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# Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
The **flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands** was granted on 3 October 1985, when the Territory was created. Previously the Territory was a part of the former Falkland Islands Dependencies and used the same flag as the Falklands Islands.
The new territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) was created in 1985, as is evidenced by the letters patent and order in council that are shown in full on the South Georgia government website. Prior to 1985, the area had been administered as a dependency of the Falkland Islands. The arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands were granted by royal warrant on 14 February 1992. The website of the SGSSI has a copy of the warrant, which addresses the arms only, and does not mention any flag. After the arms were granted in February 1992, the government of SGSSI started using them on the British Blue Ensign as is customary in British dependencies. The Flag Bulletin, XXXII:2 (1993), describes the badge which was granted on 14 February 1992 to celebrate the liberation of the islands from Argentine occupation. It consists of a shield (lozengy argent and azure, on a pile vert a lion rampant or, armed and langued gules, holding a torch or, inflamed gules, and in chief two estoiles or), a reindeer crest, as supporters a fur seal and a macaroni penguin, and the motto *Leo Terram Propriam Protegat* (\'Let the lion protect its own land\').
The original flag had a smaller version of the coat-of-arms displayed in a white disc, but this was later changed to the current flag. In June 2006, the College of Arms in Newsletter No. 9 said, \"South Georgia and Sandwich Islands: the flag of this overseas territory, illustrated left, has been approved by Her Majesty and accordingly placed on record at the College of Arms, along with the flag of the commissioner of the territory. College reference: Standards 5/96, 97.\" The flag that is illustrated in Newsletter No. 9 shows the arms in full, without a white disc.
The flag is a blue ensign, with the Union Flag in the canton, defaced with the coat-of-arms. The flag flies over the main government settlements on South Georgia Island, and the scientific bases of the British Antarctic Survey.
There is also a flag to represent the Civil Commissioner of the Territory, a Union Flag defaced with the coat-of-arms. As the Civil Commissioner is also the Governor of the Falkland Islands, the flag is only in use when the Commissioner visits the Territory. The original version of the commissioner\'s flag just displayed the shield (escutcheon) of the full arms, but it was later changed. In June 2006, the College of Arms (in Newsletter No. 9) said, \"South Georgia and Sandwich Islands: the flag of this overseas territory, illustrated left, has been approved by Her Majesty and accordingly placed on record at the College of Arms, along with the flag of the commissioner of the territory. College reference: Standards 5/96, 97.\"
## Former flags {#former_flags}
<File:Flag> of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (1992--1999).svg\|The very first blue ensign flag with a white disc to represent South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands which was used from 1992 until 1999 <File:Flag> of the Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (1992-99)
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# Philly Lutaaya
**Philly Bongoley Lutaaya** (19 October 1951 -- 15 December 1989) was a Ugandan musician who was the first prominent Ugandan to give a human face to HIV/AIDS. He became a national hero because he was the first Ugandan to declare that he was HIV--positive. That was in 1988, when HIV still carried a lot of stigma. Before dying of AIDS, Lutaaya spent his remaining time writing songs about his battle with AIDS, releasing his last album *Alone and Frightened*, including his famous song \"Alone\", influenced by Swedish duo Roxette\'s hit song *It Must Have Been Love* as well as touring churches and schools throughout Uganda to spread a message of prevention and hope. Lutaaya was popular in Uganda in the 1960s, and in the 1970s he toured the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, and Japan. In the mid-1980s, he settled in Stockholm, Sweden. There he recorded his hit album *Born in Africa*, which is still popular in Uganda. Philly could play the guitar, piano (keyboards), and drums. He\'s music still lives on uptodate
Lutaaya\'s *Christmas Album*, produced in 1986, remains his most popular album to date. The album, whose songs were written in native Luganda, remains central to Christmas celebrations in Uganda. It includes classics such as \"Merry Christmas, Zuukuka, Tumusinze, Ssekukkulu, Gloria, Anindiridde, and Katujaguze. To date, Philly Lutaaya remains one of the best recording musicians Uganda has ever produced.
Lutaaya\'s music incorporates western pop music style as observed in songs like \"Anifa sembera, Gloria, I have a dream, the voice is crying out, `{{Transliteration|lg|sirimba, sekukkulu}}`{=mediawiki} to mention.\"`{{clarify|date=June 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
## Awards
In 2004, he won Lifetime Achievement Award at the Pearl of Africa Music Awards (PAM Awards)
Later in 2007, various Ugandan artists came together to re-record some of Lutaya\'s greatest hits. Bebe Cool sang \"Born in Africa\", Juliana Kanyomozi re-did \"Diana\". Iryn Namubiru and Nubian Li of Fire Base Crew both re-did \"Empisazo\".
## Legacy
After his death at age 38, the Philly Lutaaya Initiative Association was created by a group of infected and affected peers at that time to help educate people about the dangers of HIV/AIDS. With assistance from UNICEF, the initiative sponsors lectures in schools and communities across Uganda highlighting personal testimonials of hundreds of people infected with HIV. In Uganda, 17 October is the Philly Bongoley Lutaaya Day observed by the Uganda Aids Commission. 2014 daughter Tezra Lutaaya started a community-based organisation to keep her father\'s legacy alive. The organisation will help boost the socio-economic lives of AIDS orphans and widows through a Philly Lutaaya Vocational Centre in Kanoni, Gomba. This is the birthplace of Philly Lutaaya.
A biopic about Philly\'s life is in development by filmmaker Usama Mukwaya
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# The Deposition from the Cross (Pontormo)
The ***Deposition from the Cross*** is an altarpiece, completed in 1528, depicting the Deposition of Christ by the Italian Renaissance painter Jacopo Pontormo. It is broadly considered to be the artist\'s surviving masterpiece. Painted in tempera on wood, it is located above the altar of the Capponi Chapel of the church of Santa Felicita in Florence.
## Interpretation
This painting suggests a whirling dance of the grief-stricken. They inhabit a flattened space, comprising a sculptural congregation of brightly demarcated colors. The vortex of the composition droops down towards the limp body of Jesus off center in the left. Those lowering Christ appear to demand our help in sustaining both the weight of his body (and the burden of sin Christ took on) and their grief. No cross is visible; the natural world itself also appears to have nearly vanished: a lonely cloud and a shadowed patch of ground with a crumpled sheet provide sky and stratum for the mourners. If the sky and earth have lost color, the mourners have not; bright swathes of pink and blue envelop the pallid, limp Christ.
Pontormo\'s undulating mannerist contortions have been interpreted as intending to express apoplectic and uncontrolled spasms of melancholy. The Virgin, larger than her counterparts, swoons sideways inviting the support of those behind her; the Swoon of the Virgin was a controversial moment at the time. The assembly looks completely interlocked, as if architecturally integrated. Legend has it that Pontormo set himself in self-portrait at the extreme right of the canvas; but ultimately, the most compelling and empathic figure is the crouching man in the foreground, whose expression mixes the weight of the cadaver and the weight of melancholy.
This painting plays a key role and is discussed extensively in Sarah Winman\'s novel, Still Life.
## Other works {#other_works}
The Deposition from the Cross is one of the standard scenes from the life of Jesus in medieval art, and because of the complexities of the composition, it is one in which Renaissance artists continued to take a great interest. Several years prior to Pontormo\'s masterpiece, the Florentine painter Rosso Fiorentino had painted a more phantasmagorical and gymnastically challenged array in his crowded version of the Deposition of 1521.
Pontormo\'s grieving crowds and brightness of color also provide a stark contrast to Caravaggio\'s somber *Deposition from the Cross* or *Entombment* in the Vatican Pinacoteca. The *Deposition* by Raphael in the Galleria Borghese shows a later, though related scene: the *Entombment of Christ*.
In addition to works of the same subject by other artists, Pontormo\'s own work from the time provides a useful comparison. The decoration in the dome of the Capponi chapel is now lost, but four roundels with the Evangelists still adorn the pendentives, which were painted by both Pontormo and his apprentice Bronzino. The swathed drapery in *The Visitation* (1529) in the church of San Michele e Francesco at Carmignano bears a striking resemblance to that in the *Deposition*. The contrapposto of the figures can be compared to Pontormo\'s *Annunciation* (1520s) frescoed on the adjacent wall
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# Peer Impact
**Peer Impact** was the name of a pay-for-download file-sharing service created by Wurld Media, Inc.
As the name suggests, it utilized a peer-to-peer distribution system similar to BitTorrent to speed downloads. To compensate users for their bandwidth, Peer Impact paid out cash-credit rewards toward future purchases. Like iTunes, songs on Peer Impact cost \$0.99 each. Other media was also available, including radio, video, audio books, and video games.
Peer Impact was launched by Wurld Media in August 2005 with signed digital distribution contracts with four large content providers: Sony BMG Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, and EMI. Wurld Media is the first legally sanctioned digital distributor to sign agreements with all four of these content owners. It also had deals with NBC/Universal, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Bros. Pictures to provide video on demand content.
Although Peer Impact used a peer-to-peer architecture, it maintained centralized control of verification and authorization of downloads to ensure that only legal content was exchanged within the network. This was also important to ensure that content redistributors and copyright owners were appropriately compensated.
Wurld Media, Peer Impact\'s parent company, was acquired for 10 million dollars by the ROO Group on February 26, 2007
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# Holley Rubinsky
**Holley Rubinsky** (May 18, 1943 -- August 1, 2015) was an American-born Canadian fiction writer who lived in Kaslo, British Columbia.
## Biography
Rubinsky was born on May 18, 1943, in Long Beach, California. She came to Kaslo, British Columbia, in 1976 with her daughter, the artist and children\'s book writer, Robin Ballard.
In 1984, she married Yuri Rubinsky, whom she had met at a Banff Publishing Workshop, and couple moved to Toronto.
The title story of Rubinsky\'s first book, *Rapid Transits and Other Stories* (Polestar, 1991), won the first \$10,000 Journey Prize (1989), as well as the Canadian National Magazine Awards Gold Medal for fiction and a nomination for the Western Magazines Award. *At First I Hope for Rescue* (Knopf Canada, 1997; Picador, 1998) was shortlisted for B.C.\'s Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize, and was chosen for the Barnes & Noble Booksellers \"Discover great new writers program\". *Beyond This Point* was published by McClelland & Stewart in 2006. Her collection of short fiction, *South of Elfrida* (Brindle & Glass), was published in 2013.
Yuri died January 21, 1996, after suffering a massive and unexpected heart attack. After his death, she moved to Arizona, then returned to Kaslo in 2001.
From 2006-2008, Rubinsky was host of *The Writers\' Show* produced by CJLY-FM, Kootenay Coop Radio, a weekly program about the process of writing and experiences in publishing.
Rubinsky died of cancer on August 1, 2015. Since 2016, she has been memorialized by the Holley Rubinsky Blue Pencil Sessions at the annual Elephant Mountain Literary Festival in Nelson, B.C.
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
Year Title Award Result Ref.
------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------ ------
1998 *At First I Hope for Rescue* Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize Finalist
1989 \"Rapid Transit\" Journey Prize for Best Short Story **Winner**
: Awards for Rubinsky\'s writing
## Publications
- *Rapid Transit and Other Stories.* Vancouver: Polestar, 1991.
- *At First I Hope For Rescue.* Toronto: Knopf Canada, 1997; New York: Picador, 1998.
- *Beyond this Point.* Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2006.
- *South of Elfrida.* Victoria: Brindle & Glass, 2013
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# 1965 SEAP Games
The **1965 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, officially known as the **3rd Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, were a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 14 to 21 December 1965 with 14 sports featured in the games. Originally to be hosted by Laos, the third edition of the games was hosted by Malaysia after the former was not able to honour its hosting commitment citing financial difficulties and would later known to have hosted the 2009 SEA Games decades later. Two years earlier, the third SEAP Games was cancelled as Cambodia pulled out of hosting the event due to internal strife. This was the first time Malaysia host the games. Malaysia is the third country to host the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, which later known as the Southeast Asian Games after Thailand and Myanmar, then Burma. The games was opened and closed by Ismail Nasiruddin, the King of Malaysia at the Stadium Merdeka. The final medal tally was led by Thailand followed by host Malaysia and Singapore
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# Ronnie Simpson
{{ Infobox football biography \| name = Ronnie Simpson \| fullname = Ronald Campbell Simpson \| image = \| caption = \| height = `{{height|ft=5|in=10}}`{=mediawiki} \| birth_date = \| birth_place = Glasgow, Scotland \| death_date = `{{death date and age|df=y|2004|4|19|1930|10|11}}`{=mediawiki} \| death_place = Edinburgh, Scotland \| position = Goalkeeper \| youthyears1 = \| youthclubs1 = \| years1 = 1946--1950 \| caps1 = 78 \| goals1 = 0 \| clubs1 = Queen\'s Park \| years2 = 1950--1951 \| caps2 = 21 \| goals2 = 0 \| clubs2 = Third Lanark \| years3 = 1951--1960 \| caps3 = 262 \| goals3 = 0 \| clubs3 = Newcastle United \| years4 = 1960--1964 \| caps4 = 123 \| goals4 = 0 \| clubs4 = Hibernian \| years5 = 1964--1970 \| caps5 = 118 \| goals5 = 0 \| clubs5 = Celtic \| totalcaps = 602 \| totalgoals = 0 \| nationalyears1 = 1948 \| nationalteam1 = Great Britain \| nationalyears2 = 1953--1957 \| nationalteam2 = Scotland B \| nationalyears3 = 1967--1968 \| nationalteam3 = Scotland \| nationalyears4 = 1968 \| nationalteam4 = Scottish Football League XI \| nationalcaps1 = \| nationalgoals1 = \| nationalcaps2 = 2 \| nationalgoals2 = 0 \| nationalcaps3 = 5 \| nationalgoals3 = 0 \| nationalcaps4 = 1 \| nationalgoals4 = 0 \| manageryears1 = 1971--1972 \| managerclubs1 = Hamilton Academical }} **Ronald Campbell Simpson** (11 October 1930 -- 19 April 2004) was a Scottish football player and coach. He is mainly remembered for his time with Celtic, where he was the goalkeeper in the *Lisbon Lions* team that won the European Cup in 1967. Earlier in his career, Simpson had won the FA Cup twice with Newcastle United. He also played for Queen\'s Park, Third Lanark and Hibernian. Simpson represented Great Britain in the 1948 Olympics, but was not selected for Scotland until 1967. He made his international debut in the famous 3--2 victory against England at Wembley.
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# Ronnie Simpson
## Club career {#club_career}
Simpson started his senior career with amateur club Queen\'s Park; he was selected by their first team in 1945, aged just 14 years and 304 days. This made him the youngest person to represent a Scottish league club, although it was an unofficial record due to the suspension of normal competitive football during the Second World War. He was 15 when he made his first Scottish Football League appearance in August 1946.
After completing his National Service, Simpson moved to Third Lanark in 1950. He then joined Newcastle United six months later for a fee of £8,750. He won the FA Cup twice with Newcastle, after taking over as their regular goalkeeper from Jack Fairbrother, in 1952 and 1955.
After nine years and almost 300 appearances for Newcastle, Simpson returned to Scotland, with Hibernian, in 1960. His performances helped to save Hibs from relegation in 1962, but he fell out of favour under the management of Jock Stein due to his attitude in training. Hibernian sold Simpson to Celtic in 1964 for £4,000.
Thought to be in the last throes of his career, Celtic signed Simpson as cover for John Fallon. This perception appeared to be confirmed when Jock Stein, who had let Simpson go as Hibernian manager, was appointed Celtic manager later in the 1964--65 season; however, Simpson became the first choice after Fallon was blamed for a defeat by Rangers in the 1964 Scottish League Cup Final. His sense of humour made Simpson a popular figure in the team, who nicknamed him \"Faither\", on account of his relative old age.
The highlight of his time at Celtic was winning the 1967 European Cup Final, as part of a clean sweep of trophies in the 1966--67 season. Apart from an early save with his knees from a Sandro Mazzola header, Simpson had little to do during the match. His fancy footwork when dealing with a backpass was one of the highlights. Because Fallon did not factor into that season\'s Scottish Cup or Scottish League Cup, Simpson stood alone as the first goalkeeper to win the European Treble and remains the only goalkeeper to win the fabled Quadruple.
He suffered a dislocated shoulder in 1969, and trouble with this injury forced him to miss the 1970 European Cup Final and to retire as a player that year.
## International career {#international_career}
Simpson represented the Scotland Youth side in a match against England Youth played on 25 October 1947 at Belle Vue, Doncaster. He was selected by Matt Busby to play for the Great Britain squad in the 1948 Olympics. Great Britain finished fourth, losing a bronze medal playoff to Denmark.
Simpson also played for the Scotland national team, making his debut in the famous 3--2 win over 1966 World Cup winners England at Wembley in 1967. He set a new record for being the oldest player to make his Scotland debut, aged 36 years and 196 days. He won five full caps in total, alongside the Youth and B international caps won earlier in his career. He also represented the Scottish League once, in 1968.
## Style of play {#style_of_play}
Simpson was small in stature for a goalkeeper, at just 5 feet 10 inches. He compensated for this with an unorthodox style of shot-stopping, using his elbows and shoulders to block shots. He also had top-class foot movement and ball distribution skills.
## Personal and later life {#personal_and_later_life}
Simpson\'s father Jimmy Simpson also played for Scotland, and enjoyed notable success as a centre-half for Rangers and Dundee United in the 1930s.
After Ronnie Simpson retired as a player, he was manager of Hamilton Academical for a year. He also served on the Pools Panel, which adjudicated on results of postponed matches in periods of exceptionally bad weather. He was also a Progressives Councillor on Edinburgh City Council in the 1970s. Simpson died from a heart attack on 19 April 2004.
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# Ronnie Simpson
## Awards
In 2002, Simpson was named in Celtic\'s greatest ever team, ahead of John Thomson and Pat Bonner.
He was posthumously inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame in November 2011
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# Icosahedral symmetry
In mathematics, and especially in geometry, an object has **icosahedral symmetry** if it has the same symmetries as a regular icosahedron. Examples of other polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry include the regular dodecahedron (the dual of the icosahedron) and the rhombic triacontahedron.
Every polyhedron with icosahedral symmetry has 60 rotational (or orientation-preserving) symmetries and 60 orientation-reversing symmetries (that combine a rotation and a reflection), for a total symmetry order of 120. The full symmetry group is the Coxeter group of type `{{math|H{{sub|3}}}}`{=mediawiki}. It may be represented by Coxeter notation `{{math|[5,3]}}`{=mediawiki} and Coxeter diagram `{{CDD|node|5|node|3|node}}`{=mediawiki}. The set of rotational symmetries forms a subgroup that is isomorphic to the alternating group `{{math|A{{sub|5}}}}`{=mediawiki} on 5 letters.
## As point group {#as_point_group}
Apart from the two infinite series of prismatic and antiprismatic symmetry, **rotational icosahedral symmetry** or **chiral icosahedral symmetry** of chiral objects and **full icosahedral symmetry** or **achiral icosahedral symmetry** are the discrete point symmetries (or equivalently, symmetries on the sphere) with the largest symmetry groups.
Icosahedral symmetry is not compatible with translational symmetry, so there are no associated crystallographic point groups or space groups.
+--------+------------+---+-------+-----------+
| Schö. | Coxeter | | Orb. | Abstract\ |
| | | | | structure |
+========+============+===+=======+===========+
| *I* | \[5,3\]^+^ | | 532 | A~5~ |
+--------+------------+---+-------+-----------+
| *I~h~* | \[5,3\] | | \*532 | A~5~×2 |
+--------+------------+---+-------+-----------+
Presentations corresponding to the above are:
$$I: \langle s,t \mid s^2, t^3, (st)^5 \rangle\$$
$$I_h: \langle s,t\mid s^3(st)^{-2}, t^5(st)^{-2}\rangle.\$$ These correspond to the icosahedral groups (rotational and full) being the (2,3,5) triangle groups.
The first presentation was given by William Rowan Hamilton in 1856, in his paper on icosian calculus.
Note that other presentations are possible, for instance as an alternating group (for *I*).
### Visualizations
The full symmetry group is the Coxeter group of type `{{math|H{{sub|3}}}}`{=mediawiki}. It may be represented by Coxeter notation `{{math|[5,3]}}`{=mediawiki} and Coxeter diagram `{{CDD|node|5|node|3|node}}`{=mediawiki}. The set of rotational symmetries forms a subgroup that is isomorphic to the alternating group `{{math|A{{sub|5}}}}`{=mediawiki} on 5 letters.
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------+
| Schoe.\ | Coxeter\ | Elements | Mirror diagrams |
| (Orb.) | notation | | |
+============+====================================================+==================================+=================+
| Orthogonal | Stereographic projection | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------+
| I~h~\ | \ | Mirror\ | |
| (\*532) | `{{CDD|node_c1|5|node_c1|3|node_c1}}`{=mediawiki}\ | lines:\ | |
| | \[5,3\] | 15 `{{CDD|node_c1}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------+
| I\ | \ | Gyration\ | |
| (532) | \ | points:\ | |
| | \[5,3\]^+^ | 12~5~\ | |
| | | 20~3~\ | |
| | | 30~2~ | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------+
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# Icosahedral symmetry
## Group structure {#group_structure}
Every polyhedron with icosahedral symmetry has 60 rotational (or orientation-preserving) symmetries and 60 orientation-reversing symmetries (that combine a rotation and a reflection), for a total symmetry order of 120.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
The edges of a spherical compound of five octahedra represent the 15 mirror planes as colored great circles. Each octahedron can represent 3 orthogonal mirror planes by its edges.
The pyritohedral symmetry is an index 5 subgroup of icosahedral symmetry, with 3 orthogonal green reflection lines and 8 red order-3 gyration points. There are 5 different orientations of pyritohedral symmetry.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
The **`{{visible anchor|icosahedral rotation group}}`{=mediawiki}** ***I*** is of order 60. The group *I* is isomorphic to *A*~5~, the alternating group of even permutations of five objects. This isomorphism can be realized by *I* acting on various compounds, notably the compound of five cubes (which inscribe in the dodecahedron), the compound of five octahedra, or either of the two compounds of five tetrahedra (which are enantiomorphs, and inscribe in the dodecahedron). The group contains 5 versions of *T*~h~ with 20 versions of *D~3~* (10 axes, 2 per axis), and 6 versions of *D~5~*.
The **`{{visible anchor|full icosahedral group}}`{=mediawiki}** ***I~h~*** has order 120. It has *I* as normal subgroup of index 2. The group *I~h~* is isomorphic to *I* × *Z*~2~, or *A*~5~ × *Z*~2~, with the inversion in the center corresponding to element (identity,-1), where *Z*~2~ is written multiplicatively.
*I~h~* acts on the compound of five cubes and the compound of five octahedra, but −1 acts as the identity (as cubes and octahedra are centrally symmetric). It acts on the compound of ten tetrahedra: *I* acts on the two chiral halves (compounds of five tetrahedra), and −1 interchanges the two halves. Notably, it does *not* act as S~5~, and these groups are not isomorphic; see below for details.
The group contains 10 versions of *D~3d~* and 6 versions of *D~5d~* (symmetries like antiprisms).
*I* is also isomorphic to PSL~2~(5), but *I~h~* is not isomorphic to SL~2~(5).
### Isomorphism of *I* with A~5~ {#isomorphism_of_i_with_a5}
It is useful to describe explicitly what the isomorphism between *I* and A~5~ looks like. In the following table, permutations P~i~ and Q~i~ act on 5 and 12 elements respectively, while the rotation matrices M~i~ are the elements of *I*. If P~k~ is the product of taking the permutation P~i~ and applying P~j~ to it, then for the same values of *i*, *j* and *k*, it is also true that Q~k~ is the product of taking Q~i~ and applying Q~j~, and also that premultiplying a vector by M~k~ is the same as premultiplying that vector by M~i~ and then premultiplying that result with M~j~, that is M~k~ = M~j~ × M~i~. Since the permutations P~i~ are all the 60 even permutations of 12345, the one-to-one correspondence is made explicit, therefore the isomorphism too.
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| Rotation matrix | Permutation of 5\ | Permutation of 12\ |
| | on 1 2 3 4 5 | on 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 |
+=============================================================+========================+==============================================+
| $M_{1}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{1}$ = () | $Q_{1}$ = () |
| 1&0&0\\ | | |
| 0&1&0\\ | | |
| 0&0&1\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{2}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{2}$ = (3 4 5) | $Q_{2}$ = (1 11 8)(2 9 6)(3 5 12)(4 7 10) |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{3}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{3}$ = (3 5 4) | $Q_{3}$ = (1 8 11)(2 6 9)(3 12 5)(4 10 7) |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{4}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{4}$ = (2 3)(4 5) | $Q_{4}$ = (1 12)(2 8)(3 6)(4 9)(5 10)(7 11) |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{5}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{5}$ = (2 3 4) | $Q_{5}$ = (1 2 3)(4 5 6)(7 9 8)(10 11 12) |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{6}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{6}$ = (2 3 5) | $Q_{6}$ = (1 7 5)(2 4 11)(3 10 9)(6 8 12) |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{7}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{7}$ = (2 4 3) | $Q_{7}$ = (1 3 2)(4 6 5)(7 8 9)(10 12 11) |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{8}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{8}$ = (2 4 5) | $Q_{8}$ = (1 10 6)(2 7 12)(3 4 8)(5 11 9) |
| 0&-1&0\\ | | |
| 0&0&1\\ | | |
| -1&0&0\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{9}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{9}$ = (2 4)(3 5) | $Q_{9}$ = (1 9)(2 5)(3 11)(4 12)(6 7)(8 10) |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{10}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{10}$ = (2 5 3) | $Q_{10}$ = (1 5 7)(2 11 4)(3 9 10)(6 12 8) |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{11}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{11}$ = (2 5 4) | $Q_{11}$ = (1 6 10)(2 12 7)(3 8 4)(5 9 11) |
| 0&0&-1\\ | | |
| -1&0&0\\ | | |
| 0&1&0\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{12}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{12}$ = (2 5)(3 4) | $Q_{12}$ = (1 4)(2 10)(3 7)(5 8)(6 11)(9 12) |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{13}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{13}$ = (1 2)(4 5) | $Q_{13}$ = (1 3)(2 4)(5 8)(6 7)(9 10)(11 12) |
| 1&0&0\\ | | |
| 0&-1&0\\ | | |
| 0&0&-1\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{14}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{14}$ = (1 2)(3 4) | $Q_{14}$ = (1 5)(2 7)(3 11)(4 9)(6 10)(8 12) |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{15}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{15}$ = (1 2)(3 5) | $Q_{15}$ = (1 12)(2 10)(3 8)(4 6)(5 11)(7 9) |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{16}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{16}$ = (1 2 3) | $Q_{16}$ = (1 11 6)(2 5 9)(3 7 12)(4 10 8) |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{17}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{17}$ = (1 2 3 4 5) | $Q_{17}$ = (1 6 5 3 9)(4 12 7 8 11) |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{18}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{18}$ = (1 2 3 5 4) | $Q_{18}$ = (1 4 8 6 2)(5 7 10 12 9) |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{19}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{19}$ = (1 2 4 5 3) | $Q_{19}$ = (1 8 7 3 10)(2 12 5 6 11) |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{20}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{20}$ = (1 2 4) | $Q_{20}$ = (1 7 4)(2 11 8)(3 5 10)(6 9 12) |
| 0&0&1\\ | | |
| -1&0&0\\ | | |
| 0&-1&0\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{21}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{21}$ = (1 2 4 3 5) | $Q_{21}$ = (1 2 9 11 7)(3 6 12 10 4) |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{22}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{22}$ = (1 2 5 4 3) | $Q_{22}$ = (2 3 4 7 5)(6 8 10 11 9) |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{23}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{23}$ = (1 2 5) | $Q_{23}$ = (1 9 8)(2 6 3)(4 5 12)(7 11 10) |
| 0&1&0\\ | | |
| 0&0&-1\\ | | |
| -1&0&0\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{24}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{24}$ = (1 2 5 3 4) | $Q_{24}$ = (1 10 5 4 11)(2 8 9 3 12) |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{25}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{25}$ = (1 3 2) | $Q_{25}$ = (1 6 11)(2 9 5)(3 12 7)(4 8 10) |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{26}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{26}$ = (1 3 4 5 2) | $Q_{26}$ = (2 5 7 4 3)(6 9 11 10 8) |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{27}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{27}$ = (1 3 5 4 2) | $Q_{27}$ = (1 10 3 7 8)(2 11 6 5 12) |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{28}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{28}$ = (1 3)(4 5) | $Q_{28}$ = (1 7)(2 10)(3 11)(4 5)(6 12)(8 9) |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{29}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{29}$ = (1 3 4) | $Q_{29}$ = (1 9 10)(2 12 4)(3 6 8)(5 11 7) |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{30}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{30}$ = (1 3 5) | $Q_{30}$ = (1 3 4)(2 8 7)(5 6 10)(9 12 11) |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{31}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{31}$ = (1 3)(2 4) | $Q_{31}$ = (1 12)(2 6)(3 9)(4 11)(5 8)(7 10) |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{32}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{32}$ = (1 3 2 4 5) | $Q_{32}$ = (1 4 10 11 5)(2 3 8 12 9) |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{33}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{33}$ = (1 3 5 2 4) | $Q_{33}$ = (1 5 9 6 3)(4 7 11 12 8) |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{34}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{34}$ = (1 3)(2 5) | $Q_{34}$ = (1 2)(3 5)(4 9)(6 7)(8 11)(10 12) |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{35}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{35}$ = (1 3 2 5 4) | $Q_{35}$ = (1 11 2 7 9)(3 10 6 4 12) |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{36}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{36}$ = (1 3 4 2 5) | $Q_{36}$ = (1 8 2 4 6)(5 10 9 7 12) |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{37}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{37}$ = (1 4 5 3 2) | $Q_{37}$ = (1 2 6 8 4)(5 9 12 10 7) |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{38}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{38}$ = (1 4 2) | $Q_{38}$ = (1 4 7)(2 8 11)(3 10 5)(6 12 9) |
| 0&-1&0\\ | | |
| 0&0&-1\\ | | |
| 1&0&0\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{39}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{39}$ = (1 4 3 5 2) | $Q_{39}$ = (1 11 4 5 10)(2 12 3 9 8) |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{40}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{40}$ = (1 4 3) | $Q_{40}$ = (1 10 9)(2 4 12)(3 8 6)(5 7 11) |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{41}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{41}$ = (1 4 5) | $Q_{41}$ = (1 5 2)(3 7 9)(4 11 6)(8 10 12) |
| 0&0&1\\ | | |
| 1&0&0\\ | | |
| 0&1&0\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{42}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{42}$ = (1 4)(3 5) | $Q_{42}$ = (1 6)(2 3)(4 9)(5 8)(7 12)(10 11) |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{43}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{43}$ = (1 4 5 2 3) | $Q_{43}$ = (1 9 7 2 11)(3 12 4 6 10) |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{44}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{44}$ = (1 4)(2 3) | $Q_{44}$ = (1 8)(2 10)(3 4)(5 12)(6 7)(9 11) |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{45}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{45}$ = (1 4 2 3 5) | $Q_{45}$ = (2 7 3 5 4)(6 11 8 9 10) |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{46}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{46}$ = (1 4 2 5 3) | $Q_{46}$ = (1 3 6 9 5)(4 8 12 11 7) |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{47}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{47}$ = (1 4 3 2 5) | $Q_{47}$ = (1 7 10 8 3)(2 5 11 12 6) |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{48}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{48}$ = (1 4)(2 5) | $Q_{48}$ = (1 12)(2 9)(3 11)(4 10)(5 6)(7 8) |
| -1&0&0\\ | | |
| 0&1&0\\ | | |
| 0&0&-1\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{49}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{49}$ = (1 5 4 3 2) | $Q_{49}$ = (1 9 3 5 6)(4 11 8 7 12) |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{50}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{50}$ = (1 5 2) | $Q_{50}$ = (1 8 9)(2 3 6)(4 12 5)(7 10 11) |
| 0&0&-1\\ | | |
| 1&0&0\\ | | |
| 0&-1&0\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{51}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{51}$ = (1 5 3 4 2) | $Q_{51}$ = (1 7 11 9 2)(3 4 10 12 6) |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{52}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{52}$ = (1 5 3) | $Q_{52}$ = (1 4 3)(2 7 8)(5 10 6)(9 11 12) |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{53}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{53}$ = (1 5 4) | $Q_{53}$ = (1 2 5)(3 9 7)(4 6 11)(8 12 10) |
| 0&1&0\\ | | |
| 0&0&1\\ | | |
| 1&0&0\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{54}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{54}$ = (1 5)(3 4) | $Q_{54}$ = (1 12)(2 11)(3 10)(4 8)(5 9)(6 7) |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{55}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{55}$ = (1 5 4 2 3) | $Q_{55}$ = (1 5 11 10 4)(2 9 12 8 3) |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{56}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{56}$ = (1 5)(2 3) | $Q_{56}$ = (1 10)(2 12)(3 11)(4 7)(5 8)(6 9) |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{57}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{57}$ = (1 5 2 3 4) | $Q_{57}$ = (1 3 8 10 7)(2 6 12 11 5) |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{58}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{58}$ = (1 5 2 4 3) | $Q_{58}$ = (1 6 4 2 8)(5 12 7 9 10) |
| \frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| -\frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{59}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{59}$ = (1 5 3 2 4) | $Q_{59}$ = (2 4 5 3 7)(6 10 9 8 11) |
| \frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}&\frac{\phi}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{1}{2\phi}&-\frac{\phi}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}\\ | | |
| \frac{\phi}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2\phi}\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
| $M_{60}=\begin{bmatrix} | $P_{60}$ = (1 5)(2 4) | $Q_{60}$ = (1 11)(2 10)(3 12)(4 9)(5 7)(6 8) |
| -1&0&0\\ | | |
| 0&-1&0\\ | | |
| 0&0&1\end{bmatrix}$ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------------------------------+
### Commonly confused groups {#commonly_confused_groups}
| 2,745 |
Icosahedral symmetry
| 1 |
2,877,844 |
# Icosahedral symmetry
## Group structure {#group_structure}
### Commonly confused groups {#commonly_confused_groups}
The following groups all have order 120, but are not isomorphic:
- *S*~5~, the symmetric group on 5 elements
- *I~h~*, the full icosahedral group (subject of this article, also known as *H*~3~)
- 2*I*, the binary icosahedral group
They correspond to the following short exact sequences (the latter of which does not split) and product
$$1\to A_5 \to S_5 \to Z_2 \to 1$$
$$I_h = A_5 \times Z_2$$
$$1\to Z_2 \to 2I\to A_5 \to 1$$ In words,
- $A_5$ is a *normal subgroup* of $S_5$
- $A_5$ is a *factor* of $I_h$, which is a *direct product*
- $A_5$ is a *quotient group* of $2I$
Note that $A_5$ has an exceptional irreducible 3-dimensional representation (as the icosahedral rotation group), but $S_5$ does not have an irreducible 3-dimensional representation, corresponding to the full icosahedral group not being the symmetric group.
