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# Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock
## Fleet
### Seoul Metro & Korail {#seoul_metro_korail}
All cars are 19.5 meters in length, 3.12 meters in width, and 3.8 meters in height. (63.98 feet in length, 10.24 feet in width, and 12.47 feet in height.) Newer trains operated by Seoul Metro are usually given the same variables because they are intended to replace older trains.
All trains on Lines 5-8 are equipped with an ATO (Automatic Train Operation) systems. As a backup, there is always a driver on board in case of a failure in the ATO system.
#### Active (built before 2000) {#active_built_before_2000}
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Series | Operator | Year Built\ | Photo | Numbers & Total Ordered | Assigned Services | Yard\ | Notes |
| | | and Builder | | | | Assignment | |
+============================================+=============+====================================================================================+=======+==================================+================================+=============================+=========================================================================================================================================================================================+
| Seoul Metro 1000 series\ | Seoul Metro | 1989/1999/2004 (rebuilt 1999 & 2002)\ | | 1-11\~1-16\ | | Gunja | - Created from newer cars used to extend first generation 1000 series trains to ten cars. |
| (first generation, newer cars) | | Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hyundai Rotem | | (6 trains, 60 cars) | | | - Trains 111\~114 were originally numbered as trains 113/114\~119/120. |
| | | | | | | | - Train 1-11 used four powered cars built in 1999 when it was train 113/114. |
| | | | | | | | - One driving car of former train 113/114 was written off following an accident in 2002, so a new driving car was built in 2004, and the train returned to service as train 1-11. |
| | | | | | | | - Limited to local service between Yangju and Incheon/Seodongtan due to lower maximum speeds. |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 4000 series (first generation) | | 1993--1994\ | | 4-01\~4-26,\ | | Chang-dong | - Trains 4-01\~4-26 use DC pantographs and operate between Jinjeop and Sadang only, while trains 4-51\~4-71 use AC pantographs and can operate on the full length of Line 4. |
| | | Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation (1st batch),\ | | 4-51\~4-71\ | | | - Trains 4-01\~4-09 & 4-51\~4-63 are first batch trains built in 1993, while trains 4-10\~4-26 & 4-64\~4-71 are second batch trains built in 1994. |
| | | Daewoo Heavy Industries (2nd batch) | | (47 trains, 470 cars) | | | - Trains 4-51 was retrofitted with propulsion systems from Dawonsys. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 4-66, 4-70, and 4-71 were retrofitted with propulsion systems from Woojin Industrial Systems. |
| | | | | | | | - Train 4-61 was retired after an accident at Sanggye station. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 4-16, 4-65, 4-67, and 4-69 are retired because of various issues. |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Successor trains on the way. |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 5000 series\ | Seoul Metro | 1994-1997\ | | 5-01\~5-76\ | | Banghwa & Godeok | - Trains 5-02 was retrofitted with propulsion systems from Dawonsys. |
| (first generation) | | Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation | | (76 trains, 608 cars) | | | - Train 5-18 is retired because of various issues. |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 7000/8000 series\ | | 1995-1996\ | | Line 7: 7-01\~7-17\ | `{{rint|seoul|8}}`{=mediawiki} | Line 7: Dobong\ | - Train 8-15 is retired because of various issues. |
| (first generation) | | Daewoo Heavy Industries | | Line 8: 8-01\~8-15\ | | Line 8: Moran | |
| | | | | (32 trains, 226 cars) | | | |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 311000\ | Korail | 1996--1998\ | | 311-01\~311-41\ | | Guro & Imun | - Formerly numbered 5-01\~5-42. |
| (first generation) | | Daewoo Heavy Industries,\ | | (41 trains, 405 cars) | | | - Train 5-19 was damaged in an accident. Eight cars in the train were converted to two Class 319000 trains, while the other two were scrapped. |
| | | Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation | | | | | - Trains 311-39 and 311-41 utilize three (in total) unpowered Korail Class 341000 cars. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 311-01\~311-06 are retired because of various issues. |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 1000 series\ | Seoul Metro | 1998--1999, 2002\ | | 1-01\~1-10\ | | Gunja | - Trains 1-01\~1-06 are first batch trains built between 1998 & 1999, while trains 1-07\~1-10 are second batch trains built in 2002. |
| (second generation) | | Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation (1st batch),\ | | (10 trains, 92 cars) | | | - Trains 1-05\~1-06 use unpowered cars from first generation Seoul Metro 1000 series trains 101/102 & 103/104 |
| | | Rotem (2nd batch) | | | | | - Trains 1-09\~1-10 use unpowered cars from first generation Seoul Metro 1000 series trains 121/122 & 123/124. |
| | | | | | | | - Limited to local service between Yangju and Incheon/Seodongtan due to lower maximum speeds. |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 6000 series | Seoul Metro | 1999-2000\ | | 6-01\~6-41\ | `{{rint|seoul|7}}`{=mediawiki} | Line 6: Sinnae\ | |
| | | Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, KOROS | | (41 trains, 328 cars) | | Line 7: Dobong | |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 7000/8000 series\ | | 1999-2000\ | | Line 7: 7-18\~7-63\ | `{{rint|seoul|8}}`{=mediawiki} | Line 7: Dobong & Cheonwang\ | - Order included trains formerly numbered 8-21 and 8-22. |
| (second generation) | | Hanjin Heavy Industries, KOROS | | Line 8: 8-16\~8-20\ | | Line 8: Moran | - Train 7-63 was formed from train 8-21 and two non-driving cars from train 8-22. |
| | | | | (originally 76 trains, 608 cars) | | | - Three other cars (one driving car & two non-driving cars) from train 8-22 are utilized in train 7-52, was retired. |
| | | | | | | | - The remaining driving car from train 8-22 was repurposed into a mockup for the SR-series. |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1,052 |
Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock
| 1 |
2,876,611 |
# Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock
## Fleet
### Seoul Metro & Korail {#seoul_metro_korail}
#### Active (built after 2000) {#active_built_after_2000}
All trains use VVVF inverter-based propulsion systems. Older trains generally use GTOs, while newer trains generally use IGBTs.
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Series | Operator | Year Built\ | Photo | Numbers & Total Ordered | Assigned Services | Yard\ | Notes |
| | | and Builder | | | | Assignment | |
+==========================================================+=============+===================================================+=======+===============================+==========================================================+========================+=================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| Korail Class 311000\ | Korail | 2002--2004\ | | 311-42\~311-65\ | | Guro & Byeongjeom | - Formerly numbered 5-43\~5-66. |
| (second generation) | | Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Rotem | | (24 trains, 240 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 351000\ | | | | 351-23\~351-28\ | | Bundang | - Formerly numbered 2-82\~2-87. |
| (second generation) | | | | (6 trains, 36 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 2000 series\ | Seoul Metro | 2005\ | | 2-01\~2-05,\ | | Sinjeong & Gunja | - Train 2-57 is 4 cars long and runs on the Seongsu Branch shuttle service. |
| (third generation, first batch) | | Rotem | | 2-57\ | | | |
| | | | | (6 trains, 54 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 311000\ | Korail | 2005--2006\ | | 311-66\~311-82\ | | Guro, Byeongjeom, Imun | - Formerly numbered 5-67\~5-92. |
| (third generation, first batch) | | Rotem | | (17 trains, 170 cars) | | | - Trains 5-79\~5-80 were converted to Class 319000 trains. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 5-86\~5-92 were renumbered to Class 321000 trains. |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 319000 | | 2006/1997\ | | 319-01\~319-07\ | | Guro | - Trains 319-01\~319-05 were formed from former Class 311000 trains 5-79\~5-80, while trains 319-06-319-07 were formed from Class 311000 train 5-19. |
| | | Hyundai Rotem (rebuilder) | | (7 trains, 28 cars) | | | - Yeongdeungpo-Gwangmyeong shuttle service only. |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 2000 series (third generation, second batch) | Seoul Metro | 2007--2008\ | | 2-15\~2-31,\ | | Sinjeong & Gunja | - Trains 2-58\~2-60 operate on the Seongsu branch shuttle service. |
| | | Hyundai Rotem | | 2-58\~2-72\ | | | - Trains 2-23\~2-31, 2-71, and 2-72 use unpowered cars from first generation Seoul Metro 2000-series trains. These cars are expected to be replaced in the 2020s. |
| | | | | (32 trains, 298 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 321000 | Korail | 2006, 2008--2009\ | | 321-01\~321-21\ | | Yongmun | - Trains 321-01\~321-18 were formed from former Class 311000 trains 5-86\~5-92 & former Class 6000 trains 6-01\~6-07. |
| | | Rotem, Hyundai Rotem | | (21 trains, 168 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 331000\ | | 2009\ | | 331-01\~331-13\ | | Munsan | |
| (first generation) | | Hyundai Rotem | | (13 trains, 104 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 3000 series\ | Seoul Metro | 2009--2010\ | | 3-01\~3-33, 3-36\~3-40, 3-49\ | | Jichuk & Suseo | |
| (second generation) | | Hyundai Rotem | | (39 trains, 390 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 361000 | Korail | 2010\ | | 361-01\~361-14\ | | Pyeongnae | - The original train 361-14 was converted to Class 311000 train 311-90. The current 361-14 was formerly train 361-15. |
| | | Hyundai Rotem | | (14 trains, 112 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 7000 series (\"SR000\" series)\ | Seoul Metro | 2010-2012\ | | 7-64\~7-70 (SR001-SR007)\ | | Cheonwang | |
| (third generation) | | Dawonsys | | (7 trains, 56 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 351000\ | Korail | 2011--2014\ | | 351-29\~351-43,\ | | Bundang & Siheung | |
| (third generation, first batch) | | Hyundai Rotem | | 351-61\~351-72\ | | | |
| | | | | (27 trains, 162 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 331000\ | | | | 331-14\~331-27\ | | Munsan | - Trains 331-14\~331-22 are 4 cars long and are used on the Seoul Station branch (Munsan to Seoul Station) and the Munsan--Imjingang and Imjingang--Dorasan shuttles |
| (second generation) | | | | (14 trains, 66 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 311000\ | | | | 311-83\~311-90,\ | | Guro | - Eight cars in trains 311-90 are former Class 361000 trains 361-14, built in 2010. Two additional cars were built to lengthen the train to 10 cars. |
| (third generation, second batch) | | | | 311-92\~311-94\ | | | |
| | | | | (11 trains, 102 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 311000\ | | 2016--2017\ | | 311-95\~312-03\ | | | - Class 381000 are used on the Seoul Station branch (Munsan to Seoul Station) and the Munsan--Imjingang and Imjingang--Dorasan shuttles. They originally ran on the Busan Metro Donghae Line. |
| (third generation, third batch) | | Hyundai Rotem | | (9 trains, 90 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 371000 | | | | 371-01\~371-12\ | | Bubal | |
| | | | | (12 trains, 48 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 381000\ | | | | 381-01\~381-04\ | Korail `{{rint|busan|donghae}}`{=mediawiki} (from Busan) | Bubal | |
| (first generation) | | | | (4 trains, 16 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 351000\ | | | | 351-73\~351-78\ | | Bundang & Siheung | |
| (third generation, second batch) | | | | (6 trains, 36 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 391000 | | | | 391-01\~391-07\ | | Siheung | |
| | | | | (7 trains, 28 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 2000 series\ | Seoul Metro | 2017--2018\ | | 2-06\~2-13,\ | | Sinjeong & Gunja | |
| (third generation, third batch) | | Dawonsys | | 2-39\~2-42,\ | | | |
| | | | | 2-85\~2-92\ | | | |
| | | | | (21 trains, 210 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 5000 series\ | | 2017--2018\ | | 5-77\~5-80\ | | Godeok | |
| (second generation) | | Hyundai Rotem | | (4 trains, 32 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 341000\ | Korail | 2019--2024\ | | 341-31\~341-60\ | | Siheung | - Class 319000 trains will be relegated to a shuttle service between Kwangwoon University and Yeoncheon. They are temporarily in service on the Suin-Bundang Line between Oido and Incheon. |
| (third generation) | | Hyundai Rotem | | (30 trains, 300 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 311000\ | | | | 312-04-312-15\ | | Guro | |
| (fourth generation) | | | | (12 trains, 120 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 319000\ | | | | 319-08\~319-10\ | (temporary)\ | Siheung (temporary)\ | |
| (second generation) | | | | (3 trains, 18 cars) | `{{rint|seoul|1}}`{=mediawiki} (future) | Guro | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 2000 series\ | Seoul Metro | 2019--2020\ | | 2-14,\ | | Sinjeong & Gunja | - Train 2-56 is 4 cars long and runs on the Seongsu Branch shuttle service. |
| (third generation, fourth batch) | | Hyundai Rotem | | 2-32\~2-38,\ | | | |
| | | | | 2-56,\ | | | |
| | | | | 2-73\~2-84,\ | | | |
| | | | | 2-93\ | | | |
| | | | | (22 trains, 214 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 4000 series\ | | | | 4-81\~4-85\ | | Chang-dong | |
| (second generation) | | | | (5 trains, 50 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 7000 series\ | | 2020\ | | 7-71\~7-72\ | | Cheonwang | |
| (fourth generation) | | Dawonsys | | (2 trains, 16 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 2000 series\ | | 2020--2022\ | | 2-45\~2-48\ | | Sinjeong & Gunja | - Operated as 6-car trains on the Sinjeong Branch shuttle service. |
| (third generation, fifth batch) | | Dawonsys | | (4 trains, 46 cars) | | | - Also includes replacement unpowered non-driving cars for trains 2-23\~2-31 and 2-71\~2-72. |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 3000 series\ | | 2021--2022\ | | 3-16\~3-20,\ | | Jichuk & Suseo | |
| (second generation, second batch) | | Dawonsys | | 3-34\~3-35,\ | | | |
| | | | | 3-41\~3-48\ | | | |
| | | | | (15 trains, 150 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 5000 series\ | | 2021--2024\ | | 5-01\~5-25\ | | Godeok | - The Seoul Metro 5000 (third generation) and 7000 (fifth generation) series are the first trains on the network which use PMSM motors |
| (third generation) | | Woojin Industrial Systems | | (25 trains, 200 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 7000 series\ | | | | 7-01\~7-17\ | | Dobong | |
| (fifth generation) | | | | (17 trains, 136 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 8000 series\ | | | | 8-21\~8-29\ | | Moran | |
| (third generation) | | | | (9 trains, 72 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 3000\ | Korail | 2022--2023\ | | 3-87\~3-94\ | | Jichuk | |
| (second generation) | | Hyundai Rotem | | (8 trains, 80 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 4000 series\ | Seoul Metro | 2022--\ | | 4-50\~4-70\ | | Chang-dong | - Currently being delivered. |
| (third generation) | | Dawonsys | | (21 trains, 210 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 3000\ | Korail | 2022--\ | | 3-68\~3-70, 3-95\~3-99\ | | Jichuk | - Currently being delivered. |
| (third generation) | | Woojin Industrial Systems | | (8 trains, 80 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 311000\ | | | | 312-16\~312-56\ | | Guro, Byeongjeom, Imun | |
| (fifth generation) | | | | (41 trains, 410 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 4000 series\ | Seoul Metro | 2024--\ | | 4-01\~4-26\ | | Chang-dong | - Currently being delivered. |
| (fourth generation) | | Woojin Industrial Systems | | (26 trains, 260 cars) | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1,803 |
Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock
| 2 |
2,876,611 |
# Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock
## Fleet
### Seoul Metro & Korail {#seoul_metro_korail}
#### Retired
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Model & series number | Operator | Year built\ | Photo | Original numbers & total ordered | Assigned services | Year(s) retired | Notes |
| | | and builder | | | | | |
+==========================================+======================================+===========================================================================================================================+=======+======================================================+===============================================================+====================================+===============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| Seoul Metro 1000 series\ | Seoul Metro Corporation | 1972-1974\ | | 101/102-119/120 (10 trains) | `{{rint|seoul|2}}`{=mediawiki} | 1998--1999 | - Rheostat controls. |
| (first generation) | | Hitachi | | | | | - All trains were reorganized and lengthened to 10-car trains by newer cars built in 1989. |
| | | | | | | | - All trains received two unpowered cars each. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 115/116\~119/120 and 129/130\~131/132 received eight powered cars each, and train 113/114 received two powered cars. |
| | | | | | | | - The newer cars were rebuilt & re-organized as current trains **1-11\~1-16** or used as unpowered cars in second generation 1000-series trains 1-05\~1-06 and 1-09\~1-10. |
| | | | | | | | - Several trains temporarily ran on Line 2 when the line first opened due to a shortage of cars for the line. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | 1977--1978\ | | 121/122-131/132 (16 trains) | | 2002 | |
| | | Daewoo Heavy Industries | | | | | |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 1000\ | Korail | 1972-1974, 1976--1981, 1985-1986\ | | 1-01\~1-41 (41 trains) | | 1999--2004 (original cars)\ | - Rheostat controls. |
| (first generation) | | Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kinki Sharyo, Nippon Sharyo, Tokyu Car Corporation | | | | 2006 (un-overhauled newer cars)\ | - The trailer cars of trains 1-29\~1-35 were rebuilt into trains 1-88\~1-94 and were retired in 2006. |
| | | | | | | 2012--2014 (overhauled newer cars) | - Train 1-02 was involved in an accident in 1984. One driving car and one powered car were scrapped. The other driving car was transferred to train 1-14 after that train was involved in a separate accident. Two formerly surplus driving cars built in 1979 and a new powered car built in 1986 were utilized to replace the scrapped and transferred cars. |
| | | | | | | | - Many cars were refurbished and connected to second generation Korail Class 1000 trains. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 1-39\~1-41 received second generation Korail Class 1000 cars built in 1989 to become 10-car trains. The newer cars were linked in second generation trains or utilized as unpowered cars in Korail Class 311000 trains 311-39\~311-41. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 2000 series\ | Seoul Metro Corporation, Seoul Metro | 1980--1983, 1986\ | | 2-01\~2-39\ | | 2005,\ | - Controls & manufacturing years are as following: |
| (first generation) | | Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries | | 2-61\~2-75\ | | 2007--2008 | - 2-01\~2-14: rheostat controls, 1980--1982 |
| | | | | (see notes) (54 trains) | | | - 2-15\~2-39: chopper controls from MELCO, 1983 |
| | | | | | | | - 2-61\~2-75: chopper controls from GEC, 1983-1984 |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 2-01\~2-38 were built as four-car trains, and trains 2-39 and 2-61\~2-75 were built as six-car trains. Most trains received newer cars as following: |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 2-01\~2-08 and 2-15\~2-38 received two unpowered cars built in 1986 to become six-car trains and train 2-09 received two cars built in 1990 to become a six-car train. Select 1986-built cars and all 1990-built cars were rebuilt and utilized as unpowered cars in current trains **2-45\~2-48,** but the retained 1986-built cars have since been replaced. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 2-28\~2-38 each received another four cars built in 1991 to become 10-car trains, and trains 2-15\~2-27 & 2-39 each received four second generation cars built in 1992 to become 10-car trains. All 1991 and 1992-built cars, except for two cars in train 2-38, were rebuilt and either re-organized as the second iteration of trains 2-32\~2-39 (retired 2020) or used as unpowered cars in third generation 2000 series trains 2-23\~2-31. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 2-61\~2-75 were reorganized and received newer cars built in 1991 and 1993 to become 10-car trains. The newer cars were rebuilt and either re-organized as the second iteration of trains 2-73\~2-77 (retired 2020) or used as unpowered cars in current trains **2-46\~2-48** & third generation 2000-series trains 2-71\~2-72. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 2-01\~2-05 each received four second generation cars built in 1993 to become 10-car trains. The newer cars were rebuilt and re-organized as current trains **2-45\~2-48** and **2-56**. |
| | | | | | | | - The second iteration of train 2-39 was involved in an accident in Sangwangsimni station. Four cars were retired and replaced with four salvaged cars from train 2-12 (the other train involved in the accident) to form a new train 2-39. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 2-06\~2-09 were renumbered to trains 2-45\~2-48 and trains 2-12\~2-14 were renumbered to trains 2-58\~2-60 in 2005 when trains 2-45\~2-53 took their former numbers. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | 1989--1990\ | | 2-40\~2-52\ | | 2018--2019 | - All cars used chopper controls from MELCO. |
| | | Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries | | (13 trains, 130 cars) | | | - Original built as six-car trains; all trains received four cars built in 1991 to become 10-car trains. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 2-45\~2-52 were renumbered to 2-06\~2-13. |
| | | | | | | | - Train 2-12 was wrecked in an accident in Sangwangsimni station with train 2-39. Four cars were salvaged to form a new train 2-39 (since retired). |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Wide-width car (first batch) | Seoul Metro Corporation, Seoul Metro | 1984--1985\ | | Line 3: 331/332-379/380\ | `{{rint|seoul|3}}`{=mediawiki} `{{rint|seoul|4}}`{=mediawiki} | 2009--2010 | - Chopper controls from GEC. |
| | | Daewoo Heavy Industries | | Line 4: 401/402\~453/454\ | | | - Line 4 trains 401/402\~429/430 and 447/448\~453/454 were reorganized and renumbered to Line 3 trains 3-01\~3-15 and 3-41\~3-44. |
| | | | | (52 trains) | | | - All Line 3 trains and Line 4 trains 431/432\~445/446 were reorganized and renumbered to the first iteration of Line 2 trains 2-76\~2-77 and Line 3 trains 3-16\~3-40. The driving cars of the Line 4 trains were converted to unpowered cars to extend some of the other trains to ten cars. |
| | | | | | | | - There were no trains with numbers ending from 01 to 30 initially due to numbering conflicts at the time. |
| | | | | | | | - Many trains received newer cars built between 1990 and 1993 to become 10-car trains. The newer cars were either scrapped or rebuilt & further reorganized into current trains **3-16\~3-20** and **3-41\~3-44**. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 1000\ | Korail | 1986--1992\ | | 1-42\~1-72 (32 trains, 216 cars) | | 2006 (un-overhauled cars)\ | - Rheostat controls. |
| (second generation) | | Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries | | | | 2012--2017 (overhauled cars) | - Trains 1-53, 1-57, 1-63, and 1-65 were not overhauled and were retired in 2006. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 1-42\~1-43 had their unpowered cars rebuilt as driving cars 1082, 1182, and 1087. Train 1-87 was retired in 2001 and train 1-82 was retired in 2006. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 2000 series\ | Seoul Metro Corporation, Seoul Metro | 1993--1994\ | | 2-53, 2-93\~2-95\ | | 2020 | - Chopper controls. |
| (second generation) | | Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries | | (4 trains, 40 cars) | | | - Train 2-53 (renumbered to 2-14) was built in 1993 and uses MELCO propulsion systems. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 2-93\~2-95 were built in 1994 and use GEC propulsion systems. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 1000\ | Korail | 1994--1997\ | | 1-74\~1-81, 1-83\~1-86\ | | 2015--2020 | - Rheostat controls. |
| (third generation) | | Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries | | (11 trains, 110 cars) | | | - Expected to retire in 2022, but immediately retired in April 2020 due to a derailment involving train 1-83. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Wide-width car (second batch) | Seoul Metro Corporation, Seoul Metro | 1989--1993\ | | Line 2: 2-78\~2-92\ | `{{rint|seoul|3}}`{=mediawiki} | Line 2 trains: 2020\ | - GEC propulsion systems. |
| | | Daewoo Heavy Industries | | Line 3: 3-34\~3-35, 3-45\~3-48 (21 trains, 210 cars) | | Line 3 trains: 2022 | - Line 2 trains 2-85\~2-92 and all Line 3 trains originally ran on Line 4 as trains 455/456\~481/482. |
| | | | | | | | - Line 2 trains 2-78\~2-84 originally ran on Line 3 as trains 381/382\~393/394. |
| | | | | | | | - Line 3 trains originally ran on Line 4 as trains 471/472\~481/482. |
| | | | | | | | - Six cars in trains 2-78\~2-84 and two cars in train 3-48 were manufactured in 1991 by Hanjin Heavy Industries. |
| | | | | | | | - Line 2 trains retired in 2020, while Line 3 trains retired in September 2022. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Wide-width car\ | | 1990--1993 (rebuilt 2010)\ | | 3-16\~3-20,\ | | 2022 | - GEC propulsion systems. |
| (second batch) | | Daewoo Heavy Industries | | 3-41\~3-44\ | | | - Created from newer cars (built from 1990 to 1993) that were used to extend first generation wide-width trains 10 cars. |
| | | | | (9 trains, 90 cars) | | | - All trains retired in September 2022. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Seoul Metro 2000 series\ | | 1990, 1993 (rebuilt 2005)\ | | 2-45\~2-48,\ | | 2023 | - Created from newer cars (built in 1990 and 1993) that were used to extend first generation trains 2-01\~2-05 and 2-09 to 6 or 10 cars. |
| (first generation, newer cars, rheostat) | | Hanjin Heavy Industries | | 2-56\ | | | - Trains 2-45\~2-48 are 6 cars long and run on the Sinjeong Branch shuttle service. |
| | | | | (5 trains, 28 cars) | | | - Train 2-45 uses unpowered cars (built in 1990) salvaged from first generation train 2-09 in 2005. |
| | | | | | | | - Trains 2-46\~2-48 use unpowered cars (built in 1993) salvaged from first generation trains 2-61\~2-75 in 2008. They originally used unpowered cars (built in 1986) salvaged from first generation trains 2-01, 2-04, and 2-05. |
| | | | | | | | - Train 2-56 was 4 cars ran on the Seongsu Branch shuttle service. |
| | | | | | | | - Seongsu Branch trains retired. |
| | | | | | | | - All Sinjeong Branch trains retired in 2023. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 341000\ | Korail | 1993, 1996\ | | 341-01\~341-25\ | | 2023 | - Formerly numbered 2-30\~2-46, 2-49, 2-51\~2-54, and 2-70\~2-72. |
| (first generation) | | Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation, Hanjin Heavy Industries | | (25 trains, 250 cars) | | | - Train 341-04 utilised all non-driving cars from Class 311000 train 311-01, and several trains utilised some non-driving cars from Class 311000 train 311-02. |
| | | | | | | | - Train 341-02 is retired because of various issues, and train 341-23 was retired after an accident at Sanggye station. |
| | | | | | | | - All trains retired by December 2023. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 351000\ | | 1993, 1996, 1999\ | | 351-01\~351-22\ | | 2024 | - Formerly numbered 2-47\~2-48, 2-50, 2-55\~2-69, and 2-73\~2-76. |
| (first generation) | | Daewoo Heavy Industries, Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation | | (22 trains, 220 cars) | | | - Relegated to service between Cheongnyangni and Gosaek. |
| | | | | | | | - All trains retired by June 2024. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 3000\ | | 1995--1997\ | | 3-71\~3-86\ | | 2024 | - All trains were operated by Korail but managed by Seoul Metro\'s Jichuk depot. |
| (first generation) | | Hyundai Precision & Industries Corporation | | (16 trains, 160 cars) | | | - All trains retired by August 2024. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Korail Class 341000\ | | 1999\ | | 341-26\~341-30\ | | 2024 | - Formerly numbered 2-77\~2-81. |
| (second generation) | | KOROS | | (5 trains, 50 cars) | | | - Train 341-26 was retrofitted with IGBT systems. |
| | | | | | | | - All trains retired by December 2024. |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
### Seoul Metro Line 9 Corporation (Metro 9) {#seoul_metro_line_9_corporation_metro_9}
| 2,255 |
Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock
| 3 |
2,876,611 |
# Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock
## Fleet
### Seoul Metro Line 9 Corporation (Metro 9) {#seoul_metro_line_9_corporation_metro_9}
All trains on Line 9 are six cars long, although many were initially built with four cars.
