipality of Norheim.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg\'s *Stadtteile* are Bad Münster am Stein and Ebernburg. They were merged into one municipality in 1969, and the new, greater municipality was raised to town in 1978.
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# Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg
## History
Today\'s town of Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg was newly formed on 7 June 1969 within the framework of the administrative and territorial reform begun in Rhineland-Palatinate in the late 1960s from the hitherto self-administering municipalities of Bad Münster (2,261 inhabitants) and Ebernburg (1,671 inhabitants) under the name of the municipality of \"Bad Münster-Ebernburg\". However, the new municipality only bore this name for a matter of months before it was changed to \"Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg\" on 1 November 1969. Town rights were granted on 29 April 1978.
While Bad Münster belonged from the Middle Ages to the Knights of Löwenstein and the Rhinegraves, and after Napoleon was driven out, to Prussia's Rhine Province (under the terms laid out by the Congress of Vienna) from 1815 to 1945, Ebernburg belonged throughout the Middle Ages to a whole succession of lords from the Counts of Saarbrücken to the Counts of Leiningen, the Raugraves, the Counts of Sponheim, the Counts of Veldenz, Electoral Palatinate and the Lords of Sickingen before the Revolutionary, later Napoleonic, French took over. After Napoleonic times, Ebernburg belonged (again, under the terms laid out by the Congress of Vienna) to the Kingdom of Bavaria, and after the German Revolution to the Free State of Bavaria, and was that state's northernmost municipality, lying in Bavaria's new exclave in the Palatinate. The two constituent communities' separate histories may no longer live on politically, but they are still reflected in ecclesiastical administration, with Bad Münster belonging to the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier and Ebernburg on the other hand belonging to the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Speyer.
### Bad Münster am Stein {#bad_münster_am_stein}
About 1200, Münster had its first documentary mention. The village was founded below Rheingrafenstein Castle, built in 1050, which was the seat of the Count Palatine of the Rhine. The castle was destroyed in 1689 by the French, but the ruins remain. Until the 19th century it was a village with only a few houses around the old Saint Martin\'s Church (*St.-Martins-Kirche*). The people busied themselves with running saltworks, fishing on the Nahe, farming and for a time, copper mining in the Huttental (dale). In 1859, the Nahe Valley Railway (Bingen--Saarbrücken) was built, and in 1871 another railway, the Alsenz Valley Railway (*Alsenztalbahn*), which made it possible for the village\'s spa facilities, which had been established as far back as 1478, to experience a decisive upswing into a much visited spa centre, allowing the village to acquire the designation \"Bad\" (literally \"bath\") in 1905. The basis for all this is to this day the brine springs whose water contains radon. In the Second World War, the area around the railway bridge going towards the Salinental was partly destroyed in many Allied air raids. Today, Bad Münster still has a railway link, lying as it does on the Bingen--Kaiserslautern and Mainz--Saarbrücken lines. In the post-war years, the centre has undergone a thorough change in appearance owing to the expansion of the spa infrastructure.
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# Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg
## History
### Ebernburg
Ebernburg was from the Middle Ages an important village with a long tradition of winegrowing and agriculture. Its first documentary mention goes back to 1212 when the Counts of Saarbrücken donated the church at Ebernburg to the Saint Cyriacus Foundation near Worms. Both the village and the like-named castle originally lay elsewhere, although it is still unknown where this was, although perhaps it was around \"Old Saint John the Baptist's Church\" (*Alte Johannes-Kirche*). In 1338, Raugrave Ruprecht and Count Johann of Sponheim-Kreuznach took it upon themselves to build the castle and the town on the site where they still stand today. It was then even envisaged to raise Ebernburg to town, but this did not come about. The old village core, the *Altdorf* (\"Old Village\"), which can still be made out as part of the centre\'s appearance even now, was for centuries ringed by a wall linked to Castle Ebernburg. The castle was eventually the residence of the famous German knight Franz von Sickingen. After major expansion works at the castle beginning in 1482, the castle and the village itself were burnt down by princes who were allied against Franz von Sickingen in 1523. Reconstruction began under Franz\'s sons in 1542. As early as the beginning of the spa business in the late 19th century, Ebernburg underwent a quick expansion outside these walls, which is still not quite over. About the turn of the 20th century, therefore, the walls were torn down, and all that is left now is the foundation of one tower. Castle Ebernburg was partly destroyed during the Second World War but has been [reconstructed since (German Link)](http://www.bad-muenster-ebernburg.de/geschichte.markt-ebernburg). For the past 40 years it has been in use as an adult and youth [education centre (German Link)](https://web.archive.org/web/20130727192731/http://bildungsstaette-ebernburg.de/cms/cms/front_content.php).
## Religion
As at 31 August 2013, there are 4,033 full-time residents in Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg, and of those, 1,582 are Evangelical (39.226%), 1,249 are Catholic (30.97%), 10 are Greek Orthodox (0.248%), 6 are Russian Orthodox (0.149%), 2 are Lutheran (0.05%), 1 belongs to the Palatinate State Free Religious Community (0.025%), 2 belong to the Bad Kreuznach-Koblenz Jewish worship community, 163 (4.042%) belong to other religious groups and 1,018 (25.242%) either have no religion or will not reveal their religious affiliation.
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# Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg
## Politics
### Town council {#town_council}
The former council was made up of 20 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairwoman. It was incorporated into Bad Kreuznach on 1 July 2014.
The municipal election held on 7 June 2009 yielded the following results:
------------------ ------- ------- ------ ------ -----------
**2009** SPD CDU FDP FWG **Total**
Seats 6 10 2 2 20
Change from 2004 -3 +3 = =
Vote (%) 31.3 48.0 9.5 11.1 100
Change from 2004 -10.7 +11.3 +1.9 -2.6
------------------ ------- ------- ------ ------ -----------
Voter turnout at the 2009 elections was 51.1%. Owing to the peculiarities in the Rhineland-Palatinate electoral system as it pertains to municipal elections (personalized proportional representation), the percentages given in the table above are presented as \"weighted results\", which can only reflect the voting relations arithmetically.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The German blazon reads: *In Schwarz mit eingeschweifter silberner Spitze, darin ein wachsender konischer roter Rundturm mit vorkragendem vierzinnigem Kranz und zwei schwarzen Scharten, vorne fünf silberne Kugeln 2:1:2 gestellt, hinten ein steigender goldbekronter und rotbezungter silberner Löwe.*
The town\'s arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Tierced in mantle dexter sable five roundles in saltire argent, sinister sable a lion rampant of the second crowned Or and langued gules, issuant from base argent a tower embattled gules with two arrowslits in pale of the first.
The quincunx and the tower were both charges found in Ebernburg\'s coat of arms before the 1969 amalgamation, the former being an heraldic device once borne by the Lords of Sickingen, who once held the local area, and the latter being a representation of the local Castle Ebernburg, which was also held by the Lords of Sickingen. The lion seems to have been drawn from Bad Münster\'s pre-amalgamation arms and was an heraldic device once borne by the Lords of Löwenstein (\"Lion Stone\"), who held Münster for several centuries. Both the current centres that make up Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg had their own arms before amalgamation. Ebernburg\'s arms had a \"tierced in mantle\" division of the field like the combined town\'s (that is, somewhat resembling a parted coat), but the dexter (armsbearer\'s right, viewer\'s left) and sinister (armsbearer\'s left, viewer\'s right) sides were of different tinctures, with the sinister side in argent (silver). Furthermore, before this official coat of arms was granted in 1967, Ebernburg had borne an unofficial coat of arms with a gold field and the figure of Saint Cyriacus. Bad Münster\'s old arms featured a lion rampant in the same tinctures as the lion in the current arms, including the field tincture, but the lion held a fish in each paw, a canting charge for the Counts of Salm-Salm (*Salm* being one word in German for \"salmon\") who had descended from the Lords of Stein and held \"Münster unter Rheingrafenstein\" in the 14th century. The arms were also semé of five crosses crosslet (crosses whose ends are also crossed).
<File:BadMünsterFormerArms.png%7CBad> Münster\'s former arms <File:EbernburgFormerArms.png%7CEbernburg's> former official arms <File:EbernburgUnapprovedArms.png%7CEbernburg's> former unofficial arms <File:Wappen> Bad Muenster am Stein-Ebernburg.png\|Merged town\'s current arms
### Town partnerships {#town_partnerships}
Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg fosters partnerships with the following places:
- Pouilly-sur-Loire, Nièvre, France since 1968
- Landstuhl, Kaiserslautern district, Rhineland-Palatinate since 1998
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# Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg
## Culture and sightseeing {#culture_and_sightseeing}
### Buildings
The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate's Directory of Cultural Monuments:
#### Bad Münster am Stein {#bad_münster_am_stein_1}
- Evangelical church, Berliner Straße 21 --basilica with engaged columns in Hohenstaufen forms, 1907/1908, architect Otto Kuhlmann, Berlin; after wartime destruction reconstructed by 1961; architectural sculpture by Lehmann-Borges, Berlin; glass window by Erhard Klonk, Marburg; warriors' memorial 1914-1918, artificial-stone stele with relief, 1920s
- Catholic Parish Church of the Assumption of Mary (*Pfarrkirche Maria Himmelfahrt*), Rotenfelser Straße 10 -- Gothic Revival aisleless church, 1900, architect Ludwig Becker
- Town centre (monumental zone), Nahestraße 7--23 (odd numbers), 4--26 (even numbers) -- core of settlement with buildings from the 17th to 20th centuries, mainly of two-floor construction from the 18th and 19th century
- Berliner Straße 20 -- railway station; one-floor buildings with hip roofs, partly timber-frame, Art Nouveau, about 1900
- Berliner Straße 23 -- former post office; Late Gründerzeit building with hip roof, about 1900
- Berliner Straße 32 -- Late Gründerzeit house, about 1900
- Fischerhof 5 -- one-floor building with mansard roof, essentially possibly from the 16th century, made over in Baroque in the 18th century
- Goetheplatz -- \"Peace Oak\" (*Friedenseiche*) and monument, sandstone, marked 1872--1912
- Goetheplatz 4/6 -- former spa house (*Kurhaus*); three-floor Late Classicist plastered building, third fourth of the 19th century
- Kapitän-Lorenz-Ufer 2 -- so-called *Fischerhäuschen* (\"Fishermen's Hut\"); possibly from the late 16th century
- Kurhausstraße, *Kurpark* (\"Spa Park\"; monumental zone) -- laid out in the 19th century in a bow on the River Nahe below Rheingrafenstein Castle with a bathhouse and a spa treatment house, former saltworks administration building, graduation towers, Gründerzeit concert stage, about 1880; bronze figure, possibly from the 1930s, watertower
- Kurhausstraße 1/3 -- two-part Late Classicist shophouse, late 19th century or about 1900
- Kurhausstraße 5 -- Baroque timber-frame house, plastered and slated, 17th/18th century
- Kurhausstraße 14 -- *Villa Schöneck*; Late Historicist building, partly timber-frame, Art Nouveau influence, about 1905
- At Kurhausstraße 25 -- bathhouse and spa treatment house; two- or three-floor timber-frame buildings, Baroquified Art Nouveau, 1911, architect Robert Muehlbach, Freiburg, with collaboration from Ackermann
- At Kurhausstraße 25 -- former saltworks administration building; two-part Late Baroque timber-frame building, marked 1781
- At Kurhausstraße 25 -- watertower, standing between the bathhouse and the Nahe, eight-sided timber-frame construction, possibly from the late 19th century
- Kurhausstraße 41 -- villa; building with mansard roof, clinker brick, Renaissance Revival, about 1890
- Lindenallee 3 -- former Hotel Central; three-floor Late Gründerzeit building, about 1900
- Lindenallee 11 -- inn/pension; Late Classicist building, about 1870
- Nahestraße 10 -- timber-frame house, 1777 (?), heavily restored
- Nahestraße 21 -- tower of the former Evangelical church (formerly Saint Martin\'s), mentioned in 1435, preserved, since 1911 stair tower of the Evangelical community hall, Heimatstil; in the gateway arch a volute stone, 18th century; gravestone, 1784; Early Classicist monumental stone; Baroque gravestone fragment
- Nahestraße 23 -- *Haus Berlin*; Late Classicist house, third fourth of the 19th century
- Nahestraße 24 -- Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, mid 18th century
- Nahestraße 28 -- so-called *Fischerhäuschen* (\"Fishermen's Hut\"), timber-frame bungalow with high pedestal, possibly from the late 16th century, gateway complex, 18th or early 19th century
- Naheweinstraße 6 -- stately villa, Heimatstil, about 1900/1910
- Rheingrafenstein Castle ruin, southeast of town -- about 1050, blown up in 1688, from 1721 a quarry, development 1978--1982
<File:Bahnhof> Bad Münster.jpg\|Berliner Straße 20: railway station <File:Kurhaus> Bad Münster.jpg\|Kurhausstraße 25: bathhouse and spa treatment house <File:Burg> rheingrafenstein.JPG\|Rheingrafenstein Castle ruin
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# Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg
## Culture and sightseeing {#culture_and_sightseeing}
### Buildings
#### Ebernburg {#ebernburg_1}
- Saint John the Baptist\'s Catholic Parish Church (*Pfarrkirche St. Johannes der Täufer*), Schloßgartenstraße -- aisleless church, Heimatstil with Art Nouveau motifs, 1915--1918, architects Karl Marschall, Göllheim, and August Greifzu, Ludwigshafen; nearby the rectory, 1916--1918
- Protestant church, Friedhofstraße 5 -- *Alte Johannes-Kirche* (\"Old Saint John the Baptist's Church\"), essentially thought to be a Romanesque aisleless church, 12th century, west tower latter half of the 13th century; in the churchyard Baroque gravestones, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, warriors' memorial 1914-1918 and 1939-1945
- Berliner Straße 77 -- former railway station, so-called *Künstlerbahnhof* (\"Artists' Station\"), Late Classicist sandstone-block building, about 1880
- Burgstraße 1 -- Late Baroque estate complex, marked 1780
- Burgstraße 2 -- Baroque house, 18th century
- Burgstraße 9 -- former Catholic rectory; Late Baroque solid building, 1776
- Burgstraße 13 -- former *Amtshaus*; four-wing complex; Renaissance timber-frame building, plastered, marked 1556, alterations in the 19th century (see also below)
- At Burgstraße 16 -- spolia, two Baroque reliefs, cartouche marked 1743
- At Burgstraße 19 -- relief stone, marked 1561
- Franz-von-Sickingen-Straße 4 -- estate complex, 18th century; Baroque timber-frame house, plastered, barn, partly timber-frame
- Franz-von-Sickingen-Straße 5 -- Baroque timber-frame house, plastered, 1719
- Friedhofstraße, at the graveyard -- Günther Franz\'s tomb, decorative façade, 1917; Hermann Müller\'s tomb, sandstone, 1897
- Schloßgartenstraße -- wayside cross, Baroque, 18th century
- Schloßgartenstraße 30 -- former school (?); Late Classicist building with hip roof, mid 19th century
- Turmstraße 5 -- Baroque timber-frame house, partly solid, 17th century
- Below the Ebernburg -- double monument; 1886--1889, sculptor Ludwig Cauer after Carl Cauer\'s design
- Ebernburg -- castle, mentioned in 1209, beginning in 1482 expansion into modern fortress, burnt to ashes in 1523, after 1542 reconstruction, largely torn down in 1697; Hohenstaufen shielding wall remnants, buildings from the late 15th and 16th centuries, remnants of a dwelling building, marked 1581, Gothic Revival *Haus Sickingen*, 1840
- Ebernburger Mühle, south of town on the Alsenz -- former estate mill, mentioned in 1438, four-wing complex; two-and-a-half-floor house, marked 1871, upon older cellars; gateway arch marked 1584; barns, partly timber-frame
- former Alsenz Valley Railway (*Alsenztalbahn*) signal box, south of town -- building with hip roof, slate quarrystone, about 1904/1908
- Trombacher Hof, southwest of town -- Late Baroque timber-frame house, marked 1798; in the barn building walls and gables of the Gothic church
<File:Ebernburg> St, Johannes.jpg\|Schloßgartenstraße: Saint John the Baptist\'s Parish Church <File:Burg> Ebernburg, Bad Münster am Stein, top of mountain.jpg\|Castle Ebernburg <File:Hutten-Sickingen-Denkmal.jpg%7CBelow> the Ebernburg: double monument
### More about buildings {#more_about_buildings}
Among the town\'s sights are the rock formations known as the Rotenfels and the Rheingrafenstein, the latter of which bears a crag which itself bears the castle of the same name right on the river Nahe. There is also another castle, the Ebernburg.
There is evidence that the graduation towers used for producing salt in Bad Münster am Stein already had their current form as far back as 1729. The weakly salty water from the salt spring is delivered to the graduation towers by pumps formerly driven by waterwheels, but now driven by electricity. From the top, the water trickles down in innumerable drops through walls of blackthorn to a collection basin, while the air in the area is enriched with salty material such as iodine, bromine and strontium ions as well as the noble gas radon. By making the water into mist during its trickling through to the collection basin, the water\'s saltiness is raised. The waterwheels and part of the equipment (rods for transmitting the motion) can still be viewed.
The town\'s oldest secular building is the former Electoral Palatinate *Unteramt* at Burgstraße 13. Into the lintel of the Renaissance part, the year 1556 has been chiselled. Investigations of this part of the building have also brought to light that there are mediaeval wall remnants underneath the Renaissance walls.
Said to be Bad Münster\'s oldest property is the \"Hahnenhof\", first mentioned in 1560, a former Rhinegravial manor. The narrow so-called *Zehntscheune* (\"tithe barn\") with a timber-frame upper floor was in its time the financial office for tithes paid in kind.
The *Kurmittelhaus* (roughly \"spa treatment house\") in the *Kurpark* (spa park), built in 1911 in an Art Nouveau style with Nordic characteristics, is said to be one of the region\'s loveliest timber-frame buildings. It contains the spring hall with the two healing springs, the *Maximilianquelle* and the *Rheingrafenquelle*, which rise up through three glass pipes.
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# Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg
## Culture and sightseeing {#culture_and_sightseeing}
### Museums
Housed in the former local history museum\'s rooms at the *Kurmittelhaus* is the *Naturstation Nahe* where in the warmer months animals from the region can be observed, in particular the dice snake, which is indigenous to the river Nahe.
### Regular events {#regular_events}
Among special events in Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg are the \"mediaeval\" *Ebernburger Markt* (market) on the third weekend in September and the Christmas Market in the spa park.
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# Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Economic structure {#economic_structure}
Spa guests were in bygone decades an important source of income for Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg. After a few years in which the spa industry shrank greatly, the numbers of guests are now slowly rising once again. Most commercial enterprises in the town nowadays are tourism operations (lodging, inns) and winegrowing estates. There is moreover a cork wire factory where closure wire is made for sekt and champagne bottles.
### Transport
Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg lies on the Nahe Valley Railway (Bingen--Saarbrücken). At Bad Münster am Stein station, the Alsenz Valley Railway (*Alsenztalbahn*) branches of towards Kaiserslautern. The town lies within the area to which the *Rhein-Nahe-Nahverkehrsverbund* (\"Rhine-Nahe Local Transport Association\") applies. Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg can be reached by car on *Bundesstraße* 48 and on *Landesstraßen* 235 and 379.
## Famous people {#famous_people}
### Honorary citizens {#honorary_citizens}
- Max Kuna (d. 1989)
### Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
- Franz von Sickingen (b. 1481 at Castle Ebernburg; d. 1523), Amtmann at Castle Ebernburg, now and then bore the byname *Letzter Ritter* (\"Last Knight\"); promoter of Protestantism.
- Heinrich Lorenz (1898--1966), born at *Haus Lorenz*, captain of the biggest German passenger ship *Bremen*; winner of the Blue Band for the fastest transatlantic crossing.
### Famous people associated with the town {#famous_people_associated_with_the_town}
- J. M. W. Turner (1775--1851), painted several [watercolours](http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-ebernburg-from-the-valley-of-the-alsenz-d35148) of the mountains and castle when he visited the area in 1844.
- Rudolf Eickemeyer, (1831--1895), born in Altenbamberg, noted inventor with several innovations to hat manufacturing, patent for first symmetrical drum armature and iron-clad dynamo, and first employer of Charles Proteus Steinmetz.
- Heinrich Georg Rung (1854--1931), worked for 43 years as the Pastor of Ebernburg; local historian, co-founder and chairman of the North Palatine History Club (*Nordpfälzer Geschichtsverein*).
- Anna Kubach-Wilmsen and Wolfgang Kubach, sculptors
- Ulrike Piechota (b. 1942), writer
- Sigune von Osten (b
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# Michael C. Ryan
**Michael Clarkson Ryan** (April 23, 1820 -- October 23, 1861) was an American attorney, politician, newspaper editor, and a founder of Beta Theta Pi. Ryan also organized and was the colonel of the 50th Ohio Infantry during the American Civil War.
## Early life {#early_life}
Ryan was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on April 23, 1820. He was raised in the Roman Catholic faith. His family moved to Hamilton, Ohio in 1832.
He attended Miami University, receiving an A.B. in 1839. While at Miami, he was one of eight founders of Beta Theta Pi fraternity on August 8, 1839. He then attended the Cincinnati Law School where he received an LL.B. in 1842. He received an A.M. From Miami University in 1845.
## Career
Ryant began to practice law in Hamilton. His law partner was John B. Weller, his brother-in-law and a future U.S. Congressman, Senator and California governor until the two dissolved their partnership on February 6, 1861. Ryan was prosecuting attorney of Butler County, Ohio fom 1848 to 1852. He was the clerk of the county courts from 1852 to 1858.From 1847 to 1849, he was the editor and publisher of the *Hamilton Telegraph*.
In July 1850, Ryan was an assistant secretary for the Ohio Democratic State Convention. In January 1853, he represented the 3rd Congressional District at the Democratic State Convention. Ryan was a representative to the National Democratic Convention in 1856. He was appointed the clerk of the U.S. Fund Commission, responsible for distributing surplus revenue to the states. In February 1860, he was appointed to committee to oversee routes and safety issues related to the Great Miami Railroad on behalf of Hamilton.
In August 1861, the U.S. War Department authorized Ryan to organize an \"Irish Regiment\". Ryan played a key role in organizing the 50th Ohio Infantry which only included men of Irish descent. He was appointed by Governor William J. Dennison Jr. to serve as the regiment\'s Colonel. However, he died before the regiment saw action.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Ryan was married to Emily Leffler on November 16, 1845, in Butler County, Ohio. He died on October 23, 1861 in Hamilton, Ohio. He was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Hamilton
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# Big Trouble (novel)
***Big Trouble*** is Dave Barry\'s first novel. Barry, a longtime columnist for *The Miami Herald*, set the novel\'s events in and around Miami, Florida.
## Plot
Eliot Arnold is a divorced, recently-fired newspaper reporter trying to start his own advertising and public relations agency. His teenaged son, Matt\'s nighttime attempt to \"kill\" his high-school classmate, Jenny, unfortunately coincides with a real assassination attempt on her alcoholic, abusive stepfather, Arthur Herk, by two freelance hit men from New Jersey. In the ensuing confusion, Eliot meets Arthur\'s wife, Jenny\'s mother Anna, and the two are instantly taken with each other. When Arthur, spooked by the gunfire, runs to the room of the Herks\' Latin maid, Nina, she panics and runs outside the house, where she is befriended by Puggy, a young homeless man living in a tree on the property.