These can also be related to linear groups over the finite field with five elements, which exhibit the subgroups and covering groups directly; none of these are the full icosahedral group:
- $A_5 \cong \operatorname{PSL}(2,5),$ the projective special linear group, see here for a proof;
- $S_5 \cong \operatorname{PGL}(2,5),$ the projective general linear group;
- $2I \cong \operatorname{SL}(2,5),$ the special linear group.
| 214 |
Icosahedral symmetry
| 2 |
2,877,844 |
# Icosahedral symmetry
## Group structure {#group_structure}
### Conjugacy classes {#conjugacy_classes}
The 120 symmetries fall into 10 conjugacy classes.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *I* | additional classes of *I~h~* |
+=======================================================================================================+============================================================================================================+
| - identity, order 1 | - central inversion, order 2 |
| - 12 × rotation by ±72°, order 5, around the 6 axes through the face centers of the dodecahedron | - 12 × rotoreflection by ±36°, order 10, around the 6 axes through the face centers of the dodecahedron |
| - 12 × rotation by ±144°, order 5, around the 6 axes through the face centers of the dodecahedron | - 12 × rotoreflection by ±108°, order 10, around the 6 axes through the face centers of the dodecahedron |
| - 20 × rotation by ±120°, order 3, around the 10 axes through vertices of the dodecahedron | - 20 × rotoreflection by ±60°, order 6, around the 10 axes through the vertices of the dodecahedron |
| - 15 × rotation by 180°, order 2, around the 15 axes through midpoints of edges of the dodecahedron | - 15 × reflection, order 2, at 15 planes through edges of the dodecahedron |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
: conjugacy classes
### Subgroups of the full icosahedral symmetry group {#subgroups_of_the_full_icosahedral_symmetry_group}
Each line in the following table represents one class of conjugate (i.e., geometrically equivalent) subgroups. The column \"Mult.\" (multiplicity) gives the number of different subgroups in the conjugacy class.
Explanation of colors: green = the groups that are generated by reflections, red = the chiral (orientation-preserving) groups, which contain only rotations.
The groups are described geometrically in terms of the dodecahedron.
The abbreviation \"h.t.s.(edge)\" means \"halfturn swapping this edge with its opposite edge\", and similarly for \"face\" and \"vertex\".
Schön. Coxeter Orb. H-M Structure Cyc. Order Index Mult.
--------------- ---------------- -- ------- ------------------------------- ------------------- ------ ------- ------- -------
I~h~ \[5,3\] \*532 2/m A~5~×Z~2~ 120 1 1
D~2h~ \[2,2\] \*222 mmm D~4~×D~2~=D~2~^3^ 8 15 5
C~5v~ \[5\] \*55 5m D~10~ 10 12 6
C~3v~ \[3\] \*33 3m D~6~=S~3~ 6 20 10
C~2v~ \[2\] \*22 2mm D~4~=D~2~^2^ 4 30 15
C~s~ \[ \] \* or m D~2~ 2 60 15
T~h~ \[3^+^,4\] 3\*2 m`{{overline|3}}`{=mediawiki} A~4~×Z~2~ 24 5 5
D~5d~ \[2^+^,10\] 2\*5 m2 D~20~=Z~2~×D~10~ 20 6 6
D~3d~ \[2^+^,6\] 2\*3 m D~12~=Z~2~×D~6~ 12 10 10
D~1d~ = C~2h~ \[2^+^,2\] 2\* 2/m D~4~=Z~2~×D~2~ 4 30 15
S~10~ \[2^+^,10^+^\] 5× Z~10~=Z~2~×Z~5~ 10 12 6
S~6~ \[2^+^,6^+^\] 3× Z~6~=Z~2~×Z~3~ 6 20 10
S~2~ \[2^+^,2^+^\] × Z~2~ 2 60 1
I \[5,3\]^+^ 532 532 A~5~ 60 2 1
T \[3,3\]^+^ 332 332 A~4~ 12 10 5
D~5~ \[2,5\]^+^ 522 522 D~10~ 10 12 6
D~3~ \[2,3\]^+^ 322 322 D~6~=S~3~ 6 20 10
D~2~ \[2,2\]^+^ 222 222 D~4~=Z~2~^2^ 4 30 5
C~5~ \[5\]^+^ 55 5 Z~5~ 5 24 6
C~3~ \[3\]^+^ 33 3 Z~3~=A~3~ 3 40 10
C~2~ \[2\]^+^ 22 2 Z~2~ 2 60 15
C~1~ \[ \]^+^ 11 1 Z~1~ 1 120 1
#### Vertex stabilizers {#vertex_stabilizers}
Stabilizers of an opposite pair of vertices can be interpreted as stabilizers of the axis they generate.
- vertex stabilizers in *I* give cyclic groups *C*~3~
- vertex stabilizers in *I~h~* give dihedral groups *D*~3~
- stabilizers of an opposite pair of vertices in *I* give dihedral groups *D*~3~
- stabilizers of an opposite pair of vertices in *I~h~* give $D_3 \times \pm 1$
#### Edge stabilizers {#edge_stabilizers}
Stabilizers of an opposite pair of edges can be interpreted as stabilizers of the rectangle they generate.
- edges stabilizers in *I* give cyclic groups *Z*~2~
- edges stabilizers in *I~h~* give Klein four-groups $Z_2 \times Z_2$
- stabilizers of a pair of edges in *I* give Klein four-groups $Z_2 \times Z_2$; there are 5 of these, given by rotation by 180° in 3 perpendicular axes.
- stabilizers of a pair of edges in *I~h~* give $Z_2 \times Z_2 \times Z_2$; there are 5 of these, given by reflections in 3 perpendicular axes.
#### Face stabilizers {#face_stabilizers}
Stabilizers of an opposite pair of faces can be interpreted as stabilizers of the antiprism they generate.
- face stabilizers in *I* give cyclic groups *C*~5~
- face stabilizers in *I~h~* give dihedral groups *D*~5~
- stabilizers of an opposite pair of faces in *I* give dihedral groups *D*~5~
- stabilizers of an opposite pair of faces in *I~h~* give $D_5 \times \pm 1$
#### Polyhedron stabilizers {#polyhedron_stabilizers}
For each of these, there are 5 conjugate copies, and the conjugation action gives a map, indeed an isomorphism, $I \stackrel{\sim}\to A_5 < S_5$.
- stabilizers of the inscribed tetrahedra in *I* are a copy of *T*
- stabilizers of the inscribed tetrahedra in *I~h~* are a copy of *T*
- stabilizers of the inscribed cubes (or opposite pair of tetrahedra, or octahedra) in *I* are a copy of *T*
- stabilizers of the inscribed cubes (or opposite pair of tetrahedra, or octahedra) in *I~h~* are a copy of *T~h~*
#### Coxeter group generators {#coxeter_group_generators}
The full icosahedral symmetry group \[5,3\] (`{{CDD|node_n0|5|node_n1|3|node_n2}}`{=mediawiki}) of order 120 has generators represented by the reflection matrices R~0~, R~1~, R~2~ below, with relations R~0~^2^ = R~1~^2^ = R~2~^2^ = (R~0~×R~1~)^5^ = (R~1~×R~2~)^3^ = (R~0~×R~2~)^2^ = Identity. The group \[5,3\]^+^ (`{{CDD|node_h2|3|node_h2|3|node_h2}}`{=mediawiki}) of order 60 is generated by any two of the rotations S~0,1~, S~1,2~, S~0,2~. A rotoreflection of order 10 is generated by V~0,1,2~, the product of all 3 reflections. Here $\phi = \tfrac {\sqrt{5}+1} {2}$ denotes the golden ratio.
Reflections
-------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name R~0~ R~1~ R~2~
Group
Order 2 2 2
Matrix $\left[ \begin{smallmatrix} -1&0&0\\ 0&1&0\\ 0&0&1\end{smallmatrix} \right]$ $\left[ \begin{smallmatrix} {\frac {1-\phi}{2}}&{\frac {-\phi}{2}}&{\frac {-1}{2}}\\ {\frac {-\phi}{2}}&{\frac {1}{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi}{2}}\\ {\frac {-1}{2}}&{\frac {1-\phi}{2}}&{\frac {\phi}{2}}\end{smallmatrix} \right]$ $\left[ \begin{smallmatrix} 1&0&0\\ 0&-1&0\\ 0&0&1\end{smallmatrix} \right]$
(1,0,0)~n~ $( \begin{smallmatrix}\frac {\phi}{2}, \frac {1}{2}, \frac {\phi-1}{2}\end{smallmatrix} )$~n~ (0,1,0)~n~
: \[5,3\], `{{CDD|node_n0|5|node_n1|3|node_n2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Fundamental domain {#fundamental_domain}
Fundamental domains for the icosahedral rotation group and the full icosahedral group are given by:
+-----------------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \ | \ |
| Icosahedral rotation group\ | Full icosahedral group\ | Faces of disdyakis triacontahedron are the fundamental domain |
| *I* | *I*~h~ | |
+-----------------------------+-------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
In the disdyakis triacontahedron one full face is a fundamental domain; other solids with the same symmetry can be obtained by adjusting the orientation of the faces, e.g. flattening selected subsets of faces to combine each subset into one face, or replacing each face by multiple faces, or a curved surface.
| 1,055 |
Icosahedral symmetry
| 3 |
2,877,844 |
# Icosahedral symmetry
## Polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry {#polyhedra_with_icosahedral_symmetry}
Examples of other polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry include the regular dodecahedron (the dual of the icosahedron) and the rhombic triacontahedron.
### Chiral polyhedra {#chiral_polyhedra}
+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+---------+
| Class | Symbols | Picture |
+=============+===================================================+=========+
| Archimedean | sr{5,3}\ | 50px |
| | `{{CDD|node_h|5|node_h|3|node_h}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+---------+
| Catalan | V3.3.3.3.5\ | 50px |
| | `{{CDD|node_fh|5|node_fh|3|node_fh}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+-------------+---------------------------------------------------+---------+
### Full icosahedral symmetry {#full_icosahedral_symmetry}
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Platonic solid | Kepler--Poinsot polyhedra | |
+==========================================================================================+==============================================================================================+==============================================================================================+
| \ | \ | \ |
| {5,3}\ | {5/2,5}\ | {5/2,3}\ |
| `{{CDD|node_1|5|node|3|node}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{CDD|node_1|5-2|node|5|node}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{CDD|node_1|5-2|node|3|node}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Platonic solid | Kepler--Poinsot polyhedra | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \ | \ |
| {3,5}\ | {5,5/2}\ | {3,5/2}\ |
| `{{CDD|node_f1|5|node|3|node}}`{=mediawiki} = `{{CDD|node|5|node|3|node_1}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{CDD|node_f1|5-2|node|5|node}}`{=mediawiki} = `{{CDD|node|5-2|node|5|node_1}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{CDD|node_f1|5-2|node|3|node}}`{=mediawiki} = `{{CDD|node|5-2|node|3|node_1}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Other objects with icosahedral symmetry {#other_objects_with_icosahedral_symmetry}
- Barth surfaces
- Virus structure, and Capsid
- In chemistry, the dodecaborate ion (\[B~12~H~12~\]^2−^) and the dodecahedrane molecule (C~20~H~20~)
### Liquid crystals with icosahedral symmetry {#liquid_crystals_with_icosahedral_symmetry}
For the intermediate material phase called liquid crystals the existence of icosahedral symmetry was proposed by H. Kleinert and K. Maki and its structure was first analyzed in detail in that paper. See the review article [here](http://chemgroups.northwestern.edu/seideman/Publications/The%20liquid-crystalline%20blue%20phases.pdf). In aluminum, the icosahedral structure was discovered experimentally three years after this by Dan Shechtman, which earned him the Nobel Prize in 2011.
### Icosahedral nanoparticles {#icosahedral_nanoparticles}
At small sizes, many elements form icosahedral nanoparticles, which are often lower in energy than single crystals.
## Related geometries {#related_geometries}
Icosahedral symmetry is equivalently the projective special linear group PSL(2,5), and is the symmetry group of the modular curve X(5), and more generally PSL(2,*p*) is the symmetry group of the modular curve X(*p*). The modular curve X(5) is geometrically a dodecahedron with a cusp at the center of each polygonal face, which demonstrates the symmetry group.
This geometry, and associated symmetry group, was studied by Felix Klein as the monodromy groups of a Belyi surface -- a Riemann surface with a holomorphic map to the Riemann sphere, ramified only at 0, 1, and infinity (a Belyi function) -- the cusps are the points lying over infinity, while the vertices and the centers of each edge lie over 0 and 1; the degree of the covering (number of sheets) equals 5.
This arose from his efforts to give a geometric setting for why icosahedral symmetry arose in the solution of the quintic equation, with the theory given in the famous `{{Harv|Klein|1888}}`{=mediawiki}; a modern exposition is given in `{{Harv|Tóth|2002|loc=Section 1.6, Additional Topic: Klein's Theory of the Icosahedron, [https://books.google.com/books?id=i76mmyvDHYUC&pg=PA66 p. 66]}}`{=mediawiki}.
Klein\'s investigations continued with his discovery of order 7 and order 11 symmetries in `{{Harv|Klein|1878}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Harv|Klein|1879}}`{=mediawiki} (and associated coverings of degree 7 and 11) and dessins d\'enfants, the first yielding the Klein quartic, whose associated geometry has a tiling by 24 heptagons (with a cusp at the center of each).
Similar geometries occur for PSL(2,*n*) and more general groups for other modular curves.
More exotically, there are special connections between the groups PSL(2,5) (order 60), PSL(2,7) (order 168) and PSL(2,11) (order 660), which also admit geometric interpretations -- PSL(2,5) is the symmetries of the icosahedron (genus 0), PSL(2,7) of the Klein quartic (genus 3), and PSL(2,11) the buckyball surface (genus 70). These groups form a \"trinity\" in the sense of Vladimir Arnold, which gives a framework for the various relationships; see *trinities* for details.
There is a close relationship to other Platonic solids
| 583 |
Icosahedral symmetry
| 4 |
2,877,851 |
# Ron Affif
**Ronaldo Antunacci Charles Affif** (December 30, 1965), known professionally as **Ron Affif**, is an American jazz guitarist of Lebanese and Italian origin. He is the son of boxer Charley Zivic, who was a jazz fan and encouraged his son.
## Career
Born Ronaldo Antunacci Charles Affif in Pittsburgh, he is mostly self-taught. At the age of twelve, he took lessons from his uncle, guitarist Ron Anthony.
In 1984, after graduating from high school, he moved to Los Angeles, was taught by Joe Pass, and worked with Dick Berk, Pete Christlieb, Dave Pike, and Jack Sheldon, then a couple years later moved to New York City. He led a band which included Colin Bailey, Brian O\'Rourke, Andy Simpkins, and Sherman Ferguson. In the 1990s, formed a trio with Essiet Essiet and Jeff \"Tain\" Watts in New York City. He has worked with Michael Carvin, David Kikoski, Ralph Lalama, and Leon Parker
| 153 |
Ron Affif
| 0 |
2,877,865 |
# Trade and services in Japan
Japan\'s **service industries**, including **trade**, are the major contributor to gross national product (GNP), generating about 74.1 percent of the national totals in 2004. Moreover, services are the fastest growing sector, outperforming manufacturing. The service sector covers many diverse activities. Wholesale and retail trade was dominant, but advertising, data processing, publishing, tourism, leisure industries, entertainment, and other industries grew rapidly in the 1980s. Most service industries were small and labor-intensive but became more technologically sophisticated as computer and electronic products were incorporated by management.
## Wholesale and retail {#wholesale_and_retail}
The trade operations of wholesalers and retailers has often been denigrated by other nations as a barrier to trade, as well as being called antiquated and inefficient. Small retailers and \"mom and pop\" stores predominated- -in 1985 there were 1.6 million retail outlets in Japan, slightly more than the total number of retail outlets in the United States (1.5 million in 1982), even though Japan has only half the population of the United States and is smaller in size than California. Small businesses are a large voter base of the LDP and had a strong stance in government-business relations. The business situation for non-Japanese companies has improved, though, due to growing experience of foreign firms on the market and more international cooperation in the wake of globalization. The Japanese economic crisis of the 1990s helped, too.
There were several changes in wholesaling and retailing in the 1980s. Japan\'s distribution system was becoming more efficient. Retail outlets and wholesale establishments both peaked in number in 1982 and then went down 5.4 percent and 3.7 percent, respectively, in 1985. The main casualties were sole proprietorships, especially mom-and-pop stores and wholesale locations with fewer than ten employees. Almost 96,000 of the 1,036,000 mom-and-pop stores in operation in 1982 were out of business three years later. Government estimates for the late 1980s show additional consolidation in both wholesale and retail sectors including a continued sharp decline in mom-and-pop store operations. A further decline in mom-and-pop stores is expected as a result of the Large-Scale Retail Store Law of 1990, which greatly reduced the power of small retailers to block the establishment of large retail stores. Soaring land prices are another major cause of the decline of mom-and-pop stores, but an even more important reason is the growth of convenience and discount stores. Discount stores are not much bigger than the traditional small shops, but their distribution networks gives them a big pricing edge. As of 2005, large chains dominate nearly every market niche be it consumer electronics (notably Yodobashi Camera) or cookies (Aunt Stellas).
In the 1980s, Japanese consumers were discovering the advantages of catalog shopping, which offered not only convenience but also greater selection and lower prices. According to a Nikkei survey, the mail-order business expanded 13 percent between April 1987 and March 1988 alone, to more than US\$8.9 billion in annual sales. Specialty chains, particularly those handling men\'s and women\'s clothing, shoes, and consumer electronics, were also doing better than the overall industry. Department stores, supermarkets, and superstores (hybrid supermarket-discount stores) and other big retail operations were gaining business at the expense of small retailers, although their progress was quite slow. Between 1980 and 1988, department stores increased their share of total retail sales by only 1 percentage point to 8.4 percent. Supermarkets and superstores increased in market share from 6.5 to 7.3 percent. Between 1980 and 1988, the number of department stores grew from 325 to just 371, and other big self-service stores only increased in number by 62 units between 1984 and 1988.
The late 1990s brought a decline of the catalog mail order in favor of online shopping.
## Service industries {#service_industries}
Among service industries, the restaurant, advertising, real estate, hotel and leisure business, and data-processing industries grew rapidly in the 1980s. The fast-food industry has been profitable for both foreign and domestic companies. By 1989 family restaurants and fast-food chains had grown into a US\$138 billion business per year. Overall growth declined in the late 1980s because of the sharp rise of rents and a proliferation of restaurants in many areas. The number of hotel and guest rooms grew from 189,654 in 1981 to peak at 342,695 in 1988, and has been falling again since.
This fact is based on tertiary sector services.
| 720 |
Trade and services in Japan
| 0 |
2,877,865 |
# Trade and services in Japan
## Advertising
Because much of the sales competition in Japan is of the nonprice variety, advertising is extremely important. Consumers have to see the suitability of products and services for their lifestyles. The intense competition for the domestic market spurs the growth of the world\'s largest advertising agency, Dentsu, as well as other advertisers. A lot of the advertising effort goes into brand development, as Japanese consumers are very conscious about brand names. Brands are seen as a means of identification and a guarantee for quality. The Japanese consumer market is also one of the fastest in the world, and companies are constantly struggling to come up with new products, which is also an advertisement effort
| 122 |
Trade and services in Japan
| 1 |
2,877,870 |
# 1967 SEAP Games
The **1967 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, officially known as the **4th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, were a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Bangkok, Thailand from 9 to 16 December 1967 with 16 sports featured in the games. Cambodia once again declined to host this edition of the games, as it did in 1963. This was Thailand\'s second time hosting the Southeast Asian Games, and its first time since the 1959 inaugural games. The games was opened and closed by Bhumibol Adulyadej, the King of Thailand at the Suphachalasai Stadium. The final medal tally was led by host Thailand, followed by Singapore and Malaysia
| 108 |
1967 SEAP Games
| 0 |
2,877,872 |
# Arturia
**Arturia** is a French electronics company founded in 1999 and based in Grenoble, France. The company designs and manufactures audio interfaces and electronic musical instruments, including software synthesizers, drum machines, analog synthesizers, digital synthesizers, MIDI controllers, sequencers, and mobile apps.
## History
Arturia was founded in 1999 in Grenoble by INPG engineers Frédéric Brun and Gilles Pommereuil to create affordable software synthesizers. Their first product was Storm, a virtual instrument workstation. The close emulation of classic analog synthesizers helped the company gain popularity in its market. Brun and Pommereuil developed new software algorithms that create sounds with minimal digital artifacts.
Arturia worked with Robert Moog in 2003 to create the Modular V softsynth, which uses Arturia\'s True Analog Emulation (TAE) to faithfully reproduce the oscillators, filters, and other modules from the Moog 3C and Moog 55. Following these releases, Arturia developed software emulations of well-known synthesizers, including the ARP 2600, Roland Jupiter-8, Minimoog, and Sequential Circuits Prophet-5. Arturia continues to develop software synthesizers and effects, bundled respectively in the V Collection and FX Collection, which are updated every year.
In 2007, Arturia combined sounds from several of their softsynth titles into Analog Factory, which offered about 2000 preset synthesizer patches, offering this the following year as Analog Experience, a hybrid system which combined the software with a MIDI keyboard controller specifically designed to play and control it.
In 2009, Arturia released their first hardware synth, the Origin, a standalone, DSP-based system utilizing the same software engine as their virtual synth products. This was followed up in 2012 with the MiniBrute, a vintage-style 25-key monophonic analog synthesizer with one voltage controlled oscillator, two low-frequency oscillators, and a multi-mode Steiner-Parker filter. Despite pre-production uncertainty about sales, the MiniBrute sold well due to its low price point and expressive sound. The following year, Arturia announced the MicroBrute, a smaller and less expensive version of the MiniBrute with minikeys, a patch bank, and a sequencer. Both synthesizers received critical acclaim.
In 2015, Arturia launched the AudioFuse, a compact 2-input audio interface with dense connectivity. This was the start of a new line of products which now includes bigger-scale audio interfaces such as the AudioFuse studio, the AudioFuse 8pre and the updated version of the AudioFuse. In 2021, Arturia announced a more affordable line of audio interfaces called MiniFuse, with different number of inputs and colour formats.
In 2016, Arturia released the KeyStep, an entry-level 32-note keyboard focusing on sequencing and connectivity. Arturia added to this line with the KeyStep Pro, the BeatStep Pro and the KeyStep 37.
Released in 2016 as a part of the Brute family, the Drum Brute is an analog drum machine with a dedicated sequencer and 17 drum engines. Two years later Arturia released the DrumBrute Impact, a smaller and reworked version of the DrumBrute with the ability to add accent to sounds which changes the timbre of each drum engine.
In 2018, they introduced MiniBrute 2, a semi-modular analog synth that includes a patch bay that connects to Eurorack modular gear. They also introduced the MiniBrute 2S which swaps a traditional keyboard for performance pads and a sequencer that can be recorded in real time.
In 2019, Arturia released the MicroFreak, a 4-voice digital synthesizer with an analog filter and a distinctive touch capacitive keyboard. The digital oscillator allows for different algorithms to be loaded onto the unit, including algorithms by Mutable Instruments and Noise Engineering. Arturia followed up with the MiniFreak in 2022, which featured 6-voices, more functionality and a larger traditional keyboard.
Arturia released the PolyBrute, its flagship 6-voice-polyphonic analog synthesiser in 2021. Its layout is reminiscent of its monophonic counterpart, the MatrixBrute, and shares a similar voice architecture to other analog synthesisers from Arturia\'s Brute range. In addition it features a touchstrip over the keyboard and a multidimensional touchpad called "morphée" which allows more control over the sound. In May of 2024, Arturia released the PolyBrute 12.
## Products
The company\'s product line includes software synthesizers, software bundles, hardware synthesizers, MIDI keyboards and sequencers, mobile apps, and other audio equipment and controllers.
Arturia sells software instruments and software FX processors as individual items and also as part of the \"V\" synth collection or the \"FX\" collection.
Arturia\'s first instruments were emulations of historical synthesizers, organs, and pianos. Arturia\'s Analog Lab is a collection of presets of these synths with limited sound modeling available, and comes bundled with many of their Keyboard Midi controllers. In 2018 Arturia released their first original software synthesizer named Pigments. Pigments now features six synthesis types, extensive modulation sources and visual indication of control signals. In 2022 Arturia released a new line of \"Augmented\" software instruments, which brought new approaches to already known sounds. These Augmented instruments are Voice, Piano, Brass and Strings.