Seoul Metro (Line 9 Corporation) 9000-series
- First batch (2008) -- trains 01\~24
- Newer cars for extending trains to six cars built in 2018.
- Second batch (2011) -- trains 25\~36
- Newer cars for extending trains to six cars built in 2017.
- Third batch (2016) -- trains 37-45
- Fourth batch (TBD)
<File:Metro> 9 Class 9000 EMU.jpg\|9000-series EMU for Line 9
| 98 |
Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock
| 4 |
2,876,611 |
# Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock
## Fleet
### NeoTrans Co. Ltd. {#neotrans_co._ltd.}
Shinbundang Line D000-series (Hyundai Rotem):
- First batch (2010-2011): D001\~D012
- Second batch (2014-2015): D013\~D020
These trains are controlled by ATO; they are controlled by a computer system on board the train.
<File:Sin> Bundang Line DXLINE D000 20110726.jpg\|D000 series VVVF inverter controlled EMU
### Korail Airport Railroad Co., Ltd. {#korail_airport_railroad_co._ltd.}
- AREX 1000 series
- VVVF inverter controlled electric car
- AREX 2000 series
- VVVF inverter controlled electric car
<File:Yongyu> Station.jpg\|AREX 1000 series <File:AREX> EMU2000
| 89 |
Seoul Metropolitan Subway rolling stock
| 5 |
2,876,614 |
# Orio, Spain
**Orio** is a fishing town located in the province of Gipuzkoa in the Basque Autonomous Community, northern Spain, with the town nucleus lying on the river Oria, roughly one mile away from its mouth by the Bay of Biscay. Orio had a population of 5,901 inhabitants as of 2016.
Traditionally a town attached to the sea and the fishing industry, this sector is losing ground to the more profitable and less demanding tourism, rapidly developing after marshes between the town and the beach were drained with a view to building up new tourist oriented housing. The most widely known and conspicuous sport activity in Orio is the rowing regatta typical of the Basque and Cantabric coastal area, featuring a team represented by the yellow colour.
The town is served by Euskotren Trena\'s coastal line, the N-634 road and the A-8 motorway (since 2010).
A festival representing the last catch of North Atlantic right whales within Basque whaling in 1901, have been held on every 5 years. This catch also reflected in a folk [poem](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SblTNCEnhIw%7Cimprovised) popularized by singer-songwriter Benito Lertxundi.
## Geography
Orio is located on the coast of Gipuzkoa, in the Beterri region. The town is located next to the last meadow of the river Oria, before its mouth (river mouth), in the Bay of Biscay.
The territory of the municipality of Orio is 9.81 km². The river Oria sets the southern and western boundaries between Orio and Aia, on the right bank of Orio and Aia, on the left. It is curious that both sides of the Oria River are under the jurisdiction of Oriente, although the river is bounded by two municipalities, traditionally because Orio has controlled the river.
From the North, the Cantabrian Sea borders the border, with the majority of the coastline of Orio formed by cliffs. Specifically, the only humble coastline of the area is located on the right bank of the river on the Antilla beach. The northeastern part of the municipality forms the Talaimendi mountain, with a peak of Kukuarri (362m)
| 341 |
Orio, Spain
| 0 |
2,876,616 |
# CIT Group
**CIT Group** (**CIT**), a subsidiary of First Citizens BancShares, is an American financial services company. It provides financing, including factoring, cash management, treasury management, mortgage loans, Small Business Administration loans, leasing, and advisory services principally to individuals, middle-market companies and small businesses, primarily in North America. Under the reporting mark CEFX, it leases locomotives and railroad cars to rail transport and shipping companies in North America. It also operates a direct bank. In January 2022, CIT was acquired by First Citizens BancShares.
## History
### Founding and early history {#founding_and_early_history}
On February 11, 1908, Henry Ittleson founded the Commercial Credit and Investment Company in St. Louis, Missouri to finance accounts receivable at small companies.
In 1915, the company moved its headquarters to New York City and renamed itself **Commercial Investment Trust (CIT)**. By that time, the company provided financing for wholesale suppliers and producers of consumer goods. The company added automobile financing to its product line in 1916 through an agreement with Studebaker, the first of its kind in the auto industry. During World War I, CIT financed the manufacture of 150 submarine chasers. It also added consumer financing of radios through an agreement with Thomas Edison, Inc. During the Roaring Twenties following the war, consumer spending rose dramatically and CIT prospered in its consumer appliance, furniture, and automobile financing groups. In 1924, CIT incorporated in Delaware and became a public company via an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange. CIT began offering factoring in 1928 and expanded operations into Europe in 1929.
With international tensions rising prior to World War II, CIT closed its German operations in 1934. Arthur O. Dietz succeeded Ittleson as president of the company in 1939. During the war, CIT offered its 2,000 employees a month\'s bonus, life insurance, and a guaranteed job on return if they served in the United States Armed Forces. Between 1947 and 1950, the company\'s net income rose from \$7.3 million to \$30.8 million. Ittleson died at age 77 on October 27, 1948.
### 1950s - 1990s {#s___1990s}
In 1957, the company moved into a new building at 650 Madison Avenue in Manhattan. In 1958, to diversify, the company acquired Picker X-Ray Corporation, maker of X-ray and radiation equipment, for \$1.9 million. In 1960, Walter Lundell succeeded Dietz as president of the company. In 1964, it acquired Gibson Greeting Cards for \$36 million. In 1965, it acquired Meadow Brook Bank for \$106.7 million in stock. In 1969, CIT entered the personal and home equity loan and leasing business and left auto financing. In 1979, restrictive banking rules forced CIT to sell its bank, National Bank of North America. CIT was acquired by RCA Corporation in 1980. RCA promptly sold CIT\'s four manufacturing businesses: Picker X-Ray, Inc., Gibson Greeting Cards, Inc., All-Steel, Inc. (office furniture), and Raco, Inc. (wall boxes for electric switches and outlets.) The Madison Avenue building was sold in 1982 as the company moved to a newly constructed headquarters facility in Livingston, New Jersey in 1983.
In 1984, CIT was sold to Manufacturers Hanover Trust. In 1989, Manufacturers Hanover Trust sold 60% of CIT to Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank of Japan.
In 1991, the company acquired Fidelcor Business Credit Corporation, which increased its services to small businesses. In 1992, CIT opened 15 new offices in 7 states.
In 1997, the company became a public company via an initial public offering that raised \$850 million.
On November 15, 1999, CIT acquired Toronto-based Newcourt Credit Group in a \$4.2 billion transaction, which created one of the largest publicly owned leasing companies.
### Early 2000s {#early_2000s}
In 2001, Tyco acquired CIT for \$9.2 billion in stock. CIT was renamed as Tyco Capital.
Tyco ran into operating troubles and sold or spun off non-core operations, including CIT. On July 8, 2002, Tyco completed its divestment of its Tyco Capital business through an initial public offering, via the sale of 100% of the common shares in CIT Group Inc.
In 2004, the company acquired the technology-leasing unit of GATX for about \$200 million in cash.
In 2006, CIT moved its global headquarters back to New York City, opening a new headquarters at 11 West 42nd Street, across from the New York Public Library.
Under the leadership of CEO Jeff Peek, assets at CIT rose 77% from 2004 to the end of 2007 as it acquired companies in education lending and subprime mortgages. Those acquisitions turned out to be disastrous for the company and in the following eight quarters, CIT reported more than \$3 billion in losses.
### Bankruptcy and reorganization {#bankruptcy_and_reorganization}
On July 1, 2008, the company announced the sale of its home lending division to Lone Star Funds for \$1.5 billion in cash and the assumption of \$4.4 billion in debt and the sale of its manufactured housing loan portfolio, with a face value of \$470 million in loans, to Vanderbilt Mortgage and Finance for approximately \$300 million.
In December 2008, CIT became a bank holding company to receive \$2.33 billion in funds from the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP).
On July 15, 2009, CIT\'s request for Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation loan guarantees was rejected.
On July 19, 2009, the company received \$3 billion from its bondholders including Pacific Investment Management Company (PIMCO) to delay bankruptcy.
On November 1, 2009, CIT filed a prepackaged bankruptcy under Chapter 11.
On December 10, 2009, CIT emerged from bankruptcy protection.
As part of the reorganization plan, CIT named seven new independent directors. On January 19, 2010, Peter J. Tobin, a member of the board of directors, was named interim chief executive officer, replacing Jeff Peek, who resigned effective January 15, 2010. On February 8, 2010, former Merrill Lynch CEO John Thain was hired as chairman and chief executive officer.
In June 2014, the company acquired Direct Capital.
On August 3, 2015, CIT Group acquired OneWest Bank, established in 2009 by a consortium of private equity investors led by Steven Mnuchin, for \$3.4 billion in cash and stock.
| 997 |
CIT Group
| 0 |
2,876,616 |
# CIT Group
## History
### 2016 to present {#to_present}
In March 2016, CEO John Thain retired and was succeeded by Ellen Alemany, a member of the board of directors.
In April 2017, the company sold its aircraft lease business to Avolon for \$10.38 billion.
In October 2017, the company sold Financial Freedom, acquired as part of the acquisition of OneWest Bank, and its reverse mortgage portfolio.
In October 2018, the company sold its European rail leasing business, NACCO, which was its last overseas operation.
In January 2020, CIT acquired Mutual of Omaha Bank.
In January 2022, CIT was acquired by First Citizens BancShares
| 104 |
CIT Group
| 1 |
2,876,622 |
# Ormaiztegi
**Ormaiztegi** is a town and municipality located in the comarca of Goierri, Gipuzkoa province, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, northern Spain. It is also the location of the historical monument, Viaduc d\'Ormaiztegi. It is the birthplace of the Carlist hero General Tomas Zumalacarregui.
It also has Irizar\'s main factory
| 54 |
Ormaiztegi
| 0 |
2,876,628 |
# Pasaia
Fishermen\'s houses in Pasajes de San Juan.
`| photo2b = Pasajes de San Pedro - instalaciones portuarias 04.jpg{{!}}A passenger shallop linking both banks of the ria.`\
`| photo3a = Lezo.JPG{{!}}Port facilities.`
\| size = 250 \| spacing = \| color = \| border = 0 \| color_border = \| text = \| text_background = \| foot_montage = Pasaia }} \| image_alt = \| image_caption = \| etymology = \| nickname = \| pushpin_map = Spain Basque Country#Spain \| pushpin_label_position = \| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Pasaia within the Basque Autonomous Community##Location of Pasaia within Spain \| coordinates = 43 19 31 N 1 55 16 W display=inline,title region:ES-SS_type:city(16078)\_source:dewiki \| elevation_m = \| elevation_min_m = \| elevation_max_m = \| area_footnotes = \| area_total_km2 = 11.34 \| population_as_of = `{{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}`{=mediawiki} \| population_footnotes = `{{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}`{=mediawiki} \| population_total = `{{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_total}}`{=mediawiki} \| population_note = \| population_density_km2 = auto \| population_demonym = Pasaitarra \| subdivision_type = Country \| subdivision_name = `{{ESP}}`{=mediawiki} \| subdivision_type1 = Autonomous community \| subdivision_name1 = `{{Flag|Basque Country}}`{=mediawiki} \| subdivision_type2 = Province \| subdivision_name2 = Gipuzkoa \| subdivision_type3 = Eskualdea \| subdivision_name3 = Donostialdea \| blank_name_sec1 = Official language(s) \| blank_info_sec1 = Basque, Spanish \| timezone = CET \| utc_offset = +1 \| timezone_DST = CEST \| utc_offset_DST = +2 \| postal_code_type = Postal code \| postal_code = 20110 \| area_code_type = Dialing code \| area_code = \| leader_title = Mayor \| leader_name = Izaskun Gómez Cermeño \| leader_party = PSE-EE \| website = `{{URL|pasaia.eus}}`{=mediawiki} }}
**Pasaia** (*Pasajes*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Gipuzkoa in the Basque Autonomous Community of northern Spain. It is a fishing community, commercial port and the birthplace of the famous admiral Blas de Lezo and of the fashion designer Paco Rabanne.
Pasaia lies approximately 5 km east of Donostia\'s centre, lying at the foot of Mount Ulia and the Jaizkibel massif. The municipality numbers 16,056 inhabitants (`{{as of|2008|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki} estimates), clustering around the Bay of Pasaia in four nuclei, namely Pasai San Pedro, Pasai San Juan (or Donibane in Basque), Antxo and Trintxerpe, with each part showing distinctive features.
## History
The first documented mention of this place, written in 1203, calls it Oiarso. The name was later changed to \"Pasage\" (first attested in the 15th century), which means \'port\' in Gascon. Gascons had come to inhabit the area side by side with the Basque people at the beginning of the 13th century.
It was a major source of revenue for the municipal coffers on the strength of its position on commercial sea routes. The Guipuzcoana Company used this as its main port, and there were as many as seven shipyards here in the mid-17th century. Historically the area was controlled by two competing baronies: Hondarribia, controlling Donibane, the right bank; and Donostia (San Sebastián), with jurisdiction over San Pedro, the left bank. Donibane separated from Hondarribia in 1770, and San Pedro separated from Donostia in 1805.
The district of Antxo was formed in 1890, when the Irun-Madrid railway came through. Trintxerpe, next to San Pedro, was the last district to form. Trintxerpe and Antxo eventually became a continuous urban strip with the eastern districts of Donostia
| 531 |
Pasaia
| 0 |
2,876,638 |
# Retouch (lithics)
**Retouch** is the act of producing scars on a stone flake after the ventral surface has been created. It can be done to the edge of an implement in order to make it into a functional tool, or to reshape a used tool. Retouch can be a strategy to reuse an existing lithic artifact and enable people to transform one tool into another tool. Depending on the form of classification that one uses, it may be argued that retouch can also be conducted on a core-tool, if such a category exists, such as a hand-axe.
Retouch may simply consist of roughly trimming an edge by striking with a hammerstone, or on smaller, finer flake or blade tools it is sometimes carried out by pressure flaking. Other forms of retouch may include burination, which is retouch that is conducted in a parallel orientation to the flake margin. Retouch is often taken as one of the most obvious features distinguishing a tool from a waste by-product of lithic manufacture (debitage).
The extent of reduction, also known as the retouch intensity, is denoted by a measure of the reduction index. There are many quantitative and qualitative methods used to measure this.
## Measuring retouch {#measuring_retouch}
### Quantitative measurements {#quantitative_measurements}
There are three indices of retouch that offer significant inferential power in determining the amount of mass lost in the process of retouching. Despite particular weaknesses associated with each method, the following methods have been shown to be the most robust, versatile, sensitive, and comprehensive.
#### Geometric index of unifacial reduction (GIUR) {#geometric_index_of_unifacial_reduction_giur}
This method uses measurements of flake thickness and the height of retouch scars to produce a ratio between 0 and 1 of the index of reduction. In the original publication on GIUR by Kuhn (1990), scars are measured at three points (t) along the retouched edge (usually at proximal, medial, and distal points) and then divided by the overall thickness (T) to produce this ratio. The equation is GIUR= ((t1+t2+t3)/3)/T. However, scholars have recently revised Kuhn\'s methods by measuring T at each point t is measured. The updated calculation is GIUR= (t1/T1+ t2/T2 + t3/T3)/3. The new method creates more data points and may erase biases caused by high variation in artefact thickness. Typically, higher GIUR values indicate more invasive or extensive retouch. Calipers can be used to measure the height of the retouch scar or a goniometer can be used to measure the angle of the retouch and the height can be calculated with the equation t=D sin(a), where \"D\" is scar length and \"a\" is angle of retouch. Limitations of the GIUR are its restriction to use on unifacially retouched flakes and that as values increase, they are less able to accurately represent mass loss, because once retouch meets or succeeds the dorsal spine, t/T ratios decline
#### Invasiveness index {#invasiveness_index}
This index divides both the dorsal and ventral surface of a flake into eight sections each and calculates a score of how invasive the retouch is. It is based on adding up individual scores from each of the eight sections (each section gets a score of 0, 0.5, or 1) and dividing the total by the number of sections. This index can be used on both unifacially and bifacially retouched flakes.
#### Initial-/terminal-mass comparison (ITMC) {#initial_terminal_mass_comparison_itmc}
This index estimates the initial flake mass through the use of laser scanners and the measurement of platform area and exterior platform angle. The platform must be fully intact in order to use this method.
#### Other measures of retouch {#other_measures_of_retouch}
- Ratio of ventral area to platform area
- Hafted biface retouch index
- Estimated reduction percentage (ERP)
- Ratio of retouched edge to total perimeter
| 618 |
Retouch (lithics)
| 0 |
2,876,638 |
# Retouch (lithics)
## Measuring retouch {#measuring_retouch}
### Qualitative measures of retouch {#qualitative_measures_of_retouch}
#### Retouch morphology {#retouch_morphology}
This consists of identifying the scar morphology of the retouch. There may be more than one type of scar morphology on a single flake. There are three types of scar morphology.
1\. Scaled retouch scars\
These are short, become wider at their distal end, and along the flake edge have an acute angle.
2\. Stepped retouch scars\
These are short, have stepped terminations at their distal end, and along the flake edge have a higher angle.
3\. Parallel retouch scars\
These are roughly parallel to one another and run along the flake margin.
#### Retouch direction {#retouch_direction}
This is essentially the direction in which the retouch was removed. There are five common directions of retouch.
1\. Obverse retouch\
This is retouch that is struck from the ventral surface, causing scars to show up on the dorsal margin. This happens to be the most commonly present retouch direction.
2\. Inverse retouch\
This is retouch that is struck from the dorsal surface, causing scars to show up on the ventral margins.
3\. Alternate retouch\
This is present when obverse retouch is apparent on one flake margin, while inverse retouch is apparent on the opposing flake margin.
4\. Alternating retouch\
This is when obverse and inverse retouch are both present on the same flake margin, but on differing parts of that margin.
5\. Bifacial retouch\
This is when obverse and inverse retouch are present on the same area of the same flake margin.
#### Retouch location {#retouch_location}
This is quite simply a description of where exactly the retouch is located on the flake. The key here is to be very specific. The retouch extensiveness for each area should also be described. This entails whether the retouch is total or partial. Proper flake terminology should be used in these descriptions.
## Ethnographic research {#ethnographic_research}
Through ethnographic research in Central Australia, Hiscock found that retouch may be conducted on a flake that is ultimately rejected as a tool for use. This shows that retouch may, in some cases, not be a sign of extending the use life of a tool. It may simply be an attempt to make a tool viable for use in the first place and can indicate that particular tool\'s unsuitability for use. This calls into question many of the basic assumptions made based on retouch and suggests that archaeologists may need to rethink exactly what retouch may mean
| 414 |
Retouch (lithics)
| 1 |
2,876,649 |
# Soraluze-Placencia de las Armas
**Soraluze** (Basque) or **Placencia de las Armas** (Spanish), officially **Soraluze-Placencia de las Armas**, is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the Basque Country, Spain.
The town of Placencia de las Armas has been involved since its foundation in the manufacture of weapons of all kinds. At its founding in 1343, it called Placencia Soraluze then in the fifteenth century it added \"las Armas\" or \"weapons\" to its name in reference to its main industry. In this village the Royal Guns Factory ended weapons manufacturing in the middle of the twentieth century.
Its coat of arms consists of the following elements: a field of gules a castle battlements three gold exiting their respective sides small white flags with the cross of Burgundy. The field is surrounded by a rope whose sides have two lions and various weapons. The head of a crown has 9 points.
## Placencia
The town was founded in 1343 by king Alfonso XI of Castile under the name of \"Placencia\". The name \"Placencia\" is common, under similar forms, as seen in other foundations of earlier medieval villages like Plasencia, Piacenza or Plencia. It is considered that this name derives from the phrase *ut Placeat* (for pleasure or to please) expression with which the king or lord in turn used as the basis for a village or town\'s name. For example, the motto of the Plasencia Extremadura is *Deo et ut Placeat hominibus* (to please God and men). The early Basque presence in Newfoundland is commemorated by the town name Plasencia, documented in the archives as early as 1563.
## The Basque place name, Soraluce {#the_basque_place_name_soraluce}
Soraluce (with the current Basque script is written *Soraluze*) appears to be the former name of the place where the town was founded. The king ordered the inhabitants of Herlaegia and Soraluze populate the newly created village of Placencia. When in 1397 the representatives of the village attended the first General Assembly of Gipuzkoa, they attended under the name of *Placencia Soraluce*, according to the records of the meeting.
In Basque language *Soro* means \"field\" or \"garden\" and *luze* means \"long\"; so that the name seems to mean pretty obviously \"long field or orchard.\" In addition Placencia Soraluce is settled in a narrow valley along the Deba river, which matches up well with the name.
## \"De las armas\" or \"Of the arms\" {#de_las_armas_or_of_the_arms}
In the sixteenth century the government greatly developed its arms industry in Placencia, so that people no longer called Placencia Soraluce but became known as *Placencia de las Armas.* Until the last quarter of the twentieth century, the arms industry has remained at the base of the economy of the town and today the village retains that designational fruit of its historical economic activity.
## The colloquial and official name {#the_colloquial_and_official_name}
In Basque the town is colloquially known under different names like, *Plaentzia*, *Plazentzia*, *Plaentxi* and *Plaentxia*. In addition to these \"traditional\" denominations the \"historical\" name was *Soraluze*. When formalizing the Basque name of the town the \'form\' Soraluze was eventually chosen. Until 2005 the euskaltzaindia admitted Soraluze and Plaentzia as synonymous.
From 1988 the official name of the township was changed to *\'Soraluze-Placencia de las Armas\'*. Although it considered a bilingual designation; Soraluze, Basque name, and Placencia de las Armas, in Spanish; others use it as a compound name.
The adjective in Spanish is *placentino* or *placentina*. In Basque *soraluzetarra* or *plaentxiarra* are used
| 575 |
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2,876,650 |
# Terese Berceau
**Terese L. Berceau** (born August 23, 1950) is an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1999 until 2019.
Berceau was born in Green Bay, Wisconsin and graduated from the Green Bay East High School. She attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1973. She has been a resident of Madison, Wisconsin since 1969.
Prior to being elected to the State Assembly, Berceau served four terms on the Dane County Board of Supervisors from 1992 to 2000, representing the 20th Supervisory District on Madison\'s west side. She was Vice Chair of the Board from 1996 to 1998.
She also served on the City of Madison Community Development Authority from 1983 to 1992 and was a board member on the Greater Madison Convention and Visitors Bureau and the Monona Terrace Community and Convention Center.
Berceau was elected to represent the 76th Assembly district of Wisconsin in November 1998 after former State Representative Rebecca Young retired. The district number changed when Assembly districts were redrawn in 2011. The 77th District stretches from nearly Middleton in the north to Monona in the southeast and includes the area of Madison around the University of Wisconsin campus and the Village of Shorewood Hills. In the 1998 election, Berceau won with 71% of the total 22,603 votes cast, having a majority in all 26 wards. She was re-elected with 68% of the votes case in 2000. In 2002, 2004 and 2006 Berceau ran unopposed.
For the 2017 - 2018 legislative session, Berceau was the ranking Democrat on the Assembly Committees on Colleges and Universities and Consumer Protection and is a member of the Assembly Committees on Insurance, Local Government, Constitution and Ethics and the Joint Committee on Audit. In the 2005-06 session, Berceau introduced twenty-five bills related to reproductive rights, consumer protection, workers\' rights, health care reform, the protection of stem cell research and the teaching of evolution.
In February 2018, Berceau announced her retirement from the legislature. In interviews following her announcement, she expressed a need to enter a new stage in her life
| 356 |
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2,876,684 |
# Urnieta
**Urnieta** is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the Autonomous Community of Basque Country, northern Spain.
It is known for its Sagardotegi, restaurants that specialise in cider and regional food
| 35 |
Urnieta
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2,876,686 |
# Andrew Craighan
**Andrew Craighan** (born 18 July 1970) is one of My Dying Bride\'s founding guitarists. Craighan is one of two original My Dying Bride members still in the lineup, alongside Aaron Stainthorpe. He played the guitar from 1989 to 1990 in the band Abiosis
| 46 |
Andrew Craighan
| 0 |
2,876,696 |
# Charles H. Bell (politician)
**Charles Henry Bell** (November 18, 1823 -- November 11, 1893) was an American lawyer and Republican politician from Exeter, New Hampshire. Bell served New Hampshire in both the New Hampshire House of Representatives and the New Hampshire Senate, as a U.S. Senator, and as the 38th governor of New Hampshire.