Interviewed by Miami Police officers Monica and Walter, Arthur denies having any enemies, while secretly knowing that his employer, a corrupt contracting firm, has caught him embezzling money to pay off his gambling debts. Arthur decides to turn state\'s evidence, and, in order to ensure he is taken seriously by the police, intends to buy a missile from a pair of Russian arms dealers and turn it over to the police, claiming it belongs to his employer. But when Arthur goes to the dive bar the arms dealers are using as a front, he, the Russians, and Puggy (who earns a small wage helping to fetch and carry the crates containing the dealers\' merchandise) are held up by Snake and Eddie, two dimwit grifters previously ejected from the bar. Mistaking Arthur for a \"kingpin\", Snake concludes that whatever is in the suitcase Arthur was buying must be valuable, and grabs it (ignoring the briefcase containing \$10,000 in cash that Arthur brought with him).
Jenny arranges to let Matt \"kill\" her in accordance with the rules of the game, at the back of a nearby mall, but they are spotted by Jack Pendick, a wannabe-policeman who mistakes Matt\'s squirt gun for a real firearm and starts shooting his own gun at Matt. They flee to Jenny\'s house and call Eliot, who arrives just before Snake and Eddie enter the house, holding Arthur at gunpoint. The whole family is taken captive, along with Officers Monica and Walter, who arrive to investigate the shooting at the mall.
After interrogating the Russians, FBI Agents Greer and Seitz intercept Miami Detective Baker, and tell him the suitcase contains a miniature nuclear bomb, which, unlike a conventional \"nuke\", has no failsafes and is intentionally designed to be easy to trigger.
Snake and Eddie leave for Miami International Airport with the bomb, and Jenny and Puggy as hostages. Officer Monica manages to free herself, Eliot and Anna, and they rush to the airport, leaving Walter and Arthur handcuffed together. Walter\'s attempts to free himself are hampered by Arthur, who falls face-first onto a large cane toad camped in his dog\'s food dish, receiving a dose of bufotenin venom that causes him to hallucinate.
Four different groups of people reach the airport:
- Snake, Eddie, Puggy, and Jenny board a plane for the Bahamas, but Puggy escapes before the plane takes off; a security officer opens the suitcase and does not recognize the bomb for what it is, but insists that Snake turn it on to show that it is harmless; Snake flips a series of switches, starting the bomb\'s forty-five-minute timer;
- Eliot, Anna, Matt, Nina and Monica find Puggy, who leads them to the airplane; Monica and Matt board the plane before it takes off, but Eliot and Anna are left behind;
- Henry and Leonard, the two hitmen, are trying to return home to New Jersey, but are interrupted by an escaped pet python that nearly suffocates Leonard, before Henry shoots it; the chaos caused by the python prevents any security officers from being able to stop the plane taking off, despite Eliot and Anna\'s frantic pleas;
- Detective Baker and Agents Greer and Seitz arrive and, learning that the bomb\'s timer has been started, order the plane shot down by fighter jets from Homestead Air Reserve Base, to prevent more innocent lives being lost.
When Monica confronts Snake, he shoots her with his gun, though not fatally. Eddie, unnerved by Snake\'s increasingly erratic and violent behavior, objects, and Snake shoots Eddie in the leg as punishment for perceived \"insubordination.\" Eddie retaliates by pushing the suitcase out the plane\'s door and into the ocean. Snake, unwilling to lose his \"kingpin suitcase,\" grabs it and is pulled out of the plane along with it. With Snake and the suitcase gone, the pilot radios the airport, and the fighter jets are called off. The bomb explodes underwater, killing no one except Snake and a large number of deep water fish. In the aftermath, the explosion is passed off as a rogue seismic event, and the main news item in the next day\'s paper is the bevy of goats that escaped on the highway and delayed the protagonists\' rush to the airport.
In the epilogue:
- Anna divorces Arthur and marries Eliot; Matt and Jenny date for a while, but since they are step-siblings, ultimately choose to remain friends;
- After recovering from the toad venom, Arthur tries to inform on his employer, but no evidence is found, and Arthur is killed in a supposed \"fishing accident\" a few weeks later;
- Detective Baker marries Officer Monica, and tells her the truth about the bomb, though he swears her to secrecy;
- Officer Walter quits the police force and becomes a male stripper;
- Jack Pendick serves a short prison sentence and is hired as a security guard;
- Henry is acquitted of any criminal acts at the airport, and he and Leonard return to New Jersey and continue to operate as hit men, though they steadfastly refuse to accept any future contracts in South Florida;
- Puggy and Nina continue living in the Herks\' home, sometimes spending nights in Puggy\'s tree.
## Literary development and influences {#literary_development_and_influences}
*Big Trouble* is Barry\'s first full-length novel, after several years as a columnist for the *Miami Herald*, and after publishing several humorous non-fiction books. In his dedication, Barry credited his editor at Putnam Publishing, Neil Nyren, with proposing that Barry write a novel, \"and made it sound like a lot of fun\... I forgive him for the fact that he never told me, back at the beginning, that I would need to come up with characters *and* a plot.\" In the same dedication, Barry also thanked numerous novelists of his acquaintance, which included Carl Hiaasen (\"who is the master of the genre I tried to write in -- the Bunch of South Florida Wackos genre\"), Stephen King, Elmore Leonard, Paul Levine, Ridley Pearson, and Les Standiford.
The novel is not, in fact, Barry\'s first work of fiction, as he contributed the opening chapter for the collaborative novel *Naked Came the Manatee*, which was published earlier (in 1996) and featured chapters by Hiaasen, Leonard, Levine, and Standiford.
Barry and Ridley Pearson later collaborated on a series of children\'s novels, beginning with *Peter and the Starcatchers*, published in 2004.
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# Big Trouble (novel)
## Reception
Kirkus Reviews gave a positive review for the novel, comparing Barry\'s style to Laurence Shames and writing \"The big surprise is how readily adaptable Barry's jokey rhythms are to the demands of creating characters and spinning them a farcical plot. But a host of lesser surprises are equally welcome.\" Publishers Weekly gave a starred review, calling Barry \"indisputably one of the funniest humorists writing today\" and praising the narrative, although it criticized the \"occasional stiffness and tendency to strain for one-liners\".
## Adaptation
*Big Trouble* was made into a film, starring Tim Allen and Rene Russo as Eliot and Anna respectively, and produced and directed by Barry Sonnenfeld. The film was scheduled for release in September 2001. However, the film\'s release was delayed until 2002 because of the final scenes\' unfortunate resemblance to the Al-Qaeda terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001
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# Design leadership
**Design leadership** is a concept complementary to design management. In practice, design managers within companies often operate in the field of design leadership and design leaders in the field of design management. However, the two terms are not interchangeable; they are interdependent. In essence, design leadership aims to define future strategies, and design management is responsible for implementation. Both are critically important to business, government, and society, and both are necessary in order to maximize value from design activity and investment.
Design leadership can be described as leadership that generates innovative design solutions. Turner defines design leadership by adding three additional aspects for design leadership:
- the difference in leading through design,
- the sustaining design leadership over time
- the gaining of acknowledgment for achievements through design.
Turner separates the core responsibilities of design leadership into the following six activities:
- envisioning of the future
- manifesting strategic intent
- directing design investment
- managing corporate reputation
- creating and nurturing an environment of innovation
- training for design leadership
Design Leadership is a growing professional practice and the value of such specialization is proven through the appointment of executive leadership roles, such that of Chief Design officer, Chief Creative officer, or similar roles and titles
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# National Board of Review Awards 2004
**76th NBR Awards**\
January 11, 2005
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Film:\
***Finding Neverland***
The **76th (US) National Board of Review Awards**, honoring the best in film for 2004, were given on 11 January 2005.
## Top 10 films {#top_10_films}
1. *Finding Neverland*
2. *The Aviator*
3. *Closer*
4. *Million Dollar Baby*
5. *Sideways*
6. *Kinsey*
7. *Vera Drake*
8. *Ray*
9. *Collateral*
10. *Hotel Rwanda*
## Top Foreign Films {#top_foreign_films}
1. *The Sea Inside (Mar adentro)*
2. *Bad Education (La mala educación)*
3. *Maria Full of Grace (María llena eres de gracia)*
4. *The Chorus (Les choristes)*
5. *The Motorcycle Diaries (Los diarios de motocicleta)*
## Top Five Documentaries {#top_five_documentaries}
1. *Born into Brothels*
2. *Z Channel: A Magnificent Obsession*
3. *Paper Clips Project*
4. *Super Size Me*
5. *The Story of the Weeping Camel*
## Winners
- Best Film:
- *Finding Neverland*
- Best Foreign Language Film:
- *Mar adentro (The Sea Inside)*, Spain/France/Italy
- Best Actor:
- Jamie Foxx - *Ray*
- Best Actress:
- Annette Bening - *Being Julia*
- Best Supporting Actor:
- Thomas Haden Church - *Sideways*
- Best Supporting Actress:
- Laura Linney - *Kinsey*
- Best Acting by an Ensemble:
- *Closer*
- Breakthrough Performance Actor:
- Topher Grace - *In Good Company* and *P.S.*
- Breakthrough Performance Actress:
- Emmy Rossum - *The Phantom of the Opera*
- Best Director:
- Michael Mann - *Collateral*
- Best Directorial Debut:
- Zach Braff - *Garden State*
- Best Screenplay - Adapted:
- *Sideways* - Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor
- Best Screenplay - Original:
- *Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind* - Charlie Kaufman
- Best Documentary:
- *Born into Brothels*
- Best Animated Feature:
- *The Incredibles*
- Career Achievement:
- Jeff Bridges
- Billy Wilder Award for Excellence in Directing:
- Miloš Forman
- Special Filmmaking Achievement:
- Clint Eastwood, for producing, directing, acting, and scoring *Million Dollar Baby*
- Outstanding Production Design:
- *House of Flying Daggers*
- Outstanding Film Music Composition:
- Jan A. P. Kaczmarek - *Finding Neverland*
- Career Achievement - Cinematography:
- Caleb Deschanel
- William K
| 356 |
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# Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk
**Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, 8th Baron Segrave, 7th Baron Mowbray** (17 September 1385 -- 8 June 1405), English nobleman and rebel, was the son of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan.
Upon the death of his father in Venice, he succeeded him as Earl of Norfolk and Nottingham, but not as Duke of Norfolk. He also received his father\'s title of Earl Marshal, but on a strictly honorary basis, the military rank being held by Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, as the Marshal of England. He was betrothed to Constance Holland, daughter of John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, then a child, but the marriage was never consummated.
He became involved with the latest rebellion of the Percies in the north, and raised an army with Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York. Deserted by the Earl of Northumberland, Norfolk and Scrope were brought to book on Shipton Moor by a large royal army under John of Lancaster and the Earl of Westmorland. Seeking a parley, they were arrested as soon as they disbanded their followers. When Chief Justice Sir William Gascoigne refused to pass sentence upon them before they were tried by their peers, Henry IV had both Norfolk and Scrope summarily beheaded in York on 8 June 1405. This conspiracy is the main historical context for Shakespeare\'s *Henry IV, Part 2*, and the execution is described with the words \"Some guard these traitors to the block of death, / Treason\'s true bed and yielder up of breath.\"
Upon his death, Thomas de Mowbray was succeeded by his younger brother, John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk.
He was buried in the Church of the Greyfriars in York. His head was displayed for two months on a pike at Bootham Bar before it was taken down and reunited with the body. Legend had it that the head retained the freshness of life
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# Hieracium albiflorum
***Hieracium albiflorum***, known by the names **white hawkweed** and **white-flowered hawkweed**, is a common and widespread species of plant in the family Asteraceae.
*Hieracium albiflorum* is found in western North America, from Alaska and the Northwest Territories south to Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora) and east to Manitoba and the Black Hills of South Dakota. There have been reports of populations in Québec and Wisconsin, but these are probably waifs or introductions.
*Hieracium albiflorum* is found in forests and woodlands at low to moderate elevation. It is similar to its relative the common dandelion, except for having more than one flower head per plant, sometimes 50 or more in a flat-topped array. Each head has 6-25 white (rather than yellow as in most related species) ray flowers but no disc flowers
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| 0 |
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# Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome
**Lown--Ganong--Levine syndrome** (**LGL**) is a pre-excitation syndrome of the heart. Those with LGL syndrome have episodes of abnormal heart racing with a short PR interval and normal QRS complexes seen on their electrocardiogram when in a normal sinus rhythm. LGL syndrome was originally thought to be due to an abnormal electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles, but is now thought to be due to accelerated conduction through the atrioventricular node in the majority of cases. The syndrome is named after Bernard Lown, William Francis Ganong, Jr., and Samuel A. Levine.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
In general, patients will be asymptomatic at baseline. During their tachyarrhythmia however, they may report palpitations, shortness of breath, syncope or presyncope. They will have a tachycardia. How well they tolerate their tachyarrhythmia is dictated by their physiologic reserve. A young, well patient may just have palpitations and the tachycardia alone. However, an older patient with pre-existing (discrete) cardiovascular disease may additionally experience hypotension and syncope. Very fast heart rates can be detrimental even in well patients though.
## Pathophysiology
LGL syndrome was originally thought to involve a rapidly conducting accessory pathway (bundle of James) that connects the atria directly to the bundle of His, bypassing the slowly conducting atrioventricular node. However, the majority of those with LGL in whom electrophysiological studies have been performed do not have any evidence of an accessory pathway or structural abnormality. Whilst in a minority of cases some form of intranodal or paranodal fibers that bypass all or part of the atrioventricular node can be found with subsequent conduction down the normal His-Purkinje system, in most cases the short PR interval is caused by accelerated conduction through the atrioventricular node. LGL syndrome is therefore felt to represent a clinical syndrome with multiple different underlying causes.
## Diagnosis
LGL syndrome is diagnosed in a person who has experienced episodes of abnormal heart racing (arrhythmias) who has a PR interval less than or equal to 0.12 second (120 ms) with normal QRS complex configuration and duration on their resting ECG. .
LGL can be distinguished from Wolff--Parkinson--White syndrome (WPW) syndrome because the delta waves seen in WPW syndrome are not seen in LGL syndrome. The QRS complex is often normal but can also be narrow in LGL syndrome, as opposed to WPW, because ventricular conduction is via the His-Purkinje system. Lown--Ganong--Levine syndrome is a clinical diagnosis that came about before the advent of electrophysiology studies. It is important to be aware that not all WPW ECGs have a delta wave; the absence of a delta wave does not conclusively rule out WPW.
## Prognosis
Individuals with LGL syndrome do not carry an increased risk of sudden death. The only morbidity associated with the syndrome is the occurrence of paroxysmal episodes of tachycardia which may be of several types, including sinus tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, or atrial flutter
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# Brakni Brothers Stadium
**Brakni Brothers Stadium** (*ملعب الاخوة براكني*) is a soccer stadium in Blida, Algeria, it has a maximum capacity of 10,000 people. It was replaced by the bigger Stade Mustapha Tchaker currently used mostly for football matches, and for the national team since 2006
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# Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba
**Stade omnisport Kibassa-Maliba**, also known as **Stade de la Kenya**, is a multi-use stadium located in the Kenya suburb of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is currently used mostly for football matches. It is the current home of FC Saint Eloi Lupopo and the former home venue of TP Mazembe. The stadium has a capacity of 20,000 people and is named after Frederic Kibassa Maliba, a former Minister of Youth and Sports
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Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba
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# Johannes Minckwitz
**Johannes Minckwitz** (April 11, 1843, Leipzig -- May 20, 1901, Biebrich) was a German chess player and author.
## Origins
He was the son of German classical scholar and author Johannes Minckwitz.
## Chess play {#chess_play}
His best achievement was 2nd place, behind Adolf Anderssen, at Barmen 1869 (8th WDSB--Congress). He tied for 3rd-5th at Hamburg 1869 (2nd NDSB--Congress, Anderssen won); tied for 8-9th at Baden-Baden 1870 (Anderssen won); took 3rd at Krefeld 1871 (9th WDSB--Congress, Louis Paulsen won); took 4th at Frankfurt 1878 (12th WDSB--Congress, L. Paulsen won); took 11th at Leipzig 1879 (1st DSB Congress, Berthold Englisch won).
He shared 1st with Max Weiss and Adolf Schwarz at Graz 1880; tied for 3rd-5th at Braunschweig 1880 (13th WDSB--Congress, L. Paulsen won); took 8th at Wiesbaden 1880 (Joseph Henry Blackburne, A. Schwarz and B. Englisch won); tied for 7-8th at Berlin 1881 (2nd DSB--Congress, Blackburne won); took 10th at Hamburg (4th DSB--Congress, Isidor Gunsberg won); tied for 13-14th at Breslau (6th DSB--Congress, Siegbert Tarrasch won), and took 9th at Berlin 1890 (Emanuel Lasker and Berthold Lasker won).
## Last years and death {#last_years_and_death}
Around 1883, he began to show symptoms of mental illness for which he was hospitalized several times. On May 15, 1901, he threw himself under an electric train, losing both his arms, and died five days later
## Chess literature {#chess_literature}
In 1865--1876 and 1879--1886, he was an editor of the *Deutsche Schachzeitung* and author of *Das ABC des Schachspiels* (Leipzig 1879), *Humor in Schachspiel* (Leipzig 1885) and *Der kleine Schachkönig* (Leipzig 1889)
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# New York Wine Tasting of 1973
The **New York Wine Tasting of 1973** was organized by pioneering wine journalist Robert Lawrence Balzer. He assembled 14 leading wine experts including France\'s Alexis Lichine, who owned two chateaux in Bordeaux, a manager of the Four Seasons restaurant in New York City, and Sam Aaron, a prominent New York wine merchant. They evaluated 23 Chardonnays from California, New York, and France in a blind tasting before an assemblage of 250 members of the New York Food and Wine Society. California Chardonnays received the top four scores. Fifth place went to the 1969 Beaune Clos des Mouches Joseph Drouhin. Other French wines in the competition were the 1970 Corton-Charlemagne Louis Latour, the 1971 Pouilly-Fuisse Louis Jadot, and the 1970 Chassagne-Montrachet Marquis de Laguiche Joseph Drouhin.
Three years later, in the notable Paris Wine Tasting of 1976, American and French wines were once again compared in a blind tasting
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# Minaçu
**Minaçu** is a municipality in the north of the state of Goiás, Brazil. There is a large asbestos mine in the municipality.
## Location and climate {#location_and_climate}
It is located on the shores of the artificial lake, Cana Brava, created after a dam was constructed on the Tocantins River. This important river, a tributary of the Amazon, flows out of the lake in a northerly direction. The distance to the state capital, Goiânia, is 513 km. A paved road links Minaçu with the important Belém-Brasília highway (BR 153) and the cities of the more populated southern region of the state.
The climate is tropical humid with two well defined seasons (rainy and dry. The average annual temperature is 26.6 °C.
## Demographic information {#demographic_information}
The population density was 10.85 inhabitants/km^2^ in 2007. The population has increased gradually since 1980 when it was 28,371. The rural population has diminished from 9,762 in 1980 to 4,404 in 2007. From 1996 to 2007 the population decreased -1.24.%. In recent years the population has been decreasing with the gradual phasing out of the mines and the completion of the hydroelectric power plant.
## Economy
The economy is based on small industry, mining, and the hydroelectric plant of Cana Brava. This supplies the south of Goiás with energy and contributes needed taxes to the municipality. Agriculture is limited due to the irregular terrain marked by the Serra Dourada mountains.
## Asbestos mine {#asbestos_mine}
Minaçu is the seat of one of the world\'s largest chrysotile asbestos mines. The Cana Brava mine, located on the left bank of the Tocantins River, occupies a total area of 45 kmª. Asbestos has made Minaçu one of the richest municipalities in the state of Goiás. The industrial zone has capacity to produce ten percent of all the chrysotile asbestos fiber sold in the world. It is the largest mine in Brazil and the third in the world, after mines in Russia and Canada. On the Seplan Index of Economic Development (2000) Minaçu ranked 13 out of 146 municipalities in the state. See [Seplan](https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160040/http://www.seplan.go.gov.br/sepin/pub/ide_ids/2001/tabela1.1.htm)
In 2007 there were 43 industrial units and 259 retail units. There were 3 bank branches: Banco do Brasil S.A., Banco Itaú S.A., and BRADESCO S.A. The main sectors employing the population were: industry---159 workers---and commerce---838 workers.
In 2006 there were 107,300 head of cattle, of which 9,600 were dairy cows. The main agricultural products in planted area were rice and corn. There was modest production of banana, sugarcane, and manioc. In 2006 there were 1,478 farms with a total area of 196,000 hectares, of which 5,597 were cropland and 12,128 were pasture. Approximately 4,300 people were connected to agriculture. (IBGE 2006)
## Health and education {#health_and_education}
In 2003 there were 2 hospitals in the city with 53 beds. There were also 12 walk-in health clinics. There were 45 doctors, 6 nurses and 8 dentists. The infant mortality rate was 20.88 for every 1,000 live births in 2000.
In 2005 the school system had 27 schools, 266 classrooms, 577 teachers, and 11,437 students. Higher education was represented by a campus of the State University of Goiás---Unidade Universitária da UEG. The adult literacy rate was 86.9% in 2000.
- MHDI: 0.750
- State ranking: 78 (out of 242 municipalities)
- National ranking: 1,894 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
On the Seplan Index of Social Development Minaçu ranked 79 out of 146 municipalities in 2001. See [Seplan](https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160100/http://www.seplan.go.gov.br/sepin/pub/ide_ids/2001/tabela2.1.htm)
## Transportation
The city is served by Minaçu Airport
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# Accra Sports Stadium
The **Accra Sports Stadium**, formerly named the **Ohene Djan Stadium**, is a multi-use stadium (40,000-capacity, all-seater) located in Accra, Ghana, mostly used for association football matches. It is also used for rugby union.
## Overview
The stadium was inaugurated in 1962 by a football match played between Accra XI and Kumasi XI. Originally known as the Accra Sports Stadium, the stadium was renamed after Ohene Djan, the country\'s first Director of Sports, in 2004 after renovations. Its renaming was quite controversial and opposed by the Ga people. There has been ongoing controversy about the name of the stadium. On 16 June 2011, the name \'Ohene Djan Stadium\' on the stadium building was changed to \'Accra Sports Stadium\' without any official announcement by the Accra Metropolitan Assembly supported by the National Democratic Congress Government. It has since been reverted.
As a designated venue of some of the 2008 African Cup of Nations matches, the stadium was rebuilt, upgraded, and modernized to meet FIFA standards. Work on the stadium was completed in October 2007. It was inaugurated with a four-nation tournament that Ghana won (the Zenith Cup).
The stadium is also the home of one of Africa\'s most popular clubs, Hearts of Oak as well as Accra Lions FC and Great Olympics, but Ghana\'s national team matches are sometimes played there.
