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# Wisden Australia's Cricketer of the Year
Each year from 1998 to 2005 *Wisden Australia* selected one Australian cricketer as ***Wisden Australia*{{\'s}} Cricketers of the Year**. The award recognised that player\'s contribution to cricket in Australia in the previous season, in a similar manner to the Wisden Cricketers of the Year, selected by *Wisden Cricketers\' Almanack* based on their influence on the game in England.
The first award was made to a women\'s cricketer, Belinda Clark. Until Claire Taylor was nominated by Wisden in 2009, no other woman had been a Cricketer of the Year in any format of the almanack
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# Neil Ferreira
**Neil Robert Ferreira** (born 3 June 1979) is a Zimbabwean cricketer.
Having also tried his hand at sports including tennis, squash, and hockey, he made his name as a left-handed opening batsman for the academy and for Manicaland. He is also a wicket keeper. His first Test involvement was in the August 2005 Test against New Zealand.
Prior to playing for his country, Ferreira also played first-class cricket for Manicaland C.C., scoring an impressive 501 runs in the 1999--2000 season and also being the leading run scorer in the 2001--02 season with 650 runs. On 8 August 2005 Ferreira received his Zimbabwean test cap being the 70th cricketer to represent Zimbabwe. Ferreira opened the batting for Zimbabwe\'s first innings but only managed 5 runs off 9 balls, Zimbabwe was then dismissed for just 59 and New Zealand captain Stephen Fleming enforced the follow on and once again Ferreira opened the batting and was dismissed for 16 runs off 90 balls, Zimbabwe were then all out for 99.
Ferreira has raised three sons two of which were playing B-Grade for Great Southern Grammar School. Matthew Ferreira was an all-around right-hand batsman and right-arm leg spinner and Michael Ferreira is a top-order left-hand batsman and a handy right-arm medium pace. His third son Colin Ferreira partakes in other activities than cricket and plays numerous instruments
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# Eastwood (UK Parliament constituency)
**Eastwood** was a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1983 until 2005. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election.
## History
The constituency was created for the 1983 general election, when it partially replaced the former East Renfrewshire constituency, following changes in 1975 to local government boundaries.
The East Renfrewshire constituency was re-established for the 2005 general election, with the same boundaries as the Eastwood constituency. Despite the change of name, it is the only constituency in mainland Scotland whose boundaries were unchanged by the 2005 revision of Scottish constituencies.
In 1999, an Eastwood Scottish Parliament constituency was created with the name and boundaries of the Eastwood Westminster constituency. However, while this constituency still exists, its boundaries are now different from the East Renfrewshire UK Parliament seat.
## Boundaries
The constituency lay to the south of Glasgow and included Clarkston, Newton Mearns, Eaglesham, Barrhead and Neilston. It has the exact same boundary as the modern East Renfrewshire constituency
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# Pirate's Cove
Pirate Cove}}
***Pirate\'s Cove**\'\' (German:***Piratenbucht**\'\') is a board game designed by Paul Randles and Daniel Stahl, originally published in Germany in 2002 by Amigo Spiele, illustrated by Markus Wagner and Swen Papenbrock. In 2003, Days of Wonder republished the game with a new graphic design from Julien Delval and Cyrille Daujean. In the game, players play pirate ship captains seeking treasure from islands and bragging rights from defeating other pirates in naval combat.
## Game play {#game_play}
The game takes place over 12 months (turns), with the goal of being the pirate with the most fame. Each player has a ship token and a card showing four aspects of the ship (crew, cannon, sail, and hull). At the beginning of each turn, a card is turned over at each island to reveal the potential booty from plunder. Each island (except Pirate\'s Cove and Treasure Island) offer various amounts of Fame, Gold, Treasure or Tavern cards.
Each player chooses an island to plunder based on the potential rewards of that island. If multiple players choose the same island, combat is used to resolve it. Combat involves a mixture of luck and strategy with both the ships\' strengths and the rolls of dice coming into play.
Certain islands offer the opportunity to upgrade an aspect of the ship and the available plunder at each island changes with each turn. A player can use this information to predict where other players\' ships will turn up and thus move their ship accordingly to either do battle or avoid it. Ships that survive combat then plunder the islands, gain fame, and pay gold to upgrade their ships based on the qualities of the islands. The Legendary Pirate, a black ship token, moves clockwise around the board, forcing captains to steer out of his path unless they think that they can defeat the powerful ship. At Treasure Island, no battle can take place and it is where ships can safely discharge cargo from their ship and bury any plundered treasure (a ship\'s capacity to hold treasure is based on its hull rating). Burying treasure and money adds to the player\'s accumulated fame points.
## Reception
JD Wiker comments that \"*Pirate\'s Cove* is a fun game for casual and hardcore gamers alike, and the constantly changing environment means that there\'s no single, perfect strategy. More to the point, it\'s an easy game to pick up, and only gets complicated if a player wants to dabble in the subsystems.\"
## Reviews
- *Pyramid*
- [Review](https://archive
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# Oysters Rockefeller
**Oysters Rockefeller** is a dish consisting of oysters on the half-shell that have been topped with a rich sauce of butter, parsley and other green herbs, bread crumbs, and then baked or broiled. Lemon wedges are the typical garnish. Many contemporary adaptations use diced oysters instead of whole. Also, diced bacon often appears as a non-traditional topping in addition to or in place of the sauce.
Oysters Rockefeller was created in 1889 in New Orleans. It is a popular restaurant appetizer throughout the United States and is served as a brunch item in the South.
## History
Oysters Rockefeller was created in 1889 at the New Orleans restaurant Antoine\'s by Jules Alciatore, son of founder Antoine Alciatore. Jules developed the dish due to a shortage of escargot, substituting the locally available oysters. The restaurant\'s recipe remains unchanged, with an estimated three and a half million orders having been served by 1980.
The dish was named \"oysters Rockefeller\" after John D. Rockefeller, the then-wealthiest American, for its extreme richness. It consists of oysters on the half-shell topped with a green sauce and bread crumbs, then baked or broiled. Though the original sauce recipe is a secret, it includes a purée of a number of green vegetables that may include spinach. Similar versions of the dish have proliferated in New Orleans, with none noted as an accurate duplicate.
Chef Alton Brown states in the \"Shell Game\" episode of his Food Network series *Good Eats* that Alciatore took his recipe to the grave and any version since is merely an assumption. While many achieve the sauce\'s trademark green color simply using spinach, Antoine\'s chefs have repeatedly denied the dish contains it. A 1986 laboratory analysis by William Poundstone in *Bigger Secrets* indicated its primary ingredients were parsley, pureed and strained celery, scallions or chives (indistinguishable in a food lab), olive oil, and capers.
## Gallery
<File:Oysters> rockefeller.jpg\|Oysters Rockefeller <File:Virginia> Beach-Catch31 Restaurant - Oysters Rockefeller.jpg\|Oysters Rockefeller topped with bacon <File:Oysters> Rockefeller at a restaurant
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# Raymond of Burgundy
**Raymond of Burgundy** (c. 1070 -- 24 May 1107) was the ruler of Galicia as vassal of Alfonso VI of León and Castile, the Emperor of All Spain, from about 1090 until his death. He was the fourth son of Count William I of Burgundy and Stephanie. He married Urraca, future queen of León and heir of Alfonso VI, and was the father of the future Alfonso VII.
## Background
When Raymond and his cousin, Henry of Burgundy, first arrived in Iberia is uncertain, but it probably was with the army of Duke Odo I of Burgundy in 1086. In April 1087, the army abandoned the siege of Tudela. While most of the army returned home, Odo and his retinue went west. By 21 July 1087 they were probably at Burgos, at the court of Alfonso VI, and by 5 August he was in the capital city of León. There Odo most likely arranged Raymond\'s marriage to Alfonso\'s heiress, Urraca. All surviving charters which seem to place Raymond in Spain before 1087 are either mis-dated or interpolated.
By his marriage Raymond received as dowry the government of the Kingdom of Galicia (which included the County of Portugal and the County of Coimbra), although shortly after, in 1095, Alfonso VI gave the County of Portugal and the County of Coimbra to Henry of Burgundy, father of the first Portuguese King Afonso Henriques of Portugal, basing it in Bracara Augusta (nowadays Braga). During his government he was titled *Count*, *Dominus*, *Prince*, *Emperor* and *Consul* of Galicia or of the Galicians, exercising near absolute power in his domains (\"in urbe Gallecia regnante Comite Raymundus\"): \"serenissimus totius Gallecie comes\", \"totius Gallecie Senior et Dominus\", \"totius Gallecie Consul\", \"totius Gallecie Princeps\", \"totius Gallecie Imperator\".
He was father of Alfonso VII of León and Castile (1104/1105--1157), already crowned king of Galicia in 1111, while his brother later became Pope Callixtus II
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# Sijunjung Regency
**Sijunjung Regency**, formerly known as **Sawahlunto Sijunjung**, is an inland regency (*kabupaten*) in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The Regency covers an area of 3,150.58 km^2^, and it had a population of 201,823 at the 2010 census and 235,045 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 243,709 - comprising 123,380 males and 120,330 females. The regency seat is the town of Muaro Sijunjung. The regency was created from the former Sawahlunto Regency, after the districts comprising Sawahlunto town became a city, administratively separated from the regency, which was then renamed.
Most of the people work in trade or as government employees, and the rest are farmers. There are few university graduates because most people are not interested in continuing their studies for reasons of economic and environmental culture. Many of the natural resources of this regency are not explored and utilized because of the mountainous geography.
## Administrative districts {#administrative_districts}
The Sijunjung Regency is divided into eight districts (*kecamatan*), listed below with their areas and populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as of mid-2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages (all classed as *nagari* except for one *desa* - Kampung Baru in Kupitan District), and its postcode.
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------------------+----------+-------+
| Name of\ | Area\ | Pop\'n\ | Pop\'n\ | Pop\'n\ | Admin\ | No.\ | Post\ |
| District\ | in\ | 2010\ | 2020\ | mid 2023\ | centre | of\ | code |
| (*kecamatan*) | km^2^ | Census | Census | Estimate | | villages | |
+================+============+===========+===========+===========+===========================+==========+=======+
| Kamang Baru | 837.80 | 41,375 | 50,459 | 53,050 | Kamang | 11 | 27572 |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------------------+----------+-------+
| Tanjung Gadang | 459.79 | 22,868 | 26,900 | 27,980 | Tanjung Gadang | 9 | 27571 |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------------------+----------+-------+
| Sijunjung\ | 748.00 | 41,030 | 47,925 | 49,760 | Sijunjung | 9 | 27554 |
| (district) | | | | | | | |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------------------+----------+-------+
| Lubuk Tarok | 187.60 | 14,125 | 17,567 | 18,390 | Lubuk Tarok | 6 | 27553 |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------------------+----------+-------+
| IV Nagari | 96.30 | 14,065 | 15,584 | 15,930 | Palangki | 5 | 27561 |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------------------+----------+-------+
| Kupitan | 82.01 | 12,540 | 13,193 | 13,290 | Padang Sibusuk | 4 | 27564 |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------------------+----------+-------+
| Koto VII | 143.90 | 32,851 | 37,549 | 38,740 | Tanjung Ampalu(Limo Koto) | 7 | 27562 |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------------------+----------+-------+
| Sumpur Kudus | 575.90 | 22,969 | 25,868 | 26,570 | Kumanis | 11 | 27563 |
+----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------------------+----------+-------+
| **Totals** | *3,150
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# Shinobi Legions
***Shinobi Legions**\'\', known in Europe as***Shinobi X**\'\', is a 1995 hack and slash platform game developed and published by Sega for the Sega Saturn. The player controls the ninja Sho on his quest to prevent his brother Kazuma from finding and using an ultimate ninjitsu technique that could end the world.
The game sees players go through a series of side-scrolling platforming stages, each containing numerous enemies and obstacles that the player must contend with, helpful optional power-ups such as life-ups and temporary abilities that help the player progress and a boss battle, which the player finds at the end of a level and then must defeat. The gameplay is largely retained from prior Shinobi games, however there is a higher emphasis on the usage of a katana for offense and defense against enemies and full-motion video cutscenes are used in the game to progress the ongoing plot.
The game has received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for the game\'s digitized sprite graphics and new defensive moves, but criticism for the FMV cut scenes and lack of any major gameplay changes from previous entries of the series.
## Gameplay
*Shinobi Legions* is a 2-D side-scrolling hack and slash platform game in which the player controls Sho, the ninja protagonist of the game. The game has largely similar gameplay to previous games in the *Shinobi* series - *The Revenge of Shinobi (1989)* and *Shinobi III: Return Of The Ninja Master* - but also introduces new elements. As well as shurikens, which are secondary ranged weapons, the players primary weapon in the game is a katana, which can be used by the player either as an offensive tool for a close-range attack or as a defensive tool for blocking enemy projectiles. Power-ups can be found scattered throughout levels or defeated enemies which, when obtained, gives the player a temporary boost to either health or offense, such as how yellow and red orbs can regain lost hit points. Alongside power-ups, the player can also obtain permanent health upgrades by picking up enough blue orbs.
The majority of gameplay takes place in 2-D linear levels, containing various obstacles and enemies that must be traversed to progress. At the end of a level, a boss battle will take place. The player is given a number of lives, which are lost if Sho loses all his available hit points or falls in a pit and the game ends when the player runs out of lives, although the player can continue from their most recent stage. Occasionally, such as after completing a level, a FMV cut scene will play as a way of bridging levels and advancing the games plot.
## Plot
Years of civil war have brought the ninjutsu code and its warriors to the brink of extinction. A ninjutsu master selects three children to carry on the ninja traditions for the next generation: two brothers, Kazuma and Sho, and his own daughter Aya. He begins to train them.
Fifteen years pass. The oldest boy, Kazuma, begins to reject all the ninjutsu teachings, save for the technique of strength. Obsessed with power, Kazuma demands that the master teach him the ultimate technique. The master refuses, and Kazuma vows to return one day and take revenge. Sho and Aya continue their studies and master the ninjutsu teachings.
Kazuma returns with an army and the resources to build a fortress. Although the old master has died, his pupils contain the secrets of the ultimate technique. Kazuma sets up a trap to lure Sho into his hideout, and kidnaps Aya to use her as a bait.
In the ending, Kazuma sacrifices himself to save Aya and Sho from an explosion.
## Development And Release {#development_and_release}
*Shinobi Legions* was first announced in June 1994 during the Tokyo Toy Show.
The European release of *Shinobi Legions* was published by Sega Europe and renamed as *Shinobi X.* *Shinobi X* was delayed release due to Sega Europe\'s producer, David Nulty, reportedly disliking the original music score and wanting it changed for the European release, in a similar way Sega of America did years before with the North American release of *Sonic CD*. The in-game tracks were replaced with music from British video game composer Richard Jacques, however the cutscene music tracks were left intact. Jacques composed the soundtrack in imitation of the style of Yuzo Koshiro\'s soundtrack from *The Revenge of Shinobi (1989)*.
The North American release retained the same soundtrack as the Japanese version, however the game was published by Vic Tokai instead of Sega.
In all releases of the game, the only people listed in the in-game credits are those who were involved with the live-action FMV cutscenes, leaving the developers of the game to be unknown.
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# Shinobi Legions
## Reception
On release, *Famicom Tsūshin* scored the game a 26 out of 40. *GamePro* gave it a rave review, stating that \"If you\'ve been sitting on the fence regarding a Sega Saturn purchase, here\'s a swift shuriken in the butt to get you moving.\" They particularly praised the new defensive moves and greater variety of enemies compared to previous Shinobi games. They also felt that the digitized sprite-based graphics were a refreshing change from the polygon-based graphics used in most Saturn games. The four reviewers of *Electronic Gaming Monthly* likewise praised the new defensive moves and \"fluid\" graphics. They had varying reactions to the FMV cutscenes, and two of the reviewers felt the game lacked the \"feel\" of earlier Shinobi games, but all four agreed that the game was both visually impressive and fun to play. A critic for *Next Generation*, while remarking that the game made no real advance in gameplay over its last generation predecessors, argued that it also maintains the standard of excellent gameplay set by those predecessors, and that the greater sophistication in the graphics would likely be enough to appease fans of the *Shinobi* series. *Sega Saturn Magazine* said that it plays well but fails to make any real use of the Saturn\'s capabilities, calling it \"another Shinobi game that somehow managed to find its way on to CD instead of cartridge.\" They suggested that the \"tacky\" FMV scenes were added simply as an excuse to release the game on the Saturn instead of the Sega Genesis. A reviewer for *Maximum* described it as \"a disappointment\" compared to the earlier Shinobi games, but did not provide any specifics
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# Togetherness (TV series)
***Togetherness*** is an American comedy-drama television series created by Mark Duplass, Jay Duplass and Steve Zissis. It is primarily written and directed by the Duplass brothers, and stars Mark Duplass, Melanie Lynskey, Amanda Peet, Steve Zissis, and Abby Ryder Fortson. The series focuses on themes such as marriage and friendship.
The show\'s first season premiered on HBO on January 11, 2015. The series was renewed for an eight-episode second season, which premiered on February 21, 2016.
On March 25, 2016 *Togetherness* was canceled after two seasons.
## Cast
### Main
- Mark Duplass as Brett Pierson, a sound editor and Michelle\'s husband
- Melanie Lynskey as Michelle Pierson, Brett\'s wife
- Amanda Peet as Tina Morris, Michelle\'s sister
- Steve Zissis as Alex Pappas, an aspiring actor and Brett\'s best friend
- Abby Ryder Fortson as Sophie Pierson, Brett and Michelle\'s daughter (recurring season 1, starring season 2)
### Recurring
- Peter Gallagher as Larry Kozinski, a producer and Tina\'s boyfriend
- John Ortiz as David Garcia, a single father who becomes involved with Michelle
- Joshua Leonard as Dudley Walker, a director
- Mary Steenburgen as Linda, a free spirited woman who becomes Brett\'s friend (season 1)
- Amy Adair as Peggy, the Pierson\'s babysitter (season 1)
- Ginger Gonzaga as Christy, a film industry worker and Alex\'s girlfriend (season 2)
- Katie Aselton as Anna, a helper in Michelle\'s school plan (season 2)
- Emily Althaus as Natalie, a woman Brett meets while working for Uber (season 2)
## Episodes
### Season 1 (2015) {#season_1_2015}
### Season 2 (2016) {#season_2_2016}
## Production
In January 2013, HBO ordered the pilot for the series with, Mark Duplass and Jay Duplass writing, directing, and executive producing the series, with Stephanie Langhoff under their Duplass Brothers Productions banner. In March 2013, it was revealed that Amanda Peet, Melanie Lynskey and Steve Zissis joined the cast of the series. In May 2013, it was revealed that Mark Duplass would be starring in the pilot in the lead role. In July 2013, the pilot was picked up to series, with Steve Zissis now joining as a consultant producer and writer. In January 2016, Katie Aselton joined the series in a recurring role. Michael Andrews composed the score for the series.
## Reception
### Critical response {#critical_response}
The first season received positive reviews from many critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 93% approval rating, with an average rating of 8.1 out of 10 based on 43 critic reviews. The critical consensus reads: \"*Togetherness* is a delightful surprise that interweaves day-to-day life with moving, dramatic characters who have an affinity for deprecating, squirmy humor.\" Metacritic gave the first season a score of 79 based on 23 critic reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". IGN reviewer Matt Fowler gave the entire first season an 8.3 out of 10, saying that \"The Duplass brothers, along with several wonderful performances, have managed to take an oft-trodden road and paved it fresh.\"
The second season continued to receive positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the second season an 88% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10 based on 17 critic reviews. The critical consensus reads: \"*Togetherness* returns with its charm intact, though its compelling characters could stand to have a few more laughs.\" On Metacritic, it has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote, \"The stories are told with such intimacy, such empathy, and such attention to detail, that it transcends labels and generalities\" and that the show is \"even better this year\".
### Accolades
For the 5th Critics\' Choice Television Awards, Melanie Lynskey was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Peter Gallagher was nominated for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series.
## International broadcast {#international_broadcast}
In Canada, the series aired on HBO Canada simultaneously with the American broadcast, and premiered on January 11, 2015. In Australia, the series premiered on April 21, 2015, on Showcase
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# Frigidarium
A ***frigidarium*** is one of the three main bath chambers of a Roman bath or *thermae*, namely the cold room. It often contains a swimming pool.
The succession of bathing activities in the *thermae* is not known with certainty, but it is thought that the bather would first go through the *apodyterium*, where he would undress and store his clothes, and then enter the *elaeothesium* or *unctuarium* to be anointed with oil. After exercising in a special room or court, he would enjoy the hot room, known as *calidarium* or *caldarium*, then the steam room (a moist *sudatorium* or a dry *laconicum*), where he would most likely scrape the by now grimy oil with the help of a curved metal strigil off his skin, before finally moving to the *frigidarium* with its small pool of cold water or sometimes with a large swimming pool (though this, differently from the *piscina natatoria*, was usually covered). The water could be also kept cold by using snow. The bather would finish by again anointing his body with oil.
The *frigidarium* was usually located on the northern side of the baths. The largest examples of *frigidaria* were both in Rome: that of the Baths of Caracalla, located soon after the entrance, measures 58 x 24 m, and that of the Baths of Diocletian, covered by a groin vault. Some, like one in Pompeii, had a circular plan.`{{dubious|Link to photo showing arbitrary section of probably round pool, with the only explanation "Pompeii: Baths of the Forum". Is it really a frigidarium? Plus: not a RS. The photo from Bath is as "good", i.e. neither is a RS.|date=July 2022}}`{=mediawiki}`{{better source|date=July 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
Italy initially had simple baths without tubs, the *lavatrinae*. Increasing Hellenisation of Italy led to the development of bathing rooms and public baths. Eventually, individual standing hot water tubs were replaced by collective pools and the development of hypocaust heating. This led to various types of heated rooms, including the *caldarium*, *tepidarium*, *laconicum* or *sudatorium*, and the *frigidarium*.
### Use as Jewish *mikveh* and/or Christian baptism pool {#use_as_jewish_mikveh_andor_christian_baptism_pool}
There are examples from Hasmonean and Herodian palaces in Judaea (e.g. Jericho, Herodium), where Jewish ritual immersion pools or *mikva\'ot*were located in the *frigidaria* of the private royal bathing facilities.
A Roman octagonal bath-house, c. 14.5 m across, centered around an octagonal *frigidarium* pool over 4 m across and with a large brick conduit for supplying cold water, probably dated to 330--335 CE during the time of Constantine the Great, was excavated at Bax Farm, Teynham, Kent. It had been suggested that the octagonal *frigidarium* could have been used for Christian baptism or as a Jewish ritual immersion pool
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# No Mystery
***No Mystery*** (1975) is a studio album by jazz-rock fusion band Return to Forever, and the second featuring the quartet of Chick Corea, guitarist Al Di Meola, bassist Stanley Clarke and drummer Lenny White.
## Production
All members of the group contributed compositions to this album. Side 1 contains heavily funk-influenced material composed by each member of the group, whereas Side 2 is filled by Chick Corea compositions. Chick Corea won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group Grammy Award in 1975 for this album
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# Gavin Ewing
**Gavin Mackie Ewing** (born 21 January 1981) is a Zimbabwean former cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and bowls a right-arm offbreak. As a teenager, he spent a short time at Potchefstroom Boys High in South Africa before returning to Zimbabwe to complete his schooling at Falcon College in Esigodini.
He plays for Zimbabwe and Matabeleland. His current Test high batting score is 71, with an average of 18. He was initially called up for the 2003--04 tour in Australia, having previously played in the 1999 Under-19 World Cup and finished in the list of the top ten wicket players. He is a confident and aggressive middle-order batsman, and amongst the list of fifteen cricketers who had a coming together with the country\'s Cricket Union in 2004. He returned to the side in November of that year. In 2009, he spent a season playing cricket in Devon for Paignton CC, having a reasonable season before returning to Zimbabwe
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# Brodmann area 32
The **Brodmann area 32**, also known in the human brain as the **dorsal anterior cingulate area 32**, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its inner boundary and the superior rostral sulcus (H) its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, externally by medial margins of the agranular frontal area 6, intermediate frontal area 8, granular frontal area 9, frontopolar area 10, and prefrontal area 11-1909. (Brodmann19-09).
The dorsal region of the anterior cingulate gyrus is associated with rational thought processes, most notably active during the Stroop task.
## Guenon
In the guenon, Brodmann area 32 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. This area was named 25 in Brodmann-1905 and labeled 25 in a figure contributed by Brodmann in Mauss-1908. In Brodmann-1909, however, the area was labeled 32 and the name \"area 25\" was attached to the area that has since been the accepted area 25 of Brodmann-1909 (Vogt-87). Distinguishing features according to Brodmann-1905: in contrast with area 6 of Brodmann-1909 the cortex of area 32 is relatively thick; the transition from cortex to white matter is more gradual; the distribution of cells is less dense; and there is no distinct boundary between the inner pyramidal layer (V) and the multiform layer (VI); it is similar to area 6 in the general absence of distinct layers, particularly of an internal granular layer (IV), but differs in that cells are smaller and there is an increased density of medium-sized pyramidal cells at the level of layer IV; this population of cells makes area 32 similar to the neighboring area 24 of Brodmann-1909; it differs from area 24 by its greater overall thickness and a particularly thick layer VI that merges gradually with the subcortical white matter. Brodmann-1909 regarded area 32 as topologically, but not cytoarchitecturally, homologous to the human dorsal anterior cingulate area 32; area 25 of Walker-1940 is topologically homologous to area 32.
## Image
<File:Brodmann> area 32 animation small.gif\|Animation. <File:Brodmann> area 32 medial.jpg\|Medial view
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# George Gliddon
**George Robbins Gliddon** (1809 -- November 16, 1857) was an English-born American Egyptologist. He worked as a United States vice-consul in Egypt and assisted Muhammad Ali Pasha\'s plans to modernize Egypt by attaining sugar, rice, and other mills from the United States. In 1841, he became frustrated with Pasha\'s destruction of archaeological sites and wrote *Appeal to the Antiquaries of Europe on the Destruction of the Monuments of Egypt*.
Gliddon worked with Samuel George Morton to define the race and physical type of the ancient Egyptians, published in the article *Crania Aegyptiaca*, one of several publications that Gliddon worked on. He created interest in the field of Egyptology through his lectures in the United States, including the *Panorama of the Nile* with Egyptian mummies.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
He was born in 1809 in St Thomas, Devonshire, England, the son of cousins Eleanor Gliddon and John G. Gliddon. His father a banker in London. Shortly after his birth, the Gliddons moved to Malta and lived there eight years. His father worked in the trade business. During that time, Gliddon\'s three sisters were born, Ellen, Johanna, and Emma. His father was a merchant and United States consular agent at Alexandria. Gliddon spent the rest of his childhood in Egypt. He returned to England for his education, after which he worked in Glasgow at a counting house, but did not stay there long.
Gliddon returned to Egypt by 1829, and worked for his father who was director of the Alexandrian Insurance Company. John was also promoted to consul, for the only consulate office in Egypt at that time. He became a United States vice-consul in the new consulate office in Cairo, subordinate to the office in Alexandria, beginning September 11, 1833. He was appointed to the position by his father.
He took a great interest in Egyptian antiquities. Father and son, in a quest for commercial enterprises between Egypt and America, developed relationships with Americans traveling to Egypt, including Sarah Rogers and Richard K. Haight, for whom he offered a guided trip down the Nile on his boat in the 1830s. In addition to several excursions, Gliddon sought to make American travelers comfortable by offering them lodging in his mansion and performed other favors which led to life-long connections with the Americans. Due to the stellar reviews that Gliddon received, including the actions he took when Cairo was quarantined due to epidemics, his request for the consulate to become an agency independent of Cairo was approved. He co-founded an organization to help foreigners in Egypt in 1836.