## Early life {#early_life}
Charles H. Bell was born on November 18, 1823, in Chester, New Hampshire, one of the ten children of Governor John Bell. He was also the nephew of Samuel Bell, first cousin of James Bell and the first cousin, once removed of Samuel Newell Bell.
## Service in the New Hampshire General Court {#service_in_the_new_hampshire_general_court}
Bell\'s career in the New Hampshire General Court was notable in that he held two unique offices. In 1860 Bell was the Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. and President of the New Hampshire Senate in 1864.
## Writings
Bell was the author of an influential early history of Exeter, New Hampshire, as well as a number of other books. His first wife was Sarah Almira Gilman, daughter of Nicholas Gilman; his second wife Helen A. (Williams) daughter of Reuel Williams of Portland, ME, and widow of John Taylor Gilman of Exeter. Both wives were descendants of Edward Gilman Sr., an early Exeter settler who had previously lived in Hingham, Massachusetts, and Ipswich, Massachusetts.
## Honors
Bell was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1868.
## Death and burial {#death_and_burial}
Charles Bell died on November 11, 1893 (one week shy of his 70th birthday) in Exeter, New Hampshire, and is buried at the Exeter Cemetery in that town
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2,876,716 |
# Uriel's Machine
***Uriel\'s Machine: The Prehistoric Technology That Survived the Flood***, published in 1999, is a non-fiction book by Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas that explores an alternate interpretation of the Book of Enoch. According to Knight and Lomas, Uriel warned Enoch about the impending flood, giving Enoch instructions to build a solar observatory, or machine, for the purpose of preserving advanced knowledge.
## Summary
In Masonic mythology there are many references to seven, which the authors speculate could refer to seven cometary fragments. These seven cometary fragments are described in the book as hitting the earth in prehistory causing tsunamis. The authors link this speculation to the work of geologists Edith and Alexander Tollmann. Their work proposes a series of meteors hitting the earth over the last 10,000 years, especially circa 7640 BC. Their evidence and counter-evidence is discussed in the article Tollmann\'s hypothetical bolide.
The book proposes that what the authors believe to have been stellar observatories (such as the first wooden Stonehenge) in Britain, and structures in the Boyne Valley in Ireland, show sufficient knowledge to be able to predict prescribed solar, lunar and venusian events and cycles, such as solstices and equinoxes. If rituals at Stonehenge involved stargazing, there is then the opportunity for an anomalous object to be spotted far more quickly if the cycles of observed celestial objects are known.
The authors quote textual evidence from the book of Enoch, noting other coincidences made between Enoch and astronomy; for example, it is said he lived 365 years, which could be a reference to a year (365.25 days).
The authors suggest that chambers (souterrains) found in Britain might have been attempts to build shelters to be sealed against tsunamis that would have been caused by a cometary impact in the sea. However, the souterrains have been dated to the late Iron Age, thousands of years after the supposed impact event.
Archaeologists and astronomers have been extremely sceptical about this idea. Prof Archie Roy (an astronomer and psychic researcher) and Robert Lomas gave a joint talk about technological possibilities in Megalithic society at the 2000 Orkney International Science.
## Critical response {#critical_response}
Tim Schadla-Hall, archaeologist and editor of the journal *Public Archaeology*, has cited the book as an example of pseudoscience, in which the authors \"quote established academics in such a way as to make it seem as though they support their arguments\". The geology in the book is based on Tollmann\'s hypothetical bolide which has been rejected by specialists in meteorite and comet impacts.
Stephen Tonkin, author and astronomer, said: \"I believe that the astronomical basis of this book is sufficiently flawed as to render any conclusions that the authors draw from it to be highly suspect.\"
Mike Pitts, archaeologist and journalist, says that the book contains \"what we might politely call a radically alternative approach to Grooved Ware pottery\" and notes that the book\'s bibliography contains \"such items as Myths and Legends of Australia, Robert the Bruce *and* The Pleistocene Elephants of Siberia, but not a single primary archaeological source for England (where, it has to be said, a great deal of Grooved Ware has been found)
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2,876,721 |
# Philip W. McKinney
**Philip Watkins McKinney** (March 17, 1832 -- March 1, 1899) was an American lawyer, soldier and politician. McKinney served in the Virginia House of Delegates, was the Commonwealth attorney for Prince Edward County, and was elected as the 41st Governor of Virginia, serving from 1890 to 1894.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in New Store, in Buckingham County, Virginia, Philip McKinney was the son of Charles and Martha McKinney. His undergraduate education was at Hampden--Sydney College, where he graduated with honors in 1851. McKinney then studied law at Washington College under John White Brockenbrough. After graduating, he started the practice of law and was married twice, first to Ann Fleming Christian and then to Annie Clay, with each marriage producing one child.
## War and politics {#war_and_politics}
In 1858, McKinney was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, representing Buckingham County. However, at the outbreak of the Civil War, he joined the Confederate army as an officer in Company K of the 4th Virginia Cavalry. He sustained a serious injury in 1863 at the Battle of Brandy Station, thus ending his fighting career.
After the war, McKinney started a law practice in Farmville, but soon returned to politics. He served multiple terms as the Commonwealth Attorney for Prince Edward County throughout the next twenty years. However, he also lost a number of electoral campaigns during that time, including for U.S. Congress, Virginia Attorney General and Governor.
McKinney ran for Governor for the second time in 1889, this time soundly beating Republican William Mahone, with McKinney winning 57.19% of the vote. The central theme of McKinney\'s gubernatorial campaign was white supremacy and the danger of African-American advancement. Once elected, his primary focus as Governor was on developing the state economy and increasing the power of the Virginia Democratic party.
After leaving office, McKinney retired to private life, settling with his wife in Farmville, Virginia. He died there in 1899 and was interred at Farmville Cemetery. His Queen-Anne-style house still stands in Farmville
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# Hamish Glencross
**Hamish Glencross** is a Scottish guitarist best known for his work with the English metal band My Dying Bride. He also co-founded the short-lived Blackdoom Records with the band\'s other guitarist, Andrew Craighan.
Glencross had a brief acting career before concentrating on music, most notably in the UK children\'s drama Children\'s Ward.
Prior to joining My Dying Bride, Glencross played guitar for Bradford alternative rock band Driftwood, UK progressive metal band Seer\'s Tear, and Leeds-based punk/metal band Apocalypso. He was a member of UK doom metal band Solstice playing on their album *New Dark Age*. In 1999 he replaced My Dying Bride guitarist Calvin Robertshaw prior to the band touring for the album *The Light at the End of the World*. As of 2011, he also plays lead guitar in the UK death metal band Vallenfyre, appearing on the albums *A Fragile King*, *Splinters* and *Fear Those Who Fear Him* all released on Century Media Records.
On 6 June 2014, My Dying Bride announced via their web site that Glencross had left the band due to \"irreconcilable differences,\" and that former guitarist Calvin Robertshaw would be returning.
Glencross is currently vocalist and guitarist in epic doom band Godthrymm which also features members and ex-members of My Dying Bride, Anathema, and Solstice.
Glencross currently endorses Jackson guitars, and has been playing them exclusively since 2006. He favours the Jackson Randy Rhoads model, playing a number of variations of that model both live and in the studio
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2,876,726 |
# Olost
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unexpected '!'
!900 !! 1515 !! 1717!! 1857 !! 1900 !! 1930 !! 1950 !! 1970 !! 1981 !! 1986 !! 1990 !! 1994 !! 1996 !! 2006 !! 2008
^
``
| 43 |
Olost
| 0 |
2,876,732 |
# Ross and Macdonald
**Ross and Macdonald** was one of Canada\'s most notable architecture firms in the early 20th century. Based in Montreal, Quebec, the firm originally operated as a partnership between George Allen Ross and David MacFarlane (known as **Ross and MacFarlane**) from 1907 to 1912. MacFarlane withdrew from the firm in 1912, and Robert Henry Macdonald became a partner.
The Ross and Macdonald name was used until 1944, after which it became **Ross & Ross**, Architects, when John Kenneth Ross joined his father as partner. Following George Allen Ross\'s death in 1946, the firm continued as **Ross, Patterson, Townsend & Heughan**. By 1970, the firm was known as **Ross, Fish, Duschenes & Barrett**. Since 2006, it has operated as **DFS Inc. Architecture & Design**.
## George Allen Ross {#george_allen_ross}
Ross (1879--1946) was born in Montreal, and later studied at the High School of Montreal, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
Ross was apprenticed to Brown, MacVicar & Heriot in Montreal, and later become a draftsman for the Grand Trunk Railway. He also did work with Parker & Thomas in Boston and Carrere & Hastings in New York before partnering with MacFarlane in Montreal.
He was a Fellow of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada. He was also a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects, becoming an Associate in 1904 and a Fellow in 1913.
## Robert Henry Macdonald {#robert_henry_macdonald}
Macdonald (1875--1942) was born in Melbourne, Australia. He articled to Richard B. Whitaker, M.S.A. of Melbourne, and became a junior draftsman to Robert Findlay in Montreal in 1895. After positions as a draftsman for George B. Post starting in 1903, a senior draftsman with Crighton & McKay in Wellington, New Zealand in 1905, and head draftsman with W.W. Bosworth in New York in 1906, Macdonald joined Ross and MacFarlane in Montreal as a junior partner and draftsman in 1907. He ultimately became a partner of the firm in 1912.
He was a Fellow of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada and of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He served as president of the Quebec Association of Architects in 1939, and was a recipient of the association\'s Award of Merit.
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# Ross and Macdonald
## Important works {#important_works}
Name of Building Type Location Construction period Image Notes
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- --------------------------------------------- --------------------- ------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bank of Toronto branch Commercial Guy St. and St. Catherine St. W.), Montreal 1908 As Ross and MacFarlene.
Complexe Les Ailes Commercial Montreal 1925-27 Former Eaton\'s department store.
Saskatoon Board of Education offices Commercial Saskatoon 1928-29 Former Eaton\'s department store.
Former Eaton\'s Store Commercial Calgary 1928-29 Main structure demolished 1988, partial façade incorporated into Calgary Eaton Centre.
Dominion Square Building Commercial Montreal 1928--1930
College Park, Toronto Commercial Toronto 1928-30 Former Eaton\'s department store - with Sproatt and Rolph.
Holt Renfrew Montreal Commercials 1300 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal 1937 Holt Renfrew closed in 2020, moved with nearby Ogilvy\'s store on St.Catherine Street. Building converted as residential building called Le Château Apartments.
Château Laurier Hotel Hotel Ottawa 1909-12 As Ross and MacFarlene with Bradford Lee Gilbert.
Lord Elgin Hotel Hotel Ottawa 1940--41
Royal York Hotel Hotel Toronto 1927-29 With Sproatt and Rolph
Fort Garry Hotel Hotel Winnipeg 1910--14 As Ross and MacFarlene.
Hotel Saskatchewan Hotel Regina 1926--27 Used beams from the incomplete Chateau Qu\'Appelle also designed by Ross and Macdonald.
Hotel Macdonald Hotel Edmonton 1912--14 As Ross and MacFarlene.
Les Cours Mont-Royal Hotel Montreal 1920-24 (Former Sheraton Mount Royal Hotel, now a shopping mall, condo and office complex)
Senate of Canada Building Public building Ottawa 1911-1912 As Ross and MacFarlene designed building, formerly as Ottawa Union Station and later as Government Conference Centre. Now as temporary home of Senate.
Union Station Public building Toronto 1914-1920 With Hugh G. Jones, John Lyle
Architects\' Building Office building Montreal 1929-34 demolished
Confederation Building (McGill College Ave. and St. Catherine St. W.) Office building Montreal 1927--28
Castle Building (Stanley Street and St. Catherine St. W.) Office building Montreal 1924--27
Dominion Square Building (Peel Street and St. Catherine St. W.) Office building Montreal 1928--40
Montreal Star Building (St. Jacques St
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Ross and Macdonald
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2,876,735 |
# Loarn mac Eirc
**Loarn mac Eirc** was a possible king of Dál Riata who may have lived in the 5th century. He was buried on Iona. Loarn\'s main significance is as the eponymous ancestor of Cenél Loairn, a kindred whose name is preserved in Lorne.
The Duan Albanach and the Senchus Fer n-Alban and other genealogies name Loarn\'s father as Erc son of Eochaid Muinremuir. Loarn appears in Irish traditions as \'King of Alba\' in the eighth- to twelfth-century tale \"Of The Miracles of Cairnech Here\" in the *Lebhor Bretnach*, the Irish version of the *Historia Brittonum*, and in the tenth- to twelfth-century tale *Aided Muirchertach mac Erca*. In these tales, mac Erca spends time with Loarn, his grandfather, before murdering him by setting him aflame
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2,876,750 |
# Shaun Steels
**Shaun \'Winter\' Taylor-Steels** (born **Shaun Steels**, 22 August 1970) is a British heavy metal drummer and bassist. Steels, born in Normanton, West Yorkshire, is of Scottish and Norwegian descent on his mother\'s side of the family.
Steels replaced Bill Law in My Dying Bride, and once was a member of Anathema. Like many other metal musicians, he has a pseudonym and adopted the stage name \'Winter\'.
Shortly before the release of the 2006 album *A Line of Deathless Kings*, Steels announced his permanent departure from My Dying Bride due to health concerns.
In the band\'s official statement concerning his departure, Steels is quoted as saying, \"I would just like to salute MDB for the good times and wish them all well in the future, I feel I am not ready to fulfill the duties in a manner befitting MDB at this time and have decided to stand down. I am sad to be leaving but at this time I feel it is for the greater good of the band\".
Steels also recorded drums with the Norwegian metal band Vestige of Virtue alongside Kjetil Ottersen and Frode Forsmo.
Steels returned to My Dying Bride as a studio drummer for their 2012 album *A Map of All Our Failures*. In May 2013, Steels also replaced Hayley Morgan in Yorkshire black metal band Severed Heaven. After two years with the band he left and joined Darkher.
He recorded \'realms\' and played live with the band from 2015 to 2017. In 2016, Steels recorded a live session with Darkher at the Maida Vale recording studios in London for BBC Radio 1.
In 2017 he rejoined My Dying Bride as a full-time member. but then departed from the band again in 2018. In December 2018, it was wrongly publicised that Steels had been sacked from the band. He had in fact left months before it was made public due to being extremely unhappy with the situation he found himself in.. Steels also plays drums alongside longtime friend and fellow musician Hamish Glencross in the blackened doom metal band Godthrymm.
Steels is endorsed by Czarcie Kopyto custom made drum pedals
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2,876,751 |
# Crown Church, Inverness
**Crown Church** is a parish church in Inverness in the Scottish Highlands, located at the junction of Midmills Road and Kingsmills Road near the city centre. The first minister (1899--1907) was the Reverend William Todd, renowned for his fervent evangelical preaching. Originally built for the Free Church of Scotland, the church buildings were completed in 1901. By this time the congregation had become part of the United Free Church of Scotland, which in turn united with the Church of Scotland in 1929, thus reuniting Scotland\'s largest Presbyterian denominations.
In 2004 the congregation had 820 members, making Crown Church the largest Church of Scotland congregation in Inverness in terms of membership. The current minister (since 1998) is the Reverend Dr Peter H. Donald, who is also Vice-Convener of the Church of Scotland\'s Mission and Discipleship Council.
The designer of the building was Inverness born architect James Robert Rhind, a successful architect who had been trained in his father's practice. His designs were selected for 7 libraries around Glasgow following Andrew Carnegie's gift of £100,000 to the city in 1901. His landmark buildings were greatly enhanced by his liberal use of columns, domes and sculpted features. Rhind's best known buildings in the North of Scotland are the Royal Golf Hotel and the Crown Church, Inverness
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2,876,761 |
# 1895–96 in Belgian football
## Overview
Only one official league existed at the time. It was called *Coupe de Championnat* (Championship Cup) and was disputed between 7 teams.
## Honour
Competition Winner
------------------ ---------------
Championship Cup F.C. Liégeois
## League standings {#league_standings}
| **Pos** | **Team** | **Pld** | **Won** | **Drw** | **Lst** | **GF** | **GA** | **GD** | **Pts** | **Notes** |
|------------------|------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|-----------------|
| 1 | F.C. Liégeois | 12 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 32 | 11 | +21 | 20 | |
| 2 | Antwerp F.C. | 12 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 33 | 13 | +20 | 14 | |
| 3 | Sporting Club de Bruxelles | 12 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 31 | 30 | +1 | 13 | |
| 4 | Léopold Club de Bruxelles | 12 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 31 | 29 | +2 | 12 | |
| 5 | Racing Club de Bruxelles | 12 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 32 | 31 | +1 | 12 | |
| 6 | F.C. Brugeois | 12 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 22 | 21 | +1 | 11 | Not participating next season. |
| 7 | Union F.C
| 220 |
1895–96 in Belgian football
| 0 |
2,876,775 |
# Belvoir, Leicestershire
**Belvoir** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|iː|v|ər|audio=en-uk-ValeOfBelvoir.ogg}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|BEE|vər}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village and civil parish in the Melton district of Leicestershire, England, close to the county boundary with Lincolnshire. The nearest town is Grantham, 13 kilometres (8 mi) east of the village.
## History
The village\'s name derives from *bel-vedeir* meaning \'the beautiful view\'.
It was the location of Belvoir Priory.
Iron ore was formerly quarried in the parish and details can be found in the articles on Knipton and Harston. The quarries were near Harston, to the south of Knipton and between Belvoir and Knipton.
In December 1936 the civil parish was enlarged by gaining the former area of Harston and Knipton parishes which were abolished.
On 1 April 1965 the parish gained 146 acres from Woolsthorpe by Belvoir in Lincolnshire and 9 acres went the other way.
## Geography
The parish includes the villages of Belvoir, Knipton and Harston. Nearby places outside the parish are Woolsthorpe by Belvoir, Redmile, and Croxton Kerrial.
The village is the site of Belvoir Castle, which \"stands on a prominent spur jutting northwards\" into the Vale of Belvoir
| 182 |
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| 0 |
2,876,779 |
# Zsófia Torma
**Zsófia Torma** (26 September 1832 -- 14 November 1899) was a Hungarian archaeologist, anthropologist and paleontologist.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Torma was born in Csicsókeresztúr, Beszterce-Naszód County, Austria-Hungary (today Cristeștii Ciceului, Bistrița-Năsăud County, Romania). After her parents died, she moved with her sister to Szászváros, now in Romania, where she began to study the snail farms she found in Hunedoara County.
Torma was mostly self-educated. In 1875, she was encouraged by Flóris Rómer, considered by some to be the father of Hungarian archeology, to begin her own excavations of the ancient settlement of Tordos (present-dat Turdaș), along the Mureș River. The symbols and scripts on clay objects she found during an excavation in Hunyad County became an archaeological sensation. She also found artifacts of the 6,000- to 7,000-year-old Tordos culture, some of which were covered with Vinča symbols. According to Gizella,
> Zsófia Torma was the first to discover the Neolithic culture of Tordos, drawing attention to the connection between the signs of Tordos and the Assyrian-Babylonian literacy, the penetration of Sumerian literature through Southeastern Europe. She worked in Tordos for twenty years, more than thirty years before the discovery of the carefully collected, extremely valuable finds and dissertations on them, as the Vinca-Tordos culture was only explored in 1908.
Torma had severe financial problems caused by her self-funded excavations. She also struggled with archeologists in her own country, who \"ridiculed and ignored her, as a woman and amateur in the field of archaeology, as well as her groundbreaking ideas and efforts.\" However, her finds and writings found acceptance among foreign researchers who engaged in long correspondences with her.
Her most well-known work, the *Ethnographische Analogien*, was published in Jena, Germany, in 1894. Torma had an important role in the founding of the National Museum of Transylvanian History of Kolozsvár (present-day Cluj-Napoca). In her will, she left her collection of 10,387 archeological pieces to the Transylvanian National Museum\'s Museum of Medals and Antiquities. On 24 May 1899, just a few months before her death, she became the first female to be named an honorary doctor at the Kolozsvári m. kir. Ferencz József Tudomány, what is today Babeș-Bolyai University.
Torma died in Szászváros (present-day Orăștie), on 14 November 1899
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| 0 |
2,876,780 |
# Galera railway station
**Galera** is the third`{{fact|date=July 2014}}`{=mediawiki} highest railway station in the Western Hemisphere, with an elevation of 4,781 m (15,681 ft).
## Overview
It is situated in the Andes in Peru at km 172.7 on the Ferrocarril Central Andino (FCCA) line from Lima to Huancayo, immediately east of the 1.2 km (6860 ft) Galera summit tunnel (4,783 m (15,694 ft) above sea level).`{{page needed|date=October 2016}}`{=mediawiki}
The standard gauge line through the station was opened in 1893. In the years 1992--2003 it was out of use as was the whole line through this point because of the terrorist threat by the group Sendero Luminoso. There are now regular monthly train services on the line, including through Galera.
Its place in the league table of the world\'s highest stations was surpassed by the opening in 2006 of the Qinghai--Tibet Railway\'s Tanggula railway station in the Tanggula Mountains, Tibet, which at 5,068 m is the world\'s highest railway station
| 159 |
Galera railway station
| 0 |
2,876,782 |
# 2003–04 in Argentine football
The **2003--04 Argentine First Division** season saw Boca Juniors ecstatic after a title run that also included the Intercontinental Cup. River Plate stole the Clausura leaving hated rival Boca Juniors looking up from second place.
Four teams were relegated, Chacarita, Nueva Chicago, Atlético de Rafaela and Talleres de Córdoba. The first two lost a direct relegation, their places occupied by Club Almagro and Instituto de Córdoba. The last two lost their \"promotion\" games against Huracán de Tres Arroyos and Argentinos Juniors, respectively.
## Torneo Apertura (*\"Opening\"* Tournament) {#torneo_apertura_opening_tournament}
Position Team Points Played Won Drawn Lost For Against Difference
---------- ------------------------ -------- -------- ----- ------- ------ ----- --------- ------------
1 Boca Juniors 39 19 11 6 2 31 11 +20
2 San Lorenzo 36 19 11 3 5 26 13 +13
3 Banfield 32 19 9 5 5 27 18 +9
4 Quilmes 31 19 8 7 4 20 13 +7
5 Rosario Central 31 19 8 7 4 28 26 +2
6 Newell\'s Old Boys 29 19 7 8 4 27 20 +7
7 Arsenal de Sarandí 26 19 6 8 5 18 16 +2
8 River Plate 26 19 7 5 7 23 24 -1
9 Colón de Santa Fe 24 19 5 9 5 23 24 -1
10 Talleres de Córdoba 24 19 6 6 7 27 30 -3
11 Estudiantes La Plata 23 19 6 5 8 18 20 -2
12 Racing Club 22 19 4 10 5 23 23 0
13 Lanús 22 19 4 10 5 21 23 -2
14 Independiente 22 19 5 7 7 15 19 -4
15 Vélez Sársfield 22 19 5 7 7 20 28 -8
16 Chacarita 21 19 5 9 5 20 19 +1
17 Gimnasia de La Plata 21 19 5 6 8 14 22 -8
18 Olimpo de Bahía Blanca 20 19 5 5 9 17 23 -6
19 Atlético de Rafaela 17 19 3 8 8 19 28 -9
20 Nueva Chicago 11 19 2 5 12 14 31 -17
### Top Scorers {#top_scorers}
Position Player Team Goals
---------- -------------------- ---------------------- -------
1 Ernesto Farías Estudiantes La Plata 12
2 Alberto Acosta San Lorenzo 10
3 Julián Vásquez Newell\'s Old Boys 9
4 Fernando Cavenaghi River Plate 8
4 Jorge Cervera Banfield 8
4 Diego Milito Racing Club 8
4 Carlos Tevez Boca Juniors 8
### Relegation
: There is no relegation after the Apertura. For the relegation results of this tournament see below
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# 2003–04 in Argentine football
## Torneo Clausura (*\"Closing\"* Tournament) {#torneo_clausura_closing_tournament}
Position Team Points Played Won Drawn Lost For Against Difference
---------- ------------------------ -------- -------- ----- ------- ------ ----- --------- ------------
1 River Plate 40 19 12 4 3 41 21 20
2 Boca Juniors 36 19 10 6 3 34 17 17
3 Talleres de Córdoba 35 19 10 5 4 30 19 11
4 Banfield 32 19 9 5 5 27 17 10
5 Vélez Sársfield 31 19 9 4 6 31 21 10
6 Quilmes 29 19 7 8 4 21 16 5
7 Arsenal de Sarandí 29 19 7 8 4 21 22 -1
8 Lanús 20 19 5 5 9 21 27 -6
9 Olimpo de Bahía Blanca 19 19 4 7 8 18 28 -10
10 Racing Club 28 19 8 4 7 29 29 0
11 San Lorenzo 26 19 6 8 5 18 16 2
12 Atlético de Rafaela 26 19 7 5 7 25 24 1
13 Colón de Santa Fe 25 19 7 4 8 20 26 -6
14 Newell\'s Old Boys 22 19 4 10 5 28 25 3
15 Independiente 22 19 5 7 7 21 27 -6
16 Estudiantes La Plata 21 19 5 6 8 19 29 -10
17 Gimnasia de La Plata 17 19 3 8 8 21 26 -5
18 Nueva Chicago 17 19 2 11 6 18 27 -9
19 Chacarita 17 19 3 8 8 21 34 -13
20 Rosario Central 13 19 2 7 10 16 29 -13
### Top Scorers {#top_scorers_1}
Position Player Team Goals
---------- ------------------------ --------------------- -------
1 Rolando Zárate Vélez Sársfield 13
2 Aldo Osorio Talleres de Córdoba 11
2 Fernando Cavenaghi River Plate 9
3 José Luis Calderón Arsenal de Sarandí 8
4 Eduardo Bustos Montoya Banfield 7
4 Esteban Fuertes Colón de Santa Fe 7
4 Darío Gandín Atlético Rafaela 7
4 Victor Piríz Alves Talleres de Córdoba 7
4 Mauro Rosales Newell\'s Old Boys 7
### Relegation {#relegation_1}
Team Average Points Played 2001--02 2002--03 2003-04
------------------------- --------- -------- -------- ---------- ---------- ---------
River Plate 2.008 229 114 84 79 66
Boca Juniors 1.947 222 114 68 79 75
Quilmes 1.578 60 38 N/A N/A 60
San Lorenzo 1.526 174 114 57 56 61
Racing Club 1.500 171 114 68 53 50
Vélez Sársfield 1.464 167 114 48 66 53
Colón de Santa Fe 1.421 162 114 56 57 49
Banfield 1.403 160 114 48 48 64
Arsenal de Sarandí 1.368 104 76 N/A 49 55
Newell\'s Old Boys 1.324 151 114 51 49 51
Gimnasia de La Plata 1.298 148 114 64 46 38
Independiente 1.280 146 114 41 61 44
Rosario Central 1.280 146 114 40 62 44
Lanús 1.263 144 114 51 51 42
Estudiantes de La Plata 1.210 138 114 51 43 44
Olimpo de Bahía Blanca 1.184 90 76 N/A 51 39
Talleres de Córdoba 1.166 133 114 30 44 59
Atlético de Rafaela 1.131 43 38 N/A N/A 43
Chacarita 1.105 126 114 47 41 38
Nueva Chicago 1.026 117 114 48 41 28
#### \"Promoción\" Playoff {#promoción_playoff}
+---------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+
| Date | Home | Away | Result |
+===============+=========================+=========================+========+
| June 30, 2004 | Huracán de Tres Arroyos | Atlético de Rafaela | 2-1 |
+---------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+
| July 4, 2004 | Atlético de Rafaela | Huracán de Tres Arroyos | 2-3 |
+---------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+
Huracán de Tres Arroyos wins 5-3 and is promoted to Argentine First Division. Atlético Rafaela is relegated to the Argentine Nacional B.\
{\|border=\"2\" cellpadding=\"2\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"50%\" style=\"margin: 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%;\" !width=\"20%\"\|Date !Home !Away !width=\"10%\"\|Result \|- !bgcolor=\"F3F3F3\"\|July 1, 2004 !bgcolor=\"F3F3F3\"\|Argentinos Juniors !bgcolor=\"F3F3F3\"\|Talleres de Córdoba !bgcolor=\"F3F3F3\"\|2-1 \|- !bgcolor=\"F3F3F3\"\|July 4, 2004 !bgcolor=\"F3F3F3\"\|Talleres de Córdoba !bgcolor=\"F3F3F3\"\|Argentinos Juniors !bgcolor=\"F3F3F3\"\|1-2 \|} Argentinos Juniors wins 4-2 and is promoted to Argentine First Division. Talleres de Córdoba is relegated to the Argentine Nacional B.