During the 2000 African Cup of Nations in Ghana and Nigeria, the stadium hosted nine matches, and was also the venue of the 1978 final.
The venue has also hosted important professional boxing events, numbering 91 professional boxing programs as of August 2020. Perhaps the most famous one took place on Saturday, 6 November 1976, when Ghanaian David Kotei, the World Boxing Council\'s world Featherweight champion, lost his championship to future International Boxing Hall of Fame member, Mexican-American Danny Lopez by a 15 rounds unanimous decision. This program also featured a bout between undefeated, 29--0 prospect Sulley Shittu and Felix Figueroa, which Shittu won by 8 rounds decision. The crowd for this event has been estimated at over 100,000 fans
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# Russell Shaw (American football)
**Russell Lee Shaw Jr.** (born February 25, 1976) is a former American football wide receiver and defensive back who played for the Los Angeles Avengers and Chicago Rush in the Arena Football League (AFL). He attended the University of Michigan
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Russell Shaw (American football)
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# Kings Park Soccer Stadium
**Kings Park Soccer Stadium** was a multi-use stadium in Durban, South Africa that was built in 1958. It was formerly used mostly for football matches and was the home of Manning Rangers who played in the Premier Soccer League. The stadium had a capacity of 35,000 people.
The stadium was demolished in 2006 to make way for the Moses Mabhida Stadium, one of the key stadiums for the 2010 World Cup
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Kings Park Soccer Stadium
| 0 |
3,733,231 |
# Göring Attack
The **Göring Attack** is a chess opening characterised by the moves:
: 1\. e4 e5
: 2\. Nf3 Nc6
: 3\. Bc4 Bc5
: 4\. b4 Bxb4
: 5\. c3 Bc5
: 6\. 0-0 d6
: 7\. d4 exd4
: 8\. cxd4 Bb6
: 9\. Nc3 Na5
: 10\. Bg5
The Göring Attack is a variation of the Evans Gambit (4.b4). After the Evans Gambit is accepted (4\...Bxb4) and the riposte (5.c3) has prompted the defensive 5\...Bc5 (the second most popular retreat), play continues until 10.Bg5, the defining move of the Göring Attack. It is named after Carl Theodor Göring, who played it in several games against Johannes Minckwitz in 1869. The Göring Attack came into fashion after Mikhail Chigorin played it against Wilhelm Steinitz in 1883. We are told Tchigorin scored his most brilliant successes with this variation. *Modern Chess Openings* describes it as a \"tricky\" opening, \"which can be refuted only if you know the right moves\"
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# Thohoyandou Stadium
**Thohoyandou Stadium** is a 20,000-capacity multi-purpose stadium in the town of Thohoyandou, in the province of Limpopo, South Africa. It is mostly used for soccer matches, and is the home stadium of Black Leopards and Venda football clubs. The stadium was also used by Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila (TTM) before it was sold to a Gauteng- based businessman and moved home ground matches to Peter Mokaba Stadium.
It was not used for about 8 years until 2014 when Black Leopards started using it again as their home ground
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Thohoyandou Stadium
| 0 |
3,733,255 |
# China Institute
**China Institute in America** is a nonprofit educational and cultural institution based in New York City. Its work is focused on promoting Chinese culture and history through talks, business initiatives, language immersion programs, and gallery exhibitions. It hosts a Confucius Institute in partnership with the East China Normal University.
## History
China Institute was founded in 1926 by a group of American and Chinese educators---including educational philosopher John Dewey of Columbia University and Chinese educator Hu Shih (later president of Beijing University and China\'s ambassador to the U.S.)
China Institute is believed to be the oldest educational organization devoted solely to Chinese culture, and has drawn one million visitors in its nearly hundred years of existence. Following the 1949 establishment of the People\'s Republic of China, the organization lost many of its ties to the Chinese mainland. In 2015, China Institute announced plans to move from the Upper East Side to Lower Manhattan the following year. The new space at 100 Washington Street opened in November 2016, coinciding with the gallery\'s fiftieth anniversary
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China Institute
| 0 |
3,733,256 |
# CCM Kirumba Stadium
**CCM Kirumba Stadium** is a multi-purpose stadium in Mwanza, Tanzania. It has a capacity of 35,000 and is the second largest stadium in the country after the National Stadium in Dar es Salaam
## Matches
The Tanzania national football team has played many friendlies at this stadium.
The Tanzania national football team played a friendly game in the stadium against Malawi on 29 March 2015. The match resulted in a 1-1 draw.
It has been the home of Mwanza football teams that play in Tanzanian Premier League and in the Tanzanian First Division League
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CCM Kirumba Stadium
| 0 |
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# Cubic honeycomb
`| image = `\
`| caption = Partial view of a cubic honeycomb`\
`| label1 = Type | data1 = ``Regular honeycomb`\
`| label2 = Indexing | data2 = J`~`11,15`~`, A`~`1`~\
`W`~`1`~`, G`~`22`~\
`| label3 = ``Schläfli symbol`` | data3 = `$\{4,3,4\}$\
`| label4 = ``Cell type`` | data4 = ``cube`\
`| label5 = Duality | data5 = ``self-dual`
}}
The **cubic honeycomb** or **cubic cellulation** is the only proper regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of cubic cells. It has 4 cubes around every edge, and 8 cubes around each vertex. Its vertex figure is a regular octahedron. It is a self-dual tessellation with Schläfli symbol {4,3,4}. John Horton Conway called this honeycomb a **cubille**.
## Description
The cubic honeycomb is a space-filling or three-dimensional tessellation consisting of many cubes that attach each other to the faces; the cube is known as cell of a honeycomb. The parallelepiped is the member of a parallelohedron, generated from three line segments that are not all parallel to a common plane. The cube is the special case of a parallelepiped for having the most symmetric form, generated by three perpendicular unit-length line segments. In three-dimensional space, the cubic honeycomb is the only proper regular space-filling tessellation. It is self-dual.
## Related honeycombs {#related_honeycombs}
The *rectified cubic honeycomb* or *rectified cubic cellulation* is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of octahedra and cuboctahedra in a ratio of 1:1, with a square prism vertex figure. John Horton Conway calls this honeycomb a **cuboctahedrille**,`{{r|conway}}`{=mediawiki} and its dual an oblate octahedrille.
The *truncated cubic honeycomb* or *truncated cubic cellulation* is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of truncated cubes and octahedra in a ratio of 1:1, with an isosceles square pyramid vertex figure. John Horton Conway calls this honeycomb a **truncated cubille**, and its dual pyramidille.
The bitruncated cubic honeycomb is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of truncated octahedra (or, equivalently, bitruncated cubes). It has four truncated octahedra around each vertex, in a tetragonal disphenoid vertex figure. Being composed entirely of truncated octahedra, it is cell-transitive. It is also edge-transitive, with 2 hexagons and one square on each edge, and vertex-transitive. It is one of 28 uniform honeycombs. John Horton Conway calls this honeycomb a **truncated octahedrille** in his Architectonic and catoptric tessellation list, with its dual called an *oblate tetrahedrille*, also called a disphenoid tetrahedral honeycomb. Although a regular tetrahedron can not tessellate space alone, this dual has identical disphenoid tetrahedron cells with isosceles triangle faces.
The *alternated bitruncated cubic honeycomb* or *bisnub cubic honeycomb* is non-uniform, with the highest symmetry construction reflecting an alternation of the uniform bitruncated cubic honeycomb. A lower-symmetry construction involves regular icosahedra paired with golden icosahedra (with 8 equilateral triangles paired with 12 golden triangles). There are three constructions from three related Coxeter diagrams: `{{CDD|node|4|node_h|3|node_h|4|node}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{CDD|node|4|node_h|split1|nodes_hh}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{CDD|node_h|split1|nodes_hh|split2|node_h}}`{=mediawiki}. These have symmetry \[4,3^+^,4\], \[4,(3^1,1^)^+^\] and \[3^\[4\]^\]^+^ respectively. The first and last symmetry can be doubled as \[\[4,3^+^,4\]\] and \[\[3^\[4\]^\]\]^+^. This honeycomb is represented in the boron atoms of the α-rhombohedral crystal. The centers of the icosahedra are located at the fcc positions of the lattice.
The *cantellated cubic honeycomb* or *cantellated cubic cellulation* is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of rhombicuboctahedra, cuboctahedra, and cubes in a ratio of 1:1:3, with a wedge vertex figure. John Horton Conway calls this honeycomb a **2-RCO-trille**, and its dual quarter oblate octahedrille.
The *cantitruncated cubic honeycomb* or *cantitruncated cubic cellulation* is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space, made up of truncated cuboctahedra, truncated octahedra, and cubes in a ratio of 1:1:3, with a mirrored sphenoid vertex figure. John Horton Conway calls this honeycomb a **n-tCO-trille**, and its dual triangular pyramidille. Its dual of the *cantitruncated cubic honeycomb* is called a **triangular pyramidille**, with Coxeter diagram, `{{CDD|node_f1|4|node_f1|3|node_f1|4|node}}`{=mediawiki}. These honeycomb cells represent the fundamental domains of ${\tilde{B}}_3$ symmetry. A cell can be as 1/24 of a translational cube with vertices positioned: taking two corners, ne face center, and the cube center. The edge colors and labels specify how many cells exist around the edge.
:
The *alternated cantitruncated cubic honeycomb* or *snub rectified cubic honeycomb* contains three types of cells: snub cubes, icosahedra (with *T~h~* symmetry), tetrahedra (as tetragonal disphenoids), and new tetrahedral cells created at the gaps.\
Although it is not uniform, constructionally it can be given as Coxeter diagrams `{{CDD|node_h|4|node_h|split1|nodes_hh}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{CDD|node_h|4|node_h|3|node_h|4|node}}`{=mediawiki}. Despite being non-uniform, there is a near-miss version with two edge lengths shown below, one of which is around 4.3% greater than the other. The snub cubes in this case are uniform, but the rest of the cells are not.
The *cantic snub cubic honeycomb* is constructed by snubbing the truncated octahedra in a way that leaves only rectangles from the cubes (square prisms). It is not uniform but it can be represented as Coxeter diagram `{{CDD|node_1|4|node_h|3|node_h|4|node}}`{=mediawiki}. It has rhombicuboctahedra (with *T~h~* symmetry), icosahedra (with *T~h~* symmetry), and triangular prisms (as *C~2v~*-symmetry wedges) filling the gaps.
The *runcitruncated cubic honeycomb* or *runcitruncated cubic cellulation* is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of rhombicuboctahedra, truncated cubes, octagonal prisms, and cubes in a ratio of 1:1:3:3, with an isosceles-trapezoidal pyramid vertex figure. Its name is derived from its Coxeter diagram, `{{CDD|node_1|4|node_1|3|node|4|node_1}}`{=mediawiki} with three ringed nodes representing 3 active mirrors in the Wythoff construction from its relation to the regular cubic honeycomb. John Horton Conway calls this honeycomb a **1-RCO-trille**, and its dual square quarter pyramidille. Its dual is **square quarter pyramidille**, with Coxeter diagram `{{CDD|node_f1|4|node_f1|3|node|4|node_f1}}`{=mediawiki}. Faces exist in 3 of 4 hyperplanes of the \[4,3,4\], ${\tilde{C}}_3$ Coxeter group. Cells are irregular pyramids and can be seen as 1/24 of a cube, using one corner, one mid-edge point, two face centers, and the cube center.
:
An *alternated omnitruncated cubic honeycomb* or *omnisnub cubic honeycomb* can be constructed by alternation of the omnitruncated cubic honeycomb, although it can not be made uniform, but it can be given Coxeter diagram: `{{CDD|node_h|4|node_h|3|node_h|4|node_h}}`{=mediawiki} and has symmetry \[\[4,3,4\]\]^+^. It makes snub cubes from the truncated cuboctahedra, square antiprisms from the octagonal prisms, and creates new tetrahedral cells from the gaps. Its dual is a space-filling honeycomb constructed as the dual of the alternated omnitruncated cubic honeycomb. The 24 cells fit around a vertex, making a chiral octahedral symmetry that can be stacked in all 3-dimensions:
:
The *runcic cantitruncated cubic honeycomb* or *runcic cantitruncated cubic cellulation* is constructed by removing alternating long rectangles from the octagons and is not uniform, but it can be represented as Coxeter diagram `{{CDD|node_h|4|node_h|3|node_h|4|node_1}}`{=mediawiki}. It has rhombicuboctahedra (with *T~h~* symmetry), snub cubes, two kinds of cubes: square prisms and rectangular trapezoprisms (topologically equivalent to a cube but with *D~2d~* symmetry), and triangular prisms (as *C~2v~*-symmetry wedges) filling the gaps.
The *biorthosnub cubic honeycomb* is constructed by removing alternating long rectangles from the octagons orthogonally and is not uniform, but it can be represented as Coxeter diagram `{{CDD|node_h|4|node_1|3|node_1|4|node_h}}`{=mediawiki}. It has rhombicuboctahedra (with *T~h~* symmetry) and two kinds of cubes: square prisms and rectangular trapezoprisms (topologically equivalent to a cube but with *D~2d~* symmetry).
The *truncated square prismatic honeycomb* or *tomo-square prismatic cellulation* is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of octagonal prisms and cubes in a ratio of 1:1. It is constructed from a truncated square tiling extruded into prisms. It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs.
The *snub square prismatic honeycomb* or *simo-square prismatic cellulation* is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of cubes and triangular prisms in a ratio of 1:2. It is constructed from a snub square tiling extruded into prisms. It is one of 28 convex uniform honeycombs.
A *snub square antiprismatic honeycomb* can be constructed by alternation of the truncated square prismatic honeycomb, although it can not be made uniform, but it can be given Coxeter diagram: `{{CDD|node|4|node_h|4|node_h|2x|node_h|infin|node}}`{=mediawiki} and has symmetry \[4,4,2,∞\]^+^. It makes square antiprisms from the octagonal prisms, tetrahedra (as tetragonal disphenoids) from the cubes, and two tetrahedra from the triangular bipyramids
| 1,354 |
Cubic honeycomb
| 0 |
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# Miriam Oliphant
**Miriam Oliphant** was the Supervisor of Elections for Broward County, Florida, from January 2001, when she was elected to that position by over 65% of the vote, to November 2003 when she was suspended by Governor Jeb Bush for \"\...grave neglect, mismanagement and incompetence.\" Although even Democratic activists backed Bush\'s decision, Oliphant, the only African American holding a county-wide office at the time, enjoyed much support from the black community which reacted negatively to her ouster. In 2005, the Florida Senate voted 33 to 6 to uphold Governor Bush\'s removal of Oliphant. Although immediately following the vote Oliphant\'s attorney, Ellis Rubin, announced Oliphant would sue Governor Bush in Federal Court, no claim was ever filed.
## Early political career {#early_political_career}
In 1991, Oliphant was appointed by then-Governor Lawton Chiles to the Broward County School Board. She would subsequently win two elections to the office. Alan Schreiber, head of Broward County\'s Public Defender\'s office, helped Oliphant in her re-election campaigns. Oliphant had been a witness coordinator for Schreiber.
## Removal
Government investigators found that not only had her office neglected to perform some of its most essential tasks, but it had gone almost \$1 million over budget. Among other findings was that Oliphant fired many experienced staff members, and replaced them with an all black and less (in some cases not-at-all) experienced friends and associates with significantly higher rates of pay.
She hired a college admissions representative who didn\'t even know what a primary election was and put her in charge of registration and absentee ballots. She promoted a computer specialist, whom she\'d met in her condominium building, to deputy supervisor.
One of the most questioned of Oliphant\'s personnel decisions was that of hiring a homeless man, Glen Davis, whom she met at the same shelter as her sister, who is also homeless. Davis, who was given mail room duties, failed to process over 300 absentee ballots for a 2002 primary election. His performance notwithstanding, shortly before her removal Oliphant gave Davis a \$5000 raise.
Due to Oliphant not hiring enough poll workers during the same 2002 primary, precinct voting locations had to open late and close early. All this was intolerable to Broward residents who had not forgotten the county\'s handling of the 2000 Presidential Election.
In February 2007, the Florida Elections Commission, which had originally fined Oliphant \$55,000 and accused her of being \"willfully and intentionally neglectful of her duties\" dropped the fine. A state administrative law judge who heard the case agreed with Oliphant, who claimed she was not intentionally neglectful. His decision was based on an appeals court ruling in a separate case, where the Elections Commission was told it cannot fine elections officials for simply neglecting their duties but must show they intentionally set out to violate the laws or disregard them
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# Minimum acceptable rate of return
In corporate finance, business, and engineering economics - in both industrial engineering and civil engineering - the **minimum acceptable rate of return** (often abbreviated **MARR**) is the minimum rate of return on a project a manager or company is willing to accept.
A synonym seen in many contexts is **minimum attractive rate of return**. The term **hurdle rate** (or cutoff rate) is also frequently used as a synonym, particularly in corporate finance, where the benchmark is often the cost of capital. See `{{slink|Corporate finance#Investment and project valuation}}`{=mediawiki}.
MARR increases with increased risk, and given the opportunity cost of forgoing other projects. It is typically referenced in the preliminary analysis of proposed projects.
## Hurdle rate determination {#hurdle_rate_determination}
The hurdle rate is usually determined by evaluating existing opportunities in operations expansion, rate of return for investments, and other factors deemed relevant by management. As an example, suppose a manager knows that investing in a conservative project, such as a bond investment or another project with no risk, yields a known rate of return. When analyzing a new project, the manager may use the conservative project\'s rate of return as the MARR. The manager will only implement the new project if its anticipated return exceeds the MARR by at least the risk premium of the new project.
A risk premium can also be attached to the hurdle rate if management feels that specific opportunities inherently contain more risk than others that could be pursued with the same resources. A common method for evaluating a hurdle rate is to apply the discounted cash flow method to the project, which is used in net present value models. The hurdle rate determines how rapidly the value of the dollar decreases out in time, which, parenthetically, is a significant factor in determining the payback period for the capital project when discounting forecast savings and spending back to present-day terms. Most companies use a 12% hurdle rate, which is based on the fact that the S&P 500 typically yields returns somewhere between 8% and 11% (annualized). Companies operating in industries with more volatile markets might use a slightly higher rate in order to offset risk and attract investors.
The hurdle rate is frequently used as a synonym of cutoff rate, benchmark and cost of capital. Different organizations might have slightly different interpretations, so when multiple organizations (e.g., a startup company and a venture capital firm) are discussing the suitability of investing in a project, it is important that both sides\' understanding of the term are compatible for this purpose. The hurdle rate is always higher (usually significantly) than the cost of capital - since generally no project is undertaken by a for profit entity that does not have an expected rate of return higher than the cost of capital (i.e., a profit) and every project has risk ( which must be compensated for).
## Project analysis {#project_analysis}
When a project has been proposed, it must first go through a preliminary analysis in order to determine whether or not it has a positive net present value using the MARR as the discount rate. The MARR is the target rate for evaluation of the project investment. This is accomplished by creating a cash flow diagram for the project, and moving all of the transactions on that diagram to the same point, using the MARR as the interest rate. If the resulting value at that point is zero or higher, then the project will move on to the next stage of analysis. Otherwise, it is discarded. The MARR generally increases with increased risk
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# Graswurzelrevolution
`{{Anarchism sidebar}}`{=mediawiki} ***Graswurzelrevolution*** (English: *Grassroots Revolution*) is an anarcho-pacifist magazine founded in 1972 by Wolfgang Hertle in West Germany. It focuses on social equality, anti-militarism and ecology. The magazine is considered the most influential and long-lived anarchist publication of the German post-war period. It is classified by the Verfassungsschutz as left-wing extremist.
According to social scientist Ralf Vandamme, *Graswurzelrevolution* is \"the main voice of the grassroots democratic activists.\"
\"The group that has most consistently tried to build a social rhizome and comes closest to anarchist ethics is the so-called Non-violent Action. It is not by coincidence that this group\'s newspaper, a magazine with a relatively wide distribution, is called *graswurzelrevolution*.\" --- Horst Stowasser
The zero issue of *Graswurzelrevolution* (GWR) \[*Grassroots Revolution*\] was published in the summer of 1972 in Augsburg, Bavaria. The \"monthly magazine for a non-violent, anarchist society\" was inspired by *Peace News* (published since 1936 by War Resisters\' International (WRI) in London), the German-speaking *Direkte Aktion* (*Newspaper for Anarchism and Non-Violence*; published from 1965 to 1966 by Wolfgang Zucht and other non-violent activists in Hanover) and the French-speaking *Anarchisme et Nonviolence* (published in Switzerland and France from 1964 to 1973).
Distributed throughout Germany, the paper describes itself as follows:
> *graswurzelrevolution* means a fundamental social revolution which intends to abolish all forms of violence and domination by building up power from below. We fight for a world which no longer discriminates against people on the grounds of their gender or sexual orientation, their language, origin, convictions, disabilities, or based on racist or anti-Semitic prejudice. Our aim is to replace hierarchies and capitalism by a self-organized, socialist economic order and to replace the state by a federalist and grassroots democratic society. Up to now, our work has been focussed on anti-militarist and ecological areas. As far as possible, our aims should be reflected and applied in our forms of struggle and organisation. In order to drive back and destroy structures of domination and violence, we use non-violent forms of action. This is the way in which the anarchist paper *graswurzelrevolution*, since 1972, has been striving to broaden and develop the theory and practice of non-violent revolution.
1999/2000: The coordinating editors of the publication *Graswurzelrevolution* No. 239 (April 1999) are the subjects of a criminal investigation according to § 111 of the Criminal Code, along with ninety persons who signed an appeal to boycott and desert the war in Yugoslavia. The *GWR* had already been investigated multiple times for the incitation of direct actions -- e.g. for the article printed in *GWR* No. 110 (Dec. 1986) entitled \"When the Utility Pole Falls... - Reflections upon Sabotage as a Direct, Non-Violent Action\".
It is the newspaper\'s declared aim to point out the connection between non-violence and anarchism and to contribute to \"the pacifist movement becoming libertarian socialist and the anarchist movement becoming non-violent in their form of fighting\". Since *GWR* No.52/1981 the periodical has been published monthly with a break in summer from July to August. Before that it came out every two to three months. Since 1989 it has come with an eight-page supplement of \"libertarian book pages\" every October. It has been published by different editors in Augsburg (1972--73), Berlin (1974--76), Göttingen (1976--78), Hamburg (1978--88), Heidelberg (1988--92), Wustrow (1992--95), Oldenburg (1995--99) and Münster (since the beginning of 1999). The sociologist Bernd Drücke is the coordinating editor since 1999. In the process the different editorial collectives each determined their own style. 2025 is *GWR*'s 54st year of publication, with circulations between 3,000 and 5,000 copies
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# Jean Philippe Goujon de Grondel
**Jean Philippe Goujon de Grondel** (November 27, 1714 in Saverne, Alsace -- November 29, 1807 in Salins, France) was a French general.
## Biography
Jean Philippe Goujon de Grondel was born 27 November 1714 in Saverne, the son of Jean de Goujon, a captain in the Alsace cavalry.