Arturia\'s first software FX processors were emulations of historical processors, such as preamps and filters. Arturia has since developed original FX processors, such as Rev Intensity, Buss Force, Efx Fragments (granular delay), and Coldfire Distortion.
When Arturia emulates a historical instrument or FX processor, they generally add new functionality such as additional modulation possibilities
| 847 |
Arturia
| 0 |
2,877,875 |
# The Financial Gazette
***The Financial Gazette*** is a weekly English language newspaper published in Zimbabwe. The paper, established in 1969, focuses on business, finance, and politics throughout Southern Africa. Headquartered in Harare, the paper also maintains a bureau in Bulawayo. Its slogan is \"Southern Africa\'s Leading Business and Financial Newspaper\".
*The Financial Gazette*\'s distribution numbered 40,000 copies weekly in 2000, but surveys have placed readership of the printed edition at ten times that number, or 400,000 weekly. The paper\'s website attracts over one million hits per month, leading the publisher to claim that *The Financial Gazette* is Zimbabwe\'s most widely read newspaper.
Operating under the repressive regime of Zimbabwe\'s President Robert Mugabe, questions have arisen regarding whether *The Financial Gazette* is truly independent and able to act as a free press. While once verifiably independent, persistent rumors have circulated that Mugabe\'s government now owns and controls the paper, having acted in 2002 to force a sale of the paper to a governmental intelligence agency. Government sources have refused to either confirm or deny the veracity of these rumours. However as of May 2006 the newspaper continues to publish articles highly critical of the government
| 195 |
The Financial Gazette
| 0 |
2,877,879 |
# SSD Città di Teramo
**Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Città di Teramo** is an Italian association football club based in Teramo, Abruzzo.
The club was founded in 1929, but its origin is traditionally traced back to 1913 when the first football match was played in the city of Teramo. The team throughout its history has played mainly in Serie C.
The club\'s record includes two Serie C2 championships (1985--86 and 2001-2002) and three Serie D championships (1973--74, 1993--94 and 2011--12). The club also came 2nd place in the 1984 Anglo-Italian Cup
## History
The first recorded football match in Teramo took place on 15 July 1913. On 25 August 1929 l\'Associazione Sportiva Teramo was founded originally playing in red and yellow kits, however in the following year the club was bankrupt and was taken over by the Sportiva Società Ginnastica Gran Sasso Teramo which gave the team their famous red and white kits. In 1935, the team goes bankrupt once again and in 1936 l\'Associazione Polisportiva Interamnia was formed and football was once again played.
After several seasons in Serie C1, Teramo had a difficult 2006--07 campaign, finishing in 15th place, a position that forced them to play in the relegation playoffs. The club lost by a two-goal margin, 4--2 on aggregate to the 16th-place team, Ancona and was thus relegated to Serie C2.
In the 2007--08 campaign, the team finished 8th in Serie C2/B, but declare bankruptcy at the end of the season and was removed from the professional leagues.
The team was refounded for the 2008--09 season, and won the league of Promozione Abruzzo A, the seventh tier of Italian football. Teramo continued the movement up the Italian football pyramid the following year, winning the Eccellenza Abruzzo and obtaining promotion to Serie D. In its first season in the division Teramo lost the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione playoff to Rimini Calcio, however, earned direct promotion to the then Italian fourth division by winning the league the following year.
In its first season in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione, Teramo Calcio achieved a promotional playoff to Lega Pro Prima Divisione where it lost in a 2-game showdown against L\'Aquila Calcio. In the 2013--14 season, Teramo competed once again in the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione and secured the promotion on 6 April 2014, on a home match against Arzanese.
The following season the white and reds won a historic Lega Pro division title and ascended to Serie B for the first time in their 102 years of history, however, the title was subsequently revoked and promotion was denied due to Teramo\'s part in the 2015 Italian football scandal.
In July 2022, Teramo was excluded from Serie C due to financial issues. The club was subsequently reformed as *S.S.D. Città di Teramo* and was admitted to play at the regional amateur Promozione level.
## Colours and badge {#colours_and_badge}
Teramo\'s home kit is a white shirt with vertical red stripes and red shorts.
The official mascot of the club is a devil nicknamed \"Sajettino\" which means chili pepper.
<File:Teramo> Calcio logo.png\|Badge used from 2019
## Notable players {#notable_players}
The following notable players had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in **bold** represented their countries while playing for S.S. Teramo
| 540 |
SSD Città di Teramo
| 0 |
2,877,881 |
# 1969 SEAP Games
The **1969 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, officially known as the **5th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, were a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Rangoon, Burma from 6 to 13 December 1969 with 15 sports featured in the games. Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) had reluctantly declined to host this edition because the attack of the North Vietnam (Tet Offensive) in 1968 (Vietnam War). Singapore, the youngest member of the SEAP Games Federation at the time, suggested in this edition of the games to change the name of the sports festival to the Southeast Asia Games. Although it was not officially stated, the inclusion of the Philippines and Indonesia in the expanded federation was to greatly help alleviate the hosting problems, as well as to set higher and more competitive standards in the games. After hosting the 5th edition, Burma declined hosting succeeding games due to lack of financial capability. This was Burma\'s second time to host the games and its first time since 1961. The games was opened and closed by Ne Win, the Prime Minister and Chairman of Union Revolutionary Council of Burma at the Bogyoke Aung San Stadium. The final medal tally was led by host Burma, followed by Thailand and Singapore
| 208 |
1969 SEAP Games
| 0 |
2,877,887 |
# Community Security Trust
The **Community Security Trust** (**CST**) is a British charity whose stated mission is to provide safety, security, and advice to the Jewish community in the UK. It provides advice, training, representation and research.
## Founding and mission {#founding_and_mission}
The Community Security Trust grew out of the Community Security Organisation, which became independent of the Board of Deputies of British Jews in 1986. It was registered as a charity in 1994 and has a mission to provide safety, security, and advice to the Jewish community in the UK. The CST\'s mission statement says, \"To work at all times for the physical protection of British Jews.\" The CST began recording antisemitic incidents in 1984.
## Structure
The group\'s founding chairman is the British businessman and convicted criminal Gerald Ronson. He has a long standing relationship with Benjamin Netanyahu who placed him in his \"Billionaire Club\" and called him when he was in prison.
The deputy chairman is Lloyd Dorfman. The chief executive of the CST is Mark Gardner, who was previously the Director of Communications. Dave Rich is the Director of Policy at CST.
The CST has four offices, over 90 employees and a network of several thousand volunteers from all parts of the Jewish community, who work closely with the police, including for joint patrols, advisory, and training.
## Activities
The CST provides security advice and training for Jewish schools, synagogues and communal organisations and gives assistance to those bodies that are affected by antisemitism. The CST also assists and supports individual members of the Jewish community who have been affected by antisemitism and antisemitic incidents. Included in its work countering antisemitism is monitoring criticism of Israel.
It advises and represents the Jewish community on matters of antisemitism, terrorism and security and works with police, government and international bodies. All this work is provided at no charge.
In 2012, the CST provided the model for a new anti-Islamophobia project, Tell MAMA (run by interfaith organisation Faith Matters), with which it now works closely.
### Research
The CST has recorded antisemitic incidents in the UK since 1984 and publishes an annual Antisemitic Incidents Report. The organisation does not release details of its methodology.
The CST\'s work countering antisemitism includes Anti-Zionism which it views as a euphemism for "Jewishness" and "Jew". In its most recent report on antisemitism 43% of incidents involved Anti-Zionism. In the same report the CST recorded 355 instances \"wherein the phrase "Free Palestine" was used for antisemitic purposes.\"
The CST also published *Terrorist Incidents against Jewish Communities and Israeli Citizens Abroad 1968-2010*, a definitive report of terrorist attacks against Jewish communities around the world.
In 2003, the charity worked with the Board of Deputies of British Jews to submit a report concerning Iran and antisemitism to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee.
In 2020, the charity released a report on rising antisemitic incidents in universities named *Campus Antisemitism in Britain 2018--2020*. It provided advice to universities on how to respond to reports of antisemitism. The report was debated in the House of Lords in January 2021.
In 2023, the CST recorded 4,103 antisemitic incidents in the United Kingdom, the highest reported in a calendar year, and an increase of 147% compared to 2022. The figures spiked after the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel. In the first half of 2024, 1.978 antisemitic incidents were reported.
### Online abuse {#online_abuse}
The CST has been active in monitoring and attempting to combat extremist activity online.
In 2019, the CST recorded 1,805 incidents of antisemitic abuse, 697 of which were online. The group considered it likely that Gaza-Israel tensions and turmoil within the UK\'s Labour Party contributed in part to an increase in such incidents.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the CST reported in 2020 that it had recorded a drop in physical assaults on Jewish people in the UK, but had noted an increase in online abuse, including antisemitic conspiracy theories accusing Jewish people of engineering the pandemic as a \"hoax\" or spreading COVID-19, among other antisemitic content. The charity had also said that it noticed far-right commentators online discussing spreading COVID-19 to synagogues.
The CST has released reports detailing content it considers harmful on certain alt-tech platforms such as Parler, BitChute, and Gab. The CST stated that the website BitChute was hosting videos from National Action, a neo-Nazi terrorist group in the UK. The Guardian reported that CST\'s analysis discovered posts on Telegram which \"\...celebrat\[ed\] Thomas Mair and David Copeland, and other far-right terrorists.\" In early 2021, the CST reported the website BitChute to Ofcom for content it considered antisemitic, hateful, and extremist. The CST has scrutinized other platforms such as Facebook and Twitter for antisemitic content.
The charity was among the groups that worked with TikTok to develop a Holocaust education initiative launched in early 2021.
After the storming of the Capitol in the United States in January 2021, the CST warned that calls for similar events to take place in the United Kingdom, including a proposed storming of Parliament or Downing Street, were appearing in far-right spaces online.
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# Community Security Trust
## Funding and finances {#funding_and_finances}
In May 2014, the *Jewish Chronicle* reported that the former chief executive of the CST, Richard Benson, (who had stepped down from the position in 2013) was one of the highest paid charity leaders within the British Jewish community, earning £170,000-£190,000 per annum. The charity had an annual turnover of £7.34 million (making it one of the larger UK Jewish charities) and 63 employees.
Beginning in 2015, the UK government\'s Home Office has provided \'The Jewish Community Protective Security Grant\' for the security of synagogues, schools and other Jewish centres, with the CST as the Grant Recipient. Home Secretary Sajid Javid pledged to increase funding, bringing the total amount allocated from 2015 to 2019 to £65.2 million. In 2020, the grant was renewed, and the CST received £14 million in funding for protecting the security of the Jewish community and its institutions. As of 2020, the CST had 1,500 volunteers.
As of 2020, the CST, led by new chief executive Mark Gardner, had 92 staff members, one of whom was paid at a similar rate of £170,000-£179,000 per annum, according to the charity regulator, the Charity Commission for England and Wales.
Amidst a rise in antisemitism during the Gaza war, the UK government provided £3 million to the CST in October 2023, for a total of £18 million in funding for 2023. The additional funding provided additional security to more than 480 Jewish community institutions, including nearly 200 schools and more than 250 synagogues.
Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced in February 2024 a new £72 million security package to fund the CST through 2028, inclusive of £18 million in funding for 2024-25.
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# Community Security Trust
## Criticism
In 2011, a number of articles appeared in the British weekly newspaper *The Jewish Chronicle* that questioned the work and functioning of the CST. Gilbert Kahn, of Kean University in the US, took the view that British Jewry did not need a CST because British Jews paid taxes to the state for their physical protection and could therefore depend on the police. On 15 April, the newspaper\'s columnist Geoffrey Alderman argued against the CST on the grounds that its leadership and funding were neither transparent nor accountable. Alderman returned to the subject on 10 June, when he speculated that his doubts about the CST and its work were more widely shared.
In July 2015, Alderman devoted his column to the retirement of the CST\'s Director of Security, Carol Laser. Alderman speculated on the reason for her retirement and questioned whether it was wise that she had agreed to have her identity revealed, considering that the nature of her work would have made enemies.
In 2025, the CST received backlash from some in the Orthodox Jewish community after breaking up purim celebrations and calling the Metropolitan Police on young teenagers celebrating in the streets
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# Bohuslav Chňoupek
**Bohuslav Chňoupek** (10 August 1925 -- 28 May 2004) was a Czechoslovak politician, journalist and writer. He was one of the most visible representatives of the Communist regime after the defeat of the Prague Spring (Normalization period, i.e. 1969--1988).
## Biography
Chňoupek was born in Petržalka (now part of Bratislava). In 1945, Chňoupek became a member of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. Since 1948 he worked as journalist. After defeat of the Prague Spring, he became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and obtained important government positions: 1969--70 directory of the state radio, 1970--71 ambassador in the Soviet Union, 1971--1988 minister of foreign affairs. Chňoupek always supported politics of the Soviet Union, including the perestroika campaign in late 1980s. After the fall of socialism in Czechoslovakia in 1989, he was investigated by police for misuse of powers and spent half a year in prison.
As a writer, he published several reportage novels and collections of short articles. He covered the Slovak National Uprising, wrote about how the rule of the Communist Party in Slovakia had been established, about the flight of Yuri Gagarin, and he also wrote an essay about Andy Warhol. While his books always supported ideals of socialism he described the chaos, incompetence and brutality that occurred in Slovakia when these ideals were put in practice.
He died in Prague in 2004, at the age of 78
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# Space Race (TV series)
***Space Race*** is a BBC docudrama series first shown in Britain on BBC2 between 14 September and 5 October 2005, chronicling the major events and characters in the American/Soviet space race up to the first landing of a man on the Moon. It focuses on Sergei Korolev, the Soviet chief rocket designer, and Wernher von Braun, his American counterpart. The series was a joint effort between British, German, American and Russian production teams.
## Reception
### Awards
- Royal Television Society 2006
- Nominated: RTS Television Award for Best Production Design (Drama): Alan Spalding
- Sir Arthur Clarke Award 2006
- Won: Sir Arthur Clarke Award for Best Presentation (TV & Radio)
## Episodes
### Episode 1: \"Race For Rockets\" (1944--1949) {#episode_1_race_for_rockets_19441949}
The results of Wernher von Braun\'s work on the V-2 for the Nazis at Mittelwerk and Peenemünde is shown, and his final activities within Germany during the last years of the Second World War, as both American and Soviet forces race to capture German rocket technology. However, when the Americans gain the upper hand by recovering von Braun and most of his senior staff, along with all their technical documents and much other materiel. Sergei Korolev\'s is released from the Gulag to act as the Soviets\' rocketry expert alongside former colleague Valentin Glushko, and how he is set to work bringing Soviet rocket technology up to date with that of von Braun, working with what material and personnel are left after von Braun\'s escape to the US.
### Episode 2: \"Race For Satellites\" (1953--1958) {#episode_2_race_for_satellites_19531958}
As the Cold War intensifies, Korolev is asked to build a rocket capable of carrying a five-ton warhead to America; he designs and constructs the R-7 Semyorka, the first ICBM, and is later allowed to use it to launch the first satellite, Sputnik 1, quickly following up with the rushed Sputnik 2. Meanwhile, von Braun struggles to persuade the US government to allow him to launch his own satellite; after Sputnik\'s launch and the failure of the US Navy to launch a Vanguard satellite, he is finally allowed to launch the first American satellite, Explorer 1. Korolev announces that the Americans have evened the score and that they are in a space race, which they intend to win. At the end of the episode, two men are shown walking down a corridor, one of them wearing a spacesuit.
### Episode 3: \"Race For Survival\" (1959--1961) {#episode_3_race_for_survival_19591961}
Both the Americans and Soviets are planning crewed space flights, and we see both sides preparing to do so with the development of the Vostok programme (USSR) and Project Mercury (USA). As well as basic details about the capsules and their delivery vehicles, we also see some of the selection and training of the Russian cosmonauts, and rather less of that of their counterparts in the US. After difficulties and failures on both sides, including a side story about a catastrophic failure of one of the first Russian ballistic missiles, the Soviets succeed in putting Yuri Gagarin into space first, with the Americans putting Alan Shepard up shortly afterwards.
### Episode 4: \"Race for the Moon\" (1964--1969) {#episode_4_race_for_the_moon_19641969}
Both countries now plan to put a man on the Moon; the Americans pull ahead in the space race with Project Gemini, but then suffer a disaster with the Apollo 1 fire. Meanwhile, despite a notable successes such as the first space walk by Alexei Leonov, the Soviet space programme struggles to keep up amid internal strife. Glushko and Korolev permanently fall out in an argument about fuel; Korolev turns to Nikolai Kuznetsov to develop engines instead. Kuznetsov delivers the NK-33, very efficient but much less powerful than the Americans\' F-1. The Soviet program suffers further blows when Korolev dies during surgery, Gagarin dies in a jet crash, Soyuz 1 crashes and kills Vladimir Komarov, and the prototype booster for the Moon shot, the N-1 rocket, fails to successfully launch. In America, von Braun has continuing difficulties with the Saturn V, especially combustion instability in the large F-1 engine, but these are ultimately overcome almost by brute force at great expense, and the rocket successfully launches the first crewed lunar mission, Apollo 8, and the first crewed lunar landing, Apollo 11. The final episode finishes with brief text summaries of the remaining careers of the various people involved.
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# Space Race (TV series)
## Production details {#production_details}
The BBC filmed *Space Race* in and around the town of Sibiu, Transylvania in Romania. Romania has signed the EU co-production treaty which allows for EU co-productions. Compared to other locations, Romania attracted the BBC with unspoiled natural locations, experienced crews and moderately priced production facilities.
The series was filmed with the Panasonic SDX 900 DVCPro50 professional camcorder. This allowed keeping to the speedy shooting schedule and provided the \'gritty\' look appropriate to the time period. Shot in widescreen 25fps progressive mode, the series deliver rich, filmic feel, which compares favourably with high definition.
### Cast
- Richard Dillane -- Wernher von Braun
- Steve Nicolson -- Sergei Korolev
- John Warnaby -- Vasily Mishin
- Ravil Isyanov -- Valentin Glushko
- Rupert Wickham -- Kurt H. Debus
- Tim Woodward -- Marshal Mitrofan Nedelin
- Eric Loren -- Castenholz
- Chris Robson -- Dieter Huzel
- Mark Dexter -- Staver
- Oliver de la Fosse -- Staver\'s Lieutenant
- Vitalie Ursu -- Yuri Gagarin
- Oleg Stefan -- Alexei Leonov
- Mariya Mironova -- Nina
- Jeffry Wickham -- Nikolai Kuznetsov
- Robert Jezek -- Robert R. Gilruth
- Robert Lindsay -- Narrator
- Stuart Bunce -- Lev Gaidukov
- David Barrass -- Helmut Gröttrup
- Constantine Gregory -- Nikita Khrushchev
- Simon Day -- Kammler
- Nicholas Rowe -- R. V. Jones
- Mikhail Gorevoy -- Ivan Serov
- Stephen Greif -- Colonel Holger Toftoy
- Anna Barkan -- Ksenia Koroleva
- Max Bollinger -- Russian cosmonaut (VO)
- Todd Boyce -- Alan Shepard
- Emil Măndănac -- Viacheslav Lapo, Russian sound technician
- Mihai Dinvale -- German Scientist
- Anthony Edridge -- Chris Kraft
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# Space Race (TV series)
## Inaccuracies and errors {#inaccuracies_and_errors}
Most of the historical and technological data presented in the series are heavily simplified, and sometimes contain outright untruths or errors. The series would best be described and interpreted as giving a general impression of the subject matter, rather than rigorous factual account.
### Factual errors {#factual_errors}
- An early scene shows Serov executing Polish resistance fighters who discovered a V-2. This did not happen. A team of British and Polish soldiers and scientists formed a mission to retrieve a fallen V-2 near the Blizna V-2 missile launch site in Poland.
- Footage showing early rocket club activity of von Braun actually shows Reinhold Tiling\'s rockets, a rival to the VfR club that von Braun belonged to. The VfR rockets were crude engines attached to sticks.
- Key figures are missing from the presented history. Andrei Tupolev, Vladimir Chelomei and Mikhail Yangel are also conspicuously absent, for example, even in the sequence depicting the disastrous explosion of Yangel\'s prototype R-16 ICBM. In the series, Glushko is generally identified with all rocket projects competing with Korolev within the USSR, even those for which he had only partial responsibility or was a subcontractor.
- The narrator said twice that the Mercury-Redstone could put an astronaut into orbit. In reality, the best the Redstone rocket could do was put an astronaut into a 15-minute \"suborbital\" ballistic trajectory, which peaked out around 120 miles up. The first orbital flight of an American astronaut did not occur until 20 February 1962, when the Mercury capsule was put into orbit with a more powerful Atlas rocket. Indeed, NASA report TMX-53107 called Mercury-Redstone \"a prelude to an orbital flight program\" (pg 1--2). However, Episode 3, \"Race for Survival\", is at pains to disclaim orbital capability. The narrator says (from 8\'46\" to 8\' 51\") only that the V-derived Redstone \"has only a tenth of the power of Korolev\'s rocket. Barely enough to put a man into space.\" This of course is why *Freedom 7*, Alan Shepard\'s Redstone-launched capsule, was suborbital.
- The narrator states that Gagarin flies \"over a sleeping America\" even though Vostok\'s flightpath did not take the craft anywhere near North America, except the Aleutian Islands. Gagarin did say \"I\'m over America\", though. America includes South America and Vostok 1\'s flight path did just touch America in that sense. Gagarin spoke at night, while still over the Pacific, but only three minutes from the Straits of Magellan; a little earlier he was near Hawaii, which had become one of the US less than two years earlier.
- Episode 1 features a map of Europe with wrongly indicated countries. Switzerland is labeled Austria, Austria is labelled Yugoslavia and the Czech Republic is labelled Hungary.
- Episode 1 features the surrender of Wernher von Braun to the Americans; at that time, he had a badly fractured arm, which was not mentioned in the series.
- In Episode 2 the narrator states twice that the R-7 rocket has 32 engines. This is not entirely correct. The R-7 and its successors have four side boosters and a core booster. Each side booster has a single rocket engine with four combustion chambers, two vernier combustion chambers, and one set of turbopumps. The central core has a similar engine but with four vernier combustion chambers instead of two. This makes total of 32 chambers, not engines. In the scene where Glushko is supposedly testing the clustering scheme, only one engine is shown.
- One of the cosmonauts, after seeing the Vostok\'s cockpit for the first time (Episode 3), asks where the controls are. Also the Gagarin flight scene indicates that there were no controls inside. In fact controls were present on board the Vostoks, but they were blocked to prevent the cosmonauts from manipulating them. A set of codes was placed aboard, so that the cosmonaut could unlock the controls if necessary.
- When the Mission Control is shown for the first time in Episode 3 it shows that all the flight controllers have a TV screen showing the launch pad. In reality only the flight director had a TV screen. The other consoles had only meters to measure the various systems.
- In Episode 4 the narrator states that \"if they (Apollo 8) fail to lock into the Moon\'s orbit they will fly on, forever lost in space\". In fact, Apollo 8 used a free return trajectory that would have taken them back to Earth had the engine performing lunar orbit injection failed.
### Unconfirmed statements {#unconfirmed_statements}
The series repeats the claim Korolev was denounced by Glushko several times. There are no known documents substantiating this statement. Glushko had been imprisoned himself before Korolev was arrested and had been sentenced to eight years in a prison camp \"for participating in sabotage organization\". He was retained to work for the NKVD to develop aircraft jet boosters. In 1942, at Glushko\'s request, NKVD transferred Korolev from another prison to Glushko\'s OKB.
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# Space Race (TV series)
## Inaccuracies and errors {#inaccuracies_and_errors}
### Filming inaccuracies {#filming_inaccuracies}
- American soldier who meet Von Braun carry a SKS carbine instead of the standard us M1.
- Usage of period footage is inconsistent, in particular with regard to the R-7 and its variants.
- The scene that depicts transporting a V-2 missile to firing position uses a different missile pulled by the Soviet ZIL-157 truck.
- In the sequence with the train leaving the German station with scientists one can read \"CFR\" on the locomotive, which stands for Căile Ferate Române (Romanian Railways).
- The scene depicting a launch from Kapustin Yar, which is dated by 1948, includes vehicles that were not produced at that time, in particular the ZIL-157 (1958), the ZIL-131 (1967) and the UAZ-469 (1971).
### Notes
- While Korolev\'s last name often appears to be mispronounced as \"Korolyov\" in the film, this is closer to its pronunciation in the Russian language.
- While both Glushko and Korolev were civilian engineers, they were correctly depicted as wearing military uniform during their stay in Germany, as both had been given commissions in the Red Army.
## Companion book {#companion_book}
A companion book to the series was written by Deborah Cadbury
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# 1971 SEAP Games
The **1971 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, officially known as the **6th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, were a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 11 to 18 December 1971 with 15 sports featured in the games. In this edition of the games, host country Malaysia joined Singapore in pressuring Thailand to let the SEAP Games Federation expand to include the Philippines and Indonesia, but to no avail. Thai officials felt that such expansion would be contrary to the small family affair they had intended the games to be, and would not be in keeping with the close-neighbours spirit the games was supposed to cultivate. This was the second time Malaysia hosted the games and its first time since 1965. The games was opened and closed by Abdul Halim, the King of Malaysia at the Stadium Merdeka. The final medal tally was led by Thailand, followed by host Malaysia and Singapore.
## The games {#the_games}
### Participating nations {#participating_nations}
### Sports
### Aquatics
**Aquatics** included swimming, diving and water polo events. The three sports of aquatics were held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Aquatics events was held between 12 and 15 December.
#### Swimming
--------------------------- ---------------- ---------- ------------------ ---------- ------------------- ----------
100 m freestyle Tan Thuan Heng 57.05 Tan Bun Thay 57.43 Aung Hlain Win 59.25
200 m freestyle Tan Thuan Heng 2:07.10 Tan Bun Thay 2:08.54 Eat Kim Heng 2:09.90
400 m freestyle Tan Thuan Heng 4:41.82 Eat Kim Heng 4:43.40 Liew Chun Wei 4:43.40
1500 m freestyle Liew Chun Wei 18:43.55 Tan Bun Thay 18:58.98 Mark Chan 18:59.61
100 m backstroke Van Sarun 1:04.96 Alex Chan 1:06.65 Chiang Jin Choon 1:06.72
200 m backstroke Van Sarun 2:20.34 Chiang Jin Choon 2:24.77 Hem Thon 2:28.49
100 m breaststroke Phat Sin Onn 1:10.84 Ung Meng Tay 1:12.31 Khong Kok Sun 1:14.12
200 m breaststroke Phat Sin Onn 2:38.04 Yi Sokhon 2:43.13 Alan R. Lelah 2:44.21
100 m butterfly Roy Chan 1:02.43 Nanda Kyaw Zwa 1:02.63 Aung Hlain Win 1:05.07
200 m butterfly Roy Chan 2:20.33 Nanda Kyaw Zwa 2:20.67 Leong Khong Loong 2:27.03
400 m individual medley Roy Chan 5:11.93 Chiang Jin Choon 5:21.69 Poey Sam Mang 5:24.01
4 × 100 m freestyle relay Singapore 3:51.13 Khmer Republic 3:51.90 Burma 3:59.56
4 × 200 m freestyle relay Singapore 8:46.21 Burma 9:01.82 Malaysia 9:07.21
4 × 100 m medley relay Khmer Republic 4:17.87 Singapore 4:20.44 Malaysia 4:29.95
--------------------------- ---------------- ---------- ------------------ ---------- ------------------- ----------
--------------------------- --------------- ---------- --------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------ ----------
100 m freestyle Patricia Chan 1:04.74 Panarai Krisnaraja 1:06.32 Elaine Sng 1:06.38
200 m freestyle Patricia Chan 2:21.62 Elaine Sng 2:23.55 Panarai Krisnaraja 2:24.59
400 m freestyle Patricia Chan 5:01.39 Panarai Krisnaraja 5:02.77 Elaine Sng 5:08.95
800 m freestyle Lim Bee Lian 10:52.20 Lim Lay Choo 11:01.57 Ng Cheng 11:17.58
100 m backstroke Ong Mei Lin 1:14.72 Lim Bee Lian 1:16.10 May Lau 1:17.15
200 m backstroke May Lau 2:40.53 Ong Mei Lin 2:42.95 Christina Lam Po Leng 2:52.58
100 m breaststroke Khong Yiu Lan 1:26.69 Rosanna Lim Ai Leng 1:28.60 Lim Yit Bin 1:29.49
200 m breaststroke Khong Yiu Lan 3:04.04 Esther Tan 3:04.84 Rosanna Lim Ai Leng 3:08.57
100 m butterfly Tay Chin Joo 1:11.30 Karen Chong 1:17.42 Jean de Bruyne 1:22.75
200 m butterfly Tay Chin Joo 2:41.94 Karen Chong 2:47.61 Jean de Bruyne 3:00.03
200 m individual medley Ong Mei Lin 2:46.38 Tay Chin Joo 2:47.26 Lim Bee Lian 2:47.66
4 × 100 m freestyle relay Singapore 4:32.63 Malaysia 4:51.66 *Not awarded (only 2 competitors)*
4 × 100 m medley relay Singapore 5:00.70 Malaysia 5:24.10 *Not awarded (only 2 competitors)*
--------------------------- --------------- ---------- --------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------ ----------
#### Diving
---------------------- --------------------- -------- --------------------- -------- ------------------------------------ --------
Men\'s springboard Chan Chee Keong 386.76 Somjit Ongkasing 381.84 Boonchai Tse Loh 333.60
Men\'s high diving Teo Cheng Kiat 291.96 Vetasak Parnchsako 281.97 You Huat 273.06
Women\'s springboard Nora Tay 271.77 Gillian Chew 260.10 Tasnee Srivipattana 252.51
Women\'s high diving Tasnee Srivipattana 245.82 Vorachit Tungkitsuk 160
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# Fruela II of Asturias
**Fruela II** (c. 874--August 925) was the king of Asturias from 910 to 924 and king of León from 924 to 925. His father was Alfonso III of Asturias and his mother was Jimena. In 910 Fruela and two of his brothers deposed their father, Alfonso, and divided the kingdom amongst themselves. Fruela, the youngest brother, took the original portion (Asturias); Ordoño took Galicia; and García, the eldest, took León. Although Fruela called himself king of a much-diminished Asturias, evidence suggests that his role was subordinate to the king of León.