## Argentine clubs in international competitions {#argentine_clubs_in_international_competitions}
+-------------------+------------------+-------------+------------------------+------------------------+
| Team | Intercontinental | Recopa | Copa Sudamericana 2003 | Copa Libertadores 2004 |
+===================+==================+=============+========================+========================+
| Boca Juniors | **Champions** | Runner up | QF | Runner up |
+-------------------+------------------+-------------+------------------------+------------------------+
| River Plate | N/A | N/A | Runner up | Semi final |
+-------------------+------------------+-------------+------------------------+------------------------+
| Rosario Central | N/A | N/A | 1st preliminary round | 2nd round |
+-------------------+------------------+-------------+------------------------+------------------------+
| Independiente | N/A | N/A | 2nd preliminary round | Group stage |
+-------------------+------------------+-------------+------------------------+------------------------+
| Colón de Santa Fe | N/A | N/A | 2nd preliminary round | did not qualify |
+-------------------+------------------+-------------+------------------------+------------------------+
| Vélez Sársfield | N/A | N/A | 1st preliminary round | Group stage |
+-------------------+------------------+-------------+------------------------+------------------------+
| | | | | |
+-------------------+------------------+-------------+------------------------+------------------------+
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# 2003–04 in Argentine football
## Lower leagues {#lower_leagues}
+----------------+------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Level | Tournament | Champion |
+================+==============================+=========================+
| 2nd | Primera B Nacional Apertura\ | Instituto\ |
| | Primera B Nacional Clausura | Almagro |
+----------------+------------------------------+-------------------------+
| 3rd | Primera B Metropolitana | Club Atlético Sarmiento |
+----------------+------------------------------+-------------------------+
| 3rd (Interior) | Torneo Argentino A | Racing de Córdoba |
+----------------+------------------------------+-------------------------+
| 4th | Primera C Metropolitana | Argentino de Rosario |
+----------------+------------------------------+-------------------------+
| 5th | Primera D Metropolitana | Sportivo Barracas |
+----------------+------------------------------+-------------------------+
| | | |
+----------------+------------------------------+-------------------------+
## National team {#national_team}
This section covers Argentina\'s games from August 1, 2003 to July 31, 2004
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# Thomas van Aalten
**Thomas van Aalten** (born September 26, 1978) is a Dutch writer. He made his debut with a story in the literary magazine *Zoetermeer*, at the age of 19. Van Aalten has written the novels *Sneeuwbeeld* (2000), *Tupelo* (2001), *Sluit Deuren en Ramen* (2003), *Coyote* (2006) and *De Onderbreking* (2009) and several articles for magazines such as 3voor12, Passionate, VARA TV Magazine, Revu and Vrij Nederland. Van Aalten\'s style is characterized by absurd dialogues, creepy atmospheres and strange characters. He is a F.C. St. Pauli enthusiast and fan of rock music like Motörhead, The Sisters of Mercy. Van Aalten also often works together with Berlin-based burlesque filmmaker Edwin Brienen.
His *fifth novel* was a stunt; *Exile* appeared only on a mobile phone after sending an SMS text message. The story contained comments on the abuse of new technologies
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# Gilcomston Church
**Gilcomston Church** is an evangelical congregation, a member of the Didasko fellowship, which meets in the church buildings on Union Street, Aberdeen. The congregation was formerly part of the Church of Scotland and known as Gilcomston South Church.
## Overview
The church almost closed during World War II, but a subsequent new approach proved controversial but ultimately highly influential. The church became one of the Church of Scotland\'s most notable evangelical congregations, with a strong emphasis on biblically based expository preaching. The Rev William Still, minister of the congregation 1945--97, developed this approach and gained international recognition. The systematic preaching of the entire bible, verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter, was then an innovation in the Church of Scotland; some others have subsequently copied this approach. The Rev William Still was close friends with the brothers Rev James Philip of Holyrood Abbey Church in Edinburgh and Rev George Philip of Sandyford Henderson Memorial Church in Glasgow, where similar approaches in ministry were also developed. William Still never married.
The church is well attended, especially by students responding to this distinctive type of Christian ministry and witness. From 1998 to 2015, the minister was the Rev Dominic Smart. In June 2011, Rev Dominic Smart indicated that the congregation were considering leaving the Church of Scotland due to the General Assembly\'s decision to move towards the ordination of homosexuals to the ministry. In February 2013 the Rev Dominic Smart announced on the church website that he was leaving the Church of Scotland. The Elders and almost the entire membership also left the Church of Scotland, and formed an independent congregation with the Minister. The congregation initially rented the church building from the Church of Scotland before purchasing it outright. From 2016 until 2024 the minister was Rev. Jeremy Middleton, who had been minister at Davidson\'s Mains Church of Scotland from 1988 until 2015. Rev. Nathan Owens was inducted as minister on 1 October 2024.
## Gallery
<File:Gilcomston> South Church, Aberdeen.jpeg\|Gilcomston South Church main building <File:Aberdeen_Gilcomston_church_tower
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# Melton and Belvoir Rural District
**Melton and Belvoir Rural District** was a rural district of Leicestershire, England, from 1935 to 1974.
It was formed on 1 April 1935 from the merger of the Melton Mowbray Rural District and the Belvoir Rural District, with part going to Melton Mowbray urban district also.
On 1 April 1936 there was a significant reorganisation of parishes.
In 1955 the council bought Warwick Lodge on Dalby Road in Melton Mowbray to serve as its headquarters. The building had been built in 1908 as a large house.
21 acres of Broughton and Old Dalby were transferred to Upper Broughton in Bingham Rural District, Nottinghamshire, on 1 April 1965.
In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972 the district merged with the Melton urban district to form the new non-metropolitan district of Melton
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# Predictive Model Markup Language
The **Predictive Model Markup Language** (**PMML**) is an XML-based predictive model interchange format conceived by Robert Lee Grossman, then the director of the National Center for Data Mining at the University of Illinois at Chicago. PMML provides a way for analytic applications to describe and exchange predictive models produced by data mining and machine learning algorithms. It supports common models such as logistic regression and other feedforward neural networks. Version 0.9 was published in 1998. Subsequent versions have been developed by the Data Mining Group.
Since PMML is an XML-based standard, the specification comes in the form of an XML schema. PMML itself is a mature standard with over 30 organizations having announced products supporting PMML.
## PMML components {#pmml_components}
A PMML file can be described by the following components:
- **Header**: contains general information about the PMML document, such as copyright information for the model, its description, and information about the application used to generate the model such as name and version. It also contains an attribute for a timestamp which can be used to specify the date of model creation.
- **Data Dictionary**: contains definitions for all the possible fields used by the model. It is here that a field is defined as continuous, categorical, or ordinal (attribute optype). Depending on this definition, the appropriate value ranges are then defined as well as the data type (such as, string or double).
- **Data Transformations**: transformations allow for the mapping of user data into a more desirable form to be used by the mining model. PMML defines several kinds of simple data transformations.
- Normalization: map values to numbers, the input can be continuous or discrete.
- Discretization: map continuous values to discrete values.
- Value mapping: map discrete values to discrete values.
- Functions (custom and built-in): derive a value by applying a function to one or more parameters.
- Aggregation: used to summarize or collect groups of values.
- **Model**: contains the definition of the data mining model. E.g., A multi-layered feedforward neural network is represented in PMML by a \"NeuralNetwork\" element which contains attributes such as:
- Model Name (attribute modelName)
- Function Name (attribute functionName)
- Algorithm Name (attribute algorithmName)
- Activation Function (attribute activationFunction)
- Number of Layers (attribute numberOfLayers)
: This information is then followed by three kinds of neural layers which specify the architecture of the neural network model being represented in the PMML document. These attributes are NeuralInputs, NeuralLayer, and NeuralOutputs. Besides neural networks, PMML allows for the representation of many other types of models including support vector machines, association rules, Naive Bayes classifier, clustering models, text models, decision trees, and different regression models.
- **Mining Schema**: a list of all fields used in the model. This can be a subset of the fields as defined in the data dictionary. It contains specific information about each field, such as:
- Name (attribute name): must refer to a field in the data dictionary
- Usage type (attribute usageType): defines the way a field is to be used in the model. Typical values are: active, predicted, and supplementary. Predicted fields are those whose values are predicted by the model.
- Outlier Treatment (attribute outliers): defines the outlier treatment to be use. In PMML, outliers can be treated as missing values, as extreme values (based on the definition of high and low values for a particular field), or as is.
- Missing Value Replacement Policy (attribute missingValueReplacement): if this attribute is specified then a missing value is automatically replaced by the given values.
- Missing Value Treatment (attribute missingValueTreatment): indicates how the missing value replacement was derived (e.g. as value, mean or median).
- **Targets**: allows for post-processing of the predicted value in the format of scaling if the output of the model is continuous. Targets can also be used for classification tasks. In this case, the attribute priorProbability specifies a default probability for the corresponding target category. It is used if the prediction logic itself did not produce a result. This can happen, e.g., if an input value is missing and there is no other method for treating missing values.
- **Output**: this element can be used to name all the desired output fields expected from the model. These are features of the predicted field and so are typically the predicted value itself, the probability, cluster affinity (for clustering models), standard error, etc. The latest release of PMML, PMML 4.1, extended **Output** to allow for generic post-processing of model outputs. In PMML 4.1, all the built-in and custom functions that were originally available only for pre-processing became available for post-processing too.
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# Predictive Model Markup Language
## PMML 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 {#pmml_4.0_4.1_4.2_and_4.3}
PMML 4.0 was released on June 16, 2009.
Examples of new features included:
- Improved Pre-Processing Capabilities: Additions to built-in functions include a range of Boolean operations and an If-Then-Else function.
- Time Series Models: New exponential Smoothing models; also place holders for ARIMA, Seasonal Trend Decomposition, and Spectral density estimation, which are to be supported in the near future.
- Model Explanation: Saving of evaluation and model performance measures to the PMML file itself.
- Multiple Models: Capabilities for model composition, ensembles, and segmentation (e.g., combining of regression and decision trees).
- Extensions of Existing Elements: Addition of multi-class classification for Support Vector Machines, improved representation for Association Rules, and the addition of Cox Regression Models.
PMML 4.1 was released on December 31, 2011.
New features included:
- New model elements for representing Scorecards, k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Baseline Models.
- Simplification of multiple models. In PMML 4.1, the same element is used to represent model segmentation, ensemble, and chaining.
- Overall definition of field scope and field names.
- A new attribute that identifies for each model element if the model is ready or not for production deployment.
- Enhanced post-processing capabilities (via the Output element).
PMML 4.2 was released on February 28, 2014.
New features include:
- Transformations: New elements for implementing text mining
- New built-in functions for implementing regular expressions: matches, concat, and replace
- Simplified outputs for post-processing
- Enhancements to Scorecard and Naive Bayes model elements
PMML 4.3 was released on August 23, 2016.
New features include:
- New Model Types:
- Gaussian Process
- Bayesian Network
- New built-in functions
- Usage clarifications
- Documentation improvements
Version 4.4 was released in November 2019.
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# Predictive Model Markup Language
## Release history {#release_history}
Version Release date
--------------- ---------------
Version 0.7 July 1997
Version 0.9 July 1998
Version 1.0 August 1999
Version 1.1 August 2000
Version 2.0 August 2001
Version 2.1 March 2003
Version 3.0 October 2004
Version 3.1 December 2005
Version 3.2 May 2007
Version 4.0 June 2009
Version 4.1 December 2011
Version 4.2 February 2014
Version 4.2.1 March 2015
Version 4.3 August 2016
Version 4.4 November 2019
## Data Mining Group {#data_mining_group}
The [Data Mining Group](http://dmg.org/) is a consortium managed by the Center for Computational Science Research, Inc., a nonprofit founded in 2008. The Data Mining Group also developed a standard called Portable Format for Analytics, or PFA, which is complementary to PMML
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# Mio, My Son
***Mio, My Son*** is a children\'s book by Swedish writer Astrid Lindgren. It was first published in 1954 in Sweden with the Swedish title ***Mio, min Mio*** (literally \"Mio, my Mio\"). The writing is stylised and the story strongly reminiscent of traditional fairy tales and folklore. It received a German Youth Literature Prize (*Deutschen Jugendbuchpreis*) in 1956. The book is 204 pages long.
## Plot
*Mio, My Son* starts by introducing Bo Vilhelm Olsson (nicknamed Bosse), a nine-year-old boy who has been taken in by an elderly couple who dislike boys. They harass him and tell him to stay out of their way. Bosse\'s mother had died during childbirth and he has never known his father. His only friend is a boy his age, Benke. One day he receives an apple from the kindly shopkeeper, Mrs. Lundin, who asks him to mail a postcard for her. Before doing so, he takes a look at the postcard and sees it is addressed to a king, saying that his son will soon be coming home, recognised by his possession of a golden apple. Bosse looks at his apple and suddenly it turns into gold.
Soon after, Bosse finds a bottle with a spirit trapped inside. Upon freeing it, the spirit recognises the apple and takes Bosse to another world, far, far away.
Upon arriving, Bosse is told that his real name is Mio, and that he is the son of the king and thus a prince of the land. He finds a new best friend, Jum-Jum, and receives the horse Miramis from his father. As he explores his father\'s kingdom, he meets and befriends other children, but also learns that not everything in this world is as wonderful as it first seemed. In the lands beyond that of the king lives an evil, stone-hearted knight named Kato, whose hatred is so strong that the land around his castle is barren and singed. He has kidnapped several children from the nearby villages, and he poses a constant threat to the people living there.
Mio is told that his destiny is to fight Kato, even though he is only a child. Together with Jum-Jum and Miramis, Mio sets out on a perilous journey into the land of Kato, as the stories have foretold for thousands and thousands of years.
In the American version, Mio is first called Karl Anders Nilsson, nicknamed Andy, and Jum-Jum\'s name is Pompoo.
## Themes
Central themes in the story focus on friendship granting strength to endure hardships, that it is sometimes necessary to leave a safe situation and put oneself at risk for a greater cause, and that evil often coincides with unhappiness.
## Literary significance and reception {#literary_significance_and_reception}
*Mio, My Son* is Lindgren\'s first high fantasy novel. Her subsequent contributions to this genre include *The Brothers Lionheart* (1973) and *Ronja, the Robber\'s Daughter* (1981).
## Film version {#film_version}
In 1987, the book was adapted for film as *Mio in the Land of Faraway*. Filmed in English and dubbed in Swedish and Russian, the film starred Nicholas Pickard as Mio, Christian Bale as Jum-Jum, Christopher Lee as Kato, and Timothy Bottoms as the King. The film\'s director was Vladimir Grammatikov
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# They Would Never Hurt a Fly
***They Would Never Hurt a Fly*** (*Oni ne bi ni mrava zgazili*) is a 2004 historical non-fiction novel by Slavenka Drakulić discussing the personalities of the war criminals on trial in The Hague that destroyed the former Yugoslavia (see International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia). Drakulić uses certain trials of alleged criminals with subordinate power to further examine and understand the reasoning behind their misconducts. Most of those discussed are already convicted. In her book, Drakulić does not cover Radovan Karadžić, however, Slobodan Milošević and his wife each rate their own chapter, and Ratko Mladić is portrayed as a Greek tragic figure. There are no pictures, although the physical appearances of the characters are continuously mentioned.
## Synopsis
*They Would Never Hurt a Fly* begins with an introductory section explaining Drakulić\'s purpose in the book as well as her choice in characters. She explains that she wants to learn more about their personalities in order to justify how the Yugoslavian war arose. Drakulić describes the war as an unexpected tragedy that embarked on innocent civilians within the boundaries of Yugoslavia - specifically Bosnia. As the book begins to unravel descriptive profiles of different war criminals, Drakulić elucidates that these criminals were not completely monsters, but ordinary people who committed crimes due to the circumstances they were in. She takes this stance not to sympathize with them, but because \"the war itself turned ordinary men \[\...\] into criminals because of opportunism, fear and, not least, conviction.\" By treating such people as criminals without understanding their background, she argues, put them in a different class of people that they could never be a part of. As a result, they refuse to believe that themselves, their neighbours or their co-workers could commit such acts. Many of the perpetrators actually regard themselves as heroes rather than criminals and only regret \"that they have been stupid enough to get caught or being tricked into surrendering.\" This argument is mirrored with political theorist Hannah Arendt\'s thesis on the *Banality of Evil*.
The book ends noting the strange coexistence that the accused war criminals have together in the Scheveningen prison in The Hague. Despite containing people who had committed atrocities at all levels, there was only one incident that occurred when Slobodan Milošević was first brought to the \"detention unit\". Despite this, most of those convicted put aside their nationality and their ethnic backgrounds, and formed alliances based on brotherhood and friendship. As Irish director of the \"unit\", Timothy McFadden argues the accused are held as innocent until proven guilty, and thus are treated to better living conditions than any other prison in Europe, and possibly the world. They can watch television shows in their own language (via satellite) enclosed in their fairly spacious cells, have visitors as frequently as they would like, take a variety of classes, and so on. Drakulić notes the disparity between their living conditions and the crimes they are accused of, then ends by questioning the aim of the war if the greatest architects of it can get along with no animosity or patriotic feelings behind closed doors. The answer, she concludes, is that it was ultimately for nothing.
## Reception
Drakulić received the 2005 Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding for this work.
### Popular Reviews {#popular_reviews}
Melissa Benn of *The Guardian* commends Drakulić for how she \"demonstrates no little moral courage\" in revisiting these historical events so soon after \"the horrors of war\" ended. Benn speaks positively of Drakulić\'s high level of detail and handling of moral ambiguity.
### Academic Reviews {#academic_reviews}
Jens Becker highlights Drakulic\'s personal history as a Yugoslavian as a means by which Drakulic adds necessary context to her book\'s discussions in his review for the Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe. Becker applauds in particular how Drakulic can explore why the war began, how nationalism developed in a generation seemingly born into an integrated environment, and why individuals charged as war criminals are still seen as heroes in their home countries. By exploring detailed backgrounds and wartime accounts, Drakulic can better understand the perpetrators on a human level. In particular, in Drakulic\'s exploration of Milosevic, she \"deprives him of his demonic aura by forming an intelligent portrait,\" thereby providing a fuller account than one possible with use of just his political or wartime life
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# Department of the Pacific
The **Department of the Pacific** or **Pacific Department** was a major command (Department) of the United States Army from 1853 to 1858. It replaced the Pacific Division, and was itself replaced by the Department of California and the Department of Oregon.
## Formation
The Department of the Pacific was created on October 31, 1853, at San Francisco, California, replacing the older Pacific Division, (1848--53) and abolishing the existing 10th (California) and 11th (Oregon) Departments, consolidating them within the new department. The department reported directly to the headquarters of the Army in Washington, D.C. It oversaw the military affairs in the country west of the Rocky Mountains (California, Oregon Territory, and Washington Territory), except for the Utah Territory and the Territory of New Mexico east of the 110th meridian west, (thus including most of modern Arizona and southern Nevada).
On September 2, 1854, the headquarters was moved to Benicia Barracks, in Benicia, California.
From 1855 to 1857 the Puget Sound District was organized.
In January 1857, the headquarters again returned to San Francisco.
On January 14, 1858, the Utah Territory was placed within the department but soon removed into the Department of Utah, in 1858, that remained until 1861.
## Commanders
- Brevet Brigadier General Ethan A. Hitchcock 1853--1854
- Brevet Major General John E. Wool 1854--1857
- Brevet Brigadier General Newman S. Clarke 1857--1858
## Posts
- Post of Alcatraz Island or Fort Alcatraz, California 1853--1907
- Fort Bellingham, Washington Territory 1855--1860
- Benicia Arsenal, Benicia, California 1851--1964
- Benicia Barracks, California 1852--1866
- Fort Boise, Idaho, 1863--1912
- Fort Bragg, California 1857--1864.
- Fort Churchill, Nevada, 1860--1869
- Fort Colville, Washington Territory, 1825--1870
- Fort Dalles, Oregon, 1850--1867
- Fort Klamath, Oregon, 1863--1890
- Roop\'s Fort, Fort Defiance, Susanville, California 1853--1863
- Fort Douglas, Utah Territory, 1862--1991
- Drum Barracks, California, 1862--1870
- Fort Gaston, California 1859--1892
- Fort Humboldt, California 1853--1867
- Fort Jones, California, 1852--1858
- Fort Mohave, Arizona Territory 1859--1890
- Fort Point San José, San Francisco, California, 1853--1882
- Fort Point, San Francisco, California 1853--1886
- New San Diego Depot, San Diego, California 1851--1866.
- Fort Steilacoom, Washington Territory, 1849--1868
- Fort Yuma, California 1851--1883
- Fort Vancouver, Washington Territory 1853--1879
- Fort Tejon, California 1854--1861, 1863--1864.
- Camp Burton, California 1855
- Fort Cascades, Washington Territory 1855--1861
- Fort Yamhill, Oregon (1856--1866)
- Fort Simcoe, Washington Territory, 1856--1859
- Fort Townsend, Washington Territory 1856--1861
- Fort Walla Walla, Washington Territory 1856--1911
- Fort Crook, California 1857--1869
- Fort Hoskins, Oregon, 1857--1865
- Fort Ter-Waw, California 1857--1862
- Camp at Pardee\'s Ranch, California 1858--1865
## Disbandment
On September 13, 1858, the Department of the Pacific was disbanded, replaced by two new departments: the Department of California and the Department of Oregon. The Department of California included the territory west of the Rockies, the Umpqua and Rogue River districts in Oregon, Utah and New Mexico. The Department of Oregon included the Oregon and Washington Territories.
## Reborn in the Civil War {#reborn_in_the_civil_war}
During the American Civil War the army again reorganized, and on January 15, 1861, the independent **Pacific Department** was reconstituted by consolidating the Departments of California and Oregon. The first commander of the new Department of the Pacific was Colonel (Brevet Brigadier General) Albert Sidney Johnston who was later to become a prominent General in the Confederate Army.
### Civil War commanders {#civil_war_commanders}
- Albert Sidney Johnston, 1861 (resigned to join the Confederacy)
- Edwin Vose Sumner, 1861
- George Wright, 1861--1864
- Irvin McDowell, 1864--1865
### Districts
The Department of the Pacific had six subordinate military districts during the Civil War:
- District of Oregon (headquarters at Fort Vancouver) January 15, 1861 -- July 27, 1865
- District of California (headquarters at San Francisco, co-located with Department of the Pacific). Independent command from Department from July 1, 1864 -- July 27, 1865
- District of Southern California (headquarters at Drum Barracks) September 25, 1861 -- July 27, 1865
- District of Humboldt (headquarters at Fort Humboldt) December 12, 1861 -- July 27, 1865
- District of Utah (headquarters at Fort Douglas). August 6, 1862 -- July 27, 1865
- District of Arizona (headquarters at Prescott) March 7, 1865 -- July 27, 1865
## Reorganized out of existence {#reorganized_out_of_existence}
On June 27, 1865, the Military Division of the Pacific was created under Major General Henry W. Halleck, replacing the Department of the Pacific, consisting of the Department of the Columbia that now consisted of the state of Oregon and the territories of Washington and Idaho and the expanded Department of California that now consisted of the states of California and Nevada and the Territory of New Mexico and Territory of Arizona.