He also developed relationships with visiting British people and governmental and other Egyptian leaders. He was friends of Egyptologists Jean-François Champollion, Samuel Birch, and Karl Richard Lepsius. Gliddon assisted Muhammad Ali Pasha\'s plans to modernize Egypt by suggesting the use of American machinery for mills. Gliddon traveled to the United States in 1836 and contracted for a variety of mills to be used in Egypt, including sugar and rice mills. The consulate office in Cairo was closed in 1840, after which Gliddon discontinued his work on commercial ventures with people in the United States and sailed to England.
## Egyptology lectures {#egyptology_lectures}
Gliddon took a deep interest in the studies of Jean-François Champollion, Ignatius Bonomi, Henry Salt, Howard Vyse, and other Egyptian scholars and explorers. He came to the United States in 1842 and lectured in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, St. Louis, and other places along the east of the Mississippi. He succeeded in attracting attention to the subject of Egyptology. His lectures were published and well-read. Richard K. Haight, sponsored Gliddon\'s lectures to spread knowledge about ancient Egypt in American cities. Sarah Rogers Haight, his wife, wrote about their travels to Egypt, which also sparked interest. Richard Haight also supported Gliddon as he studied with Egyptian scholars in Europe. Gliddon studied with Samuel Birch, Baron Bunsen, Émile Prisse d\'Avennes, Karl Richard Lepsius, and Jean-Antoine Letronne.
Gliddon created a *Panorama of the Nile* rolling painting show with four Egyptian mummies. In late 1851 he used it during a presentation at the Chinese Museum in Boston. In Philadelphia in 1852 he made souvenirs of the material used to wrap the mummies. Using mummies in presentations sparked interest and attendance at Egytology lectures.
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# George Gliddon
## Study of Egyptian peoples\' origins {#study_of_egyptian_peoples_origins}
### *Crania Aegyptiaca* {#crania_aegyptiaca}
With his father, Gliddon collected mummy skulls for Samuel George Morton, for a total of 137 crania that remained intact after shipping. He collected the skulls from ancient tombs, sepulchral caverns of Egypt, and Cairo\'s vast necropolis Morton, author of *Crania Americana*, acquired 100 Egyptian crania specimens. The two men shared many views on human races and ultimately collaborated on their studies and publications.
Gliddon measured and studied the skulls and concluded, like Augustus Granville, that ancient Egyptians were racially European. The result was an elaborate work dedicated to Gliddon and published the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, entitled *Crania Aegyptiaca* (1844), about the race and physical type of the ancient Egyptians. Their theory, and that of John Speke\'s, was the reigning opinion of Europeans for some time about Africans of foreign descent---Caucasian, Aryan, Hamitic, Abyssinian, Galla, and Wahuma---which was that,
### Biblical theory and polygenesis {#biblical_theory_and_polygenesis}
Gliddon concluded that there were three types of Caucasians---Ham, Shem, and Japheth---based upon on a Biblical perspective (i.e., three sons of Noah). Gliddon and Morton\'s theories are based upon where the sons and their groups moved to and what indigenous people they came in contact with in their new homelands. The conclusion bolstered the polygenist argument and lead to Louis Agassiz sharing the same opinion and beginning of the \"American School\" of anthropology.
From his studies of ancient Egyptian monuments and hieroglyphics, Gliddon developed his theory that early ancient Egyptians had been white, and that even in the ancient world there had been distinctly different races. He posited that Whites and Negroes had never changed their racial appearance and features. He believed that neither environment or climate could change a race into another. He rejected Monogenesis, and claimed that the Bible supported Polygenesis. Gliddon believed the differences of the races had been impressed upon them by the Creator himself since the beginning.
Gliddon entered the burgeoning fields of anthropology and ethnology before there was sufficient research to make solid conclusions.
Upon further research, Morton and Gliddon\'s opinions about Biblical genealogical theory changed, doing away with Hamitic, Japhetic, and Semitic terms to categorize racial and linguistic groups.
### Craniology and cephalic index {#craniology_and_cephalic_index}
Gliddon and Morton relied on craniology, evaluating facial angle and volume, to identify racial and linquistic groups. Other race scientists used the cephalic index, which resulted in more groups and greater commonality of skull shapes within those groups. Other elements, often hard to discern, were the gender, age, and whether they had sufficient food to avoid starvation to perform a meaningful study.
### *Types of mankind* {#types_of_mankind}
Gliddon went to Mobile, Alabama to work with Josiah C. Nott on their book *Types of Mankind*. It was a one-year endeavor that included his wife, Anne Gliddon who illustrated the book. It was completed in 1853 and published in 1854.
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# George Gliddon
## Evolving views on race of the Egyptians {#evolving_views_on_race_of_the_egyptians}
Hamitic Hypothesis}}While originally believing that the Egyptians were purely Caucasian, the authors of *Types of Mankind* (1854) modified their views based on excavations from earlier dynasties. In their view, the earliest Egyptians were neither Caucasian or Negro but an intermediate Negroid type. However, they still believed that pure Negroes existed in Egypt only as slaves:
Specifically, in 1854, Josiah Nott and George R. Gliddon noted that according to majority of ethnographers and Samuel George Morton\'s own anthropological works, \"the Fellahs of Upper and Middle Egypt, at the present day, continue to be an unmistakable race, and are regarded by most travelled authorities as the best living representatives of the ancient population of Egypt.\" They would also take the position that, \"the iconographic monuments of the IVth, Vth, and VIth dynasties, is closely analogous to the predominant type of that day; which fact serves to strengthen our view that the Egyptians of the early dynasties were rather of an African or Negroid type-resembling the Bishari in some respects, and in others the modern Fellah, or peasantry of Upper Egypt.\"
In the 19th century the word \"Negro\" is reserved only for people who display the highest degree of stereotypical black African characteristics, with the suffix oid in \"Negroid\" making the word literally mean \"Negro like\". From the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica \"It is most convenient, however, to refer to the dark-skinned inhabitants of this zone by the collective term of Negroids, and to reserve the word Negro for the tribes which are considered to exhibit in the highest degree the characteristics taken as typical of the variety.\"
Samuel Morton addressed several letters to George Gliddon and stated that he modified many of his old views on ancient Egypt, believing their origins to be similar to Barabra populations, but not Negroes.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
For a period of time, Gliddon lived in Bayswater, home to fashionable London socialites who lived a \"kind of conjugal experiment\". Gliddon was related to Leigh Hunt and his children, his sister Kate was the wife of Thornton Leigh Hunt and Hunt\'s daughter married George\'s brother John. Gliddon visitd the house, but never lived there. He was remembered as \"that handsome Egyptologist, George Gliddon\" by a regular visitor.
Gliddon married his cousin Anne Gliddon, daughter of John Gliddon of Holly Terrace, Highgate, London. They married in Paddington, London in April 1846. Anne was an artist and illustrator. Gliddon and a 17-year-old Henry A. Gliddon went to the United States for another lecture series in major cities like Boston, New York, Charleston, and Philadelphia from October 1846 until August 1848.
The couple had a son, Charles Americus Quarite Gliddon, who was born about 1847 with birth defects. Charles at age 9 traveled with his parents to New York City in 1856.
## Later years and death {#later_years_and_death}
George Robbins Gliddon was an agent for the Honduras Railroad Company in 1857, hired for his experience opening the Suez or Overland route to India. He took a medical leave of absence and died in his hotel room in Panama of yellow fever on November 16, 1857. He was buried in Panama but later re-interred in Philadelphia at Laurel Hill Cemetery at the instigation of his friend, archaeologist E. G. Squier.
Three years after his death, Anne (52, born in England) and Charles (13, born in England) lived on Long Island in Islip, New York. Charles was a talented artist, who died as a young man in 1872. He was buried in Kensington and Chelsea, London, England. She died in 1878
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# Aquila (bird)
***Aquila*** is the genus of **true eagles**. The genus name is Latin for \"eagle\", possibly derived from *aquilus*, \"dark in colour\". It is often united with the sea eagles, buteos, and other more heavyset Accipitridae, but more recently they appear to be less distinct from the slenderer accipitrine hawks than previously believed. Eagles are not a natural group but denote essentially any bird of prey large enough to hunt sizeable (about 50 cm long or more overall) vertebrate prey.
## Taxonomy and systematics {#taxonomy_and_systematics}
The genus *Aquila* was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the golden eagle (*Aquila chrysaetos*) as the type species. *Aquila* belongs to a close-knit group of \"typical\" eagles including genera *Hieraaetus*, *Lophaetus*, *Ictinaetus* *and Clanga.* This group occurs as a clade within the larger group of \"booted\" eagles (tribe Aquilini or subfamily Aquilinae).
The plumage of the more basal members of the booted-eagle group, such as *Spizaetus* and *Nisaetus*, generally has barred underparts in adults, and is distinctly different in juveniles which have plain, pale underparts. In contrast, within the *Aquila--Hieraaetus--Lophaetus* clade, adults are generally dark, with juveniles more closely resembling the adults. *Hieraaetus* species have both dark and light (or \"pied\") morphs, with the latter having light, unbarred under-parts.
Research in molecular genetics found *Aquila* and *Hieraaetus* to be polyphyletic. Between 2005 and 2014, the British Ornithologists\' Union included both Bonelli\'s and the booted eagle in *Aquila*. Also, *Clements\' Checklist* merged all *Hieraetus* species into *Aquila* from 2001 to 2009. The current approach is to keep *Hieraaetus* as a separate genus, with Bonelli\'s eagle and the African hawk-eagle moved into *Aquila* and Wahlberg\'s eagle moved into *Hieraaetus*.
The spotted eagles greater spotted eagle, lesser spotted eagle, and Indian spotted eagle (previously *Aquila clanga*, *A. pomarina*, *A. (p.) hastata*) are thought to be genetically closer to *Ictinaetus* and *Lophoaetus* than to other *Aquila* species, and may be placed into a separate genus, *Clanga*.
Members of *Aquila* (excluding those moved to *Clanga* and *Hieraaetus*, but including *A. fasciata/spilogaster*) share two deletions in the (nuclear) LDH gene, as well as similarities in mitochondrial cyt-B gene sequence, though one of these deletions is reverted in *A. chrysaetos*.
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# Aquila (bird)
## Species
The genus *Aquila* contains 11 species: `{{Species table |genus= Aquila |authority-name=[[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]] |authority-year= 1760|species-count=eleven|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}`{=mediawiki}
### Fossil record {#fossil_record}
Numerous fossil taxa of eagles have been described. Many have been moved to other genera, but several appear to be correctly assigned to this genus:
- *Aquila bullockensis* (Middle Miocene)
- ?*Aquila delphinensis* (Middle/Late Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
- ?*Aquila pennatoides* (Middle/Late Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)
- *Aquila* sp. (Late Miocene -- Late Pliocene of S Europe)
- *Aquila* sp. (Early Pliocene of Florida)
- *Aquila bivia* (Late Pliocene of S USA)
- *Aquila kurochkini* (Late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)
- *Aquila* sp. (Middle Pleistocene of Castiglione, Corsica)
- *?Aquila fossilis* (Middle/Late Pleistocene of Monte Reale, Sardinia)
- *Aquila nipaloides* (Pleistocene of Sardinia and Corsica)
- *?Aquila* sp. (Late Quaternary, Madagascar)
Whether *\"Hieraaetus\" edwardsi* (Middle -? Late Miocene of SW Europe) belongs into *Aquila* or the hawk-eagles (if the latter are indeed distinct) is unclear. Its initial name, *\"Aquila\" minuta* Milne-Edwards, 1871, is preoccupied by a junior synonym of the booted eagle, *A. minuta* Brehm, 1831.
Not placed in *Aquila* anymore are:
- *\"Aquila\" gervaisii* -- now in *Palaeohierax*
- *\"Aquila\" borrasi*, *\"A.\" sodalis* -- now in *Buteogallus*, *B. borrasi* was long placed in *Titanohierax*.
- *\"Aquila\" pliogryps* -- now in *Spizaetus*
- *\"Aquila\" corroyi*, *\"A.\" depredator*, *\"A.\" hypogaea*, and *\"A.\" prisca* -- now in *Aquilavus*
- *\"Aquila\" ferox*, *\"A.\" lydekkeri* -- protostrigid owls, now in *Minerva*.
*\"Aquila\" danana* (Snake Creek Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Loup Fork, USA), occasionally placed in *Geranoaetus* or *Buteo*, was a bird of prey of unclear relationships
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# Flag of the British Antarctic Territory
The **flag of the British Antarctic Territory** was granted on 21 April 1998. It features the coat of arms granted on 1 August 1963, a year after the British Antarctic Territory, a British Overseas Territory, was created. Previously, the Territory was a part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies and used the same flag. On 30 May 1969, a blue ensign with the British Antarctic Territory coat of arms in the fly was introduced as a government ensign.
## Description
The flag is a white ensign, without a cross, with the Union Flag in the canton, defaced with the coat of arms of the British Antarctic Territory, introduced in 1952. The coat of arms features a lion, representing the United Kingdom, and a penguin, representing the native wildlife. The crest of the coat of arms is the RRS *Discovery*, which first took Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton to Antarctica as part of the British National Antarctic Expedition in 1901. She is currently a museum ship in Dundee. The motto on the coat of arms is \"Research and Discovery\".
The official description is as follows:
## Use and related flags {#use_and_related_flags}
The flag flies over the British research stations in the Territory and at the headquarters of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge. Vessels of the British Antarctic Survey use a blue ensign defaced with the shield from the coat of arms, which can be seen below. This ensign was introduced by Royal Warrant on 30 May 1969. The flag of the Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory, a position currently held by Ben Merrick, is also seen below.
The flag is the only flag of any British dependency to have ever used the white ensign
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# Southside (Richmond, Virginia)
The **Southside of Richmond** is an area of the Metropolitan Statistical Area surrounding **Richmond, Virginia**. It generally includes all portions of the City of Richmond that lie south of the James River, and includes all of the former city of Manchester. Depending on context, the term \"Southside of Richmond\" can include some northern areas of adjacent Chesterfield County, Virginia in the Richmond-Petersburg region. With minor exceptions near Bon Air, VA, the Chippenham Parkway forms the border between Chesterfield County and the City of Richmond portions of Southside, with some news agencies using the term \"South Richmond\" to refer to the locations in Southside located in the city proper.
## Definition
Since there is no one municipal organization that represents this specific region, the boundaries are loosely defined as being south of the James River and west of Interstate 95 (formerly Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike) with a southern border extending approximately to Chester, Virginia and extending west along Virginia State Route 288 beltway. Some portions of the Southside of Richmond closest to the downtown area north of the river are also considered part of Downtown Richmond.
## North Chesterfield {#north_chesterfield}
Several ZIP codes on the Southside have a preferred place name of \"Richmond, Virginia\" even though in some cases that land falls under the completely separate municipal authority of Chesterfield County. For example, the 23235 ZIP code (Bon Air) straddles the city-county boundary.
In 2011, the U.S. Postal Service approved Chesterfield County\'s request to refer to ZIP codes 23224, 23225, 23234, 23235, 23236 and 23237 as \"North Chesterfield, VA,\" when they are in Chesterfield County, even though the Post Office\'s preferred place name for the entire ZIP code remains as \"Richmond, Virginia.\" The rationale for this change was that some Chesterfield County residents were confused, and paying taxes to the City of Richmond given their street address included a Richmond ZIP code.
Chesterfield residents in the 23235 ZIP code continue to have the option of using \"Bon Air\" as their preferred place name, although they can also use \"North Chesterfield, Virginia 23235\" or \"Richmond, Virginia 23235.\"
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# Southside (Richmond, Virginia)
## History
### Early settlements along the river {#early_settlements_along_the_river}
A primary feature defining the Southside of Richmond is the James River and the limited means to cross it to get to other parts of metro Richmond. The oldest bridge across the James River in Richmond was Mayo Bridge (1788). Before that, commerce was limited to individual enterprises passing their goods in boats, bateau, and ferries over the James River as well as to fixed port areas with tobacco inspection warehouses established north of the river at Shockoe\'s and south of the river at Warwick.
### 1600s: Conflicts between English settlements and Native tribes {#s_conflicts_between_english_settlements_and_native_tribes}
When the English arrived, there were two main groups of natives occupying Central Virginia, separated by the Fall Line of the James: (1) the Manakins controlled the southern Virginia Piedmont west of the fall line from Richmond to the Blue Ridge Mountains; and (2) the Powhatan Confederacy (led by leader named Wahunsonacock) who controlled land in the Richmond area below the Fall Line towards the Virginia Tidewater region.
The earliest European settlement in the Central Virginia area was in 1611 at Henricus, where the Falling Creek empties into the James River. In 1619, early Virginia Company settlers struggling to establish viable moneymaking industries established the Falling Creek Ironworks. Between 1622 and 1646, a series of generational Anglo-Powhatan Wars resulted in the death of Opchanacanough and the established boundaries on the Powhatan Confederacy. After Bacon\'s Rebellion in 1676, Cockacoeske signed the Treaty of 1677, and several central Virginia tribes accepted their de facto position as subjects of the British Crown, and gave up their remaining claims to their ancestral land, in return for protection from the remaining hostile tribes and a guarantee of a limited amount of reserved land. The Powhatan Confederacy effectively ended. By 1699, the Manakins/Monacans had abandoned their settlements, and English freely settled land claims in the entire Richmond area. In part to serve as a buffer, the English allotted a large portion of land for French Huguenot refugees to settle in the old Manakin village on the south side of the James River.
### 1700s: Warwick and River Commerce {#s_warwick_and_river_commerce}
After completing prominent construction jobs at the state capitol in Williamsburg, Henry Cary built Ampthill plantation in 1730 near Warwick. From 1750 to 1781, his son Archibald operated Falling Creek Ironworks at Warwick. Owing to port traffic, Warwick Road became a major thoroughfare through Southside for the next two centuries, especially as it enabled passage around the falls at the James.
On the part of the James River west of the Fall Line, the descendants of the 1700 Huguenot refugee settlement in Manakintown began to intermingle with the English and settle across Powhatan and western Chesterfield county. They established family coal mining enterprises such as Black Heath. One of these Huguenot descendants, Abraham Salle, built Salisbury Plantation and, in 1777, sold it to the Randolph Family who lived across the river at Tuckahoe and used Salisbury as a hunting grounds. Patrick Henry rented Salisbury and lived there with his family during his second term as governor in 1786.
### Early 1800s: The Rise of Manchester and Rail Lines to the Coal Mines {#early_1800s_the_rise_of_manchester_and_rail_lines_to_the_coal_mines}
After the port of Warwick was destroyed by Benedict Arnold in the Revolutionary War, Warwick Road continued in use, but the port of Manchester took over Warwick\'s role as a major port. Further, water navigation to estates above the falls of the James River was enabled by the 1790 opening of the James River and Kanawha Canal that stretched from Richmond, Virginia to Westham, Virginia on the north side of the river and paralleling the James for 7 mi.
In 1804, Virginia built the precursor to the Midlothian Turnpike from the port of Manchester headed westward to the mouth of the Falling Creek to access the coal mines at Midlothian. This enabled industrial sites such as the Black Heath coal mines and Bellona Arsenal to ship goods down the James river without having to go through Warwick.
Rail enabled the rapid export of coal from the coal mines in western Chesterfield County. The Clover Hill Railroad Company was chartered in 1841 by the Virginia General Assembly, enabling the Clover Hill Railroad to open in 1845 between Chester and the Clover Hill Pits near Winterpock.
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# Southside (Richmond, Virginia)
## Late 1800s: Development along the rail lines {#late_1800s_development_along_the_rail_lines}
During the Civil War, the Confederacy was generally able to keep the Union troops west of the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad, with the main exception being the Bermuda Hundred Campaign. Until the end of the war, Drewry\'s Bluff prevented the Union army from accessing Richmond over water.
While the Clover Hill Railroad went bankrupt in 1877, it was reconstituted in 1881 as the Brighthope Railway and operated until World War I when it was disassembled and sent to France for the World War I effort.
The city of Manchester rose to prominence through its 1831 Chesterfield Railroad and its 1853 successor the Richmond and Danville Railroad.
Suburban rail stations along the R&D led to development in Granite, Virginia (a mining quarry whose post office opened in 1872), Bon Air (the resort colony established 1877), Robious and Midlothian. These stops became industrial and residential centers in otherwise rural areas that often moved people and goods through Manchester and Richmond.
Manchester also benefited from being a station along the North-South Richmond and Petersburg Railroad. Manchester briefly served as the seat of Chesterfield County after the Civil War, from 1870 to 1876. In 1874, Manchester voted to become an independent City. In 1876, the Chesterfield County seat was moved to Chesterfield Courthouse.
### 1900s: Development and Annexation in the Automobile Era {#s_development_and_annexation_in_the_automobile_era}
#### 1910 Annexation of Manchester {#annexation_of_manchester}
From its founding in 1750s to the late 19th century, Chesterfield County had been the municipal authority for all of what is today considered Southside. Manchester became an independent city in 1876 and then in 1910, Manchester agreed to be annexed by the City of Richmond. During annexation negotiation, Manchester demanded the condition that a free bridge be built to allow Manchesterians access to Richmond. This became known as the Manchester Bridge. Soon, as the automobile era began, other bridges were built to include Westham Bridge (1911), the Nickel Bridge (1925---a toll bridge) and the Lee Bridge (1933---also a toll bridge).
#### Automobile-based Development and 1942 Annexation of Jeff Davis Corridor {#automobile_based_development_and_1942_annexation_of_jeff_davis_corridor}
In 1922, Chesterfield annexed the Henricus site from Henrico County.
In 1927, after a decade of road improvements, the Jefferson Davis Highway officially opened as a major automobile thoroughfare.
These auto corridors attracted development. The DuPont Spruance plant opened in 1929 along the Jefferson Davis Highway and manufactured rayon, Cordura, and cellophane on the former site of the Ampthill Plantation.
Inter-state traffic along Jefferson Davis Highway and its James River toll bridge led to Belt Boulevard by 1933 that bypassed downtown and directed some traffic to the Nickel Bridge. This easier automobile access spurred development in Southside. By 1940, a Works Projects Administration guide to Virginia announced \"South of Richmond U.S. 1 is lined with tourist cabins, garages, and lunchrooms swathed in neon lights that at night convert the road as far as Petersburg into a glittering midway.\"
During annexations in 1914 and 1942, Richmond appropriated more and more land from Chesterfield County to include Westover Hills and Forest Hill to the west, and The Port of Richmond (Built 1940) to the south.
#### Postwar growth: Bellwood, Southside Plaza, I-95 and Chippenham Pkwy {#postwar_growth_bellwood_southside_plaza_i_95_and_chippenham_pkwy}
After WWII, Southside experienced a decade of massive growth. A large military supply center had been built for WWII in 1942 on the Bellwood property. The Bellwood Drive-In opened outside the city limits along the Jeff Davis corridor in 1948 and billed itself as the \"largest and finest\" drive-in theater in the South.
The Southside Plaza opened up in 1957-58 outside the city limits on Belt Boulevard in what was then Chesterfield County.
In 1958, after three years of construction, the limited access Richmond--Petersburg Turnpike tollway opened between Richmond and Petersburg. The Chippenham Parkway was built in 1967 and connected much of Southside from the Midlothian Turnpike to the Defense Supply Center, Richmond.
Prior to the construction of I-95, the Route 1/Jefferson Davis Highway corridor was the county's main thoroughfare. I-95 and Chippenham Pkwy siphoned traffic off both the Jeff Davis Corridor and the Belt Boulevard.
#### 1970 Annexation of Midlo Tpke out to Chippenham Pkwy {#annexation_of_midlo_tpke_out_to_chippenham_pkwy}
During another annexation in 1970, Richmond took an additional 23 square miles from Chesterfield County all the way out to the Chippenham Parkway. The racial motivations behind this expansion led to a Supreme Court case City of Richmond v. United States and a moratorium on further annexations. As a part of the negotiations over the precise annexation, much of Bon Air to the west and the Ampthill property to the south (owned by DuPont) remained in Chesterfield County.
#### Powhite Parkway and Powhite Parkway Extension to outer beltway (288) {#powhite_parkway_and_powhite_parkway_extension_to_outer_beltway_288}
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` }`
\]}
The Powhite Parkway opened in 1973, connecting downtown to the Chippenham Parkway. With newfound highway access, the Southside suburban population continued to explode. New shopping malls were built outside the city limits (Cloverleaf Mall in 1972 and Chesterfield Mall in 1978) as well as Brandermill residential development in 1977 along the Swift Creek Reservoir. Plans were drawn up to create a Powhite Parkway Extension that would extend the road from Chippenham out to Virginia State Route 288, which was completed in 1988. In 1973, Philip Morris USA opened a cigarette manufacturing plant along I-95 at Commerce Road. The McGuire VA Hospital opened in 1983.
### 1988-2004: New bridges connect West End and Southside {#new_bridges_connect_west_end_and_southside}
Before 1988, the main way to get from the Southside to the West End was via the Huguenot Bridge or by crossing the James River inside the Richmond city limits. This led to a minor rivalry in the 1980s where the West End had a bumper sticker that said \"West End \-- For Members Only\" and the Southside had a bumper sticker that said \"South of the James \-- By Invitation Only.\" This separation began to change as road infrastructure improved. In 1988, Southside was connected to Parham Road in the west end via a Chippenham extension and the new Edward E. Willey Bridge. In 1992, the state removed toll-booths on the I-95 Richmond--Petersburg Turnpike. In 1996, state leaders announced that the Chippenham Parkeway would be extended eastward in a bridge across the James river to enable faster access to Interstate 295 (Virginia) and the Richmond International Airport. The bridge and limited access toll highway opened in 2002 as Virginia State Route 895, aka the \"Pocahontas Parkway.\"
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# Southside (Richmond, Virginia)
## Late 1800s: Development along the rail lines {#late_1800s_development_along_the_rail_lines}
### Southside developments 2000 to present {#southside_developments_2000_to_present}
In 2004, 288 was extended northwards from Brandermill through Powhatan and Goochland Counties, to cross the river at the World War II Veterans Memorial Bridge (Virginia) and complete the beltway around Richmond. This led to residential developments along a swath across Chesterfield County such as *The Grove* near Midlothian Mines Park, *Winterfield*, as well as a commercial development called *Westchester Commons* at Midlothian Turnpike and 288. Developments near Route 288 bridge include the *Tarrington* housing development near James River High School and the widening of the Robious Road Corridor.
Closer in towards Richmond, the Stony Point Fashion Park opened in 2003 (the same year as a similar outdoor mall concept called Short Pump Town Center opened in the West End of Richmond). Along the James River, Forest Hill Avenue has seen its own renaissance as some residents have preferred to stay in the city rather than move to the suburbs. Phenomena such as the South of the James farmer\'s market attract crowds every weekend in Forest Hill Park.
Farther west along the I-95 / Route 1 Corridor, city and county officials have contemplated how to revive the Jefferson Davis Corridor. While economically challenged, it has a robust immigrant population, particularly Latino. As Manchester has seen recent influx of historic tax credits used to redevelop old properties, the historically black Swansboro and Blackwell neighborhoods are now the subject of fierce debates about gentrification.