## History
As king of Asturias, he had the job of consolidating the region later called Castile and keeping its counts in check.
Fruela married twice, first in 910 to Nunilo Jimena, daughter of the Navarrese king. By 917 he was married to his second wife, Urraca, the daughter of the Banu Qasi governor of Tudela. From his marriages, he had at least three sons, Alfonso, Ramiro and Ordoño, none of whom would inherit the throne.
Fruela maintained good relations with his brother Ordoño, who had the hegemony. They cooperated in the Reconquista, and Fruela undersigned Ordoño\'s diplomas as *Froila frater confirmat* (Frela the brother confirms). When Ordoño died in 924, the magnates ignored his heirs and elected Fruela king. Fruela had never been popular with the nobles and his subjects, and his election has been doubted by some, who see it as a likely usurpation. He assassinated Gebuldo and Aresindo, sons of Olmundo, who claimed descent from King Witiza and thus further alienated the nobility. For this, one chronicler relates, he was condemned to a reign of only fourteen months. According to Ramón Menéndez Pidal, he exiled the bishop Frunimio of León, a relation of Olmundo. Whatever the case, he reigned for only fourteen months and died of leprosy in August 925. Following Fruela\'s death, there were several competing claimants to his lands, including his younger brother Ramiro (who appears to have married the widowed queen Urraca bint Qasi and used the royal title but was eventually unsuccessful) and the sons of his brother Ordoño II, along with his own young sons. There is some debate about the immediate succession, although eventually, his family lost out to brother Ordoño.
According to Bishop Pelayo, he left three sons by Nunila: Alfonso, Ordoño, and Ramiro. Ibn Khaldun gives Ordoño and Ramiro to Urraca and leaves open the possibility of other children by either wife
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# Department of Aerospace Science and Technology
The Brazilian **Department of Science and Aerospace Technology** (*Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial*; DCTA) is the national military research center for aviation and space flight. It is subordinated to the Brazilian Air Force (FAB).
It coordinates all technical and scientific activities related to the aerospace sector in which there are interests by the Ministry of Defense. It was established in 1953. It currently employs several thousand civilian and military personnel.
## Institutes
The DCTA has four institutes within its campus.
### Aeronautics and Space Institute (IAE) {#aeronautics_and_space_institute_iae}
Aeronautics and Space Institute (*Instituto de Aeronaútica e Espaço*). It develops projects in the aeronautical, airspace and defense sectors, co-responsible for the execution of the Brazilian Space Mission.
### Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA) {#aeronautics_institute_of_technology_ita}
Aeronautics Institute of Technology (*Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica*) is one of the main educational colleges of the Brazilian Air Force.
### Institute for Advanced Studies (IEAv) {#institute_for_advanced_studies_ieav}
Institute for Advanced Studies (*Instituto de Estudos Avançados*). Responsible for the development of pure and applied sciences: photonics, nuclear energy, applied physics, remote sensor systems and decision support systems. In 2006, the IEAv inaugurated the T3 Hypersonic wind tunnel, the largest in Latin America.
### Industrial Promotion and Coordination Institute (IFI) {#industrial_promotion_and_coordination_institute_ifi}
Industrial Promotion and Coordination Institute (*Instituto de Fomento e Coodernação Industrial*). It provides military aeronautical certification and aerospace equipment approval, acting as an interface between the institutes and the industry. Until 2006, it carried out the civil aircraft certification activities, today under the National Civil Aviation Agency responsibilities.
### Flight Testing and Research Institute (IPEV) {#flight_testing_and_research_institute_ipev}
Flight Testing and Research Institute (*Instituto de Pesquisas e Ensaios em Voo*). This institute is responsible for the instruction and fulfillment of flight testing campaigns (founded 1953). IPEV has a dedicated Air Force Squadron, based at CTA using the A-29A Super Tucano, C-95BM & CM Bandeirante, and the C-97 Brasília.
## Museum
The DCTA is also responsible managing for the Brazilian Aerospace Memorial (Memorial Aerospacial Brasileiro - MAB). It is located in São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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# Bambi II
***Bambi II*** (also known as ***Bambi and the Great Prince of the Forest***) is a 2006 American animated drama film directed by Brian Pimental and produced by the Australian office of Disneytoon Studios as a followup to the 1942 film *Bambi*. Animation production was done by DisneyToon Studios Sydney, Australia. It premiered in theaters in Argentina on January 26, 2006, before being released as a direct-to-video title in the United States on February 7, 2006.
Taking place between Bambi\'s mother\'s death and Bambi shown as a young adult buck, the film follows Bambi\'s relationship with his father, The Great Prince of the Forest, and Bambi\'s efforts to earn his father\'s love for him. It was first titled *Bambi and the Great Prince*, but was renamed *Bambi and the Great Prince of the Forest* and later *Bambi II*.
## Plot
After his mother is shot and killed by a hunter, Bambi is greeted by his father the Great Prince, who takes him to the den. The Great Prince asks Friend Owl to find a doe to raise Bambi, but Friend Owl tells him that due to the harsh winter, the does can barely feed themselves. The Great Prince has to take care of Bambi until spring.
Sometime later, the Great Prince allows Bambi to be with his friends Thumper and Flower. At the groundhog ceremony, Bambi meets Faline, a young doe he had encountered before. The Groundhog is coaxed out of his hole, only to be scared back in by an older fawn named Ronno, who tries to impress Faline with stories of his encounter with Man. When Bambi believes the story, Ronno is about to fight Bambi until he is called away by his mother.
When the others leave, Bambi falls asleep waiting for his father and dreams about reuniting with his mother. He wakes up to what appears to be his mother\'s voice, which calls him into a meadow, but it turns out to be an ambush by Man. The Great Prince comes to Bambi\'s rescue and saves him in time, but is furious that he fell for the trick and almost getting himself killed. Days later, Bambi informs Thumper and Flower about his wish to impress his father. They decide to help Bambi be brave, but while doing so, they encounter a porcupine, who sticks his quills into Bambi\'s backside. Ronno and Faline, hearing the commotion, investigate; Bambi sees Ronno bothering Faline and gets into a fight with him. Ronno chases Bambi and Thumper through the forest until Bambi leaps over a large ravine to safety. The Great Prince, having seen the whole thing, is impressed by this feat. Ronno, jealous of the young prince, tries to jump over the chasm himself, but falls in, thwarted for now.
The next day, Thumper encourages Bambi to talk to the Great Prince, and the two connect. The Great Prince allows Bambi to come along with him on his patrols, and as the two get closer, Friend Owl approaches them and introduces them to Mena, a doe who was a childhood friend of Bambi\'s mother and has been selected by Friend Owl to be Bambi\'s new mother. Bambi realizes the Great Prince had planned on sending him away and snaps at his father, while the Great Prince concludes that he is not meant to raise Bambi. Bambi sadly accepts the change.
On the way to Mena\'s den, Ronno shows up to taunt Bambi again. The two get into another fight that sets off one of Man\'s traps, alerting Man. Bambi saves Mena by leading Man\'s dogs away from her, and the Great Prince arrives. The dogs chase Bambi, and his friends help him fend them off. Bambi evades all but one of the dogs. Bambi kicks the other dog off a cliff but falls off as well. Everyone grieves him until Bambi reveals he is still alive, and he and the Great Prince reconcile.
Sometime later, Thumper shares his version of the chase with the rest of his friends, and Bambi, whose antlers have just grown in, enjoys the tall tale with Faline. Ronno appears and vows vengeance on Bambi before being bitten on the nose by a turtle and runs off. Bambi meets up with the Great Prince, who shows him the field where he and Bambi\'s mother first met as fawns.
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# Bambi II
## Cast
- Alexander Gould as Bambi, the young prince of the forest. His mother dies, and he has to be with his father. Andrew Collins served as the supervising animator for Bambi.
- Patrick Stewart as the Great Prince of the Forest. He is Bambi\'s father, and due to the death of Bambi\'s mother, The Great Prince is forced to be the fawn\'s guardian. Pieter Lommerse served as the supervising animator for the Great Prince.
- Brendon Baerg as Thumper. He and Flower are Bambi\'s friends who help him be brave to impress his father. Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Thumper.
- Nicky Jones as Flower. He and Thumper are Bambi\'s friends who help him be brave to impress his father. Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Flower.
- Andrea Bowen as Faline. She is Bambi\'s romantic interest and is part of a love triangle between Bambi and his future rival, Ronno.
- Anthony Ghannam as Ronno, Bambi\'s rival. He is the deer that Bambi fights in the original film. Bernard Derriman and Mark Henn served as the supervising animators for Ronno. Ronno has dialogue unlike in the original film in which he was silent.
- Cree Summer as Mena. She is to be Bambi\'s adoptive mother, and is a childhood friend of Bambi\'s mother.
- Keith Ferguson as Friend Owl, who is told by The Great Prince to find a new mother for Bambi.
- Makenna Cowgill, Emma Rose Lima, and Ariel Winter as Thumper\'s sisters. They annoy Thumper, who tries to hide from them.
- Brian Pimental as The Groundhog and Porcupine. The Groundhog, timid, comes out of his hole to determine if winter will end. The Porcupine is grumpy and overprotective of his log.
- Carolyn Hennesy as Bambi\'s mother. She was shot by a hunter, and because of her death Bambi must be looked after by his father.
Mary Day, Jordan Orr, Alexis Restrum, George Shenusay, and Frank Welker provide additional voices.
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# Bambi II
## Release
The film was given a limited theatrical release in most countries such as France, Germany and Benelux territories. The film remained straight-to-video in the United States and select other countries, with a Disneytoon Studios prexy confirming that the film was never intended to be released theatrically in the US.
## Reception
The film sold 2.6 million DVDs in its first week in the United States. The film grossed \$35 million in the territories where it was released theatrically.
Review were generally mixed, `{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=44|count=9|average=5.4|consensus= |ref=yes |access-date=December 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220030406/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bambi_ii |archive-date=20 December 2023 |url-status=live}}`{=mediawiki} *Joe Leydon* of *Variety* called it \"lightly amusing but unremarkable.\" Conversely, *R.L. Shaffer* of *IGN* gave the film 7 out of 10, writing, \"Bambi II might be pointless, but it\'s harmless as well. It\'s brilliantly animated, and it\'s fairly fun, too. Give this one a spin if you\'re in the mood for a cute little return to Disney\'s classic 2D animated realm.\"
It won Annie Award for Best Animated Home Entertainment Production at the 34th Annie Awards.
## Music
*Bambi II*{{\'}}s musical score includes instrumental pieces by Bruce Broughton, and new vocal songs by several noted artists, including Alison Krauss, Martina McBride, and Anthony Callea. Coinciding with the film\'s DVD release, the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records in the United States on February 7, 2006. Produced by Matt Walker, the CD includes nine songs from the film, as well as three tracks from *Bambi*. \"Sing the Day\" was written for the \"Running Brave\" sequence in *Bambi II*, but unused
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# 1973 SEAP Games
The **1973 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, officially known as the **7th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, were a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Singapore from 1 to 8 September 1973 with 16 sports featured in the games. This was the first time Singapore hosted the games. Singapore is the fourth nation to host the Southeast Asian Games after Thailand, Burma and Malaysia. The games was opened and closed by Benjamin Sheares, the President of Singapore at the Singapore National Stadium. The final medal tally was led by Thailand, followed by host Singapore and Malaysia
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# Facing Mount Kenya
***Facing Mount Kenya***, first published in 1938, is an anthropological study of the Kikuyu people of Central Kenya. It was written by native Kikuyu and future Kenyan president Jomo Kenyatta. Kenyatta writes in this text, \"The cultural and historical traditions of the Gikuyu people have been verbally handed down from generation to generation. As a Gikuyu myself, I have carried them in my head for many years, since people who have no written records to rely on learn to make a retentive memory do the work of libraries.\"
The book\'s introduction was written by anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski, who mentored Kenyatta while both were at the London School of Economics. Malinowski wrote, \'As a first-hand account of a representative African culture, as an invaluable document in the principles underlying culture-contact and change and as a personal statement of the new outlook of a progressive African, this book will rank as a pioneering achievement of outstanding merit.\'
The book was banned in Ireland.
## Book sections {#book_sections}
- Tribal Origin and Kinship System
- The Gikuyu System of Land Tenure
- Economic Life
- Industries
- System of Education
- Initiation of Boys and Girls
- Sex Life among Young People
- Marriage System
- The Gikuyu System of Government
- The Agikuyu belief system
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# Noztra
**Martin Riviera** (born October 20, 1983), better known as **Noztra**, is a reggaeton musician. Born in San Francisco de Macorís, Dominican Republic, his family moved to New York City looking for work when he was seven. At the age of 16, Noztra began composing his own lyrics and music.
## Biography
In June 2005, Martin Riviera better known as Noztra made history by being the first Dominican Reggaeton artist in the United States to be signed to a major record label; Universal Records' Machete Music. This offered him the ideal platform to expand his brand and be able to open up for artists like Daddy Yankee, Nicky Jam, Tego Calderon, Don Omar, Wisin & Yandel, Ivy Queen, Zion & Lennox and Hector El Father among others.
Noztra has proven to be an undeniable crowd pleaser with his powerful, jampacked, energizing sets. He performed in three Megatons (Houston, NY, LA), Vivaton 2006, Reggaeton Explocion 2 (San Francisco & LA) and at 105.9 FM La Kalle's Block Party at New York City's Madison Square Garden.
After two successful mixtapes; Conteo Regresivo 1 & 2, Noztra released his first full-length 19-track album entitled "Ya' Ain't Ready." The album was produced by Luny Tunes, Nesty, Monserrate & DJ Urba, Notty-Mekka, DJ Sonic, Myztiko and A&X. The album covered many different sound experimentations including sandungueo, bolero, hip hop and malianteo. His videos off of the album received solid airplay on television networks like MTV en Español, Mun2, HTV, Mas Musica and many others.
The release of his album did not stop Noztra from advancing his career. He also appeared on a slew of compilation albums including Sangre Nueva, El Draft 2005 and Da Fuxion: Mas Que Perreo to name a few.
After all of Noztra's accomplishments, he decided to take a hiatus from the music and become a successful businessman as well as a family man. Now Noztra is ready to return to the spotlight in more than the genre he paved the way for. The first release from his new body of work "La Funda" is already on heavy rotation in the Dominican Republic and is making its way to his hometown of New York City.
Fast forward to now, Noztra returns much wiser, with a new focus. His music now has a sexy and grown undertone to it. Being able to do both street records as well as pop records is a natural thing for a natural artist. Noztra is currently working on his new album "Dinero, Poder y Respeto".
Wait and see what Noztra has in store soon!!
## History
In 2002 he conducted one of the first reggaeton radio shows to air in New York City. Shortly after, Noztra opened shows that featured reggaeton stars.
Noztra entered the scene with his single \"Damelo Duro\", which was distributed on mixtapes and had great success on radio. His first album, *Ya' Aint Ready*, contains 19 tracks and a variety of sounds such as Sandungueo, Bolero, Streets/Gangsta hip hop and social themes. The first single off this album is \"El Maquinon\", and was produced by Monserrate & DJ Urba. It peaked at number 31 on the *Billboard* Latin Tropical Airplay chart.
Noztra was the first reggaeton artist to sign with a major label.
## Discography
### Albums
- *Ya\' Aint Ready* (2005)
### Mixtapes
- *Conteo Regresivo Vol. 1* (2005)
- *Conteo Regresivo Vol
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# Pat Goss
**Patrick Goss** (December 18, 1941 -- March 19, 2022) was an American radio and television personality based in Washington D.C. Goss was the master technician on the television program *MotorWeek* from its start in 1981 until his death, where he hosted a segment called *Goss\' Garage*, and got his start as a mechanic at Rollins Park Shell in Rockville, Maryland.
Goss would also have been seen weekly online on the Goss\' Garage Radio Show on YouTube.
Goss owned and managed Goss\' Garage (previously Pat Goss Car World), an automobile repair shop in Lanham-Seabrook, Maryland, in suburban Washington D.C. There he continued to help multitudes of car owners gain understanding and confidence about their cars.
From 2006 to 2008, he was heard on Talk Radio 3WT until 3WT went off the air in August 2008. He also hosted a weekend radio show about cars on WJFK-FM in Washington, DC. On his radio show, Goss answered questions regarding \"automotive safety, performance and care\". In addition to his radio show, he hosted a similarly formatted television talk show on TBD TV in Washington D.C. He had also been featured monthly in a live chat on *The Washington Post* webpage, where he answered car questions from around the world.
Additionally, he was a spokesperson for Carchex, a Hunt Valley, Maryland, based company offering lead-generation services for automobile dealers and consumer assurance services for consumers. The company primarily offers extended car warranty services.
Goss died on March 19, 2022, at the age of 80. Following the airing of the final six segments of *Goss\' Garage* that had been filmed and a retrospective of his tenure on *Motorweek,* host John Davis officially retired the *Goss\' Garage* segment. At the time of his death, Goss was one of the last surviving original cast members of *Motorweek* other than Davis and producer Craig Singhaus, who had originally been chosen for Goss\' job, but only appeared in the show\'s premiere episode in that capacity. In season 42, a new car care segment, *Your Drive*, hosted by Audra Fordin, Logan McCombs and Dan Maffett replaced *Goss\' Garage*
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# 1975 SEAP Games
The **1975 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, officially known as the **8th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games**, were a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Bangkok, Thailand from 9 to 16 December 1975. This was the third time Thailand hosted the games, and its first time since 1967. Previously, Thailand also hosted the 1959 inaugural games. Cambodia and Laos, which only sent token squads made up of military personnel to previous games, declined to participate due to internal political problems, while South Vietnam was fallen and no longer existed. These were the last games to bear the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games name before it was renamed the Southeast Asian Games. The games were opened and closed by the King of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, at Suphalachasai Stadium. The final medal tally was led by Thailand, followed by Singapore, Burma and Malaysia
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# Charles Anderson (equestrian)
**Charles Howard Anderson** (October 24, 1914 -- March 27, 1993) was an American equestrian who won a gold medal for eventing at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
## Military career {#military_career}
Anderson graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1938 and went on to serve as a career officer in the U.S. Army, retiring in 1966 at the rank of full colonel. During World War II, he was a member of the Airborne Division
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# Silvanus Trevail
**Silvanus Trevail** (11 November 1851 -- 7 November 1903) was a British architect, and the most prominent Cornish architect of the 19th century.
## Early life {#early_life}
Trevail was born at Carne Farm, Trethurgy, in the parish of Luxulyan, Cornwall on 11 November 1851.
## Career
Trevail rose to become Mayor of Truro and, nationally, President of the architects\' professional body, the Society of Architects.
He was Cornwall\'s most famous architect, certainly of the 19th century. Following the Education Act of 1870 which created Board Schools, Trevail designed around fifty such schools throughout the county. He also designed hotels including the Headland Hotel, Newquay, Carbis Bay Hotel in Carbis Bay, and restored the church at Temple. He was said to be a man ahead of his time, a campaigner for sanitation improvements and an entrepreneur.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- Atlantic Hotel, Newquay
- Great Western Hotel (Newquay)
- Carbis Bay Hotel, Carbis Bay
- [Housel Bay Hotel](http://www.houselbay.com), The Lizard
- Castle Hotel, Tintagel
- Headland Hotel, Newquay
- Passmore Edwards Centre, Newton Abbot
- St Lawrence\'s Hospital, Bodmin (which was demolished between September 2013 and February 2014).
## Death
His success however, did not bring him happiness. Trevail had a history of depression and had been unwell for some time before killing himself. On 7 November 1903 he shot himself in the lavatory of a train as it entered Brownqueen Tunnel a short distance from Bodmin Road railway station
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# Blackburn Iris
The **Blackburn Iris** was a British three-engined biplane flying boat of the 1920s. Although only five Irises were built, it was used as a long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft by the Royal Air Force, where it equipped a squadron for four years, being used to carry out a number of notable long-distance flights. The final version of the Iris, the Iris Mark V was developed into the aircraft that replaced it in Squadron service, the Blackburn Perth.
## Development and design {#development_and_design}
In 1924, the British Air Ministry issued Specification R.14/24 for a long-range reconnaissance flying boat for the Royal Air Force. To meet this requirement, Blackburn Aircraft proposed the R.B.1 (Reconnaissance Biplane 1), designed by Major John Douglas Rennie, who as Chief Technical Officer worked with John Cyril Porte at the Seaplane Experimental Station, Felixstowe.
The R.B.1 was a three-engined, three-bay biplane. The equal-span wings were of mixed wood-and-metal construction, with ailerons fitted to both upper and lower wings and floats fitted under the wingtips, while the aircraft had a large biplane tail (with a span of 30 ft (9.14 m)) with three fins and rudders. The aircraft\'s hull had a wooden structure covered in plywood, with a V-bottom with two steps to give good water handling. Three 650 hp (485 kW) Rolls-Royce Condor III water-cooled V12 engines driving four-bladed propellers were mounted in individual nacelles between the wings. It carried a crew of five, with two pilots sitting side by side in a cockpit forward of the wings, with nose and dorsal gun positions mounting Lewis guns on Scarff rings, with provision for a further two guns which could be operated through portholes in the rear fuselage. Bomb racks under the wings could carry up to 1,040 lb (470 kg) of bombs.
The prototype R.B.1, with the designation **Iris I**, and with the serial number *N185*, made its maiden flight from Blackburn\'s factory at Brough on 19 June 1926, being delivered to the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment at Felixstowe the next day, being fully tested during July and August. Wooden hulls were prone to soaking up large quantities of water (which could amount to several hundred pounds in additional weight) when kept afloat for long periods of time, so Rennie designed an all-metal hull for the Iris, constructed of duralumin before the Iris first flew. *N185* returned to Brough in March 1927 when it was fitted with the new metal hull, together with more powerful engines and an additional gunner\'s position in the tail, becoming the **Iris II**.
On 12 August 1927, shortly after being redelivered, the Iris II started, along with the prototype Short Singapore I, an experimental metal-hulled Supermarine Southampton, and the prototype wooden-hulled Saunders Valkyrie (a direct competitor to the Iris), a 3,000 mi (4,800 km) tour of Scandinavia and the Baltic. The Iris performed well on the tour, particularly compared to the Valkyrie, which suffered much heavier water soakage than expected as well as engine problems, and the Air Ministry issued Specification R.31/27 for an improved version of the Iris, to act as a long-range supplement to the smaller Southampton.
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# Blackburn Iris
## Operational history {#operational_history}
On 4 February 1928, a contract was placed for three **Iris III** aircraft, similar to the Iris II but with fabric-covered metal wings. The Iris II, meanwhile, continued in use, setting out on another long-range cruise on 27 September, carrying Sir Philip Sassoon, the Under-Secretary of State for Air and Air Commodore Sir Arthur Longmore on a tour of RAF Stations of the Mediterranean and Middle East. It reached Karachi on 14 October, finally returning to RAF Calshot on 14 November, having flown a total distance of 11,360 mi (18,290 km) with a flight time of 125 hr 5 min.
The first Iris III flew on 21 November 1929, with the three Iris IIIs equipping No. 209 Squadron which reformed at RAF Mount Batten, Plymouth in January 1930. 209 Squadron continued the pattern of long-range flights carried out by the Iris II, with one Iris visiting Reykjavík in June 1930 to celebrate the 1,000th anniversary of the Icelandic Althing (parliament), and another making the first crossing of the Bay of Biscay by flying boat when visiting Lisbon in August 1930.
The first Iris III was destroyed in a fatal crash on 4 February 1931, killing nine of twelve aboard, when the pilot misjudged a landing approach over a glassy-smooth Plymouth Sound. A replacement was ordered. Although still an Iris III, this had a number of changes, being fitted with provision to carry a COW 37 mm gun in its bow. The weight of the Iris had grown considerably since the Iris I, and it was decided to replace the Iris III\'s Condors with more powerful (825 hp (615 kW) Rolls-Royce Buzzard engines to restore performance and improve reliability, with the three re-engined aircraft re-entering service in 1932 as the **Iris V**. The Iris II was also re-engined, being fitted with three 800 hp Armstrong Siddeley Panther radial engines, with the centre engine in a pusher configuration to become the **Iris IV**.
An Iris III S1263 of 209 Squadron, Mount Batten, sank following collision with dockyard launch after landing in Plymouth Sound; 12 Jan 1933; of 9 airmen, 1 drowned and 7 injured
The Iris Vs were replaced in squadron service in 1934 by the Blackburn Perth, four very similar Buzzard-powered aircraft closely based on the Iris. One of the Iris Vs was converted for use as a testbed for the Napier Culverin, a licence-built Junkers Jumo 204 diesel engine, flying in this form in June 1937 and continuing flight trials until April 1938.
## Variants
R.B.1 / Iris I: Prototype, wooden hull and mixed construction wings, powered by three 650 hp (485 kW) Rolls-Royce Condor III engines. One built.\
R.B.1A / Iris II: The Iris I with a new, all-metal hull and three 675 hp (503 kW) Rolls-Royce Condor IIIA inline piston engines.\
R.B.1B / Iris III: Five-seat long-range maritime reconnaissance flying boat for the Royal Air Force. Metal hull and wings. Powered by three 675 hp (503 kW) Rolls-Royce Condor IIIB inline piston engines. Four built.\
R.B.1C / Iris IV: Conversion of the Iris II with three 800 hp (600 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Leopard III radial piston engines.\
R.B.1D / Iris V: This was the final variant. Three Iris Mk IIIs were fitted with 825 hp (615 kW) Rolls-Royce Buzzard IIMS piston engines.
## Operators
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Air Force
- No
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# Stephen G. Brooks
**Stephen Gallup Brooks** (born 1971) is an American political scientist. He is currently professor of government in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College.
## Academic career {#academic_career}
Brooks holds a BA from the University of California, Santa Cruz and a PhD from Yale University. He has taught at Dartmouth College since 2001. Brooks is well known in the international relations field for his contributions to international political economy and American grand strategy. Along with William Wohlforth, he has authored a number of articles related to American foreign policy and has advocated for continued American primacy around the world.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
### Books
- *[America Abroad: The United States' Global Role in the 21 st Century](https://archive.org/details/americaabroaduni0000broo)* (Oxford, 2016) (with William Wohlforth)
- *[World Out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy](https://archive.org/details/worldoutofbalanc0000broo)* (Princeton University Press, 2008) (with William Wohlforth)
- *[Producing Security: Multinational Corporations, Globalization, and the Changing Calculus of Conflict](https://archive.org/details/producingsecurit0000broo_k8t4)*, Princeton University Press, 2005.
### Articles
- *[The Long Unipolar Moment? Joshua Shifrinson, Anne-Marie Slaughter, and others debate American dominance.](https://www.studocu.com/fr/document/universite-paris-pantheon-assas/anglais/foreign-affairs-the-long-unipolar-moment-november-2023/78325292)* Foreign Affairs, (November/December 2023)
- *["The Myth of Multipolarity: American Power's Staying Power,"](https://caliber.az/en/post/myth-of-multipolarity-american-power-staying-power)* [Foreign Affairs, Vol. 102, No. 3 (May/June 2023)](https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/china-multipolarity-myth), with William Wohlforth
- *"Europe Cannot Defend Itself: The Challenge of Pooling Military Power,"* Survival, Vol. 63, No.1 (2021), with Hugo Meijer, pp. 33-40.
- *\"Power Transitions, then and now: Five new structural barriers that will constrain China's rise,\"* *China International Strategy Review*, Vol. 1, 2019.
- *[Roundtable on \"America Abroad: The United States' Global Role in the 21st Century\"](https://issforum.org/roundtables/10-11-america-abroad)* H-Diplo, (2018)
- *"Assessing the Scope of U.S. Security Commitments in Asia,"* Asia Policy, Vol. 13, No. 3 (July 2018), pp. 144-149.
- *"Distinguishing a Minimalist Role for Grand Theorizing,"* International Relations, Vol. 31, No.1 (March 2017), pp. 85-90.
- *"Can We Identify a Benevolent Hegemon?"* Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 1 (2012), pp. 27-38.
- *["US Decline or Primacy?"](https://archive.org/details/isbn_8800031097534)* with William Wohlforth. In US Foreign Policy, Michael Cox and Doug Stokes, editors (Oxford University Press, 2012)
- *["Assessing the Balance,"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170215023245/http://library.aceondo.net/ebooks/HISTORY/Cambridge_Review_of_International_Affairs___Special_Issue___quot_World_Out_of_Balance_quot___2011_.pdf)* Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 201-219 (July 2011), with William Wohlforth
- *[Roundtable on World Out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy,\"](https://issforum.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-X-13.pdf)* H-Diplo, (2009)
- *"Reflections on Producing Security,"* Security Studies, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Winter 2008)
- *"Clarifying the End of Cold War Debate,"* Cold War History, Vol. 7, No. 3 (August 2007), pp.447-454, with William Wohlforth
- *\"Economic Constraints and the Turn Toward Superpower Cooperation in the 1980s,\"* with William C. Wohlforth, in *From Conflict Escalation to Conflict Transformation: The Cold War in the 1980s*, Olav Njnillstad, ed., Frank Cass, 2004.