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# Department of the Pacific
## Philippine Expedition {#philippine_expedition}
On 30 May 1898, Gen. Wesley Merritt established in San Francisco the Headquarters, US Expeditionary Forces and Department of the Pacific for the campaign to support Adm. Dewey\'s forces in the Philippines during the Spanish--American War.
At the end of March 1900, the complexities involved in dealing with the guerrillas and governing the islands led to the transformation of what had been the Department of the Pacific into the Philippine Department with four geographical departments, each of which was, in turn, divided into military districts. This step also brought an end to the Eighth Corps
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# Erc of Dalriada
**Erc** was king of Irish Dál Riata from 439 until 474, succeeding Eochaid Muinremuir. He was the father of three sons: Fergus Mór, Loarn and Oengus. He also may have been the great-grandfather of Muirchertach mac Muiredaig. Confusion arises from the latter\'s matronym, Macc Ercae, said to come from his legendary mother Erc ingen Loarn, daughter of Loarn mac Eirc. She married Muiredach mac Eógain. According to the Duan Albanach and the Senchus Fer n-Alban, Erc of Dál Riata\'s father was Eochaid Muinremuir, son of Áengus Fert, son of Fedlimid, son of Oengus, son of another Fedlimid, son of Senchormaich, son of Cruitlinde, son of Findfece, son of Archircir, son of Eochaid Antoit, son of Fiacha Cathmail, son of Cairbre Riata, son of Conaire Cóem and Saraid ingen Chuinn.
Suggestions that he was identical with Muiredach mac Eógain and thus belonged to the Uí Néill are based on late sources, such as the Annals of the Four Masters. In fact the Dál Riata are considered Érainn or Darini and claimed to be descendants of the famous Érainn king Conaire Mór. It is typical in late genealogies for unrelated peoples or those only related through marriage to be worked into a single genealogical scheme and all be made descendants of the same legendary founder.
Erc is significant as he has been traditionally regarded as the ancestor, through his son Fergus Mor, of the kings of Dalriada, and through them the Kings of Scotland, but more recently much of this tradition has been questioned
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# Laser Hawk
***Laser Hawk*** is a horizontally scrolling shooter for Atari 8-bit computers published by UK-based Red Rat Software. It was created in Dunedin, New Zealand by programmer Andrew Bradfield and artist Harvey A. Kong Tin.
A sequel, *HawkQuest*, also from Bradfield and Kong Tin, was released in 1989. Andrew Bradfield died in 2001 at age 35.
## Development
Work on *Laser Hawk* started in 1985 and took about a year to complete. *Laser Hawk* was originally called *Hot Copter* by Bradfield. Red Rat Software came up with the name *Laser Hawk.*
## Reception
A review of *Laser Hawk* in the January 1987 issue of *Atari User* concluded, \"While the game concept is perhaps getting a little long in the tooth, Red Rat has tweaked it nicely, treating it in a thoughtful and refreshing way. What it may lack in originality it makes up for in finesse.\" The overall score was 8 out of 10.
## Legacy
*Laser Hawk* was later included in the *4 Star Compilation, Volume 1* published by Red Rat, along with *Escape from Doomworld*, *Domain of the Undead*, and *Panic Express*.
The same team created the sequel, *HawkQuest*, released in 1989. Harvey Kong Tin was responsible for the overall design. Development started in 1986 with the finished game using four floppy disk sides at 90K apiece
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# Mail plane
A **mail plane** is an aircraft used for carrying mail.
Aircraft that were purely mail planes existed almost exclusively prior to World War II. Because early aircraft were too underpowered to carry cargoes and too costly to run any \"economy class\" passenger-carrying service, the main civilian role for aircraft was to carry letters faster than previously possible. In 1934, some mail services in the USA were operated by the United States Army Air Corps, soon ending in the Air Mail scandal.
In the past, mail-carrying aircraft had to carry a special official emblem on the fuselages; in case of British-registered aircraft, a special *Royal Air Mail pennant* (a blue triangular flag with a crowned bugle emblem in yellow and the letters \"ROYAL AIR MAIL\" in white) would sometimes be flown as well.
From the late 1940s, mail planes became increasingly rare, as the increasing size of aircraft and economics dictated a move towards bulk carriage of mail onboard airline flights, and this remains the primary method today. Parcel mail, overnight mail and priority mail, however, are still carried aboard what may be considered the spiritual successors of classic, pre-war mail planes; small, general aviation aircraft that have been adapted to the role, with the Cessna 208 and Piper PA-31 Navajo being among the most popular. Cargo airline operators, such as UPS and FedEx, also carry mail along with bulk cargo, aboard converted airliners
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# Heath–Jarrow–Morton framework
The **Heath--Jarrow--Morton** (**HJM**) **framework** is a general framework to model the evolution of interest rate curves -- instantaneous forward rate curves in particular (as opposed to simple forward rates). When the volatility and drift of the instantaneous forward rate are assumed to be deterministic, this is known as the **Gaussian Heath--Jarrow--Morton (HJM) model** of forward rates. For direct modeling of simple forward rates the Brace--Gatarek--Musiela model represents an example.
The HJM framework originates from the work of David Heath, Robert A. Jarrow, and Andrew Morton in the late 1980s, especially *Bond pricing and the term structure of interest rates: a new methodology* (1987) -- working paper, Cornell University, and *Bond pricing and the term structure of interest rates: a new methodology* (1989) -- working paper (revised ed.), Cornell University. It has its critics, however, with Paul Wilmott describing it as \"\...actually just a big rug for \[mistakes\] to be swept under\".
## Framework
The key to these techniques is the recognition that the drifts of the no-arbitrage evolution of certain variables can be expressed as functions of their volatilities and the correlations among themselves. In other words, no drift estimation is needed.
Models developed according to the HJM framework are different from the so-called short-rate models in the sense that HJM-type models capture the full dynamics of the entire forward rate curve, while the short-rate models only capture the dynamics of a point on the curve (the short rate).
However, models developed according to the general HJM framework are often non-Markovian and can even have infinite dimensions. A number of researchers have made great contributions to tackle this problem. They show that if the volatility structure of the forward rates satisfy certain conditions, then an HJM model can be expressed entirely by a finite state Markovian system, making it computationally feasible. Examples include a one-factor, two state model (O. Cheyette, \"Term Structure Dynamics and Mortgage Valuation\", *Journal of Fixed Income,* 1, 1992; P. Ritchken and L. Sankarasubramanian in \"Volatility Structures of Forward Rates and the Dynamics of Term Structure\", *Mathematical Finance*, 5, No. 1, Jan 1995), and later multi-factor versions.
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# Heath–Jarrow–Morton framework
## Mathematical formulation {#mathematical_formulation}
The class of models developed by Heath, Jarrow and Morton (1992) is based on modelling the forward rates.
The model begins by introducing the instantaneous forward rate $\textstyle f(t,T)$, $\textstyle t \leq T$, which is defined as the continuous compounding rate available at time $\textstyle T$ as seen from time $\textstyle t$. The relation between bond prices and the forward rate is also provided in the following way:
$$P(t,T) = e^{-\int_t^T f(t,s) ds}$$
Here $\textstyle P(t,T)$ is the price at time $\textstyle t$ of a zero-coupon bond paying \$1 at maturity $\textstyle T\geq t$. The risk-free money market account is also defined as
$$\beta(t) = e^{\int_0^t f(u,u)du}$$
This last equation lets us define $\textstyle f(t,t) \triangleq r(t)$, the risk free short rate. The HJM framework assumes that the dynamics of $\textstyle f(t,s)$ under a risk-neutral pricing measure $\textstyle \mathbb Q$ are the following:
$$df(t,s) = \mu(t,s)dt + \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s) dW_t$$
Where $\textstyle W_t$ is a $\textstyle d$-dimensional Wiener process and $\textstyle \mu(u,s)$, $\textstyle \boldsymbol \sigma(u,s)$ are $\textstyle \mathcal F_u$ adapted processes. Now based on these dynamics for $\textstyle f$, we\'ll attempt to find the dynamics for $\textstyle P(t,s)$ and find the conditions that need to be satisfied under risk-neutral pricing rules. Let\'s define the following process:
$$Y_t \triangleq \log P(t,s) = -\int_t^s f(t,u) du$$
The dynamics of $\textstyle Y_t$ can be obtained through Leibniz\'s rule:
$$\begin{align} dY_t &= f(t,t) dt - \int_t^s df(t,u) du \\ &= r_t dt - \int_t^s \mu(t,u) dt du - \int_t^s \boldsymbol \sigma(t,u) dW_t du \end{align}$$
If we define $\textstyle \mu(t,s)^* = \int_t^s \mu(t,u) du$, $\textstyle \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^* = \int_t^s \boldsymbol \sigma(t,u) du$ and assume that the conditions for Fubini\'s Theorem are satisfied in the formula for the dynamics of $\textstyle Y_t$, we get:
$$dY_t = \left( r_t - \mu(t,s)^* \right)dt - \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^* dW_t$$
By Itō\'s lemma, the dynamics of $\textstyle P(t,T)$ are then:
$$\frac{dP(t,s)}{P(t,s)} = \left( r_t - \mu(t,s)^* + \frac{1}{2} \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^* \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^{*T} \right)dt - \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^* dW_t$$
But $\textstyle \frac{P(t,s)}{\beta(t)}$ must be a martingale under the pricing measure $\textstyle \mathbb Q$, so we require that $\textstyle \mu(t,s)^* = \frac{1}{2} \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^* \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^{*T}$. Differentiating this with respect to $\textstyle s$ we get:
$$\mu(t,u) = \boldsymbol \sigma(t,u) \int_t^u \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^{T} ds$$
Which finally tells us that the dynamics of $\textstyle f$ must be of the following form:
$$df(t,u) = \left( \boldsymbol \sigma(t,u) \int_t^u \boldsymbol \sigma(t,s)^{T} ds \right) dt + \boldsymbol \sigma(t,u) dW_t$$
Which allows us to price bonds and interest rate derivatives based on our choice of $\textstyle \boldsymbol \sigma$
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# Samuel W. Hale
**Samuel Whitney Hale** (April 2, 1823 -- October 16, 1891) was an American manufacturer and Republican politician in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. He served as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives and as the 39th governor of New Hampshire.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Hale was born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, the son of Samuel and Saloma Hale. He attended public schools in Fitchburg before moving to Dublin, New Hampshire in 1845 to work in furniture manufacturing. Hale moved to Keene, New Hampshire around 1859 to continue working in the furniture making business, eventually becoming head of the South Keene Chair Manufacturing Company and the Ashuelot Furniture Company. His success in the furniture manufacturing business enabled him to expand his interests, which grew to include banks, railroads and several other ventures.
In 1866, he was elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives where he served until 1867. He served on the Governor\'s Council from 1869 to 1871. In 1880, he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention. Hale was elected as the 39th Governor of New Hampshire in 1883. After serving one term, he retired from his political career and returned to his business ventures.
Hale died at his brother\'s home in Brooklyn on October 16, 1891, and is interred in the Greenlawn Cemetery in Keene.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Hale married Emelia M. Hay on June 13, 1850. They had two children, William Samuel Hale and Mary Louise Hale
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# Derrick Rostagno
**Derrick John Rostagno** (born October 25, 1965) is an American former professional tennis player.
## Career
Rostagno\'s grandfather, Juan Rostagno, was a shooter for Argentina at the 1936 and 1948 Summer Olympics.
Initially attending Stanford University, Rostagno was on the American tennis team at the 1984 Summer Olympics, in his freshman year. He had been injured in a bicycle accident earlier that year that nearly prevented him from trying out for the Olympics. Rostagno dropped out in his sophomore year to focus on his tennis career; by late 1986, he was ranked No. 66.
After winning a tournament in Mexico in March 1986, Rostagno purchased a ticket home that included Mexicana de Aviación Flight 940 as a continuing flight. He chose not to take Flight 940 to play an event in Mexico City; the flight would subsequently crash into a mountain in the Sierra Madre Occidental range, killing all 167 occupants on board.
Rostagno won one top-level singles title (at New Haven in 1990) and one tour doubles title (at Tampa in 1993).
Rostagno\'s best performance at a Grand Slam event came at the 1988 US Open, where he reached the quarterfinals by beating Yahiya Doumbia, Martin Davis, Tim Mayotte and Ronald Agénor before being defeated by Ivan Lendl. At several other Grand Slam events, he defeated or almost defeated several tennis hall of famers. At Wimbledon in 1988, Rostagno lost a five-set third round match to Jimmy Connors, who at the time was ranked World No. 5. At the 1989 US Open, Rostagno had two straight match points in his second round encounter with Boris Becker, who won the second of those on a lucky net cord passing shot and eventually the match 1--6, 6--7, 6--3, 7--6, 6--3, en route to his lone US Open title. At Wimbledon in 1990, Rostagno defeated John McEnroe in straight sets in the first round. At Wimbledon in 1991, Rostagno defeated ninth ranked Pete Sampras in four sets in the second round and Connors in straight sets in the third round.
Rostagno finished his career with a 3--2 win--loss record versus McEnroe, winning their last three matches, and a 2--3 record versus Connors, winning their last two matches. Against other top players, Rostagno was 2--1 versus Sampras, 1--0 versus Yannick Noah, 1--1 versus Mats Wilander, 2--3 versus Lendl, 1--2 versus Becker, 3--6 versus Jim Courier, 0--1 versus Michael Chang, 0--1 versus Todd Martin, 0--2 versus Andre Agassi, and 0--4 versus Stefan Edberg.
Rostagno\'s career-high singles ranking was World No. 13, which he reached in 1991. His career prize-money earnings totaled US\$1,621,535. He retired from the professional tour in 1996.
After retiring from the tour, Rostagno completed his undergraduate studies at Stanford University, obtained his MBA from UCLA and his Juris Doctor degree from Loyola University. He is now a practicing lawyer in Los Angeles, California, actively engaged in civil litigation in the firm that bears his name
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# Mons Huygens
**Mons Huygens** is the highest mountain in the Moon\'s Montes Apenninus range. Adjacent to the west is Mons Ampère. The Montes Apenninus were formed by the impact that created Mare Imbrium. Mons Huygens rises 5,300 m (17,380 ft) from its Mare Imbrium base, per altimetry data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. The mountain was named after the Dutch astronomer, mathematician and physician Christiaan Huygens. He is known for discovering Saturn\'s largest moon, Titan.
Mons Huygens has often been mistakenly cited as the Moon\'s tallest mountain and compared with Mount Everest, giving the incorrect impression that the Moon\'s tallest mountain is only a little more than half the height of Earth\'s tallest above sea level
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# 1896–97 in Belgian football
The **1896--97 season** was the second competitive season in Belgian football.
## Overview
Only one official league existed at the time. It was called *Coupe de Championnat* (Championship Cup) and was disputed between 6 teams since only one new team was admitted whereas the last two of the previous championship were withdrawn.
## Honour
Competition Winner
------------------ --------------------------
Championship Cup Racing Club de Bruxelles
## League standings {#league_standings}
| **Pos** | **Team** | **Pld** | **Won** | **Drw** | **Lst** | **GF** | **GA** | **Pts** | **GD** | **Notes** |
|------------------|------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|-----------------|
| 1 | Racing Club de Bruxelles | 10 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 40 | 10 | 18 | +30 | |
| 2 | F.C. Liégeois | 10 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 16 | 13 | 14 | +3 | |
| 3 | Antwerp F.C. | 10 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 22 | 10 | 13 | -3 | |
| 4 | Léopold Club de Bruxelles | 10 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 9 | 28 | 8 | -19 | |
| 5 | Athletic and Running Club de Bruxelles | 10 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 25 | 14 | 7 | +11 | |
| 6 | Sporting Club de Bruxelles | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 2 | 39 | 0 | -37 | Withdrew mid-season, remaining results awarded
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# Port Stanley Airport
**Port Stanley Airport** `{{Airport codes|PSY|SFAL}}`{=mediawiki}, also merely known as **Stanley Airport**, is a small civil airport in the Falkland Islands, located 2 mi from the capital, Stanley. This airport is the only civilian airport in the islands with a paved runway. However, the military airbase at RAF Mount Pleasant, located to the west of Stanley, functions as the islands\' main international airport, because it has a long runway capable of handling wide-body aircraft, and allows civilian flights by prior permission from the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD). Port Stanley Airport is owned by the Government of the Falkland Islands, operated by the Falkland Islands Government Air Service (commonly known by its abbreviation FIGAS), and is used for internal flights between the islands and flights between the Falklands and Antarctica. It has two asphalt-paved runways; its main runway 09/27 is 918 by, and its secondary runway 18/36 is 338 m long.
## History
Prior to 1972, there was no airport in the Falkland Islands with a paved (sealed) runway, and all passenger movements to the islands had to be undertaken by boat. However, in the early 1970s, the Falkland Islands Company decided to withdraw its monthly supply ship to Montevideo, Uruguay, increasing the desirability of an air-link to the South American mainland.
In 1971, the Argentine Air Force broke the islands\' isolation, starting with amphibious flights from Comodoro Rivadavia with Grumman HU-16B Albatross aircraft operated by LADE.
In 1973, the United Kingdom (UK) signed a Communications Agreement with Argentina to fund an airstrip on the islands. Flights took place again from Comodoro Rivadavia, this time with Fokker F-28 twin jet aircraft. This service was maintained until 1982, representing the only connection to the islands. At first, these flights landed at a temporary airstrip at Hookers Point at the east end of Port Stanley, where the runway was constructed of Marston Mat (also known as pierced steel planking or PSP). This situation continued until 1978, when a storm tore up large areas of the PSP runway, rendering it unusable. By this time however, a permanent solution was in hand, and on 1 May 1979, a new airport was opened at Cape Pembroke by Sir Vivian Fuchs with a 4000 ft paved runway. It immediately became home to the Falkland Islands Government Air Service (FIGAS) with its Britten-Norman Islanders and de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beavers.
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# Port Stanley Airport
## History
### Falklands War {#falklands_war}
During the Falklands War of 1982, invading Argentine forces occupied Port Stanley Airport. The Argentine Air Force were unable to station their most advanced fighter jets at the base, given the relatively short runway, and the risk of attack by the British. However, several air force FMA IA 58 Pucarás, together with Argentine Navy Aermacchi MB-339 and T-34 Mentor for close air support and air reconnaissance were based at the airport. The Pucarás were deployed against the British land forces, shooting down a Westland Scout; and the Aermacchis against the British Fleet.
On 1 May 1982, the Royal Air Force (RAF) bombed the airport in Operation Black Buck, and several additional raids were carried out by embarked Sea Harriers. Throughout the conflict, the airport installations were attacked with 237 bombs, 1,200 shells by deployed Royal Navy ships, and sixteen missiles. The forty-two 1,000 lb bombs dropped by the two Black Buck missions left twin strings of craters which are still visible on satellite photos of the airport today. However, none of these attacks ever put the airfield out of action entirely, and even both Black Buck raids only managed to score one direct hit on the runway, which was repaired sufficiently to allow for Lockheed C-130 Hercules, Lockheed L-188 Electra, and Fokker F-28 transport aircraft to resume night supply flights within 48 hours. These flights continued to bring supplies, weapons, vehicles, and fuel, and airlift out the wounded until the end of the conflict. The Argentines left the runway covered with piles of earth during the day, in an attempt to mislead the British regarding the condition of the airfield. In fact, the British were well aware that C-130 flights continued to use the airfield, and attempted to interdict these flights leading to the loss of one C-130 on 1 June, which was not, however, engaged in any resupply mission.
During the war, the Argentines also heavily mined Yorke Bay to the north of the airport and Surf / Rookery Bays to the south-east with minimum metal mines; under the presumption the British would attempt an amphibious landing on the east coast of East Falkland to quickly recapture both the airfield and Stanley in one fell swoop. However, these minefields proved unnecessary when the British opted instead to land at San Carlos on the west coast of East Falkland, and attack overland towards Stanley. The beaches surrounding Port Stanley Airport remained heavily mined long after the war, as demining had been deemed impractical due to the constantly drifting sand dunes, and the disruption that would be done to the breeding colonies of the threatened Magellanic penguin, which continued to thrive on the beaches (being too light to set off the mines). However, the UK eventually commenced these operations in 2009 to comply with the Ottawa Treaty. On 14 November 2020, the island was declared free of landmines.
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# Port Stanley Airport
## History
### Post conflict {#post_conflict}
After the war, the Royal Air Force (RAF) remained in the Falkland Islands, and took over the airport, renaming it **RAF Stanley**. Immediately after the conflict, air defence of the islands and garrison was carried out by Royal Navy Sea Harrier FRS.1 and RAF Harrier GR.3 at RAF Stanley and from the aircraft carrier, `{{HMS|Invincible|R05|6}}`{=mediawiki}, on standing patrol. The runway was extended by to 6,100 ft, paved with aluminium planking, and had arrester equipment installed to allow RAF F-4M Phantom fighters, initially some of those of No. 29 Squadron RAF, to be based on the island as air defence. The unit was known as \'PhanDet\' until late 1983, when the detachment achieved squadron status following the rundown of No. 23 Squadron RAF in the UK, and the resultant transfer of its \'nameplate\' from RAF Wattisham to the RAF Stanley unit. The Harrier detachment was renamed No. 1453 Flight, and remained at RAF Stanley to provide standby air defence, in event of excessive crosswinds, until RAF Mount Pleasant was opened in 1985. In addition, long range Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport aircraft of No. 1312 Flight, resident at RAF Stanley, provided tanker support for the Phantom fighters, and transport for local (South Georgia) tasks. The airport was also used by the C-130s of the \'air bridge\' from Ascension Island for trooping, cargo, and many other essentials until RAF Mount Pleasant became operational.
In 1985, RAF Mount Pleasant opened, and in April 1986, Port Stanley Airport returned to civilian use. The temporary aluminium planking runway extension was removed, bringing the main 09/27 runway down to its present length and width of 918 by. Although flights from Chile by regional airline Aerovias DAP did use the airport in the early 1990s, for the most part, external services have used RAF Mount Pleasant since it opened.
## Current status {#current_status}
Stanley Airport is used by internal flights and provides connections to British bases in Antarctica. The Falkland Islands Government Air Service (FIGAS) operates internal flights within the Falkland Islands from the airport with its five Britten-Norman BN-2B Islander fixed-wing aircraft. The British Antarctic Survey uses the airport for intercontinental flights to Rothera Research Station in Antarctica.
Bristow Helicopters has previously operated three Sikorsky S-92 helicopters from Stanley Airport, two for transporting oil rig workers to exploratory oil platforms in the North Falkland Basin, and the other as a search and rescue (SAR) helicopter. Occasionally, one of the aircraft had been based at RAF Mount Pleasant given lack of space at Stanley Airport. In 2015, Bristow added a new BVE helicopter hangar at Stanley Airport to house three S-92 helicopters. The hangar, designed and constructed by RUBB UK, is used both to service, maintain, and store the helicopters, as well as to support SAR operations and training
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# Address Unknown (novel)
***Address Unknown*** is a 1938 short novel by Kathrine Taylor. The story, told entirely in letters between two German friends from 1932 to 1934, describes the rise of the Nazi Party and the growing acceptance of what would become the Final Solution in Germany and how the ideology had the power to profoundly change relationships.
## Plot
Martin returns to Germany from the United States with his family, exhilarated by the advances in the old country since the humiliation of the Great War. His Jewish business partner, Max, remains in the States to keep their art gallery running. Martin raves about the Third Reich and Hitler and at first, Max is covetous, envying his friend\'s return \"to a democratic Germany\... and the beginnings of a fine political freedom.\" He has misgivings, however, after hearing about violence against Jews and their businesses from those who have left Berlin. Martin dismisses his concerns, saying that Jews are the universal scapegoats and that \"a few must suffer for the millions to be saved.\"
Martin asks Max to stop writing to him out of concern that, if a letter were to be intercepted, his family would be endangered. Max ignores this and continues writing. His sister Griselle, an actress, goes missing in Berlin and he becomes frantic to learn her fate; Martin responds that Griselle is dead. He admits turning her away when she came to him for sanctuary while she was being pursued by the Sturmabteilung. It is revealed that he and Griselle had previously been romantically involved. The contents of Max\'s letters change, now seemingly focused only on business and the weather, but the language he uses falsely implies that he is using a code. He refers to the exact dimension of pictures and to \"our grandmother,\" implying that Martin is also Jewish. Martin responds, begging him to stop writing as he has been interrogated about each letter that arrives. Max again ignores him and eventually has one of his letters returned from Germany, marked \"address unknown.\"
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# Address Unknown (novel)
## Publication
*Story* published *Address Unknown* in 1938. It was released under the name Kressmann Taylor, as the editor Whit Burnett and Taylor\'s husband Elliott deemed the story \"too strong to appear under the name of a woman.\" She used this name professionally for the rest of her life. The novella\'s appearance in *Story* was so popoular that all copies of that month\'s issue sold out within ten days, and in an anecdote by Burnett, the demand was so high that pirated copies began to circulate in Hollywood. *Reader\'s Digest* soon reprinted the story and Simon & Schuster published it as a book in 1939, selling 50,000 copies. Foreign publications quickly followed, including a Dutch translation, later confiscated by Nazis, and a German one, published in Moscow. The book was banned in Germany.
The book\'s afterword, written by Taylor\'s son, reveals that the idea for the story came from Taylor\'s experience seeing those returning from Germany turn their backs on their Jewish friends. In 1995, Story Press reissued *Address Unknown* to mark the 50th anniversary of the liberation of the concentration camps. The story was subsequently translated into more than 20 languages, with the French version selling 600,000 copies. The book finally appeared in Germany in 2001 and was reissued in the United Kingdom in 2002. In Israel, the Hebrew edition was a best-seller and was adapted for stage. Taylor spent the final year of her life signing copies and giving interviews. The book was re-issued again in Ecco Press in 2021.
The title of the book is a mistranslation of the German *adressat unbekannt*. *Adressat* is more equivalent to addressee than address.