### New Orleans {#new_orleans}
In 1731 Grondel was sent as a young officer to Louisiana, where he distinguished himself in the wars against the Chickasaws and was wounded in the battle of Ackia in 1736. After his marriage in 1741, he was employed in various military expeditions and diplomatic negotiations with Native American peoples, until 1750 when he became a captain of the Swiss grenadiers of Louisiana, and was awarded the Cross of St. Louis for his services in 1753. In 1758, he settled as a planter in New Orleans where he managed a plantation and 150 slaves.
### Imprisonment
In 1759 Grondel was accused of insubordination by Governor Kerlerec and imprisoned for three years. In 1762 he was sent back to France to be prosecuted for insurrection. After a perilous return to France, Grondel was put under the protection by associates. On 9 April 1765 Grondel was put under arrest, and sent to the Bastille. He was released after a few days.
### Return to command {#return_to_command}
Judgment in his trial was finally rendered in 1769, in his favor. Soon after, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel. Louisiana having been ceded to Spain, Grondel was appointed in 1772 to the command of the naval base at Lorient, and rose to the rank of brigadier-general in 1788. On 9 March 1788, when he was appointed field marshal, he retired from the military with a pension.
In 1792, during the French Revolution, he was denounced as an aristocrat and thrown into prison, but once again for just a few days. Almost immediately upon his release he was elected by the inhabitants of Nemours as commanding general of the National Guards of their city, serving until the following year. Grondel commanded the National Guard of Nemours from 1792 to 1793.
### Later years and death {#later_years_and_death}
In 1796, he moved to Salins, near Montereau-Fault-Yonne, and died in 1807 at the age of 93
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# Gelora Delta Stadium
**Gelora Delta Sidoarjo** is a multi-purpose stadium in the regency of Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. The stadium is located within Greater Surabaya metropolitan area. It is currently mostly used for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 19,000 people. The stadium was built for organizing the PON XV (15th Indonesian National Sports Week) 2000, which was hosted by East Java and after the event East Java PON museum was built in front of the stadium.
The stadium is used as a venue for Indonesian National Football League. It is the home base of Deltras Sidoarjo, Persida Sidoarjo and PS Hizbul Wathan.
## Sport events {#sport_events}
- 2000 Pekan Olahraga Nasional
- 2006 Piala Indonesia Final.
- 2007 Piala Indonesia Opening match.
- 2007 Liga Indonesia Premier Division Quarterfinals.
- 2013 AFF U-19 Youth Championship
- 2014 Liga Indonesia Premier Division Semifinals and final
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Gelora Delta Stadium
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3,733,352 |
# Cantons of the Finistère department
The following is a list of the 27 **cantons of the Finistère department**, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015: `{{div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Brest-1
- Brest-2
- Brest-3
- Brest-4
- Brest-5
- Briec
- Carhaix-Plouguer
- Concarneau
- Crozon
- Douarnenez
- Fouesnant
- Guipavas
- Landerneau
- Landivisiau
- Lesneven
- Moëlan-sur-Mer
- Morlaix
- Plabennec
- Plonéour-Lanvern
- Plouigneau
- Pont-de-Buis-lès-Quimerch
- Pont-l\'Abbé
- Quimper-1
- Quimper-2
- Quimperlé
- Saint-Pol-de-Léon
- Saint-Renan
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3,733,357 |
# Navy SEALs (video game)
***Navy SEALs*** is a shoot \'em up platform video game developed and published by Ocean Software. It was first released in the United Kingdom for the Amstrad CPC, Amstrad GX4000 and Commodore 64 in 1990. It was later re-released in the rest of Europe for the ZX Spectrum, Atari ST and Amiga home computers in the following year. It was then ported to the Game Boy on 1 September 1991 in the United States. The game is based on the film of the same name and follows the protagonist, Lieutenant Dale Hawkins, progressing through five side-scrolling levels.
The game was developed by Ocean Software, renowned for creating video games based on films and other licensed properties. *Navy SEALs* focuses on Hawkins recovering caches of Stinger missiles from Arab soldiers in the Middle East. The game received positive reviews upon release, with critics mainly praising the graphics, presentation and challenging gameplay, but the criticism was directed at the ZX Spectrum port, which received disapproval over its monochrome graphics.
## Gameplay
The game is a side-scrolling shoot \'em up and revolves around the protagonist, Lieutenant Dale Hawkins, recovering caches of hidden Stinger missiles from Arab terrorists in Oman. The game features a total of five levels with varying locations and begins with allocating five lives to the player. The main objective of the game is to locate and place time bombs on boxes containing Stinger missiles, in which the player is required to escape before the time runs out. The enemies featured in the game are Arab terrorists; the player must neutralise them by shooting them with their selected weapon, which is a handgun by default. Other weapons available in the game include machine guns, rocket launchers, and a flamethrower, which are only accessible through finding hidden crates.
The second level of the game is in Beirut, and focuses on the player, along with a group of Navy SEALs, rescuing hostages in a 3D presentation of the city. If the player is successful in rescuing the hostages and recovering all missiles, the remaining forces will rendezvous at a submarine. During the game, the player-character may grapple onto ledges, climb ladders, crawl, and jump in any direction. The player can also push large crates in order to reach higher platforms. Combat is focused on shooting an enemy with a weapon on sight, but the player can crawl at any time in order to avoid the oncoming bullets of an enemy. The player is also able to neutralise enemies by dropping down onto them whilst dangling from a higher platform. In every level, the game sets a time limit when a bomb is placed on one of the crates containing Stinger missiles.
## Background
The music for *Navy SEALs* was composed by Matthew Cannon, an employee of Ocean Software.
## Reception
The game received mostly positive reviews upon release. Richard Smith of *Crash* heralded the graphics for their detail, colour and smooth animation, summarising that it was a \"landmark in every aspect\". Chris Jenkins of *Sinclair User* wrote that the graphics and animation were \"fabulous\", whilst focusing particular praise on the game\'s background details. Jeff Matthews of *Raze* praised the graphics for both Amstrad GX4000 and Commodore 64 ports, heralding them as \"nicely detailed\" and \"super-smoothly animated\", respectively. Matt Bielby of *Your Sinclair* praised the presentation and gameplay, citing them both as \"out of the ordinary\", whilst also praising the developer\'s attention for detail. Steve Fielder of *Commodore Format* praised the game\'s ability to fully utilise the colour palette of the Commodore 64, in which Fielder praised the \"smooth\" side scrolling levels and \"wonderfully\" detailed backdrops.
Two reviewers of *Mean Machines* praised the sprites and background drops, calling both \"cleverly animated\" and \"atmospheric\". However, the other reviewer criticised the game\'s hard difficulty. Robert Swan of *Computer and Video Games* criticised the playability of the ZX Spectrum version, calling it \"less playable\" due to its presentation in monochrome and hard difficulty. Reviewing the GX4000 port, Swann praised the \"colourful\" graphics, but expressed scepticism over the difficulty. Fielder also praised the game\'s soundtrack as \"mystifying\"
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# Wutaishan Stadium
**Wutaishan Stadium** (Simplified Chinese: 五台山体育场) is a multi-purpose stadium in Wutaishan Sports Center (Simplified Chinese: 五台山体育中心), Nanjing, China. It is currently used mostly for football matches, as home ground of Nanjing City since 2024 and formerly for Jiangsu Ladies. The stadium has a capacity for 22,000 people
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# Honorary Go titles
Professional Go players in Japan are given the title of \"Honorary\" (or \"Lifetime\") title holder if they either win the title ten times in a row, or have won the title five times in a row or ten times in total and reach the age of 60 years or retire. Below is a list of the honorary title holders and which title they are honored for.
## Honorary Kiseis {#honorary_kiseis}
- Fujisawa Hideyuki won the Kisei 6 times in a row from 1976 to 1982.
- Kobayashi Koichi won the Kisei 8 times in a row from 1986 to 1993.
- Iyama Yuta won the Kisei 9 times in a row 2013 to 2021.
## Honorary Meijins {#honorary_meijins}
- Cho Chikun won the Meijin 5 times in a row from 1980 to 1984.
- Kobayashi Koichi won the Meijin 7 times in a row from 1988 to 1994.
## Honorary Honinbos {#honorary_honinbos}
- Takagawa Kaku won the Honinbo 9 times in a row from 1952 to 1960.
- Sakata Eio won the Honinbo 7 times in a row from 1961 to 1967.
- Ishida Yoshio won the Honinbo 5 times in a row from 1971 to 1975.
- Cho Chikun won the Honinbo 10 times in a row from 1989 to 1998.
- Iyama Yuta won the Honinbo 11 times in a row from 2012 to 2022.
These players are called the 22nd / 23rd / 24th / 25th / 26th Honinbo, respectively.
## Honorary Judans {#honorary_judans}
- There have been no Honorary Judans.
## Honorary Tengens {#honorary_tengens}
- Rin Kaiho won the Tengen 5 times in a row from 1988 to 1993.
- Iyama Yuta won the Tengen 5 times in a row from 2015 to 2019.
## Honorary Ozas {#honorary_ozas}
- Kato Masao won the Oza 8 times in a row from 1982 to 1989.
## Honorary Goseis {#honorary_goseis}
- Otake Hideo won the Gosei 6 times in a row from 1980 to 1985.
- Kobayashi Koichi won the Gosei 6 times in a row from 1988 to 1993.
- Iyama Yuta won the Gosei 5 times in a row from 2012 to 2016
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# List of programs broadcast by Alpha TV
This is a **list of programs broadcast by Alpha TV (formerly Skai)**, including current and former programming as well as upcoming programming.
## Current programming {#current_programming}
### Comedy series {#comedy_series}
- *Don\'t start moaning* (October 7, 2013 - present)
- *The Neoclassicals* (March 4, 2022 - present)
- *Fonoi sto Kampanario* (2023-present)
### Drama series {#drama_series}
- *Sasmos* (September 6, 2021 - present)
- *The ladies\' paradise* (2022-present)
- *To Proxenio tis Ioulias* (2023-present)
- *Code Name: Doctor* (2023-present)
### Reality series and game show {#reality_series_and_game_show}
- *Deal* (October 3, 2016 - 2023)
- *Doubts* (September 5, 2022 - present)
- *Oikogeneiakes Istories* (2023-present)
### Daytime talk shows {#daytime_talk_shows}
- *Happy Day with Stamatina Tsimtsili* (March 17, 2014 - present)
- *Weekend with Manesis* (September 9, 2017 - present)
- *As good as it gets with Natalia Germanou* (September 15, 2018 - present)
- *Kitchen Lab with Akis Petretzikis* (November 10, 2018 - present)
- *Tlive with Tatiana Stefanidou* (December 7, 2020 - present)
- *Super Katerina with Katerina Kainourgiou* (September 13, 2021 - present)
### News/documentary programming {#newsdocumentary_programming}
- *Alpha Central News with Antonis Sroiter* (March 16, 2009 - present)
- *Alpha Afternoon News*
- *Autopsy with Antonis Sroiter* (April 18, 2012 - present)
- *Protagonists with Stavros Thodorakis* (October 28, 2021 - present)
### International programming {#international_programming}
- *America\'s Funniest Home Videos* (2022 - present)
## Formerly broadcast by Alpha TV {#formerly_broadcast_by_alpha_tv}
### Soap operas {#soap_operas}
Title Premiere date Finale Notes Seasons
------------------------- --------------- -------- ------- ---------
*On my shoes* 5
*The Ladies\' Paradise* 2
### Comedy
Title Premiere date Finale Seasons Episodes Notes
----------------------------- -------------------- ------------------- --------- ----------------- -----------------------------------
*Don\'t play with Margaret* October 4, 1999 March 2000 1 16
*Velvet from silk* September 24, 2004 July 1, 2005 1 31
*Honest Cuckolds* October 2, 2006 June 25, 2007 1 32
*The Shots* September 24, 2007 June 26, 2008 1 26
*Perfect Creatures* September 25, 2007 July 1, 2008 1 26
*Veta Queen* October 6, 2008 December 15, 2008 1 10
*My angel, my devil* October 18, 2008 December 6, 2008 1 8
*Your Family* October 23, 2014 June 25, 2019 5 307
*Don\'t bother me* October 20, 2015 November 3, 2015 1 3 The series was cancelled suddenly
*Asteras Rachoulas Team* October 24, 2016 June 26, 2017 1 28
*A Very Different Story* May 5, 2017 October 28, 2017 1 17
*The red weeding dress* October 5, 2017 December 14, 2017 1 10
*Home Is* September 30, 2019 March 13, 2020 1 38 (+8 unaired) The series was cancelled suddenly
*Can you keep a secret?* October 3, 2019 February 21, 2020 1 18
*Mum, let us alone!* September 13, 2021 June 29, 2022 1 125
*The Neoclassicals* March 4, 2022 May 20, 2023 1 7
*Murders in the belfry* October 20, 2023 December 23, 2023 1 12
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## Formerly broadcast by Alpha TV {#formerly_broadcast_by_alpha_tv}
### Serials
- *504 chiliometra voria tis Athinas* (504 χιλιόμετρα βόρεια της Αθήνας) - romance
- *Afti I Nixta Menei* (Αυτή η Νύχτα Μένει) - drama
- *Ach! kai na\'xeres* (Αχ! και να \'ξερες) - comedy
- *Akrovatondas* (Ακροβατώντας) - drama
- *Alithinoi erotes* (Αληθινοί έρωτες) - drama
- *Amore mio* - comedy
- *An m\' agapas* (Αν μ\' αγαπάς) - drama
- *Archipelagos* (Αρχιπέλαγος) - drama
- *Berdemata* (Μπερδέματα) - comedy
- *Chorevodas sti siopi* (Χορεύοντας στη σιωπή) - drama
- *Dekati entoli* (10η εντολή) - crime drama
- *Eho ena mystiko* (Έχω ένα μυστικό) - drama
- *Erasitechnis anthropos* (Ερασιτέχνης άνθρωπος) - comedy
- *Erotas me epidotisi O.G.A.* (Έρωτας με επιδότηση Ο.Γ.Α.) - comedy
- *Exafanisi* (Εξαφάνιση) - drama
- *G4 (Γ4)* - teen drama
- *Gia panta files* (Για πάντα φίλες) - comedy
- *Gia tin kardia enos angelou* (Για την καρδιά ενός αγγέλου) - drama
- *Η adelfi tis adelfis tis adelfis mou* (H αδελφή της αδελφής της αδελφής μου) - drama
- *Iparhoun andres kai andres* (Υπάρχουν άντρες και άντρες) - comedy
- *Istoria agapis* (Ιστορία αγάπης) - romance
- *Istories tou astinomou Beka* (Ιστορίες του αστυνόμου Μπέκα) - mystery, drama with Ieroklis Michaelidis
- *Kala na pathis* (Καλά να πάθεις) - comedy
- *Kinoumeni ammos* (Κινούμενη άμμος) - drama
- *Kato apo tin Akropoli* (Κάτω από την Ακρόπολη) - drama
- *Matomena homata* (Ματωμένα χώματα) - drama
- *Me diafora stithous* (Με διαφορά στήθους) - comedy
- *Meine dipla mou* (Μείνε δίπλα μου) - drama
- *Mi masas to paramithi* (Μη μασάς το παραμύθι) - drama
- *Mou lipeis* (Μου λείπεις) - Drama, romance
- *Mou to kratas maniatiko* (Μου το κρατάς μανιάτικο) - comedy
- *Mystikes diadromes* (Μυστικές διαδρομές) - drama
- *Odos Paradisou 7* (Οδός Παραδείσου 7) - comedy
- *Oi atromitoi* (Οι ατρόμητοι) - comedy
- *Patra - Venetia* (Πάτρα - Βενετία) - comedy
- *Pira kokkina gyalia* (Πήρα κόκκινα γυαλιά) - comedy
- *Protoselidos belas* (Πρωτοσέλιδος μπελάς) - comedy
- *Sto dromo tis kardias* (Στο δρόμο της καρδιάς) - romance
- *Telefteos paradisos* (Τελευταίος παράδεισος) - romance
- *Tha se do sto plio* (Θα σε δω στο πλοίο) - comedy
- *To deka* (Το δέκα) - comedy
- *Zoi xana* (Ζωή ξανά) - comedy
- *San Oikogeneia* (Σαν Οικογένεια) - Drama, romance
- *To Tatouaz* (Το τατουάζ) - Drama, romance, thriller
- *Aggeliki* (Αγγελική)- Drama
## Children\'s
- *Beverly Hills Teens*
- *Silver Hawks*
- *Spider-Man*
- *Zorro*
- *The Lion Guard*
- *Mickey Mouse Clubhouse*
- *DuckTales*
- *Sofia the First*
- *101 Dalmatian Street*
- *Fancy Nancy Clancy*
- *Muppet Babies*
- *Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures*
- *Miles from Tomorrowland*
- *Goldie & Bear*
- *Henry Hugglemonster*
- *Sheriff Callie\'s Wild West*
- *My Friends Tigger & Pooh*
- *Chuggington*
- *Princess Sissi*
- *The Triplets*
- *Winx Club*
- *Little Women II: Jo\'s Boys*
- *The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat*
- *Anne of Green Gables*
- *Thundercats*
- *World Fairy Tale Series*
- *DuckTales*
- *The New Scooby-Doo Movies*
- *Candy Candy*
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## Entertainment
- *Allaxe to* - lifestyle and design program that shows viewers how to change their personal space. The show follows the makeover from start to finish and also gives a look at family members and their feelings on the changes taking place. Hosted by Spiros Soulis.
- *Deste Tous* (*Watch them/Tie them*) - The craziest group of Greek television is back after the great success of last season and promises to be even more caustic and enjoyable! Nikos Moutsinas and Maria Iliaki forefront having with them Katerina Kenourgiou, daily at 16:00 from 26 September. With new and favorite sections, *Deste tous!* continues and will be for another season your best afternoon companion. The much vaunted unity became fashion fans even in the political world, grows. So this year, in addition to the coveted prize of lame shoe for best-dressed of the week, will be awarded and the Olive slippers, the worst show of the week. Golden TV, the beloved and idiosyncratic standup comedy of Nikos, is back in a good mood to comment on current events and television to remind special moments of the past. And of course, the famous dance of Maria is expected to stir for another season crowds. These will add several new modules and original games that will be loved by them viewers. *Deste tous!*, and nothing will be left standing!
- *Apo kardias* - talkshow that deals with social issues affecting everyone. Various issues are discussed and attempts are made to help people solve their problems. Monetary gifts will be given to those, judged by the audience, to be in most need. Hosted by Andreas Mikroutsikos.
- *Afto mas elipe* - variety show that looks to inform and entertain. Features various guests from political figures to actors and athletes who liven up the mood. Also a look at the movie and theatre scene as well as social functions. Hosted by Sofia Alberti.
- *Ikones* - travel program that takes the viewer to far-off places and gives them a look at the people, their culture and the geography. It aired for four seasons, hosted by Taso Dousi.
- *Big Brother* - presented by Roula Koromila
- *Η kouzina tis mamas* - entertaining show that seeks to teach viewers, in a fun way, about cooking and eating healthy. Host Εftihis Bletsas travels the country visiting as many homes, and moms, as he can, to find out their special tips or secret recipes and to educate everyone about how and why we should eat properly. Along the way, he gives his special tips and tricks as well as information on health and diet. Eftihis also entertains everyone with music and singing. (2005--2009) (originally aired on ET3)
- *Koita ti ekanes* - variety show, with music, dance, laughs and more. With a live band and theatrical performances, this show keeps viewers and guests alike entertained. Hosted by Semina Digeni. Originally aired on NET.
- *Kous kous to mesimeri* - entertainment show that features entertainment, music and more; now in its third year on Alpha, hosted by Katerina Karavatou, Dimitris Papanotas, and Nikos Moutsinas
- *Mes stn kali hara* - weekend variety show, informative and entertaining; hosted by Natalia Germanou and Sissi Hristidou
- *Ola* (Everything) - comedy show with Themos Anastasiadis (2000-2006); it was cancelled after 2005-2006 season, but has now moved to ANT1, going by the name of *Ola 7even*
- *Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos* - Greek version of the famous question game-show *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?* (2005--2006)
- *To pio megalo pazari* - hosted by Andreas Mikroutsikos (2006-??); the sequel to the 1993 gameshow *To Megalo Pazari* (also hosted by Mikroutsikos)
- *Ne i ou?* (*Yeah or nope?*) - gameshow hosted every Friday afternoon by Petros Phillipidis (2006-??).
- *Pame paketo* (*The package*) - hosted by Vicky Hadjivassiliou
- *Siga min katso na skaso* - talkshow presented by Fotis Sergoulopoulos and Maria Bakodimou; features news, stories and celebrities from the Greek entertainment scene
- *TV stars, parousiaste!* (*TV stars, present!*) - a reality game show featuring a quest to find the best new presenter in Greece; hosted by Betty Maggira and featuring Ilias Psinakis, Natalia Germanou and Kostantis Spyropoulos as judges
- *Tha peis kai ena tragoudi* (*You will say a song*) - presented by Andreas Mikroutsikos; based on the American *Singing Bee*
- *Eleni* - presented by Eleni Menegaki, informative and entertaining
- *Happy Day ston Alpha* - presented by Stamatina Tsimtsili, morning show, gossip, informative and entertaining
- *Deal* - presented by Christos Ferentinos
- *Bake Off Greece* - presented by Ioanna Triantafillou
- *Ti Leei?* - presented by Eleni Tsolaki, gossip, informative and entertaining
- *Kitchen Lab* - presented by Akis Petretzikis
- *Ready, Steady, Cook* - presented by Akis Petretzikis
- *Pop Up* - presented by Iliana Papageorgiou
## Foreign
- *Baywatch*
- *Beverly Hills, 90210*
- *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*
- *CSI: Miami*
- *CSI: NY*
- *The Dresden Files*
- *ER*
- *Everybody Loves Raymond*
- *Frasier*
- *Hélène et les Garçons*
- *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit*
- *Melrose Place*
- *The Nanny*
- *Sex and the City*
- *Without a Trace*
- *Keeping Up with the Kardashians*
- *Beauty & the Beast*
- *Grey\'s Anatomy*
- *Third Watch*
- *Pacific Blue*
- *Little House on the Prairie*
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# List of programs broadcast by Alpha TV
## News/information
- *7 meres Alpha* - a look back at all the top news stories of the past week; examines the headlines from the world of politics, the economy, sports and entertainment; hosted by Βασιλική Παναγιωτοπούλου
- *Anazitiseis* - current affairs program that features journalists who investigate relevant issues also reports on missing person cases; hosted by Spiros Karatzaferis
- *Antignomies* - current affairs program that covers the issues that are making headlines; features a live discussion with various guests in studio; hosted by Nikos Hadjinikolaou
- *Documento* - news magazine that focuses public life and the key issues surrounding it as well as analysis and discussion on the problems facing everyday people; hosted by Nikos Manesis
- *Exandas* - documentary series presented by Giorgos Avgeropoulos; moved to NET
- *I mihani tou hronou* - examines stories that made the headlines in past years and investigates them further to uncover hidden truths; hosted by Christos Vasilopoulos, later moved to NET
- *Kalimera sas* (*Good morning to you*) - morning show which featured discussion with in-studio guests and news from all over Greece and abroad; hosted by Giorgos Aftias and Maria Nikoltsiou
- *Pera apo ton orizonta* - current affairs program that focuses on international news. Topics of discussion include politics, social issues, breaking news stories as well as a look at the customs and cultures of different countries around the world. Hosted by Demi Karagianni and Petros Gatzias.