- *\"Economic Constraints and the End of the Cold War,\"* with William Wohlforth, in *Cold War Endgames*, William Wohlforth, editor, Penn State University Press, 2002.
- *\"The Globalization of Production and the Changing Benefits of Conquest,\"* *Journal of Conflict Resolution*, Vol. 43, No. 5:646-670, October 1999.
- *\"Dueling Realisms,\"* *International Organization*, Vol. 51, No. 3: 445--477, Summer 1997
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# Zeta Arae
`| prop_mo_ra = −17.518`\
`| prop_mo_dec = −36.120`\
`| pm_footnote = `\
`| parallax = 5.7725`\
`| p_error = 0.1727`\
`| parallax_footnote = `\
`| absmag_v = −3.95`
}} `{{Starbox detail
| mass = 7-8<ref name=cruzalebes/>
| radius = 114{{±|4}}`{=mediawiki}
`| luminosity = 3,800{{±|464|414}}`\
`| temperature = 4,246{{±|99|96}}`\
`| gravity = 1.200{{±|0.004}}`\
`| metal_fe = −0.40`\
`| rotational_velocity = `\
`| rotation = `\
`| age_myr = 40~50`
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | name=Tseen Yin | B=ζ Arae | GJ=9581 | SAO=244315 | HD=152786 | FK5=631 | HIP=83081 | HR=6285 | CPD=−55°7766 | PPM=345563 | GC=22845 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=HD+152786
| ARICNS =02756
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Zeta Arae** is the third-brightest star in the southern constellation Ara. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from ζ Arae, and abbreviated Zeta Ara or ζ Ara. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is 3.1, which can be seen with the naked eye from suburban skies in the southern hemisphere. From the parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of approximately 490 ly from Earth. The star is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of 6 km/s.
The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of K3 III. The luminosity class of \'III\' indicates this is a giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. However, some studies have suggested it is instead a supergiant. The star has 7-8 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 114 times the Sun\'s girth. It is radiating 3,800 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,246 K, giving it the orange hue of a K-type star.
In 1997, an excess of infrared emission was announced that may indicate circumstellar matter. However, a 2015 study found no excess. A candidate gravitationally bound companion was announced in 2022. This object lies at an angular separation of `{{val|138.4|u=arcsecond}}`{=mediawiki} from Zeta Arae, which is equivalent to a projected separation of `{{val|20.63|e=3|ul=au}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Nomenclature
In Chinese, *龜* (*Guī*), meaning *Tortoise*, refers to an asterism consisting of ζ Arae, ε^1^ Arae, γ Arae, δ Arae and η Arae. Consequently, the Chinese name for ζ Arae itself is *龜五* (*Guī wǔ*, *the Fifth Star of Tortoise*.)
R. H. Allen called it *Tseen Yin* `{{IPAc-en|,|s|iː|n|'|j|I|n}}`{=mediawiki}, together with δ Arae, from the Chinese 天陰 (Mandarin pronunciation *tiānyīn*) \"dark sky\". However, 天陰 is in Aries. so Allen probably confused constellation \"Ara\" with \"Ari\"
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# Wings of a Butterfly
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{{single chart|Austria|12|artist=HIM|song=Wings of a Butterfly|rowheader=true|access-date=25 September 2015}}
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| 0 |
2,877,984 |
# Arthur Diehl
**Arthur Vidal Diehl** (1870 -- 12 January 1929) was a prominent English impressionist landscape artist.
Diehl was born in London, England, but for most of his career, he lived in Provincetown, Massachusetts, United States where he painted Old World and New World landscapes. Diehl\'s Old World subjects include scenes from Italy, Morocco, England, and the Netherlands. His subjects in the United States include Cape Cod, Boston, St. Augustine, Florida, and New York City
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# ATV: Quad Power Racing 2
***ATV: Quad Power Racing 2*** is a 2003 racing video game developed by Climax Brighton and published by Acclaim Entertainment under their AKA Acclaim label for PlayStation 2, GameCube and Xbox. It is the sequel to *ATV: Quad Power Racing*. The game is notable for its inclusion of a three-wheeled ATV, not seen in any other video games and not sold in the real world since the late 1980s.
## Gameplay
*ATV Quad Power Racing 2* includes overall 20 characters, 10 of which are original for the game and 10 professional ATV racing drivers. All 15 tracks are set over different terrains, like mud, sand or snow. There are multiple playable modes: Career (championship seasons), Arcade (increasingly difficult challenge), Challenge (racing against the top riders), Freestyle (based on scores achieved through aerials) and Time Trial (players race against the clock). During the race, every air jump that lands correctly will retain momentum and speed in an efficient way. The players are also able to kick the opponents off their rides at any time, and doing so steals the stored boost power for use. While there is no online play, the game has several multiplayer modes for two players in split screen: Championship, Freestyle Battle, Single Race, and Head-to-Head.
## Reception
The game received \"average\" reviews on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
## Cancelled sequel {#cancelled_sequel}
At E3 2004, Acclaim Entertainment announced new titles for release, one of them being *ATV Quad Power Racing 3* which was to be developed by Acclaim Studios Manchester instead of Climax Brighton and to be released in the winter of 2005. The game was later cancelled after Acclaim closed down the Acclaim Studios Manchester and Cheltenham studios due to their financial difficulties and eventual bankruptcy. The rights were obtained by Fund4Games and development was continued by Acclaim Studio Manchester\'s successor, Silverback Studios. The game was shown at E3 2005 behind closed doors. In 2012, game preservation group PtoPOnline revealed gameplay footage of a 2004 prototype under the name *ATV 3 Lawless*. A found trailer showed the name *ATV 3 Outlaw Pro-Quad Racing.*
With plans for a third *ATV Quad Power Racing* game scrapped, Climax Studios was eventually approached by Rainbow Studios for another opportunity to develop another ATV racing game, which would be to continue Rainbow Studio\'s *ATV Offroad Fury* series, starting with *ATV Offroad Fury 3* in 2004, which Rainbow had to abandon after being purchased by THQ to develop *MX Unleashed* and the *MX vs. ATV* series. Climax Studios would go on to develop two installments of the *Offroad Fury* series on PlayStation 2 and port them both to the PlayStation Portable
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| 0 |
2,877,995 |
# Kelvedon railway station
**Kelvedon railway station** is on the Great Eastern Main Line (GEML) in the East of England, serving the villages of Kelvedon and Feering, Essex. It is also the closest station to the settlements of Coggeshall and Tiptree. Kelvedon is 42 mi down the line from London Liverpool Street. It is situated between `{{rws|Witham}}`{=mediawiki} to the west and `{{rws|Marks Tey}}`{=mediawiki} and to the east. Its three-letter station code is KEL.
The station was opened in 1843 by the Eastern Counties Railway. It is currently operated by Greater Anglia, who also operate all trains serving it, as part of the East Anglia franchise.
To the north-east was a separate station called Kelvedon Low Level, which until 1951 was the terminus of the now disused Kelvedon and Tollesbury Light Railway.
## History
The section of the Eastern Counties Railway between `{{stnlnk|Brentwood}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{stnlnk|Colchester}}`{=mediawiki} was opened on 29 March 1843, and one of the original stations on that section was Kelvedon.
In common with most rural stations, Kelvedon handled local goods and a 1923 plan shows sidings with cattle pens on the up-side at the London end, and sidings with a goods shed on the down-side at the London end of the station. There was also a large warehouse which was used by King Seeds for many years on the down-side. The goods yard closed on 7 December 1964.
There was a link line to Kelvedon Low Level railway station with a drop of 1 in 50, which joined the main line at the country end of the up line.
The station complex was controlled by a signal box at the London end of the up platform which closed on 3 December 1961 when Witham power box became responsible for the section through to Marks Tey.
## Accidents and incidents {#accidents_and_incidents}
- On 17 October 1872, one passenger was killed and 16 people were injured in a derailment at Kelvedon. The 09:45 express service from Yarmouth to `{{rws|Bishopsgate}}`{=mediawiki} left the tracks as it approached Kelvedon at a speed of up to 40 mph. A Board of Trade investigation blamed a suspension defect through lack of maintenance.
- On 4 October 2005, a team of track maintenance staff was working by a set of points at Kelvedon when the 13:30 passenger train from `{{rws|Norwich}}`{=mediawiki} to Liverpool Street passed through the station. The team had taken refuge in a place of safety as the train passed, but one of them was injured by a steel threaded plug which flew off the moving locomotive, which was travelling at speed. The worker suffered a fracture to his skull and injury to his hand
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# Henry Hose
The **Hussey** family, after 1066, settled in Dorset, but were also found in Berkshire, Wiltshire and Somerset. In medieval England the name of Hussey was generally spelt as \'Hose\', evolving into Hoese, Huse, Husee, and thence to Hussey, and in Latin was first known as Hosatus
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| 0 |
2,878,003 |
# Suffield University
: *The subject of this article should not be confused with Sheffield University (formally the University of Sheffield) or Suffolk University*
**Suffield University** (sometimes referred to as **Suffield College and University**) is an unaccredited internet school specializing in what it calls Life Experience Degrees, issued upon payment, with life experience assessment based on the word of the applicant. Suffield is not accredited by any accreditation body recognized by its country. According to the US Department of Education, unaccredited degrees and credits might not be acceptable to employers or other institutions, and use of degree titles may be restricted or illegal in some jurisdictions.
Offering degrees for a fixed fee based on life experience is generally considered to be indicative of the institution being a diploma mill, and Suffield has been identified as such. In 2003, an article in *The New Republic* noted that in 2002 a fire department training commander had been \"caught\" with a degree in fire science from Suffield. The magazine described the university as a diploma mill \"accredited\" by \"the bogus National Distance Learning Accreditation Council\". In 2004 an Indiana state board denied a firefighter\'s request to use a Suffield degree as a job qualification, stating that the institution \"apparently \... is not a college\" but rather a body that provides a transcript in exchange for a fee. In 2004, one candidate\'s Suffield degree became an issue in the election campaign for mayor of South Milwaukee, Wisconsin, when the incumbent told voters that his opponent\'s master\'s degree came from an unaccredited school offering life experience degrees for \$500.
In 2004 the *Hartford Courant* reported that state authorities in Connecticut had ordered Suffield to cease operations. The states of Oregon, Texas, and Maine have listed Suffield University as \"operating illegally in Connecticut\". As of January 2014, an institution calling itself Suffield University is using the website domain suffield-university.com, which does not identify a geographic location.
The person behind Suffield is also responsible for other unaccredited universities such as Redding University, Glendale University, Greenwood University and Bryson University
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| 0 |
2,878,022 |
# Gamma Arae
`| prop_mo_ra = −0.44`\
`| prop_mo_dec = −15.77`\
`| pm_footnote = `\
`| parallax = 2.93`\
`| p_error = 0.16`\
`| parallax_footnote = `\
`| absmag_v = −5.8`
}} `{{Starbox detail
| mass = {{solar mass|12.5}}<ref name=mnras410_1_190/><br/>19<ref name=mnras404_3_1306/>
| radius = {{val|14.20|0.28}}<ref name=arcos/>
| luminosity = 120,000<ref name=aaa463_3_1093/>
| temperature = {{val|21240|212|fmt=commas}}<ref name=arcos/>
| gravity = {{val|3.50|0.04}}<ref name=arcos/>
| metal_fe =
| rotational_velocity = {{val|269|11}}<ref name=mnras404_3_1306/>
| rotation = 4.8<ref name=aaa388_587/> days
| age_myr = {{val|15.7|0.1}}<ref name=mnras410_1_190/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=γ Ara | CPD=−56°8225 | HD=157246 | HIP=85267 | HR=6462 | SAO=244726 | 2E=3895 | WDS=J17254-5623A | GC=23517 | PPM=345992 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=HD+157246
| ARICNS =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Gamma Arae** is a massive star in the southern constellation of Ara. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from γ Arae, and abbreviated Gamma Ara or γ Ara. With an apparent visual magnitude of 3.3, it is the fourth-brightest star in the constellation and is readily visible to the naked eye. From parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, the distance to this star can be estimated as 1110 ly from Earth.
The proper motion of this star traces back to the Scorpius region of the Galactic Plane, about 20--25° away. Gamma Arae has an optical companion located at an angular separation of 17.9 arcseconds, which is an A-type main sequence star with an apparent magnitude of 10.5.
## Properties
This is a enormous star with 14 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 120,000 as much energy as the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 21,240 K. This heat gives the star the blue-white glow of a B-type star. The spectrum shows it to match a stellar classification of B1 Ib, with the luminosity class of \'Ib\' indicating this is a lower luminosity supergiant star. It is a relatively young body, with an estimated age of around 15.7 million years.
Gamma Arae is rotating rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 269 km s^−1^, causing it to complete a full rotation about every 4.8 days. In the spectrum of this star, this high rate of spin is causing absorption lines to blend together because of the Doppler effect, making them more difficult to analyze. It is a periodically variable star that undergoes non-radial pulsations with a primary period of 1.1811 days and a secondary period of 0.1281 days.`{{Dubious|Not a variable|date=April 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
There is some disagreement about the mass of this star in the literature. Tetzlaff et al. (2011) estimate the mass as `{{val|12.5|0.6}}`{=mediawiki} solar masses, while Fraser et al. (2010) give a mass of around 19 and Lefever et al. (2007) lists a value of 25. It is shedding mass through its stellar wind at the rate of `{{val|3.0|e=−8|u=solar masses per year}}`{=mediawiki}, which is equivalent to losing the mass of the Sun every 33 million years. The wind is being affected by the star\'s rapid rotation, resulting in an enhanced outflow along the equator
| 504 |
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| 0 |
2,878,023 |
# Black Watch (wristwatch)
The **Black Watch** is an electronic wristwatch launched in September 1975 by Sinclair Radionics. It cost £24.95 ready-built, but was also available for £17.95, as a kit. These prices are equivalent to around £`{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|24.95|1976|r=-1}}}}`{=mediawiki} and £`{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|17.95|1976|r=-1}}}}`{=mediawiki} respectively in `{{Inflation-year|UK}}`{=mediawiki}, when adjusted for inflation.
The Black Watch was supplied with a plastic band as standard, with a black stainless steel bracelet available as an extra at £2.00.
## Design
The Black Watch was equipped with a red light emitting diode display, which illuminated only when the watchcase\'s surface was pressed; pressing one part of the case displayed hours and minutes, pressing another displayed minutes and seconds. The Black Watch was later available in grey and white, with these versions also having a date function.
The product was beset by technical problems, including short battery life, variable accuracy and a very sensitive integrated circuit which could be rendered useless by static shock. In spite of this, Sinclair\'s advertising still claimed:
: *If that sounds technical, think of the outcome: a watch with no moving parts, a watch with nothing to go wrong, a watch which gives accuracy never achievable by the most precise mechanical engineering.*
## Reception
The watch suffered from serious inherent design flaws. These included the batteries only having a 10-day life and being difficult to replace. This was despite advertisement claims that the batteries lasted a year. The quartz crystal was temperature-sensitive, causing the watch to run at different speeds according to the ambient temperature. The LED display brightness was rather weak, making it difficult to read in well-lit environments. The case switches were unreliable, as were the clips that were intended to hold the plastic case together. The kit version was found to be very difficult for hobbyists to assemble.
A large number of watches were returned for repair or replacement. This completely overwhelmed Sinclair\'s customer service department, which still had a backlog of watches awaiting repair two years later. The watch was a commercial disaster for the company, which made a loss of £355,000 for 1975-6 on a turnover of £5.6m (in `{{Inflation-year|UK}}`{=mediawiki}, when adjusted for inflation equivalent to a loss of £`{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|355000|1976|r=-4}}}}`{=mediawiki} on a turnover of £`{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|5600000|1976|r=-4}}}}`{=mediawiki}). But for a government subsidy, the company would have been bankrupted.
After the failure of the watch, Sinclair Radionics had a stockpile of unsold and faulty watches. To make use of this, the company released the *Microquartz* car clock in November 1977; this was simply a watch circuit in a different case and intended to be attached to the dashboard of a car. The new case resolved some of the watch\'s faults and the product sold reasonably well
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| 0 |
2,878,027 |
# Henry Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey
**Henry Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey** (1265--1332) was an English soldier and politician. He was described in 1309 as \"the son of the elder sister of Florence, widow of Walter de Insular (de L\'Isle) and co-parencer with her, of Pulburough manor, Sussex\".
Henry Hussey was married about 1290, to Isabel. He was summoned to Parliament on 24 June 1295 and was returned for the following 30 years. He was known as **Lord Hussey** from 1295.
He was summoned for military service by King Edward I on 16 July 1294 in the putting down of a rebellion in Gascony and \"to attend the king wherever he might be\". He volunteered his service for the defence of the English coast in 1296 as a knight of Chichester. He thereafter engaged in military service against Scotland in 1297, 1299, and 1301. Henry was ordered \"to remain in the North during the winter campaign\" in the war against Scotland in 1315.
Overlord of Knygttone Paynell manor in Wiltshire 1317, he was appointed High Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex in 1320. He continued his military service into the reign of Edward II.
Lord Hoese (Hussey) was summoned as a knight of Gloucestershire and Sussex to the Great Council at Westminster (9 May 1324). He was ordered to military service in Gascony on 21 December 1324.
Henry Hussey died in February 1331--32 at age 66 \"on Friday before St. Peter in cathedra, leaving widow, Isabel, and son and heir\", (*Knights of Edward I*).
His son was Henry Hussey, 2nd Baron Hussey
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| 0 |
2,878,033 |
# Mu'ayyad al-Dawla
**Abu Mansur Buya** (*ابو منصور بویه*; died 983), better known by his honorific title of **Mu\'ayyad al-Dawla** (*lit=Helper of the State*) was the Buyid amir of Hamadan (976--983), Jibal (977--983), Tabaristan (980--983), and Gorgan (981--983). He was the third son of Rukn al-Dawla.
## Biography
Abu Mansur Buya was the son of Rukn al-Dawla and a daughter of the Daylamite Firuzanid nobleman Al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, who was the cousin of the famous military leader Makan ibn Kaki. Abu Mansur Buya lived in Isfahan during his youth. In 955, a Daylamite military officer named Muhammad ibn Makan, attacked Isfahan. Abu Mansur Buya, along with family and followers, were then forced to leave the city.
The eldest son of Rukn al-Dawla, \'Adud al-Dawla, along with Rukn al-Dawla\'s *vizier* Abu \'l-Fadl ibn al-\'Amid, then marched towards Isfahan and defeated Muhammad ibn Makan. After Isfahan was in safe Buyid hands once again, Abu Mansur Buya, along with his family and followers, then returned to the city. In ca. 958, Abu Mansur Buya went to Baghdad, and married Mu\'izz al-Dawla\'s daughter Zubayda. After the marriage, he returned with her to Isfahan. Later in 966, Abu Mansur Buya was given the honorific title of \"Mu\'ayyad al-Dawla\"
As part of the settlement between Rukn al-Dawla and his eldest son \'Adud al-Dawla in early 976, Mu\'ayyad al-Dawla was to receive Hamadan upon his father\'s death, in exchange for recognizing \'Adud al-Dawla as senior amir. Only a year later, Rukn al-Dawla\'s second son Fakhr al-Dawla, who ruled in Ray, rebelled against \'Adud al-Dawla\'s authority. Mu\'ayyad al-Dawla mobilized in support of \'Adud al-Dawla, forcing Fakhr al-Dawla to flee to the Ziyarids of Gorgan and Tabaristan. This did not stop the two Buyids; \'Adud al-Dawla took Gorgan in 980, while Mu\'ayyad al-Dawla gained control of Tabaristan in 981. Mu\'ayyad al-Dawla was entrusted with the newly captured provinces as \'Adud al-Dawla\'s subordinate.
\'Adud al-Dawla died in March 983, and Mu\'ayyad al-Dawla followed him shortly afterwards. His vizier, Sahib ibn \'Abbad, summoned a gathering of the army and convinced its leaders to proclaim Fakhr al-Dawla as his successor
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| 0 |
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# Filipp Oktyabrsky
**Filipp Sergeyevich Ivanov** (*Филипп Сергеевич Иванов*; `{{OldStyleDate|23 October|1899|11 October}}`{=mediawiki} -- 8 July 1969), more popularly known as **Filipp Sergeyevich Oktyabrsky** (*Филипп Сергеевич Октябрьский*), was a Soviet naval commander. He began service in the Baltic Fleet in 1918. From 1925--27 he studied at the Naval Academy in Leningrad. As vice-admiral he was given command of the Black Sea Fleet in March 1939 and headed its actions during the Sieges of Sevastopol (1941-1942) and Odessa (1941). After the war he became a Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, commander of all naval test centres and from 1957 to 1960 head of the Black Sea Higher Naval Institute \"Admiral Pavel Nakhimov\" (*Черноморское высшее военно-морское училище имени П. С. Нахимова*) in Sevastopol.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
- Hero of the Soviet Union
- Three Orders of Lenin
- Three Order of the Red Banner
- Two Order of Ushakov 1st class
- Order of Nakhimov 1st class
- Order of Suvorov 2nd class
- Order of the Red Star
- Medal \"For the Defence of Odessa\"
- Medal \"For the Defence of Sevastopol\"
- Commander of the Legion of Merit (USA)
A Kresta II class cruiser was named in honour of the Admiral
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| 0 |
2,878,060 |
# Channel 10 (Israel)
**Channel 10** (*translit=Arutz Eser*), formerly known as **Israel 10** (*translit=Yisra\'el Eser*), was an Israeli free-to-air television channel. Operating under the auspices of The Second Authority for Television and Radio, Channel 10 was one of three commercial television channels in Israel (others being Keshet 12 and Reshet 13), enjoying an average audience rating of 6.5% in 2011 within its main news program. Despite the name, the channel was actually broadcast on channel 14 from 1 November 2017 until its closure on 16 January 2019.
Channel 10 underwent a merger with rival network Reshet 13 (of Reshet), and this channel ceased transmissions on 16 January 2019. Some programs from Channel 10 moved over to Reshet 13. For news programmes, the merged company took resources from Channel 10\'s news production company (which subsequently changed on-air branding to *HaHadashot 13*), switching from Israel Television News Company. The new channel is mutually owned by some of the channel owners of both networks.
## History
Channel 10 began broadcasting on January 28, 2002. The channel offers original drama series, entertainment shows, news shows, lifestyle programs and foreign programs. Initially the channel was going to have two franchisees, Israel 10 and Eden Broadcasting. Due to delays, Eden Broadcasting and Israel 10 merged their license in June 2002. The channel got an own news company in 2003. In 2006, during the Second Lebanon War, Channel 10 News exposed a series of malfunctions in the decision making process leading to the war. Two American presidents have granted Channel 10 exclusive interviews, and during 2011 alone it aired interviews with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, UK Foreign Secretary William Hague, Governor Rick Perry, Dennis Ross, French Presidential Candidate Marine Le Pen and others.
In 2011 the Channel encountered financial difficulties and asked the Knesset\'s finance committee to postpone payment on a tax and royalty debt to the State. The Coalition of Netanyahu\'s government, in response, ordered all of its MK\'s to vote against such a postponement. Such tax waivers were regularly given in the past. Israeli and International press published that the Israeli Government has done so in retaliation to an exclusive story published by Channel 10 news, investigating the way in which Netanyahu financed trips abroad, together with his wife. Following that story, the State Comptroller opened a formal investigation and Prime Minister Netanyahu filled a libel suit against the Channel.
From 2013 to 2019, The channel gradually transferred its programs to 16:9 widescreen picture format, which became most of the content\'s aspect ratio by 2016. On 1 March 2016, the channel\'s news programs began broadcasting in widescreen as well. A few of the channel\'s productions and programs still remain in 4:3 aspect ratio, for which the channel switches its broadcast automatically.
| 458 |
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| 0 |
2,878,060 |
# Channel 10 (Israel)
## Financial crisis {#financial_crisis}
In November 2008, when Channel 10 found itself in severe financial straits, the SBA gave its present owners until March 1, 2009 to refinance its debt. However, in January 2009 the Knesset\'s Economic Affairs Committee overturned this decision. The decision meant that Channel 10\'s shareholders, Yossi Maiman, Ronald Lauder and Arnon Milchan, would be replaced as the channel\'s operators in February 2010. The regular broadcast schedules remained in place until they replaced by the new franchisee. The channel owned a NIS 10 million debt, which the Treasury demanded in cash after agreeing to defer the rest of the channel\'s NIS 28 million debt.
By July 2009, Channel 10 had cost its shareholders NIS 1.3 billion. It also owed about NIS 103 million more for content, license fees and royalties. The shareholders stated they would not pay the debt. Maiman announced that he and the other partners had no intention of paying any more of the channel\'s bills, and the channel announced that it was canceling planned productions. In August, the channel\'s directors undertook to invest NIS 19 million in television content, NIS 4 million more than their previous offer. They also agreed to invest more of the money for dramatic productions. Artist guild representatives said that they would petition the Israeli High Court of Justice if the agreement did not take them into account. In September, the SBA suspended its search for a new franchisee pending the approval of the Treasury and the Communications Ministry. The controversy over a profile of US American businessman Sheldon Adelson broadcast by Channel 10 risked the withdrawal of financing from Ronald Lauder, the last major funder left at that date. Until the end of 2011 the fate of the channel remained unknown. In mid January 2012, the channel was given another year to regulate its financial obligations. In December 2014, the channel was days away from closing down. On the night of 27/28 December 2014, the station ceased regular broadcasting, showing instead a picture of Benjamin Netanyahu and the message \"In three days, Channel 10 will close. The prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, who serves as the communications minister, refuses to find a solution.\" In January 2015, the station was allowed to function without a new permanent license for another six months, under the authority of the Attorney General. A permanent decision was postponed until after the Knesset elections scheduled for March 17 and the formation of a new government. A major reason quoted for the move was ensuring the expression of a wide range of political opinions on TV during the election campaign.
In May 2015, the RGE Media Group of Leonard Blavatnik, Aviv Giladi and Udi Recanati acquired 51% of Channel 10. A month after, the station got a 15-year license from the Second Television and Radio Authority Council.
In June 2018, due to financial issues caused by the 2017 Channel 2 split, RGE filed a merger with Reshet\'s Channel 13. As a part of the merger plan, Channel 10 News (RGE\'s news company) was to become a part of Channel 13, and some programs from Channel 10 would join Reshet 13. This channel would stop broadcasting, and more than 100 employees would be eliminated if the merger goes through. In October 2018, Reshet announced that the merger was cancelled. Reshet\'s owners have since reconsidered the merger, and after a long battle with the Second Authority, the merger was approved, and was scheduled for 16 January 2019.
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# Channel 10 (Israel)
## Original productions {#original_productions}
### Shows about current affairs {#shows_about_current_affairs}
- *Hayom Shehaya* (*The Day That Was*) -- late night current events program.
- *London et Kirschenbaum* -- current affairs news show.
- Economy at night - a show about current economic events. the show was aired during 2009-2017.
### Investigative shows {#investigative_shows}
- Kolbotek - a veteran Israeli consumer affairs and investigative reporting TV show on Channel 2.
### Reality shows {#reality_shows}
- *Hisardut* (*Survivor*) -- Reality game show. (Moved to the now-defunct Channel 2, currently airing on channel Reshet 13)
- *Baby Boom* (Israeli TV series) - an Israeli television series that debuted in 2014 on Channel 10.
- The winning couple VIP - an Israeli reality television series that aired in 2014-2017 on Channel 10.
- The Search - a reality TV show. each episode centered on a person looking for a man that had a major part in his life, in order to show graduated, ask for forgiveness and get closer.
- The Biggest Loser - the show focuses on over wight participants competing on losing the most wight.
- *HaDugmaniot* -- *(The Models)* reality documentary series.
- *Me\'usharot* *(From Riches)* Reality TV docusoap based on the Real Housewives franchise.
### Interview shows {#interview_shows}
- Intimate - an Interview show, by Rafi reshef, that aired in 2015-2019.
### Drama shows {#drama_shows}
- *Hostages* -- drama series.
- *Achat Efes Efes* (*One Zero Zero*) -- Action drama series.
### Game shows {#game_shows}
- *La\'uf al HaMillion* (*Go For The Million*) -- Game Show.
- HaChulia HaChalasha (*The Weakest Link*) -- Game Show.
### Comedy shows {#comedy_shows}
- *Naor\'s Friends* -- comedy featuring comedian Naor Zion.
- *Gav Ha\'Uma* -- satire show hosted by Lior Schleien.
### Action shows {#action_shows}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
In addition to these shows, 10 also produced and broadcast the Israeli versions of the quizzes *The Weakest Link*, *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?*, *Deal or No Deal*, and *Jeopardy!*, the reality shows *The Biggest Loser*, *Beauty and the Geek*, *The Bachelor* and the comedy improvisation show *Whose Line is it Anyway?*. It also broadcast *Krav Sakinim* (\"Knife Fight\"), a local adaptation of the Japanese cooking competition show *Iron Chef*.*Every Night with Assaf Harel* was a late night talk show on Channel 10. In mid 2013, the Israeli version of *Extreme Makeover: Home Edition* began airing on this channel, hosted by Amos Tamam.
| 407 |
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| 2 |
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# Channel 10 (Israel)
## Controversies
### Knesset security breach {#knesset_security_breach}
In June 2013, an investigative report by the news program *Tzinor Laila* (English: *Nightline*) aired on Channel 10 in which journalists described a type of \'plastic gun\', showing how all its parts can be 3D printed and assembled, and the program\'s journalists managed to smuggle the weapon twice into the Knesset. First, they managed to bring it into the offices of Miri Regev. Second, reporter Uri Even carried the weapon into an event in the Knesset compound attended by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The reporters passed all related security checks, including metal detector scans, and got only a few feet away from Netanyahu.