## Adaptations
The novel was adapted into a film of the same name in 1944 and has been performed as a stage play in nearly 100 locations, including in France (2001), Israel (2002 onward), at the Promenade Theater in New York City (2004), Hungary (2008), at the Tron Theatre in Glasgow (2010), at the Koninklijke Schouwburg in the Hague (2011), at Soho Theatre in London (2013), and at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen (2019).
It has also been performed in Germany, South Africa, Italy, Turkey, Argentina, and in various American cities. In 2020, it was performed by Søren Sætter-Lassen and Lars Mikkelsen, followed by a debate and discussion on how Denmark acted towards Nazi Germany before the war. An adaptation for BBC Radio 4 was broadcast in June 2008 as an Afternoon Play. It starred Henry Goodman as Max and Patrick Malahide as Martin and was adapted and directed by Tim Dee. A dance production was put on by Gabrielle Lansner & Company in New York City in 2003.
It was adapted for Australian radio in 1940 starring Peter Finch
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# Falkirk East (UK Parliament constituency)
**Falkirk East** was a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1983 until 2005. It was largely replaced by Linlithgow and East Falkirk, with some of its territory going to the new Falkirk constituency.
## Boundaries
**1983--1997**: The Falkirk District electoral divisions of Avonside, Bainsford, Braes, Carriden, Dundas, Kalantyre, Kinneil, Laurmont, and Sealock.
**1997--2005**: The Falkirk District electoral divisions of Avonside, Braes, Carriden, Dundas, Kalantyre, Kinneil, Laurmont, and Sealock
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# California State Route 193
**State Route 193** (**SR 193**) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs through Placer and El Dorado counties. It begins as an east--west arterial road running from Lincoln to Newcastle, just west of Auburn. Then after concurrencies with Interstate 80 and State Route 49 through Auburn, SR 193 resumes heading eastward from Cool to Georgetown, then turning south to rejoin SR 49 just north of Placerville.
## Route description {#route_description}
SR 193 begins at the eastern city limits of Lincoln. The route formerly began at a junction with what was then SR 65 (now Lincoln Boulevard) in Lincoln, and was known as McBean Park Drive (SR 65 has since relocated to a new bypass alignment). The portion of SR 193 within the city of Lincoln was relinquished to the city in February 2011. The city has since been annexing more territory to include increasing areas of residential development, and thus SR 193\'s western end has been adjusted accordingly.
Heading east from Lincoln, SR 193 runs through rural Placer County as Lincoln Newcastle Highway. It then passes over the tunnel containing Taylor Road before heading east on Taylor Road to an interchange with I-80 in Newcastle.
SR 193 runs concurrently on I-80 eastbound into the city of Auburn, where it then leaves I-80 and runs concurrently with SR 49. These concurrencies are unsigned. SR 193 resumes as Georgetown Road, heading east from SR 49, the town of Cool, and the Auburn State Recreation Area. The highway passes through the towns of Fords Corner, Greenwood, and Georgetown before turning south and encountering the town of Kelsey after several miles. SR 193 terminates at the northern city limits of Placerville at its second junction with SR 49.
SR 193 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, but is not part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country\'s economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration
| 334 |
California State Route 193
| 0 |
2,876,893 |
# Live Cream
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``
| 20 |
Live Cream
| 0 |
2,876,894 |
# Frederick W. M. Holliday
**Frederick William Mackey Holliday** (February 22, 1828`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}May 29, 1899) was a member of the Confederate Congress as well as an officer in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He also became the 38th Governor of Virginia, serving from 1878 to 1882.
## Biography
Born in Winchester, Virginia, Holliday was the son of Dr. Richard John and Mary Catherine (née Taylor) Holliday. He attended Winchester Academy and Yale University before earning degrees in philosophy, political economy, and law from the University of Virginia. He was the Commonwealth\'s Attorney for Frederick County, Virginia from 1861 to 1865.
When the American Civil War began, he was elected as first captain of the *Mountain Rangers* of Winchester, which became Company D of the 33rd Virginia Infantry Regiment. The unit was part of the Stonewall Brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia. During the Battle of Cedar Mountain, Holliday was wounded in his right arm, which had to be amputated. He resigned from the military as a colonel on March 1, 1864, and was elected to the Second Confederate Congress.
Holliday won the election for Governor of Virginia in 1877 as a Conservative Democrat unopposed. Holliday began his term by breaking the established tradition of small inauguration ceremonies for Virginia governors. His ceremony included parades, bands, cannons, and an inaugural speech to 10,000 people.
Holliday traveled the world after his term as governor. He died at his home in Winchester, Virginia, on May 29, 1899, and was buried in Mount Hebron Cemetery
| 256 |
Frederick W. M. Holliday
| 0 |
2,876,909 |
# Aquaman: Battle for Atlantis
***Aquaman: Battle for Atlantis*** is a 2003 action-adventure video game for the Xbox and GameCube systems. Developed by Lucky Chicken Games and published by TDK, it is based on Peter David\'s controversial interpretation of the DC Comics character Aquaman. It was released exclusively in North America on July 30, 2003, and received generally unfavorable reviews.
## Plot
After a long absence and being presumed dead, Aquaman\'s mortal enemy Black Manta has returned. Bringing with him waves upon waves of dedicated warriors, Manta intends to terrorize and ultimately destroy Aquaman\'s kingdom of Atlantis. In order to protect his subjects and the rest of the seven seas from Manta\'s evil machinations, Aquaman must venture into his city, save his people, and defeat Black Manta. Little does he know, however, that there is an even greater enemy waiting, who will attempt to take the Throne of Atlantis right out from under him.
## Gameplay
The purpose of the game is to save Atlantis from doom. The story is told by cutscenes that do not use animation or voices. Instead, it is told by text that accompanies pictures, like a comic book. The player progresses by swimming around the level and defeating the enemies there. The levels are filled with empty ruined buildings that Aquaman sometimes has to swim around. When Aquaman fights, he can punch, kick and grapple with his opponents to defeat them. There are also times throughout the game where the player can pilot crafts through the water and shoot down enemy submarines.
## Development
In October 2001, TDK Mediactive reached a long-term deal with DC Comics to develop video games based on the Aquaman character, starting with the newly released platforms of the sixth console generation. The announcement specified that the games would be created on multiple platforms, and that the first game would likely see release sometime in 2002. Lucky Chicken Games was chosen as the development studio for the game that would come to be titled *Aquaman: Battle for Atlantis*, and the game was scheduled for release in mid-2003.
The release of the game coincided with a newly launching volume of the *Aquaman* ongoing series from DC Comics, which also debuted in 2003 with a new #1 issue.
## Reception
The game received \"generally unfavorable\" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregator website Metacritic
| 393 |
Aquaman: Battle for Atlantis
| 0 |
2,876,920 |
# Clóvis Bornay
**Clóvis Bornay** (January 10, 1916 -- October 9, 2005) was a Brazilian museologist, actor, and maker of Carnival costumes for more than 40 years, which made him famous throughout the nation, and he continues to be honored and the subject at Carnival parades today. He also composed some of the Carnival songs in the 1960s and 1970s and was the costume designer for the Salgueiro parade in 1966; Unidos de Lucas from 1967 to 1969; GRES Portela in 1969 and 1970, where he won at this carnival for his theme \"Legends and Mysteries of the Amazon\"; GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel in 1972 and 1973; and lastly Unidos da Tijuca in 1973.
He was born of Spanish and Swiss parents in Nova Friburgo, near Rio de Janeiro, where he died on October 9, 2005, at age 89. He started designing the 1930s until eventually starting at carnivals
| 151 |
Clóvis Bornay
| 0 |
2,876,928 |
# Quebrada de Humahuaca
The **Quebrada de Humahuaca** is a narrow mountain valley located in the province of Jujuy in northwest Argentina, 1649 km north of Buenos Aires (23 11 59 S 65 20 56 W). It is about 155 km long, oriented north--south, bordered by the Altiplano in the west and north, by the Sub-Andean hills in the east, and by the warm valleys (*Valles Templados*) in the south.
The name *quebrada* (literally \"broken\") translates as a deep valley or ravine. It receives its name from Humahuaca, a small city of 11,000 inhabitants. The Grande River (*Río Grande*), which is dry in winter, flows copiously through the Quebrada in the summer.
The region has always been a crossroads for economic, social and cultural communication. It has been populated for at least 10,000 years, since the settlement of the first hunter-gatherers, which is evidenced by substantial prehistoric remains. In particular, many stone-walled agricultural terraces, thought to originate more than 1500 years ago, are found throughout the region and are still in use today. The field system links a series of fortified towns called *pucaras*. The valley was later a caravan road for the Inca Empire in the 15th century, then an important link between the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and the Viceroyalty of Peru, as well as a stage for many battles of the Spanish War of Independence.
The Quebrada de Humahuaca was designated a protected landscape in 2000. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 2 July 2003.
Pucará de Tilcara 01.JPG\|Pucará de Tilcara Serranía de Hornocal up close near Humahuaca.jpg\|Hornocal Cerro de los Siete Colores 05
| 273 |
Quebrada de Humahuaca
| 0 |
2,876,931 |
# Shmuel Dovid Halberstam
Rabbi **Shmiel Dovid Halberstam** (*שמואל דוד הלברשטאם*), also known as the **Sanz-Klausenberger Rebbe**, is the younger son and one of the successors of Rabbi Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam, the previous Klausenberger Rebbe. He resides in Brooklyn, New York.
## Biography
He is one of seven children born in his father\'s second marriage to Chaya Nechama Ungar, daughter of the Nitra Rav, Rabbi Shmuel Dovid Ungar. He was named after his mother\'s father, who was murdered in the Holocaust. His older brother, Rabbi Zvi Elimelech Halberstam, is the Sanzer Rebbe of Israel, and he also has five sisters. He married Tzipora Weider, daughter of Rabbi Aharon Wieder, the Linzer Rav, who was a long-time dayan in the Klausenberger *beis din* (rabbinical court) in America.
Rabbi Halberstam is the leader of North American operations for the Mifal HaShas Torah study network founded by his father, and honoree president of the Kolel Chibas Yerushalayim charity organization in the name of Reb Meir Baal HaNess.
He is known for his effusive and lengthy prayers
| 173 |
Shmuel Dovid Halberstam
| 0 |
2,876,942 |
# 1897–98 in Belgian football
The **1897--98 season** was the third competitive season in Belgian football.
## Overview
Only one official league existed at the time. It was called *Coupe de Championnat* (Championship Cup) and was disputed between 5 teams as no new team was admitted.
No team was relegated this season since the FA decided to split the division into two leagues. Four new teams were thus admitted at the end of the season and they formed one of the two leagues: F.C. Brugeois (that had already played in the first competitive season), C.S. Brugeois, R.C. Gantois and F.C. Courtraisien.
## Honour
Competition Winner
------------------ ---------------
Championship Cup F.C. Liégeois
## League standings {#league_standings}
| **Pos** | **Team** | **Pld** | **Won** | **Drw** | **Lst** | **GF** | **GA** | **Pts** | **GD** | **Notes** |
|------------------|------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|-----------------|
| 1 | F.C. Liégeois | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 30 | 5 | 14 | +25 | |
| 2 | Racing Club de Bruxelles | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 18 | 7 | 10 | +11 | |
| 3 | Léopold Club de Bruxelles | 8 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 17 | 23 | 8 | -6 | |
| 4 | Athletic and Running Club de Bruxelles | 8 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 11 | 17 | 6 | -6 | |
| 5 | Antwerp F.C
| 244 |
1897–98 in Belgian football
| 0 |
2,876,944 |
# Law of Bermuda
The **law of Bermuda** is based on the common law legal system of England and Wales.
## Immigration
The main categories of resident in Bermuda are:
- **Bermudian status** --- Bermuda does not have its own nationality law. Bermudians are British Overseas Territories citizens by default, which is the island\'s *de facto* citizenship. Bermudian status can be obtained:
1. *By birth* --- Although it is possible to be born Bermudian, simply being born in Bermuda does not automatically confer this status. One must be born in Bermuda to a parent who holds Bermudian status, in order to be considered Bermudian by birth.
2. *Through residence* --- A subset of permanent residents, who have been living on the island since 1989, can apply for Bermudian status if they are Commonwealth citizens.
- **Spouse of a Bermudian** --- This status confers many of the rights of a Bermudian (free access to the job market, for example) but does not itself bring status rights. People with this status eventually become Bermudian in their own right after ten years. However the status is lost if the marriage itself breaks down.
- **Permanent resident** --- Immigration law reform in 1998 severely restricted the ability of new persons to come to Bermuda and obtain Bermudian status. Persons without status residing on the island since 1989 became eligible for permanent residence certificates, which allowed them to stay and work on the island indefinitely, but without the right to vote, subject to a high landowning tax and without the right to own local businesses. Their spouses and relatives remain eligible to obtain permanent residence certificates. Such people are known locally as \"PRCs\".
- **Guest worker** --- Persons with work permits may work and reside on the island with their spouses and minor children for the term of their permit (usually 30 days-5 years, although 10 year permits are possible). Permits are tied to a specific employer and job, and that job generally must be offered to Bermudians, spouses or PRCs before a work permit will be issued. Their spouses and children may not work without themselves obtaining a work permit. Work permits can be renewed. There is no provision in the law for work permit holders or their family to acquire any permanent residence or citizenship rights over time.
- **Property owner** --- A person who owns property under a licence (see property law, below) does not thereby acquire any citizenship rights. However such people are entitled to reside in Bermuda.
## Company law {#company_law}
- Two types of company can be incorporated in Bermuda:
1. a *local company*, which is owned 60% or more by Bermudians; and
2. an *exempt company*, which is owned chiefly by non-Bermudians
- As a matter of broad principle (to which there are many exceptions):
- only a *local company* may trade in Bermuda (there is a similar restriction on foreign companies, and on non-Bermudian sole traders and partnerships);
- only *local companies* are expected to contribute to the local economy through taxation.
- *exempt companies* may have a physical presence in, and employ staff in, Bermuda.
## Property law {#property_law}
- All conveyancing in Bermuda is unregistered. Bermuda has no equivalent of the British Law of Property Act 1925.
- Bermuda has no capital gains taxes, but there is ad valorem Stamp Duty on sales and gifts of real estate.
- Generally, Bermuda real estate cannot be vested in a corporation, except:
- in a trust company;
- in the management company of a condominium; or
- in other cases with the permission of the minister, strictly limited by policy.
- Bermuda real estate cannot be vested in a non-Bermudian, nor in a trust which may benefit a non-Bermudian, unless a licence is obtained on behalf of the non-Bermudian. The fee for the licence is a substantial percentage of the market value of the real estate.
- With some limited exceptions, only real estate in the hands of non-Bermudians is available for sale to non-Bermudians.
- It is common for Bermuda real estate to be owned by trusts.
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Law of Bermuda
| 0 |
2,876,944 |
# Law of Bermuda
## Trust law {#trust_law}
: *See also Trust law*
- It is illegal to act as a trustee, as a business, without a licence. Generally, licences are only granted to corporations, so almost all professional trustees are trust companies. A professional person may act as a trustee if (and only if) he or she has a connection with a licensed trust company, and delegates certain functions to that trust company.
- Unpaid private trustees are fairly common, although usually only for domestic trusts (see below).
- The residence of a trust follows the residence of its trustees. A trust is therefore only Bermuda resident if a majority of its trustees are Bermuda resident.
- Generally, Bermuda tax law is generous in its treatment of non-Bermuda assets, which include foreign currencies even where held at Bermuda banks. There is usually no tax charge in Bermuda (for example, to Stamp Duty) on settling non-Bermuda assets into trusts, nor on the income those assets produce, nor on their sale, nor on their distribution to beneficiaries. Like the other offshore financial centers (\"tax havens\") this has led to the use of Bermuda trusts by settlors and beneficiaries from higher-tax jurisdictions.
- By contrast, Bermuda assets are generally charged to ad valorem Stamp Duty upon being settled into trust.
- Bermuda (by statute) recognises the concept of non-charitable purpose trusts.
- Domestic trusts (that is, trusts settled by Bermudians, with Bermudian beneficiaries) are very common, due to the stamp duty legislation, which imposes a tax of up to 15% of the value of Bermuda-assets in an estate on death, but does not tax an interest in a discretionary trust.
| 278 |
Law of Bermuda
| 1 |
2,876,944 |
# Law of Bermuda
## Litigation and the Bermuda court system {#litigation_and_the_bermuda_court_system}
- Together with a number of tribunals, Bermuda has a three-tier court system:
1. **Magistrates Court**, with a mainly criminal jurisdiction;
2. **Supreme Court**, with a civil and criminal jurisdiction, covers the roles of the English Crown Court, County Court and High Court. Among others, this includes the Commercial Court.
3. **Court of Appeal** has equivalent status to the English Court of Appeal. There is a further right of appeal to the Privy Council in London.
## Judicial Officers {#judicial_officers}
The current Chief Justice of Bermuda is Narinder Hargun, who was appointed in 2018. For previous Chief Justices, see Chief Justice of Bermuda
| 115 |
Law of Bermuda
| 2 |
2,876,948 |
# Mahakavi Kalidasa
***Mahakavi Kalidasa*** (`{{audio|Kn-ಮಹಾಕವಿ ಕಾಳಿದಾಸ.ogg|pronunciation}}`{=mediawiki}) is 1955 Indian Kannada-language film directed by K. R. Seetharama Sastry, in his debut direction. The movie is based on the legends of the poet Kālidāsa. It stars Honnappa Bhagavatar as Kālidāsa, a Sanskrit poet who lived during the 4th and 5th Century CE. It tells the story of how he, an aristocratic young man cursed by his guru with ignorance, goes on to become a great poet. B. Raghavendra Rao, Narasimharaju and B. Saroja Devi (in her film debut) features supporting roles. It was remade in Telugu in 1960 as *Mahakavi Kalidasu* starring Akkineni Nageswara Rao in Tamil in 1966 as *Mahakavi Kalidas* starring Sivaji Ganesan. This Kannada film was dubbed into Tamil and released in 1956 as Mahakavi Kalidas. At the 3rd National Film Awards, the film won the award for Best Feature Film in Kannada. The film is seen as a landmark in Kannada cinema
| 155 |
Mahakavi Kalidasa
| 0 |
2,876,952 |
# Traudl Stark
**Gertraud Marianne South** (`{{née}}`{=mediawiki} **Münzel**, 17 March 1930 -- 14 October 2021), better known as **Traudl Stark**, was an Austrian child actor in German cinema.
Stark was born in Vienna on 17 March 1930, to secretary Siegfried Stark and Margarete Münzel. Her parents married later. She started her career in German cinema in 1934, and became known as \"The Shirley Temple of Austria\". During World War II, she appeared in a number of Nazi propaganda films. Between 1945 and 1947 she also acted on stage in Vienna. In 1948 she married Jack Elliot from Alabama and went to live with him in the United States, where they had two children together.
She later married her second husband, Thomas South. From 1973, she lived in Tampa, Florida, where she died on 14 October 2021, at the age of 91
| 141 |
Traudl Stark
| 0 |
2,876,953 |
# Andrew Bradfield
**Andrew \"Andy\" Bradfield** (1966 -- 21 September 2001) was a video game programmer from New Zealand best known for his work on games for the Atari 8-bit computers. He created *Laser Hawk* (1986) and its sequel *Hawkquest* (1989). He teamed with artist Harvey Kong Tin on both titles.
He died on 21 September 2001, aged 35, following a two-year battle with leukemia
| 65 |
Andrew Bradfield
| 0 |
2,876,969 |
# Brangus
The **Brangus** is an American hybrid breed of beef cattle derived from cross-breeding of American Angus and Brahman stock. Registered animals have 5/8 Angus and 3/8 Brahman parentage.`{{r|friend|p=149}}`{=mediawiki} A similar hybrid breed, the Australian Brangus, was separately developed in Australia from about 1950.`{{r|cabi|p=138}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
Research into crossbreeding of Angus and Brahman stock was begun in about 1932 at the Iberia Livestock Experiment Station of the Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture near Jeanerette, Louisiana, where crossbreeding of Brahman and Shorthorn cattle had already shown good results.`{{r|briggs|p=205}}`{=mediawiki} It was hoped that the good adaptation of the Brahman to hot and humid conditions could be combined with the better meat qualities of the Angus, as well as its black coat and polled characteristic.`{{r|briggs|p=206}}`{=mediawiki} An ideal proportion of 5/8 Angus to 3/8 Brahman was established. By 1949 the cattle were distributed in sixteen American states and in Canada.`{{r|briggs|p=207}}`{=mediawiki} A breed society, the American Brangus Breeders\' Association, was formed in that year; it later became the International Brangus Breeders\' Association.`{{r|briggs|p=206}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2016 the Brangus was present in twenty-six American states.`{{r|cabi|p=138}}`{=mediawiki} The population reported for the United States in 2010 was `{{val|42702}}`{=mediawiki};`{{r|cabi|p=138}}`{=mediawiki} in 2017 it was `{{val|30000}}`{=mediawiki}.`{{r|dad}}`{=mediawiki}
It has been exported to many countries, particularly in South America.`{{r|briggs|p=207}}`{=mediawiki} It is reported (without distinction from the Australian Brangus) from twenty countries, with large populations in Brazil, Mexico and South Africa
| 231 |
Brangus
| 0 |
2,876,991 |
# Electronic Games
*Electronic Gaming Monthly*}} `{{Lead too short|date=February 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
***Electronic Games*** was the first dedicated video game magazine published in the United States and ran from October 15, 1981, to 1997 under different titles. It was co-founded by Bill Kunkel, Joyce Worley, and Arnie Katz.
## History
The history of *Electronic Games* originates in the consumer electronics magazine, *Video*. Initially video games were covered sporadically in Deeny Kaplan\'s regular \"VideoTest Reports\" column. In the summer of 1979, *Video* decided to launch a new column to focus on video games. *Arcade Alley* became a regular column and would represent a journalistic first. Written by Bill Kunkel, Arnie Katz (initially pseudonymously writing as Frank T. Laney II), and Joyce Worley, the three writers became close friends and in 1981 they founded *Electronic Games* magazine. The magazine was active from Winter 1981, during the golden age of arcade video games and the second generation of consoles, up until 1985, following the video game crash of 1983. The magazine was briefly revived during the 16-bit era in the early 1990s, but ended in 1995 and was renamed to *Fusion*.
Initially, the release of the first issue was scheduled for October 15, 1981. However, the release was postponed to October 29, 1981 and featured a slightly different cover than initially advertised.
### 1st Run {#st_run}
Title Start Cover Date End Cover Date
---------------------------- ------------------ ----------------
**Electronic Games** October 29, 1981 April 1985
**Computer Entertainment** May 1985 August 1985
### 2nd Run {#nd_run}
Title Start Cover Date End Cover Date
--------------------------------- ------------------ ----------------
**Electronic Games** October 1992 July 1995
**Fusion** August 1995 February 1996
**Intelligent Gamer\'s Fusion** March 1996 May 1996
**Intelligent Gamer** June 1996 January 1997
| 286 |
Electronic Games
| 0 |
2,876,991 |
# Electronic Games
## Arcade Awards {#arcade_awards}
Electronic Games is notable for hosting the **Arcade Awards**, or **Arkie Awards**, the first \"Game of the Year\" award ceremony simultaneously running in *Video*{{\'}}s \"Arcade Alley\" column. The following games are the winners of the magazine\'s annual Arcade Awards. The awards for each year took place in the January of the following year. No single game was allowed to win more than one award in the same year.
### 1980 Arcade Awards (1979) {#arcade_awards_1979}
According to the Winter 1981 issue of *Electronic Games*, the 1980 Arcade Awards (i.e., the first set of \"Arkies\") were announced in February 1980 and covered all hardware and software produced prior to January 1, 1980.
Award Winner Platform
----------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------
**Game of the Year** *Space Invaders* Arcade
**Best Pong Variant** *Video Olympics* Atari VCS
**Best Sports Game** *Football* Bally Professional Arcade
**Best Target Game** *Air-Sea Battle* Atari VCS
**Best S.F. Game** *Cosmic Conflict* Odyssey²
**Best Solitaire Game** *Golf* Odyssey²
**Most Innovative Game** *Basketball* Atari VCS
**Best Audio and Visual Effects** Bally Arcade/Bally
### 1981 Arcade Awards (1980) {#arcade_awards_1980}
The 1981 edition of the awards reflects accomplishments during the 12 months of the preceding year.
Award Winner Platform
---------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------
Arcade
**Best Coin-Op Electronic Game** *Asteroids* Arcade
Console
**Game of the Year** *Superman* Atari VCS
**Best Target/WarGame** *Armored Battle* Intellivision
**Best Pong Variant** *Volleyball* Odyssey²
**Best S.F. Game** *Space Battle* Intellivision
**Best Audio-Visual Effects** *Fishing Derby* Atari VCS
**Best Solitaire Game** *Skiing* Atari VCS
**Best Sports Game** *NASL Soccer* Intellivision
**Most Innovative Game** *Adventure* Atari VCS
### 1982 Arcade Awards (1981) {#arcade_awards_1981}
The third annual Arcade Awards were sponsored jointly by *Video* and *Electronic Games* and honored outstanding achievements in the field of video games of the year 1981. The **1982 Arcade Awards** were published in the March 1982 issue of *Electronic Games*.