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# Southside (Richmond, Virginia)
## Unincorporated towns and neighborhoods {#unincorporated_towns_and_neighborhoods}
- Adams Park
- Beaufont
- Bellemeade
- Belmont Woods
- Belt Center
- Blackwell
- Bon Air
- British Camp Farms
- Broad Rock
- Brookbury
- Brookhaven Farms
- Cedarhurst
- Cherry Gardens
- Chippenham Forest
- Cofer
- Cottrell Farms
- Cullenwood
- Davee Gardens
- Deerbourne
- Elkhardt
- Fawnbrook
- Forest Hill / Gravel Hill
- Forest Hill Park
- Forest Hill Terrace
- Forest View
- Granite
- Hickory Hill
- Hillside Court
- Hioaks
- Huguenot
- Jahnke
- Jeff Davis
- Old Town Manchester
- Maury
- McGuire
- McGuire Manor
- Meadowbrook
- Midlothian
- Murchies Mill
- Northrop
- Oak Grove
- Oxford
- Piney Knolls
- Pocoshock
- Powhite Park
- Reedy Creek
- Reservoir Heights
- South Garden
- Southampton
- Southwood
- Springhill
- Stony Point
- Stratford Hills
- Swansboro
- Swansboro West
- Swanson
- Walmsley
- Warwick
- Westlake Hills
- Westover
- Westover Hills
- Westover Hills West
- Willow Oaks
- Windsor
- Woodhaven
- Woodland Heights
- Worthington
## Industrial and commercial sites {#industrial_and_commercial_sites}
- Defense Supply Center, Richmond (DSCR)
- Philip Morris USA manufacturing center
- Overnite Transportation (recently bought out by United Parcel Service)
- Deepwater Terminal (Port of Richmond)
- Chippenham Johnston Willis (CJW) Medical Center
## Commercial districts {#commercial_districts}
- Stonebridge Shopping Center (formerly Cloverleaf Mall) and Spring Rock Green (Formerly Beaufont Plaza)
- Old Manchester
- Hull Street Corridor
- Midlothian Turnpike
- Westover Hills
- Stratford Hills
- Stony Point Fashion Park
- The Arboretum
- Bellwood flea market
- Bermuda Square
- Sycamore Square
- Oxbridge Square
- Chesterfield Meadows
## Parks and recreation {#parks_and_recreation}
- James River Park System
- Forest Hill Park
- Canoe Run Park
- Powhite Park
## Transportation
### Major streets and roads {#major_streets_and_roads}
- Interstate 95 (formerly Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike)
- Jefferson Davis Highway (U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 301)
- Forest Hill Avenue (short portion is U.S. Route 60)
- Semmes Avenue (U.S. Route 60)
- Belt Boulevard (State Route 161)
- Iron Bridge Road (State Route 10)
- Broad Rock Road (State Route 10)
- Huguenot Road (State Route 147)
- Courthouse Road (State Route 653)
- Hull Street (U.S. Route 360)
- Midlothian Turnpike (U.S. Route 60)
- Chippenham Parkway (State Route 150)
- Pocahontas Parkway (State Route 895)
- Powhite Parkway (State Route 76)
- State Route 288
### Bridges over James River {#bridges_over_james_river}
- James River Bridge (Interstate 95)
- Mayo Bridge (U.S. Route 360)
- Manchester Bridge (U.S. Route 60)
- Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge (U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 301)
- Boulevard Bridge (State Route 161)
- Powhite Parkway James River Bridge (State Route 76)
- Huguenot Memorial Bridge (State Route 147)
- Edward E
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# Ørnulf Bast
**Ørnulf Bast** (25 January 1907 -- 28 October 1974) was a Norwegian sculptor and painter particularly known for his public monuments.
## Biography
Ørnulf Bjarne Bast was born in Oslo. His parents were Halsten Andersen Bast Birklund (1870--1952) and Ida Mathilde Kristensen (1870--1960). Bast studied at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts (*Statens kunstakademi*) from 1927 to 1930. He made several study trips, first to France from 1928 to 1929 and later to Britain, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain and North Africa, including Egypt, 1930 and 1932, and a new journey to Paris 1937.
In 1940, Bast married Lajla von Hanno (1921--2010). During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he and his wife supplied a cover-up apartment for the Norwegian resistance movement, specifically for the staff of the sabotage squad Aks 13000, for some time. From 1947 until his death in 1974, Bast had a permanent residence in the summer at Fuglevik ved Rakke in Brunlanes Municipality, south of Larvik, where he also had his studio. Ørnulf Bast was awarded the King\'s Medal of Merit (*Kongens fortjenstmedalje*) in gold.
## Career
He completed a wide range of public memorials and decorations in a quiet style, characterized by a French-dominated class flight of sculptural tradition. Of note are *Borregaard-monumentet* in Sarpsborg (1937), *St. Hallvards brønn\]\]* in Bragernes square in Drammen (1940--1952), *Tvillingsøstrene* (1947--1949) in Copenhagen, *Evig liv* (1948--1949) at *\[\[Sehesteds plass\]\]* in Oslo and *Ung kvinne* (1946--1947) at St. Hanshaugen Park in Oslo, and *Kongens Nei* (1949--1950) in Elverum.
Among his works were the identical bronze statues titles *The Norwegian Lady* dedicated in 1962, which were placed in Moss, Norway and Virginia Beach, Virginia facing each other across the ocean. The statues were modeled after the figurehead of the Norwegian bark *Dictator*, home ported in Moss, which foundered and sank in the Graveyard of the Atlantic off the coast of Virginia Beach on 27--28 March 1891. Despite substantial lifesaving efforts from shore, seven people died, including the captain\'s pregnant wife and four-year-old son. The new statues re-established old ties between the two communities, and in 1974, they became sister cities. Annual events are held at the Bast statues
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# Tremont Street subway
The **Tremont Street subway** in Boston\'s MBTA subway system is the oldest subway tunnel in North America and the third-oldest still in use worldwide to exclusively use electric traction (after the City and South London Railway in 1890, and the Budapest Metro\'s Line 1 in 1896), opening on September 1, 1897. It was originally built, under the supervision of Howard A. Carson as chief engineer, to get streetcar lines off the traffic-clogged streets, instead of as a true rapid transit line. It now forms the central part of the Green Line, connecting Boylston Street to Park Street and Government Center stations.
## History
The tunnel originally served five closely spaced stations: Boylston, Park Street, Scollay Square, Adams Square, and Haymarket, with branches to the Public Garden portal and Pleasant Street incline south of Boylston. Park Street, Scollay Square, and Haymarket stations were altered over the next two decades as transfers were added to the Cambridge--Dorchester subway, East Boston Tunnel, and Main Line Elevated (now part of the Red, Blue, and Orange Lines, respectively).
Boylston and Park Street were built with rectangular stone headhouses designed by Edmund M. Wheelwright that did not aesthetically match the Common. Scollay Square and Adams Square had similar baroque headhouses with four-sided clock towers. Unlike the interior decor, the headhouses were sharply criticized as \"resembling mausoleums\" and \"pretentiously monumental\". Later stations on the East Boston Tunnel and Washington Street Tunnel incorporated this criticism into their more modest headhouses.
In 1963, the northern part of the tunnel was extensively altered during the construction of Government Center and a new Boston City Hall on what had been the neighborhood of Scollay Square. The northbound tunnel to Haymarket station was rerouted to the west (the southbound tunnel is still original). Scollay Square station was rebuilt as Government Center station, and Adams Square station was closed. Much of the old northbound tunnel was filled in to support the City Hall foundation; another section was turned into a delivery tunnel. Another section was rediscovered by a City Hall employee in 1983; a 150 feet piece was renovated for use as records storage. Three sections, separated by walls, remain of the abandoned northbound tunnel.
In 1971, the original Haymarket station was replaced with a new station just to the south.
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# Tremont Street subway
## History
### Disused southern tunnel branch {#disused_southern_tunnel_branch}
The subway in 1897 consisted of a main line under Tremont Street running to Park Street, where is splits into two forks. One fork connects to the Boylston Street subway, which turns westward under Boylston Street. The other fork continues south under Tremont Street to the Pleasant Street incline. This portal was used by streetcars that went southwest to Egleston via the South End, along Tremont Street (route 43), or southeast to City Point in South Boston via Broadway (route 9). Streetcar service through the southern portal ended in 1962; for the last several months, service consisted of a shuttle between the portal and Boylston station. The tunnel still exists, dead-ended at the now-buried portal, which has been converted to a public park. However, there have been proposals for the disused tunnel to become part of a new streetcar line that would partly replace access to rapid transit for southern Metro Boston neighborhoods that lost rapid transit service in 1987 with the demolition of the Washington Street Elevated southern section of the Orange Line. This proposed new streetcar service could go as far south as the Red Line\'s Mattapan station, with a northern turnaround terminus at Government Center, according to a 2012-dated proposal.
## Portals
The three original tunnel entrances were in the Boston Public Garden, at North Station/Canal Street, and at Pleasant Street. Over time, these portals were replaced and abandoned as the subway was extended. Vestiges of various closed portals are still visible inside the main Green Line\'s Boylston Street subway tunnel extending west of Boylston station towards Kenmore Square station.
The western Public Garden portal was replaced in 1914 with two portals, one in the middle of Boylston Street adjacent to the old portal, and the other at the west end of the Boylston Street subway, just east of Kenmore Square. The Boylston Street portal was sealed in 1941 when the Huntington Avenue subway was opened (with a new portal at Northeastern University). The portal at Kenmore Square was replaced in 1932 when the subway was extended west beyond the Square, to the existing portals on Commonwealth Avenue (the \"B\" branch) and Beacon Street (the \"C\" branch), although the top arch of the original portal survives as part of a ventilation shaft. The Fenway portal for the D branch was opened in 1959.
The northern portal at Canal Street was replaced in 2004 when the subway was extended beneath North Station to a new portal next to Martha Road.
The southern portal at Pleasant Street was abandoned in 1962 following the end of streetcar service through the South End. The portal has since been sealed up and covered by Elliot Norton Park, but the dead-ended tunnel to Boylston survives underground, for a possibility of future re-use (see above).
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# Tremont Street subway
## Power
The subway uses trolleys powered by electricity from overhead lines, which had been made possible by the invention of the trolley pole in 1880 by Frank J. Sprague, from his design for the Richmond Union Passenger Railway. The line has been pantograph-only since the trolley wires were modified in the 1990s.
## Landmark status and ownership {#landmark_status_and_ownership}
The Tremont Street subway was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition for its pioneering role in the development of the subway as a public transit system in the United States. The landmark designation encompasses the still-extant portions of the early tunnel, roughly from Court Street to Charles Street, and includes the original Classical Revival head houses of the Park and Boylston stations which are still in use.
The original owner of the Tremont Street subway was the private West End Street Railway, later the Boston Elevated Railway. Public ownership began in 1947 with the Metropolitan Transit Authority, now the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
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# USS Fort Snelling
The name **USS *Fort Snelling*** has been assigned to two dock landing ships of the United States Navy, in honor of Fort Snelling, a fort at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers, for many years the northernmost military post in the land of the Sioux and Chippewa.
- The name *Fort Snelling* was assigned to LSD-23, a `{{sclass|Casa Grande|dock landing ship|2}}`{=mediawiki} in 1944 but construction was canceled in 1945, due to the end of World War II. The unchristened hull was completed in 1956 as the roll-on/roll-off ship SS *Carib Queen*. In 1958 the Maritime Administration took over the vessel. She was assigned to MSTS in 1959, and renamed `{{USNS|Taurus|T-AK-273}}`{=mediawiki}. Never commissioned, *Taurus* went out of service in 1968. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1971.
- was a `{{sclass|Thomaston|dock landing ship|2}}`{=mediawiki}, which was launched in 1954. Her name was struck in 1992
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# El Tiempo (Colombia)
***El Tiempo*** (*\"Time\" or \"The Times\"*) is a nationally distributed broadsheet daily newspaper in Colombia launched on January 30, 1911. `{{As of|2019}}`{=mediawiki}, *El Tiempo* had the highest circulation in Colombia with an average daily weekday of 1,137,483 readers, rising to 1,921,571 readers for the Sunday edition.
From 1913 to 2007, *El Tiempo*\'s main shareholders were members of the Santos family. Several also participated in Colombian politics: Eduardo Santos Montejo was President of Colombia from 1938 to 1942. Francisco Santos Calderón served as Vice-President (2002--2010). And Juan Manuel Santos as Defense Minister (2006--2009) during Álvaro Uribe\'s administration; Juan Manuel was elected president of Colombia in 2010 and served in that position until 2018.
In 2007, Spanish Grupo Planeta acquired 55% of the *Casa Editorial El Tiempo* media group, including the newspaper and its associated TV channel Citytv Bogotá. In 2012, businessman Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo bought the shares of Planeta, the Santos family and other small shareholders, becoming the only owner of the newspaper. *El Tiempo* is considered a newspaper of record for Colombia.
## History
The newspaper was founded in 1911 by Alfonso Villegas Restrepo. In 1913 it was purchased by his brother-in-law, Eduardo Santos Montejo. From then until 2007, *El Tiempo*\'s main shareholders were members of the Santos family, as part of the media conglomerate Casa Editorial El Tiempo. In 2007, the Spanish Grupo Planeta obtained majority ownership of the daily, but in 2012 sold majority ownership to Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo who now owns 86% of *El Tiempo*.
Between 2001 and 2008, when *El Espectador* was published as a weekly newspaper, *El Tiempo* was Colombia\'s only national daily newspaper.
*El Tiempo* is considered a newspaper of record for Colombia.
## Distribution
*El Tiempo* is published in six regional editions:
- Bogotá
- Caribe (Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Sincelejo, Riohacha and Valledupar)
- Medellín
- Café (Pereira, Manizales, Armenia)
- Cali (Cali, Popayán, Pasto)
- Region, for the remainder of the country.
On Sundays there are special sections. For about 3 years it published every Sunday a special section with a weekly selection of articles from *The New York Times*, translated into Spanish and using the same pictures. This section was dropped in January 2008 and since August 2008 it has been published by rival newspaper *El Espectador*.
*El Tiempo* is part of Grupo de Diarios América (America Newspaper Group), an organization of eleven leading newspapers from eleven Latin American countries.
## El Tiempo Building {#el_tiempo_building}
The El Tiempo building was initially located on the southeastern corner of Carrera Séptima and Avenida Jiménez in Bogotá, Colombia. It was designed by architect Bruno Violi and inaugurated in 1961 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the newspaper. It housed the offices of the television channel Citytv until April 9, 2008, when it moved to Av. 26 #68B - 70. Since 2020, it belongs to the University of the Rosary.
In 2021 the building was purchased by the Universidad del Rosario.
The building has an L-shaped floor plan. Its facade is divided into three parts, with the lowest section housing the entrance lobby. The second section is the main one, featuring a large surface area with rectangular openings for the windows and vertical and horizontal elements made of Bogotá stone. The third and final section contained a sunroom, which was later converted into office space
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# Rudaba
**Rudāba** or **Rudābeh** (*رودابه* `{{IPA|fa|ruːdɒːˈbe|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Persian mythological female figure in Ferdowsi\'s epic Shahnameh. She is the princess of Kabul, daughter of Mehrab Kaboli and Sindukht, and later she becomes married to Zal, as they become lovers. They had two children, including Rostam, the main hero of the Shahnameh.
## Etymology
The word *Rudābeh* consists of two sections. \"*Rud*\" and \"*āb*\", \"*Rud*\" means *child* and \"*āb*\" means *shining*, therefore means *shining child* (according to Dehkhoda Dictionary).
## Marriage to Zal {#marriage_to_zal}
The Shahnama describes Rudaba with these words:
: About her silvern shoulders two musky black tresses curl, encircling them with their ends as though they were links in a chain.
: Her mouth resembles a pomegranate blossom, her lips are cherries and her silver bosom curves out into breasts like pomegranates.
: Her eyes are like the narcissus in the garden and her lashes draw their blackness from the raven\'s wing.
: Her eyebrows are modelled on the bows of Teraz powdered with fine bark and elegantly musk tinted.
: If you seek a brilliant moon, it is her face; if you long for the perfume of musk, it lingers in her tresses
: From top to toe she is Paradise gilded; all radiance, harmony and delectation.
: (Shahnama 1:21-3)
It was this description and Rudaba\'s physical beauty that initially attracted Zal. Rudaba also consulted her ladies-in-waiting about Zal. Zal came to the walls of Rudaba\'s palace where Rudaba let down her tresses to Zal as a rope. Zal declined the assistance and he immediately climbed his own prepared rope from base to summit. Rudaba seated Zal on the roof and they both talked to each other for a long time.
Zal, consulted his advisors over Rudaba. They at last advised him to write a full account of the circumstances to his father, Sam. Sam and the Mubeds, knowing that Rudaba\'s father, chief of Kabul, was Babylonian from the family of Zahhak, did not approve of the marriage. Zal reminded his father of the oath he had made to fulfill all his wishes.
Finally, the ruler referred the question to astrologers, to discover whether the marriage between Zal and Rudaba would be prosperous or not and he was informed that a child of Zal and Rudabeh would be the conqueror of the world. When Zal arrived at the court of Manuchihr, he was received with honour, and having read the letter of Sam, the Shah approved of the marriage.
The marriage took place in Kabul, where Zal and Rudaba first met each other.
## Motherhood
In Persian mythology, Rudabeh\'s labor of Rostam was prolonged due to the extraordinary size of her baby. Zal was certain that his wife would die in labor. Rudabeh was near death when at last Zal recollected the feather of the Simurgh, and followed the instructions which he had received, by placing it on the sacred fire. The Simurgh appeared and instructed him upon how to perform a caesarean section (*rostamzad*), thus saving Rudabeh and the child, who later on became one of the greatest Persian heroes.
## Family tree {#family_tree}
## Legacy
An English translation of the story exists in *The story-book of the Shah; or, Legends of old Persia*, in prose format.
Scholarship points that the love story of Zal and princess Rudabah is related to an Afghan folktale tale named *The Romance of Mongol Girl and Arab Boy*.
It has been noted by folktale collectors that Rudabah\'s long hair and the climbing incident are very reminiscent of the German story of Rapunzel
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# Key Largo (board game)
***Key Largo*** is a German-style board game designed by Paul Randles with Mike Selinker and Bruno Faidutti. It was published in 2005 by Tilsit Editions and in 2008 by Paizo Publishing. The game takes place in 1899 in the Key Largo area of Florida, where treasure-hunting companies seek gold and artifacts from shipwrecks before the hurricane season. The players hire divers, buy equipment, and search wrecks throughout the game. The game has a simultaneous action sequence which lets players choose locations for their ships to go twice per day, in the course of a ten-day game sequence.
Though not published by the same companies, in many ways it is a thematic sequel to Randles\' game *Pirate\'s Cove*.
The cover of the French edition, by artist David Cochard, is a parody of an illustration in *The Adventures of Tintin* comic *Red Rackham\'s Treasure*. Hurricane Katty is named for Randles\' widow, Katty Pepermans. The faces on the money are caricatures of Randles, Faidutti, Selinker, Cochard, and game editor Nicolas Anton
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# While America Sleeps
***While America Sleeps: Self-Delusion, Military Weakness, and the Threat to Peace Today*** is a book by Donald Kagan and Frederick Kagan, published September 2000. They argue for a policy of strengthening U.S. defense and a willingness to use force. Michael Lind has argued that the book contributed to neoconservative thought in U.S. foreign policy.[1](http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040223/lind)
## Title
Two similarly titled works were published around the time of World War II: *While England Slept* (1938), by future British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and *Why England Slept* (1940), by future U.S. President John F. Kennedy, at the time a Harvard University undergraduate student
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# 784th Tank Battalion (United States)
The **784th Tank Battalion**, was a United States Army segregated combat independent tank battalion during World War II.
It was originally attached to the 5th US Tank Group that was based in Camp Claiborne, Louisiana during World War II. The 5th Tank Group also included the 758th Tank Battalion, which saw action in Italy under the 92nd Division, and the most famous, the 761st Tank Battalion, which saw action in Northern Europe and saw extensive action during the Battle of the Bulge. These three units were composed of African American personnel with African American junior officers and white senior officers.
The 784th went into action late December 1944. Landing in France on Christmas Day 1944, the battalion consisted of six companies: A (Able), B (Baker), C (Charlie), D (Dog), Headquarters and Service Company. A, B and C Companies had M4 and M4A3 Medium Tanks while D company had M5A1 Stuart Light Tanks. Headquarters Company had a 105 mm assault platoon, a reconnaissance platoon and 81 mm mortar platoon.
On 31 December 1944, the 784th began official combat operations with the 104th Infantry Division. They participated in actions along the Roer River. On 3 February 1945, the 784th was released from duty with the 104th Division to the 35th Infantry Division. On 8 February 1945, the 784th joined the 35th Division in a major offensive. On 26 February 1945, Able Company of the 784th assisted elements of the 134th Infantry Regiment from the 35th Infantry Division in capturing the town of Hilfarth across the Roer River. The next day they captured the town of Wassenberg. Baker Company along with the 137th Regiment (35th Div) took Golkrath, a village at Erkelenz
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# Moody Currier
**Moody Currier** (April 22, 1806 -- August 23, 1898) was an American lawyer, banker, patron of the arts, and Republican politician from Manchester, New Hampshire.
Moody Currier (Jr.) was born in Boscawen, New Hampshire, the son of Rhoda Putney, who was unmarried at his birth. His father was Moody Currier (Sr.) and was never reported to have been involved in his life. Moody Currier Sr. was the son of Dr. John Currier.
Currier married three times: first to Lucretia C. Dustin, then to Mary W. Kidder, and thirdly to Hannah A. Slade.
Currier was the owner and editor of the *Manchester Democrat* newspaper.
Currier ran unsuccessfully in the 1848 Manchester, New Hampshire, mayoral elections.
In 1856 to 1857 Currier served in the New Hampshire State Senate serving as President of the Senate in 1857. From 1860 to 1861 Currier was on the Governor\'s Council. Currier served as a fellow at Bates College from 1882 to 1889. He was the 40th governor of New Hampshire from 1885 to 1887.
Manchester\'s Currier Museum of Art is named after him and was founded based on a bequest in his will and the accompanying efforts of his third wife, Hannah Slade Currier.
Currier died in Manchester in 1898 and is buried in Valley Cemetery in Manchester, New Hampshire
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# Maura Clarke
**Maura Clarke**, MM (January 13, 1931 -- December 2, 1980), was an American Maryknoll Sister who served as a missionary in Nicaragua and El Salvador. She worked with the poor and refugees in Central America from 1959 until her murder in 1980. On December 2, 1980, she was beaten, raped, and murdered along with three fellow missionaries --- Ita Ford, Dorothy Kazel and Jean Donovan --- by members of the military of El Salvador.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Mary Elizabeth Clarke was born in Fordham Hospital to Irish Catholic immigrant parents John and Mary Clarke. Her father was a member of the Irish Republic Army, which inspired her from a young age to fight oppression. At age two, Clarke, her parents, and newborn brother moved to Rockaway, Queens. There, Clarke grew up in majority-Catholic neighborhoods, moving frequently as landlords raised rent prices in the summer. She attended the schools of St. Camillus, St. Francis de Sales School in Belle Harbor, and Stella Maris. After graduating from Stella Maris, she took classes at St. Francis College.
Clarke became interested in missionary work as a teenager, in part excited by the idea of travel and adventure. While at Stella Maris, she joined the school\'s Catholic Students\' Mission Crusade.
## Maryknoll work {#maryknoll_work}
In 1950, at age 19, Clarke decided to join the Maryknoll Sisters. She became a postulant on September 6, 1950. Clarke initially struggled as a postulant, desiring to serve a community rather than follow monastic rules. As a novitiate, she studied education at the Maryknoll Teachers College. She took her first vows in 1953. After graduating from Maryknoll Teachers College in 1954, she taught in the Bronx.
In 1959, Clarke was assigned to Siuna, a remote location on Nicaragua\'s Atlantic coast. There, she assisted in running the local church, hospital, and school. In 1962, Clarke became sister superior of the mission in Siuna. That year also marked the end of the Second Vatican Council, which shifted the Maryknoll sisters work from simple charity work to community organizing. Clarke was in favor of the shift, and encouraged the increasing engagement with the communities the sisters served. In 1970, Clarke began working in Managua, becoming involved in the protests being organized in the city\'s slums. She provided support to student protesters and hunger strikers, among others. In 1972, after a devastating earthquake hit the country, Clarke supported refugees in protesting for better living conditions within refugee camps. She participated in the \"occupation of the Nicaraguan consulate to the United Nations\". For Clarke, liberation theology had merged the political and religious.
Clarke returned to the United States in 1976, where she served on a Maryknoll Sisters World Awareness Team, educating other nuns on the political landscape in Nicaragua and the U.S.\'s involvement with the Nicaraguan government and its crimes. After three years in the U.S., Clarke returned to Nicaragua in 1980. With the Nicaraguan Somoza regime fully removed from power, Clarke decided to move on to another country rather than to continue to work in Nicaragua, noting \"we've won here. They still haven't won in El Salvador\".
Clarke came to El Salvador in August 1980, first working in Santa Ana. Her work in El Salvador was influenced by Archbishop Oscar Romero, assassinated earlier that year, who asked that nuns join the struggle of parishioners against dictatorial regimes. After her first few weeks in the country, she joined Ita Ford in working in the northern mountains of Chalatenango, at that point the \"frontlines of the war\". Her early work in leading prayer meetings evolved to work in distributing food and supplies to farmers and peasants. She also worked to help targeted individuals flee to the cities and to file records on human rights violations.
In November 1980, Clarke returned briefly to Nicaragua for a Maryknoll meeting. There, in light of worsening conditions in El Salvador, Maryknoll began to discuss evacuating Clarke and fellow missionaries Ita Ford, Dorothy Kazel, and Jean Donovan; all four refused.
## Murder
In early December 1980, Clarke and Ita Ford returned to El Salvador from Nicaragua, where they had been attending a Maryknoll meeting. Dorothy Kazel, and Jean Donovan met the two at the airport. On December 2, while returning from the airport, the four were attacked by the military.
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# Maura Clarke
## Legacy
A mass is held in Rockaway annually in honor of Clarke. In St. Francis de Sales Church, stained glass windows depicting Clarke were installed
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# 2004 Rugby Borough Council election
**Elections to Rugby Borough Council** were held on 10 June 2004. One third of the council seats were up for election and the council stayed under no overall control. The number of councillors for each party after the election were Conservative 21, Labour 14, Liberal Democrat 10 and Independent 3
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# Pasila
**Pasila** (`{{IPA|fi|ˈpɑsilɑ|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; *Böle*, `{{IPA|sv-FI|ˈbøːˌle|lang}}`{=mediawiki}) is a part of Helsinki, Finland, that is both a central-northern neighbourhood and district, bordering the areas of Alppila to the south, the Central Park (Keskuspuisto) to the west, and Vallila to the east.
Pasila is a major transportation hub. At its heart is the Pasila railway station, the second busiest station in Finland. The station serves about 130,000 people per day via 900 trains, 400 trams and 850 buses.
## Central Pasila {#central_pasila}
The eastern and western parts of Pasila were formerly separated by a large railroad classification yard before the development of Central Pasila (*Keski-Pasila*), beginning in 2014. Central Pasila is currently home to the major sports and music venue Helsinki Halli and the Tripla complex, which includes a hotel of about 430 rooms, 50,000 square metres of office space (including the headquarters of telecom operator Telia Finland), about 400 residential flats and the largest commercial center in the Nordic countries with 250 shops.
There are several projects under construction or planning near the railway station. In connection with Tripla, several Trigoni skyscrapers are planned, the tallest of which, about 180 meters high from the top of the building, will be visible, in good weather, all the way to the Estonian coast.