Though the expose was created for the purposes of raising awareness and the firearm (a Liberator model handgun) was never actually filled with bullets, a public controversy ensued. The Prime Minister\'s official office issued a statement reading that \"the way of action shown in the report is known to security personnel\" and that \"several other security arrangements, both visible and hidden, exist.\" The statement also argued that Channel 10\'s \"act was irresponsible and could have endangered the perpetrators of the questionable \'journalistic mission\' and cause them severe damage.\"
### Other controversies {#other_controversies}
In 2009, The Vatican complained to the Israeli government about a TV clip aired on Channel 10 that allegedly blasphemed Jesus and Mary. On a show hosted by Lior Shlein, a clip was shown where Mary was said to have become pregnant at 15 by a schoolmate and the idea of Jesus walking on water was dismissed because \"he was so fat he was ashamed to leave the house, let alone go to the Sea of Galilee with a bathing suit.\" Israel said the broadcaster would publicly apologize.
In another incident in 2009, a reality show contestant called his shoe \"Mohammed\", sparking an angry response from local Muslims. In a clip, one of the contestants referred to his shoes as \"Nasrin\" and \"Mohammed.\" Nasrin, a Palestinian from Haifa who was voted off the show early, had clashed with him
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| 3 |
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# Dion Ebrahim
**Dion Digby Ebrahim** (born 7 August 1980) is a Zimbabwean former cricketer, who played in 29 Test matches and 82 One Day Internationals (ODI) for the Zimbabwe national cricket team. He now lives in New Zealand where he works as a cricket coach.
## International career {#international_career}
A graduate of the CFX Academy in Harare, Ebrahim was considered an integral part of Zimbabwean cricket until falling out of favour with authorities.
Ebrahim has a highest ODI score of 121 and a highest Test score of 94. He never hit a six in his international career.
## Domestic career {#domestic_career}
Since leaving Zimbabwe in 2005, he has played in England as the captain of Stony Stratford CC who play in the Northants Premier Division. He also played in New Zealand for the Hawera United Cricket Club and Taranaki in the Hawke Cup. He holds the record for the number of Hawke Cup centuries for Taranaki.
In 2009, he was contracted by Zimbabwean franchise side Matabeleland Tuskers. He appeared for the Tuskers and thus he made himself available for national selection again.
In mid-2011, he played for Shenley village in the Hertfordshire League in England. He spent the 2011/12 and the 2012/13 summers playing in Taranaki, New Zealand.
Ebrahim has coached at almost all levels of cricket in New Zealand, from schools to provincial and national age group levels. In June 2021 he was appointed coach of Otago. He resigned from the position in March 2024.
## Arrest
Dion was arrested for using a Zimbabwe Cricket sponsored car after the ZC board did not offer him a new contract. Dion\'s lawyer told the police that ZC did not pay Dion his outstanding match fees. It was revealed that Tatenda Taibu was also involved in the case. ZC owed both Dion and Tatenda \$200,000 each in backpay. Tatenda told Associated Press that he would not give back the car until he had match fee outstandings paid to him fully. But the ZC Board said that the Ebrahim\'s payment is separate to the continued use of the ZC registered car. The problem remains unsolved.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Ebrahim is married to New Zealand international cricketer Kate Ebrahim
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# Lola Mora
**Dolores Candelaria Mora Vega** (17 November 1866 -- 7 June 1936), known professionally as **Lola Mora**, was an Argentine sculptor. She is known today as a cultural rebel and a pioneer of women in her artistic field.
## Early life {#early_life}
thumb\|left\|150px\|Mora in the 1890s Dolores was the daughter of Romualdo Alejandro Mora, a prosperous landowner of Tucumán Province of Spanish origin and Regina Vega. She was the third born of seven children, three boys and four girls. Her parents decided that the girls should also have the best education possible (unusual behavior for the time). In 1870, her parents moved the family to San Miguel del Tucumán when Lola was four years old. At seven years of age, she was a boarding school pupil at Colegio Sarmiento de Tucumán Province. In 1885, both her parents died within two days. Her older sister Paula Mora Vega married the engineer Guillermo Rucker, and together took care of the orphans.
## Education
At 20 years of age she began painting portraits, but soon turned to sculpting marble and granite. She studied art in her home province and then, with a scholarship, in Rome, Italy, studying under Costantino Barbella and Giulio Monteverde. In 1900 she returned to Argentina and, with government connections, was commissioned to create two bas-reliefs for the Historical House of Tucumán.
As her career developed, her sensual style and her status as a female artist made her controversial. In 1903 her *Nereids Fountain*, created for the city of Buenos Aires, met bureaucratic problems at the city\'s Deliberative Council, which had the sculpture moved around from place to place.
Near the end of her life, she entered into some extravagant business (such as financing petroleum surveys in Salta), and then retired with only a pension to support herself. After her death in Buenos Aires, in poverty and obscurity, her friends burned her letters, mementos, and personal diaries.
Mora obtained various patents. One included a system to project films without a screen (using a column of vapor), as well as systems for mining.
Mora was the subject of the 1996 film *Lola Mora (film)*, directed by Argentine director Javier Torre.
## Works
Mora\'s works include (in Buenos Aires unless otherwise noted):
- two bas-reliefs at the House of Tucumán, with the themes of the May Revolution\'s First National Government and the Declaration of Independence, 1900
- the Nereids Fountain, now located at Puerto Madero, 1903
- two major sculptural groups flanking the entrance, and other interior and exterior work, Palace of the Argentine National Congress, inaugurated 1906 (four allegorical sculptures of *Peace, Justice, Liberty* and *Progress* were moved to the grounds of the Government House of San Salvador de Jujuy)
- several sculpture groups placed along the \"Oath Passage\" in the historic centre of Rosario, leading to the National Flag Memorial
- female figure for the crypt of Ramon Lopez Lecube, La Recoleta Cemetery, circa 1912
- Avellaneda Memorial, Plaza Alsina, Avellaneda, 1913
- *Liberty*, Independence Square, San Miguel de Tucumán
- Monument to Francisco Narciso de Laprida, San José de Jáchal
<File:Estatuas> de Lola Mora 2.jpg\|Monument to Liberty along the Monument to the Flag in Rosario <File:Fuente> de las Nereidas by Lola Mora 06.JPG\|*The Nereids Fountain*, Buenos Aires <File:El> Progreso.JPG\|Progress <File:Recoleta> 011.jpg\|Grave in La Recoleta Cemetery <File:Estatuas> de Lola Mora en el Congreso Nacional (lado Norte).JPG\|Statues in the National Congress <File:Estatuas> de Lola Mora 6.jpg\|Grenadier (Argentine Army) <File:La> Justicia
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# Boozoo Bajou
**Boozoo Bajou** is a German musical duo composed of Florian Seyberth and Peter Heider. They are noted for their distinct blend of Cajun sounds with island rhythms. Their first album, *Satta*, was released in 2001. In 2005 they released *Dust My Broom*. The list of Boozoo Bajou remixes for other artists includes Common, Tosca, Trüby Trio, and Tony Joe White. `{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Boozoo Bajou
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| origin = [[Nuremberg]], Germany
| years_active = 2000–present
| genre = [[Downtempo]], [[Dub music|dub]], [[dubtronica]]
| label = [[Studio !K7]]<br>Stereo Deluxe
| website = [http://www.boozoobajou.com/ www.boozoobajou.com]<br />[http://www.boozoobajou-grains.com/ www.boozoobajou-grains.com]
| current_members = [[Peter Heider]] <br />[[Florian Seyberth]]
| associated_acts =
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
- *Satta* (2001)
- *Dust My Broom* (2005)
- *Grains* (2009)
- *Coming Home* (2010)
- *4* (2014)
- *Lambique* (2021)
- *Finistère* (2023)
### Compilations
- *Juke Joint* (2003)
- *Remixes* (2003)
- *Juke Joint Vol. II* (2006)
### Compilation appearances {#compilation_appearances}
- 1999: *Glücklich III*
- 2000: *Om Lounge Volume 3*
- 2001: *Coffeeshop Volume 4*
- 2001: *Bar Lounge Classics Volume 01*
- 2002: *Bar Lounge Classics Volume 02*
- 2003: *Later - The Bee*
- 2004: *The Outernational Sound / Thievery Corporation*
- 2004: *Bar Lounge Classics Weekend Edition*
- 2005: *Impulsive! Revolutionary Jazz Reworked*
- 2006: *Brazilectro Session 8*
- 2006: *Hed Kandi - Serve Chilled*
- 2007: *The Bria Project - Poolside Affair Vol
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# Salvatore Giuliano (film)
***Salvatore Giuliano*** is a 1962 Italian drama film directed by Francesco Rosi. Using techniques of the documentary film, it recounts the criminal career of famous Sicilian bandit Salvatore Giuliano between 1943 and 1950, his death. In 2008, the film was included in the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage\'s *100 Italian films to be saved*, a list of 100 films that \"have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978.\"
## Plot
In 1950, Sicilian bandit Salvatore Giuliano is found dead in a backyard. According to the authorities\' official announcement, Giuliano was killed in a shooting with the carabinieri, but asked by reporters some locals recall that they first heard three single shots and much later shots from a submachine gun.
In a series of nonlinear flashbacks, the film recounts Giuliano\'s criminal career, starting in 1943 after shooting a policeman. In 1945, Giuliano\'s gang is officially declared part of the military arm of the separatist party MIS which fights for Sicily\'s independence. The separatist movement is supported by the Allied Forces and the Mafia. After the 1946 declaration of Sicily\'s autonomous status, MIS\' former militant members are granted amnesty, but Giuliano proceeds with his illegal activities, entangled in kidnappings and blackmail. While still adored by the local people at first, his popularity wanes after the 1947 Portella della Ginestra massacre, where his gang shoots eleven people during a May 1st gathering of supporters of the Communist and Socialist parties. One after one, his confidants are betrayed or cooperate with the police. During a meeting, Giualiano is shot by his former closest companion, Gaspare Pisciotta. Afterwards, the carabinieri, who had been waiting nearby, stage a death during a shootout.
Two years later, Pisciotta and the highest ranking members of Giuliano\'s gang are sentenced to life for the Portella della Ginestra killings. Pisciotta accuses the Mafia and members of the authorities of having given Giuliano the order for the massacre. In 1954, Pisciotta is poisoned in prison. The film ends with the shooting of a Mafia informant in public in 1960.
## Cast
- Salvo Randone as President of Viterbo Assize Court
- Frank Wolff as Gaspare Pisciotta
- Pietro Cammarata as Salvatore Giuliano
- Sennuccio Benelli as Reporter
- Giuseppe Calandra as Minor Official
- Max Cartier as Francesco
- Fernando Cicero as Bandit
- Bruno Ukmar as Spy
- Cosimo Torino as Frank Mannino
- Federico Zardi as Pisciotta\'s Defense Counsel
- Francesco Rosi (narration)
## Production
After having been denied a public funding, *Salvatore Giuliano* was produced by Franco Cristaldi with funding by the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro. Filming took place in 1961 at the locations of the actual events in Sicily, using mostly local non-professionals as actors.
Although the titular character of the film, Giuliano himself is seen only briefly, either as a dead man after his killing, or as an indistinct figure. By these means, Rosi (in the words of critic Michel Ciment) stressed his rejection of identification with his subject.
## Reception
*Salvatore Giuliano* was received well by Italian critics and audiences (although it was denied the entry to the Venice Film Festival), was awarded numerous national film prizes and reached number ten in the list of the most successful Italian films of 1962.
While it received a Silver Bear at the 12th Berlin International Film Festival and was titled \"a major Italian film\" by the critic of weekly German newspaper *Die Zeit*, the reaction of New York Times critic Howard Thompson upon the film\'s 1964 New York premiere was reserved, titling it \"a curiously disjointed drama with a superbly imaginative camera eye.\"
In later years, critics\' opinions of the film were unanimously positive, calling it \"almost certainly the best film about the social and political forces that have shaped Sicily\" (Derek Malcolm, *The Guardian*), \"a landmark in political cinema\" (Trevor Johnston, *Time Out Film Guide*), and an \"exciting piece of filmmaking\" (Terrence Rafferty, *The New York Times*) by a \"bravura director\" and \"inspired innovator\" (Michael Sragow, *The New Yorker*).
Film historian Gino Moliterno argued that \"Rosi\'s highly original strategy in this landmark film is to aim at neither an \"objective\" journalistic documentary nor a fictional recreation but to employ as wide a range of disparate formal and stylistic elements as necessary to conduct a committed search for the truth that becomes, in a sense, its own narrative.\"
Director Martin Scorsese cited *Salvatore Giuliano* as one of his twelve favourite films of all time
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# Longitudinal mode
Common mode}} `{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{more citations needed|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki} A **longitudinal mode** of a resonant cavity is a particular standing wave pattern formed by waves confined in the cavity. The longitudinal modes correspond to the wavelengths of the wave which are reinforced by constructive interference after many reflections from the cavity\'s reflecting surfaces. All other wavelengths are suppressed by destructive interference.
A longitudinal mode pattern has its nodes located axially along the length of the cavity. Transverse modes, with nodes located perpendicular to the axis of the cavity, may also exist.
## Simple cavity {#simple_cavity}
A common example of longitudinal modes are the light wavelengths produced by a laser. In the simplest case, the laser\'s optical cavity is formed by two opposed plane (flat) mirrors surrounding the gain medium (a plane-parallel or Fabry--Pérot cavity). The allowed modes of the cavity are those where the mirror separation distance *L* is equal to an exact multiple of half the wavelength, *λ*:
$$L = q \frac{\lambda}{2}$$ where *q* is an integer known as the mode order.
In practice, the separation distance of the mirrors *L* is usually much greater than the wavelength of light *λ*, so the relevant values of *q* are large (around 10^5^ to 10^6^). The frequency separation between any two adjacent modes, *q* and *q*+1, in a material that is transparent at the laser wavelength, are given (for an empty linear resonator of length *L*) by Δ*ν*:
$$\Delta\nu = \frac{c}{2nL}$$ where *c* is the speed of light and n is the refractive index of the material (note: n≈1 in air).
## Composite cavity {#composite_cavity}
If the cavity is non-empty (i.e. contains one or more elements with different values of refractive index), the values of *L* used are the optical path lengths for each element. The frequency spacing of longitudinal modes in the cavity is then given by:
$$\Delta \nu = \frac{c}{2\sum_i n_i L_i} = \frac{c}{2}\left[ \frac{1}{n_1 L_1 + n_2 L_2 + n_3 L_3 + \ldots} \right]$$ where *n*~i~ is the refractive index of the i\'th element of length *L*~i~.
More generally, the longitudinal modes may be found for any type of wave in a cavity by solving the relevant wave equation with the appropriate boundary conditions.
Both transverse and longitudinal waves may have longitudinal modes when confined to a cavity.
The analysis of longitudinal modes is especially important in lasers with single transversal mode, for example, in single-mode fiber lasers. The number of longitudinal modes of such a laser can be estimated as ratio of the spectral width of gain to the spectral separation of longitudinal modes.
## Power per longitudinal mode {#power_per_longitudinal_mode}
For lasers with single transversal mode, the power per one longitudinal mode can be significantly increased by the coherent addition of lasers. Such addition allows one to both scale-up the output power of a single-transverse-mode laser and reduce number of longitudinal modes; because the system chooses automatically only the modes which are common for all the combined lasers. The reduction of the number of longitudinal modes determines the limits of the coherent addition. The ability to coherently add one additional laser is exhausted when one longitudinal mode, common for the combined lasers, lies within the spectral width of the gain; a subsequent addition will lead to loss of efficiency of the coherent combination and will not increase the power per *longitudinal mode* of such a laser
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# Smart work zone
A **smart work zone** or intelligent work zone refers to a site-specific configuration of traffic control technology deployed within a roadway work zone to increase the safety of construction workers, provide \"real-time\" travel information, and efficiently route motorists through a work zone. Smart work zones reduce the dependency on human \"flaggers\" and make the work zone safer for roadway workers.
Common terms used to describe equipment configuration used within smart work zones: `{{columns-list|colwidth=40em|
*Smart Arrow Board
*Zipper Merge
*Smart Traffic Monitoring System
*Advanced Queue Warning System
*End of Queue Detection System
*Dynamic Late Merge
*Queue Detection System
*Portable queue warning alert system
*Queue warning system
*Work zone queue detection warning system
*Stopped traffic advisory system
*Portable queue detection
*Conflict Warning System
*[[Overheight vehicle detection system|Over Height Vehicle Detection]]
*Portable Radar Sensors
*Trucks Entering System
*Variable Speed Limit
*Dynamic Speed Display
*Blue Tooth System Travel Time System
*Portable Rumble Strips
}}`{=mediawiki} Smart work zones often use radar guns or other non-intrusive sensors to detect the presence and speed of vehicles approaching a work zone, in order to display an appropriate message on one or more variable message signs.
In a \"dynamic merge\" system, for example, vehicles approaching a lane closure are directed to use all available lanes when congestion develops and speeds are low. When speeds are high, motorists are directed to merge early or are left to use their own judgement. Such a system is usually deployed in addition to traditional static messaging
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# Klosters
**Klosters** is a Swiss village in the Prättigau, politically part of the municipality of Klosters-Serneus, which belongs to the political district Prättigau/Davos in the canton of Grisons. In 2021, the municipality shortened its name to Klosters. Klosters itself consists of the two main parts Klosters Dorf (\'Village\') and Kloster Platz (\'Place\'), and the settlements Selfranga, Äuja, Monbiel. Together with neighbouring Serneus, the two villages form the former municipality of Klosters-Serneus. On 1 January 2016, the former municipality of Saas im Prättigau merged into Klosters-Serneus.
The village\'s ski resort lies 150 km from Zürich, the nearest international airport. Klosters is 10 km north from Davos and part of its extended ski area.
## History
Klosters is first mentioned in 1222 as *ecclesiam sancti Iacobi*. In 1436 it was mentioned as *zuo dem Closter*. It was part of one of the Three Leagues in the League of the Ten Jurisdictions. A part of the league\'s coat of arms is visible on Klosters\' coat of arms.
## Geography
The Landquart River flows northwesterly through the village of Klosters and, along with various side streams, defines the geography of this region. Klosters-Serneus has an area, (as of 2016) of `{{Swiss area|3871|mi=on}}`{=mediawiki}.`{{Swiss area data|3871|QUELLE}}`{=mediawiki} Of this area, about 24.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 19.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and 54.2% is unproductive land. In the 2004/09 survey a total of 179 ha or about 0.8% of the total area was covered with buildings, an increase of 33 ha over the 1985 amount. Over the same time period, the amount of recreational space in the municipality increased by 14 ha and is now about 0.08% of the total area. Of the agricultural land, 4 ha is used for orchards and vineyards, 954 ha is fields and grasslands and 4797 ha consists of alpine grazing areas. Since 1985 the amount of agricultural land has decreased by 575 ha. Over the same time period the amount of forested land has increased by 315 ha. Rivers and lakes cover 289 ha in the municipality.
Before 2017, the municipality was located in and is the only municipality in Klosters sub-district of the Prättigau/Davos district, after 2017 it was part of the Prättigau/Davos Region. It was created in 1865 through the merger of the formerly independent municipalities of Serneus and Klosters. Until 1973 Klosters-Serneus was known as Klosters. It is the largest and uppermost village in the Prättigau valley. It consists of the villages of Klosters and Serneus and is made up of the sections of Platz, Dorf, Selfranga, Äuja and Monbiel.
The Jöriseen, a group of Alpine lakes located west of the Jörifless Pass and north of the Flüela Wisshorn, are within the village.
| 458 |
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| 0 |
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# Klosters
## Demographics
Klosters-Serneus has a population (`{{as of|{{Swiss populations YM|CH-GR}}|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) of `{{Swiss populations|CH-GR|3871}}`{=mediawiki}.`{{Swiss populations ref|CH-GR}}`{=mediawiki} `{{as of|2015}}`{=mediawiki}, 19.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. In 2015 a small minority (226 or 5.9% of the population) was born in Germany and a small minority (286 or 7.5% of the population) was born in Portugal. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2015, was 7.0, while the death rate was 9.2 per thousand residents. Most of the population (`{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) speaks German (88.7%), with Portuguese being second most common (2.9%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (2.6%).
, children and teenagers (0--19 years old) make up 17.7% of the population, while adults (20--64 years old) are 57.0% of the population and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 25.3%. In 2015 there were 1,508 single residents, 1,768 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 231 widows or widowers and 301 divorced residents.
In 2015, there were 2,113 private households in Klosters-Serneus with an average household size of 2.13 persons. In 2015, about 33.5% of all buildings in the municipality were single family homes, which is much less than the percentage in the canton (49.4%) and much less than the percentage nationally (57.4%). Of the 1,376 inhabited buildings in the municipality, in 2000, about 34.8% were single family homes and 43.9% were multiple family buildings. Additionally, about 20.3% of the buildings were built before 1919, while 9.0% were built between 1991 and 2000. In 2014 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 10.24. The vacancy rate for the municipality, `{{as of|2016|alt=in 2016}}`{=mediawiki}, was 0.89%.
The historical population is given in the following chart: Colors=
` id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)`\
` id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8)`
ImageSize = width: auto height:200 barincrement:45 PlotArea = top:20 left:40 bottom:20 right:35 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:5000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:1000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:300 start:0 PlotData=
` color:yellowgreen width: 35 mark:(line,white) align:center`\
` bar:1850 from:start till:1302 text:"1,302"`\
` bar:1860 from:start till:1372 text:"1,372"`\
` bar:1870 from:start till:1473 text:"1,473"`\
` bar:1880 from:start till:1510 text:"1,510"`\
` bar:1888 from:start till:1529 text:"1,529"`\
` bar:1900 from:start till:1555 text:"1,555"`\
` bar:1910 from:start till:1719 text:"1,719"`\
` bar:1920 from:start till:2136 text:"2,136"`\
` bar:1930 from:start till:2558 text:"2,558"`\
` bar:1941 from:start till:2774 text:"2,774"`\
` bar:1950 from:start till:2978 text:"2,978"`\
` bar:1960 from:start till:3181 text:"3,181"`\
` bar:1970 from:start till:3534 text:"3,534"`\
` bar:1980 from:start till:3487 text:"3,487"`\
` bar:1990 from:start till:3542 text:"3,542"`\
` bar:2000 from:start till:3890 text:"3,890"`\
` bar:2010 from:start till:3899 text:"3,899"`\
` bar:2015 from:start till:4537 text:"4,537"`
## Skiing
Klosters is well known as a favorite ski resort for Charles III and subsequently one cable car to the top of Gotschnagrat is recently renamed the \"King Charles cablecar\".
## Heritage sites of national significance {#heritage_sites_of_national_significance}
The *Reformierte Kirche am Platz* is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
## Politics
In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 41.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (18.7%), the BDP (17.6%) and the SP (10.8%). In the federal election, a total of 1,341 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 51.4%.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 46.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (28.7%), the SP (17.2%) and the CVP (4.7%).
## Education
In Klosters-Serneus about 76.4% of the population (between age 25--64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).
| 589 |
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| 1 |
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# Klosters
## Economy
Klosters-Serneus is classed as a tourist community. In 2015 local hotels had a total of 128,053 overnight stays, of which 54.4% were international visitors.
, there were a total of 2,190 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 144 people worked in 62 businesses in the primary economic sector. The secondary sector employed 554 workers in 83 separate businesses. There were 10 small businesses with a total of 219 employees and one mid sized business with a total of 97 employees. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 1,492 jobs in 313 businesses. There were 25 small businesses with a total of 645 employees. In 2015 a total of 10.2% of the population received social assistance.
In 2011 the unemployment rate in the municipality was 1.2%.
In 2015 the average cantonal, municipal and church tax rate in the municipality for a couple with two children making `{{CHF|link=yes|80,000}}`{=mediawiki} was 3.5% while the rate for a single person making `{{CHF|150,000}}`{=mediawiki} was 15%, both of which are close to the average for the canton and nationally. In 2013 the average income in the municipality per tax payer was `{{CHF|70,989}}`{=mediawiki} and the per person average was `{{CHF|40,079}}`{=mediawiki}, which is greater than the cantonal averages of `{{CHF|69,964}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{CHF|33,075}}`{=mediawiki} respectively In contrast, the national tax payer average is `{{CHF|82,682}}`{=mediawiki}, while the national per person average is `{{CHF|35,825}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Religion
From the `{{as of|2000|alt=2000 census}}`{=mediawiki}, 895 or 23.0% are Roman Catholic, while 2,587 or 66.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 106 individuals (or about 2.72% of the population) who belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are 13 individuals (or about 0.33% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 32 (or about 0.82% of the population) who are Muslim. There are 14 individuals (or about 0.36% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 221 (or about 5.68% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 27 individuals (or about 0.69% of the population) did not answer the question.
## Transport
Kloster Platz has cable car lift service to the top of Gotschnagrat at 2281 m. In winter it is part of the large ski area between Davos and Klosters. Klosters lies 150 km (93 mi) southeast from Zürich, the nearest international airport. National train service is available from Zürich to Landquart, with regular regional train service to Klosters.
The municipality has four railway stations: `{{rws|Klosters Platz}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Klosters Dorf}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Cavadürli}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{rws|Saas}}`{=mediawiki}. There is also a variety of regional and local bus services. The local Rhaetian line is the Landquart-Davos Platz line, which connects at Landquart railway station with national rail to Zürich. The portion from Landquart to Klosters was first opened in 1889. Near Serneus this local line passes the 525 m long award-winning Sunniberg Bridge, which was completed 1998 as the centerpiece of the Klosters bypass and the Lanquart valley that lies south of the railway. In 2005 the Klosters bypass, which includes both the Sunniberg Bridge and the Gotschna Tunnel, was opened for traffic in a ceremony with Prince Charles, a frequent visitor to Klosters.
## Society
The Klosters ski resort has been the winter destination for the British royal family, notably Prince Charles, for over three decades. Klosters takes pride in what Tom Robbins refers to as \"Discreet luxury yes, pomposity just for show, no\", it warns; here \"understatement is written in capital letters\". Prince William and Prince Harry learned to ski in the village and were often spotted at their usual haunt: Casa Antica. Other notables include Paul Newman, Gregory Peck, Yul Brynner, Lauren Bacall, Juliette Gréco, Irwin Shaw, Charles Korvin, Robert Capa, Greta Garbo and Gene Kelly, who famously danced on the tables in the hotel bar of the legendary Hotel Chesa Grischuna where Rex Harrison discussed his musical notes for \"My Fair Lady\" with the hotel pianist. Peter Viertel described Klosters as \"Hollywood on the Rocks\" in his acclaimed autobiography \"Dangerous Friends\" and in 1960 married Deborah Kerr in Klosters. In more recent history other regulars include Peter Mandelson, billionaires Nathaniel Rothschild, Thomas Schmidheiny, Friede Springer, Guy Spier and Peter Munk. Other notables include Tara Palmer-Tomkinson, Rupert Everett and Swiss movie producer Marc Forster. Local hotel proprietor and skier Ruth Guler ran the Hotel Wynegg, and socialised with several royals, though she treated them no differently to other guests. Nicholas Wheeler and Chrissie Rucker own the Haus Alpina chalet in Klosters.
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# Klosters
## Climate
Klosters has a Tundra climate (ET) under the Köppen climate classification. The average annual temperature is 36 F. The average coldest month is January with an average temperature of 15 F, while the warmest month is July with an average temperature of 55 F. The wettest month is August during which time Klosters received an average of 4.3 in of rain or snow. During this month it receives precipitation for 14.6 days. The month of June has the most precipitation days, 14.9 but only has 3.4 in of precipitation. The driest month is February during which time Klosters receives an average of 1.4 in of rain or snow. During this month it receives precipitation for 10.6 days
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# Developable surface
In mathematics, a **developable surface** (or **torse**: archaic) is a smooth surface with zero Gaussian curvature. That is, it is a surface that can be flattened onto a plane without distortion (i.e. it can be bent without stretching or compression). Conversely, it is a surface which can be made by transforming a plane (i.e. \"folding\", \"bending\", \"rolling\", \"cutting\" and/or \"gluing\"). Because of these properties, developable surfaces are widely used in the design and fabrication of items to be made from sheet materials, ranging from textiles to sheet metal such as ductwork to shipbuilding.
In three dimensions all developable surfaces are ruled surfaces (but not vice versa). There are developable surfaces in four-dimensional space `{{tmath|\mathbb{R}^4}}`{=mediawiki} which are not ruled. The envelope of a single parameter family of planes is called a developable surface.
## Particulars
The developable surfaces which can be realized in three-dimensional space include:
- Cylinders and, more generally, the \"generalized\" cylinder; its cross-section may be any smooth curve
- Cones and, more generally, conical surfaces; away from the apex
- The oloid and the sphericon are members of a special family of solids that develop their entire surface when rolling down a flat plane.
- Planes (trivially); which may be viewed as a cylinder whose cross-section is a line
- Tangent developable surfaces; which are constructed by extending the tangent lines of a spatial curve.
- The torus has a metric under which it is developable, which can be embedded into three-dimensional space by the Nash embedding theorem and has a simple representation in four dimensions as the Cartesian product of two circles: see Clifford torus.
Formally, in mathematics, a developable surface is a surface with zero Gaussian curvature. One consequence of this is that all \"developable\" surfaces embedded in 3D-space are ruled surfaces (though hyperboloids are examples of ruled surfaces which are not developable). Because of this, many developable surfaces can be visualised as the surface formed by moving a straight line in space. For example, a cone is formed by keeping one end-point of a line fixed whilst moving the other end-point in a circle.