Award Winner Platform(s) Honorable Mention
--------------------------------- ----------------------- ------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coin-Op Division (Arcade)
**Best Commercial Arcade Game** *Pac-Man* Namco Pac-Man *Defender*, *Battlezone*
Console
**Videogame of the Year** *Asteroids* Atari VCS *Quest for the Rings* (Odyssey²), *Missile Command* (Atari VCS), *UFO!* (Odyssey)
**Most Innovative Game** *Quest for the Rings* Odyssey² *Freeway* (Atari VCS), *Asteroids* (Atari VCS)
**Best Competitive Game** *Tennis* Atari VCS
**Best Solitaire Game** *Missile Command* Atari VCS *Dodge \'Em* (Atari)
**Best S.F game** *UFO!* Odyssey *Laser Blast* (Activision)
**Best Sports Game** *Auto Racing* Intellivision *Tennis* (Atari VCS)
**Best Pong Variant** *Warlords* Atari VCS
**Best Audio-Visual Effects** *Kaboom!* Atari VCS
Computer
**Computer Game of the Year** *Star Raiders* Atari 8-bit
**Best Computer Action Game** *Jawbreaker* Atari 8-bit, Apple II, Commodore 64
**Best Computer Sports Game** *Computer Baseball* Apple II
### 1983 Arcade Awards (1982) {#arcade_awards_1982}
The 4th \"Arkies\" cover games published between October 1, 1981, and October 1, 1982, and were published in the January 1983 issue of *Electronic Games*.
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Award | Winner | Certificate of Merit |
+===============================================+======================================+=======================================+
| Coin-Op Game Awards (Arcade) | | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Coin-Op Game of the Year** | *Tron* | - *Ms. Pac-Man* |
| | | - *Donkey Kong* |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Best Science Fiction/Fantasy Coin-Op Game** | *Bosconian* | - *Zaxxon* |
| | | - *Gravitar* |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Best Coin-Op Game Audio/Visual Effects** | *Turbo* | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Most Innovative Coin-Op Game** | *Tempest* | - *Lady Bug* |
| | | - *Qix* |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Videogame Awards (Console) | | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Videogame of the Year** | *Demon Attack* (Atari VCS) | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Best Solitaire Videogame** | *Donkey Kong* (ColecoVision) | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Best Arcade-to-Home Videogame Translation** | *Frogger* (Atari VCS) | *Galactic Invasion* (Bally Astrocade) |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Best Action Videogame** | *Chopper Command* (Atari VCS) | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Best Adventure Videogame** | *Pitfall!* (Atari VCS) | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Computer Game Division | | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Computer Game of the Year** | *David\'s Midnight Magic* (Apple II) | *Bandits* (Apple II) |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Best Computer Adventure** | *Deadline* (Apple II) | *Kabul Spy* (Apple II) |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Best Arcade/Action Computer Game** | *K-razy Shoot-Out* (Atari 400/800) | *Star Blazer* (Apple II) |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Best Solitaire Computer Game** | *Snack Attack* (Apple II) | *Neptune* (Apple II) |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Stand-Alone Game Awards (Dedicated) | | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Stand-Alone Game of the Year** | *Galaxian* (Coleco Mini-Arcade) | - *Scramble* (Tomytronic |
| | | - *Super Cobra* (Entex) |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **Best Mini-Arcade Game Cartridge** | *Scramble* (Vectrex) | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 744 |
Electronic Games
| 1 |
2,876,991 |
# Electronic Games
## Arcade Awards {#arcade_awards}
### 1984 Arcade Awards (1983) {#arcade_awards_1983}
The 5th \"Arkies\" were published in the January 1984 issue of *Electronic Games*.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Award | Winner | Certificate of Merit |
+===============================================================================+======================================================+=====================================================================+
| **Electronic Game of the Year** (Overall) | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Electronic Game of the Year** | *Miner 2049er* | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Coin-Op Games Division (Arcade) | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Coin-Op Game of the Year** | *Pole Position* | - *Front Line* |
| | | - *Super Pac-Man* |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Science Fiction/Fantasy Coin-Op Game** | *Xevious* | - *Jungle Hunt* |
| | | - *Star Trek* |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Most Innovative Coin-Op Game** | *Q\*bert* | *Baby Pac-Man* |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Coin-Op Game Audio/Visual Effects** | *Dragon\'s Lair* | - *BurgerTime* |
| | | - *Popeye* |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Videogame Division (Console) | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Videogame of the Year (`{{nowrap|Less than 16K ROM memory}}`{=mediawiki})** | *Ms. Pac-Man* (Atari 2600) | *BurgerTime* (Intellivision) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Videogame of the Year (16K or more ROM memory)** | *Lady Bug* (ColecoVision) | *Zaxxon* (ColecoVision) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Science Fiction/Fantasy Videogame** | *Vanguard* (Atari 5200) | *Moon Patrol* (Atari 2600) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Videogame Audio/Visual Effects** | *Donkey Kong Jr.* (ColecoVision) | *Qix* (Atari 5200) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Action Videogame** | *River Raid* (Atari 2600) | - *Polaris* (Atari 2600) |
| | | - *Super Cobra* (Atari 2600) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Adventure Game** | *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* (Intellivision) | - *Jungle Hunt* (Atari 2600) |
| | | - *Tutankham* (Atari 2600, ColecoVision, Intellivision, Odyssey²) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Arcade-to-Home Videogame Translation** | *Kangaroo* (Atari 5200) | *Turtles* (Odyssey²) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Computer Game Division | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Computer Game of the Year** | *Lode Runner* (Apple II) | *Repton* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Electronic Game of the Year (Players Pick)** | *Miner 2049er* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit) | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Computer Adventure** | *Witness* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, DOS) | - *Aztec* (Apple II) |
| | | - *The Dark Crystal* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit) |
| | | - *Wizardry II: The Knight of Diamonds* (Apple II) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Computer Action Game** | *Centipede* (Atari 8-bit) | *Jumpman* (Atari 8-bit) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Most Humorous Computer Game** | *Free Fall* (Apple II) | *Preppie! II* (Atari 8-bit) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Arcade-to-Home Computer Game Translation** | *Frogger* (Atari 8-bit) | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Multi-Player Computer Game** | *M.U.L.E.* (Atari 8-bit) | *Oil Barons* (Apple II) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Educational Computer Game** | *Learning With the Leeper* (Apple II) | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Most Innovative Computer Game** | *Archon: The Light and the Dark* (Atari 8-bit) | *Moondust* (Commodore 64) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Stand-Alone Games Division | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Stand-Alone Game of the Year** | *Q\*bert* (Parker Brothers) | - *Donkey Kong Jr.* (Coleco Mini-Arcade |
| | | - *Ms. Pac-Man* (Coleco Mini-Arcade) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Mini-Arcade Game of the Year** | *3-D Sky Attack* (Tomytronic 3D) | - *Emergency* (Hattori) |
| | | - *Space Invaders* (Tiger) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 539 |
Electronic Games
| 2 |
2,876,991 |
# Electronic Games
## Arcade Awards {#arcade_awards}
### 1985 Arkie Awards (1984) {#arkie_awards_1984}
The 6th \"Arkies\" were printed in the January 1985 issue of *Electronic Games*.
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Award | Winner |
+================================================+========================================================================================+
| **Electronic Game of the Year** (Overall) | |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Electronic Game of the Year** | *One on One: Dr. J vs. Larry Bird* |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Coin-Op Game Division (Arcade) | |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Coin-Op of the Year** | *Star Wars* |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Most Innovative Coin-Op Game** | \'\'\[\[Punch-Out |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Coin-Op Audio-Visual Effects** | *TX-1* |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Certificates of Merit** | - *Crystal Castles* |
| | - *Elevator Action* |
| | - *M.A.C.H. 3* |
| | - *Tag Team Wrestling* |
| | - *Track & Field* |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Videogame Division (Console) | |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Videogame of the Year** | *Space Shuttle* (Atari 2600) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Action Videogame** | *Buck Rogers* (Atari 2600/5200, ColecoVision, Intellivision, SG-1000) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Adventure Videogame** | *Pitfall II* (Atari 2600) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Videogame Audio-Visual Effects** | *Congo Bongo* (ColecoVision, Atari 5200, Intellivision) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Certificates of Merit** | - *Battlezone* (Atari 2600) |
| | - *Bump \'n\' Jump* (Atari 2600, Intellivision, ColecoVision) |
| | - *Frogger II* (Atari 2600/5200, ColecoVision) |
| | - *Montezuma\'s Revenge* (Atari 2600/5200, ColecoVision) |
| | - *Robotron* (Atari 5200) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Computer Game Division | |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Computer Game of the Year** | *Ultima III: Exodus* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Electronic Game of the Year (Players Pick)** | *One on One* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Computer Adventure Game** | *Gateway to Apshai* (Atari 400/800, Commodore 64) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Most Humorous Video Computer Game** | *Quest for Tires* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, DOS, MSX) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Best Arcade-to-Home Translation** | *Joust* (Commodore 64) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Electronic Educational Game of the Year** | *Agent USA* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Certificates of Merit** | - *Beyond Castle Wolfenstein* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64) |
| | - *Bruce Lee* (Amstrad CPC, Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, PC-88, Spectrum) |
| | - *Drol* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64) |
| | - *Infidel* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, DOS, Macintosh, TRS-80) |
| | - *Parthian Kings* (Apple II) |
| | - *Pharaoh\'s Pyramid* (Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64) |
| | - *Pole Position* (Atari 8-bit, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, Spectrum, TI-99/4A, VIC-20) |
| | - *Seven Cities of Gold* (Apple IIe, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64) |
| | - *Wizardry III: Legacy of Llylgamyn* (Apple II) |
| | - *Zaxxon* (Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, TRS-80) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Stand-Alone Games Division | |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Stand-Alone Game of the Year** | *Zaxxon* (Coleco Mini-Arcade) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Mini-Arcade Game of the Year** | *Miner 2049er* (Tiger) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Certificates of Merit** | - *Donkey Kong II* (Game & Watch) |
| | - *Mario\'s Cement Factory* (Game & Watch) |
| | - *Reversi Master* (VTech) |
+------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 535 |
Electronic Games
| 3 |
2,876,991 |
# Electronic Games
## Arcade Awards {#arcade_awards}
### 1992 (7th)
Following the magazine\'s revival in 1992, it published the **Electronic Gaming Awards** in March 1993, where editors nominated several games for each category and the readers would vote which games win. The following were the winners and nominees for 1992.
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Award | Winner | Platform(s) | Honorable Mention(s) |
+=====================================================+========================================+===============+===========================================+
| **Video Game of the Year** | *Street Fighter II* | SNES | *Sonic the Hedgehog 2* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Computer Game of the Year** | *Wing Commander II* | MS-DOS | *Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Multimedia Game of the Year** | *Night Trap* | Sega CD | - *Dragon Slayer: The Legend of Heroes* |
| | | | - *Loom* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Portable Game of the Year** | *The G.G. Shinobi II: The Silent Fury* | Game Gear | *Star Wars* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Electronic Game Graphics** | *Sonic the Hedgehog 2* | Sega Genesis | |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Electronic Game Sound** | *The Adventures of Willy Beamish* | PC | *Space Megaforce* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Action Video Game** | *Street Fighter II* | SNES | |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Action/Action Strategy Computer Game** | *Spear of Destiny* | PC | *Super Space Invaders* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Adventure/RPG Video Game** | *Final Fantasy Mystic Quest* | SNES | *Equinox* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Adventure/RPG Computer Game** | *Ultima VII* | PC | *Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Strategy Computer Game** | *Civilization* | PC | *SimAnt* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Strategy/Action Strategy Video Game** | *Desert Strike* | Game consoles | *Rampart* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Sports Video Game** | *John Madden Football \'93* | Game consoles | *NHLPA Hockey \'93* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Sports Computer Game** | *John Madden Football II* | PC | *4D Sports Boxing* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Most Humorous Electronic Game** | *Road Runner\'s Death Valley Rally* | SNES | *The Adventures of Willy Beamish* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Electronic Game** | *Super Star Wars* | SNES | *Wing Commander II* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| **Best Fanzine** | *Computer Gaming Update* | | *Digital Press* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------------------+
| 376 |
Electronic Games
| 4 |
2,876,991 |
# Electronic Games
## Arcade Awards {#arcade_awards}
### 1993 (8th) {#th_1}
The following games were the winners and nominees for the EG Awards of 1993, with nominees chosen by editors and winners voted by readers.
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| Award | Winner | Platform | Honorable Mention(s) |
+=====================================================+================================+=================+==========================================+
| **Video Game of the Year** | *Aladdin* | Sega Genesis | *Rock & Roll Racing* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Computer Game of the Year** | *Alone in the Dark* | PC | *Star Wars: X-Wing* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Console Multimedia Game of the Year** | *Sonic CD* | Sega CD | *Voyeur* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Computer Multimedia Game of the Year** | *Day of the Tentacle* | PC | - *Return to Zork* |
| | | | - *Seventh Guest* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Portable Game of the Year** | *Mortal Kombat* | Game Gear | *The Legend of Zelda: Link\'s Awakening* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Best Action Video Game** | *Cool Spot* | Sega Genesis | - *Batman Returns* |
| | | | - *Road Rash II* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Best Adventure/RPG Computer Game** | *Lands of Lore* | PC | *Ultima Underworld II* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Best Action Strategy/Strategy Video Game** | *The Lost Vikings* | SNES | *X-Men* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Best Action/Action Strategy Computer Game** | - *Lemmings 2* | PC | |
| | - *Prince of Persia 2* | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Best Strategy Computer Game** | *Syndicate* | PC and Consoles | *The Even More Incredible Machine* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Best Sports Video Game** | *NHL \'94* | Game consoles | *Mutant League Football* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Best Sports Computer Game** | *NHL Hockey* | PC | *IndyCar Racing* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Best Electronic Gaming Audio/Visual Effects** | *Ecco* | Sega Genesis | *Myst* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Electronic Game** | *Dune II* | PC | *Star Fox* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Best Electronic Military Simulation** | *Warlords II* | PC | - *Liberty or Death* |
| | | | - *Clash of Steel* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Most Humorous Electronic Game** | *ClayFighter* | SNES | *Zombies Ate My Neighbors* |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| **Best Electronic Gaming Fanzine** | *Digital Press*\|Digital Press | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------------------------+
| 374 |
Electronic Games
| 5 |
2,876,991 |
# Electronic Games
## Reader polls {#reader_polls}
From May 1982 onwards, the magazine carried out a reader poll in each issue to see which are the most popular games of the month among its readers, up until the January 1985 issue. The top-ranking games in these polls are listed below.
### 1982
May
- Console: *Asteroids* (Runner-Up: *Missile Command*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Space Invaders*)
- Arcade: *Pac-Man* (Runner-Up: *Asteroids*)
August
- Console: *Pac-Man* (Runner-Up: *Missile Command*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Jawbreaker*)
- Arcade: *Pac-Man* (Runner-Up: *Tempest*)
September
- Console: *Pac-Man* (Runner-Up: *Missile Command*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Missile Command*)
- Arcade: *Pac-Man* (Runner-Up: *Donkey Kong*)
October & November
- Console: *Defender* (Runner-Up: *Pac-Man*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Missile Command*)
- Arcade: *Tempest* (Runner-Up: *Donkey Kong*)
The games that were top-ranked the most in these 1982 polls were:
- Console: *Pac-Man* (Runner-Up: *Defender*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Missile Command*)
- Arcade: *Pac-Man* (Runner-Up: *Tempest*)
### 1983 {#section_1}
January
- Console: *Pitfall!* (Runner-Up: *Berzerk*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Pac-Man*)
- Arcade: *Donkey Kong* (Runner-Up: *Dig Dug*)
May
- Console: *Pitfall!* (Runner-Up: *Donkey Kong*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Pac-Man*)
- Arcade: *Donkey Kong*
June
- Console: *Donkey Kong* (Runner-Up: *Zaxxon*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Pac-Man*)
- Arcade: *Donkey Kong* (Runner-Up: *Tron*)
July
- Console: *Pitfall!* (Runner-Up: *Donkey Kong*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Pac-Man*)
- Arcade: *Donkey Kong* (Runner-Up: *Donkey Kong Jr.*)
August
- Console: *Donkey Kong* (Runner-Up: *Pitfall!*)
- Computer: *Pac-Man* (Runner-Up: *Star Raiders*)
- Arcade: *Zaxxon* (Runner-Up: *Joust*)
September
- Console: *Donkey Kong Jr.* (Runner-Up: *Lady Bug*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Centipede*)
- Arcade: *Pole Position* (Runner-Up: *Donkey Kong Jr.*)
October
- Console: *Donkey Kong* (Runner-Up: *River Raid*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Pac-Man*)
- Arcade: *Pole Position* (Runner-Up: *Donkey Kong*)
November
- Console: *Donkey Kong Jr.* (Runner-Up: *Zaxxon*)
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Pac-Man*)
- Arcade: *Pole Position* (Runner-Up: *Q\*bert*)
December
- Console: *Donkey Kong Jr.* (Runner-Up: *Centipede*)
- Computer: *Miner 2049er* (Runner-Up: *Star Raiders*)
- Arcade: *Pole Position* (Runner-Up: *Q\*bert*)
The games that were top-ranked the most in these 1983 polls were:
- Console: *Donkey Kong* / *Donkey Kong Jr.*
- Computer: *Star Raiders* (Runner-Up: *Pac-Man*)
- Arcade: *Pole Position* (Runner-Up: *Donkey Kong*)
### 1984 {#section_2}
January
- Console: *Donkey Kong Jr.* (Runner-Up: *River Raid*)
- Computer: *Miner 2049er* (Runner-Up: *Star Raiders*)
- Arcade: *Dragon\'s Lair* (Runner-Up: *Star Wars*)
November
- Console: *Pitfall II* (Runner-Up: *Miner 2049er*)
- Computer: *Zork I* (Runner-Up: *Buck Rogers*)
- Arcade: *Dragon\'s Lair* (Runner-Up: *Star Wars*)
December
- Computer: *Zork I*
- Arcade: *Spy Hunter* (Runner-Up: *Track & Field*)
The games that were top-ranked the most in these 1984 polls were:
- Console: *Donkey Kong Jr.* / *Pitfall II*
- Computer: *Zork I* (Runner-Up: *Miner 2049er*)
- Arcade: *Dragon\'s Lair* (Runner-Up: *Spy Hunter*)
### 1985 {#section_3}
January
- Console: *Pitfall II* (Runner-Up: *Q\*bert*)
- Computer: *Miner 2049er* (Runner-Up: *Donkey Kong*)
- Arcade: *Star Wars* (Runner-Up: *Dragon\'s Lair*)
There was no reader poll held for the March 1985 issue.
| 504 |
Electronic Games
| 6 |
2,876,991 |
# Electronic Games
## Hall of Fame {#hall_of_fame}
The twelve games voted by readers as part of the magazine\'s Hall of Fame up until January 1985
| 26 |
Electronic Games
| 7 |
2,876,993 |
# Shlomo Goldman
**Shlomo Goldman** (April 1, 1947 -- July 21, 2017), also known as the **Sanz Zviller rebbe**, was the Grand Rabbi of the Sanz-Klausenberger community in Union City, New Jersey, where he resided.
Goldman was the son of the previous Zviller Rebbe, Rabbi Mordchai Goldman, and a son-in-law of the late Sanz-Klausenburger Rebbe, Rabbi Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam. Born in Jerusalem, he was designated to head the new hasidic community that was being established in Union City.
Goldman died Friday morning, July 21, 2017
| 85 |
Shlomo Goldman
| 0 |
2,876,995 |
# Coconstitutionalism
**Coconstitutionalism** is where two institutional cultures exist in a complex semi-autonomous relationship to each other. The model of asymmetrical devolution that has emerged in democratic Spain has been called \"coconstitutional\" in that it is neither a federal nor a unitary model of government: autonomous nation-regions exist alongside and within the Spanish nation-state in a relatively dynamic relationship.
Similarities to federalism are marked although a key difference lies in the legal status of a federal-state versus a notionally unitary coconstitutional one: in a federation, it is the states who legally transfer powers to the federal government (bottom up) whereas in a unitary state power is devolved from the nation-state down to the regions (top down) and can in theory be revoked. Political conflict between Catalonia and Spain resulted in the 2017--2018 Spanish constitutional crisis.
Since 1997, the UK government has pursued a similar coconstitutional model of devolution with regard to its nation-regions.
Five regions in Italy, namely Aosta Valley, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, have special forms of autonomy
| 172 |
Coconstitutionalism
| 0 |
2,877,006 |
# Jamie Johnson (filmmaker)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 47, column 2):
unexpected '+'
|+
^
``
| 18 |
Jamie Johnson (filmmaker)
| 0 |
2,877,014 |
# Mirador del Río
**Mirador del Río** is a viewpoint on an approximately 475 m escarpment called *Batería del Río* in the north of the Canarian island of Lanzarote.
## History
The location was created in between 1971 and 1973 by the local artist César Manrique in his typical style, consisting of a balustraded cafe, a souvenir shop and a platform at the top which are integrated in the lava rock. The technical realization of the work was carried out by Eduardo Cáceres and Jesús Soto and it was inaugurated in 1973. Its surroundings have been declared a protected natural area. The building is barely visible from the outside due to being camouflaged under a heavy stone skin that blends in with the environment.
## Description
After entering the building through a winding corridor, there are two spacious vaulted rooms with two large glass windows---the eyes of the Mirador---that provide a panoramic view over the Strait of El Río towards the island of La Graciosa. Also, on clear days, beyond the view of La Graciosa, the small islands of Montaña Clara and Roque del Oeste can be seen, with the furthest of them all being Alegranza. All of these are part of the Chinijo Archipelago.
<File:+> 475 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel befindet sich der Mirador del Rio. 03.jpg\|Mirador del Río <File:Lanzarote-Mirador> del Rio-b.jpg\|family watching the abyss <File:+> 475 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel befindet sich der Mirador del Rio. 11.jpg\|Staircase <File:+> 475 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel befindet sich der Mirador del Rio. 12
| 252 |
Mirador del Río
| 0 |
2,877,036 |
# Huematzin
**Huematzin** (`{{IPA|nah|weˈmatsin}}`{=mediawiki}) is mentioned in some Mesoamerican codices as being a sage and a member of Toltec nobility and scholar who lived during the end of the 8th century. It is unknown whether he was an actual historical person or a legendary figure. According to the Aztec chronicles he was the wisest man in Tollan, city of the Toltecs which may or may not be identical with the archeological site of Tula, and he owned many sacred books (called *teoamoxtli* in Nahuatl).
Huematzin\'s name is in a manuscript by the indigenous scholar and nobleman Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl, *Relaciones Históricas*, written some time around 1600
| 108 |
Huematzin
| 0 |
2,877,047 |
# 1898–99 in Belgian football
The **1898--99 season** was the fourth competitive season in Belgian football.
## Overview
Only one official division existed at the time, split into two leagues. It was called *Coupe de Championnat* (Championship Cup) and its winner was decided after a two-legged final match between the winners of each league.
No team was relegated this season and only one new club was admitted for the next season (Skill F.C. de Bruxelles).
## Honour
Competition Winner
------------------ ---------------
Championship Cup F.C. Liégeois
## Final tables {#final_tables}
## League standings {#league_standings}
### Championship Group A {#championship_group_a}
| **Pos** | **Team** | **Pld** | **Won** | **Drw** | **Lst** | **GF** | **GA** | **Pts** | **GD** | **Notes** |
|------------------|------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|-----------------|
| 1 | F.C. Liégeois | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 5 | 16 | +26 | Qualified for Play-off Final |
| 2 | Racing Club de Bruxelles | 8 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 30 | 22 | 8 | +8 | |
| 3 | Léopold Club de Bruxelles | 8 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 23 | 21 | 7 | +2 | |
| 4 | Athletic and Running Club de Bruxelles | 7 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 11 | 28 | 5 | -17 | |
| 5 | Antwerp F.C. | 7 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 24 | 2 | -19 | |
### Championship Group B {#championship_group_b}
| **Pos** | **Team** | **Pld** | **Won** | **Drw** | **Lst** | **GF** | **GA** | **Pts** | **GD** | **Notes** |
|------------------|------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|------------------|-----------------|
| 1 | F.C. Brugeois | No results known at this time | | | | | | | | Qualified for Play-off Final |
| 2 | Oostendensche FC | No results known at this time | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | A.C
| 328 |
1898–99 in Belgian football
| 0 |
2,877,050 |
# Michel Petit
**Michel Petit** (born February 12, 1964) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from the 1982--83 NHL season to the 1998--99 NHL season. Upon his retirement Petit had played for a then-NHL record ten different teams, a mark has since been surpassed by Mike Sillinger.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
As a youth, Petit played in the Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament four consecutive years from 1974 to 1977, with a minor ice hockey team from Pont-Rouge.
Petit was drafted by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft in the first round, eleventh overall. During his 17 seasons in the NHL he played for ten different NHL teams, which as of 2017 was tied along with J. J. Daigneault, Mathieu Schneider, Jim Dowd, Olli Jokinen and Lee Stempniak as the second-most by any player. Petit was the first to hit the ten-team mark.
Petit played for the Vancouver Canucks (1982--83 -- 1987--88), New York Rangers (1987--88 -- 1988--89), Quebec Nordiques (1989--90 -- 1990--91), Toronto Maple Leafs (1990--91 -- 1991--92), Calgary Flames (1992--93 -- 1993--94), Los Angeles Kings (1994--95 -- 1995--96), Tampa Bay Lightning (1995--96), Edmonton Oilers (1996--97), Philadelphia Flyers (1996--97), and Phoenix Coyotes (1997--98) (1998--99).
In his 17 seasons of playing hockey, he amassed a total of 90 goals, 238 assists, 328 points, 1839 penalty minutes, and 827 games played.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Currently, Petit resides in The Woodlands, Texas and is a sales manager for Smart Sand, working in Canada and the US. Petit won the 2019 Member Guest at Traditions Club in 2019
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# Taha Muhie-eldin Marouf
**Taha Muhie-eldin Marouf** (*طٰهٰ مُحْيِي الدِّين مَعْرُوف*; 1924 -- 7 August 2009) was an Iraqi-Kurdish politician and diplomat who served as the Vice president of Iraq from 1974 until the U.S. invasion in April 2003. He was also a member of the Revolutionary Command Council, making him one of the few Kurdish leaders to hold a prominent position within the Baathist regime, albeit in a largely ceremonial capacity.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born in 1924 in Sulaymaniyah, into a wealthy and influential Kurdish family in Sulaymaniah, Kurdistan of Iraq. He completed his secondary education in his hometown and graduated from the College of Law in Baghdad in 1948. After practicing law, he entered politics, joining the Kurdish Rizgari Liberation Party in 1945. He later contributed to the establishment of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) in 1946, serving as a member of its Central Committee. His older brother Qader Agha was the head of the Sulaymaniyah Municipal Council.