## West
Western Pasila (*Länsi-Pasila*) was built during the 1980s. It is a mainly residential area with approximately 4,500 inhabitants. The apartment buildings in Western Pasila are skinned with red bricks. The Finnish national broadcasting company Yle as well as the commercial MTV3 have their main premises in the northern end of the area. Helsinki\'s main police station is also located in Western Pasila.
Before the 1970s, Pasila was home to dilapidated wooden houses and was known for cheap rent and crime. It was then known simply as Wooden Pasila (*Puu-Pasila*). Today only a few of the old wooden structures exist.
## East
Eastern Pasila (*Itä-Pasila*) is a highly mixed-use area of offices, flats and commercial spaces, built in the 1970s and 1980s. In terms of urban planning the most distinct feature of the area is its pedestrian-friendly design, based around a raised, pedestrian-only podium that connects to all buildings. Master planning of the area was led by Reijo Jallinoja and was based on his 1967 thesis work. The area is home to about 5,000 residents and 11,000 workplaces. Notable institutions include Helsinki Business College, Haaga--Helia University of Applied Sciences, the Helsinki City Theatre company, the main library of the city and Finland\'s largest convention center, Messukeskus. The area is a telecom and media center of national significance with the headquarters of telecom operator Elisa and a major presence of telecom operator DNA, who also own the TV studios at the Asemapäällikönhovi building, operated by Streamteam Nordic. The area is home to Helsinki\'s most vibrant street-art scene as well as the *Helsinki Urban Art* center, the international hub for street art in Finland.
## North
Northern Pasila (*Pohjois-Pasila*) is mainly known for Ilmala depot and a 2010s residential area called Postipuisto
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# Harry Chapman (footballer, born 1880)
**Henry Chapman** (23 February 1880 -- 29 April 1916) was an English footballer, who played for Sheffield Wednesday in the early 20th century. He was a forward, playing in the inside right position.
He was the brother of Herbert Chapman, the manager of both Huddersfield Town and Arsenal, and Thomas Chapman, who played for Grimsby Town. He began his career playing for a local side in Kiveton Park before joining Worksop Town. In 1900 he was given a trial with Sheffield Wednesday and was signed by them, making his debut in 1--1 draw against Blackburn Rovers on a 23 February 1901. Although Herbert went on to become a great manager, Harry was by far the better player, and put in a man of the match performance in the 1907 FA Cup Final, which saw Sheffield Wednesday lift the trophy for the second time. He joined Hull City A.F.C. at the end of the 1910--11 season.
After retiring from playing, he had a stint as Hull City manager between April 1913 and September 1914; the club finished seventh in Division Two in 1913--14. He died of tuberculosis at the age of 36, in 1916
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# Temperateness (virology)
In virology, **temperate** refers to the ability of some bacteriophages (notably coliphage λ) to display a lysogenic life cycle. Many (but not all) temperate phages can integrate their genomes into their host bacterium\'s chromosome, together becoming a lysogen as the phage genome becomes a prophage. A temperate phage is also able to undergo a productive, typically lytic life cycle, where the prophage is expressed, replicates the phage genome, and produces phage progeny, which then leave the bacterium. With phage the term virulent is often used as an antonym to temperate, but more strictly a virulent phage is one that has lost its ability to display lysogeny through mutation rather than a phage lineage with no genetic potential to ever display lysogeny (which more properly would be described as an obligately lytic phage).
## Induction of the lytic cycle {#induction_of_the_lytic_cycle}
At some point, temperate bacteriophages switch from the lysogenic life cycle to the lytic life cycle. This conversion may happen spontaneously, although at very low frequencies (λ displays spontaneous conversion of 10^−8^ to 10^−5^ per cell). In the majority of observed switch events, stressors - such as the cell\'s SOS response (due to DNA damage) or a change in nutrients - induces the switch.
## Lysogenic and lytic cycles {#lysogenic_and_lytic_cycles}
Temperate phages can switch between a lytic and lysogenic life cycle. Lytic is more drastic, killing the host whereas lysogenic impacts host cells genetically or physiologically. Here is a chart on temperate phages that are lytic and lysogenic and how they\'re related. Lysogeny is characterized by the integration of the phage genome in the host genome.
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Host | Temperate Phages |
+===========================+==========================================+
| *Escherichia coli* | E
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# Ita Ford
**Ita Ford**, M.M. (April 23, 1940 -- December 2, 1980) was an American Maryknoll Sister who served as a missionary in Bolivia, Chile and El Salvador. She worked with the poor and war refugees. On December 2, 1980, she was beaten, raped, and murdered along with three fellow missionaries --- Dorothy Kazel, Maura Clarke and Jean Donovan --- by members of the military of El Salvador.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Born in Brooklyn, New York, on April 23, 1940, Ford was the daughter of William Patrick Ford, an insurance man who took early retirement due to tuberculosis, and Mildred Teresa O\'Beirne Ford, a public-school teacher. She had an older brother, William P. Ford (1936--2008) and a younger sister, Irene. The family lived in Brooklyn. William Patrick Ford was related to Austin B. Ford, whose son, Francis Xavier Ford (1892--1952), was the first seminarian to apply to the newly established Maryknoll Fathers in 1911 and, after being ordained as a missionary in 1917, went to China, where he became a bishop and a martyr. He died in a Communist prison camp there in 1952, when his young \"cousin\" Ita was twelve.
Although her mother taught in the public school system, Ita Ford was educated in parochial schools, beginning at age five in the Visitation Academy in Bay Ridge, run by the Visitation Sisters, a semi-cloistered order. She attended Fontbonne Hall Academy, a high school operated by the Sisters of St. Joseph, where she worked on the school newspaper. Finally, from 1957 to 1961, she attended Marymount Manhattan College, founded by the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary. (Marymount Manhattan split from its mother school, Marymount College, in 1961). Following in her relative the Bishop\'s footsteps, Ford had confided in a high school friend at the age of fifteen that she not only wanted to be a nun, she specifically felt called to be a Maryknoll missionary sister. Even before her college graduation in 1966, Ford had a vocational counselor advising her about her fitness for Maryknoll. She entered the Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic at the age of twenty-one. Entering religious life had been difficult, she described it as lonely in an inner sense. Three years later, out of concern for her personal health, she had to leave the formation program.
After working seven years as an editor at Sadlier Publishers, Ford reapplied and was again accepted by the Maryknoll Sisters in 1971. After serving briefly in Bolivia in 1972, she moved to Chile a short time before the military coup, during a time of chaos, there on September 11, 1973. Ford lived in a poor shantytown with Sister Carla Piette, M.M., in Santiago, where they ministered to the needs of the people, especially those who lived in poverty. Her time in Chile had a big effect on her. It was here that she learned what was expected of her in helping the poor.
After spending a required \"reflection year\" in the United States, 1978--1979, before taking permanent religious vows in March 1980, Ford moved with Piette from Chile to El Salvador, arriving the day of Óscar Romero\'s funeral. In June of that year, they began working with the Emergency Refugee Committee in Chalatenango. In this mission, Ford worked with the poor and war victims, providing food, shelter, transportation and burial.
Ita and sister Carol knew the dangers they were putting themselves in by feeding the homeless in an oppressive society. Even with that knowledge Ita continued to help feed the homeless.
After the death of Sister Carol in a flash flood on August 23, 1980---a flood which nearly cost Ford her own life, saved only by Piette\'s help in pushing her from the overwhelmed vehicle. The death of Carol had a lasting impact on Ita. She wondered why she had lived when her friend had not. Ford was joined on the mission by Maura Clarke, a Maryknoll sister who was already in El Salvador in contemplation of a mission assignment. Altogether, Piette and Ford had worked together in Chile and El Salvador for seven years, until their deaths barely three months apart on December 2, 1980
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# Medeu
The **Medeu** (*Медеу*, *Medeu*) is an outdoor speed skating and bandy rink. It is located in a mountain valley (Medeu Valley, or the valley of Malaya Almatinka River) on the south-eastern outskirts of Almaty, Kazakhstan. Medeu sits 1,691 metres above sea level. It consists of 10.5 thousand square meters of ice and utilizes a sophisticated freezing and watering system to ensure the quality of the ice.
## History
The Medeu is a high-altitude sports complex near Almaty, located at an altitude of 1,691 meters above sea level. It is considered to be the world\'s largest high-mountain skating rink. The skating rink was named after the Maloalmatinsky volost Medeu Pusurmanov. He built three wooden huts for the wintering of his family there, and began the development of the tract in the foothills of the Zailiysky Alatau. Medeu became a well-known entrepreneur, patron of educational institutions, and participated in the planting of the city.`{{fact|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
In 1930, a sanatorium was opened in the area named \"MDO\" (Local holiday home). Construction of the skating rink began in the fall of 1949, and the first competition took place at the stadium on 4 February 1951. The capital of the Kazakh SSR was responsible for building the new skating rink. The complex was meant to prepare athletes for competitions in the highlands. The site was chosen by a special commission from Moscow. The construction of the Medeu rink involved over 1,300 workers.`{{fact|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
On the opening day of the skating rink (5 February 1951), it established two world and six all-Union records. During the opening ceremony, a traditional parade of athletes was held, honoring the veteran skaters. For the following 17 seasons, 47 world records were established on the ice rink. The level of solar radiation in the area, as well as low pressure and a weak wind were thought to be key aspects in numerous world records being broken at the complex. Also, the ice used on the skating rink was thought to be an important factor as it was composed of water from Malya Almatinka (providing high sliding speeds).`{{fact|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
In 1972, the Medeu started its own system of artificial ice. This was carried out by a team of Soviet engineers (and remains until the present). The site\'s artificial ice covers the entire site (a total of 10.5 thousand square meters). The Ministry of Highways renovated and asphalted the road from Abai Avenue to the Medeu, building two bridges through Malaya Almatinka. The Medeu eventually evolved from a sports facility into a major recreation space.
In the stands, the complex seated 10.5 thousand people. The complex also included cloakrooms, buffets designed for 500 people, a hotel for athletes, a bottling room, a room with a film projector, rooms for judges, a press center, a bathhouse and rental points for skates. In 1974, Medeu hosted the European Speed Skating Championships in its arena. In the second half of the 80s, it was closed for reconstruction, stretching for seven years.
### Reconstruction
From September 2001 to December 2002, a reconstruction of the Medeu was carried out. During this time a new refrigerating plant was installed by the Finnish company BG International. This involved 140 km of pipelines, and filling a new concrete foundation in the field. The main part of engineering systems was replaced, a new refrigerating station was installed Builders also increased the comfort of the stands, reducing their capacity to 8100 people.
The Medeu was fully renovated in 2011 for the Asian Winter Games, and became a major training base for the ice skaters of the USSR. Over 200 speed world records were set there in numerous sports, including speed skating and others. Medeu remains an important centre for the training of winter sports athletes from Kazakhstan and other regions. Over 120 World Records have been documented there in numerous sports, including speed skating and others. In 1972, the rink made a transition from natural ice rink to artificial ice rink.
The other main attraction at Medeu is the dam across the valley. The Medeu Dam, built in the late 1960s, is located south of the skating rink. The dam has 3 successive altitude levels. Special water reservoir allows holding of approximately 6 million cubic meters of water. Stairs consisting of 842 steps were built to access the dam. It dam was built to protect Almaty from potentially stone and mudflows precipitated by rains and thawing of snow. The dam was called into action in 1973, when some 4.5 million cubic metres of water and debris, flooding down the gorge, were stopped short here.
### 2011 Winter Asian Games {#winter_asian_games}
On 4 March 2006, Kazakhstan received the right to host the 2011 Asian Games. The Winter Asian Games were the largest scale competition ever to take place in Kazakhstan, and took place from 30 January until 6 February (2006). While a large portion of the events took place in Astana, Almaty hosted a number of the events, including ski jumping, cross-country skiing, and others. Medeu was set to host bandy.
As a result, in 2009 the Medeu stadium was renovated, reopening on 16 December after undergoing 19.4 billion tenge (US\$131.8 million) in construction costs.
The Medeu stadium and ski resort Shymbulak underwent major reconstruction during the preparations for 2011 Asian Winter Games. Most of their engineering and technical systems were replaced. It also incorporated a new refrigeration station for cooling the ice. It established a new multimedia display area of 200 m^2^. Capacity of spectator stands increased to 8500 seats.
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# Medeu
## History
### 2012 Bandy World Championship {#bandy_world_championship}
From 29 January to 5 February 2012, the XXXII Bandy World Championship took place at the Medeu. The right to host the WCS was given to Kazakhstan on 28 January 2011 at the congress of the Federation of International Bandy (held in Kazan). Fourteen teams attended the world championship. In the final game, the Russian team lost to the Swedish team (4:5). The Kazakh team won the third place by defeating the Finnish team (10:5).
### Current use {#current_use}
Medeu maintains its status as one of the best-known tourist locations in Kazakhstan. The stadium is open to the public all year round, allowing visitors to skate at high altitude day or night. During night hours, skaters can enjoy music and lights in the stadium either from the ice, or from VIP boxes available for rent.
The Medeu stadium and Dam also remain the location for Almaty\'s International Medeu-marathon. During this event, competitors run up from the city o this well-known location, climbing almost 1000 vertical meters before returning to Almaty to finish.
The 2017 Winter Universiade took place in Almaty; for which Medeu was used for speed skating.
On 1 June 2022, Medeu opened its summer roller skating season. The stadium switched to a year-round format. 450 square meters were allocated for an indoor ice court, the rest of the space was taken by a rollerdrome. The team of street art artists \"Repas\" realized an ambitious art project by creating in the center of the arena the biggest in Central Asia horizontal graffiti with an area of 4,000 square meters. On the south bend there is a photo-zone dedicated to the history of the stadium. Its main characters are the people who made Medeu a reality. Here you can find images of Kudryavtsev, Kunayev, and Pusurmanov.
## Competitions and significant events at Medeu HMSC {#competitions_and_significant_events_at_medeu_hmsc}
- 1974 - The Fifth European Championship in speed skating among women.
- 1977 - USSR Hockey Championship - winner \"Dynamo\" (Alma-Ata).
- 1977 - European Champions Cup in bandy - winner \"Dynamo\" (Alma-Ata).
- 1982 - Festival of song, dance and sports on the 250th anniversary of the accession of Kazakhstan to Russia.
- 1984 - The Ninth European Championship in speed skating among women.
- 1988 - 81st World Championship in speed skating in classical all-round events (men).
- 1989 - The final of the Individual World Championships in Motorcycling on Ice.
- 1990 - The final of the World Team Championship in motorcycling on ice.
- 1990 - The USSR Hockey Championship - the winner of \"Dynamo\" (Alma-Ata).
- 1990 to 2004 - Annual summer pop competition \"Asia Dauysy\".
- 2011 - Asian Winter Games 2011, bandy competitions were held under the program of the VII Winter Asian games (the final of Kazakhstan - Mongolia was attended by former President Nursultan Nazarbayev).
- 2012 - The 32nd World Bandy Championship, the winners - Sweden, Russia, Kazakhstan.
- 2014 (18--21 December) - World University Speed Skating Championships.
- 2017 - Winter Universiade 2017.
- 2020 - USSR Hockey Legends match against Kazakhstan Hockey Veterans.
- 2020 - Ice Speedway World Championship Finals.
- 2021 - Kazakhstan Speed Skating Cup.
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# Medeu
## Tourism
There are several hiking trails that originate from the Medeu main bus stop. There is access to the Shymbulak Skiing resort from the Medeu cable car station. This involves a 15--20 minute scenic ride above the area\'s mountain tops and rivers. Kimassar trail is a 2 hour hike to the top of Furmanov Peak, where hikers have access to swinging on iconic wooden swings. Kok-Zhailyau trail is a 3 hour hike, and leads to hot springs with thermal water (the place is equipped with changing booths, tiny thermal water pool and outdoors gym). Shymbulak trail is a 2 hour hike, and leads to Shymbulak Skiing resort.
From 14 October 2021, on the territory of the complex there is a parking lot for public electric transport, for the carriage of passengers along the route \"Medeo-Shymbulak\".
## Gallery
<File:Медео> 1982 .jpg <File:Высокогорный> спортивный комплекс Медеу. Вид с плотины.jpg <File:Universiade> 2017. Speed Skating. KOR - RUS 2
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# Craig Evans (Zimbabwean sportsman)
**Craig Neil Evans** (born 29 November 1969) is a Zimbabwean cricketer.
## Cricket
Evans played in three Tests, against Sri Lanka, India and Australia, but was considered as a specialist at the one-day game. He appeared in the 1996 Cricket World Cup, with his highest international score 96 not out against Sri Lanka at SSC, Colombo in the Singer World Series in 1996.
In February 2020, he was named in Zimbabwe\'s squad for the Over-50s Cricket World Cup in South Africa. However, the tournament was cancelled during the third round of matches due to the coronavirus pandemic
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# Jean Donovan
**Jean Marie Donovan** (April 10, 1953 -- December 2, 1980) was an American lay missionary who was beaten, raped, and murdered along with three fellow missionaries---Ita Ford, Maura Clarke and Dorothy Kazel---by members of the military of El Salvador in 1980.
## Early life {#early_life}
Jean Donovan was born to Patricia and Raymond Donovan, who raised her in an upper middle-class home in Westport, Connecticut. She had an older brother, Michael. She attended Mary Washington College in Virginia (now the University of Mary Washington), and spent a year as an exchange student in Ireland at University College Cork, deepening her Catholic faith through her contact with a priest there who had been a missionary in Peru.
Upon the completion of her master\'s degree in business from Case Western Reserve University, she accepted a position as a management consultant for the Cleveland branch of the nationwide accounting firm, Arthur Andersen.
Donovan was engaged to a young physician, Douglas Cable, and felt a strong call to motherhood as well as her call to do mission work: \"I sit there and talk to God and say \'Why are you doing this to me? Why can\'t I just be your little suburban housewife?\'
While volunteering in the Cleveland Diocese Youth Ministry with the poor, she decided to join the Diocesan Mission Project in El Salvador. She was accepted into and completed the lay-missionary training course at Maryknoll in New York State.
Donovan traveled to El Salvador in July 1977, where she worked as a lay missioner in La Libertad, along with Dorothy Kazel, an Ursuline nun. The pair worked in the parish of the Church of the Immaculate Conception in La Libertad, providing help to refugees of the Salvadoran Civil War and the poor. They provided shelter, food, transportation to medical care, and they buried the bodies of the dead left behind by the death squads.
Donovan was a follower of Archbishop Óscar Romero, and often went to his cathedral, the Catedral Metropolitana de San Salvador, to hear him preach. After his assassination on March 24, 1980, about eight months before their own murders, she and Sister Dorothy Kazel stood beside his coffin during the night-long vigil of his wake.
In the weeks before she died, Donovan wrote a friend: `{{blockquote|The [[Peace Corps]] left today and my heart sank low. The danger is extreme and they were right to leave. ... Now I must assess my own position, because I am not up for suicide. Several times I have decided to leave El Salvador. I almost could, except for the children, the poor, bruised victims of this insanity. Who would care for them? Whose heart could be so staunch as to favor the reasonable thing in a sea of their tears and loneliness? Not mine, dear friend, not mine.}}`{=mediawiki}
## Murder
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# Jean Donovan
## Legacy
Jean Donovan has been portrayed multiple times in fictional media, most notably in the 1986 American war drama film *Salvador* by actress Cynthia Gibb, and in the 1983 American made-for-television drama film *Choices of the Heart*, where she is portrayed by actress Melissa Gilbert.
In 2018, Paul Baumann of *LaCroix International* revealed that he had recently discovered that he had been Jean Donovan\'s classmate in high school, and he shared that while he had no memory of her personally, upon looking into the old history of his school he was surprised to find that Donovan had been in numerous sports teams, extracurricular activities, Girl Scouts, an equestrian club and volunteer work; Baumann also noted that she had a bronze memorial that he had come upon at his childhood church, the Church of the Assumption in Westport, Connecticut, and that a documentary film had been made of her life that he had recently seen.
The Ignatian Center for Jesuit Education offers the Jean Donovan Fellowship, a financial award of US\$3,000 \"in grant funding to recipients who work a minimum of 35-40 hours/week with a non-profit organization.\" According to Ignatian Center, speaking on Donovan\'s character, \"Jean Donovan \[was\] an American woman who lived, worked, and died in solidarity with the impoverished and oppressed of El Salvador in the 1980s.\" Jesuits have regularly made note of Jean Donovan\'s legacy since her death, noting particularly her inspiration to Christian youth and her devotion to helping people in struggling nations. Friar Liam Power of The Association of Catholic Priests, in 2020, released a sermon titled \"'They Don't Shoot Blond, Blue-Eyed Americans':Remembering Jean Donovan on the 40th Anniversary of her Martyrdom.\" The sermon described the Friar\'s own personal friendship with Donovan, and the horror he had felt upon knowing what had happened to her, but ended on a positive note, as he stated, \"her \[Donovan\'s\] death was not in vain. Her martyrdom has profoundly influenced my own ministry, awakening me to the intrinsic connection between the struggle for justice and the mission of the Church. She has inspired countless young Christian missionaries and activists who support the struggle for justice in third world countries. The murders of Jean and of her three companions jolted the American public and led to strong debate about foreign policy in Central America and government support for repressive regimes.\" The sermon was later published in full English text for free on the website for The Association of Catholic Priests. Margaret Swedish, writing for *America: The Jesuit Review* in 2020, described Donovan as having \"a big heart and a yearning for meaning in her life beyond the privilege in which she had been raised.\"
In 2022, Maryknoll Lay Missioners published a blog post to their official website discussing Donovan\'s charity work and her legacy, stating, \"Jean was only 27 years old when she was murdered, but her legacy has continued for over 40 years in the lives and witnesses of the Maryknoll lay missioners who are either currently serving similar populations \[to the El Salvadorians\] in need, or have returned after a period of mission.\" They noted that Jean\'s time in El Salvador had been chaotic, but that she wanted to stay for the sake of helping children, quoting her as writing in a letter home to her friend, \"Who would care for them \[the children\]? Whose heart would be so staunch as to favor the reasonable thing in a sea of their tears and helplessness? Not mine, dear friend, not mine.\" Maryknoll Lay Missioners also shared that Donovan had acquired a beloved nickname from the local farmers in El Salvador: \"St. Jean the Playful\", an affectionate moniker to reference Donovan\'s love for children
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# James Browne (Indian Army officer)
Major-General **Sir James Browne** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|CB}}`{=mediawiki} (16 September 1839 -- 13 June 1896), known as \"**Buster Browne**\", was a British military engineer and administrator in British India.
## Early life {#early_life}
Browne was born in France, the son of Dr Robert Browne, a physician of Falkirk, Scotland. His father had practised medicine in Calcutta in the 1820s and 1830s, and there met his wife, who was the daughter of his patient, a Dutch merchant whose own English wife had recently died.
He was educated in France and Germany and at Cheltenham College. He entered the East India Company\'s Military College at Addiscombe in February 1856, and received a commission in the Bengal Engineers on 11 December 1857. He arrived in India in December 1859.
## Career
He served in the expedition against the Mahsud Waziris in 1860, being mentioned in dispatches, and in 1863 in the Ambela Campaign, when he was three times mentioned. During the Ambela Campaign he was frequently employed as an interpreter, having become the first officer to pass examinations in Pashtoo.
After the Campaign and until 1865, Browne became Executive Engineer of the Kohat Division employed with building forts. Thereafter he spent some months at Thomason College before returning to the Punjab as Executive Engineer at Lahore. He subsequently spent three years at Kangra where he worked on the construction of 120 miles of mountain roads, and designing and building four bridges at Buneyr, Nigul, Dehree and Durom.
In 1869 he was thanked for his work with the Dalhousie Road Project, for the rapid completion of the barracks and his management of the 2,000 European soldiers working on the construction. In 1871 he went on furlough and spent two year studying railways and iron bridge work in Europe and America. He returned to India in 1873 and was employed designing iron bridges in the North-Western Provinces. In 1874 he carried out an extensive scheme of water supply for Dalhousie. In January 1875 he became superintendent of works for the building of the Indus bridge. He was praised for possessing a \"rare combination of theoretical skill and practical talent\". In 1876 he surveyed and laid out the first 70 miles of the railway from Sukkur to Quetta. He also worked alone to submit a reconnaissance survey of the Kacchi Plain, and Mushkaf and Bolan passes up to Quetta.
In 1877 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and in 1878--1879 accompanied Sir Donald Stewart as political officer during the Second Anglo-Afghan War. He took part in several engagements, was mentioned in despatches, and received the CB. At the conclusion of the war, Browne went on furlough to Britain. Whilst in England, he read a paper on \"The Retention of Candahar and the Defence of the North West Frontier\" to the East India Association. On his return to India he took charge of railway reconnaissance in the Central Provinces, and his services earned him the thanks of the Indian government.
In 1881 he became colonel, and in 1882 commanded the Indian engineer contingent sent to Egypt, being present at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir during the Anglo-Egyptian War. For his services in Egypt he received the 3rd class of the Osmariieh Order and the Khedives Star.
In 1884 he was appointed engineer-in-chief of the Sind--Pishin State Railway. In 1888 he was made a KCSI and in 1889 quartermaster-general for India. In 1892 he was appointed agent to the governor-general in Baluchistan, in succession to Sir Robert Groves Sandeman, his intimate experience of the Baluchis, gained during his railway work, having specially fitted him for this post.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1864 Browne married Alice Pierson, daughter of Charles Pierson and sister of Major William Henry Pierson.
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# James Browne (Indian Army officer)
## Death
Browne died suddenly in the morning of 13 June 1896 in Quetta. He was granted a state funeral, including a procession and thirteen gun salute, and buried that same evening. The cause of death was certified to be a haemorrhage from the bowels
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2,877,556 |
# Francisco Javier Salazar Sáenz
**Francisco Javier Salazar Sáenz** is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party PAN. He was the Secretary of Labor from 2005 to 2006.
## Education
Salazar Sáenz studied chemistry at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and at the *Universidad Iberoamericana*. He received a master\'s degree in administration from the *Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí* and a doctorate in social sciences from the University of La Salle in Mexico City.
## Public career {#public_career}
During the 1980s Salazar Sáenz was an active labor leader in San Luis Potosí state. He was general secretary of the *Unión de Asociaciones de Personal Académico de la Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí* (1979 to 1985), general secretary of the *Asociación Nacional de Asociaciones de Personal Académico Universitario* (1984 to 1988) and general secretary of the *Confederación Nacional de Trabajadores Universitarios* (1985 to 1989).
Salazar Sáenz served in the Chamber of Deputies during the 60th legislative session and in the Mexican Senate during the 61st and 62nd sessions.
In 2005 Mexican President Vicente Fox appointed Salazar as Secretary of Labor
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Francisco Javier Salazar Sáenz
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2,877,570 |
# Dorothy Kazel
**Dorothy Kazel**, OSU (June 30, 1939 -- December 2, 1980), was an American Ursuline religious sister and missionary to El Salvador. On December 2, 1980, she was beaten, raped, and murdered along with three fellow missionaries -- Maryknoll Sisters Ita Ford, Maura Clarke and laywoman Jean Donovan -- by members of the military of El Salvador.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Kazel was born **Dorthea Lu Kazel** to Lithuanian American parents, Joseph and Malvina Kazel, in Cleveland, Ohio. When she joined the Ursulines, a Roman Catholic religious institute in 1960, she took the name **Sister Laurentine**, in honor of an Ursuline nun martyred during the French Revolution.
As the Catholic Church modernized during the 1960s, she became known as **Sister Dorothy**. In the Central American community where she died, she was known as **Madre Dorthea** (Dorothy).
Kazel completed her bachelor\'s degree and novitiate between 1960 and 1965. Beginning in 1965, she taught for seven years in Cleveland, and did missionary work among the Papago Tribe of Arizona.