### Application
Developable surfaces have several practical applications.
Many cartographic projections involve projecting the Earth to a developable surface and then \"unrolling\" the surface into a region on the plane.
Since developable surfaces may be constructed by bending a flat sheet, they are also important in manufacturing objects from sheet metal, cardboard, and plywood. An industry which uses developed surfaces extensively is shipbuilding.
Developable Mechanisms are mechanisms that conform to a developable surface and can exhibit motion (deploy) off the surface.
## Non-developable surface {#non_developable_surface}
Most smooth surfaces (and most surfaces in general) are not developable surfaces. **Non-developable surfaces** are variously referred to as having \"**double curvature**\", \"**doubly curved**\", \"**compound curvature**\", \"**non-zero Gaussian curvature**\", etc.
Some of the most often-used non-developable surfaces are:
- Spheres are not developable surfaces under any metric as they cannot be unrolled onto a plane.
- The helicoid is a ruled surface -- but unlike the ruled surfaces mentioned above, it is not a developable surface.
- The hyperbolic paraboloid and the hyperboloid are slightly different doubly ruled surfaces -- but unlike the ruled surfaces mentioned above, neither one is a developable surface.
### Applications of non-developable surfaces {#applications_of_non_developable_surfaces}
Many gridshells and tensile structures and similar constructions gain strength by using (any) doubly curved form
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# Inlecypris
***Inlecypris*** is a is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Danionidae. The fishes in this genus are from Southeast Asia in Myanmar and Thailand.
## Species
*Inlecypris* contains the following recognised species;
- *Inlecypris auropurpurea* (Annandale, 1918)
- *Inlecypris jayarami* (Barman, 1985)
- *Inlecypris maetaengensis* (F
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# Mythologies (Rhett Miller album)
***Mythologies*** is the first studio album by American country/rock band performer, Rhett Miller, who later became the lead singer and songwriter of the Old 97\'s. Miller recorded the album with friend, and future Old 97\'s bassist, Murry Hammond. His next solo effort would wait more than a decade.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Iron Child\" -- 2:40
2. \"Days Between Stations\" -- 2:44
3. \"Song for Truman Capote\" -- 3:32
4. \"Fishbowl\" -- 2:26
5. \"Still They Sing\" -- 4:28
6. \"Redbird Song\" -- 4:12
7. \"Cicada Song\" -- 4:07
8. \"Honey in My Tea\" -- 3:45
9. \"I\'m Coming Home\" -- 3:19
10. \"Sea Shell Girl\" -- 4:07
11. \"Candy Apple Corkscrew Hair\" -- 1:57
12. \"Staten Island Ferry Boat\" -- 2:32
13
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# Danionella
***Danionella*** is a genus of danionin fish found in freshwater habitats in Myanmar and West Bengal, India. It includes some of the smallest fishes.
## Distribution
Four out of five described species of *Danionella* are found in Myanmar. *D. translucida* is described from the Ayeyarwady River basin, and *D. mirifica* was described from the Kamaing area in upper Myanmar. *Danionella priapus* is endemic to India.
## Description
When first described, *Danionella translucida* was the smallest ostariophysan and the smallest adult vertebrate to inhabit fresh water. Its adult size ranges from 10--12 millimetres (.43--.47 in) SL. *D. mirifica* gets slightly larger, at about 14 mm (.55 in) SL, but is still one of the smallest freshwater fishes.
*Danionella* species lack scales and barbels, but possess a lateral line.
*D. mirifica* has a single row of melanophores between the pelvic fins and the tips of the cleithra, and there is a lack of melanophores on the underside of the abdomen.
*D. dracula* reaches 17 mm in length. It is neotonous, lacking 44 bones that develop late in the related zebrafish *Danio rerio.* They have teeth made of bone, rather than the true teeth of other fishes, and the males have a pair of boney fangs which may be used during male-male competitions over nesting sites. Britz *et al.* believe the lineage lost true teeth about 50 Ma.
## As a model organism {#as_a_model_organism}
Danionella is used in scientific experiments as it is small, optically transparent throughout its lifespan, genetically amenable and has a short generation time.
## Species
-
Species Common Name Image
--------------------------------------------------- -------------- -------
*Danionella cerebrum* Britz, Conway & Rüber, 2021
*Danionella dracula* Britz, Conway & Rüber, 2009 Dracula fish
*Danionella mirifica* Britz, 2003
*Danionella priapus* Britz, 2009
*Danionella translucida* T. R
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# Henry H. Wells
**Henry Horatio Wells** (September 17, 1823`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}February 12, 1900), a Michigan lawyer and Union Army officer in the American Civil War, succeeded Francis Harrison Pierpont as the appointed provisional governor of Virginia from 1868 to 1869 during Reconstruction. A Radical Republican labelled a carpetbagger, Wells was defeated for election in 1869 by Gilbert C. Walker, who also became his appointed successor. Wells then served as U.S. Attorney for Virginia and later for the District of Columbia.
## Early and family life {#early_and_family_life}
Henry Wells was born in Rochester, New York, and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He attended Romeo Academy and studied law with Theodore Romeyn.
In 1848, Wells married Millicent Hunt of Detroit, with whom he had a son and a daughter before she died after giving birth to that short-lived daughter in 1852. In 1854, Wells married Phoebe Higby, and they had a daughter.
## Michigan legal and political career {#michigan_legal_and_political_career}
Wells was admitted to the Michigan bar circa 1846. In his private legal practice, Wells defended men accused of assisting fugitive slaves.
Wells joined the new Republican Party and ran for office. Voters later elected Wells to the Michigan House of Representatives. He served one term (1854--1856) and advocated temperance, free public schools, abolition of slavery, and extending civil and political rights to African Americans.
## Military career {#military_career}
During the American Civil War, Wells received a commission as a major in the 26th Michigan Infantry and was soon promoted to lieutenant colonel. His unit was assigned to Alexandria, Virginia, to occupy that city in the controlled part of the Union Army of Virginia. As provost marshal since February 1863 (and full colonel as of March 30, 1864), Wells led military police in Alexandria and soon supervised law enforcement in all Union-controlled territory south of the Potomac River.
Francis Harrison Pierpont (who helped establish West Virginia in 1861) was appointed governor of Union-controlled parts of Virginia during the war and made Alexandria his headquarters. Fellow abolitionist John Curtiss Underwood became the U.S. District Judge stationed in Alexandria.
After President Abraham Lincoln\'s assassination in April 1865, Wells played an important role in pursuing and apprehending the assassin, John Wilkes Booth, in a barn in Caroline County, Virginia. Wells had interrogated Dr. Samuel Mudd, which had led to the crucial tip. He was also associated with the proceedings before Judge Underwood in which the captured Jefferson Davis was charged with treason (although that prosecution was later quashed). Wells received a promotion to brevet brigadier general in May 1865.
On May 9, 1865, Virginia\'s Confederate Governor General William Smith was arrested, and President Andrew Johnson appointed Pierpont as Virginia\'s provisional governor. Pierpont moved the state government\'s seat back to Richmond, but it became unpopular. In 1864, Pierpont called a constitutional convention in Alexandria that abolished slavery. That constitution was thus temporarily extended to the entire state until a new constitution (without the slavery provisions in Virginia\'s Constitution of 1850) could be drafted and adopted.
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# Henry H. Wells
## Political career {#political_career}
After ending his military service on September 21, 1865, Wells resumed private legal practice. He remained in Alexandria and was active in the Alexandria Canal Company and then the Alexandria Canal, Railroad, and Bridge Company, which constructed a canal in what became Arlington, Virginia, and a bridge to Georgetown (Washington, D.C.). He associated with Judge Underwood and local Alexandria attorney S. Ferguson Beach, who held Radical Republican views. Wells firmly supported recognizing the civil rights of African Americans.
In 1866, the Radical Republicans in Congress won large majorities and soon took charge. They closed down the state\'s civilian government and put Virginia (and nine other former Confederate states) under military rule. Virginia was administered as the \"First Military District\" in 1867--69 under General John Schofield. Schofield oversaw the transition to civilian rule after Virginia\'s voters (including freedmen) selected delegates to write a constitution to succeed the 1864 document (and the 1850 Virginia Constitution, which explicitly recognized and permitted slavery). The convention (which included 20 African American delegates) began meeting on December 3, 1867. Delegates elected Judge Underwood, their president, and Rev. James W. Hunnicutt to head the committee on suffrage. Wells and Hunnicutt wanted to protect Black voting rights and disenfranchise Confederate veterans and sympathizers.
Other Virginians, who had previously been politically active and supported the Confederate government, met in December 1867. Led by Alexander H.H. Stuart of Staunton, they established the Conservative Party of Virginia to oppose whatever the Underwood Convention proposed. Another opposition leader was William Mahone (1826--1895), a railroad president and former Confederate general who said it was time for a New Departure for the state\'s Conservative Party (it merged with the Democratic Party in 1883). Nonetheless, whites had to accept the results of the war, including civil rights and the vote for freedmen.
Governor Pierpont had become unpopular with all sides. On April 4, 1868, General Schofield removed him and appointed his friend Wells in his place. On May 6 and 7, 1868, Virginia\'s Republican convention nominated Wells for governor on a ticket with James H. Clements for lieutenant governor and Thomas R. Bowden for attorney general. The Conservatives nominated Robert E. Withers. However, the new constitution needed to be ratified before such an election could be held, and the provisions disenfranchising former Confederates were controversial. General Schofield postponed the scheduled June 2, 1868 ratification vote.
On Christmas Day, 1868, both Richmond newspapers published a letter from Stuart advocating \"universal amnesty.\" General Ulysses S. Grant and influential Republican Congressmen had met with Virginia\'s Conservative leaders (including the Committee of Nine formed about a week after Stuart\'s letter), as well as Wells and his allies, and Gilbert C. Walker (another former Northerner turned Norfolk businessman) and Franklin Stearns of Richmond). Grant intervened and supported Schofield in protecting the voting rights of Confederate veterans. The multiple federally supervised Virginia elections in 1869 thus included a vote on the new state constitution, a separate one on its disfranchisement clause that would have stripped the vote from most former Confederates, and a separate vote for state officials.
Republicans again nominated Wells for Virginia\'s governor in March 1869 on a ticket with Black physician J.D. Harris for lieutenant governor. However, in 1869, on July 6, 1869, voters selected Gilbert C. Walker, who had support from Mahone\'s \"True Republicans\" and the Conservatives, by a vote of 119,535 to 101,204. Voters also resoundingly rejected the Confederate disfranchisement clause. Thus, Virginia became the only Southern state that did not have a civilian Radical government during Reconstruction.
Wells gave up his office on September 21, 1869, and Schofield appointed Walker, as his successor until the newly elected governor\'s swearing-in on January 1, 1870.
## Later career {#later_career}
Wells sought a federal judgeship but was unsuccessful. As an attorney with former governor Henry A. Wise (who had opposed Negro suffrage) in the April 1870 trial to decide whether George Chahoon or Henry K. Ellyson had become Richmond\'s mayor, Wells was among 300 people in attendance at the Court of Appeals session in Richmond on April 27, 1870. An overcrowded balcony collapsed, as did the courtroom\'s floor, which both fell into the hall of the Virginia House of Delegates. About 60 people died, and over a hundred people sustained serious injuries. Wells suffered several broken ribs.
President Grant nominated Wells as United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. On May 28, 1870, the Senate approved Wells\' nomination, and he served until 1872.
Wells then moved to Washington, D.C., and resumed private legal practice. He served as United States Attorney for the District of Columbia from September 1875 until January 1880. He then continued a private legal practice with his son Henry Hunt Wells, who had been his deputy U.S. Attorney but who died in early 1894. Meanwhile, Wells had helped found the American Bar Association in 1878.
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# Henry H. Wells
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Wells finally retired in 1895, after his wife Phoebe Higby Wells had died on July 20, 1893, and his health was failing. At some point, he travelled to what later became known as Hawaii and may have accompanied a friend on an around-the-world trip.
On February 12, 1900, Wells died in his daughter\'s home in Palmyra, New York. He was buried beside his wife in the Rock Creek Cemetery, located in Washington, D.C. The Library of Virginia has many of his papers
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# The Instigator
***The Instigator*** is the second studio album by American country/rock band performer, Rhett Miller, lead singer of the Old 97\'s. Miller\'s first album came more than a decade earlier. Miller is joined by idol Robyn Hitchcock on \"Point Shirley\" and the album\'s title comes from the song \"The El.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Rhett Miller, unless otherwise noted.
1. \"Our Love\" -- 3:32
2. \"This Is What I Do\" -- 3:10
3. \"Come Around\" -- 3:41
4. \"Things That Disappear\" (Miller, Jon Brion) -- 3:23
5. \"World Inside The World\" -- 3:45
6. \"Point Shirley\" -- 3:09
7. \"Four-Eyed Girl\" -- 2:28
8. \"Hover\" -- 2:50
9. \"The El\" -- 3:09
10. \"Your Nervous Heart\" -- 3:47
11. \"I Want To Live\" -- 3:40
12. \"Terrible Vision\" -- 4:06
Japan-only bonus tracks
13. \"Erica the Beautiful\"
14
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# Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory
The **Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory** was a United States government official responsible for surveying land in the Northwest Territory in the United States late in the late 18th and early 19th century. The position was created in the Land Act of 1796 to survey lands ceded by Native Americans northwest of the Ohio River and above the mouth of the Kentucky River. This act, and those that followed evolved into the Public Land Survey System.
Rufus Putnam was appointed to the office in 1797, and held it until 1803. His office was in Marietta. In 1801, the position was offered to Andrew Ellicott by Thomas Jefferson, but he refused, because he was upset at slow pay for work he had done for the federal government. Jared Mansfield held the office from 1803 to 1813. His office was in Cincinnati. Josiah Meigs held office 1813 to 1815, and Edward Tiffin from 1815 to his death in 1829. Tiffin had his office in Chillicothe. The Surveyor General of Illinois office was created on April 29, 1816, reducing effective area to Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. William Lytle served 1829 until his death in 1831. He moved the office back to Cincinnati. Micajah T. Williams held the office 1831 to 1834, when Robert Todd Lytle took over. Ezekiel S. Haines was appointed in 1838. Judge William Johnston held the office 1841--1845 as thanks for his efforts in supporting the Whig ticket in 1840. Lucius Lyon was appointed in 1845, and moved his office to Detroit. In June 1845, the Ohio and Indiana offices were closed, and subsequent surveys were made under the Commissioner of the General Land Office. The Surveyor General was initially paid \$2000 per year, and his deputies were paid three dollars per mile surveyed.
Putnam was occupied in 1797 with laying off the Greenville Treaty Line and surveying the United States Military District and Moravian Indian Grants, and he started the survey of Congress Lands in 1798.
Mansfield is credited with \"considerable scientific ability and high standards of workmanship\". He laid out astronomically the Indiana baseline and Second Principal Meridian, in spite of the difficulties. Pressures on him are illustrated in a letter Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin wrote to Mansfield: \"The new act (March 13, 1805) is intended to palliate errors made in surveys north of the Ohio. At four dollars per mile, great correctness cannot be attained in that part of the country. Do your best at that price. Congress desires that corners and boundaries be definitely fixed, and the precise content of each is not equally important. A few acres more or less is not so important as it is that corners and boundaries should be known with precision to avoid litigation. It is of primary importance that the land should be surveyed and subdivided\".
Tiffin established the scheme of guide meridians and standard parallels for townships distant from the principal meridians and baselines, which became a feature of the Public Land Survey System.
On March 3, 1803, a Surveyor General position was created for lands south of Tennessee, and there followed a number of similar positions over the next years. In 1822, the first surveying district was created, namely the state of Ohio, with an officer called Surveyor General in charge.
Until the re-organization of the United States General Land Office in 1836, each Surveyor General acted more or less independently, setting his own standards for execution of field work
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# Joel Casamayor
**Joel Casamayor Johnson** (born July 12, 1971) is a Cuban American former professional boxer who competed from 1996 to 2011. He held world championships in two weight classes, including the WBA super featherweight title from 2000 to 2002; and the WBC, *Ring* magazine and lineal lightweight titles between 2006 and 2008. As an amateur, Casamayor won a gold medal in the bantamweight division at the 1992 Olympics, after which he defected to the United States on the eve of the 1996 Olympics.
## Amateur career {#amateur_career}
Casamayor\'s amateur record stands at 363 wins and 30 losses.
- 1989 -- Gold medal (Bantamweight) at the Junior World Championships
- 1992 -- Gold medal (Bantamweight) at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain
- Defeated Venkatesan Devarajan (India) points
- Defeated Riadh Klaai (Tunisia) points
- Defeated Roberto Jalnaiz (Philippines) KO 1
- Defeated Mohammed Achik (Morocco) TKO 1
- Defeated Wayne McCullough (Ireland) points
- 1993 -- Silver medal (Bantamweight) at the 1993 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Tampere, Finland
- Defeated Agathangelos Tsiripidis (Greece) TKO 3
- Defeated Dirk Krueger (Germany) points
- Defeated Arthur Mikaelian (Armenia) points
- Defeated Vladislav Antonov (Russia) points
- Lost to Alexander Hristov (Bulgaria) points
- 1994 -- Bronze medal (Featherweight) at the World Cup in Bangkok, Thailand
- Defeated Brian Carr (Scotland) points
- Defeated Nourredine Medjihoud (Algeria) points
- Defeated Cristian Rodriguez (Argentina) points
- Lost to Falk Huste (Germany) points
- 1994 -- Silver Medal (Featherweight) at the Goodwill Games in St. Petersburg, Russia
- Defeated Kai Kandelin (Finland) TKO 1
- Defeated Claude Chinon (France) points
- Lost to Ramaz Paliani (Russia) points
- 1995 -- Competed (Featherweight) at the 1995 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Berlin, Germany
- Lost to Raimkul Malachbekov (Russia) points
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# Joel Casamayor
## Professional career {#professional_career}
He won the NABF Super Featherweight title in 1999 by beating Jose Luis Noyola. Later that year, he won the WBA Super Featherweight title by stopping Jong-Kwon Baek in 5 rounds. In 2002, he lost that title in a controversial`{{why|date=August 2015}}`{=mediawiki} unification bout with WBO champion Acelino Freitas. At one point in the fight, Casamayor slipped and the referee ruled it a knockdown. Casamayor also had a point deducted for a late hit. Many believe Casamayor should have won the fight. In 2004, Diego Corrales, whom Casamayor stopped in 2003 for the Vacant IBA super featherweight title, defeated him for the vacant WBO Super Featherweight title via a very close and controversial decision. Casamayor failed to take the WBC Lightweight title from José Luis Castillo later that year because the judges scored what seemed to be a clear win for Casamayor over Castillo. After the disputed loss to Castillo, Casamayor\'s career appeared to be in a downward spiral and he was set up with undefeated rising prospect Almazbek Raiymkulov in June 2005. In a close, spirited battle the bout ended in a draw, with many believing that Casamayor\'s best days were behind him.
After two victories against little known opposition, in October 2006, Casamayor yet again took on the popular Diego Corrales, and defeated him by split decision, winning the WBC Lightweight title and recognition as the world lightweight champion by Ring Magazine. He was stripped of the WBC title for signing to fight then WBO lightweight champion Freitas rather than defend against his mandatory challenger, WBC interim champion David Díaz. Although the fight with Freitas never took place, David Díaz was still named WBC champion and Freitas went on to fight WBA champion Juan Díaz, losing via a 9th-round TKO.
After Casamayor threatened the WBC with legal action, he was named as their interim champ. He defended the interim championship as well as The Ring\'s title against Jose Armando Santa Cruz on November 11, 2007 and won a controversial split decision.
The WBC removed Casamayor\'s interim title when, instead of fighting a rematch with Santa Cruz, he signed to fight undefeated Michael Katsidis, the WBO interim lightweight titlist. On March 22, 2008, in a great battle, Casamayor became the first man to defeat the Australian Katsidis when he won the fight with a TKO in the 10th round. With the win, Casamayor retained his Ring Magazine world title and added the WBO interim championship to his collection.
### Casamayor vs. Marquez {#casamayor_vs._marquez}
Casamayor was defeated by Juan Manuel Márquez on September 13, 2008. Marquez (49-4-1, 36 KOs) by Knockout in the 11th round at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, Paradise. In the first four rounds of the bout, Marquez continually walked into counter lefts from Casamayor. It took Marquez until the fifth round to be able to find the range with his right hand. By the fifth round, a cut over Casamayor\'s right eye was opened from a clash of heads. Rounds five, six, seven and eight were rounds where Marquez landed straight punches from the outside, but he was also nailed by Casamayor whenever he lunged forward. Two minutes into the eleventh round, Casamayor was knocked down by a right hand as he pulled away from an intense exchange. Casamayor got up and immediately tried to smother Marquez, but Marquez let his hands go in furious combination. Casamayor swung back, but he went down again with about 7 seconds left in the round. Referee Tony Weeks stepped in and stopped the fight before Casamayor had a chance to stand up again. This caused some anger from fans, however, Casamayor was gracious in defeat and said, \"Marquez was the best this night.\" The official judges had the fight scored 95-95, 95-95, and 97-93 for Marquez.
Casamayor is a unionized boxer, a member of the Joint Association of Boxers.
### Comeback
On November 6, 2009, Casamayor beat Jason Davis by unanimous decision.
Casamayor fought Mexican American Robert Guerrero at the Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas, on July 31, 2010. The 10 round bout was an undercard of the Juan Manuel Márquez vs. Juan Díaz II event. The 39-year-old pugilist lost the match by unanimous decision: 98--89, 98--89, 97--90. Guerrero rocked Casamayor throughout the fight, sending him down in the second round. The Cuban got up and looked exhausted after two rounds. He recovered in the next rounds but Guerrero continued to put pressure, landing several combinations and outboxing him. In the last minute of the final round, the Cuban engaged on the offensive, with Guerrero being knocked down for the first time in his professional career
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# Sam Cook (cricketer, born 1921)
**Cecil**\"**Sam**\"**Cook** (23 August 1921 -- 4 September 1996) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club and in one Test match for the England cricket team.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Born in Tetbury, Gloucestershire, Cook was a small and stocky slow left-arm spinner, who emerged unexpectedly after World War II when Gloucestershire had lost Tom Goddard's former partner, Reg Sinfield. Wally Hammond saw him in the nets during the spring, and with great expectations that were later amply fulfilled, he immediately recruited Cook. Cook, who was never known by his given name, took a wicket with his first ball in first-class cricket, and claimed 133 wickets in the 1946 season, when he played in the Test Trial. Not a great spinner of the ball, Cook relied on accuracy and flight: if he lacked penetration as a bowler, he was also very rarely mastered. In the following year with the Bristol pitch -- which had caused little satisfaction due to its tendency to be either a spinners' paradise (as in 1939) or a batsman\'s paradise (as in 1946) -- being reconditioned with a sand dressing, Cook offered superb support to Goddard to form the most difficult bowling attack in the country.
Cook was called into the England team to play the South Africans on a batting pitch at Trent Bridge in 1947, after taking six South African wickets in the second innings of the MCC match in May. However, in the Test match, he took no wickets for 127 runs, scored 0 and 4, and was never picked again. The Kent fast bowler Jack Martin, who had done equally well in the MCC match, was also picked for the Trent Bridge Test, also fared badly, and was likewise discarded, never to appear in Test cricket again. In 1948, with the Bristol pitch dressed with loam instead of sand, Cook declined considerably and never threatened the superbly-skilled Australian batsmen, and it took him until August 1949 to recapture any sort of form.
Cook took 139 wickets in 1950, but by this time Johnny Wardle, Malcolm Hilton, and later Tony Lock -- all far better batsmen and fielders -- were able to prevent him from having the slightest chance of returning to Test cricket. Owing to the loss of Goddard, Cook faltered a little between 1951 and 1955, but the wet summer and dry spring of 1956 allowed him to form a combination with Bomber Wells that led Cook to his most successful season with 149 wickets for less than fifteen runs apiece, including an amazing ten for 35 against Worcestershire and thirteen for 121 against Nottinghamshire. The following two seasons were moderate, but with the newly found spinning riches of John Mortimore and David Allen, Gloucestershire acquired the most formidable bowling attack in the country during the brilliant summer of 1959, with Cook \"making full use of his wealth of experience\". In this period, Gloucestershire, as in the days of Parker, Goddard, and Sinfield, often played three spinners, right up to the time when Cook retired in 1964. However, despite heading the first-class bowling averages for the only time in 1962, Cook\'s extreme weakness with the bat and in the field saw him left out for many matches even in that season and on grassier pitches, the switch in emphasis to seam bowling made things even tougher for Cook as he grew older.
In all first-class cricket, Cook took 1,782 wickets. Not known for his batting skills, he scored fewer than 2,000 first-class runs and never reached 40 in an innings. After retirement, he stood as a first-class umpire until 1986.
Sam Cook died in his hometown of Tetbury on 4 September 1996, at the age of 75
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# Penult
***Penult*** is a linguistics term for the second-to-last syllable of a word. It is an abbreviation of *penultimate*, which describes the next-to-last item in a series. The penult follows the antepenult and precedes the ultima. For example, the main stress falls on the penult in such English words as *banána*, and *Mississíppi*, and just about all words ending in *-ic* such as *músic*, *frántic*, and *phonétic*. Occasionally, \"penult\" refers to the last word but one of a sentence.
The terms are often used in reference to languages like Latin and Ancient Greek, whose position of the pitch accent or stress of a word falls only on one of the last three syllables, and sometimes in discussing poetic meter.
In certain languages, such as Welsh and Polish, stress is always on the penult
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# Gerald Cardinale
**Gerald Cardinale** (February 27, 1934 -- February 20, 2021) was an American Republican Party politician, who served in the New Jersey State Senate from 1982 until his death in 2021, representing the 39th Legislative District. He also served one term in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1980 until 1982. At the time of his death, he was the second-most senior senator in the state, behind Richard Codey, who also came to office in January 1982, but had served in the General Assembly since 1974. Cardinale was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1984, 1988 and 1992 and served as a Delegate to the New Jersey Republican State Platform Committee in 1983.
## Early life {#early_life}
Cardinale was born in Brooklyn on February 27, 1934. He studied chemistry at St. John\'s University, obtaining Bachelor of Science in 1955. He subsequently earned a D.D.S. from the New York University College of Dentistry in 1959. He was a dentist by profession, and he had an office in Fort Lee, New Jersey. He resided in Demarest, where he served as mayor from 1975 to 1979. He was also a trustee of the Demarest Public Schools Board of Education from 1967 to 1973, serving as its president from 1969 to 1971.
## Political career {#political_career}
### New Jersey Assembly {#new_jersey_assembly}
Before his service as State Senator, Cardinale spent one term in the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature, the General Assembly, from 1980 to 1981.
### New Jersey Senate {#new_jersey_senate}
Cardinale served in the State Senate as deputy majority leader from 1994 to 2001, as majority whip from 1992 to 1993, as assistant minority leader from 1987 to 1989 and as minority whip from 1985 to 1986. He served in the Senate on the Commerce Committee, the Judiciary Committee and the Legislative Oversight Committee.
In 2018, Cardinale sponsored a bill alongside Senators Paul Sarlo, Kristin Corrado, Loretta Weinberg, and Joseph Lagana that would push a special election to the following year if a vacancy for the County Sheriff, Clerk, or Surrogate posts if the vacancy occurs 70 days before election day. In March 2019 Cardinale expressed his opposition to marijuana legalization. He called the social justice argument in favor of legalization \"B.S.\" as well as saying it wouldn\'t solve the budget problems that those in favor of legalization have argued.
After Cardinale\'s death in February 2021, Holly Schepisi won a Republican Party special convention over Robert Auth to fill the vacant senate seat and was sworn in on March 25, 2021.
### Committee assignments {#committee_assignments}
- Commerce
- Judiciary
### Campaign for Congress {#campaign_for_congress}
After `{{ushr|New Jersey|5|5th District}}`{=mediawiki} Congresswoman Marge Roukema announced her retirement in 2002, she endorsed Cardinale as her successor in the Republican primary. However, Cardinale finished with 25%, a close third behind State Assemblyman Scott Garrett (the eventual winner, with 45%) and David C. Russo (who received 26% of votes cast).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Cardinale married Carole Petrullo in 1959. They attended the same preschool in Brooklyn, but only reconnected years later when three friends set them up on blind dates. They remained married for 62 years until his death. Together, they had five children: Marisa, Christine, Kara, Gary, and Nicole.
Cardinale died on the morning of February 20, 2021, at the Pascack Valley Medical Center in Westwood, New Jersey. He was 86, and suffered a brief illness prior to his death that was not related to COVID-19. At the time of his death, he was running for re-election to a thirteenth term in the state senate. Cardinale\'s funeral was on February 24 at Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church in Tenafly, New Jersey. He was buried at Brookside Cemetery in Englewood, New Jersey.
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# Gerald Cardinale
## Electoral history {#electoral_history}
### New Jersey Senate {#new_jersey_senate_1}
### 2017
In 2017 Cardinale faced a challenge from Democrat Linda H. Schwager and Libertarian James Tosone. In his second closest election in that district since 1981 he beat Schwager by over 4,000 votes. Cardinale won Bergen, and Passaic Counties by about 4,000 and 2,000 votes respectively. `{{Election box begin
| title = [[New Jersey elections, 2017|2017 General Election]] in the [[New Jersey's 39th legislative district|39th District]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nj.gov/state/elections/2017-results/2017-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf|title=2017-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf|work=New Jersey Division of Elections|publisher=New Jersey Department of State|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205042116/http://nj.gov/state/elections/2017-results/2017-official-general-election-results-state-senate.pdf|access-date=February 9, 2020|archive-date=December 5, 2017}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Gerald Cardinale (Incumbent)
| party = Republican Party (United States)
| votes = 33,752
| percentage = 52.8%
| change = {{decrease}} 10.8
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Linda H. Schwager
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 29,631
| percentage = 46.3%
| change = {{increase}} 9.9
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = James Tosone
| party = Libertarian Party (United States)
| votes = 574
| percentage = 0.9%
| change = {{increase}} 0.9
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box total
| votes = '''63,957'''
| percentage = '''100.0%'''
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki}
### 2013 {#section_1}
In a year that was good, electorally, for incumbent State Senate Republicans, Cardinale won re-election by over 16,000 votes, and finishing with more than 60% of the vote in Bergen and Passaic Counties.