- *Proines selides* - morning show for the weekend; features news and sports as well as a recap of the top stories from the week that past; hosted by Giorgos Ekonomeas
- *Prosopa* (*Faces*) - one on one discussion with various figures from public life. Guests include political figures, famous sports figures and those from the arts; hosted by Nikos Hadjinikolaou
- *Studio Alpha* - weekend morning program focusing on current affairs, news, discussion, panel of guests answering viewer questions and more; aired for 8 seasons and was hosted by Nikos Manesis
- *To kouti tis Pandoras* (*Pandora\'s box*) - documentary series that investigates various issues and attempts to uncover that story behind the story. Reports on events that have made headlines at some point, past or present. Presented by Kostas Vaxevanis. Moved to NET.
## Sports
- *Alpha protathlima* - live coverage of A Ethniki, the Greek soccer league; three games live every week on Saturday, Sunday and Monday
- *Paixte bala* (no longer airs) - news, highlights and in-depth reports from the world of soccer. Host Pavlos Papadimitriou looks back at the weekend\'s games from the Greek first division as well as other leagues across Europe. Viewers also have a chance to win great prizes
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# Prince Mohamed bin Fahd Stadium
The **Prince Mohammad bin Fahd Stadium** is a multi-purpose stadium in Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
## History
Mohammad bin Fahd Stadium was built in 1973 and named after Mohammad bin Fahd, the former governor of the Eastern Province. It was the first football stadium in the province.
The venue is used mostly for football matches and has been the home stadium of the local clubs Al-Ettifaq and Al-Nahda. However, Al-Ettifaq moved out after the construction of their new stadium. The stadium is also used by Al-Qadsiah, although they will relocate once the Aramco Stadium is completed. Additionally, Al-Khaleej uses the stadium for selected matches.
The stadium\'s capacity is 26,000 and it covers an area of 105,929.06 square meters. It was the first football stadium in the province.
## International matches hosted {#international_matches_hosted}
Date Competition Team #1 Res
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# RoboCop 2 (video game)
***RoboCop 2*** is a platform shooter video game based on the 1990 film of the same name. The game was released for several platforms, including Amiga, Amstrad GX4000, Atari ST, Commodore 64, Game Boy, Nintendo Entertainment System, and ZX Spectrum. Ocean Software developed and published several versions, and Data East manufactured an arcade version.
A sequel, *RoboCop 3*, was released in 1991-93, itself based on the film of the same name.
## Gameplay
*RoboCop 2* is based on the 1990 film of the same name, in which a Detroit cyborg cop known as RoboCop must stop a drug distributor, Cain, from spreading a new drug known as Nuke. The Game Boy and Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) versions are primarily shoot \'em up games. They differ from the Amiga, Amstrad GX4000 and Commodore 64 versions, which also differ from each other. In addition to side-scrolling platform levels, the Amiga and ZX Spectrum versions include other levels consisting of first-person shooting galleries -- an aspect from the original *RoboCop* game -- and a puzzle game in which the player must help RoboCop remember his memories by arranging certain electronic chips.
## Development and release {#development_and_release}
The Amiga and Atari ST versions were developed by Special FX and published by Ocean Software, which also developed the NES and Game Boy versions. Programming of the Amiga version began months before the film\'s release. As a guide, the Special FX development team was given a pre-release version of the film that excluded several scenes. The team was also given a preliminary script of the film and pictures of the characters. Audio samples from the film, including RoboCop\'s gunfire and footsteps, were added into the Amiga version. The ZX Spectrum and Amiga versions include digitized scenes from the film.
In the United Kingdom, Ocean released the Amiga version in November 1990, followed by the release of the Amstrad GX4000, Game Boy and Atari ST versions the following month. A Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) version had been released in the United States by April 1991. An arcade version, manufactured by Data East, was also released in 1991.
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# RoboCop 2 (video game)
## Reception
The Amiga version received praise for its graphics and sound, but some reviewers criticized its lack of originality. *Raze* called it \"challenging and extremely well presented\" and noted the \"especially addictive\" puzzle sections. *The One*, reviewing the Amiga version, considered the game to be an improvement over its predecessor, particularly for its platform-based gameplay. However, *The One* noted that the game omitted several notable sequences from the film. *CU Amiga* praised the \"addictive\" gameplay and called *RoboCop 2* \"the best licensed product\" of 1990. Maff Evans of *Amiga Format* criticized the difficult controls, but praised the gameplay, calling it \"enjoyable\". *Amiga Power* also criticized the controls, while *Amiga Computing* criticized the game\'s difficulty. *Computer and Video Games*, reviewing the Amiga and ZX Spectrum versions, noted the difficult gameplay as well.
*The One* also reviewed the arcade version of *RoboCop 2* in 1991, calling it \"an uninspired follow-up to the original arcade smash. A few bells and whistles have been added, but although the sprites are bigger than last time out, the overall graphic quality is lower.\" *The One* furthermore expresses that \"You\'d have to be a real fan to get much out of this.\"
The Atari ST version received praise for its graphics and sound, as did the ZX Spectrum version. *Crash* praised the ZX Spectrum version for its various gameplay styles, stating that they make *RoboCop 2* \"one of the few games actually worth the asking price!\" *Crash* concluded that the game was \"fast, furious, addictive and a hell of a lot of fun to play!\" *Your Sinclair*, reviewing the ZX Spectrum version, considered the game to be better than its predecessor, noting larger levels and stating that the game was \"one of the best film conversions Ocean have ever done\".
*Mean Machines* praised the graphics of the Amstrad GX4000 version, but criticized the \"incredibly frustrating\" gameplay. *Commodore Format* praised the sound and gameplay of the Commodore 64 version, but criticized the \"gaudy\" graphics, stating that they lacked atmosphere. *Nintendo Power*, reviewing the NES version, noted that the character of RoboCop can be initially difficult to control.
In Japan, *Game Machine* listed the arcade version of *RoboCop 2* on their April 15, 1991 issue as being the twenty-fourth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.
The ZX Spectrum version won \"Best Game Overall\" in the 1990 *Crash* Readers\' Awards, after being chosen by 21 percent of the magazine\'s readers. The ZX Spectrum version also won fifth place in the 1990 *Your Sinclair* Readers\' Awards, and by April 1991 had reached second place in UK sales behind *Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles*
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# Tsurphu Monastery
**Tsurphu Monastery** (`{{bo|t=མཚུར་ཕུ་དགོན་པ}}`{=mediawiki}) or **Tölung Tsurphu** (`{{bo|t=སྟོད་ལུང་མཚུར་ཕུ}}`{=mediawiki}, \"Tsurphu of Tölong\") is a gompa which serves as the traditional seat of the Karmapa, the head of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. It is located in Gurum in Doilungdêqên District, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, 70 km from Lhasa.
The monastery is about 4300 m above sea level. It was built in the middle of the valley facing south with high mountains surrounding the complex.
Tsurphu is a 300 m2 complex with walls up to 4 m thick. The gompa, the traditional seat of the Karmapa lamas, is about 28 km up the Dowo Lung Valley on the north side of the river. The original walls of the main building were up to 4 meters thick and 300 meters on each side (90000 m2). The monks\' residences were on the eastern side.
## History
Tsurphu was founded by Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama (1110-1193) in 1159, after he visited the site and laid the foundation for an establishment of a seat there by making offerings to the local protectors, the dharmapalas and territorial divinities (`{{bo|w=yul lha}}`{=mediawiki}). In 1189 he revisited the site and founded his main seat there. The monastery grew to hold 1000 monks.
The complex was totally destroyed in 1966 during the Cultural Revolution. Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa, began to rebuild it in 1980; he died in 1981.
Following the recognition of Ogyen Trinley Dorje (born 1985) as the 17th Karmapa by the Tai Situpa, the Dalai Lama and China\'s governmental offices, he was enthroned at Tsurphu and resided there until he escaped from Tibet to India in 2000.
### Branch monastery {#branch_monastery}
A Yelpa Kagyu monastery, Jang Tana, in Nangchen, Kham, is considered a branch monastery of Tsurpu. It was founded by Yelpa Yeshe Tsek in 1068.
### Variant names {#variant_names}
Variant names for the monastery include: Tsurphu, 楚布寺, mtshur mdo bo lung dgon, 祖普寺, Okmin Tsurpu, \'og min mtshur phu.
## Pilgrims
Image:Elderly Pilgrim, Tsurphu 1993.JPG\|Elderly pilgrim, Tsurphu Gompa, 1993 Image:Pilgrims, Tsurphu 1993.JPG\|Pilgrims, Tsurphu Gompa, 1993 <File:Nomad> camp above Tsurphu Gompa 2.JPG\|Nomad camp above Tsurphu Gompa, 1993. Smoke is from juniper burning for ceremony
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# Seattle Mountaineers
The **Seattle Mountaineers** are a semi-professional basketball club and a member of the American Basketball Association (ABA). They are currently a touring exhibition team that plays against junior and community colleges within the United States and Canada. After four years as an IBL franchise, the Mountaineers jumped to the ABA in 2010 and applied and received non-profit status. Team owner, president and head coach is Don Sims. The club\'s stated goal is to provide \"an inclusive, Christian-based experience\" and teach players the benefits of competition and understand its redemptive value.
## History
The Mountaineers were established in 2005 and began play in the 2006 IBL season. After sitting out 2007 and 2008, the Mountaineers returned to the IBL for the 2009 season.
In 2010, the Mountaineers joined the NABL for the competition\'s inaugural season. Seattle Mountaineers basketball team subsequently entered the ABA\'s Pacific Far West division and finished the 2009--10 season with a 16--11 record.
## Season-by-season {#season_by_season}
Season Record
---------- --------
2011--12 26--7
2012--13 17--5
2013--14 20--8
2014--15 15--5
2015--16 26--6
2016--17 13--6
2017--18 9--7
2018--19 13--12
2019--20 14--6
2021--22 10--8
2022--23 12--5
2023--24 8--7
2024--25 6--8
Source: [Don Sims bio](http://www.hometeamsonline.com/teams/default
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# Joe Aska
**Joe Aska** (born July 14, 1972) is a former American football running back who played for the Oakland Raiders and the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL), as well as the New York/New Jersey Hitmen of the XFL.
## High school and college career {#high_school_and_college_career}
Aska was an all-district tailback at Putnam City High School, where he also lettered in basketball and track & field. He won state titles in the 100 meters and 200 meters races. He then attended the University of Central Oklahoma. In 1994, as a junior, he led the Lone Star Conference in rushing with 1,629 yards and 15 touchdowns. He was also a finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy, the award given to the best football player in Division II.
## National Football League career {#national_football_league_career}
Aska was drafted in the third round (86th overall) of the 1995 NFL draft by the Oakland Raiders. After sitting out most of his rookie season, he played in the last game of the 1995 NFL season against the Denver Broncos. He was the primary backup to Napoleon Kaufman the following season, and started two games. After one more season with the Raiders, he signed with the Indianapolis Colts for the 1999 season. However, he did not see any playing time with the Colts, and was subsequently cut. He finished his NFL career with 74 carries for 326 yards and a touchdown. He later joined the New York/New Jersey Hitmen of the XFL. He led the team in rushing with 329 yards on 82 carries, and posted 5 touchdowns
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# Bernard d'Espagnat
**Bernard d\'Espagnat** (22 August 1921 -- 1 August 2015) was a French theoretical physicist, philosopher of science, and author, best known for his work on the nature of reality. The Wigner--d\'Espagnat inequality is partially named after him.
*Quote*: \"The doctrine that the world is made up of objects whose existence is independent of human consciousness turns out to be in conflict with quantum mechanics and with facts established by experiment.\"
## Early life {#early_life}
d\'Espagnat was born on 22 August 1921 in Fourmagnac, France, but spent most of his early years in Paris, where his father, a post-impressionist painter, and mother imbued him with a love of classic literature and the arts. Attending school in Paris, he was drawn to the humanities, especially philosophy. Despite his love of philosophy, d\'Espagnat focused on science and mathematics, believing that advances in philosophy would require the knowledge and practice of contemporary science.
In 1939, as d\'Espagnat made plans to enter the Ecole Polytechnique, World War II put his education on hold.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
D\'Espagnat obtained his Ph.D. from the Sorbonne at the Institut Henri Poincaré under the guidance of Louis de Broglie. He was a researcher at the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique CNRS, 1947--1957. During this period he also worked with Enrico Fermi in Chicago, 1951--1952, and on a research project led by Niels Bohr at the Institute in Copenhagen, 1953--1954. He then pursued his scientific career as the first theoretical physicist at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, 1954-59.
From 1959 until his retirement in 1987, D\'Espagnat was a senior lecturer at the Faculty of Sciences at the Sorbonne University. He was director of the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Elementary Particles at the University of Paris XI (Orsay), 1980-87. He was a visiting professor at the University of Texas at Austin in 1977, and at the University of California - Santa Barbara in 1984.
He has been a member of the Brussels International Academy of the Philosophy of Science since 1975, and of the French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences since 1996. His experiments with Bell\'s inequalities to further his concept of veiled reality won the attention of the John Templeton Foundation. D\'Espagnat became the 2009 Templeton Prize winner in March for his \"work which acknowledges that science cannot fully explain \'the nature of being.\'\"
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# Bernard d'Espagnat
## Philosophical outlook {#philosophical_outlook}
D\'Espagnat remained troubled by the scant attention most physicists paid to the interpretational questions raised by quantum mechanics. His first book, *Conceptions of Contemporary Physics* (1965), asked these questions and sketched possible resolutions, underscoring his insistence that scientists face the issues raised by their own pursuits.
Subsequently, d\'Espagnat was an early interpreter of the deep philosophical significance of experimental research agendas in quantum physics. In his 1979 Scientific American article, \"The Quantum Theory and Reality,\" and best-selling 1979 book, *À la recherche du réel, le regard d\'un physicien* (*In Search of Reality, the Outlook of a Physicist*), he encouraged physicists and philosophers to think afresh about questions long considered marginal but which today serve as the foundation for new fields of research into the nature of reality.
In *Le réel voilé, analyse des concepts quantiques* (*Veiled Reality, An Analysis of Present-Day Quantum Mechanical Concepts*), d\'Espagnat coined the term \"veiled reality\" and explained why significant experiments over the past decade had not restored conventional realism. *On Physics and Philosophy* (published in France in 2002 as *Traité de physique et de philosophie*) was hailed as \"surely the most complete book to have been written on this subject and one likely to last a long time...\" by Roland Omnès. His most recent book is *Candide et le physicien* (*Candide and the Physicist*), written with Claude Saliceti and published in 2008, a layperson\'s guide that answers 50 questions which pinpoint and correct preconceived ideas of contemporary physics and examine the many conceptual and philosophical changes those ideas reveal.
D\'Espagnat was a transcendental realist. He suggested that transcendental realism offers a new argument for the existence of God.
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# Bernard d'Espagnat
## Books by d\'Espagnat {#books_by_despagnat}
- 1965 - *Conceptions de la physique contemporaine; les interprétations de la mécanique quantique et de la mesure*. Paris: Hermann.
- 1976 - *Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Mechanics*, 2nd ed. Addison Wesley.
- 1979 - *À la recherche du réel - Le regard d\'un physicien*. Gauthier-Villars
- 1982 - *Un atome de sagesse: Propos d\'un physicien sur le réel voilé*. Paris: Le Seuil.
- 1983 - *In Search of Reality*. Springer. Trans. of *A la recherche du réel, le regard d\'un physicien*.
- 1984 - *Nonseparability and the Tentative Descriptions of Reality*.
- 1989 - *Reality and the Physicist :Knowledge, Duration and the Quantum World*. Cambridge Univ. Press., 284 pages, by Bernard D\'Espagnat;J C Espagnat Bernard D\'Whitehouse `{{ISBN|978-0-521-33846-2}}`{=mediawiki}. Transl. of *Une incertaine réalité; le monde quantique, la connaissance et la durée*.
- 1990 - *Penser la science ou les enjeux du savoir*.
- 1990 - *Georges d\'Espagnat*.
- 1993 (with others) - *Regards sur la matière des quanta et des choses*.
- 1994 - *Le Réel voilé, analyse des concepts quantiques*. English Transl. (2003), *Veiled Reality: An Analysis of Quantum Mechanical Concepts*, 2003, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 494 pages. `{{ISBN|978-0-8133-4087-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- 1997 - *Physique et réalité, un débat avec Bernard d\'Espagnat*. Atlantica Séguier Frontieres. `{{ISBN|978-2-86332-216-1}}`{=mediawiki}.
- 1998 - *Ondine et les feux du savoir. Carnets d\'une petite sirène*.
- 1999 - *Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Mechanics*, Westview Press, Second Edition, Paperback · 352 pages, `{{ISBN|978-0-7382-0104-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2006 - *On physics and philosophy*. Princeton University Press. `{{ISBN|978-0-691-11964-9}}`{=mediawiki} Translation of 2002, *Traité de physique et de philosophie*.
- 2008 - *Candide et le physicien* (*Candide and the Physicist*), with Claude Saliceti
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# Greek National Road 2
**Greek National Road 2** (*Εθνική Οδός 2*, abbreviated as **EO2**) is a single carriageway with at-grade intersections, located in the regions of West Macedonia, Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace. It connects the Albanian border near Florina with the Turkish border near Alexandroupoli. Its section east of Thessaloniki has been replaced by the new A2 motorway (Egnatia Odos). The section between the Albanian border and Thessaloniki is part of European route E86.
## Route
The EO2 is officially defined as an east-west route through northwestern Greece, southern Macedonia and southern Thrace, between the Albania--Greece border to the west near Krystallopigi, and the Greece--Turkey border to the east at Kipoi: in practice, the EO2 is split into two parts by the A2 motorway (Egnatia Odos) replacing the segment between Efkarpia and Lagyna.
The western section (Krystallopigi--Efkarpia) passes through Vatochori, Florina, Pisoderi, Florina, Edessa, Giannitsa, Chalkidona and Thessaloniki; The eastern section (Lagyna--Kipoi) passes through Lagkadikia, Amphipolis, Kavala, Toxotes, Xanthi, Lagos, Komotini, Mesti, Alexandroupolis, Feres and Ardani. The EO2 overlaps with the EO15 from Vatochori to Trigono, with the EO3 from Agios Athanasios, Florina to Vevi, and with the EO1 Chalkidona to Gefyra.
In addition to replacing a small part of the EO2 north of Thessaloniki, the A2 motorway also provides a faster route than the EO2 between Thessaloniki and Kipoi. Since 1975, the EO2 formed part of the European route E86 from Krystallopigi to Gefyra, although the section between Gefyra and Thessaloniki was dropped in October 2000.
## History
Ministerial Decision G25871 of 9 July 1963 created the current EO2 from all or part of the following short-lived national roads (listed from west to east), which existed by royal decree from 1955 to 1963:
- The old EO34 from the Albania--Greece border at Krystallopigi to Vatochori, Florina
- The old EO33 from Vatochori to Agios Athanasios, Florina, near Florina
- The old EO36 from Agios Athanasios to Gefyra
- The old EO1 from Gefyra to Thessaloniki
- The old EO41 from Thessaloniki to Ardani, Evros
- The old EO48 from Ardani to the Greece--Turkey border at Kipoi.
Until 1975, the EO2 formed part of the old European route E20 from the Albania--Greece border at Krystallopigi to Lagyna (north of Thessaloniki), and the old E5 from Gefyra to the Greece--Turkey border at Kipoi: hence, the old E5 and E20 overlaps between Gefyra and Lagyna
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# Lake Ritsa
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ **Lake Ritsa** (`{{lang-ka|რიწა|tr}}`{=mediawiki}; *Риҵа*) is a lake in the north-western part of Abkhazia, in the Caucasus Mountains. It is surrounded by mixed mountain forests and subalpine meadows. The road from the Black Sea coast was built in 1936. The resort of Avadhara lies to the north of the lake. The lake was an important tourist attraction during the Soviet period. While the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Russia-Georgian war destroyed much of the tourism industry in the country, the lake is still frequently visited by Russian tourists.
## Geography
Lake Ritsa is the deepest lake in Abkhazia (116 m), and is rich in trout. It is fed by six rivers and drained by one, the Iupshara River.
## Environment
Lake Ritsa\'s water is cold and clear. Mountains with heights of 2,200 to 3,500 m surround the lake. The region around Lake Ritsa is a part of the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests ecoregion with a fairly high concentration of evergreen boxwood groves. Many specimens of the Nordmann Fir, which reach heights of over 70 metres (230 ft), are found around the lake.
In 1930 the Ritsa Nature Reserve (162.89 km^2^) was established to protect the natural state of the lake and the surrounding land.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
The Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had one of his summer-houses (dacha) by the lake. Later Leonid Brezhnev had his summer house nearby as well. Today the dacha belongs to the de facto Government of Abkhazia.
## Climate
The average annual temperature in the area is 7.8 degrees Celsius (January −1.1 °C, August 17.8 °C). The mean annual precipitation is approx. 2,000--2,200 mm. Winters are sometimes snowy, summers warm.
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# Lake Ritsa
## Legends and stories of Ritsa {#legends_and_stories_of_ritsa}
There are many legends and fairy tales about the lake.
### Origin
In ancient times there was a valley and a river at the site of the modern lake. A girl named Ritsa lived there with three brothers Agepsta, Atsetuka and Pshegishkha. Ritsa used to pasture her animals in the valley and her brothers hunted in the high mountains by day and returned to the valley in the evening, where they ate, sang songs, and admired their sister.
Once the brothers went too far into the mountains. Ritsa missed them and sang. The forest robbers Gega and Iupshara heard her and decided to kidnap her. Iupshara caught her and rode down the valley, while Gega covered his flank. Ritsa\'s brothers heard her crying and came to the rescue.
Pshegishkha threw a sword at the robbers, but he missed and the sword flew over the river. The valley was filled with water and turned into a lake. Ritsa broke from Iupshara\'s grip, but fell into the lake. The brothers couldn\'t save her. Then Pshegishkha threw the robber Iupshara into the lake, but Ritsa\'s water wouldn\'t accept him and threw out him over Pshegishkha\'s sword and the water carried him away to the sea. Gega ran after Iupshara, but he didn\'t manage to rescue him.
Out of grief, the brothers turned into mountains, and today they are still standing here to protect the resting-place of Ritsa.
### Goodbye, Motherland! {#goodbye_motherland}
Several myths have risen up about origin of the name \"Goodbye Motherland!\" given to cliff and observation deck on the road to Lake Ritsa. It appears the name was coined by tourist guides, as the area\'s real name is \"Chabgar Cornice.\" One story goes that in the 1930s, during the construction of Stalins\'s dacha, soldiers had to transport building materials along the precarious, narrow mountain road. During one of these trips, in one of the most precarious spots, a truck fell from the edge. As the truck was falling, the driver cried: \"Goodbye, Motherland!\" (\"Прощай, Родина!\"). Another legend says a truck with captured Germans fell into the abyss. Some of the Germans, who had fallen in love with Abkhazia as a native country, shouted: \"Farewell, Motherland!\" Yet another says there were not prisoners in the truck, but soldiers retreating along the road at night. On a narrow road, the driver lost control and the truck fell into an abyss.