After finishing a master\'s degree in counseling in 1974, Kazel decided to partake in the challenge of joining the Diocese of Cleveland\'s mission team working in El Salvador. Once there, Kazel worked in the Church of the Immaculate Conception in La Libertad, training catechists, carrying out sacramental preparation programs, and overseeing the distribution of Catholic Relief Services aid and food supplies. She was also engaged in working with refugees from the Salvadoran Civil War, obtaining food, shelter, and medical supplies, and transporting the sick and injured to medical facilities.
## Murder
## Legacy
- There is a section of the Ursuline High School, Wimbledon in England campus named after Dorothy; it is widely known within the school as the DK block. That particular block is used for business studies and is fairly new, only built a few years ago. It contains many computers and new technology, and acts as the finance office of the school.
- There is a home that houses members of the Jesuit Volunteer Corps in South Central Los Angeles named in Dorothy\'s honor. Members of the program work as full-time volunteers at non-profit organizations such as My Friends Place, The Center at The Blessed Sacrament, Homeboy Industries, and Carecen.
- Ursuline College in Cleveland, Ohio maintains an award known as the Dorothy Kazel Award that honors students who showcase service and honesty. The college also has a volunteer organization known as the Sister Dorothy Kazel Club for Systemic Change which participates in annual protests with SOA watch and education on social justice
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# No. 56 Squadron RAF
**Number 56 Squadron**, also known as **No. 56 Test and Evaluation Squadron** (TES), nicknamed *the Firebirds* for their ability to always reappear intact regardless of the odds, is one of the oldest and most successful squadrons of the Royal Air Force, with battle honours from many of the significant air campaigns of both the First and Second World Wars.
During the First World War, the squadron had many aces amongst its ranks such as James McCudden, Albert Ball, Reginald Hoidge and Arthur Rhys-Davids, developing a fierce reputation for the unit. In the Second World War, they fought in the Battle of Britain, and operated as a successful fighter-bomber unit for most of the war. In the 1960s, the squadron had their own aerobatic display team, \'The Firebirds\', which consisted of nine English Electric Lightning F.1As, which participated at many airshows. From March 1976 to July 1992, **No. 56 (Fighter) Squadron** operated the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2, flying from RAF Wattisham, Suffolk, becoming the penultimate unit to fly the type. Until 18 April 2008, the squadron was the Operational Conversion Unit for the Panavia Tornado F.3 at RAF Leuchars, Fife.
Since 22 April 2008, the squadron has been based at RAF Waddington, Lincolnshire, and serves as the Air Command and Control Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Operational Evaluation Unit (AIR C2ISR OEU) for the RAF.
## History
### First World War {#first_world_war}
No. 56 Squadron was formed on 8 June 1916 at Fort Rowner, Gosport, from members of No. 28 Squadron, as part of the Royal Flying Corps (RFC). On 14 July, the squadron relocated to London Colney. No. 56 Squadron received its first aircraft, a Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c on 7 August, which was followed by numerous other types. Captain Albert Ball joined No. 56 Squadron as a Flight Commander in February 1917. On 13 March 1917, the squadron became the first unit in the entire RFC to be equipped with the then brand new Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 fighter.
On 31 March, No. 56 Squadron received orders to relocate to the RFC HQ at Saint-Omer, France. By 8 April, the entire Squadron had made the move from London Colney, with the pilots having their photograph in their S.E.5s taken before they left on the 7 April. From Saint-Omer, the squadron relocated to Vert Galant on 20 April to support the Second Battle of Arras and flew their first mission on the 22 April. Its arrival at the front with the latest fighter, combined with the unusually high proportion of experienced pilots in its ranks, led to rumours among its German opponents that the squadron was an \'Anti-Richthofen Squadron\', specifically dedicated to the removal of the Red Baron. The squadron did shoot down and kill Richthofen\'s nearest 1917 rival Leutnant Werner Voss in an epic dogfight, on 23 September 1917 by Lieutenant Arthur Rhys-Davids. Albert Ball scored No. 56 Squadron\'s first kill, his 32nd, on 23 April, when he shot down an Albatros D.III. The squadron suffered its first loss on 30 April when Lieutenant Maurice Alfred Kay was shot down. Ball himself was killed in action on 7 May, the same day as Lieutenant Roger Michael Chaworth-Musters.
No. 56 Squadron was sent north to Estrée-Blanche on 31 May 1917, to provide support for the upcoming Battle of Messines. From May 1917, the Germans began bombing London using their new Gotha G.IV bombers -- with the first raid occurring on 25 May inflicting 290 casualties in London and Folkestone (due to diversion); the second raid was aborted and focused on Kent; the third was a daytime raid on 13 June in which there were 594 casualties, which went unanswered with the Germans losing no bombers. In response to this, No. 56 Squadron was recalled back to England and based at RFC Bekesbourne on 21 June.
The squadron participated in the Battle of Passchendaele, marking numerous victories throughout it. Captain James McCudden, eventual highest scoring pilot of the squadron, joined on 13 August. Rhys-Davids made his final sortie on 27 October 1917, taking off for a routine patrol he chased after a group of Albatros fighters after which he was never seen again. The Luftstreitkräfte credited Karl Gallwitz with the kill, word only reached the RFC on 29 December that Rhys-Davids had been killed. On 18 November, No. 56 Squadron was relocated to Laviéville in support of the Battle of Cambrai. In December 1917, McCudden scored 14 victories -- including 4 on 23 December, a first for the RFC.
In January 1918, the squadron moved to Baizieux. McCudden was sent back to England on 5 March, where he was promoted to Major and received the Victoria Cross, he died on 9 July in an accident while on his way to take command of No. 60 Squadron. On 21 March, the Germans began their Spring Offensive, this forced No. 56 Squadron to pull back to Valheureux, where from they conducted air-to-air patrols for the next four months. The squadron supported the buildup to and provided support during the Battle of Amiens (beginning 8 August), which would later be known as the start of the Hundred Days Offensive. On 1 August, No. 56 Squadron, in tandem with No. 3 Squadron, attacked a German aerodrome in which 6 hangars and 16 enemy aircraft were destroyed.
By the end of the war, No. 56 Squadron had scored 427 victories, at a cost of 40 pilots killed, 20 wounded and 31 taken prisoner. A good impression of the demobilisation of the squadron is given in the final pages of *Wind in the Wires* by Duncan Grinnell-Milne, the squadron\'s last CO.
The squadron tune during the later stages of the war was The Darktown Strutters\' Ball.
### Interwar years {#interwar_years}
On 22 November 1918, No. 56 Squadron moved to Béthencourt, France. It stayed here until it moved back to Britain on 15 February 1919, arriving at RAF Narborough along with No. 60 Squadron and No. 64 Squadron.
Only days after being disbanded, No. 80 Squadron, based at RAF Aboukir, in Egypt, was renumbered on 1 February 1920 to No. 56 Squadron. From here they flew Sopwith Snipes. The squadron was disbanded again on 23 September 1922; however, one flight was hastily reformed on 26 September and sent to Turkey for the Chanak Crisis. This flight was officially attached to No. 208 Squadron and remained in Turkey until August 1923. However it continued to use the 56 numberplate, even though No. 56 Squadron had reformed officially in November 1922 at RAF Hawkinge. This flight returned and rejoined the rest of the squadron at RAF Biggin Hill. In September 1924, No. 56 Squadron was assigned a red and white checker pattern as a means of squadron identification, something which the squadron would actively use up until 2008. The same month saw the squadron convert to the Gloster Grebe Mk.II, flying them until they were exchanged for Armstrong Whitworth Siskin Mk.IIIas in September 1927.
The squadron finally settled at RAF North Weald in October 1927, where it remained until the end of 1939 and the start of the Second World War. On 14 November 1928, the No. 56 Squadron was allowed to use a phoenix for its crest along with the motto *Quid si coelum ruat*. The squadron converted to the Bristol Bulldog Mk.IIa in October 1932, these were kept until May 1936 when the squadron received Gloster Gauntlet Mk.IIs. No. 56 Squadron\'s crest and motto were officially approved by King Edward VIII in July 1936.
No. 56 Squadron converted to their last biplane, the Gloster Gladiator Mk.I, in July 1937. The Gladiators were flown up until May 1938 when the squadron acquired Hawker Hurricane Mk.Is. The squadron would operate the Hurricane in the opening stages of WW2.
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# No. 56 Squadron RAF
## History
### Second World War {#second_world_war}
No. 56 Squadron\'s introduction to the Second World War came on 6 September 1939. *The Firebirds*, then based at RAF North Weald, were the victims of a friendly fire incident by No. 74 Squadron known as the Battle of Barking Creek. Two pilots of the squadron were shot down and one, P/O Montague Hulton-Harrop, was killed, becoming the RAF\'s first casualty in the defence of the UK.
The squadron entered the Second World War equipped with the Hawker Hurricane Mk.I and first saw action during the Battle of France, although they remained based in England and sent flights to France for short periods. *The Firebirds* ended the campaign by covering the Dunkirk evacuation. As part of No. 11 Group, No. 56 Squadron was based at RAF North Weald at the beginning of the Battle of Britain. From there the squadron first engaged German aircraft on 31 July 1940. It was heavily involved in the fighting in the south of England during August, although the squadron moved to RAF Boscombe Down on the 1 September. It was one of the few fighter squadrons to remain based in the south of England continuously through the battle, scoring 59 kills by the end.
The squadron relocated away from RAF Boscombe Down on 29 November to RAF Middle Wallop where they stayed until 17 December when *the Firebirds* returned to RAF North Weald in Essex. It was while based here that No. 56 Squadron upgraded to the Hurricane Mk.IIb in February 1941. In April 1941, No. 56 Squadron gained its \'Punjab\' nickname after the Indian province of Punjab raised money to have their name attached to a fighter, thus becoming an Indian \'gift\' squadron. *The Firebirds* then relocated for a brief stay at RAF Martlesham Heath, Suffolk on 23 July before settling at RAF Duxford on 26 July.
In September 1941, No. 56 Squadron became the first unit to receive the Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ia which, although troublesome to begin with, the squadron helped turn into a usable fighter. Before leaving RAF Duxford, the squadron upgraded to the Typhoon Mk.Ib in March 1942, moving to RAF Snailwell on 30 March. From 24 August 1942 to 22 July 1943, the unit was based with No. 12 Group at RAF Matlaske in Norfolk. During this time, No. 56 Squadron\'s role changed from that of low-level defence against Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter-bomber attacks into becoming fighter bombers themselves, attacking ground and sea targets. With *the Firebirds* using bombs from November 1943 and rockets from February 1944. No. 56 Squadron was to score one confirmed victory while flying Typhoons. After moving around multiple bases in the UK, the squadron moved up to RAF Scorton, Yorkshire on 7 April 1944, where they converted to the Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX. From here the squadron flew escort and reconnaissance missions.
On 28 April 1944, No. 56 Squadron moved to RAF Newchurch, Kent where the squadron converted to the Hawker Tempest Mk.V in June. Squadron Leader Frederick Higginson left the squadron at this time, being posted to No. 83 Group. Due to his knowledge of the pilot escape routes in France; his total victory count, all with No. 56 Squadron, was 15.
As a unit of No. 150 Wing, under the command of Wing Commander Roland Beamont, No. 56 Squadron became an air defence squadron. It was tasked with defending Britain from V-1 flying bombs -- of which between 70 and `{{frac|77|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} were shot down by the squadron. No. 56 Squadron transferred to advance landing ground B.60 at Grimbergen in Belgium on 28 September 1944, becoming part of No. 122 Wing, Second Tactical Air Force. During subsequent operations No. 56 Squadron was to become the equal highest scoring Tempest unit, with No. 486 (NZ) Squadron, totalling 59 confirmed victories. In the latter months of the war, the *Firebirds* were deployed to several airfields in Europe: including Volkel, in the Netherlands; Copenhagen; and numerous bases in Germany. During the Second World War, the No. 56 Squadron claimed a total of 149 aircraft shot down.
### Early Cold War (1946--1960) {#early_cold_war_19461960}
On 31 March 1946, the No. 56 (Punjab) Squadron nameplate was transferred over to No. 16 Squadron. No. 56 (Fighter) Squadron then reformed the next day, 1 April, at RAF Bentwaters when No. 124 Squadron was renumbered. Upon their reformation, *the Firebirds* converted to their first jet fighter, the Gloster Meteor F.3. No. 56 (F) Squadron left RAF Bentwaters on 16 September, moving to RAF Boxted. They remained here before relocating on 10 November to RAF Acklington, eventually moving on to RAF Wattisham on 20 December. No. 56 (F) Squadron moved on to RAF Duxford on 17 April 1947 staying there until 31 August before returning once again on 30 November, where they would last until 2 February 1948. The squadron upgraded to the Meteor F.4 in August 1948. *The Firebirds* settled at RAF Waterbeach on 10 May 1950, where they would operate from for the next nine years. In December 1950, No. 56 (F) Squadron upgraded to the improved Meteor F.8.
In February 1954, No. 56 (F) Squadron became the first, and only, squadron to receive the Supermarine Swift F.1, and the subsequent Swift F.2s they received in August. The squadron evaluated both Swift variants up until March 1955 when the F.1 and F.2s were withdrawn from service due to their poor performance. Continuing to operate the Meteor F.8 after the Swift, No. 56 (F) Squadron finally converted to a new aircraft in May 1955 when they received the Hawker Hunter F.5. On 10 July 1958, the squadron moved to RAF Wattisham, where they would spend some 35 years defending UK airspace, intercepting Tupolev Tu-95 \"Bear\" aircraft. No. 56 (F) Squadron upgraded to Hunter F.6s in November 1958.
### The Lightning Years (1960--1976) {#the_lightning_years_19601976}
In December 1960, the squadron began to convert to the English Electric Lightning F.1A, with their last Hunters disbanding in January 1961. In 1963, No. 56 (F) Squadron formed a display team called \"The Firebirds\", flying nine red and silver Lightnings. On 6 June 1963, the display team suffered an accident at RAF Wattisham during preparations for the 25th Paris Air Show. The incident occurred when a pair of Lightnings (*XM179* and *XM181*) collided during a bomb-burst manoeuvre -- *XM179*, piloted by Flt. Lt. Michael Cooke, crashed, while *XM181* landed safely. Cooke ejected and was left with severe spinal injuries, being confined to a wheelchair. The Firebirds display team was disbanded in 1964, becoming the last RAF aerobatic team to fly fighter jets. In October 1965, No. 56 (F) Squadron deployed to RAF Luqa, Malta, to participate in an Armament Practice Camp (APC). The following October, *the Firebirds* deployed once more to Luqa, this time to participate in an air defence exercise alongside Avro Vulcans, English Electric Canberra PR.9s and No. 29 (F) Squadron Gloster Javelin FAW.9s. No. 56 (F) Squadron left RAF Wattisham on 11 May 1967, deploying to RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus.
Between 11 and 20 July 1968, *the Firebirds* deployed from Akrotiri to Luqa for Exercise Island Litex. In August 1971, the squadron acquired Lightning F.6s after No. 74 (F) Squadron flew them over from RAF Tengah, Singapore before they disbanded. A detachment of four Lightnings deployed to Luqa between 11 and 20 December 1971 to carry out scrambles, night flying and practise in-flight refuelling with a Handley Page Victor K.1A of No. 57 Squadron. *The Firebirds* deployed two more ten day attachments to RAF Luqa in May 1973 and June 1974. No. 56 (F) Squadron flew extensive top cover over Cyprus during the 1974 Cypriot coup d\'état and the subsequent Turkish invasion of the island. *The Firebirds* returned to RAF Wattisham on 21 January 1975. While based at RAF Akrotiri, No. 56 (F) Squadron also operated a number of Canberras -- these included a mixture of T.4s and B.2s.
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# No. 56 Squadron RAF
## History
### The Phantom Years (1976--1992) {#the_phantom_years_19761992}
On 22 March 1976, No. 56 (Designate) Squadron formed at RAF Coningsby with the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2. It wasn\'t until 29 June that the Lightning F.6s were disbanded and the Squadron Standard was formally handed over to RAF Coningsby. No. 56 (Fighter) Squadron returned to RAF Wattisham on 9 July, where they would remain for the next 16 years. Upon their return, *The Firebirds* found themselves sharing RAF Wattisham with No. 23 (F) Squadron. The squadron deployed to RAF Luqa in Malta for the last time between 13 October and November 1977 with ten Phantom FGR.2s. In October 1978, *the Firebirds* became the first squadron in the RAF to operate an aircraft in air superiority grey when Phantom FGR.2 *XV474* was delivered to RAF Wattisham, marking a change from the old green and grey schemes. On 21 June 1979, Phantom FGR.2 *XV424* from No. 56 (F) Squadron re-enacted the transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown to celebrate its 60th anniversary. The flight was undertaken by pilot, Sqd. Ldr. A. J. N. Alcock (nephew of John Alcock who made the original flight), and navigator, Flt. Lt. W. N. Browne, who brought the original 1919 mascot \'Twinkletoes\' with them on their journey. No. 23 (F) Squadron departed RAF Wattisham on 21 March 1983 when their nameplate was passed to No. 29 (F) Squadron at RAF Stanley on the Falkland Islands, from where they provided air defence.
*The Firebirds* were not alone for long however with No. 74 (F) Squadron reforming at RAF Wattisham on 19 October 1984. *The Tigers* were equipped with unique F-4J(UK) Phantoms, procured from the United States Navy due to the re-basing of Phantoms to the Falklands. These contrasted with No. 56 (F) Squadron\'s Phantom FGR.2s which used Rolls-Royce Spey engines, UK MOD Radar systems and other RAF modifications. No. 74 (F) Squadron eventually exchanged their F-4J(UK)s for the Phantom FGR.2 in January 1991, due to their availability from other squadrons converting to the Panavia Tornado F.3. Plans had originally been for the RAF to retain both Phantom squadrons but under the Options for Change defence review in 1990 the decision was made to withdraw both units. Both No. 56 (F) Squadron and No. 74 (F) Squadron participated in their last APC at RAF Akrotiri in early June 1992. On 13 June 1992, *the Firebirds* and *the Tigers* participated in Queen Elizabeth II\'s official birthday flypast, flying over Buckingham Palace with a 16-ship diamond formation, which was made up of eight Phantoms from each squadron. No. 56 (F) Squadron ended their operations at RAF Wattisham at the end of July 1992. No. 74 (F) Squadron would continue to operate there until October 1992 when they stood down and reformed at RAF Valley as a training squadron. RAF Wattisham itself was handed over to the Army Air Corps becoming Wattisham Airfield in March 1993.
| 488 |
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| 2 |
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# No. 56 Squadron RAF
## History
### From Tornados to the Air Warfare Centre {#from_tornados_to_the_air_warfare_centre}
On 1 August 1992, the No. 56 (Fighter) Squadron nameplate was transferred to No. 65 Squadron at RAF Coningsby becoming No. 56 (Reserve) Squadron. It became the RAF\'s Operational Conversion Unit (No. 229 OCU) conducting training of *Ab initio* crew and aircrew converting from other aircraft types to the Tornado F.3. Following the announcement that the Eurofighter Typhoon would be stationed at Coningsby, it was decided that No. 56 (R) Squadron would relocate north to RAF Leuchars in Fife, home to No. 43 (F) Squadron and No. 111 (F) Squadron. The squadron moved north in March 2003, initially moving into the \'Ark Royal\' hangar before moving into a new building on the northern side of the airfield. No. 56 (R) Squadron flew an aerobatic display from 1993 until December 2005 when it was announced, that as a cost-cutting measure, the RAF would no longer have a Tornado F.3 display. With the introduction of the Eurofighter Typhoon into RAF service it was decided that No. 56 (R) Squadron would be amalgamated with No. 43 (F) Squadron as part of the Tornado F.3 force draw down, with *the Fighting Cocks* taking over the OCU role. No. 56 (R) Squadron disbanded on 18 April 2008 at RAF Leuchars, with the occasion marked by a diamond nine formation flypast over Eastern Scotland.
The No. 56 (R) Squadron nameplate and standard was transferred to the Air Warfare Centre Air Command and Control Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Operational Evaluation Unit (AIR C2ISR OEU) at RAF Waddington on 22 April 2008. Upon their move to Waddington, *the Firebirds* initially tested and evaluated the: Boeing E-3D Sentry AEW.1; Raytheon Sentinel R.1; Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R.1, MR.2 and BAE Systems Nimrod MRA.4. On 1 February 2018, all (Reserve) nameplates were rescinded by the RAF thus changing No. 56 (Reserve) Squadron to just No. 56 Squadron. On 10 June 2018, *the Firebirds* paraded through the village of North Weald, where the squadron was based between 1927 and 1941, after being awarded the \'Freedom of the District\' by the local council.
As of 2020, the squadron provides operational test and evaluation, and specialist advice, for RAF airborne ground surveillance, airborne electronic sensors, airborne command and control, aerospace battle management and intelligence exploitation. In March 2021, the Sentinel R.1 was withdrawn from use, having made its last flight on 25 February 2021. The Sentry AEW.1 was retired from RAF service on 28 September 2021.
After the first General Atomics Protector RG1 was delivered to RAF Waddington in September 2023, No. 56 Test and Evaluation Squadron was tasked with introducing the type into service.
| 447 |
No. 56 Squadron RAF
| 3 |
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# No. 56 Squadron RAF
## Aircraft operated {#aircraft_operated}
Aircraft operated include:
- Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c (Aug 1916--Apr 1917)
- Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2e (1916--Apr 1917)
- Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12 (1916--Apr 1917)
- Curtiss Scout (1916--Apr 1917)
- Bristol Scout (1916--Apr 1917)
- Sopwith 1½ Strutter (1916--Apr 1917)
- Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 (Mar 1917--Aug 1917)
- Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a (June 1917--Feb 1919)
- Sopwith Snipe (Feb 1920--Nov 1924)
- Gloster Grebe Mk.II (Sep 1924--Sep 1927)
- Armstrong Whitworth Siskin Mk.IIIa (Sep 1927--Oct 1932)
- Bristol Bulldog Mk.IIa (Oct 1932--May 1936)
- Gloster Gauntlet Mk.II (May 1936--July 1937)
- Gloster Gladiator Mk.I (July 1937--May 1938)
- Hawker Hurricane Mk.I (Apr 1938--Feb 1941)
- Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIa (Feb 1941--Mar 1942)
- Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIb (Feb 1941--Mar 1942)
- Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ia (Sep 1941--Dec 1942)
- Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ib (Mar 1942--May 1944)
- Hawker Hurricane Mk.I (May 1942--June 1944)
- de Havilland Tiger Moth Mk.II (Oct 1942--Sep 1944)
- Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX (Apr 1944--July 1944)
- Hawker Tempest Mk.V (June 1944--Mar 1946)
- Gloster Meteor F.3 (Apr 1946--Aug 1948)
- North American Harvard (Apr 1947--Dec 1947)
- Airspeed Oxford (Dec 1947--June 1949)
- Gloster Meteor F.4 (July 1948--Dec 1950)
- Gloster Meteor T.7 (Aug 1949--July 1955)
- Gloster Meteor F.8 (Dec 1950--June 1960)
- de Havilland Vampire T.11 (Feb 1954--July 1959)
- Supermarine Swift F.1 (Feb 1954--Mar 1955)
- Supermarine Swift F.2 (Aug 1954--Mar 1955)
- Hawker Hunter F.5 (May 1955--Dec 1958)
- Gloster Meteor F.7 (July 1957--Apr 1960)
- Hawker Hunter F.6 (Nov 1958--Apr 1961)
- Hawker Hunter T.7/T.7A (Feb 1959--Jun 1966)
- English Electric Lightning F.1A (Dec 1960--Jun 1965)
- English Electric Lightning T.4 (Jan 1963--Apr 1966)
- English Electric Lightning F.3 (Mar 1965--Sep 1971)
- English Electric Lightning T.5 (Dec 1965--June 1976)
- English Electric Lightning F.1A (May 1966--Oct 1966)
- English Electric Canberra B.2 (Jul 1968--Jan 1975)
- English Electric Canberra T.4 (Jul 1968--Jan 1975)
- English Electric Lightning F.3 (Jan 1975--June 1976)
- English Electric Lightning F.6 (Sep 1971--June 1976)
- McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 (Mar 1976--July 1992)
- Panavia Tornado F.3 (July 1992--Apr 2008)
- Boeing E-3D Sentry AEW.1 (Apr 2008--Sep 2021)
- Raytheon Sentinel R.1 (Apr 2008--Feb 2021)
- Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R.1 (Apr 2008--June 2011)
- Hawker Siddeley Nimrod MR.2 (Apr 2008--June 2011)
- BAE Systems Nimrod MRA.4 (Apr 2008--Oct 2010)
- Hawker Beechcraft Shadow R.1 (2009--present)
- Boeing RC-135W Airseeker R.1 (Jan 2011--present)
- General Atomics Protector RG1 (Sep 2023--present)
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# No. 56 Squadron RAF
## Commanding officers {#commanding_officers}
- Maj. Richard Blomfield (February - October 1917)
- Maj. Rainsford Balcombe-Brown (October 1917 - May 1918)
- Maj. Euan Gilchrist (May - December 1918)
- Capt
| 36 |
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| 5 |
2,877,577 |
# James N. Robey
**James N. Robey Jr.** (born January 18, 1941), an American Democratic politician, was a Maryland State Senator from January 10, 2007, to January 14, 2015. He was the Senate Majority Leader from 2013 until he retired in January 2015.
## Background
Born January 18, 1941, in Baltimore, Maryland, Robey was raised in Daniels, Maryland, a small mill town in Howard County that was once located on the banks of the Patapsco River.
Robey graduated from Howard High School in Ellicott City, Maryland, in 1959. His high school principal, Omar J. Jones, was Howard County\'s first county executive. Robey earned a bachelor\'s degree in criminal justice from the University of Maryland University College (UMUC) in 1979. He also has master\'s degree in administrative management from Hood College in Frederick, Maryland, and has completed several training programs at the FBI National Academy in Quantico, Virginia.
His son, Wayne Robey, became the clerk of the Howard County Circuit Court when Margaret Rappaport retired in 2012.
## Career
Robey joined the Howard County Police Department in 1966 and was promoted to major by 1981. He was appointed by Charles I. Ecker to Chief of Police in 1991, replacing Frederick Chaney. He retired from the police force in 1998 to run for office and was elected as Howard County Executive in 1998 and 2002.
In 2006, Robey campaigned as a Democrat to represent the 13th district in the Maryland State Senate and won with 56% of the vote against Republican incumbent Sandra Schrader. In September 2013, he was chosen to replace State Senator Robert Garagiola as Senate Majority Leader. Robey retired from the Maryland State Senate on January 14, 2015.
## Recognition
Robey was recognized by his alma mater, University of Maryland University College (UMUC), as the 2002 \"Distinguished Alumnus\". In 2007, the James N. Robey Public Safety Training Facility, a training facility used by the Howard County police and fire departments, was dedicated in his honor.
According to Vote Smart, an independent, nonprofit research organization, in 2011, Robey received a performance evaluation rating of 92% from Progressive Maryland, a nonprofit, liberal advocacy group that rates legislators based on their positions on social, liberal, and family-related issues. In 2008, he received a score of 97%.