### 2011 {#section_2}
2011 re-redistricting put part of Passaic County in the district. Democrats nominated Lorraine M. Waldes. Cardinale easily defeated Waldes.
### 2007 {#section_3}
In his second closest election since 1981 at that point, Cardinale defeated Democratic nominee Joseph Ariyan by 5,000 votes.
### 2003 {#section_4}
During the 2003 general election in New Jersey Democrats gained a majority in the State Senate for the first time since 1992, however Cardinale still won re-election easily.
### 2001 {#section_5}
In 2001, Republicans lost two seats in the State Senate making the partisan makeup a 20--20 split. Republicans lost the Governorship with the retirement of Governor Donald DiFrancesco and the election of James McGreevey. Regardless, Cardinale won re-election in the then-safe Republican 39th District.
### 1997 {#section_6}
In 1997 Incumbent Republican Governor Christine Todd Whitman barely squeaked out a re-election win over State Senator and Woodbridge Township Mayor James McGreevey, Cardinale, who at this point was still serving as Deputy Majority Leader under the leadership of Majority Leader John O. Bennett and Senate President Donald DiFrancesco, cruised to re-election.
### 1993 {#section_7}
Cardinale who was serving as Majority Whip easily beat Democratic nominee Stephen Jaffe.
### 1991 {#section_8}
In the 1991 election, Republicans gained an overwhelming Majority in the State Senate. Cardinale was made Majority Whip following the election.
### 1987 {#section_9}
Cardinale easily won re-election to a third term in 1987.
### 1983 {#section_10}
In what was Cardinale\'s closest election since 1981 he faced now former State Senator Francis X. Herbert, who lost by a little under 2,000 votes.
### 1981 {#section_11}
Then an Assemblyman, Cardinale ran for State Senate for the first time against incumbent Democratic State Senator Frank Herbert, Cardinale beat him by a wide margin.
### New Jersey Assembly {#new_jersey_assembly_1}
### 1979 {#section_12}
In 1979 Cardinale, again ran for General Assembly this time he won coming in first place.
### 1977 {#section_13}
In 1977 Cardinale ran for General Assembly losing to Incumbent Harold Martin and newcomer Greta Kiernan
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# Golden Axe Warrior
***Golden Axe Warrior*** is a 1991 action-adventure game developed and published by Sega for the Master System. A spin-off of the *Golden Axe* series, the player controls a male human warrior in the fictional country of Firewood as they try to avenge the death of their parents by defeating the tyrant Death Adder and recovering nine missing crystals.
In a deviation from previous *Golden Axe* titles, the game incorporates gameplay similar to *The Legend of Zelda*. The player navigates an overworld and dungeons from a top-down perspective, defeating enemies, collecting items and discovering secrets. Traditional role-playing game elements, such as exploring towns, are also implemented.
*Golden Axe Warrior* is often subject to mixed critical reception due to its similarities to titles in *The Legend of Zelda* series released around the time. The game was re-released on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 as part of the 2009 compilation *Sonic\'s Ultimate Genesis Collection*.
## Plot
In ancient times, a horde of giants rebels against the country of Firewood and are successful. A brutal war ensues between the two sides and it seems that the giants will win. That is until an unknown hero drives back the giants using the power of the Golden Axe, the only weapon that is known to defeat them. In present day, Firewood is prosperous under a monarchical rule and the help of nine magic crystals, which contain powers that can harness magic and help ward off evil from the country.
One day, a government minister betrays the king by selling the nine crystals to the tyrant Death Adder who is a descendant of the giants from ancient times. Immediately Death Adder invades the neighboring countries of Altorulia and Nendoria before invading Firewood too, killing the royal families of those countries in the process. He also creates ten labyrinths, one for his protection under the sea and the rest to house the crystals so that no one can halt his conquest. Hailing from the town of Miliver in Firewood, a young warrior sets off on a quest to kill the tyrant and to recover the crystals so he can avenge his parents, whom Death Adder killed. As the warrior travels throughout Firewood, Altorulia and Nendoria he traverses the labyrinths containing the crystals and obtains them, finds the Golden Axe and learns how to cast elemental magic. He also learns that he is the son of the king of Altorulia and that the princess of Firewood, Tyris, is still alive.
After obtaining the Golden Axe, the warrior enters the final labyrinth under the sea armed with the axe and crystals ready to kill Death Adder. After a fierce battle with the tyrant, the warrior successfully defeats Death Adder. The warrior returns home with great celebration from the people of Firewood, Nendoria, and Altorulia. A great feast and various other festivities are held in his honor. The people of the three countries then decide to unite as one collective country of Firewood under the rule of Princess Tyris. The Golden Axe returns to its resting place, away from the mortal world, as it awaits a time when the world will be in peril once more. It is promised that the warrior\'s battle with Death Adder will be told as legend for years to come.
## Gameplay
*Golden Axe Warrior* is a fantasy action-adventure game. Players take control of the game\'s hero, who can be named at the start of a new quest. The game features a large overworld with over 200 unique screens and many enemies. Players must retrieve each of the game\'s nine crystals by locating hidden labyrinths. Each labyrinth is guarded by monsters and full of puzzles that must be solved in order to reach the boss and retrieve the crystal. Throughout the game, players collect various items and abilities that allow access to previously unreachable areas. The tenth labyrinth is only accessible after collecting the nine crystals. Players must then find the Golden Axe and use it to defeat Death Adder.
Weapons and armor can be upgraded and several magic abilities can be learned. Using magic requires the use of pots which are depleted after every use. The game\'s currency is horns collected from enemies; these horns can be spent in towns throughout the game. Hidden areas can be uncovered by chopping down trees with an axe or clearing rocks using Earth magic.
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# Golden Axe Warrior
## Development and release {#development_and_release}
The game is considered to be one of the system\'s rarest games. It is included as an unlockable game in *Sonic\'s Ultimate Genesis Collection* for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.
## Reception
*Golden Axe Warrior* received mixed reception upon release. American magazine *GamePro* scored it 5 out of 5, comparing it to NES titles *Legend of Zelda* and *Willow*, concluding that *Golden Axe Warrior* is \"a great game\". It also received positive reviews from French magazines *Joystick* and *Player One*, each scoring it 88%, and German magazine *Video Games*, which scored it 81%. However, it received mixed reviews from British magazines, which pointed out that the game was vastly different from the original *Golden Axe*, including one in *Sega Pro*, which rated *Golden Axe Warrior* a 67%; *Computer and Video Games* also pointed out the difference, calling it an \"incredibly dull RPG.\" Reviewers in *Mean Machines* called it \"boring\" and \"tedious\", recommending *Ys* and *Lord of the Sword* instead.
IGN mentioned the game in its article \"A History of Gaming\'s Most Shameless Rip-Offs\", calling it a rip-off of *The Legend of Zelda*. They noted similarities in enemies and map designs, and called the soundtrack \"eerily similar\" to *Zelda* but without any of the personality
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# Émile Argand
**Émile Argand** (6 January 1879 -- 14 September 1940) was a Swiss geologist. He founded the Geological Institute of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Argand is known for his study of the Alps, and was an early proponent of Alfred Wegener\'s theory of continental drift. Argand published a tectonic map of Asia, for which he was awarded the Spendiarov Prize. He also won the Marcel Benoist Prize. A road, a region on the moon and a series of conferences in Europe are named after him, and the International Union of Geological Sciences\' highest award is named the Emile Argand Medal.
## Life
Argand was born in Eaux-Vives near Geneva. His father was a government clerk, and his mother was from Savoy. He attended vocational school in Geneva, apprenticed to an architect, then worked as a draftsman. His mother encouraged him to study medicine instead. Argand studied anatomy in Paris, but gave up medicine to pursue his interest in geology.
Argand studied under Josef Blaas, the professor of geology and paleontology, at Innsbruck in 1901, and also under Maurice Lugeon in Lausanne. By 1911 he had succeeded Hans Schardt as professor at Neuchâtel.
Argand was an early proponent of Alfred Wegener\'s theory of continental drift, viewing plate tectonics and continental collisions as the best explanation for the formation of the Alps. He is also noted for his application of the theory of tectonics to the continent of Asia, which he published first in 1913 and then in revised form in 1924.
Argand founded the Geological Institute of Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
Argand died suddenly in Neuchâtel, on 14 September 1940.
## Awards
- 1913 Spendiarov Prize
- 1926 Marcel Benoist Prize
## Legacy
- A region of wrinkle ridges on the Moon was named *Dorsa Argand* after him.
- There is a road named \"Rue Emile-Argand\" at the University of Neuchâtel
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# The Believer (Rhett Miller album)
***The Believer*** is a solo album by American country/rock musician Rhett Miller, lead singer of the Old 97\'s.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Rhett Miller unless otherwise noted.
1. \"My Valentine\"
2. \"Help Me, Suzanne\"
3. \"Meteor Shower\" (Miller, Jerry Marotta)
4. \"Brand New Way\"
5. \"Ain\'t That Strange\"
6. \"I Believe She\'s Lying\" (Jon Brion, Aimee Mann)
7. \"Fireflies\"
8. \"Singular Girl\" (Miller, Ken Bethea, Murry Hammond, Philip Peeples) (newly recorded from *Satellite Rides* bonus CD)
9. \"I\'m with Her\" (Miller, Andrew Williams)
10. \"Delicate\"
11. \"The Believer\" (for Elliott Smith)
12
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# Native American Day
**Native American Day** is a holiday observed in several US states in celebration of Native American culture. In California and Nevada, the holiday is designated on the fourth Friday of September, whereas in South Dakota and Wisconsin, it falls on the second Monday of October. Within each of these states, Native American Day honors the cultural contributions of Native American communities to the respective state\'s history, as well as to the overall country. The state of Washington celebrates Native American Heritage Day on the Friday immediately following the fourth Thursday in November. The state of Tennessee observes a similar **American Indian Day** each year on the fourth Monday of September. President George W. Bush signed into law legislation introduced by Congressman Joe Baca (D-Calif.), to designate the Friday after Thanksgiving as Native American Heritage Day.
## California
In 1939, Governor Culbert Olson declared October 1 to be \"Indian Day\", making California the first state to honor this holiday. In 1968, Governor Ronald Reagan signed a resolution calling for a holiday called American Indian Day, to be held the Fourth Friday in September. In 1998, the California Assembly passed AB 1953, which made Native American Day an official state holiday, designated annually on the fourth Friday in September. In 2021, the State of California amended section 135 of the Code of Civil Procedure (effective January 1, 2022), making Native American Day a judicial holiday; Columbus Day remains on the list of holidays in Government Code 6700, but it is no longer a judicial holiday.
## Nevada
In 1997, the state of Nevada also declared the Fourth Friday of September as Native American Day.
## South Dakota {#south_dakota}
In 1989, the South Dakota legislature unanimously passed legislation proposed by Governor George S. Mickelson to proclaim 1990 as the \"Year of Reconciliation\" between Native Americans and whites, to change Columbus Day to Native American Day and to make Martin Luther King\'s birthday into a state holiday. Since 1990, the second Monday in October has been celebrated as Native American Day in South Dakota.
On October 3, 2017, The Proclamation of Native American day was announced by the Mayor of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Accepting the Proclamation would be the Lakota-Dakota-Nakota representatives of Sioux Falls.
South Dakota and Vermont, which celebrates Indigenous Peoples\' Day, are the only states to practice non-observance of the federal holiday of Columbus Day.
## Tennessee
In 1994, the state General Assembly established the \"fourth Monday in September of each year\" to be especially observed in Tennessee as \"American Indian Day\" ([TCA 15-2-106](http://search.mleesmith.com/tca/15-02-0106.html)), \"to recognize the contributions of American Indians with suitable ceremony and fellowship designed to promote greater understanding and brotherhood between American Indians and the non-Indian people of the state of Tennessee\".
## Washington
In 2014, the Washington state Legislature designated the Friday immediately following the fourth Thursday in November, currently a state legal and school holiday\" to be recognized and honored as \"Native American Heritage Day.\" ([RCW 1.16.050](http://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=1.16.050)), \" recognize and honor Washington state\'s proud and resonant Native American heritage\"
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# Pelindaba
**Pelindaba** (\"Pelile Ndaba\", Zulu for \"end of story\" or \"the conclusion\") is South Africa\'s main nuclear research centre, run by the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation. It is situated south-east of the Hartbeespoort Dam, approximately 33 km (22 miles) west of Pretoria, on the farm that once belonged to Gustav Preller. During the apartheid era, it was the location where South Africa\'s atomic bombs were partially developed and constructed.
## History
The research reactor SAFARI-1 was received from the United States, constructed and inaugurated in 1965. Since then, it has operated with an output of up to 20 MW. The reactor cost \$10.5 million. Enriched uranium for use in the reactor was initially supplied by the US and has been subject to IAEA safeguards.
At the time of Pelindaba\'s inauguration, future cooperation between France and South Africa on nuclear technology was anticipated. That relationship ultimately led to the establishment of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station.
While the official purpose of the Pelindaba facility was \"to harness the versatile power of the atom and apply it to maximum peaceful advantage\" it was also speculated that South Africa could produce its own atomic weapons by 1966.
In 1966, Pelindaba reported detecting elevated levels of radiation following French nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific.
In 1970, it was announced that the development of a pilot plant for the enrichment of uranium was under way. Prime Minister John Vorster said of the development that \"our sole objective in the development and application of the process is to promote the peaceful application of nuclear energy. Only then can it be to our benefit and to the benefit of mankind.\" Details of the method of uranium enrichment were withheld as official state secrets.
In 1971, the Chairman of the South African Atomic Energy Board, Abraham J. A. Roux, stated that long hair would not be tolerated in the workplace at Pelindaba.
In 1975, Pelindaba ordered shipments of weapons grade uranium from the US, specified for \"peaceful uses only\". It was to be supplied on condition that the plutonium produced from its fission be returned to the US. 27 months later, no shipments had been received.
In 1975, Prime Minister John Vorster said that he expected South Africa to have new uranium enrichment capacity by 1983. He stated that while South Africa was seeking international partners in its enrichment program, it would \"go it alone\" if necessary. The enrichment process developed at Pelindaba promised to provide major efficiency gains over prior centrifugal processes.
In 1977, Finance Minister Owen Horwood stated that his party stood by its assurance that its nuclear program was for peaceful purposes, but also that it reserved the right to use its potential for other-than-peaceful purposes. The same year, the *Daily Telegraph* reported that South Africa had the capability to make nuclear weapons \"any time it wishes.\"
In 1984, the Associated Press reported that South Africa had refused international inspections of facilities at Pelindaba and associated enrichment works at Valindaba. In 1988, the New York Times reported that the SAFARI-1 reactor at Pelindaba was regularly inspected by the IAEA.
In 1992, it was revealed that the Valindaba facility had enriched uranium for the manufacture of nuclear weapons. The plant was operational from 1975 until 1990.
In 1996, the Associated Press described Pelindaba as the place \"once at the heart of South Africa\'s (nuclear) weapons program\".
The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA) was established as a public company by the new government of South Africa in 1999.
A 4 MV Van de Graaff particle accelerator operates at Pelindaba for various purposes in nuclear scientific research.
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# Pelindaba
## Incidents
### 1986 fire
In 1986, a fire at Pelindaba killed two cleaning staff and injured two other personnel. No radioactive releases occurred during the incident.
### 1994 theft of residue barrels {#theft_of_residue_barrels}
In August 1994, barrels containing \"enriched uranium residue\" were stolen from Pelindaba. The theft was detected on 16 August. The contents of 30 barrels were discovered dumped near Pelindaba and as of 4 September, 100 barrels remained missing.
### 1996 accident
An accident at the Pelindaba research facility exposed workers to radiation. Harold Daniels and several others died from radiation burns and cancers related to the exposure.
### 2007 armed attack {#armed_attack}
Shortly after midnight on 8 November 2007, four armed men entered the facility and headed towards a control room in the eastern block. According to the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA), the state-owned entity that runs the facility, the four \"technically sophisticated criminals\" deactivated several layers of security, including a 10,000-volt electrical fence, suggesting insider knowledge of the system. An off-duty emergency services officer, who was shot by the men after a brief struggle, triggered an alarm, alerting a nearby police station. The four attackers escaped the facility by the same way they had entered after 45 minutes alone in the compound. Though their images were captured on closed-circuit television, they were not detected by security officers because nobody was monitoring the cameras at the time. On 16 November, three suspects, between the ages of 17 and 28, were arrested by local police in connection with the incident but were later released. In response to the attack, NECSA suspended six Pelindaba security personnel, including the general manager of security and promised an \"internal investigation which will cover culpability, negligence and improvements of security systems.\" China has been speculated to be behind the attacks.
### 2009 leak of radioactive gases {#leak_of_radioactive_gases}
On 16 March 2009, a leak of radioactive gases from Pelindaba was reported by NECSA. Abnormal levels of gamma radiation associated with xenon and krypton gases were detected, causing an emergency to be declared. Members of staff were evacuated
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# Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate
**Tetrapropylammonium perruthenate** (**TPAP** or **TPAPR**) is the chemical compound described by the formula N(C~3~H~7~)~4~RuO~4~. Sometimes known as the Ley--Griffith reagent, this ruthenium compound is used as a reagent in organic synthesis. This salt consists of the tetrapropylammonium cation and the perruthenate anion, `{{chem2|RuO4(-)}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Uses
Ruthenium tetroxide is a highly aggressive oxidant, but TPAP, which is its one-electron reduced derivative, is a mild oxidizing agent for the conversion of primary alcohols to aldehydes (the **Ley oxidation**). Secondary alcohols are similarly oxidized to ketones. It can also be used to oxidize primary alcohols all the way to the carboxylic acid with a higher catalyst loading, larger amount of the cooxidant, and addition of two equivalents of water. In this situation, the aldehyde reacts with water to form the geminal diol hydrate, which is then oxidized again.
The oxidation generates water that can be removed by adding molecular sieves. TPAP is expensive, but it can be used in catalytic amounts. The catalytic cycle is maintained by adding a stoichiometric amount of a co-oxidant such as *N*-methylmorpholine *N*-oxide or molecular oxygen.
TPAP is also used to cleave vicinal diols to form aldehydes
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# Justin Rockefeller
**Justin Aldrich Rockefeller** (born July 12, 1979) is an American impact investor and financial technology professional. He is a great-great grandson of John D. Rockefeller.
Rockefeller was born on July 12, 1979, in West Virginia, the youngest son of former West Virginia senator Jay Rockefeller (b. 1937) and his wife, Sharon Percy Rockefeller (b. 1944). Rockefeller\'s maternal grandfather was former U.S. Senator Charles H. Percy (1919--2011), and his paternal grandparents were Blanchette Ferry Hooker (1909--1992) and John D. Rockefeller III (1906--1978), the eldest son of philanthropists John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller.
## Career
Rockefeller was the global director of family offices and foundations at Addepar, a financial technology company.
Rockefeller co-founded and chairs the board of directors of The ImPact a membership network of family enterprises (family offices, foundations, and businesses) that are committed to making investments with measurable social impact.
From 2009 to 2018, Rockefeller served on the board and the investment committee of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund; in those capacities, he helped the private foundation align its endowment with its mission. He also serves on the board of Japan Society, and speaks occasionally about impact investing, family offices, and technology, including at the World Economic Forum at Davos, Milken Institute, and Young Presidents\' Organization.
Previously, Rockefeller was a venture partner at Richmond Global, LLC, a global venture capital firm focusing on technology-enabled services and mobile technologies in the U.S. and across major emerging markets.
Rockefeller\'s previous board memberships include: Voxiva; Rockefeller Family Fund; Population Council; the International Council of The Museum of Modern Art; the Alliance for the Arts; and Generation Engage, which he cofounded in 2004. He also served on the National Leadership Council for GLSEN -- the Gay, Lesbian, Straight Education Network, and on the NY State Commission on National and Community Service.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 2006, Rockefeller, who lives in New York City, married Indré Vengris, a dancer and fashion executive. Her father, Vitolis Enrikas Vengris, was born in Akademija, Kaunas in Lithuania, and came to Iowa in 1968 as a student. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1973. Justin and Indré reside in New York City and have two daughters
Rockefeller graduated from St. Albans School in 1998 and Princeton University in 2002
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# Leith Athletic F.C.
**Leith Athletic Football Club** is a football club based in the Leith area of Edinburgh, Scotland. They compete in the East of Scotland Football League, First Division. First team matches are played at Meadowbank Stadium.
The present club considers itself to be a continuation of the original Leith Athletic F.C., which was founded in 1887. They played in the Scottish Football League in four different spells between 1897 and 1953, but went out of business in 1955. The name was revived at local youth level in 1996. In 2008, Leith Athletic returned to senior football when they amalgamated with Edinburgh Athletic and took the latter\'s place in the East of Scotland League.
## History
### Original club {#original_club}
Leith Athletic were founded in 1887 in the Port of Leith. In 1891, Leith replaced Glasgow side Cowlairs in the Scottish Football League. After a reasonable start (fourth out of 12 in 1892), Leith had to apply for re-election in 1894 and 1895. They received only three votes in the latter year and were relegated to the Second Division. Leith fared rather better in the second flight, finishing second in 1896, 1897 and 1899, but they could not muster enough votes to be elected back into the First Division. In 1905, having failed again in the end of 1905 season voting, Leith Athletic were wound up and a new limited company formed to take over the old club\'s assets.
In 1891, Robert Clements and Matt McQueen played for Scotland against Ireland in Glasgow, McQueen having played a year earlier against Wales at Underwood Park in Paisley. Geordie Anderson, James Blessington and Robert Laing would represent the Scottish Football League against the Scottish Alliance League and the Irish League in the 1892--93 season. Blessington was transferred to Celtic in June 1893 for £20, and would gain four caps for Scotland against England and Ireland.
Now playing as Leith F.C., the team comfortably won the Scottish Second Division championship in 1906. Despite this triumph, they failed to be elected to the First Division, as runners-up Clyde and fourth placed Hamilton Academical were preferred. Leith and Raith Rovers finished level on points and were declared joint champions in 1910. Raith were promoted, but it appears that Leith did not contest the elections. The 1912--13 season saw Leith finish in last position and won re-election to stay in the league. They survived until the competition was suspended in 1915 and they joined the Eastern League.
Leith closed down for the duration of the First World War in 1916. When the club was reformed in 1919, the old name of Leith Athletic was revived and the club joined the Western League. After playing for one season (1923--24) in the Scottish Alliance, Leith were admitted to the Third Division in 1924. Leith won the Third Division championship in 1926, but failed to win election to the Second Division. The club were eliminated on the chairman\'s casting vote in the third ballot. It was becoming apparent that the two most prominent Edinburgh clubs, Heart of Midlothian and Hibernian were blocking attempts by Leith to progress.
The abolition of the Third Division meant that Leith had to rejoin the Scottish Alliance, but in 1927 they were admitted into the Scottish League, replacing Nithsdale Wanderers. The club\'s fortunes improved and they won the Second Division championship in 1930 and promotion to the First Division. Leith survived in the top division in 1931, but were relegated in 1932. The club were a middle-ranking Second Division side until the league was suspended in 1939--40.
An attempt in 1945 to revive St Bernard\'s, who had lost their ground in 1943 through a merger with Leith Athletic came to nothing. In 1946, Leith became founder members of the new Division C (third tier). The Second Division was expanded from 14 to 16 clubs in 1947, and Leith were elected to one of the vacancies. They were relegated in 1948, however, when the third tier was split, Leith joined Division C (North & East).
The C Divisions were made up largely of reserve teams and Leith campaigned for the non-reserve teams to be included in the Second Division. They were not successful and were expelled in August 1953, when they refused to play any more fixtures in Division C. It was too late for the club to join another competition and the club went out of business in 1955. In a supreme irony, the two C Divisions were abandoned that summer and, just as Leith had wanted, the non-reserve sides were admitted to the Second Division.
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# Leith Athletic F.C.
## History
### Modern club {#modern_club}
A new Leith Athletic was formed in 1996, primarily as a club for boys football, with teams at various age groups between the ages of 5 and 21, whilst the club\'s adult side joined the Central Scottish Amateur Football League. In 2005, they attained their first Scottish amateur international, when Paul Lee played in a 2--1 win against Leinster. In the same year, Danny Swanson, Douglas Thom and Shaun Woodburn were capped for the Scottish Youth Football Association under-19 team, playing against Mid Ulster and Wales.
Leith Athletic amalgamated with Edinburgh Athletic in 2008 and took its place in the East of Scotland Football League. Leith were promoted to the East of Scotland Premier Division in 2011 but were relegated after one season. They regained their Premier Division place in 2013 and later won the league when it became a single division in 2015--16.
## Stadium
At the time of their election to the Scottish Football League in 1891, Leith played at Bank Park, which was renamed Beechwood Park in 1895. After the end of the 1898--99 season the club moved to St Bernard\'s\' New Logie Green, where they played two league matches before moving to Hawkhill for the remainder of the 1899--1900 season.
Between 1900 and 1904 Leith played at Chancelot Park, before moving to Old Logie Green. After the SFL was suspended during World War I the club played some matches at Chancelot Park and Wardie Park. When the club returned to the SFL in 1924 they returned to Old Logie Green. At the end of the 1925--26 season the club moved again, this time to New Powderhall.
After only a season at New Powderhall, the club moved to Marine Gardens, where they remained until moving to Meadowbank in 1936. After World War II the ground required rebuilding, and Leith spent the 1946--47 season at the adjacent New Meadowbank. When the original Meadowbank was reopened, it was renamed Old Meadowbank. In the early 1950s an experimental floodlit match was played against an invitation XI including the then leading Arsenal player, Jimmy Logie.
The reformed club played at Leith Links and Muirhouse Playing Fields before moving to the Meadowbank 3G pitch adjacent to Meadowbank Stadium in 2013. When Meadowbank closed for redevelopment in December 2017, matches were relocated to Peffermill 3G.
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# Leith Athletic F.C.
## Former players {#former_players}
Two players from the original Leith Athletic were capped by Scotland: Matt McQueen, who made two appearances, in 1890 and 1891; and Robert Clements, capped once in 1891
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# Non liquet
In law, a ***non liquet*** (commonly known as \"**lacuna** in the law\") is any situation for which there is no applicable law. *Non liquet* translates into English from the Latin as \"it is not clear\". According to Cicero, the term was applied during the Roman Republic to a verdict of \"not proven\" if the guilt or innocence of the accused was \"not clear\". Strictly, a finding of *non liquet* could result in a decision that the matter will always remain non-justiciable, but a lacuna denotes within that concept a lacking and so that the matter should in future be governed by law.
Loopholes are a subset of lacunae.
A lacuna is any specific matter about which no law exists, but a body of public, judicial or academic opinion believes it should exist to address a particular issue (often described as \"unregulated\" or \"wholly inadequately regulated\" activities or areas). A loophole where properly defined, by contrast, denotes that a set of laws addressing a certain issue exists but can be circumvented (or is being exploited) because of a technical defect in the law.
## Related legal interpretative rules {#related_legal_interpretative_rules}
Related legal interpretative rules include the purposive rule and the mischief rule of some Commonwealth countries such as in the law of England and Wales as to decidedly-unclear legislation (Acts or Regulations).
In short, the wording will be interpreted if dictionaries and grammar allow to plug the gaps in the law as the state instrument (or ruling) intended.
## Relationship to development of common law {#relationship_to_development_of_common_law}
All cases that establish a new rule or exception fill **lacunae** in the existing law.
If it is in a higher court in the jurisdiction, each of the decisions is thereafter considered to be a binding precedent. In England and Wales, if the decision is in or below the various divisions of the High Court, it is of persuasive precedent value.
## Wider scope of morality {#wider_scope_of_morality}
`{{See also|R v Instan}}`{=mediawiki} Moral principles and norms are broader than the intended reach of any system of laws (jurisdiction), which permits human autonomy and diversity of thinking or action:
> "It would not be correct to say that every moral obligation involves a legal duty; but every legal duty is founded on a moral obligation."
If the one-to-one relationship is accepted, that defines a definitive master set from which the subset, all true legal lacunae (as opposed to semantic omissions), is contained.
## International law forums {#international_law_forums}
A *non liquet* applies to facts with no answer from the governing system of law. It is prominent in international law as global forums such as the International Court of Justice and United Nations ad hoc tribunals, which are reluctant to invent or to mould law heavily to redress a moral-legal **lacuna**. One last resort in substantively deciding disputes is to seek the system to embrace accepted (lowest common denominator) procedural or non-controversial law of civilized nations. An instance is the *Case Concerning Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Company, Ltd*, which took the doctrine of estoppel into international law. Such out-of-constrained confines (*ex aequo et bono*) jurisdiction has been heavily limited or ruled out by most treaty contracting parties as to their substantive obligations. Rather than use the term *non-justiciable*, the forum may flag up that it would like the clarity to decide on such matters in future by stating it is *non liquet*. Luhmann criticises such indecision as opposed to the paradigm of law being a complete (and autonomous) system.
English jurisprudence holds that municipal courts enforcing international law are not constrained to declare an area *non liquet*
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