## Political life {#political_life}
Marouf\'s political career spanned several decades, beginning with his role in the KDP and evolving through various governmental and diplomatic positions. After leaving the KDP following internal splits in 1964, he joined the Ibrahim Ahmed and Jalal Talabani wing of the party before transitioning to the diplomatic corps in the 1960s.
When the Arab Socialist Baath Party seized power in 1968, Marouf joined in same year. In 1970, he became his country\'s ambassador abroad after the March 1970 statement. Marouf proved to be a successful diplomat due to his proficiency in many languages.
He held several ministerial positions, such as Minister of State and Acting Minister of Public Works. Following the failure of the Kurdish rebellion in 1975 and the signing of the Algiers Agreement between Iraq and Iran, Marouf was appointed Vice President under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. He continued in this role when Saddam Hussein assumed the presidency in 1979, serving until the US invasion in 2003.
Marouf was an ethnic Kurd in Saddam Hussein\'s Ba\'ath Party hierarchy, but the Kurdish community viewed his appointment as a mere gesture, believing that he had little real power. However, he did serve as ambassador to Italy, Malta, and Albania. Marouf represented the president at formal events, protocol visits, and certain international forums.
## Iraq War {#iraq_war}
It was announced that Marouf was taken into custody on 2 May 2003. He had been captured with two other Saddam deputies Abd al-Tawab Mullah Huwaysh, director of the Office of Military Industrialization and a deputy prime minister in charge of arms procurement, and Mizban Khadr Hadi commander of one of four military regions Saddam established on the eve of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Marouf was #24 (initially #42) on the U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis. He was represented by the nine of diamonds in the most-wanted Iraqi playing cards.
On May 3, 2003, American forces detained him and placed him in their custody. However, he was later released, as no evidence linked him to war crimes or crimes against humanity, unlike other officials from the former regime. Seen largely as a symbolic representative of the Kurds, his role did not attract significant allegations. Following his release, he relocated to the Kurdistan region in northern Iraq, where he spent the remainder of his years.
## Death
He died on 7 August 2009 in Amman, Jordan. He was buried in Erbil, Kurdistan Region the following day
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# Cedar Knolls, New Jersey
**Cedar Knolls** is an unincorporated community located within Hanover Township in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is part of Hanover Township along with Whippany.
It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 4,082.
## Geography
Cedar Knolls is in eastern Morris County, in the western part of Hanover Township. It is bordered to the east by Whippany, to the south by Morris Township, and partially to the west by the borough of Morris Plains. Interstate 287 forms the eastern border of Cedar Knolls and leads southwest 3 mi to Morristown, the county seat, and northeast the same distance to Parsippany.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Cedar Knolls CDP has an area of 2.09 sqmi, of which 2.06 sqmi are land and 0.03 sqmi, or 1.58%, are water. The Whippany River flows through the southeast part of the community and is part of the Passaic River watershed.
## Demographics
Cedar Knolls first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census.
### 2020 census
Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) Pop 2020 \% 2020
--------------------------------------------- ----------- -------------
White alone (NH) 2,803 68.67%
Black or African American alone (NH) 192 4.70%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 3 0.07%
Asian alone (NH) 591 14.48%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 2 0.05%
Other race alone (NH) 9 0.22%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 124 3.04%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 358 8.77%
**Total** **4,082** **100.00%**
: **Cedar Knolls CDP, New Jersey -- Racial and ethnic composition**\
`{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race
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| 0 |
2,877,078 |
# Stormblåst
***Stormblåst*** (English: *Stormblown*) is the second studio album by Norwegian symphonic black metal band Dimmu Borgir. It was released on 25 January 1996 through Cacophonous Records, re-released in 2001 by Century Media, and completely re-recorded in 2005, released as *Stormblåst MMV* (see below).
It was Dimmu Borgir\'s last album sung entirely in the band\'s native Norwegian, as they would change to English afterwards.
This is also the first album where Tjodalv switched to drums as opposed to guitar, the first where Shagrath is on vocals, though he took on the role of backing vocals, and this album was the bands last album with Silenoz on lead vocals, with him later switching more to a backing vocal role with the band. With every subsequent release, Shagrath has been the lead vocalist. It is also the last album where lyrics would be written by Aldrahn (of Dødheimsgard and Ved Buens Ende) until 2003\'s *Death Cult Armageddon*, and the last album to feature Brynjard Tristan on bass.
More keyboards were employed for this album than previously by the band, and the guitars and bass became more musically textured.
## *Stormblåst* (original release) {#stormblåst_original_release}
The intro to \"Guds fortapelse\" is from Dvořák\'s Symphony no. 9 in E minor, Op. 95 *From the New World*.
The song \"Sorgens Kammer\" was plagiarized by keyboardist at the time, Stian Aarstad, from the title track of the Amiga game *Agony*. As a result, the song was left out of their re-recording of *Stormblåst*. The same thing applies for the intro to \"Alt lys er svunnet hen\", which plagiarized the song \"Sacred Hour\" by Magnum.
### Critical reception {#critical_reception}
AllMusic\'s review was unfavourable: \"Lengthy, melancholy piano instrumentals, too many mid-paced tempos and an overabundance of goth-flavoured synth mush will test the patience of those looking for a more visceral approach\...\"
### Track listing {#track_listing}
## *Stormblåst MMV* {#stormblåst_mmv}
***Stormblåst MMV*** (sometimes referred to as *Stormblåst 2005 Version* or *Stormblåst Re-Recorded*) is the re-recorded album by Norwegian symphonic black metal band Dimmu Borgir, released on 11 November 2005 by Nuclear Blast. It features re-recorded songs of the band\'s 1996 album *Stormblåst*. The album was re-recorded entirely by Silenoz and Shagrath with guest appearances from Hellhammer and Mustis. It also has two new studio tracks, \"Sorgens Kammer -- Del II\" and \"Avmaktslave\". The album included a bonus DVD with five live songs performed at Ozzfest 2004 and the American version included a free cloth patch.
### Removal of material {#removal_of_material}
The instrumental \"Sorgens Kammer\" from the original album could not be re-recorded due to copyright issues associated with the 1992 Amiga game *Agony*, as then-keyboardist Stian Aarstad had passed the song off as his own. Similarly, for the intro to \"Alt Lys Er Svunnet Hen\", Aarstad used parts from the Magnum song \"Sacred Hour\"; for this reason, the intro is not part of the song on this re-recorded version
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| 0 |
2,877,098 |
# Meghalaya danio
The **Meghalaya danio** (***Danio meghalayensis***) is a recently discovered species of fish from the Meghalaya state, India. It lives in water at about 4000 ft above sea level. They can grow up to 10 cm
| 38 |
Meghalaya danio
| 0 |
2,877,116 |
# Prepare to Be Wrong
***Prepare to Be Wrong*** is an extended play (EP) by Straylight Run, released on October 4, 2005 by Victory Records. The song \"It Never Gets Easier\" was originally titled \"Costello\".
## Release
\"Hands in the Sky (Big Shot)\" was released to radio on October 25, 2005. In October and November, the band supported Simple Plan. The band supported Motion City Soundtrack on the mtvU Campus Invasion tour in April 2006. In May, the band toured Australia alongside Matchbook Romance.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Straylight Run, except where noted
1. \"I Don\'t Want This Anymore\" -- 3:43
2. \"It Never Gets Easier\" -- 4:09
3. \"A Slow Descent\" -- 5:12
4. \"Hands in the Sky (Big Shot)\" -- 5:42
5. \"Later That Year\" -- 4:16
6
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2,877,118 |
# The Trials of Nikki Hill
***The Trials of Nikki Hill*** is a legal thriller written by Christopher Darden and Dick Lochte, and published Time Warner Company in 1999.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The protagonist of this legal thriller is 33-year-old, Nikki Hill. Nikki is a lead prosecutor at the District Attorney\'s office, and he has trusted her to help find the killer of Madeleine Gray, Hollywood\'s most popular TV host of a blackmail show.
At first there is a hands down suspect, Jamal Deschamps, who was found at the scene of the crime. He possessed her ring and his skin was also under Maddie\'s thumb. After a lie detector test, it was proven that Deschamps was not the killer. It turned out, he merely found the cadaver and whilst stealing its ring, cut himself on her thumb. Nikki, another smart aleck prosecutor, and two quirky homicide detectives have a few loose strings, and bewilderment of who the real killer is. At Maddie\'s mansion, there was a missing rug, and a glass a ball that had Maddie\'s blood on it. And upstairs, where her *blackmail* files are, there is a busted drawer with missing contents. Nikki and the team discover that R&B singer, Diana Cooper, had a fight with Maddie the day of the murder. She quickly becomes a major suspect when Maddie\'s blood is also found in her trunk. The detectives come up with a scenario: Maddie threatened to give Diana\'s blackmail information, so she stole it and killed Maddie. This was soon proven wrong when detective Goodman\'s girlfriend confessed to stealing the black mail file for Diana\'s husband. Diana\'s charges were also dropped due to conflict with her alibi the time of the murder. Next, fingers were pointed towards John Willins, Diana\'s husband. Maddie had told Palmer, her neighbor, that she had slept with a **J** man. There were also logs at a private getaway club that a **J. W.** and **M. Gray** went together several times. Nikki and the team try to trace John Willin\'s past, and it turned up that he was from a small town. While putting together clues, they find out that John\'s family was killed in a fire, and that he could be taking on the identity of his deceased cousin. This leads to another question: did he murder his family with the fire? The only way to really find out was to go to the town and see if there was a grave for \"John Willins\". When they report this phenomenal news to district attorney, Joe Walden, he decides he wants to come along. And when they finally get to the town\'s only cemetery, they find out that Joe Walden, the district attorney, is the *J.W.*\..
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# Paul César Helleu
**Paul César Helleu** (17 December 1859 -- 23 March 1927) was a French oil painter, pastel artist, drypoint etcher, and designer, best known for his numerous portraits of beautiful society women of the *Belle Époque*. He also conceived the ceiling mural of night sky constellations for Grand Central Terminal in New York City. He was also the father of Jean Helleu and the grandfather of Jacques Helleu, both artistic directors for Parfums Chanel.
## Biography
Paul César Helleu was born in Vannes, Brittany, France. His father, who was a customs receiver, died when Helleu was in his teens. Despite opposition from his mother, he then went to Paris and studied at Lycée Chaptal. In 1876, at age 16, he was admitted to the *italic=no*, beginning academic training in art with Jean-Léon Gérôme. Helleu attended the Second Impressionist Exhibition in the same year, and made his first acquaintances with John Singer Sargent, James McNeill Whistler, and Claude Monet. He was struck by their modern, bold alla prima technique and outdoor scenes, so far removed from the studio. Following graduation, Helleu took a job with the firm Théodore Deck Ceramique Française hand-painting fine decorative plates. At this same time, he met Giovanni Boldini, a portrait painter with a facile, bravura style, who became a mentor and comrade, and strongly influenced his future artistic style.
When he was 18 years old, Helleu established a close friendship with John Singer Sargent, four years his senior, that was to last his lifetime. Already becoming established, Sargent was receiving commissions for his work. Helleu had not sold anything, and was deeply discouraged almost to the point of abandoning his studies. When Sargent heard this, he went to Helleu and picked one of his paintings, praising his technique. Flattered that Sargent would praise his work, he offered to give it to him. Sargent replied, \"I shall gladly accept this, Helleu, but not as a gift. I sell my own pictures, and I know what they cost me by the time they are out of my hand. I should never enjoy this pastel if I hadn\'t paid you a fair and honest price for it.\" With this he paid him a thousand-franc note.
Helleu was commissioned in 1884 to paint a portrait of a young woman named Alice Guérin (1870--1933). They fell in love, and married on 28 July 1886. Throughout their lives together, she was his favourite model. Charming, refined and graceful, she helped introduce them to the aristocratic circles of Paris, where they became popular fixtures.
On a trip to London with Jacques-Émile Blanche in 1885, Helleu met Whistler again and visited other prominent artists. His introduction to James Jacques Tissot, an accomplished society painter from France who made his career in England, proved a revelation. In Tissot, Helleu saw, for the first time, the possibilities of drypoint etching with a diamond point stylus directly on a copper plate. Helleu quickly became a virtuoso of the technique, drawing with the same dynamic and sophisticated freedom with his stylus as with his pastels. His prints were very well received, and they had the added advantage that a sitter could have several proofs printed to give to relations or friends. Over the course of his career, Helleu produced more than 2,000 drypoint prints.
Soon, Helleu was displaying works to much acclaim at several galleries. Degas encouraged him to submit paintings to the Eighth Impressionist Exhibition in May and June 1886. The show was installed in a Paris apartment at 1 rue Laffitte, which ran concurrently with the official Salon that year to make a statement. Although 17 artists joined the famous exhibit that included the first Neo-Impressionistic works, Helleu, like Monet, refused to participate.
In 1886, Helleu befriended Robert de Montesquiou, the poet and aesthete, who bought six of his drypoints to add to his large print collection. Montesquiou later wrote a book about Helleu that was published in 1913 with reproductions of 100 of his prints and drawings. This volume remains the definitive biography of Helleu. Montesquiou introduced Helleu to Parisian literary salons, where he met Marcel Proust, who also became a friend. Proust created a literary picture of Helleu in his novel *Remembrance of Things Past* as the painter Elstir. Later, Helleu engraved a well-known portrait of Proust on his deathbed. Montesquiou\'s cousin, Countess Greffulhe, enabled Helleu to expand his career as a portrait artist to elegant women in the highest ranks of Paris society, portraits that provide the basis for his modern reputation. His subjects included the Duchess of Marlborough, the Marchesa Casati, Belle da Costa Greene, Jeanne de Montagnac, Louise Chéruit, and Helena Rubinstein. Looking for new inspiration, Helleu began a series of paintings and color prints of cathedrals and stained glass windows in 1893, followed by flower studies and landscapes of parks in Versailles. Helleu took up sailing, owning four yachts over his life. Ships, harbor views, life at port in Deauville, and women in their fashionable seaside attire became subjects for many vivid and spirited works. In 1904, Helleu was awarded the *italic=no* and became one of the most celebrated artists of the Edwardian era in both Paris and London. He was an honorary member in important beaux-arts societies, including the International Society of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers, headed by Auguste Rodin, and the *italic=no*. On his second trip to the United States in 1912, Helleu was awarded the commission to design the ceiling decoration in New York City\'s Grand Central Terminal. He decided on a mural of a blue-green night sky covered by the starry signs of the zodiac that cross the Milky Way. Although the astrological design was widely admired, the ceiling was covered in the 1930s. It was completely restored in 1998.
Helleu made his last trip to New York City in 1920 for an exhibition of his work, but he realized that the Belle Époque was over. He felt out of touch, and shortly after his return to France, he destroyed nearly all of his copper plates and retired to family life. While planning for a new exhibition with Jean-Louis Forain, he died in 1927 at age 67 of peritonitis following surgery in Paris.
Among many of his friends was Coco Chanel, who chose beige as her signature colour upon on his advice---the colour of the sand on the beach of Biarritz in early morning. Both his son Jean Helleu and his grandson Jacques Helleu became artistic directors for Parfums Chanel.
An online Catalogue raisonné providing an overview of his work is under development by [L\'association Les Amis de Paul-César Helleu](https://helleu.org/catalogs).
## Pastel portraits {#pastel_portraits}
Image:Helleu - Peggy Letellier.jpg\|*Peggy Letellier*,\
pastel, 1905 Image:Helleu - Mademoiselle Vaughan.jpg\|*Mademoiselle Vaughan*,\
pastel, 1905 <File:Helleu> - La Femme Aux Fluers.jpg\|*Lady with Flowers*, pastel on linen, 1910 Image:Helleu - Camara.jpg\|*Camara*,\
pastel, 1905 Image:Helleu - Elegant Woman at the Rail.jpg\|*Elegant Woman at*\
*the Rail*, pastel, 1905 Image:Helleu - On the Sofa.jpg\|*On the sofa*,\
pastel, 1899
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# Paul César Helleu
## Prints
<File:Helleu> LXVII Le Chapeau Plissés.jpg\|*Le Chapeau Plissés*,\
drypoint <File:Helleu> XXIX Madame Chéruit.jpg\|*Madame Chéruit*,\
drypoint <File:Helleu> XLI Le Sphinx.jpg\|*Le Sphinx*,\
drypoint <File:Helleu> XXXI Étude d\'après la même.jpg\|*Étude d\'après la même*,\
drypoint <File:Helleu> XXIII Madame Letellier.jpg\|*Madame Letellier*,\
drypoint <File:HELLEU> Paul-César. P.S. Femme assise.jpg\|Elegant woman in fur coat. Drypoint, color print
## Oil paintings {#oil_paintings}
<File:Helleu> - Madame Helleu SurSonYachtLetoile.jpg\|*Madame Helleu on Her Yacht L\'étoile*, oil on canvas, ca. 1898--1900 <File:Helleu> - Le Grand Pavois.jpg\|*Le Grand Pavois*,\
oil on canvas, 1901 <File:Helleu> - Madame Helleu Seasted at her Secretaire.jpg\|*Madame Paul Helleu Seated at Her Secretaire*, oil on canvas, 1900 <File:Helleu> - Young Woman in White.jpg\|*Young woman in white* (Mrs. Helleu),\
oil on canvas, 1900
## Miscellaneous subjects {#miscellaneous_subjects}
Image:Unterlinden-Théodore Deck-Plat (3).jpg\|Théodore Deck plate decorated by Helleu, 1884, Colmar Museum Image:Helleu XXXIV Le Joueur de Flûte.jpg\|*Le Joueur de flûte*,\
color print, 1895 Image:Helleu - Hydrangeas.jpg\|*Hydrangeas*,\
pastel, 1911 Image:Helleu - The Yacht Etoile.jpg\|*The Yacht L\'étoile*,\
oil on canvas, 1903 Image:NYC Grand Central Terminal ceiling
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| 1 |
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# Nuyorican Productions
**Nuyorican Productions, Inc.** is an American production company founded by Benny Medina and Jennifer Lopez. The name "Nuyorican" reflects Lopez\'s Puerto Rican heritage and her upbringing in New York. In other words, the name is a portmanteau of \"New York\" and \"Puerto Rican\".
## History
Lopez owns the film and television production company Nuyorican Productions, which was launched as early as 2001. It was co-founded with her manager Benny Medina, who was supposed to receive half the producing revenue from the company. Lopez split with Medina shortly after the company was founded. In September 2003, Nuyorican Productions partnered with HBO to create a documentary about Los Quinces, a traditional ball held to celebrate a Cuban girl\'s 15th birthday. In 2004, her production company was signed with Fox and Regency Television.
Nuyorican Productions produced *South Beach*, a primetime television drama that aired from January 6 to February 11, 2006 on UPN. The series, which stars Vanessa L. Williams, follows three young adults \"trying to get ahead in Miami\". The show experienced low ratings and received generally negative reviews from critics. With UPN shutting down and moving its programming to The CW that fall, *South Beach* was one of many shows that weren\'t moved over to the new network. Screenwriter Jack Bunick filed a lawsuit in April stating that the plot for *South Beach* was copied from *South Beach Miami*, a script he wrote in 1999. Bunick alleged he pitched the idea to UPN, but was never contacted back. The lawsuit named Lopez, UPN, CBS Television and others as defendants. It was dropped in April 2008 by U.S. District Judge Richard Berman, who stated that there\'s inadequate evidence to take the case to trial.
*El Cantante*, a film in which Lopez starred alongside then-husband Marc Anthony, was Nuyorican Production\'s first production. Nuyorican Productions produced the Univisión miniseries *Como Ama una Mujer*, named after her album of that title. It ran five episodes from October 30 to November 27, 2007, and starred Adriana Cruz. Another show that came from her production company, *Brethren* which Fox gave script commitment, and it later aired on the channel. In November 2011, it was announced that Nuyorican Productions will produce *Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?*, a film adaption of the educational children\'s game. In 2012, it was announced Lopez is producing a drama series called The Fosters for the cable network Freeform. In 2008, the company signed a deal with Universal Media Studios. In January 2019, Alex Brown was hired as Production Executive, but left the company soon after. In August 2019, Catherine Hagedorn joined the company as Head of Development before leaving to become Lili Reinhart\'s producing partner in June 2021.
Most recently, the company signed a multi-year first look deal with Netflix. Natalie Haack Flores was hired as Vice President of Development, with Larry Del Santo being promoted to Head of Unscripted Development and Courtney Baxter to Physical Production Executive.
## Logo
The company\'s logo is a replica of the Empire State Building with a coconut tree near it, referencing the combination of New York and Puerto Rico.
## Filmography
### Films
Year Title Notes
------ -------------------------------------- ------- --
2006 *El Cantante*
2007 *Bordertown*
2007 *Feel the Noise*
2015 *The Boy Next Door*
2018 *Second Act*
2019 *Hustlers*
2022 *Marry Me*
*Jennifer Lopez: Halftime*
2023 *Shotgun Wedding*
*The Mother*
2024 *This Is Me\... Now: A Love Story*
*The Greatest Love Story Never Told*
*Atlas*
*Unstoppable*
2025 *Kiss of the Spider Woman*
TBA *Bob the Builder*
*The Last Mrs. Parrish*
*Office Romance*
### Television series {#television_series}
Year Title Notes
---------- ----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- --
2006 *South Beach*
2007 *DanceLife*
2007 *Jennifer Lopez Presents: Como Ama una Mujer*
2011--14 *South Beach Tow*
2012 *Q\'Viva! The Chosen*
2012 *Big Easy Justice*
2013 *A Step Away*
2013--18 *The Fosters*
2014 *Los Jets*
2016--18 *Shades of Blue*
2017--21 *World of Dance*
2019--24 *Good Trouble*
2020--21 *Thanks A Million*
TBA *C.R.I.S.P.R.* NBC procedural drama; in development
TBA *Rosarito Beach* CBS comedy drama; in development
TBA *Happy Place* Netflix drama; in development
TBA *Backwards In Heels*
TBA *Cinderella*
TBA *She Gets It From Me*
### Television specials {#television_specials}
- *Jennifer Lopez in Concert* (2001)
- *Jennifer Lopez: Dance Again* (2014)
- *Neighborhood Sessions: Jennifer Lopez* (2015)
### Online series {#online_series}
- *Tiger Beat Entertainment* (2012)
## Discography
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| 0 |
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# Nuyorican Productions
## Discography
### Album
- \"This Is Me\..
| 11 |
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| 1 |
2,877,128 |
# Bernard Allison
**Bernard Allison** (born November 26, 1965) is an American blues guitarist and singer, based in Paris, France.
## Biography
Allison was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States. His father, Luther Allison, was a Chicago blues musician. Allison moved back and forth between Illinois and Florida, but remained close to his father\'s music whether with him or not, listening to his father\'s albums when they were apart. He accompanied his father to blues festivals in the early 1970s. There he was introduced to Muddy Waters, Hound Dog Taylor and Albert King, amongst others.
Allison taught himself to play in Florida while his father was touring internationally and displayed his early skills to his father when he was 12. His father brought him a Stratocaster guitar but required him to remain in school, although he did allow his son to join him on stage at the age of 18 at the 1983 Chicago Blues Festival. A week after his graduation from high school, he was invited to join Koko Taylor\'s touring band. During that time, he furthered his skills under the tutelage of Johnny Winter, whom he had met when younger, and Stevie Ray Vaughan whom he met in the first year of his career.
From 1985, he also tried out his headline act, Bernard Allison and Back Talk, largely active in Canada, although he remained with Koko Taylor. He became the bandleader for his father\'s touring band in Europe late in 1989, and with his father\'s assistance and the loan of his father\'s musicians recorded his debut album, *The Next Generation*, in Paris around Christmas that year. Over the next years, Allison and his father continued to collaborate, with Bernard co-writing and arranging material on his father\'s final three albums and Luther offering ongoing advice to his son\'s band.
Allison released three more albums in Europe, *Hang On*, *No Mercy*, and *Funkifino*. In 1997 --- the year of his father\'s death --- his critically acclaimed U.S. debut, *Keepin\' the Blues Alive*. was released. The album was followed by a U.S. tour and further releases. Allison\'s 2002 album *Storms of Life* charted at number five on the *Billboard* Top Blues Albums chart. In spite of the success of his tours and albums in the U.S., Allison remains based in Paris.
In 2010, Toby Lee Marshall teamed up with Allison. Marshall was part of Allison\'s dynamic rhythm section, that toured Europe extensively. Marshall was featured on Allison\'s 2011 release, *Live at the Jazzhaus*.
On 16 January 2015, Allison released his thirteenth album, *In The Mix*
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# Lady Jane Seymour
**Lady Jane Seymour** (c.1541 -- 19 March 1561) was a writer during the sixteenth century in England, along with her sisters, Lady Margaret Seymour and Anne Seymour, Countess of Warwick. They were the children of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, who from 1547 was the Lord Protector of England after the death of King Henry VIII and during the minority of Jane\'s first cousin, King Edward VI. She was baptised 22 February 1541, her godmothers were Lady Mary (the King\'s daughter, at the time declared illegitimate but later to become queen) and Katherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII, and queen at the time. Some sources say that Thomas Cromwell was her godfather, but this cannot be correct as he had been executed the year before. Jane was thus the niece of Henry VIII\'s third wife, Queen Jane, whom she was probably named after. She was the sole witness to the secret marriage of her brother Edward to Lady Katherine Grey (a potential heir to Queen Elizabeth I) in 1560.
The Seymour sisters tended to work together, with their most famous work being a collection of 103 Latin distichs, *Hecatodistichon*, for the tomb of Margaret of Valois, queen of Navarre and also an author, which was published in 1550.
Jane Seymour died in 1561, aged 20, probably of tuberculosis. She was buried at Westminster Abbey on 26 March
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