## Election history {#election_history}
Year Office Election Subject Party Votes \% Opponent Party Votes \% Opponent Party Votes \%
------ ----------------------------- ---------- -- ------------------ -------------- ---------- --------- -- ------------------- -------------- ---------- --------- -- ---------- ------- ------- ----
1998 Howard County Executive General \|James N. Robey \|Democratic \|43,322 \|55% \|Dennis Schrader \|Republican \|35,081 \|44%
2006 Maryland Senate District 13 General \|James N. Robey \|Democratic \|24,354 \|56.1% \|Sandra Schrader \|Republican \|19,021 \|43
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| 0 |
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# Double Wedding (1937 film)
***Double Wedding*** is a 1937 American screwball romantic comedy film starring William Powell and Myrna Loy, and featuring Florence Rice, John Beal, Jessie Ralph, and Edgar Kennedy. This was the seventh pairing of Powell and Loy, with another seven to go. It was directed by Richard Thorpe from a screenplay by Jo Swerling based on the unpublished play *Nagy szerelem* (\"Great Love\") by Ferenc Molnár.
William Powell\'s fiancée Jean Harlow died during production, halting filming. Powell later described finishing the film as \"very difficult under the circumstances\". Myrna Loy, who had been good friends with Harlow, wrote in her autobiography that she disliked the film because of Harlow\'s death and that it was \"the scapegoat for concurrent despair\".
## Plot
Charlie Lodge, a free-spirited bohemian who lives in a cluttered car trailer in a parking lot, disrupts the well-ordered life of successful, hardworking businesswoman Margit Agnew when he convinces her younger sister Irene that she should become an actress. However, Margit is determined that Irene marry the fiancé she (and her mother before her) had personally picked out for her sister, the pliable, weak-willed cousin Waldo.
Fed up with Waldo\'s lack of initiative during a four-year engagement, Irene becomes infatuated with Charlie. He pretends to return her feelings so he can stay close to Margit. When Margit confronts him, he agrees to never see Irene again if Margit will let him paint her portrait. She reluctantly agrees to three weeks of sittings. As they spend time together, she begins to respond to his decidedly unconventional charms. Meanwhile, Charlie tries to teach Waldo to stand up for himself so that he can regain Irene\'s regard, but with little luck.
When Irene shows up unexpectedly at his trailer, Charlie gets her to leave, but she is spotted by Margit. Believing he lied about giving Irene up, she angrily smashes the painting over his head. Charlie arranges for a wedding, ostensibly to marry Irene, but actually as a ploy to simultaneously reconcile Irene and Waldo and win Margit\'s hand. However, Waldo is nowhere to be seen when Charlie is asked if he will take Irene for his wife. He is forced to answer no, and that he is really in love with Margit. She finally admits she loves him too, through tears. A drunk Waldo finally shows up, punches Charlie in the nose, knocking him down, and carries off a delighted Irene. Comedic chaos quickly ensues when all the wedding guests crammed inside the trailer misunderstand what is happening and began arguing, pushing, and shoving each other. Charlie is struck by Margit several times by accident in the tight confines of all the chaos. She is also struck and is knocked out. They both come to lie next to each other on the floor. Charlie comes to and gives her a kiss.
## Cast
`{{Cast listing|
* [[William Powell]] as Charlie Lodge
* [[Myrna Loy]] as Margit Agnew
* [[Florence Rice]] as Irene Agnew
* [[John Beal (actor)|John Beal]] as Waldo Beaver
* [[Jessie Ralph]] as Mrs. Kensington-Bly
* [[Edgar Kennedy]] as Spike
* [[Sidney Toler]] as Mr. Keough
* [[Mary Gordon (actor)|Mary Gordon]] as Mrs. Keough
* [[Barnett Parker]] as Mr. Flint
* [[Katharine Alexander]] as Claire Lodge, Charlie's ex-wife
* [[Priscilla Lawson]] as Felice
* [[Bert Roach]] as Shrank
* [[Donald Meek]] (uncredited) as Judge Blynn, officiating at the wedding
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Production
*Double Wedding* had the working title of *Three\'s Company*. Originally, Robert Young, and Robert Benchley were to have roles in the film, which was the seventh pairing of Powell and Loy. Loy\'s previous film, *Parnell* (1937) did not do well at the box office, so MGM paired her with Powell again to rehabilitate her career. The move was a success, and *Double Wedding* was a box office success.
When Jean Harlow, William Powell\'s girlfriend of three years and fiancée, died suddenly on June 7, 1937, three weeks after falling ill with uremic poisoning caused by kidney failure, production on the film was partially shut down. Her death was a blow to both Powell and Loy, a good friend of Harlow, and Powell\'s grief was such that he asked the studio for some time to recover. Although filming was completed on schedule, neither Powell nor Loy felt they were at their best for the film.
Film locations included Carmel-by-the-Sea and the estate of C. A. Noble, a banker and manufacturer from Milwaukee
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# Bucharest Business Week
***Bucharest Business Week*** (BBW for short) was a Romanian English-language weekly business newspaper. It was published by AmeriCelt Publishing SRL, the Bucharest branch of Romanian Ventures Inc. based in the United States. The readership was approximately 24,000.
It contained various categories of business news, about companies, privatization or investment. The newspaper also featured Romania-related news and interviews
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# Asterix & Obelix XXL
***Asterix & Obelix XXL**\'\' is a 2003 action-adventure game published by Atari. It was developed by Étranges Libellules for PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Microsoft Windows, and by Velez & Dubail for the Game Boy Advance. The game stars the French comic book characters Asterix and Obelix as they battle the Romans after their village is sacked. It was released in the United States (for PlayStation 2 only) with the title***Asterix & Obelix: Kick Buttix**\'\' although there were plans to release the Windows version in the US once.
A sequel, *Asterix & Obelix XXL 2: Mission Las Vegum*, was released in 2006. A remaster of the game was released in 2020.
## Plot
One ordinary day in the village, Asterix, Obelix, and Dogmatix leave for the forest to hunt for wild boars. As they are walking, a storm begins to brew, and a nearby tree is struck by lightning. Dogmatix is scared and runs away. While they are searching for him, Asterix and Obelix see flames in the distance. Asterix hurries off to investigate, while Obelix remains and searches for Dogmatix. Upon arriving at the scene, Asterix meets a Roman secret agent, formerly in Caesar\'s service. He feels scorned for having been sacked by Caesar and agrees to help Asterix and Obelix foil the Romans\' plans. Asterix enters the village to find it ablaze and full of Romans. He quickly defeats them and makes his way through the Gaulish countryside to a hilltop by the sea. There, he meets up with Obelix, who tells him that Dogmatix is still nowhere to be found. They learn from the Roman agent that their fellow villagers have been kidnapped by the Romans. Asterix and Obelix then follow him to a dock, where he points out two barges far off in the distance, and mentions that their friends are probably being held prisoner aboard them. Further up the path, the secret agent finds Dogmatix, and Obelix\'s beloved pet joins the duo in their Roman-bashing antics. Asterix and Obelix then fight off many more Roman soldiers, plowing through a country road. After finally defeating all of the warriors, the two discover a padlocked wagon at the end of the road. Obelix breaks open the door, and the village druid, Getafix, clambers out. He explains to them that while he was locked up, he overheard Caesar\'s plans to send the Gaulish villagers to different parts of the Roman Empire. Their locations were etched into a white marble map, which Caesar smashed after showing to his soldiers. Thus, Getafix returns to the village, and Asterix, Obelix, and Dogmatix set off to the first location to free their fellow villagers from the clutches of the Romans.
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# Asterix & Obelix XXL
## Gameplay
Gameplay involves the rescuing of various villagers while solving large puzzles and defeating the Roman masses. The player automatically switches between Asterix and Obelix depending on the situation. The two characters have slight differences, such as in speed or strength. The only significant difference is Obelix\'s ability to smash iron crates without a magic potion and his ability to push and pull larger platforms than Asterix. Many puzzles involve the use of a special reusable torch that only Asterix may carry, and a sliding platform guided by a rope, both of which occur in every province of the Roman Empire.
The player may redeem helmets collected from defeated Romans. These helmets can be used to buy power-ups, like extra health and new attack combinations from a travelling merchant in each province. There are two types of helmets: ordinary grunts\' helmets (worth 1 helmet) and gold centurions\' helmets (worth 10 helmets). The latter are usually acquired from iron crates or dropped by high-ranking enemies, such as commanders and gladiators. The player can also pick up gourds of magic potion, which are found regularly. These can only be consumed by Asterix, and are used immediately when collected. After consuming the potion, the player becomes much stronger for a very limited time. The potion allows Asterix to defeat Romans in a single hit and to run much faster. In addition, they allow the player to perform a triple jump and smash iron crates. If Asterix consumes another potion while already under the effect of a previous one, he will generate a huge shockwave that causes all nearby enemies to drop their weapons.
Combat is performed by bashing the Romans with bare hands. The ordinary grunts are the easiest to defeat, with many more powerful classes of enemies. After being bashed, certain enemies will remain dazed for a few moments, at which point some of them can be picked up and swung around the head like a lasso, damaging all other enemies in the vicinity and breaking nearby crates. Dogmatix can also be dispatched during battle. He will bite the enemy soldiers, causing them to drop their weapons and rendering them easily vulnerable to attack.
In each province, the heroes will encounter the Roman agent, who will provide them with helpful information on operating machinery and bring them up to date on the Romans\' latest plans. At the end of each province (with the exception of Gaul), there is a boss fight. The bosses are invariably large machines of war, operated by several Romans. After the machines are destroyed, the captive villagers are freed, and they provide Asterix and Obelix with another section of the marble map, allowing them to continue and rescue the other villagers. Each province (with the exception of Gaul) contains unique enemies native to that area. Players are able to revisit any previous areas in order to collect more helmets, or to find more Golden Laurels.
Throughout the game, players may find Golden laurel wreaths, accessible under different conditions; some are as simple as picking them up, while others are obtained by complex puzzles or fulfilling various conditions. The laurel wreaths when collected permit the player to unlock hidden bonuses, such as new attire, purely for cosmetic effect.
Transport in the game is fulfilled by a manner of catapulting. At different points in an area, the player may find a catapult, which when used will send the player to the next location nearby instantaneously.
## Remaster
A remastered version titled *Asterix & Obelix XXL Romastered* was released on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows in October 2020, developed by OSome Studio and published by Microids. It was later released for macOS and PlayStation 5 in 2022. The remaster features upgraded visuals, reworked gameplay animations, new game modes, a new camera and new soundtrack. An option to switch to the original visuals and soundtrack is also included
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# John Reck
**John Reck** (1865-1951) was an Alaskan politician and the ninth mayor of Juneau, Alaska, from 1914 to 1916
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# Montesa Honda
**Montesa Honda** is a subsidiary business of Honda, which assembles several models of motorcycles and bicycles in Barcelona, Spain. It was formed in 1944 by Pere Permanyer and Francesc Xavier \"Paco\" Bultó. The business was Spanish-owned until entering into an association with Honda. thumb\|upright=1.35\|The Impala (1962-70)
## Permanyer and Bultó {#permanyer_and_bultó}
Their first Montesa prototype was based upon the French Motobécane models of that time. Permanyer began to produce his own gas engines, which allowed for a new area in motorcycles to be explored and expanded into. Permanyer and Bultó teamed up in Barcelona and created a light-weight motorcycle. This led to the creation of a bike powered by a 95cc two-stroke engine with no sprung rear suspension. Despite some setbacks, they sold 22 of these units in the first year of production. The next year, the partnership focused on production improvements and meeting the growing demand for their bike. As a successor to the previous model, Bultó designed a new 125cc roadster, which was tested in many of the trail-type rallies and semi-enduros that were popular in Spain at the time. This model went on to enter the 1951 International Six Day Trials. The bike was entered by the factory, being ridden by Bultó and G. Cavestany. In the early 1950s, Montesa entered many races in the 125cc class of road racing. These bikes featured six-speed, bolt on gearboxes, in semi-unit construction, with all gears running on needle-roller bearings. By 1956, these Montesa 125s were very competitive and took second, third and fourth places in the Ultra-Lightweight race at the Isle of Man TT.
The most successful Montesa street bike of the 1950s was the Brio 80, of which more than 12,000 were produced. The success of the Brio and the other models, led to the opening of a new, larger factory in Espluges de Llobregat. The Brio 80 and Brio 90 models contained many new advances, such as moving the carburetor behind the cylinder, and a handbrake. However, a slump in the Spanish economy had forced Permanyer to cut back on the company\'s racing activities. Permanyer wanted to pull out of road racing, but Bultó insisted that they stay the course. In May 1958, chief designer Bultó left, taking with him several of Montesa\'s vital personnel to form a competitive firm, Bultaco. Permanyer had not only lost the brilliant designer Bultó, but also his 30% share of the company.
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# Montesa Honda
## Growth and success in the 1960s and 1970s {#growth_and_success_in_the_1960s_and_1970s}
Spain\'s economy began to improve. Permanyer promoted the all-around champion motorcyclist Pedro Pi from head test rider to chief development engineer. Leopold Milà was made Technical Director and Permanyer\'s son Xavier, was to be Sports Assistant. Work began right away on designing a brand new all-unit-construction 175cc engine that by 1960, would power the latest Impala sports roadster model. This engine would form the basis of the company\'s future trials and motocross machines. To promote sales of this model, three Impalas were taken to Africa where they covered over 12,000 miles of terrain, most of it being off-road. Back in Spain, Pi was busy winning the Spanish motocross and road race championships and working on a new 250cc version. Following its introduction in 1965, the 250 engine would be the cornerstone of the company\'s future success. Mounted on the new 250 Scorpion scrambler, Pi won the Spanish championship again in 1966 and the similarly engined Sport roadster won the Barcelona 24-hour endurance road race. In 1967 the first Montesa trials models appeared and in 1968, the motorcycle now retitled the Cota, Pi won the Spanish Trials Championship. After adding this title to go along with the road race and six motocross titles, he retired from competition to devote his full energy to bike development. In the decade following, Montesa had unprecedented growth around the world. Unlike Bulto\'s bike, the Bultaco, Montesa only sent a small percentage of its production to the United States, concentrating mostly on the European market. Trials models were offered in many different sizes 25, 49, 125, 175, 250, 348 and 349, as were motocrossers 125, 175, 250, 360 and 414. This also included a line of street and Enduro models also. In 1973, the VR (Vehkonen Replica) was released and set the standard for 1974, as did the 348 Cota did in 1976. Ulf Karlsson won the World Trials Championship on a Cota in 1980.
The 1974 film *Freebie and the Bean* directed by Richard Rush features a famous urban trail chase action scene, where the main character Freebie (James Caan), an unorthodox policeman, takes a Montesa Cota 247 from a casual bypassing rider. Freebie then exclaims \"It\'s a Montesa!\", and starts a chase after the bad guys, running over cars, stairs, public fountains, etc., until the bike is lost and damaged, lasting for more than three minutes in total.
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# Montesa Honda
## Honda partnership {#honda_partnership}
By 1981, another round of economic unrest in Spain began to hinder motorcycle manufacturers. Strikes and a shrinking market left Montesa as the only major motorcycle concern in the country; however they were in need of a major influx of capital in order to continue to survive. A loan from the government and shares sold to Honda (to establish a European manufacturing base for their commuter bikes) helped production continue. Indeed, one of the government\'s stipulations was that Honda would guarantee that production would not stop. Honda was prepared to stockpile trial bikes and to sell them off at a loss in an effort to reach Europe\'s more profitable market and to bypass restrictive import tariffs. In July 1985, a major reorganization took place and a large amount of money from Honda was received. By then, only two trials models were offered and the workforce had dwindled to a mere 152 employees. A year later, there were further financial moves between Honda, Spain\'s government and the Permanyer family, leading to Honda buying the majority of the family\'s remaining shares. Honda now had an 85% holding and spent another \$5 million on modifying and updating the factory.
Montesa was still active in World Trials competition throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s. Even though reduced to only offering one model, the Cota, such riders like former World Champion Eddy Lejeune and Andrew Codina rode the bike to good results in the mid-\'80s. In 1992--93, the liquid-cooled Cota 311 was produced; this was to be the last \"real\" Montesa. In 1994, a new model, the 314R, was introduced. This model featured an HRC Honda powerplant with many other components from Honda. Montesa-mounted Marc Colomer won the World title in 1996 and the 315R followed in early \'97. The 315R had a run of 7 years, taking Dougie Lampkin to many world championships and Takahisa Fujinami for his world championship in 2004 for the bikes last year. It was replaced by the technically advanced four-stroke Cota 4RT in 2005. Spanish trials rider Toni Bou has dominated the world circuit with Montesa Honda since 2007
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2,877,618 |
# Elisabeta Lipă
**Elisabeta Lipă** (`{{IPA|ro|elisaˈbeta ˈlipə}}`{=mediawiki}; née **Oleniuc** on 26 October 1964) is a retired rower and government official from Romania. She is the most decorated rower in the history of the Olympics, winning five gold, two silver and one bronze medals. She holds the record amongst rowers for the most years between gold medals, at 20 years.
Since 2004, Lipă has served in various government positions including Minister of Youth and Sport under Dacian Cioloș from 2015 to 2017. Since 2009, she has also served as the president of the Romanian Rowing Federation and the Dinamo București Sports Club.
## Career
Lipă made her debut at the age of 19 at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, where she won her first gold medal in the double sculls event. She won her most recent gold medal in the eight at the Athens Summer Olympics in 2004. She is the only person to win a gold medal in the two premiere rowing events: the single scull and the eight. She is also one of very few women to win a gold medal in both a sculling (two oars per person) and a sweep (one oar per person) event. (Canada\'s Kathleen Heddle and Marnie McBean accomplished the same, sculling and sweep gold medals, in 1992 and 1996. Also, Romanians Simona Radis and Ancuta Bodnar, gold in double sculls in Tokyo, 2020, and eight, in Paris 2024.)
In 2004, she became the first female rower and the second rower overall to compete at six Olympics. This was first done by Czechoslovak rower Jiří Pták (cox) in 1992 and equalled in 2008 by Canadian Lesley Thompson (cox), Estonian Jüri Jaanson, and Australian James Tomkins.
## Later life {#later_life}
In 2008 she was awarded the Thomas Keller Medal at the Rowing World Cup in Lucerne and became an honorary citizen of her native town Siret. From November 2015 to January 2017, she served as the Romanian Minister of Youth and Sport in the Cioloș Cabinet
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# Family car
A **family car** is a car classification used in Europe to describe normally-sized cars. The name comes from the marketed use of these cars to carry a whole family, locally or on vacations. Most family cars are hatchbacks or sedans, although there are MPVs, estates and cabriolets with the same structure as with the other body style. The term covers two types of family cars
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# Jeremiah Ratliff
**Jeremiah Jerome Ratliff** (born August 29, 1981), formerly known as **Jay Ratliff**, is an American former professional football player who was a nose tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Chicago Bears. He played college football for the Auburn Tigers and was selected by the Cowboys in the seventh round of the 2005 NFL draft.
## Early life {#early_life}
Ratliff attended Lowndes High School in Valdosta, Georgia and was a letterman in football and basketball. He earned All-State and honorable-mention All-USA Today honors after catching 44 passes for 701 yards and seven touchdowns as a senior.
## College career {#college_career}
While attending Auburn University, Ratliff played for the Auburn Tigers football team from 2000 to 2004. As a freshman tight end he recorded 3 receptions for 38 yards, playing in 12 games (1 start).
He was converted to defensive end as a sophomore, starting eight of 12 games and tying a career-highs with 37 tackles (10 for loss), two forced fumbles and a sack. Ratliff played in nine games as a junior reserve defensive end, making seven tackles, including one for a loss.
After moving from defensive end to defensive tackle in his senior season, he started all 13 games and tied his career high with 37 tackles. He also made four tackles for a loss and a sack. He tied a single game career high with seven tackles at Auburn to earn SEC Defensive Lineman of the Week honors. He helped the Tigers win the Southeastern conference (SEC) Championship and finish 13--0 by defeating Virginia Tech in the Sugar Bowl, in which he made three tackles. Auburn finished in 2004 second behind USC in the final Associated Press poll.
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# Jeremiah Ratliff
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Dallas Cowboys {#dallas_cowboys}
Regarded as an undersized defensive tackle, he dropped in the 2005 NFL draft until he was selected in the seventh round (224th overall pick) by the Dallas Cowboys, who were looking to play him at defensive end in their new 3--4 defense.
Ratliff played his first NFL game at Oakland (10/2) and shared a sack with linebacker Scott Shanle. He made his first start the next week against the Philadelphia Eagles (10/9) when the Cowboys opened in their nickel package. He was placed on injured reserve on November 1. In 2006, he played 15 games as part of the defensive line rotation. His quickness and relentless drive allowed him to tie for the team lead with seven quarterback pressures; made 10 tackles; four sacks (tied for third on the team); one pass breakup; and one forced fumble. He led the team in fumble recoveries, which tied for second in the NFL.
He became the starting nose tackle following an injury to Jason Ferguson early in the 2007 season and although he was seen as an undersized player for the position, he started to dominate opposing offensive linemen. He was signed to a \$20.5 million, five-year contract extension on December 14, 2007, to stay with the Cowboys through the 2012 season. The deal included an \$8 million signing bonus. That year, he received the team\'s Ed Block Courage Award recipient.
In 2008, although he faced constant double teams, he had his best statistical year, recording career highs with 51 tackles (30 solo) and 7.5 sacks, receiving his first Pro Bowl invitation and establishing him as one of the league\'s best 3--4 nose tackles. For his solid performance that season he was also named to the Pro Football Writers Association\'s All-NFC Team. The next year, he was considered one of the dominant players in the league, earning All-Pro honors, after registering 40 tackles (29 solo) and 6 sacks. He was ranked 75th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.
By 2011 he signed a new contract extension worth \$40 million to play through the 2017 season, but there were already worries that his size and style of play could shorten his career. Discussions about moving him to defensive end never materialized, and his production and health started to decline. At the end of the season, he was selected to his fourth straight Pro Bowl appearance. In 2012 he missed his first game in five years. He missed four games with a high ankle sprain and also suffered a groin injury that put him on the injured reserve list. He finished the season with only 16 tackles.
During his rehabilitation process, Ratliff relationship with the team\'s medical staff and even with owner Jerry Jones became tense. After his trust towards the Cowboys organization deteriorated, he hired an independent physician and started to rehab on his own.
The Cowboys still saw him as key player in the new 4--3 defense, even after assigning him to the Physically Unable to Perform list at the start of the year. After missing all preseason and the first 6 games of the season, the team terminated his contract and placed him on the failed physical list from Reserve/PUP (Physically Unable to Perform) on October 16, 2013. He finished his Cowboys career with 27 sacks, 16 passes defensed and 317 total tackles.
An already acrimonious release escalated after Ratliff\'s agent (Mark Slough) held a conference call on October 16, where he publicly stated that it was a serious pelvic injury that would likely take at least a year to heal. On October 23, the controversy heated up when Ratliff was cleared medically to work out for other NFL teams, only a week after being released.
### Chicago Bears {#chicago_bears}
On November 2, 2013, Ratliff signed a 1-year-deal with the Chicago Bears and stated that he wanted to be called Jeremiah. He made his Bears debut against the Minnesota Vikings in week thirteen, recording a tackle in a 23--20 loss. He finished with 4 starts, 14.5 tackles (1 for loss) and 1.5 sacks.
On March 5, 2014, he re-signed with the Bears on a two-year contract. His best game came in week seven against the Miami Dolphins, recording a career-high 3.5 sacks in a game. He missed five games due to injuries, but was still considered the best player on the defense, finishing with 6.5 sacks (second on the team) and 33 quarterback pressures.
Ratliff was suspended by the NFL for the first three weeks of the 2015 regular season for violating the league\'s Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse. The suspension was a result of an incident that occurred in 2013, where Ratliff was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving.
On October 22, 2015, he was released after what was reported as a heated exchange with general manager Ryan Pace.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Legend
----------
**Bold**
### Regular season {#regular_season}
Year Team Games Tackles
------ ------ -------- -------- --------- --------
GP GS Cmb Solo Ast Sck
2005 DAL 4 1 4 3
2006 DAL 15 0 21 12
2007 DAL 15 14 30 21
2008 DAL **16** **16** **51** **33**
2009 DAL **16** **16** 40 29
2010 DAL **16** **16** 31 23
2011 DAL **16** **16** 38 29
2012 DAL 6 6 16 10
2013 CHI 5 4 9 7
2014 CHI 11 11 37 21
2015 CHI 2 2 8 7
122 102 285 195
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Jeremiah Ratliff
| 1 |
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# Jeremiah Ratliff
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
### Playoffs
Year Team Games Tackles
------ ------ ------- ------- --------- -------
GP GS Cmb Solo Ast Sck
2006 DAL 1 0 1 0
2007 DAL 1 1 2 0
2009 DAL **2** **2** **5** **2**
4 3 8 2
| 48 |
Jeremiah Ratliff
| 2 |
2,877,627 |
# Jeremiah Ratliff
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Ratliff was arrested the evening of January 22, 2013, on suspicion of drunk driving. He was arrested 20 miles northwest of Dallas after he sideswiped a semi-truck. No one was injured. However; Ratliff failed the field sobriety test and spent the night in jail. He was released the following morning on bond
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Jeremiah Ratliff
| 3 |
2,877,631 |
# Back end of line
**Back end of the line** or **back end of line** (**BEOL**) is a process in semiconductor device fabrication that consists of depositing metal interconnect layers onto a wafer already patterned with devices. It is the second part of IC fabrication, after front end of line (FEOL). In BEOL, the individual devices (transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc.) are connected to each other according to how the metal wiring is deposited.
## Metalization
The individual devices are connected by alternately stacking oxide layers (for insulation purposes) and metal layers (for the interconnect tracks). The vias between layers and the interconnects on the individual layers are thus formed using a structuring process.
Common metals are copper and aluminum. BEOL generally begins when the first layer of metal is deposited on the wafer. BEOL includes contacts, insulating layers (dielectrics), metal levels, and bonding sites for chip-to-package connections. For modern IC processes, more than 10 metal layers can be added in the BEOL.
Before 1998, practically all chips used aluminium for the metal interconnection layers, whereas copper is mostly used nowadays.
## Steps
Steps of the BEOL are:
1. Silicidation of source and drain regions and the polysilicon region.
2. Adding a dielectric (first, lower layer is pre-metal dielectric (PMD) -- to isolate metal from silicon and polysilicon), CMP processing it
3. Make holes in PMD, make a contacts in them.
4. Add metal layer 1
5. Add a second dielectric, called the inter-metal dielectric (IMD)
6. Make vias through dielectric to connect lower metal with higher metal. Vias filled by Metal CVD process.
: Repeat steps 4--6 to get all metal layers.
7. Add final passivation layer to protect the microchip
After BEOL there is a \"back-end process\" (also called post-fab), which is done not in the cleanroom, often by a different company. It includes wafer test, wafer backgrinding, die separation, die tests, IC packaging and final test
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# Falls of Glomach
The **Falls of Glomach**, in Ross-shire, Scotland, is one of the tallest waterfalls in Britain, with a drop of 113 m (370 ft). The falls border Kintail, donated to the National Trust for Scotland in 1944 and subsequently incorporating West Affric in 1993. It is not easily reached on foot, requiring a 20 kilometre trek through remote and wild countryside
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# TET
Tet}} `{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
**TET** or **PRAO** (*Työelämään tutustuminen* in Finnish, *Praktisk arbetslivsorientering* in Swedish, lit. *work-life orientation*) is a program providing workplace experience to middle school (lower secondary education) students in Finland and Sweden.
The program is one to three weeks long, and takes place in 7th, 8th or 9th grade, depending on the school. Students can choose and apply for positions independently, and sign contracts with both the school and the employer. In practice, students often end up working with a relative or friend.
Students working in the program receive no salary. Lunch can be provided by the employer, a local school, or bought by the student to be reimbursed later. Costs incurred by the employer are reimbursed by the state.