## Gallery
<File:Road> to Ritza.jpg\|Road to lake Ritza <File:Ritsa2.jpg%7CTourists> boating at Ritsa <File:Greater> Ritsa Lake
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# Special Criminal Investigation
***Special Criminal Investigation***, also known as ***S.C.I.*** for short or as ***Chase HQ II: Special Criminal Investigation*** in some home versions, is vehicular combat racing game published by Taito for arcades in 1989. It is the sequel to the 1988 game *Chase H.Q.*
## Gameplay
Instead of the black Porsche 928 of the first game, the player commands a red example of the just-introduced (at the time) Nissan 300ZX Z32 T-Top Turbo. Unlike the first game, the player is able to fire at offending vehicles, with some cabinets containing buttons on the steering wheel, and others having a fire button on the gearshift, along with a button to activate the nitrous boost.
The game brings back protagonists Tony Gibson and Det. Raymond Broady of the first game, and their second game appearance. Broady has taken over the driver\'s seat this time, while Gibson, as the passenger, serves as the gunman. Also, instead of Nancy, Karen is the officer delivering reports of whom the criminal is pursuing, and what they are driving.
## Ports
Conversions for Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum were released in 1991 by Ocean Software, developed by Glasgow\'s ICE Software. A conversion for the PC Engine (TurboGrafx-16) was released in January 1991 exclusively in Japan by Taito. Natsume Co., Ltd. ported it to the Master System. An Amstrad plus/GX4000 version was written but never released, and only a small number of cartridges are known to exist.
In 1996, Taito released an emulation of the arcade original for the Sega Saturn in Japan, bundled together with *Chase H.Q.* on one disc.
## Reception
Contemporary reception
--------------------------
Review scores
Publication
*ACE*
*Commodore User*
*Computer + Video Games*
*Raze*
*Sinclair User*
*Your Sinclair*
*Zero*
*Zzap!64*
Awards
Publication
*Crash*
In Japan, *Game Machine* listed *Special Criminal Investigation* on their December 1, 1989 issue as being the second most-successful upright arcade unit of the month. It went on to become Japan\'s third highest-grossing dedicated arcade game of 1990, below *Super Monaco GP* and *Winning Run Suzuka GP*. The arcade game was also a major hit in Europe, particularly the United Kingdom where Taito shipped 1,500 units by January 1990
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# Cantons of the Gard department
The following is a list of the 23 **cantons of the Gard department**, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015: `{{div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Aigues-Mortes
- Alès-1
- Alès-2
- Alès-3
- Bagnols-sur-Cèze
- Beaucaire
- Calvisson
- La Grand-Combe
- Marguerittes
- Nîmes-1
- Nîmes-2
- Nîmes-3
- Nîmes-4
- Pont-Saint-Esprit
- Quissac
- Redessan
- Roquemaure
- Rousson
- Saint-Gilles
- Uzès
- Vauvert
- Le Vigan
- Villeneuve-lès-Avignon
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# History of electrochemistry
**Electrochemistry**, a branch of chemistry, went through several changes during its evolution from early principles related to magnets in the early 16th and 17th centuries, to complex theories involving conductivity, electric charge and mathematical methods. The term *electrochemistry* was used to describe electrical phenomena in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In recent decades, electrochemistry has become an area of current research, including research in batteries and fuel cells, preventing corrosion of metals, the use of electrochemical cells to remove refractory organics and similar contaminants in wastewater electrocoagulation and improving techniques in refining chemicals with electrolysis and electrophoresis.
## Background and dawn of electrochemistry {#background_and_dawn_of_electrochemistry}
The 16th century marked the beginning of scientific understanding of electricity and magnetism that culminated with the production of electric power and the Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century.
In the 1550s, English scientist William Gilbert spent 17 years experimenting with magnetism and, to a lesser extent, electricity. For his work on magnets, Gilbert became known as \"The Father of Magnetism.\" His book *De Magnete* quickly became the standard work throughout Europe on electrical and magnetic phenomena, and made a clear distinction between magnetism and what was then called the \"amber effect\" (static electricity).
In 1663, German physicist Otto von Guericke created the first electrostatic generator, which produced static electricity by applying friction. The generator was made of a large sulfur ball inside a glass globe, mounted on a shaft. The ball was rotated by means of a crank and a static electric spark was produced when a pad was rubbed against the ball as it rotated. The globe could be removed and used as an electrical source for experiments with electricity. Von Guericke used his generator to show that like charges repelled each other.
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# History of electrochemistry
## The 18th century and birth of electrochemistry {#the_18th_century_and_birth_of_electrochemistry}
In 1709, Francis Hauksbee at the Royal Society in London discovered that by putting a small amount of mercury in the glass of Von Guericke\'s generator and evacuating the air from it, it would glow whenever the ball built up a charge and his hand was touching the globe. He had created the first gas-discharge lamp.
Between 1729 and 1736, two English scientists, Stephen Gray and Jean Desaguliers, performed a series of experiments which showed that a cork or other object as far away as 800 or 900 feet (245--275 m) could be electrified by connecting it via a charged glass tube to materials such as metal wires or hempen string. They found that other materials, such as silk, would not convey the effect.
By the mid-18th century, French chemist Charles François de Cisternay Du Fay had discovered two forms of static electricity, and that like charges repel each other while unlike charges attract. Du Fay announced that electricity consisted of two fluids: *vitreous* (from the Latin for \"glass\"), or positive, electricity; and *resinous*, or negative, electricity. This was the \"two-fluid theory\" of electricity, which was opposed by Benjamin Franklin\'s \"one-fluid theory\" later in the century.
In 1745, Jean-Antoine Nollet developed a theory of electrical attraction and repulsion that supposed the existence of a continuous flow of electrical matter between charged bodies. Nollet\'s theory at first gained wide acceptance, but met resistance in 1752 with the translation of Franklin\'s *Experiments and Observations on Electricity* into French. Franklin and Nollet debated the nature of electricity, with Franklin supporting action at a distance and two qualitatively opposing types of electricity, and Nollet advocating mechanical action and a single type of electrical fluid. Franklin\'s argument eventually won and Nollet\'s theory was abandoned.
In 1748, Nollet invented one of the first electrometers, the electroscope, which showed electric charge using electrostatic attraction and repulsion. Nollet is reputed to be the first to apply the name \"Leyden jar\" to the first device for storing electricity. Nollet\'s invention was replaced by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure\'s electrometer in 1766.
By the 1740s, William Watson had conducted several experiments to determine the speed of electricity. The general belief at the time was that electricity was faster than sound, but no accurate test had been devised to measure the velocity of a current. Watson, in the fields north of London, laid out a line of wire supported by dry sticks and silk which ran for 12,276 feet (3.7 km). Even at this length, the velocity of electricity seemed instantaneous. Resistance in the wire was also noticed but apparently not fully understood, as Watson related that \"we observed again, that although the electrical compositions were very severe to those who held the wires, the report of the Explosion at the prime Conductor was little, in comparison of that which is heard when the Circuit is short.\" Watson eventually decided not to pursue his electrical experiments, concentrating instead upon his medical career.
By the 1750s, as the study of electricity became popular, efficient ways of producing electricity were sought. The generator developed by Jesse Ramsden was among the first electrostatic generators invented. Electricity produced by such generators was used to treat paralysis, muscle spasms, and to control heart rates. Other medical uses of electricity included filling the body with electricity, drawing sparks from the body, and applying sparks from the generator to the body.
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb developed the law of electrostatic attraction in 1781 as an outgrowth of his attempt to investigate the law of electrical repulsions as stated by Joseph Priestley in England. To this end, he invented a sensitive apparatus to measure the electrical forces involved in Priestley\'s law. He also established the inverse square law of attraction and repulsion magnetic poles, which became the basis for the mathematical theory of magnetic forces developed by Siméon Denis Poisson. Coulomb wrote seven important works on electricity and magnetism which he submitted to the Académie des Sciences between 1785 and 1791, in which he reported having developed a theory of attraction and repulsion between charged bodies, and went on to search for perfect conductors and dielectrics. He suggested that there was no perfect dielectric, proposing that every substance has a limit, above which it will conduct electricity. The SI unit of charge is called a coulomb in his honour.
In 1789, Franz Aepinus developed a device with the properties of a \"condenser\" (now known as a capacitor.) The Aepinus condenser was the first capacitor developed after the Leyden jar, and was used to demonstrate conduction and induction. The device was constructed so that the space between two plates could be adjusted, and the glass dielectric separating the two plates could be removed or replaced with other materials. Despite the gain in knowledge of electrical properties and the building of generators, it was not until the late 18th century that Italian physician and anatomist Luigi Galvani marked the birth of electrochemistry by establishing a bridge between muscular contractions and electricity with his 1791 essay *De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius* (Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion), where he proposed a \"nerveo-electrical substance\" in life forms.
In his essay, Galvani concluded that animal tissue contained a before-unknown innate, vital force, which he termed \"animal electricity,\" which activated muscle when placed between two metal probes. He believed that this was evidence of a new form of electricity, separate from the \"natural\" form that is produced by lightning and the \"artificial\" form that is produced by friction (static electricity). He considered the brain to be the most important organ for the secretion of this \"electric fluid\" and that the nerves conducted the fluid to the muscles. He believed the tissues acted similarly to the outer and inner surfaces of Leyden jars. The flow of this electric fluid provided a stimulus to the muscle fibres. Galvani\'s scientific colleagues generally accepted his views, but Alessandro Volta, the outstanding professor of physics at the University of Pavia, was not convinced by the analogy between muscles and Leyden jars. Deciding that the frogs\' legs used in Galvani\'s experiments served only as an electroscope, he held that the contact of dissimilar metals was the true source of stimulation. He referred to the electricity so generated as \"metallic electricity\" and decided that the muscle, by contracting when touched by metal, resembled the action of an electroscope. Furthermore, Volta claimed that if two dissimilar metals in contact with each other also touched a muscle, agitation would also occur and increase with the dissimilarity of the metals. Galvani refuted this by obtaining muscular action using two pieces of similar metal. Volta\'s name was later used for the unit of electrical potential, the volt.
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# History of electrochemistry
## Rise of electrochemistry as branch of chemistry {#rise_of_electrochemistry_as_branch_of_chemistry}
In 1800, English chemists William Nicholson and Johann Wilhelm Ritter succeeded in separating water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis. Soon thereafter, Ritter discovered the process of electroplating. He also observed that the amount of metal deposited and the amount of oxygen produced during an electrolytic process depended on the distance between the electrodes. By 1801 Ritter had observed thermoelectric currents, which anticipated the discovery of thermoelectricity by Thomas Johann Seebeck.
In 1802, William Cruickshank designed the first electric battery capable of mass production. Like Volta, Cruickshank arranged square copper plates, which he soldered at their ends, together with plates of zinc of equal size. These plates were placed into a long rectangular wooden box which was sealed with cement. Grooves inside the box held the metal plates in position. The box was then filled with an electrolyte of brine, or watered down acid. This flooded design had the advantage of not drying out with use and provided more energy than Volta\'s arrangement, which used brine-soaked papers between the plates.
In the quest for a better production of platinum metals, two scientists, William Hyde Wollaston and Smithson Tennant, worked together to design an efficient electrochemical technique to refine or purify platinum. Tennant ended up discovering the elements iridium and osmium. Wollaston\'s effort, in turn, led him to the discovery of the metals palladium in 1803 and rhodium in 1804.
Wollaston made improvements to the galvanic battery (named after Galvani) in the 1810s. In Wollaston\'s battery, the wooden box was replaced with an earthenware vessel, and a copper plate was bent into a U-shape, with a single plate of zinc placed in the center of the bent copper. The zinc plate was prevented from making contact with the copper by dowels (pieces) of cork or wood. In his single cell design, the U-shaped copper plate was welded to a horizontal handle for lifting the copper and zinc plates out of the electrolyte when the battery was not in use.
In 1809, Samuel Thomas von Soemmering developed the first telegraph. He used a device with 26 wires (1 wire for each letter of the German alphabet) terminating in a container of acid. At the sending station, a key, which completed a circuit with a battery, was connected as required to each of the line wires. The passage of current caused the acid to decompose chemically, and the message was read by observing at which of the terminals the bubbles of gas appeared. This is how he was able to send messages, one letter at a time.
Humphry Davy\'s work with electrolysis led to conclusion that the production of electricity in simple electrolytic cells resulted from chemical reactions between the electrolyte and the metals, and occurred between substances of opposite charge. He reasoned that the interactions of electric currents with chemicals offered the most likely means of decomposing all substances to their basic elements. These views were explained in 1806 in his lecture *On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity*, for which he received the Napoleon Prize from the Institut de France in 1807 (despite the fact that England and France were at war at the time). This work led directly to the isolation of sodium and potassium from their common compounds and of the alkaline earth metals from theirs in 1808.
Hans Christian Ørsted\'s discovery of the magnetic effect of electric currents in 1820 was immediately recognised as an important advance, although he left further work on electromagnetism to others. André-Marie Ampère quickly repeated Ørsted\'s experiment, and formulated them mathematically (which became Ampère\'s law) . Ørsted also discovered that not only is a magnetic needle deflected by the electric current, but that the live electric wire is also deflected in a magnetic field, thus laying the foundation for the construction of an electric motor. Ørsted\'s discovery of piperine, one of the pungent components of pepper, was an important contribution to chemistry, as was his preparation of aluminium in 1825.
During the 1820s, Robert Hare developed the Deflagrator, a form of voltaic battery having large plates used for producing rapid and powerful combustion. A modified form of this apparatus was employed in 1823 in volatilising and fusing carbon. It was with these batteries that the first use of voltaic electricity for blasting under water was made in 1831.
In 1821, the Estonian-German physicist, Thomas Johann Seebeck, demonstrated the electrical potential in the juncture points of two dissimilar metals when there is a temperature difference between the joints. He joined a copper wire with a bismuth wire to form a loop or circuit. Two junctions were formed by connecting the ends of the wires to each other. He then accidentally discovered that if he heated one junction to a high temperature, and the other junction remained at room temperature, a magnetic field was observed around the circuit.
He did not recognise that an electric current was being generated when heat was applied to a bi-metal junction. He used the term \"thermomagnetic currents\" or \"thermomagnetism\" to express his discovery. Over the following two years, he reported on his continuing observations to the Prussian Academy of Sciences, where he described his observation as \"the magnetic polarization of metals and ores produced by a temperature difference.\" This Seebeck effect became the basis of the thermocouple, which is still considered the most accurate measurement of temperature today. The converse Peltier effect was seen over a decade later when a current was run through a circuit with two dissimilar metals, resulting in a temperature difference between the metals.
In 1827 German scientist Georg Ohm expressed his law in his famous book *Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet* (The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically) in which he gave his complete theory of electricity.
In 1829 Antoine-César Becquerel developed the \"constant current\" cell, forerunner of the well-known Daniell cell. When this acid-alkali cell was monitored by a galvanometer, current was found to be constant for an hour, the first instance of \"constant current\". He applied the results of his study of thermoelectricity to the construction of an electric thermometer, and measured the temperatures of the interior of animals, of the soil at different depths, and of the atmosphere at different heights. He helped validate Faraday\'s laws and conducted extensive investigations on the electroplating of metals with applications for metal finishing and metallurgy. Solar cell technology dates to 1839 when Becquerel observed that shining light on an electrode submerged in a conductive solution would create an electric current.
Michael Faraday began, in 1832, what promised to be a rather tedious attempt to prove that all electricities had precisely the same properties and caused precisely the same effects. The key effect was electrochemical decomposition. Voltaic and electromagnetic electricity posed no problems, but static electricity did. As Faraday delved deeper into the problem, he made two startling discoveries. First, electrical force did not, as had long been supposed, act at a distance upon molecules to cause them to dissociate. It was the passage of electricity through a conducting liquid medium that caused the molecules to dissociate, even when the electricity merely discharged into the air and did not pass through a \"pole\" or \"center of action\" in a voltaic cell. Second, the amount of the decomposition was found to be related directly to the amount of electricity passing through the solution.
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# History of electrochemistry
## Rise of electrochemistry as branch of chemistry {#rise_of_electrochemistry_as_branch_of_chemistry}
These findings led Faraday to a new theory of electrochemistry. The electric force, he argued, threw the molecules of a solution into a state of tension. When the force was strong enough to distort the forces that held the molecules together so as to permit the interaction with neighbouring particles, the tension was relieved by the migration of particles along the lines of tension, the different parts of atoms migrating in opposite directions. The amount of electricity that passed, then, was clearly related to the chemical affinities of the substances in solution. These experiments led directly to Faraday\'s two laws of electrochemistry which state:
- The amount of a substance deposited on each electrode of an electrolytic cell is directly proportional to the amount of electricity passing through the cell.
- The quantities of different elements deposited by a given amount of electricity are in the ratio of their chemical equivalent weights.
William Sturgeon built an electric motor in 1832 and invented the commutator, a ring of metal-bristled brushes which allow the spinning armature to maintain contact with the electric current and changed the alternating current to a pulsating direct current. He also improved the voltaic battery and worked on the theory of thermoelectricity.
Hippolyte Pixii, a French instrument maker, constructed the first dynamo in 1832 and later built a direct current dynamo using the commutator. This was the first practical mechanical generator of electric current that used concepts demonstrated by Faraday.
John Daniell began experiments in 1835 in an attempt to improve the voltaic battery with its problems of being unsteady and a weak source of electric current. His experiments soon led to remarkable results. In 1836, he invented a primary cell in which hydrogen was eliminated in the generation of the electricity. Daniell had solved the problem of polarization. In his laboratory he had learned to alloy the amalgamated zinc of Sturgeon with mercury. His version was the first of the two-fluid class battery and the first battery that produced a constant reliable source of electric current over a long period of time.
William Grove produced the first fuel cell in 1839. He based his experiment on the fact that sending an electric current through water splits the water into its component parts of hydrogen and oxygen. So, Grove tried reversing the reaction---combining hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water. Eventually the term *fuel cell* was coined in 1889 by Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer, who attempted to build the first practical device using air and industrial coal gas. He also introduced a powerful battery at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1839. Grove\'s first cell consisted of zinc in diluted sulfuric acid and platinum in concentrated nitric acid, separated by a porous pot. The cell was able to generate about 12 amperes of current at about 1.8 volts. This cell had nearly double the voltage of the first Daniell cell. Grove\'s nitric acid cell was the favourite battery of the early American telegraph (1840--1860), because it offered strong current output.
As telegraphs became more complex, the need for a constant voltage became critical and the Grove device was limited (as the cell discharged, nitric acid was depleted and voltage was reduced). By the time of the American Civil War, Grove\'s battery had been replaced by the Daniell battery. In 1841 Robert Bunsen replaced the expensive platinum electrode used in Grove\'s battery with a carbon electrode. This led to large scale use of the \"Bunsen battery\" in the production of arc-lighting and in electroplating.
Wilhelm Weber developed, in 1846, the electrodynamometer, in which a current causes a coil suspended within another coil to turn when a current is passed through both. In 1852, Weber defined the absolute unit of electrical resistance (which was named the ohm after Georg Ohm). Weber\'s name is now used as a unit name to describe magnetic flux, the weber.
German physicist Johann Hittorf concluded that *ion movement* caused electric current. In 1853 Hittorf noticed that some ions traveled more rapidly than others. This observation led to the concept of transport number, the rate at which particular ions carried the electric current. Hittorf measured the changes in the concentration of electrolysed solutions, computed from these the transport numbers (relative carrying capacities) of many ions, and, in 1869, published his findings governing the migration of ions.
In 1866, Georges Leclanché patented a new battery system, which was immediately successful. Leclanché\'s original cell was assembled in a porous pot. The positive electrode (the cathode) consisted of crushed manganese dioxide with a little carbon mixed in. The negative pole (anode) was a zinc rod. The cathode was packed into the pot, and a carbon rod was inserted to act as a current collector. The anode and the pot were then immersed in an ammonium chloride solution. The liquid acted as the electrolyte, readily seeping through the porous pot and making contact with the cathode material. Leclanché\'s \"wet\" cell became the forerunner to the world\'s first widely used battery, the zinc-carbon cell.
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# History of electrochemistry
## Late 19th century advances and the advent of electrochemical societies {#late_19th_century_advances_and_the_advent_of_electrochemical_societies}
In 1869 Zénobe Gramme devised his first clean direct current dynamo. His generator featured a ring armature wound with many individual coils of wire.
Svante August Arrhenius published his thesis in 1884, *Recherches sur la conductibilité galvanique des électrolytes* (Investigations on the galvanic conductivity of electrolytes). From the results of his experiments, the author concluded that electrolytes, when dissolved in water, become to varying degrees split or dissociated into positive and negative ions. The degree to which this dissociation occurred depended above all on the nature of the substance and its concentration in the solution, being more developed the greater the dilution. The ions were supposed to be the carriers of not only the electric current, as in electrolysis, but also of the chemical activity. The relation between the actual number of ions and their number at great dilution (when all the molecules were dissociated) gave a quantity of special interest (\"activity constant\").
The race for the commercially viable production of aluminium was won in 1886 by Paul Héroult and Charles M. Hall. The problem many researchers had with extracting aluminium was that electrolysis of an aluminium salt dissolved in water yields aluminium hydroxide. Both Hall and Héroult avoided this problem by dissolving aluminium oxide in a new solvent--- fused cryolite (Na~3~AlF~6~).
Wilhelm Ostwald, 1909 Nobel Laureate, started his experimental work in 1875, with an investigation on the law of mass action of water in relation to the problems of chemical affinity, with special emphasis on electrochemistry and chemical dynamics. In 1894 he gave the first modern definition of a catalyst and turned his attention to catalytic reactions. Ostwald is especially known for his contributions to the field of electrochemistry, including important studies of the electrical conductivity and electrolytic dissociation of organic acids.
Hermann Nernst developed the theory of the electromotive force of the voltaic cell in 1888. He developed methods for measuring dielectric constants and was the first to show that solvents of high dielectric constants promote the ionization of substances. Nernst\'s early studies in electrochemistry were inspired by Arrhenius\' dissociation theory which first recognised the importance of ions in solution. In 1889, Nernst elucidated the theory of galvanic cells by assuming an \"electrolytic pressure of dissolution,\" which forces ions from electrodes into solution and which was opposed to the osmotic pressure of the dissolved ions. He applied the principles of thermodynamics to the chemical reactions proceeding in a battery. In that same year he showed how the characteristics of the current produced could be used to calculate the free energy change in the chemical reaction producing the current. He constructed an equation, known as Nernst Equation, which describes the relation of a battery cell\'s voltage to its properties.
In 1898 Fritz Haber published his textbook, *Electrochemistry: Grundriss der technischen Elektrochemie auf theoretischer Grundlage* (The Theoretical Basis of Technical Electrochemistry), which was based on the lectures he gave at Karlsruhe. In the preface to his book he expressed his intention to relate chemical research to industrial processes and in the same year he reported the results of his work on electrolytic oxidation and reduction, in which he showed that definite reduction products can result if the voltage at the cathode is kept constant. In 1898 he explained the reduction of nitrobenzene in stages at the cathode and this became the model for other similar reduction processes.