The purpose of the program is to introduce students to real-life working environments. TET students normally have a six-hour workday, with only one mandatory 30-minute lunch break. For safety reasons, laws and regulations prohibit minors from doing certain types of work
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# Jan Otto
**Jan Otto** (8 November 1841, Přibyslav -- 29 May 1916, Prague) was a Czech publisher and bookseller. He is best known for *Otto\'s encyclopedia*, the largest encyclopedia published in Czech.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
He was the son of a country doctor. In 1862 he began working as a printer. In 1871, he took over the printing press from his father-in-law Jaroslav Pospíšil. In 1874 he opened a bookstore on Wenceslaus Square in Prague, but after 1910, he concentrated on publishing. After his death his son and son-in-law took over the company but after lasting troubles, went bankrupt in 1934.
In the 1880s he started to work on publishing a complete encyclopedia in Czech. Despite many difficulties, he began publication 1888. It was an immediate commercial success, and publishing continued twenty years.
In addition to the encyclopedia, he published other successful volumes. *Ottova světová knihovna* (*Otto\'s world library*) and *Světová četba* (*World\'s reading*), containing some 2,000 passages translated into Czech. *Laciná knihovna národní* was a series of affordable but quality books from Czech authors. He also published collections of several authors, Brehm\'s *Life of Animals*, and literary newspapers such as *Lumír*, *Zlatá Praha* and *Světozor*. He was active in social and political life of Prague society. In 1912, he was appointed a member of the Austrian House of Lords
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# Lori Bryant-Woolridge
**Lori Anne Bryant-Woolridge** (born May 25, 1958) is an African-American/Chinese-American author and speaker, known for contributions to the chick-lit genre.
## Early life {#early_life}
Bryant-Woolridge was born in the San Francisco Bay Area to a biracial father, Brig. Gen Albert Bryant Sr., and biracial Asian mother, RN Mable Lun. She was raised in both California and Silver Spring, Maryland. She attended Paint Branch High School (Montgomery County, Maryland) and graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park with a BS in Journalism.
Bryant-Woolridge is sister to U.S. Army Brigadier General Albert Bryant Jr; she currently has a niece and a nephew on active duty in the Army. Another nephew is former Obama Administration Department of Defense Fort Hood Shooting Task Force and \"Don\'t Ask, Don\'t Tell\" Repeal Working Group appointee and broadcaster Benjamin Bryant. (It was these and many other connections to the United States Military that led to the Femme Fantastik tour\'s original founding as a tour of military bases.)
## Writing career {#writing_career}
Bryant-Woolridge made her debut as a novelist in 1999 when she published the novel *Read Between the Lies*. The book went on to become a best-seller, and in 2000 was nominated for a Golden Pen Award`{{which|date=December 2012}}`{=mediawiki} for Best Contemporary Fiction. Her second novel, *Hitts & Mrs.*, was published in 2004, and made the *Essence* magazine bestseller list. Bryant-Woolridge\'s latest novel *Weapons of Mass Seduction* was published in April 2007.
*The Power of WOW*, subtitled *A Guide to Unleashing the Confident, Sexy You* (a non-fiction, self-help book), was published in July 2011. \"Woolridge comes on like Judith Krantz with a social conscience.\" *Publishers Weekly*
Bryant-Woolridge has also contributed to several anthologies, such as *Gumbo: A Celebration of African-American Writing* (Harlem Moon, 2002), and *Brown Sugar 3: Opposites Attract* (Washington Square, 2004).
In the Spring of 2005, Bryant-Woolridge co-founded the Femme Fantastik Literary Tour, a book tour dedicated to showcasing the work of female authors of color.
## Broadcasting career and Emmy win {#broadcasting_career_and_emmy_win}
Bryant-Woolridge spent her early career in various television production and management roles at the ABC Television Network, Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), and Black Entertainment Television (BET). In 1983, Bryant-Woolridge was honored with the Emmy Award for Individual Achievement in Writing.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Bryant-Woolridge currently resides in Virginia and has two children: a son, who attended Wesleyan University in Connecticut, and is the founder and CEO of Playerslounge.co, and a daughter, who graduated from the University of Maryland, College Park, and is a photographer.
She is the co-founder of Mothers Off Duty, a nonprofit women\'s organization committed to aiding in the prevention of teen pregnancy and the promotion of continued education and parental responsibility. A certified spiritual/life coach, Bryant-Woolridge is the founder of Stiletto University, which promotes feminine confidence and sensual empowerment through its workshops and retreats; and The SOL Innovations Group, LLC a spiritual and life coaching group that specializes in feminine confidence, spiritual exploration, and creative confidence coaching
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# Scurrilous
***Scurrilous*** is the third studio album by Canadian progressive metal band Protest the Hero. It was released on March 22, 2011. The word *scurrilous* is defined as \"vulgar verbal abuse; foul-mouthed; coarse, vulgar, abusive, or slanderous.\"
It is the last album released under Protest the Hero\'s original lineup, due to the departure of drummer Moe Carlson and bassist Arif Mirabdolbaghi two years later.
## Overview
Recording for Scurrilous began on August 30, 2010. Walker stated on his Twitter page on that day: \"it has begun\" and also on his Facebook page on the 31st that \"It is underway\", both in reference to the band\'s next full-length album recording. During the recording process, Protest the Hero posted three studio updates showcasing bass, drums, guitar and vocals. The band has stated that the album will contain a more \"progressive\" sound compared to their last two albums.
In support of the album, Protest the Hero embarked on a North American tour, with a large number of dates in their native Canada, from March to May 2011.
The band released the first single \"C\'est La Vie\" on February 3, 2011.
## Cover art {#cover_art}
The album cover is a picture of a 60-year-old painting by bassist Arif Mirabdolbaghi\'s grandfather, [Jafar Petgar](http://www.petgarartgallery.com/jafar-petgar.html), titled \"Scurrilous\". The painting was inspired by a disagreement between Petgar and his wife that stemmed from \"conjecture and scurrilous lies\" being spread by a neighbor. The painting is meant to represent the world fleeing from the lies originating from the human tongue. According to Mirabdolbaghi, the piece was selected by Protest the Hero as the cover art for *Scurrilous* because they \"thought the wide and varied use of color in the piece reflected the contrasting sonic landscapes of the music on the album.\"
## Reception
Critical reception for *Scurrilous* has generally been positive, with the album receiving four out of five stars from Allmusic, who lauded the band for its shift toward more personal lyrics. Adam Thomas of Sputnikmusic found the album to be \"a lot less jarring when compared to their past work, with the transitions between the light speed arpeggio runs, tight modern metal riffing, and mathy stop start sections seamlessly binding it all together.\" However, *Decibel* magazine gave the album a five out of ten.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All music by Protest the Hero
## Trivia
- *C\'est la vie* is a French figure of speech that translates to \"such is life,\" meaning that life is sometimes harsh, but one must accept it. The phrase coincides with the lyrical content of the song which discusses the futility of suicide.
- The track title \"Dunsel\" is a reference to Star Trek, which all members of the band are known to be avid fans of. The term is first used in the episode \"The Ultimate Computer\", where Spock explains that the term is used by midshipmen to describe a position or role that serves no real purpose. This too coincides with the lyrical content of the song
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# Armand Eloi
**Armand Éloi** (born 29 August 1962 in Liège) a Belgian actor and director. He graduated in the ENSATT (school of la rue Blanche) and has created, together with the scenographer Emmanuelle Sage, the *Théâtre du Passeur*.
## Works
- 1993 : *La Chunga de Mario Vargas Llosa* (création nationale) Premier Prix des Rencontres Charles-Dullin 1994.
- 1994 : *Le Corps de Léonard* de Michel Danton
- 1996 : *Les Noces du Romanode* John Millington Synge
- 1997 : *L\'Antichambre* de Jean-Claude Brisville
- 1999 : *La Balade du Grand Macabre* de Ghelderode
- 2001 : *Mais n\'te promène donc pas toute nue* de Georges Feydeau
- 2001 : *Le Jardin de Perrot* de Joëlle Moussafir
- 2002 : *Perroquin* de Tim Rescala
- 2005 : *La Chunga* de Mario Vargas Llosa (nouvelle mise en scène)
Roles in film, television and theater:
- 1987 : *Spot Ford*, publicité de Jean-Jacques Annaud
- 1988 : *La Meute* - Jaspard - m.e.s. T. Chauvière
- 1988 : *L\'Or du Diable*, téléfilm de Jean-Louis Fournier
- 1989 : *Molière 89* - Molière - m.e.s. G. Rosset - Compagnie de l'Orle d'Or
- 1989 : *L\'Enfant de l'étoile* - Wilde - m.e.s. A. Loncin - Le petit théâtre
- 1989 : *Les Nuits Révolutionnaires*, téléfilm de Charles Brabant
- 1989 : *Impasse de la vignette*, film d\'Anne-Marie Etienne
- 1990 : *Le Gros Lapin*, spectacle multimedia de Béatrice Hammer
- 1990 : *La Veillée*, film de Samy Pavel
- 1990 : *À quel sein se vouer* - Louki - m.e.s. J-C. Hervé
- 1991 : *Antigone* - Sophocle - m.e.s. C. Farré - Compagnie C. Farré.
- 1992 : *La Voleuse de Londres Neveu* - m.e.s. D. Cohen - Compagnie Théâtre Azimuts
- 1992 - 2003: *Y a-t-il des tigres au Congo?* - Ahlfors - m.e.s. A. Loncin - Le petit théâtre
- 1995 : *Les Plaideurs* - Racine - m.e.s. A. Loncin -- Le Théâtre du Passeur
- 1997/98 : *Liliom* - F.Molnar - m.e.s. S. Chévara - Mack et les Gars
- 1999 : *Valentin Haüy* -- Sophie Bensadoun -- film institutionnel (rôle titre)
- 2000 : *Vérités ou mensonges* - Bruno Nuytten -- stage de formation cinéma
- 2001 - 2003 : *L'Epidémie* -- Maxime Bourotte -- Le Théâtre du Passeur
- 2001 : *Jim la nuit* -- Bruno Nuytten - Arte
- 2002 : *Ecoute Nicolas* -- téléfilm de Roger Kahane -- France 2
- 2003/04 : *Una Estrella* -- Paloma Pedrero -- m.e
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# Timothy Taylor (writer)
**Timothy Taylor** (born 1963) is a Canadian novelist, short story writer, journalist, and professor of creative writing.
## Background
Born in Venezuela, Taylor was raised in West Vancouver, British Columbia and later in Edmonton, Alberta. He studied economics at the University of Alberta and obtained a Master of Business Administration at the Smith School of Business at Queen\'s University. During his years in university, Taylor served as an officer in the Canadian Forces Naval Reserves. After graduation, he worked in banking in Toronto, Ontario. In 1987, he returned to Vancouver, British Columbia where he currently resides.
## Writing career {#writing_career}
Taylor\'s short story \"Doves of Townsend\" won the Journey Prize in 2000. He had two other stories on the competition\'s preliminary list of finalists that year, and is to date the only writer ever to have three short stories compete for the prize in the same year. He subsequently served as a judge for the 2003 award.
His debut novel, *Stanley Park*, was published by Knopf Canada in 2001. It was nominated for the Giller Prize and the Rogers Writers\' Trust Fiction Prize, as well as both the Vancouver and BC Book Awards. It was later chosen to be the 2004 title for One Book, One Vancouver. In 2007, *Stanley Park* was selected for the annual *Canada Reads* competition, where it was championed by musician Jim Cuddy.
*Stanley Park* was followed a year later by *Silent Cruise*, a collection of eight stories and one novella which was a runner-up for the Danuta Gleed Literary Award. His second novel *Story House* was published in 2006 and made Canadian bestseller lists. His third novel, *The Blue Light Project*, also a bestseller in Canada, was released in 2011.
Taylor also writes nonfiction, particularly on food and wine topics. He\'s been a contributing editor at *Vancouver Magazine* and a regular contributor at *EnRoute*, *The Walrus*, and *Eighteen Bridges*. He has also written for *The Wall Street Journal*, *Food & Wine*, *Western Living*, *The Vancouver Review*, *Toro*, *Saturday Night*, *Adbusters*, the *National Post* and the *Vancouver Sun*. He has published the non-fiction books *The Cranky Connoisseur* (2011) and *Foodville* (2014).
In 2013, Taylor took a position with the University of British Columbia\'s Creative Writing Program, where he now serves as an associate professor.
Taylor\'s newest book is the novel *The Rule of Stephens*, published in 2018.
## Publications
### Novels
- *Stanley Park*. Toronto: Knopf Canada, 2001. `{{ISBN|0-676-97307-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Story House*. Toronto: Knopf Canada, 2006. `{{ISBN|0-676-97764-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Blue Light Project*. Toronto: Knopf Canada, 2011. `{{ISBN|0-307-39930-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Rule of Stephens.* Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 2018.
### Short stories {#short_stories}
- *Silent Cruise* Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2002.
### Nonfiction
- *The Internet Handbook for Canadian Lawyers* (with M. Drew Jackson): Carswell, 1997. `{{ISBN|0459238353}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Cranky Connoisseur*: New Word City. 2011.
- *Foodville*: Nonvella
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# WKLZ
**WKLZ** (105.9 FM) is a non-commercial radio station operating under a licensing agreement by the Educational Media Foundation (EMF), and carries the contemporary Christian music format of its nationally syndicated network K-Love for the Syracuse, New York, area.
## History
For most of the 2000s, WLTI was branded as \"Lite 105.9\" or \"Lite Rock 105.9\" and had an adult contemporary music format that varied between \"soft AC\" (during the Lite years) and \"hot AC\" (during the later \"Lite Rock\" period). Programming during this period included Dave Allen (mornings during the \"Lite\" period), Robin Marshall (under the alias \"Jayne,\" middays), Phil Spevak (under the alias \"Brian Phillips,\" afternoons), Bob and Sheri (mornings during the \"Lite Rock\" time period), and Delilah (evenings).
WLTI made the switch to news/talk, branded as WXTL \"105.9 The Big Talker\", in early March 2010, following a brief stunt with TV theme songs as \"TV 105.9\". Gary Nolan was the station\'s lone local weekday talk program; the rest of the lineup was culled from an eclectic mix of third-tier programming not already heard on its long-established competitors, WSYR or WFBL.
On January 6, 2012, at 10 a.m., after The Bob & Tom Show, WXTL began stunting again as \"TV 105.9\" airing television show theme songs only. At 1:05 p.m., the station switched to classic rock as \"105.9 The Rebel\" with *The Bob & Tom Show* continuing in mornings. The first song on The Rebel was \"Rebel Yell\" by Billy Idol. Dave Frisina (WAQX 1978-2003, WTKW 2003-2011) was brought in to program the station as a classic rock station with a broader playlist and more local programming. Additional personalities include Roger McCue and Holly Dagger.
On February 13, 2019, Cumulus Media announced it would sell six stations, including WXTL, to Educational Media Foundation for \$103.5 million. On May 31, 2019, EMF flipped WXTL to the foundation\'s K-Love network that has been carried on WGKV (FM 101.7), a rimshot signal north of Syracuse. As a result, one of EMF\'s other formats (worship music Air1 or classic Christian hits K-Love Classics) was likely to be introduced to the Syracuse market on one of the two stations. On April 23, 2020, the station changed its call sign to WKLZ.
### Continuation of former WXTL programming online after the sale {#continuation_of_former_wxtl_programming_online_after_the_sale}
Shortly after the announcement, Cumulus announced that the \"Rebel\" format would be moved online, with Frisina remaining in his position. The online-only iteration of The Rebel proved to be enough of a success to allow an air staff to be hired for the station.
Frisina was dismissed March 28, 2022, along with the remaining airstaff, with Frisina noting that the station was about to undergo a \"transition\" and that Cumulus had rejected his offer to continue hosting his specialty weekend shows. On August 24, 2022, The Rebel was rebranded as \"The SGNL\" and changed its format to adult album alternative
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# Gail Borden
**Gail Borden Jr.** (November 9, 1801 -- January 11, 1874) was an American inventor and manufacturing pioneer. He was born in New York state and settled in Texas in 1829 (then part of Mexico), where he worked as a land surveyor, newspaper publisher, and food company entrepreneur. He created a process in 1853 to make sweetened condensed milk. Earlier, Borden helped plan the cities of Houston and Galveston in 1836.
Borden\'s process for making sweetened condensed milk enabled the dairy product to be transported and stored without refrigeration and for longer periods than fresh milk. After returning to the New York area to market another product, he set up factories for condensed milk in Connecticut and later in New York and Illinois. Demand by the Union Army was high during the American Civil War. His New York Condensed Milk Company changed its name to Borden Dairy Co. after his death.
## Early life {#early_life}
Gail Borden Jr. was born in Norwich, New York, on November 9, 1801, to Gail Borden Sr. (1777--1863), and Philadelphia (née Wheeler) Borden (1780--1828). The family moved to Kennedy\'s Ferry, Kentucky (renamed as Covington in 1814). There, he learned the art of surveying while aiding his father in the surveying of what would become Covington. Borden also moved to New London, Indiana, in 1816. Borden received his only formal schooling in Indiana during 1816 and 1817.
In 1822, Borden and his brother Thomas left home and settled in Amite County, Mississippi. Borden stayed in Liberty for seven years, working as the county surveyor and as a schoolteacher in Bates and Zion Hill.
His mother died at age 48 from yellow fever in Nashville, Tennessee, perhaps while visiting a grown child and family.
## Migration to Texas {#migration_to_texas}
After initially landing in Texas at Galveston Island at the end of 1829, Borden settled in what is currently Fort Bend County, where he surveyed and raised stock. After a short time, he took over as chief surveyor for Stephen F. Austin.
Borden and his family left Mississippi in 1829 and moved to Texas, where his father and brother John had settled. (His mother had died the previous year.) His brother Thomas also settled in Texas. As a surveyor, Borden plotted the towns of Houston and Galveston. He collaborated on drawing the first topographical map of Texas in 1835.
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# Gail Borden
## Texas Revolution {#texas_revolution}
In February 1835, Gail and his brother John entered into partnership with Joseph Baker to publish one of the first newspapers in Texas. Although none of the three had any previous printing experience, Baker was considered \"one of the best informed men in the Texian colony on the Texas-Mexican situation\". The men based their newspaper in San Felipe de Austin, which was centrally located among the colonies in eastern Texas. They ran the first issue under the banner of *Telegraph and Texas Planter* on October 10, 1835, days after the Texas Revolution began, though the later issues bore the name *Telegraph and Texas Register*. As editor, Gail Borden worked to be objective.
Soon after the newspaper began publishing, John Borden left to join the Texian Army, and their brother Thomas took his place as Borden\'s partner. Historian Eugene C. Barker describes the Borden newspaper as \"an invaluable repository of public documents during this critical period of the state\'s history\". The early format of the paper was three columns to a page with a total of eight pages. The Telegraph printed official documents and announcements, editorials, local news, reprints of articles from other newspapers, poetry, and advertisements.
As the Mexican Army moved east into the Texian colonies, the *Telegraph* was soon the only newspaper in Texas still operating. Their 21st issue was published on March 24. This contained the first list of names of Texans who died at the Battle of the Alamo. On March 27, the Texas Army reached San Felipe, carrying word that the Mexican advance guard was approaching. According to a later editorial in the *Telegraph*, the publishers were \"the last to consent to move\". The Bordens dismantled the printing press and brought it with them as they evacuated with the rear guard on March 30. The Bordens retreated to Harrisburg. On April 14, as they were in the process of printing a new issue, Mexican soldiers arrived and seized the press. The soldiers threw the type and press into Buffalo Bayou and arrested the Bordens. The Texas Revolution ended days later.
Supposedly, during the war, Gail Borden Jr. helped to design the Baker\'s San Felipe flag which was flown in the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836.
## After the war {#after_the_war}
Lacking funds to replace his equipment, Borden mortgaged his land to buy a new printing press in Cincinnati. The 23rd issue of the *Telegraph* was published in Columbia on August 2, 1836. Although many had expected Columbia to be the new capital, the First Texas Congress instead chose the new city of Houston. Borden relocated to Houston and published the first Houston issue of his paper on May 2, 1837.
The newspaper was in financial difficulty, as the Bordens rarely paid their bills. In March 1837, Thomas Borden sold his interest in the enterprise to Francis W. Moore Jr., who took over as chief editor. Three months later, Gail Borden transferred his shares to Jacob W. Cruger.
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# Gail Borden
## Political career and early inventions {#political_career_and_early_inventions}
Borden was a delegate at the Convention of 1833, where he assisted in writing early drafts of a Republic of Texas constitution. He also shared administrative duties with Samuel May Williams during 1833 and 1834 when Stephen F. Austin was away in Mexico.
President Sam Houston appointed Borden as the Republic of Texas Collector of Customs at Galveston in June 1837. He was popular and performed his job well, raising half of the government income during this period through his collection on importations. Houston\'s successor to the presidency, Mirabeau B. Lamar, removed Borden from office in December 1838, replacing him in the patronage position with a lifelong friend from Mobile, Alabama, Dr. Willis Roberts, newly arrived in Texas. Roberts\' son later was appointed Secretary of State of the Republic. Lamar was said to have known Roberts for 25 years. However, Borden had been so well liked, the newcomer was resented. The *Galveston News* frequently criticized the new regime about malfeasance.
When a shortage of funds came to light, Roberts offered to put up several personal houses and nine slaves as collateral until the matter could be settled. Two resentful desk clerks were later determined to have been embezzling funds. Roberts was replaced in December 1839, when Lamar appointed another man.
After Houston was re-elected to the presidency, he reappointed Borden to the post. The publisher served December 1841 to April 1843. He finally resigned after a dispute with Houston.
Borden assisted in the original survey of Galveston. Working for the Galveston City Company, the surveying team laid out the east end of the island in a gridiron pattern, similar to major cities on the east coast of the US. Streets running the length of the island, from west to east, were named as avenues, according to the alphabet and in ascending order. Avenue A was the first avenue on the bay side, and this sequence continued through Avenue Q, running parallel to the Gulf of Mexico. Intersecting the avenues were numbered streets, starting with Eighth Street and continuing through Fifty-Eighth Street, which formed the western edge of the property owned by the Galveston City Company. In addition to surveying, he also he served the Galveston Town Company for 12 years as a secretary and agent. During that period, he helped sell 2,500 lots of land, for a total of \$1,500,000.
In the 1840s, he began to experiment with disease cures and mechanics. His wife Penelope died of yellow fever on September 5, 1844. Frequent epidemics had swept through the nation, and the disease had a high rate of fatalities during the 19th century. Borden began experimenting with finding a cure to the disease via refrigeration. No one understood how it was transmitted. He also experimented with an amphibious vehicle that he called a \"terraqueous machine\". This was a sail-powered wagon designed to travel over land and sea, but designed more specifically for the western prairies. He abandoned the invention after a test run resulted in ejecting its riders into the Gulf of Mexico.
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# Gail Borden
## Processed foods {#processed_foods}
### Meat biscuits {#meat_biscuits}
In 1849, Borden started experimenting with beef processing. He developed a dehydrated beef product known as the \"meat biscuit\", which was loosely based upon a traditional Native American processed dried food known as *pemmican*. Pioneers seeking gold in California needed a readily transportable food that could endure harsh conditions, and Borden sold some of his meat biscuits to miners. Notably, explorer Elisha Kane purchased several hundred pounds of meat biscuits for his Arctic expedition. The product won Borden the Great Council Medal at the 1851 London World\'s Fair, and the same year he set up a meat-biscuit factory in Galveston. Entering middle age with \$100,000, `{{Inflation|US|100000|1849|2023|fmt=eq|r=-5}}`{=mediawiki}, he put these at risk for his newest invention. His desired markets were military organizations, domestic or foreign, which required easily transported food that did not spoil easily. He prepared promotional materials, arranged for product trials, and demonstrated the preparation of meat biscuits at cooking facilities for hospitals and ships. He invested \$60,000, `{{Inflation|US|60000|1853|2023|fmt=eq|r=-5}}`{=mediawiki}, yet none of these large institutional customers materialized. Not only did people complain about the taste and texture, but the U.S. Army concluded that the meat biscuits failed to slake hunger and even made people ill. In 1852, Borden filed for bankruptcy protection.
### Condensed milk {#condensed_milk}
In 1851, during Borden\'s return voyage from the London exhibition, a disease infected both cows aboard the ship. (Ships carried livestock to supply passenger and crew needs during a voyage.) The cows eventually died, as did several children who drank the contaminated milk. Contamination often threatened other supplies of milk across the country. Borden became interested in developing a way to preserve milk.
He was inspired by the vacuum pan he had seen being used by Shakers to condense fruit juice and herbs. He learned to reduce milk without scorching or curdling it. His first two factories established to manufacture it failed. With his third factory, built with new partner Jeremiah Milbank in Wassaic, New York, Borden finally produced a usable milk derivative that was long-lasting and needed no refrigeration.
In 1856, after three years of refining his model, Borden received the patent for his process of condensing milk by vacuum. He abandoned the meat biscuit, to focus on his new product. Borden was forced to recruit financial partners to begin production and marketing of this new product. He offered Thomas Green three-eighths of his patent rights and gave James Bridge a quarter interest on his investment; together, the three men built a condensery in Wolcottville, Connecticut (within modern-day Torrington), which opened in 1856. Green and Bridge were eager for profits, and when the factory was not immediately successful, they withdrew their support. The factory closed within a year.
To ensure against disease, Borden established strict sanitary requirements (the \"Dairyman\'s Ten Commandments\") for farmers who wanted to sell him raw milk; they were required to wash the cows\' udders before milking, keep barns swept clean, and scald and dry their strainers morning and night. By 1858, Borden\'s condensed milk, sold as Eagle Brand, had gained a reputation for purity, durability, and economy.
Borden persuaded his former partners and a third investor, Reuel Williams, to build a new factory. It opened in 1857 in Burrville, Connecticut (also within modern-day Torrington). This second factory was hurt by the Panic of 1857 and had trouble turning a profit. The following year, Borden\'s fortunes began to change after he met Jeremiah Milbank, a financier from New York, on a train. Milbank was impressed by Borden\'s enthusiasm for and confidence in condensed milk, and the two became equal partners. Together, they founded the New York Condensed Milk Company. As a railroad magnate and banker, Milbank understood large-scale finance, which was critical to development of the business and Borden\'s success. Milbank invested around \$100,000 into Borden\'s business. When Milbank died in 1884, the market value of his holdings was estimated at \$8,000,000.
With the founding of the New York Condensed Milk Company, sales of Borden\'s condensed milk began to improve. The outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 soon after created a large demand for condensed milk from the Union Army. Officers purchased several hundred pounds of milk for their soldiers. In 1861, Borden closed the factory in Burrville, opening the first of what would be many condensed milk factories in upstate New York and Illinois, which were centers of dairy farming.
Around this same time, Borden married his third wife, Emeline Eunice Eno Church.
In 1864, Gail Borden\'s New York Condensed Milk Company constructed the New York Milk Condensery in Brewster, New York. This was the largest and most advanced milk factory of its day, and it was Borden\'s first commercially successful plant. Over 200 dairy farmers supplied 20,000 USgal of milk daily to the Brewster plant as demand increased driven by the American Civil War.
As the Civil War continued, he expanded his New York Condensed Milk Company quickly to meet the growing demand. Many new factories were built and he granted licenses (for pay) to individuals to begin producing condensed milk in their own factories, using Borden\'s patent. Despite the quick growth of the company, Borden continued to emphasize strict sanitation. He developed cleanliness practices that continue to be used in the production of condensed milk to this day.
While this rapid growth was occurring, Borden continued to experiment with condensing meat, tea, coffee, and cocoa. In 1862 while operating a factory in Amenia, New York, he patented the condensing of juice from fruits, such as apples and grapes. Borden tried to incorporate these other products into the line of the New York Condensed Milk Company, but the greatest demand was always for milk. It continued as the company\'s major product.
Throughout Borden\'s business success, he maintained an eye toward the scientific community. He published reports filled with testimonials of \"impartial\" scientists who observed and tested his inventions, including the meat biscuit and condensed milk. Borden coupled ambition for success with an enduring desire to produce quality products.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1828, Borden married Penelope Mercer of Amite County, Mississippi. The couple had five children during their 16-year marriage. Penelope Borden contracted yellow fever and died in Galveston in 1844. On February 15, 1845, he married A. \[Augusta or Azalea\] F. Stearns in Galveston. She died in 1857. In 1860, he married Emeline E. (Eno) Church in Connecticut.
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# Gail Borden
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Borden died on January 11, 1874, in Borden in Colorado County, Texas. His body was shipped by private car to New York City to be buried in Woodlawn Cemetery.
Borden County, Texas, where he had never been, was named for him posthumously, as was its county seat, Gail. Borden, Texas, was also named for him.
The New York Condensed Milk Company changed its name in 1899, to honor Borden. It continued to be a strong corporation. By the 1940s, the Borden Company employed 28,000 people and had a stock holding partnership of 50,000. It dealt with more varied products, ranging from fresh and condensed milk, casein, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals, and vitamins, to soybean creations. A version of the company continues today. Now called Eagle Brand, the company\'s website cites its origins in 1856 with the opening of Borden\'s first factory. In 1892, Samuel and Alfred Church, stepsons of Borden, and residents of Elgin, Illinois, purchased and donated the Scofield Mansion at 50 N. Spring Street to house a new library for the residents of Elgin. Samuel and Alfred\'s only request was that the library be called the Gail Borden Public Library.
The Borden Company established the Borden Award in 1937 and inaugurated it in 1938. The award, given annually \"for distinctive contributions to poultry science advancement\", consists of a gold medal and \$1,000.
## Genealogy
Borden was distantly related to Robert Borden (1854--1937), Canada\'s Prime Minister during World War I. One of his great-grandchildren was Gail Borden, an American figure skater in the 1932 Winter Olympics. Another notable relative is the infamous Lizzie Borden from the Fall River murders. Sir Robert, Lizzie, and Gail Borden (founder) are fourth cousins, all descended from John Borden (b. 1640), the son of Richard from Headcorn, Kent, who immigrated to the United States aboard the ship *Elizabeth and Anne* in 1635
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2,877,728 |
# Kyle Pruett
**Kyle D. Pruett** is an author of books and columns on parenting, and is a professor of child psychiatry at Yale University. This researcher and practicing psychiatrist was the host of the TV series *Your Child Six to Twelve with Dr. Kyle Pruett*. He has contributed to *Good Housekeeping*, *Child*, and *The New York Times*. He has appeared as a guest on *Good Morning America*, *Oprah*, *CBS This Morning*, and National Public Radio.
Pruett was also the former president and board member of Zero to Three, an early childhood development organization.
## Controversies
Pruett has rebutted the use of his work by various opponents of same-sex marriage, saying that such usage distorted his work or was an exercise in cherry-picking.
## Publications
- *Fatherneed: Why Father Care Is as Essential as Mother Care for Your Child* - c. 2000
- *Me, Myself and I: How Children Build Their Sense of Self: 18 to 36 Months* - c. 1999
- *The Nurturing Father: Journey Toward the Complete Man* - c
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Kyle Pruett
| 0 |
2,877,736 |
# Stanisław Gomułka
**Stanisław Gomułka** (born 10 September 1940, Krężoły, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship) is a Polish born economist, from 1970 up to 2005 a reader in Economics at the London School of Economics, a visiting professor or research fellow at several US universities (Pennsylvania, Stanford, Columbia and Harvard), also at Aarhus university, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies and the Central European university, in the years 1989-2002 advisor to the Ministry of Finance and National Bank of Poland, from 2013 a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He received the Order of Polonia Restituta in 2014.
His research interests are in the fields of endogenous economic growth; economics of technological change; comparative economic systems; reforms and post-communist transition, especially Poland and the former USSR; trade and financial relations between East and West; privatisation and analysis of the behaviour of enterprises in Central Europe, the former USSR and China
| 147 |
Stanisław Gomułka
| 0 |
2,877,742 |
# Ray Slijngaard
**Raymond Lothar Slijngaard** (born 28 June 1971) is a Dutch singer and rapper best known as one half of the Eurodance duo 2 Unlimited.
## Music career {#music_career}
### 2 Unlimited (1991--1996) {#unlimited_19911996}
2 Unlimited is an electronic music project founded in 1991 by Belgian producers Jean-Paul DeCoster and Phil Wilde, and fronted by Dutch rapper Ray Slijngaard and Dutch vocalist Anita Doth.
In the early 1990s, Slijngaard was asked to write a rap lyric for a tune written by the two Belgian producers. Slijngaard also wrote a chorus to be sung by a female vocalist, for which he invited Anita Doth. The demo was presented to De Coster and Wilde, leading to Slijngaard joining 2 Unlimited, and \"Get Ready for This\" was produced as their first single. It became a big hit and was used in sporting events and movies.
Slijngaard rapped on most songs, though a few singles, such as \"Nothing Like the Rain\", had little involvement by the musician. The band became an instant success in Europe and throughout the world. Their hits included songs such as \"Maximum Overdrive\", \"No Limit\", \"Tribal Dance\", \"The Real Thing\", \"Twilight Zone\", and \"Workaholic\".
During his time with 2 Unlimited, Slijngaard was known for his hairstyle, which involved a shaved head and a few dreadlocks on his forehead. As the act released new songs, their title was often shaved into the remainder of the rapper\'s hair.
After sixteen music videos, twenty-three singles, and four albums, the group split up in 1996.
### After 2 Unlimited (1996--2009) {#after_2_unlimited_19962009}
After 2 Unlimited broke up in 1996, Slijngaard turned his attention to his own record company, X-Ray Records/Rayvano Productions, named after his son. He also released a single in 1997, titled \"3 X a Day\".
In 1999, Slijngaard teamed up with rappers Marvin D, Strezz, and Orphea (Keshaw) to form a new rap group called VIP Allstars. They achieved some success in the summer of 1999 with the tracks \"When It\'s My Turn\" and \"Mamacita\". The music was produced by Cyril Mahabier and Hurrigan Bouman; the two didn\'t receive credits for their production work, however.
In 2003, Slijngaard worked on a brand new project called Legends. He teamed up with Herman Rarebell from the German rock band Scorpions to release a single called \"Eye of the Tiger\". In 2007, he did a tour across South America. Apart from 2 Unlimited hits, he also sang a few unreleased tracks, such as \"Arabesque\", \"Round And Round\", and \"Dance with Me\".
### 2 Unlimited comeback (2009--present) {#unlimited_comeback_2009present}
Slijngaard and his former 2 Unlimited colleague Anita Doth reunited on 11 April 2009, to perform together for the first time in 13 years at the \"I love the 90s\" concert in Hasselt, Belgium. Further gigs followed on 30 April at the Radio 538 Queen\'s Day concert at Museumplein in Amsterdam, and as a support act for Milk Inc. at the Sportpaleis in Antwerp on 25 September.
Performing under the name Ray & Anita, it was confirmed on 29 December that the duo would release a new single together in 2010, titled \"In Da Name of Love\". Jean-Paul DeCoster is thought to have denied permission for them to use the name 2 Unlimited, as he still owns the rights to the brand.
On 11 July 2012, it was announced that Slijngaard and Doth would again be working with De Coster under the name 2 Unlimited.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Raymond Lothar Slijngaard was born in Amsterdam to a Surinamese father, Lothar Slijngaard, and a Dutch mother, Ingrid. In his early career, he was a chef while dreaming of becoming a rap star---singling out Snoop Dogg as his favourite at the time.
Slijngaard has a son, named Rayvano (b. 1996), with Hortence Gooding
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# Brazilian Girls
**Brazilian Girls** is a band from New York, United States, known for their eclectic blend of electronic dance music with musical styles as diverse as tango, chanson, house, reggae and lounge (but no Brazilian rhythms at all). None of the members are actually from Brazil and the only female in the band is the Italian singer Sabina Sciubba. Other members include Argentine keyboardist Didi Gutman, drummer Aaron Johnston and bassist Jesse Murphy.
The band released four studio albums: their self-titled debut on 1 February 2005, *Talk to La Bomb* on 12 September 2006, and *New York City* on 5 August 2008, and *Let\'s make Love* on 13 April 2018.
The singer, Sabina Sciubba is known for her fashionable stage-wear and for her enigmatic stage persona. Her outfits were designed by Threeasfour, Gemma Kahng, Carolina K. and others.
## History
The band formed in 2003, performing at a New York City club, Nublu. While playing a weekly gig, the band wrote many of the original songs that would appear on their debut album, which was eventually released in February 2005.
In 2006, the band released their second album, entitled *Talk to La Bomb,* featuring the single \"Jique.\" They toured widely across the United States, Latin America and Europe, appearing on several TV shows, notably David Letterman and Jimmy Kimmel.
They also covered Talking Heads\' \"Crosseyed And Painless\" for the AIDS benefit album *Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin Redux* produced by the Red Hot Organization.
Their third album, *New York City*, came out in 2008. They toured through October, at which time the band took a break for Sciubba to have a child. The song \"Good Time\" off of *New York City* was featured in an ad for Amstel Light.
In 2008, David Byrne appeared as a guest on their single \"I\'m losing myself\".
In 2009, the album *New York City* was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronica Album.
In June 2011, despite rumors of a split, Brazilian Girls collaborated with Forró in the Dark and Angélique Kidjo on the track \"Aquele Abraço\" for the Red Hot Organization\'s newest charitable album *Red Hot+Rio 2*. Proceeds from the sales will be donated to raise awareness and money to fight HIV/AIDS and related health and social issues.
In April 2012, the band reunited, playing live shows and recording new material.
In February 2014, Sabina Sciubba released a solo record on Bar None Records, called *Toujours*.
On 12 March 2015, during the band\'s well-attended performance at Thalia Hall in Chicago\'s Pilsen Historic District, band member Sabina Sciubba as well as the keyboardist repeatedly announced that the band\'s new album had just been completed and would be issued later in the year.
On 13 April 2018, the band released their fourth album, *Let\'s Make Love*.
The band has not performed in the original formation since 2019. Following a band dispute, some band members continue to perform under the name \"Brazilian Girls\" without Sabina Sciubba. The group has worked with a variety of singers and instrumentalists during that time
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# Tkdiff
**tkdiff** is a graphical diff viewer based on the Tk framework. It is capable of inter-operating with source-control systems like CVS and Subversion to show the differences between the local copy and the repository version. Such a line-by-line comparison is often considered to be good software engineering practice before committing code changes.
Tkdiff highlight specific differences within a line shared by both files, rather than simply indicating that the whole line differs.
## Example usage {#example_usage}
- `tkdiff `` ` --- to compare the two files and
- `tkdiff ` --- to compare the local version of the given file to the most recent version in the CVS/Subversion repository
tkdiff can also compare two older revisions of a file, etc
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# Fill (music)
\>\> \\layout {indent=0} \\midi { \\tempo 4 = 102 } }\|width=\|align=right\|caption=Sixteenth note fill in a rock/popular groove played on a drum kit.\|max-width=400}}In popular music, a **fill** is a short musical passage, riff, or rhythmic sound which helps to sustain the listener\'s attention during a break between the phrases of a melody. \"The terms riff and fill are sometimes used interchangeably by musicians, but \[while\] the term riff usually refers to an exact musical phrase repeated throughout a song\", a fill is an improvised phrase played during a section where nothing else is happening in the music. While riffs are repeated, fills tend to be varied over the course of a song. For example, a drummer may fill in the end of one phrase with a sixteenth note hi-hat pattern, and then fill in the end of the next phrase with a snare drum figure.
In drumming, a fill is defined as a \"short break in the groove---a lick that \'fills in the gaps\' of the music and/or signals the end of a phrase. It\'s akin to a mini-solo.\" A fill may be played by rock or pop instruments such as the electric lead guitar, bass, organ, drums or by other instruments such as strings or horns. In blues or swing-style scat singing, a fill may even be sung. In a hip-hop group, a fill may consist of rhythmic turntable scratching performed by a DJ.
\"Fills can vary as to style, length, and dynamics\...\[though\] most fills are simple in structure and short in duration\" Each type of popular music such as funk, country, and metal has characteristic fill passages, such as short scalar licks, runs, or riffs. Musicians are expected to be able to select and perform stylistically appropriate fills from a collection of stock fills and phrases. \"Although it is a small break in the pattern, the tempo is not changed at all, and in most instances the time-keeping pattern is resumed immediately after the fill\...An important point to remember is that the flow of the music should not be sacrificed to the technicality of the fill.\"
Chordal fills on guitar or keyboard instruments are \"groups of single notes played within the context of a specific chord\" to \"produc\[e\] a countermelody.\" A guitarist playing chordal fills will strum the chord for several strums and then interpolate several passing notes that lead to the next chord.
## Tradition and improvisation {#tradition_and_improvisation}
In some styles, such as jazz or jazz fusion, musicians have more freedom to improvise fill passages each time a piece or song is performed. In other styles, such as bluegrass, performers are more likely to use standard \"walkup\" or \"walkdown\" scalar passages as fills in every song. Some groups use previously composed fills as part of the identity of a song. The Eagles, for example, play the same fills each time they perform a song.
## Comparison with similar techniques {#comparison_with_similar_techniques}
Fills are distinguished from solo breaks, which are short, often unaccompanied solo passages interpolated between sections of a song. Whereas fills are relatively unobtrusive, solo breaks are usually composed to draw attention to the soloist\'s virtuoso skills by using difficult techniques and rapid passages, as in guitar solos and bass runs.
Fill passages are also distinguished from \"lead\" passages, in which a musical instrument becomes a melodic substitute for the singer for a substantial period
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# Valentino's
Valentino}}
**Valentino\'s** is a regional Italian restaurant chain based in Lincoln, Nebraska. Valentino\'s was founded by the Gates family in 1957. The restaurant was purchased by two Lincoln families in 1971 and began franchising additional locations. The first carry-out store opened in 1990, and many of the full-scale restaurants converted to the buffet concept in the early-2000s.
As of 2024, Valentino\'s has 34 locations in Nebraska, and 1 location in South Dakota
## Subsidiaries
Opened a pizza by the slice business in 1982 and expanded that to 45 units before selling it in 1985
| 96 |
Valentino's
| 0 |
2,877,783 |
# 1961 SEAP Games
The **1961 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, officially known as the **2nd Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, were a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Rangoon, Burma from 11 to 16 December 1961 with 13 sports featured in the games. This was the first time all six founding members of the SEAP Games Federation competed in the biennial sports festival and the first time Myanmar, then known as Burma hosted the games. Burma, later known as Myanmar is the second country to host the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, which later known as the Southeast Asian Games after Thailand. The games was opened and closed by Win Maung, the President of Burma at the Bogyoke Aung San Stadium. The final medal tally was led by host Burma, followed by Thailand and Malaya.
## The games {#the_games}
### Participating nations {#participating_nations}
- **(host)**
-
-
-
-
-
-
^1^ `{{small|- Singapore was a self-governing [[United Kingdom|British]] colony at that time
| 161 |
1961 SEAP Games
| 0 |
2,877,787 |
# Alpha Arae
**Alpha Arae**, is the second brightest star in the southern constellation of Ara. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from α Arae, and abbreviated Alpha Ara or α Ara. With an average apparent visual magnitude 2.93, it is readily visible to the naked eye from the southern hemisphere. This star is close enough to the Earth that its distance can be estimated using parallax data collected during the Hipparcos mission. It is around 270 ly away, with a 7% margin of error. The visual magnitude of the star is diminished by 0.10 magnitudes as a result of extinction from intervening gas and dust.
## Properties
Alpha Arae has a stellar classification of B2 Vne, indicating that it is a massive B-type main sequence star. The \'n\' notation in the suffix indicates that the absorption lines in the star\'s spectrum appear spread out and nebulous because of the Doppler effect from rapid rotation. The measured projected rotational velocity has been measured as high as `{{nowrap|375 km s<sup>−1</sup>}}`{=mediawiki}. Meilland et al. (2007) estimate the pole of the star is inclined by 55° to the line of sight, yielding an equatorial azimuthal velocity of `{{nowrap|470 km s<sup>−1</sup>}}`{=mediawiki}. This is close to the critical velocity where the star would start to break up. The rapid rotation is causing a pronounced equatorial bulge of about 2.4--2.7 times the polar radius.
It is a Be star, as indicated by the \'e\' notation in the star\'s classification. This indicates that emission lines are observed in the spectrum, which is coming from a disk of material ejected from the star because of its rapid rotation. In 2003 and 2005, Alpha Arae was observed by infrared interferometry, using the MIDI and AMBER instruments at the VLT Interferometer. The results, published in 2005 and 2007, appear to show that Alpha Arae is surrounded by a dense equatorial disk of material in Keplerian (rather than uniform) rotation, and that it is losing mass by a polar stellar wind with a terminal velocity of approximately 1,000 km/s. There is also some evidence that Alpha Arae is orbited by a companion at 0.7 AU.
This star is around 9.6 times as massive as the Sun, and has an average of 4.5 times its radius. It is 5,800 times as luminous as the Sun, its energy emitted from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 18,044 K. This heat gives Alpha Arae the blue-white hue that is characteristic of B-type stars. It is a variable star with a magnitude that varies between 2.76^m^ and 2.90^m^. The General Catalogue of Variable Stars classifies it only as BE, indicating that it is a variable Be star but not obviously a Gamma Cassiopeiae variable. The International Variable Star Index defines it as GCAS + LERI, showing both rapid periodic variation and slow irregular eruptions.
Alpha Arae has a visual companion star, *CCDM J17318-4953B*, located approximately 50 arcseconds away along a position angle of 168°, with an apparent visual magnitude of about 11. The two stars appear close to each other by coincidence and are not physically close in space.
## In culture {#in_culture}
With β and σ Ara it forms the Chinese asterism *Choo* (pinyin: chǔ, *杵*), \"pestle\" in traditional Chinese astronomy. It was the second star of *Choo* (*杵二*), but R. H. Allen used the name *Choo* for this star only. Patrick Moore lists *Choo* as a proper name for this star in his star catalogue of the constellation Ara. This name is also given the French spelling *Tchou*. There is another *Choo* in the constellation Pegasus.
In Chinese, *杵* (*Chǔ*), meaning *Pestle*, refers to an asterism consisting of α Arae, σ Arae and β Arae. Consequently, the Chinese name for α Arae itself is *杵二* (*Chǔ èr*, *the Second Star of Pestle*)
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# Tommy Gunn (actor)
**Thomas Joseph Strada** (born May 13), better known by his stage name **Tommy Gunn**, is an American pornographic actor and director. He has made several mainstream appearances, including an episode of *Entourage* and music videos for Buckcherry and Rilo Kiley. In 2016, Gunn was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame.
## Early life {#early_life}
In his early years, Tommy grew interested in sports, BMX bicycles, motorcycles, and soccer. Gunn was shy around girls until he noticed girls were interested in bigger and \"buffer\" guys, so he took up bodybuilding. He entered a \"hot body\" contest in a local bar, and although he lost the contest, a man offered him work as a stripper. For ten years, he worked as a dancer, traveling all over the world.
## Career
Beginning his career in pornographic films in 2004, Gunn was soon recognized as the 2005 AVN Best Male Newcomer award. He likewise received the 2006 AVN Best Supporting Actor for his role in *Pirates* and a second AVN Male Performer of the Year for 2007.
In 2007, Gunn appeared in the music video for \"The Moneymaker\" by American indie rock band Rilo Kiley. He also appeared in the music video \"Too Drunk\" by the band Buckcherry. In 2010 Gunn appeared in an episode of *Entourage*. In 2011 he had an uncredited role in *Mommy & Me*, a comedy film, directed by Jennifer James. In 2012 he appeared in the Louis Theroux documentary *Twilight of the porn stars* discussing the porn industry and his personal experiences within it. In 2014, he appeared in the horror film *Wolves*, directed by David Hayter. He also had a small part in the 2017 movie *Gangster land*.
In 2009, Gunn directed and starred in a 3-D choose-your-own-adventure movie titled *Cummin\' At You 3D*.
Gunn has appeared in over 3,400 videos in his pornographic career.
### Business ventures {#business_ventures}
In February 2012, he launched his own underwear line.
Gunn appeared in an episode of the History Channel show, *Pawn Stars*, where he sold a zombie-proofed \"zombie apocalypse\" van for \$11,000.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Gunn\'s father is of Italian descent while his maternal grandfather was Chinese. He was married to porn actress Rita Faltoyano from 2005 to 2008. When asked during an August 2007 interview if there was a romance between him and fellow porn star Ashlynn Brooke, Gunn\'s reply was, \"I think we are becoming something more.\" Gunn and Brooke have since ended their relationship.
Gunn has family in the Philadelphia area, including award-winning instructor of the ECCRSD Percussion Ensemble, Tom Harbora.
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# Tommy Gunn (actor)
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
: **List of accolades received by Tommy Gunn**
- 2005 AVN Award -- Best Male Newcomer
- 2005 XRCO Award -- New Stud
- 2006 AVN Award -- Best Couples Sex Scene (Video) -- *Porn Star* (with Brittney Skye)
- 2006 AVN Award -- Best Supporting Actor (Video) -- *Pirates*
- 2006 Eroticline Award -- Best International Actor
- 2006 NightMoves Award -- Best New Director (Fan\'s Choice)
- 2007 AVN Award -- Best Group Sex Scene (Film) -- *FUCK* (with Carmen Hart, Katsuni, Kirsten Price, Mia Smiles, Eric Masterson, Chris Cannon & Randy Spears)
- 2007 AVN Award -- Best Oral Sex Scene (Film) -- *FUCK* (with Ice LaFox, Eric Masterson, Marcus London & Mario Rossi)
- 2007 AVN Award -- Best POV Sex Scene -- *Jack\'s POV 2* (with Naomi)
- 2007 AVN Award -- Male Performer of the Year
- 2007 XRCO Award -- Male Performer of the Year
- 2008 NightMoves Award -- Best Male Performer (Fan\'s Choice)
- 2009 NightMoves Hall of Fame inductee
- 2011 NightMoves Award -- Best Male Performer (Editor\'s Choice)
- 2011 XBIZ Award -- Male Performer of the Year
- 2015 XBIZ Award -- Best Scene - Couples-Themed Release -- *Untamed Heart* (with Anikka Albrite)
- 2016 AVN Hall of Fame inductee
- 2018 XBIZ Award - Best Sex Scene --- Vignette Release - *Sacrosanct*
### AVN Awards {#avn_awards}
Year Result Category Film
---------- -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
**2005** Best Group Sex Scene - Video (with Jessica Drake, Monica Sweetheart, Lezley Zen and Trevor Zen) *Eye of the Beholder*
**2006** Best Sex Scene Coupling - Video (with Brittney Skye) *Porn Star*
Best Sex Scene Coupling - Film (with Jessica Drake) *Sold*
Best Oral Sex Scene - Film (with Jessica Drake, Brad Armstrong and Chris Cannon) *Sold*
Best Actor - Video *AGP: All Girl Protection*
**2007** Best Group Sex Scene - Film (with Carmen Hart, Katsumi, Kirsten Price, Mia Smiles, Eric Masterson, Chris Cannon and Randy Spears) *FUCK*
Best Three-Way Sex Scene (with Nikita Denise and Sandra Romain) *Nikita's Extreme Idols*
Best Sex Scene Coupling - Film (with Monique Alexander) *To Die For*
Best POV Sex Scene (with Naomi) *Jack's POV 2*
Best Oral Sex Scene - Film (with Eric Masterson, Marcus London and Mario Rossi) *FUCK*
Best Anal Sex Scene - Video (with Sandra Romain) *Porno Revolution*
**2008** Best Couples Sex Scene - Video (with Jayna Oso) *Zen*
Best Couples Sex Scene - Film (with Tera Patrick) *Fashion Underground*
Best Anal Sex Scene - Video (with Courtney Cummz) *Jack\'s Playground 34*
Male Performer of the Year
Best Supporting Actor - Video *Kill Jill*
**2009** Male Performer Of The Year
Best Supporting Actor *Pirates II: Stagnetti\'s Revenge*
Best POV Sex Scene (with Stoya) *Jack\'s POV 9*
Best POV Sex Scene (with Ashlynn Brooke) *Tommy Gunn: Point Blank POV*
Best Group Sex Scene (with Shay Jordan, Alexis Texas, Camryn Kiss, James Deen and Johnny Sins) *Cheerleaders*
Best Actor *Hearts and Minds II: Modern Warfare*
**2010** Best Supporting Actor *This Ain\'t Happy Days XXX*
Best POV Sex Scene (with Pure Play) \'\'Cummin\' at You 3D
Best Oral Sex Scene (with Pure Play) *Cummin\' at You 3D*
Best Actor *Heaven*
**2011** Male Performer of the Year rowspan= \"2\" `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki}
Crossover Star of the Year
Best Group Sex Scene (with Julia Ann, Natasha Marley, BobbiStarr, Dylan Ryder, Paul Chaplin, Will Powers and Billy Glide) *Bonny & Clide*
Best Couples Sex Scene (with Kayden Kross) *The Smiths*
Best Actor *Rawhide 2: Dirty Deeds*
**2012** Most Outrageous Sex Scene (with Jesse Jane) *Bad Girls 6*
Male Performer of the Year
Best Three-Way Sex Scene (G/B/B) (with Rebeca Linares and Scott Nails) *Bad Girls 5*
Best Supporting Actor *Fighters*
Best Group Sex Scene (with Alektra Blue, Jessica Drake, Kaylani Lei, Kirsten Price, Brandy Aniston, Nikki Daniels, Lucky Starr, Puma Swede, Randy Spears, Marcus London, Ron Jeremy, Jack Vegas, Dick Chibbles, Rocco Reed and Mac Turner) *The Rocki Whore Picture Show: A Hardcore Parody*
Best Group Sex Scene (with Jesse Jane, Kayden Kross, Riley Steele, Stoya and Selena Rose) *Top Guns*
Best Double Penetration Sex Scene (with Jack Vegas and Inari Vachs) *Harder*
**2013** Best Supporting Actor *Spartacus MMXII: The Beginning*
**2014** Best Boy/Girl Sex Scene (with Andy San Dimas) *Wolverine: An Axel Braun Parody*
Best Double Penetration Sex Scene (with Ramon Nomar) *DP My Wife With Me 2*
Best Safe Sex Scene (with Alexis Texas) *T&A*
Best Supporting Actor *Meant to Be*
**2015** Best Actor *American Hustle XXX Porn Parody*
Best Group Sex Scene (with Lola Reve, Britney Amber, Lola Foxx, Anikka Albrite, Dahlia Sky, Abby Cross, Romi Rain, Alina Li, Kush Kush, Coco, Toni Ribas, Mick Blue, Alan Stafford, Keni Styles, Bill Bailey, Giovanni Francesco, Karlo Karrera and Richie Calhoun) *Orgy Initiation of Lola*
Mainstream Star of the Year
### Eroticline Awards {#eroticline_awards}
Year Result Category Film
---------- -------- -------------------------- ------
**2006** Best International Actor
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| 1 |
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# Tommy Gunn (actor)
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
### F.A.M.E. Awards {#f.a.m.e
| 13 |
Tommy Gunn (actor)
| 2 |
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