In 1909, Robert Andrews Millikan began a series of experiments to determine the electric charge carried by a single electron. He began by measuring the course of charged water droplets in an electrical field. The results suggested that the charge on the droplets is a multiple of the elementary electric charge, but the experiment was not accurate enough to be convincing. He obtained more precise results in 1910 with his famous oil-drop experiment in which he replaced water (which tended to evaporate too quickly) with oil.
Jaroslav Heyrovský, a Nobel laureate, eliminated the tedious weighing required by previous analytical techniques, which used the differential precipitation of mercury by measuring drop-time. In the previous method, a voltage was applied to a dropping mercury electrode and a reference electrode was immersed in a test solution. After 50 drops of mercury were collected, they were dried and weighed. The applied voltage was varied and the experiment repeated. Measured weight was plotted versus applied voltage to obtain the curve. In 1921, Heyrovský had the idea of measuring the current flowing through the cell instead of just studying drop-time.
On February 10, 1922, the \"polarograph\" was born as Heyrovský recorded the current-voltage curve for a solution of 1 mol/L NaOH. Heyrovský correctly interpreted the current increase between −1.9 and −2.0 V as being due to the deposit of Na^+^ ions, forming an amalgam. Shortly thereafter, with his Japanese colleague Masuzo Shikata, he constructed the first instrument for the automatic recording of polarographic curves, which became world-famous later as the polarograph.
In 1923, Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry published essentially the same theory about how acids and bases behave using electrochemical basis.
The International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) was founded in 1949, and some years later the first sophisticated electrophoretic apparatus was developed in 1937 by Arne Tiselius, who was awarded the 1948 Nobel prize for his work in protein electrophoresis. He developed the \"moving boundary,\" which later would become known as *zone electrophoresis*, and used it to separate serum proteins in solution. Electrophoresis became widely developed in the 1940s and 1950s when the technique was applied to molecules ranging from the largest proteins to amino acids and even inorganic ions.
During the 1960s and 1970s quantum electrochemistry was developed by Revaz Dogonadze and his pupils
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# New Social Democracy
**New Social Democracy** (in French: *Nouvelle Démocratie Sociale, NDS*) is a political party in Burkina Faso.
Mamadou Samba Barry serves as its secretary general.
The NDS first participated in the 1992 parliamentary elections, which followed a growing movement towards a multi-party system in Burkina Faso. In the 1997 legislative elections, the party won 2,885 votes. This number decreased to 197 votes in the 2007 elections. In the most recent elections in 2015, the NDS received 165 votes. To date, the party has not gained a seat in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso
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# Bridgeport School District
**Bridgeport School District No. 75** is a public school district in Douglas County, Washington, USA and serves the town of Bridgeport.
As of the 2022-23 school year, the district has an enrollment of 778 students.
## Schools
### High schools {#high_schools}
- Bridgeport High School
- Bridgeport Aurora High School is a small alternative school with an enrollment of about 29 students in grades 9--12
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# Paul Kunkel
**Paul C. Kunkel** (May 10, 1903 -- March 1977) was an American amateur tennis player in the early part of the 20th century.
## Biography
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Kunkel played tennis at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., and graduated in 1924.
At the Cincinnati Open, Kunkel made six finals appearances between 1922 and 1927, winning the doubles title in 1927. Of the remaining five finals, two were in singles (1923 and 1924) and the other three were in doubles (1922, 1924 and 1926). He lost the 1923 singles final to Louis Kuhler, and the 1924 final to future International Tennis Hall of Fame enshrinee George Lott. To reach his doubles finals appearances, he paired with his brother Ray Kunkel in 1922 and 1926, and with future Hall of Famer Charles Garland in 1924.
Kunkel also won the West Virginia state tennis title in 1930, was a semifinalist in both singles and doubles at the 1927 Western Championship. Kunkel was enshrined into the Georgetown University Athletic Hall of Fame. He died in March 1977
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# Absolute OpenBSD
***Absolute OpenBSD: Unix for the Practical Paranoid*** is a comprehensive guide to the OpenBSD operating system by Michael W. Lucas, author of *Absolute FreeBSD* and *Cisco Routers for the Desperate*. The book assumes basic knowledge of the design, commands, and user permissions of Unix-like operating systems. The book contains troubleshooting tips, background information on the system and its commands, and examples to assist with learning.
## 1st edition {#st_edition}
The first edition was released in June 2003. Some of the information in the book became outdated when OpenBSD 3.4 was released only a few months later.
## 2nd edition {#nd_edition}
The second edition was released in April 2013. Peter N. M. Hansteen, author of *The Book of PF*, was the technical reviewer
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# Pullman School District
**Pullman School District #267** is a public school district in Whitman County, Washington, USA and serves the city of Pullman.
As of May 2011, the district has an enrollment of 2,430 students and as of October 2010, the district had an enrollment of 126 classroom teachers.
## Race and Ethnicity {#race_and_ethnicity}
As of October 2010, there were 1,742 (71.7%) Whites, 231 (9.5%) Asians/Pacific Islanders, 226 (9.3%) Asians, 225 (9.3%) Hispanics, 154 (6.3%) people with two or more races, 62 (2.6%) Blacks, 14 (0.6%) American Indians/Alaskan Natives and 5 (0.2%) Pacific Islanders
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# Glasgow Central Mosque
The **Glasgow Central Mosque** is a Sunni Deobandi mosque, located on the south bank of the River Clyde in the Gorbals district of central Glasgow, Scotland, in the United Kingdom.
The Islamic Centre is the central institution for the local Muslim community, and is the largest community centre in Strathclyde. With capacity for 4,000 worshippers, it is Scotland\'s largest mosque. The mosque was designed by Coleman Ballantine Partnership Architects in the Islamic style built in old red sandstone, and was completed in 1983.
## Controversies
In February 2016, Habib ur Rehman Rauf, then-religious head of the mosque (who moved to an Edinburgh mosque in 2020), was quoted in the media supporting the actions of Mumtaz Qadri, who assassinated Pakistani politician Salman Taseer whilst acting as his security guard. Habib said his \"comments were \'misconstrued\' and said the situation had added to his \'sense of tragedy\' following recent terror attacks.\" Qadri disagreed with Taseer\'s opposition to Pakistan\'s blasphemy law.
In April 2016, the *International Business Times* said that the mosque held annual Khatme Nabuwwat conferences. The mosque president, Dr Mohammed Shafi Kausar said there was no secular group at the mosque. Also in April 2016, representatives of Glasgow Central Mosque ostensibly accepted but then declined to appear at the last minute at a vigil in memory of Asad Shah, a Pakistani shopkeeper assassinated by a Pakistani Muslim extremist
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# Oregon Route 46
**Oregon Route 46**, also known as **Caves Highway**, is an Oregon state highway that runs between the city of Cave Junction and the Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve. OR 46 traverses the **Oregon Caves Highway No. 38** of the Oregon state highway system.
The two-lane road is paved with asphalt along its entire length.
## Route description {#route_description}
OR 46 starts in Cave Junction, at an intersection with U.S. Route 199. It then heads east into the Siskiyou Mountains, terminating at a parking lot for the Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve. A forest service road (Grayback Road, NF-4611) splits east from OR 46, eventually reaching the Rogue Valley and Oregon Route 238
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# Toronto Film Critics Association
The **Toronto Film Critics Association (TFCA)** is an organization of film critics from Toronto-based publications. As of 1999, the TFCA is a member of the FIPRESCI.
## History
The Toronto Film Critics Association is the official organization of Toronto-based broadcasters and journalists who critique films and provide commentary on them. Members represent all major print and electronic outlets in the city. They have juried festivals all over the world, from Cannes to Berlin, Venice to Toronto.
The TFCA began presenting awards in 1998, and the dinner around them has grown to be a major annual event in the Canadian film calendar accompanied by a significant cash prizes, including a \$100,000 purse, sponsored by Rogers, for the director of the best Canadian film.
The founding members of the TFCA---those who attended the first meeting in August 1997 at the board room of the National Film Board of Canada---were Cameron Bailey (*Now Magazine*), Norm Wilner (freelance), Liam Lacey (*The Globe and Mail*), Peter Howell (*Toronto Star*), Brian D. Johnson (*Maclean\'s*), Angie Baldarrasse (freelance), Marc Glassman (*Take One*), Gemma Files (*Eye Weekly*), and Wyndham Wise (*Take One*). Prior to the official launch of the organization, two informal Toronto film critics\' polls appeared in *Take One*, in issues #10 (Winter 1996) and #14 (Winter 1997), organized by Wise.
## Members
Current members of the **TFCA**: `{{castlist|
*Nathalie Atkinson – ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', [[Zoomer Media|Zoomer]]
*Sarah-Tai Black - ''The Globe and Mail'', ''[[Los Angeles Times|LA Times]]''
*Kelly Boutsalis - Freelance
* Liz Braun – ''[[Toronto Sun]], Original Cin''
* Anne Brodie – ''What She Said''
* Bill Chambers – ''Film Freak Central''
* [[Susan G. Cole]] – Freelance
* [[Thom Ernst]] – Freelance
* Marriska Fernandes – Freelance
*Alicia Fletcher - ''A Year in Film''
* Eli Glasner – [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]
*Marc Glassman - [[CFMZ-FM]], ''[[Point of View (magazine)|POV Magazine]]''
* [[Jason Gorber]] – [[Collider (website)|Collider]], CBC Metro Morning
* Karen Gordon – ''Original Cin''
* Barbara Goslawski – Freelance
*Rachel Ho – ''[[Exclaim!]]''
* Peter Howell – ''[[Toronto Star]]''
*Kim Hughes - ''Original Cin''
*[[Brian D. Johnson]], ''[[Maclean's]]'', Zoomer
*[[Peter Knegt]] – [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]
* Chris Knight – ''[[National Post]], Original Cin''
*Liam Lacey - ''Original Cin''
*Joe Lipsett - ''[[Bloody Disgusting]]'', ''Horror Queers'' (podcast)
*Saffron Maeve - Freelance
* Pat Mullen - ''[[Point of View (magazine)|POV Magazine]]''
* Angelo Muredda – ''Freelance''
* Adam Nayman – ''The Ringer''
* [[Kathleen Newman-Bremang]] - ''[[Refinery29]]''
* Andrew Parker – ''[[TheGATE
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# Hebbar
**Hebbar** is a Hindu surname from Karnataka in India. It is found amongst various Brahmin communities, including Chitpavan Brahmins, Deshastha Brahmins, Havyaka Brahmins, Kota Brahmins, Panchagrama Brahmins, Shivalli Brahmins, Tuluva Hebbars, Sthanika Brahminss, Smartha Brahmins and Hebbar Iyengars.
## Etymology
*Hebbar* was derived from the Kannada word, *hebbu/hiridhu* meaning big, and *haruva* which means a Brahman.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
The following is a list of notable people with last name **Hebbar**
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# Charles Bartley
**Charles E. Bartley** (21 October 1921`{{thinsp|–}}`{=mediawiki}17 July 1996) was an American scientist, known for developing the first elastomeric solid rocket propellant formula,`{{refn|name="patent"|{{cite patent |country=US |number=2997376 |status=patent |title=Solid composite propellant containing polysulfide rubber fuel binder |gdate=1961-08-22 |invent1=Bartley, Charles E.}}}}`{=mediawiki} at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), now part of NASA, in Pasadena, California, in the late 1940s.`{{refn|name="NASA"|{{Cite conference |last=Hunley |first=J. D. |date=June 1999 |title=The History of Solid-Propellant Rocketry: What We Do and Do Not Know |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/pdf/88635main_H-2330.pdf |conference=35th AIAA, ASME, SAE, ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit |language=en-US |page=3 |doi=10.2514/6.1999-2925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826210625/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/pdf/88635main_H-2330.pdf |archive-date=2021-08-26 |conference-url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/book/10.2514/MJPC99 |url-status=live}}}}`{=mediawiki}
Bartley founded Grand Central Rocket Company in Redlands, California in 1952. Six years later, his company provided the fuel for the third stage of Explorer 1, America\'s first satellite. Bartley eventually sold Grand Central and founded two other solid propellant rocket companies specializing in weather rockets and ejection seats for jets: Rocket Power, which he formed in Mesa, Arizona, in 1959, and Universal Propulsion Co., which he established in Phœnix in 1963. He was elected to the American Rocket Society (now the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) in 1951. In 1953, he was given a society award for outstanding contributions.
John Bluth interviewed Bartley over the course of two days in 1994 for the JPL archives.`{{refn|name="OH"|{{Cite interview |last=Bartley |first=Charles |title=Interview with Charles Bartley |url=https://researchworks.oclc.org/archivegrid/archiveComponent/733103609 |access-date=2022-05-10 |format=transcript: 180 pages, 7 audiocassettes (s) (6 hr., 45 min
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# Donnellys Crossing section
The **Donnellys Crossing section** (later the **Donnellys Crossing branch**), also known as the **Kaihu Valley railway** or **Kaihu branch**, was a railway line in Northland, New Zealand. Initially an isolated line of 35.91 km, it became a branch line when the Dargaville Branch was opened and connected it with the North Auckland Line and the rest of the national rail network in 1943. The branch was closed in July 1959.
The name of the line is often given as the *Donnelly\'s* Crossing Section or Branch. Although grammatically accurate, this is incorrect as the locality\'s name is officially recognised as *Donnellys* Crossing with no apostrophe.
## Construction
The Kaihu Valley Railway Company Limited (KVRC) formed in 1882 under the provisions of the Railways Construction and Land Act of 1881 to build a railway linking lumber mills in the Kaihu Valley with the port in Dargaville. The Railways Construction and Land Act authorised settlers to build railways instead of waiting for the government to do it, and the KVRC hoped that diverse traffic would develop and use the line. However, it was not until February 1889 that the line reached Opanake, and with the Long Depression taking its toll, the KVRC went bankrupt and the government foreclosed, taking over the line in 1890.
With the economy improving, a short extension was opened to Kaihu on 21 October 1896, but it was not until 1908 that further work was undertaken. Construction was extremely slow and the few kilometres to Whatoro were not open until 1 June 1914. World War I brought construction to an absolute halt, and when work began after the war, the final extension of the line was built and opened to Donnellys Crossing on 1 April 1923.
In 1940, this isolated section of track was finally linked to the national network when the Dargaville Branch off the North Auckland Line reached Dargaville. However, the relocation and reconstruction of Dargaville\'s railway station was seen as required and this work took until 1943, when the Dargaville branch was officially opened as a connection to the North Auckland Line.
## Stations
The following stations were located on the Donnellys Crossing Section (in brackets is the distance in kilometres from Dargaville):
- Parore (2 km)
- Babylon (5 km)
- Rotu (8 km)
- Maitahi (11 km)
- Taita (12 km)
- Mamaranui (14 km)
- Dairy Flat (15 km)
- Maropiu (17 km)
- Ahikiwi (19 km)
- Opanake (22 km)
- Kaihu (23 km)
- Whatoro (27 km)
- Aranga (32 km)
- Donnellys Crossing (36 km)
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# Donnellys Crossing section
## Operation
Initially, the Donnellys Crossing Section resembled a bush tramway built to railway standards, though after the government\'s Railways Department acquired the line from the KVRC, it became more of a general purpose railway. Logging traffic was so heavy in the early part of the 20th century that the line was briefly considered to be one of the most profitable in New Zealand. Two \"mixed\" trains of both passengers and freight ran each way each day, typically carrying significant quantities of timber from the kauri forest in the area. Only so much forest existed, though, and in the 1920s, both the logging industry and the railway began their decline. In 1934, only a quarter of traffic came from the logging industry, and any hopes that a connection to the national network would improve the line\'s fortunes were soon dashed. Trains were cut to run just once a day in each direction in 1942, and then thrice weekly in 1951. By this point, only 171 tons of timber originated on the line and larger quantities were being railed into the area.
Remarkably, passenger services survived right until the end. Many New Zealand branch lines lost their passenger services during the 1930s, with private cars seen as far preferable over the slow pace of country mixed trains that stopped to shunt at many sidings along the way, but in the isolated Far North, people were still happy to use the train. Initially, four six-wheeled passenger wagons were based in the area, but in 1933, two-bogied carriages were introduced. As late as 1958--59, approximately 15 people were carried per train, but the overall quantity of traffic was extremely poor and there was no reason to keep the line open any longer. Closure came on 19 July 1959, though the Dargaville shunter ran wagons of freight to and from Kaihu for a few more months.
The Donnellys Crossing Section was exclusively the domain of tank locomotives. During the line\'s period of isolation, F class engines were the dominant motive power, and with the opening of the Dargaville Branch the line was upgraded to permit the use of W^W^ class locomotives. The line closed too early for diesel motive power to be introduced. Until the Dargaville Branch opened, locomotives requiring major overhaul were sent to Newmarket, by ship or barge.
## Today
Relics of closed railway lines naturally diminish and disappear over time due to the effects of both nature and human development, but in the rural setting of the Far North of New Zealand, some signs of the Donnellys Crossing Section have survived. For much of the line\'s length, its formation can be seen travelling through the countryside, along with the remains of some bridges. Unfortunately, Kaihu\'s station building was removed at some point in the latter half of the 1990s, followed by Donnellys Crossing\'s station building sometime in the first decade of the 2000s. `{{fact|date=February 2025}}`{=mediawiki} Donnellys Crossing station yard incorporated a double track bridge, one side of which was decked for railway staff; this side of the bridge has been adapted to road use, with the underframe still in place on the unused half.
Little remains of the locomotives and rolling stock of the KVRC. The last member of the F class, F 216 (built by Neilson and Company in 1888), was built for the KVRC and was subsequently bought by the Railways Department. It was in use until April 1932, when it was sold to the Auckland Farmers Freezing Co., Horotiu, who converted the engine to diesel propulsion. It was donated to the Goldfields Railway in 1981 and then to the Bush Tramway Club in 1985. It is located at their Pukemiro depot.
### Kaihu Valley Trail {#kaihu_valley_trail}
A cycle trail is being planned to use much of the line, \$4m of the cost being from the Provincial Growth Fund
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# Wilmeth Sidat-Singh
**Wilmeth Sidat-Singh** (February 13, 1918 -- May 9, 1943) was a U.S. Army Air Corps officer with the Tuskegee Airmen, and an American basketball and football player who was subject to segregation in college and professional sports in the 1930s.
## Early life {#early_life}
His parents were both African-American. After the death of his father, Elias Webb (a pharmacist), his mother, Pauline, married Samuel Sidat-Singh, a medical student from India who adopted Wilmeth, giving him his family name. After his graduation from Howard University, Dr. Sidat-Singh moved the family to Harlem and set up a family medical practice. Wilmeth showed great talent as an athlete and became a basketball star, leading DeWitt Clinton High School to the New York Public High School Athletic League championship in 1934.
## Basketball, Football, Law Enforcement Career {#basketball_football_law_enforcement_career}
Sidat-Singh received an offer of a basketball scholarship from Syracuse University and enrolled in 1935. Former lacrosse coach Roy Simmons Sr. saw him playing an intramural football game and asked him to join the football team. Sidat-Singh starred for Syracuse, playing a position equivalent to modern-day quarterback and starring for the basketball team as well.
Syracuse University and nearby Cornell University were among the first collegiate football teams to include African-American players as starting backfield players. A 1938 news report in the Baltimore Sun reports on one such game where Sidat-Singh led Syracuse to victory over Cornell. In that era, when games were played in Southern segregation states, African-American players from Northern schools were banned from the field. Because of his light complexion and name, Sidat-Singh was sometimes assumed to be a \"Hindu\" (as people from India were often called by Americans during this time). However. shortly before a game against the University of Maryland, a black sportswriter, Sam Lacy, wrote an article in the *Baltimore Afro-American,* revealing Sidat-Singh\'s true racial identity. Wilmeth Sidat-Singh was held out of the game and Syracuse lost that game 0-13. In a rematch the following year at Syracuse, Sidat-Singh led the Orange to a lopsided victory (53-0) over Maryland.
With unofficial bans on black players enacted in both the National Basketball League (NBL) and National Football League (NFL) Sidat-Singh played briefly for a professional barnstorming basketball team in Syracuse and then joined the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia.
## Military Career, Tuskegee Airmen, Death {#military_career_tuskegee_airmen_death}
After U.S. entry into World War II, he applied and was accepted as a member of the Tuskegee Airmen, the only African-American unit in the U.S. Army Air Force, and won his wings as a pilot.
Sidat-Singh died in 1943 during a training mission when the engine of his airplane failed. \"He died on a training flight when his stricken plane went down in Saginaw Bay, his parachute tangled in the fuselage.\" He drowned in Lake Huron.
## Legacy
In 2005, Syracuse University honored Wilmeth Sidat-Singh by retiring his number and hanging his basketball jersey (#19) in the rafters of the Carrier Dome.
On Saturday, Nov. 9, 2013, the University of Maryland publicly apologized to surviving relatives from the Webb family at a ceremony during a football game with Syracuse University.
## Family
Two of Sidat-Singh\'s paternal aunts, educators Helen Webb Harris and Ethel Webb Terrell, were founding members of the Wake-Robin Golf Club, the oldest registered African American women\'s golf club in the United States, in 1937.
## Fraternity Membership {#fraternity_membership}
Wilmeth Sidat-Singh was a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity initiated into Kappa chapter on May 2, 1938. The original initiation document has a poem written about Sidat
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# Cantons of the Haute-Garonne department
The following is a list of the 27 **cantons of the Haute-Garonne department**, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015: `{{div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Auterive
- Bagnères-de-Luchon
- Blagnac
- Castanet-Tolosan
- Castelginest
- Cazères
- Escalquens
- Léguevin
- Muret
- Pechbonnieu
- Plaisance-du-Touch
- Portet-sur-Garonne
- Revel
- Saint-Gaudens
- Toulouse-1
- Toulouse-2
- Toulouse-3
- Toulouse-4
- Toulouse-5
- Toulouse-6
- Toulouse-7
- Toulouse-8
- Toulouse-9
- Toulouse-10
- Toulouse-11
- Tournefeuille
- Villemur-sur-Tarn
| 89 |
Cantons of the Haute-Garonne department
| 0 |
3,733,729 |
# Picotux
The **Picotux** is a single-board computer launched in 2005, running Linux. There are several different kinds of picotux available, but the main one is the **picotux 100**. The Picotux was released for availability on 18 May 2005. It is 35 mm × 19 mm × 19 mm and just barely larger than an 8P8C modular connector.
## Technology
The picotux 100 operates a 55 MHz 32-bit ARM7 Netsilicon NS7520 processor, with 2 MB of flash memory (750 KB of which contains the OS) and 8 MB SDRAM Memory. The operating system is μClinux 2.4.27 Big Endian. BusyBox 1.0 is used as main shell. The picotux system runs at 250 mA only and 3.3 V +/- 5%.
Two communication interfaces are provided, 10/100 Mbit/s half/full duplex Ethernet and a serial port with up to 230,400 bit/s. Five additional lines can be used for either general input/output or serial handshaking
| 150 |
Picotux
| 0 |
3,733,738 |
# Richard Staple
**Richard Wayne Staple** (born 25 November 1969) is a Jamaican-born former American cricketer. A right-handed batsman and off spin bowler, he was captain of the United States national cricket team at the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, where the USA played their only One Day Internationals (ODIs) to date. He had previously played first-class and List A cricket for his native Jamaica.
## Biography
### Career for Jamaica {#career_for_jamaica}
Born in Kingston in 1969, Richard Staple first played for Jamaica at Under-19 level, playing in the Northern Telecom Youth Championships in August 1989. He made his first-class debut for Jamaica the following year, playing against England.
He played twice in the Red Stripe Cup against the Leeward Islands and Barbados in February 1991, and went on the West Indies tour of England that year, playing against a World XI at the North Marine Road ground in Scarborough.
He became a regular member of the Jamaican side over the next three years, playing 16 Red Stripe Cup matches between 1992 and 1995. He made his List A debut in 1992, playing against the Leeward Islands in the Geddes Grant Shield. He played twelve List A matches for Jamaica in all, also playing for them twice against Bermuda in December 1993. He didn\'t play for Jamaica after his final first-class match for them in 1995.
### Career for USA {#career_for_usa}
More than three years after his final first-class match for Jamaica, Staple returned to competitive cricket when he made his debut for the USA against the Leeward Islands in the Red Stripe Bowl. He next played for them on a tour of England in 2000, playing against a combined Minor Counties team. He also played for them in that year\'s Red Stripe Bowl.
He played for the US at the 2001 ICC Trophy in Ontario, by now captaining the side. He next played for the US in the 2004 ICC 6 Nations Challenge in the United Arab Emirates.
He first played first-class cricket for the US in 2004, playing ICC Intercontinental Cup matches against Canada and Bermuda. In between the two matches, he played in the Americas Championship in Bermuda. Later that year he played his only two ODIs, against New Zealand and Australia in the ICC Champions Trophy in England.
He last played for the US in the 2005 ICC Trophy in Ireland. After warm-up matches against the Northern Cricket Union President\'s XI and Namibia, he played six matches in the tournament proper. Shortly afterwards, he was axed as the USA captain and he has not played for them since
| 431 |
Richard Staple
| 0 |
3,733,766 |
# Jūdan (Go)
is a Go competition in Japan. It is one of the seven major professional titles.
## Description
The Jūdan is a Go competition used by the Japanese Nihon-Kiin and Kansai-Kiin. It was started by the *Sankei Shimbun* newspaper in 1962. The format is similar to the other big titles in Japan. There is a preliminary tournament that decides the challenger. Although, there is something different about the preliminary tournament. Instead of single knockout, it is a double knockout tournament. There is a losers\' section where if a player loses in the preliminary, they go to the losers\' section. The winner of the losers\' section plays the winner of the winners\' section which ultimately decides the challenger for the title. The challenger then plays against the holder in a best of 5 match.
In the Jūdan competition, if a player wins the challenger section, they are promoted to 7 dan. Winning the title gives the player a promotion to 8 dan. If the player subsequently wins another of the second tier top titles (Gosei, Judan, Oza, Tengen), the player will be promoted to 9 dan. The competition had a predecessor, named Hayago Meijin, that ran from 1956 to 1961
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Jūdan (Go)
| 0 |
3,733,768 |
# Brunei pitis
The **pitis** was a currency of Brunei, last issued in 1868, which circulated into the 20th century. It is also referred to as the *picis* by Antonio Pigafetta and some variants of it were referred to as the *kue* and the *paku* (*piece*). It was later replaced by the Straits dollar in Brunei, which is valued at 4,000 pitis or 800 paku and at par with the Spanish dollar.
## History
Before the introduction of coins in Brunei, Cowrie shells were used as bartering currency in purchasing small items. Brunei is also famous for its bronze teapots, which were used as currency in barter trade along the coast of North Borneo.
The first coinage used in Brunei were Chinese, the first type of coins referred to as the pitis. Its use probably started with the Chinese contact with Brunei between the 9th and 12th century.
When Antonio Pigafetta, who was Ferdinand Magellan\'s chronicler, visited Brunei in 1521, he wrote \"*The money is made out of bronze pierced in the middle in order that it may be strung. On each side of it are four Chinese characters, which are letters of the Great King of China. We call the money picils.*\" Picils is a reference to the pitis.
In the 16th century, Brunei started issuing its own currency. These coins were known as pitis, with the Chinese \"pitis\" being referred to as *kue* to differentiate them from the Bruneian coins. Chinese coins continued to circulate in Brunei until around the second half of the 19th century.
In addition to pitis and kue, silver Spanish dollars circulated with an exchange rate of 4,000 pitis = 1 dollar. Iron ingots were also used as money, with 100 flat, inch square pieces worth 1 dollar. Miniature cannons between 6 in to a foot long were also used as currency.
In 1906, Sultan Hashim agreed to have a British Resident in Brunei. He also acquiesced that the Straits dollar, used by the British in the Straits Settlement (Malaya), Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak, should be used in Brunei. Despite the introduction of the Straits dollar, the previous local monies were still used with peculiar exchange rates in the earlier days. All the previous pitis coins were called *paku* (*piece*) where 8 *paku* were equal to 1 cent or *kayu* (*sakayu*). However, officially, 4,000 pitis equaled one dollar.
| 396 |
Brunei pitis
| 0 |
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# Brunei pitis
## Coins
Brunei\'s first coins were struck in a tin-lead alloy. These are further subdivided into about three sets. The earliest types bore an anonymous, flowery design. These were followed by issues of unnamed sultans. Finally, coins bearing the names of known Sultans were issued. These coins were struck from about the 16th century to about the 19th century.
Coins of the unnamed Sultans have the honorific title of the Sultan minted on the coins. Some of the titles includes Malikul-Adil (The Just Sultan) and Malikul-Thahir (The Victorious Sultan). The title is generic though it has been speculated that the coins belonged to that of Sultan Muhammad Hasan who ruled between 1605 and 1620.
The first pitis with a definite date was that issued by Sultan Abdul Momin, who ruled from 1853 to 1885. The principal metal of this coin is lead with some tin content. On the front, the coin shows the Royal umbrellas and other Brunei state insignia. The coin also has an inscription translated as \"By order of the State Financial Administration of Brunei, in the year of the Prophet 1285\". The year of the Prophet 1285, or 1285 Hijrah (AH 1285), is the date according to the Islamic calendar and it corresponds to AD 1868. The coins were of two denominations -- `{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} and 1 pitis.
The last Sultan to issue his own coin was Sultan Hashim who issued the \"star coin\" in 1886 (printed as AH 1304 on the coin) which was minted in Birmingham, England. These coins were bronze and have on the obverse a star inside a circle with an Arabic inscription outside. The reverse has a \"1\" inside a circle with \"*SULTANATE OF BRUNEI 1304*\"
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Brunei pitis
| 1 |
3,733,780 |
# Decline to State
**Decline to State** (**DTS**) was an affiliation designation on the California voter registration form that allows voters to register to vote without choosing a party affiliation. It is similar to what in other states would be called declaring oneself as an independent. `{{as of|2020|10|19|df=US}}`{=mediawiki}, 23.97% of California\'s registered voters have \"**no party preference**\".
In February 1999, 13% of registered voters in California declined to state a party affiliation. That figure had risen to 18% by January 2006, and to 20% by October 2008. The growth of the category Decline to State follows California\'s switch from the closed primary to an open primary system in 1996 following the adoption of Proposition 198. Until 1996, only voters who were registered with a political party could vote in that party\'s primary election. In the June 1998 and March 2000 primary elections, voters could vote for any candidate in any party\'s primary.
On June 26, 2000, the United States Supreme Court decided in *California Democratic Party, et al.* v. *Jones* 530 U.S. 567 (2000) that California\'s open primary system violated the right of free association. In January 2001, following the passage of SB28 (Ch. 898, Stats. 2000), a new modified closed system took effect in which voters registered with a particular party can only vote in that party\'s primary, but voters who decline to state a party affiliation can vote in one party\'s primary if the party agrees to allow it (California Elections Code §2151).
The Democratic and Republican parties had both allowed voters who decline to state a party affiliation to vote in all of their respective primary elections until the 2008 presidential primary election, in which the Republican party disallowed the practice
| 284 |
Decline to State
| 0 |
3,733,800 |
# Kelis Was Here
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 415, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{album chart|Austria|69|artist=Kelis|album=Kelis Was Here|rowheader=true|access-date=July 6, 2011}}
^
``
| 23 |
Kelis Was Here
| 0 |
3,733,801 |
# Photoblog
A **photoblog** (or **photolog**) is a form of photo sharing and publishing in the format of a blog. It differs from a blog through the predominant use of and focus on photographs rather than text. Photoblogging (the action of posting photos to a photoblog) gained momentum in the early 2000s with the advent of the moblog and cameraphones.
## Construction
There are three popular ways to host a photoblog. Photoblogs on individual domains, photoblogs on blogging hosting services such as WordPress or Blogger, and photoblogs on photo specific blogging services such as Fotolog or Flickr.
The dynamic nature of blogs, including photoblogs compared to static sites means that blogs require some form of content management system (CMS) rather than being built mostly by hand. These content management systems usually provide the photoblog\'s authors with a web service that allows the creation and management of posts and the uploading of images. The CMS delivers webpages based on the data entered by the photoblog author. Access to photoblogs is usually unrestricted and available to anyone with internet access and a web browser.
Some existing blogging CMS have been modified by the use of add-ons or plugins (and sometimes core code rewriting) to enable the transition from text blogging to photoblogging. As an example, a photoblog author might limit his blog to display a single entry per day (as opposed to several entries which is typical for text blogs) and he might put thumbnails in entry excerpts to provide archives that display images instead of text snippets. Over time, developers have begun to write purpose-built CMS just for creating photoblogs. Additionally, many services specializing in hosting and displaying images, such as Flickr and Fotolog, have APIs that allow other blogging systems to display their images, giving the user many options as to the construction of a particular site. Good photoblogging platforms also include camera metadata (Exif) that display the camera settings of each photo taken.
## Developments and accessibility {#developments_and_accessibility}
The early days of photoblogging required some level of technical experience with setting up a webserver and installing or writing the CMS code for it (e.g. Pixelpost or Picoplog). Some photobloggers still prefer this option of running their own server, as this gives them full control over the display and functionality of their photoblog. However, there are now a range of photoblog hosting services available which provide a ready-made solution in which everything has already been set up. This has made photoblogging more accessible to the layman.
Convergence of mobile phones with digital cameras has opened a new era in photoblogging as authors may publish photos directly from smart devices to the Web. Visual blogging enables people with limited English, or low literacy to contribute to material on the Web. Combined with automatic (photo-booth) uploading technology, this is a powerful tool to build digital literacy and digital citizenship in marginalized groups
| 480 |
Photoblog
| 0 |
3,733,808 |
# Daniel Chun
**Daniel Chun** is a Korean American comedy writer. He has written for *The Office* and *The Simpsons*. He received a Writers Guild Award nomination and an Annie Award for his work on *The Simpsons*. He was once head writer and an executive producer of *The Office,* receiving two Emmy nominations for his work on the show. Chun has also contributed to the *Harvard Lampoon*, TNR.com, *02138 Magazine*, *New York Magazine*, *The Huffington Post*, and *Vitals* magazine, where he wrote the back page column. He wrote for the ABC comedy series *Happy Endings*, joining the show as a writer and producer in season three. In 2015, his ABC Studios pilot *Grandfathered*, starring John Stamos, was ordered to series on Fox.
Chun studied biological anthropology at Harvard University.
He was named one of *Variety*\'s 10 TV Scribes To Watch in 2015.
In 2019, Chun joined several WGA writers in firing their agents as part of the WGA\'s stand against the ATA and the practice of packaging.
## *The Simpsons* episodes {#the_simpsons_episodes}
- \"Marge\'s Son Poisoning\" (2005)
- \"Jazzy and the Pussycats\" (2006)
- \"G.I
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Daniel Chun
| 0 |
3,733,811 |
# Critical geopolitics
In the humanities discipline of critical theory, **critical geopolitics** is an academic school of thought centered on the idea that intellectuals of statecraft construct ideas about places, that these ideas have influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices, and that these ideas affect how people process their own notions of places and politics.
Critical geopolitics sees the geopolitical as comprising four linked facets: popular geopolitics, formal geopolitics, structural geopolitics, and practical geopolitics. Critical geopolitical scholarship continues to engage critically with questions surrounding geopolitical discourses, geopolitical practice (i.e. foreign policy), and the history of geopolitics.
## Key ideas and concepts {#key_ideas_and_concepts}
Rooted in poststructuralism as well as various versions of postcolonial scholarship, critical geopolitical inquiry is, at its core, concerned with the operation, interaction, and contestation of geopolitical discourses.
This poststructuralist orientation holds that the realities of global political space do not simply reveal themselves to detached, omniscient observers. Rather, geopolitical knowledges are seen as partial and situated, emergent from particular subject positions. In this context, geopolitical practices result from complex constellations of competing ideas and discourses, which they in turn modify. The linkages between geographical patterns and processes, on the one hand, and various types of discourses on the other hand, are a key contribution to the geography of media and communication. They also imply that geopolitical practice is not, therefore, unproblematically \'right\' or \'natural\'.
Further, since geopolitical knowledge is seen as partial, situated and embodied, nation-states are not the only \'legitimate\' unit of geopolitical analysis within critical geopolitics. Instead, geopolitical knowledge is seen as more diffuse, with \'popular\' geopolitical discourse considered alongside \'formal\' and \'practical\' geopolitics. These three \'strands\' of geopolitical thought are outlined below:
### Popular geopolitics {#popular_geopolitics}
Popular geopolitics is one of the ways in which geopolitical knowledge is produced. It argues that geopolitical ideas are not only shaped by the state, intellectual elites and politicians. Rather, it is also shaped and communicated through popular culture and everyday practices. Popular culture construct a common sense understanding of world politics through the use of movies, books, magazines, etc.
Political geographers have widely studied the role of popular culture in shaping the popular understanding of politics. Klaus Dodds, a political geographer, studied the conveyance of geopolitical ideas through movies. While analyzing James Bond movies, he discovered a recurring message of Western states\' geopolitical anxieties. For example, the movie *From Russia with Love* conveyed United States\' anxieties as a result of the Cold War and *The World Is Not Enough* conveyed the threats posed by Central Asia.
### Structural geopolitics {#structural_geopolitics}
Structural geopolitics is defined as contemporary geopolitical tradition.
### Formal geopolitics {#formal_geopolitics}
Formal geopolitics refers to the geopolitical culture of more \'traditional\' geopolitical actors. Critical accounts of formal geopolitics therefore pay attention to the ways in which formal foreign policy actors and professionals - including think-tanks and academics - mediate geopolitical issues such that particular understandings and policy prescriptions become hegemonic, even common-sense.
### Practical geopolitics {#practical_geopolitics}
Practical geopolitics describes the actual practice of geopolitical strategy (i.e. foreign policy). Studies of practical geopolitics focus both on geopolitical action and geopolitical reasoning, and the ways in which these are linked recursively to both \'formal\' and \'popular\' geopolitical discourse. Because critical geopolitics is concerned with geopolitics as discourse, studies of practical geopolitics pay attention both to geopolitical actions (for example, military deployment), but also to the discursive strategies used to narrativize these actions.
The \"critical\" in critical geopolitics therefore relates to two (linked) aims. Firstly, it seeks to \'open up\' Geopolitics, as a discipline and a concept. It does this partly by considering the popular and formal aspects of geopolitics alongside practical geopolitics. Further, it focuses on the power relations and dynamics through which particular understandings are (re)constructed. Secondly, critical geopolitics engages critically with \'traditional\' geopolitical themes. The articulation of \'alternative\' narratives on geopolitical issues, however, may or may not be consistent with a poststructuralist methodology.
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| 0 |
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# Critical geopolitics
## Key texts {#key_texts}
### Emergence of critical geopolitics {#emergence_of_critical_geopolitics}
Critical geopolitics is an ongoing project which came to prominence when the French geographer Yves Lacoste published \'La géographie ça sert d\'abord à faire la guerre\' (\'geography is primarily for waging war\') (1976) and founded the journal *Hérodote*. The subject entered the English language Geography literature in the 1990s thanks in part to a special \"Critical Geopolitics\" issue of the journal *Political Geography* in 1996 (vol. 15/6-7), and the publication in the same year of Gearóid Ó Tuathail\'s seminal *Critical Geopolitics* book.
Ó Tuathail\'s 1996 book *Critical Geopolitics* defined the state of the subdiscipline at the time, and codified its methodological and intellectual underpinnings.
The historical role of Europe has been subjected to a rich tradition of critical works in geopolitics, as reflected in several book series, such as Routledge\'s [Critical Geopolitics](https://www.routledge.com/Critical-Geopolitics/book-series/ASHSER-1341) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806133005/https://www.routledge.com/Critical-Geopolitics/book-series/ASHSER-1341 |date=2020-08-06 }}`{=mediawiki} series, edited by Alan Ingram, Merje Kuus and Chih Yuan Woon, as well as the series on Critical European Studies (also at Routledge), edited by Yannis Stivachtis. Contributing to this area is the book entitled *[The European Union and Global Social Change: A Critical Geopolitical-Economic Analysis](https://www.routledge.com/The-European-Union-and-Global-Social-Change-A-Critical-Geopolitical-Economic/Borocz/p/book/9780415595179)* by József Böröcz.
### Critical Geopolitics texts {#critical_geopolitics_texts}
Critical geopolitics-based work has been published in a range of Geographical and trans-disciplinary journals, as well as in books and edited collections. Major journals in which critical geopolitics work has appeared include:
- *Annals of the Association of American Geographers*
- *Antipode*
- *Geopolitics*
- *Political Geography*
Elsewhere, critical geopolitics-derived studies have been published in journals specializing in popular culture, security studies, border studies (such as in the Journal of Borderlands Studies) and history, reflecting the breadth of subject matter subsumed under the critical geopolitics headline.
#### Texts in Critical Geopolitical theory {#texts_in_critical_geopolitical_theory}
Critical geopolitics \'theory\' is not fixed or homogeneous, but core features - especially a concern for discourse analysis - are fundamental.
- **Introduction to critical geopolitical theory:** Gearóid Ó Tuathail\'s (1996) *Critical Geopolitics* (London: Routledge) details the aims, scope and intellectual context of Critical Geopolitics. It also provides a genealogical account of the history of Geopolitics, placing Critical Geopolitics in its temporal and disciplinary context.
- **Relationship between \'classical\' and critical geopolitics:** There are thematic concerns in common between classical and critical geopolitics, leading to the question of whether \'mainstream\' International Relations theory and geopolitics can be reconciled with the critical project. In a 2006 article in the journal *Geopolitics* (vol. 11/1), Phil Kelly of Emporia State University argues that it is possible.
Popular engagement with the geopolitical, as (re)presented in popular culture, is a major area of research within the critical geopolitics literature:
- **Newspapers:** The framing of geopolitical events in mass circulation newspapers has been addressed by a number of authors. Thomas McFarlane and Iain Hay\'s (2003) article in *Political Geography*, \'The battle for Seattle: protest and popular geopolitics in *The Australian* newspaper\', is a highly cited example. Further, it exemplifies how critical geopolitics research can use both qualitative and quantitative approaches to discourse analysis.
- **Magazines:** Joanne Sharp\'s analysis of the ways in which the *Reader\'s Digest* (re)presented a sense of US national identity during the Cold War started life as a 1993 article in the journal Political Geography. Subsequently, it spurred her 2000 book *Condensing the Cold War:*Reader\'s Digest*and American Identity*. Further, Sharp\'s methodology prompted an in-depth debate (2003) about the practice of popular geopolitics, in the pages of the journal *Geopolitics* (vol.8/2).
- **Cartoons and Comics:** An early (1996) and frequently-cited popular geopolitics study by Klaus Dodds considers the geopolitical content and effect of cartoons by *Guardian* cartoonist Steve Bell during the Falklands War; \'The 1982 Falklands War and a critical geopolitical eye: Steve Bell and the If cartoons\' was published in *Political Geography* (vol. 15/6). Jason Dittmer has explored the comic book titles of Captain America as an illustration of a \"nuanced and ambiguous\" geopolitical script in popular culture. \'Captain America\'s Empire: Reflections on Identity, Popular Culture, and Post-9/11 Geopolitics\' was published in the *Annals of the Association of American Geographers* (vol.95/3).
- **Films:** Hollywood has been the subject of numerous popular geopolitics studies, both from explicitly \'geographical\' perspectives, but also from academics from a range of backgrounds. Studies of film range from those that deal explicitly with the intertextuality between \'war films\' and \'real\' wars, to those that deal more broadly with issues of identity formation and representation.
- **Radio:** In more recent years, scholars of critical geopolitics have shown an increased interest in radio broadcasting as both a domestic and international form of geopolitical communication. Alasdair Pinkerton and Klaus Dodds laid out their agenda for the study of [Radio Geopolitics](http://phg.sagepub.com/cgi/content/short/33/1/10) in *Progress in Human Geography* (vol. 33/1) during 2009. Pinkerton has also written about the crucial role of radio during the Falklands Conflict. His paper [\'Strangers in the Night\': The Falklands Conflict as a Radio War](https://archive.today/20130415162515/http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/3/344) was published in *Twentieth Century British History* (vol. 19/3) and was awarded the TCBH Essay Prize 2007.
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| 1 |
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# Critical geopolitics
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- John A
| 10 |
Critical geopolitics
| 2 |
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# Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets
The **Maputaland-Pondoland bushland and thickets** is one of the ecoregions of South Africa. It consists of the montane shrubland biome.
## Geography
The ecoregion occupies the foothills of the Drakensberg mountains, covering an area of 19,500 km2 in South Africa\'s Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. It is bounded on the east by the KwaZulu-Cape coastal forest mosaic, which lies in the humid coastal strip along the Indian Ocean; to the west it is bounded by the higher-elevation Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests. To the south, it transitions to the drier Albany thickets, which are characterized by more succulent and spiny plants.
## Climate
The ecoregion experiences a dry subtropical climate characterised by varying rainfall levels, ranging from 800 mm to 450 mm per year. The majority of rainfall, approximately three-quarters, occurs during the warm summer months between October and March. Frosts are infrequent due to the moderating influence of the nearby Indian Ocean.`{{fact|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
## Flora
The typical vegetation is sclerophyll evergreen shrubs, which form dense, closed canopy thickets up to six meters in height. The ecoregion, which is in a transition between moist and dry, montane and lowland, and temperate and tropical, has a rich diversity of species, although with few endemics. `{{fact|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
## Fauna
The ecoregion is home to a variety of animal species, including endangered black rhinos *(Diceros bicornis)* and white rhinos *(Ceratotherium simum)*.`{{fact|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
## Protected areas {#protected_areas}
A 1994 survey found that about 7.5% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include the Great Fish River Nature Reserve, Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve, and Thomas Baines Nature Reserve
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Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets
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