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# Palestinian National Initiative
## Election results {#election_results}
### 2005 presidential election {#presidential_election}
At the 2005 Palestinian presidential election held on 9 January 2005, Mustafa Barghouti campaigned on a platform of democratization as the PNI\'s candidate, and in the absence of a Hamas candidate (due to the Hamas\' policy of boycotting all PNA institutions) quickly became the leading opponent to PLO chairman Mahmoud Abbas. Barghouti was also endorsed by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, after that group failed in its attempts to organize a single candidacy for all secular Palestinian factions outside Fatah.
During the campaign, Barghouti\'s fame snowballed after the international press picked up his name as the main opposition candidate. He was twice arrested by the Israel Defense Forces, suffering a broken knee in custody, and complained of discrimination by both the Abbas-run PNA and Israel, which he accused of covertly backing Abbas\'s candidacy. In the final results, he polled 19.48%, with Abbas gaining 62.52% and the remaining five candidates all coming in below 3.5%.
### 2006 legislative election {#legislative_election}
At the 2006 Palestinian legislative election for the Palestinian Legislative Council, the PNI ran as part of the Independent Palestine list. The list netted about 2.7% of the votes, winning two seats on the PLC, filled by Mustafa Barghouti and Rawya Rashad Sa-eed al-Shawa.
### 2005 local elections {#local_elections}
The PNI made minor gains in the first round of the 2005 Palestinian local elections, held in January 2005, after the presidential elections.
In the second round, conducted in May 2005, the PNI by itself or in coalitions won a majority in at least six localities, with a total 10% of the vote for candidates outside Fatah and Hamas.
In the third round, held on the West Bank on 29 September, the PNI ran by itself or in coalitions in 18 out of 104 municipalities and won control of 16 councils.
The fourth and last round was postponed until December.
### 2016 local elections {#local_elections_1}
For the 2016 Palestinian local government elections that were initially scheduled for October 2016, the PNI was one of the five left-wing Palestinian factions that formed a joint list called the Democratic Alliance List. At the elections, which took place on 13 May 2017, the Alliance won 5 of the 3,253 contested seats, gaining 0.32% of the votes.
### 2021 legislative election {#legislative_election_1}
In the abortive 2021 Palestinian legislative election, the PNI submitted a list under the name \"List of the National Initiative for Change and to End the Division\". The elections were ultimately postponed indefinitely and did not take place.
Initially, the PNI was in talks with other leftist parties, including the PFLP, the DFLP, the PPP and FIDA, to run on a united left list. However, talks broke down and the proposed list failed to materialize
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# Le Bocage International School
**Le Bocage International School (LBIS)** is an English-medium, private international school offering educational services to boys and girls from the ages of 11--19.
LBIS was founded in 1990 and is located at Mount Ory, Moka (Mauritius). LBIS is an IBO school that offers the International Baccalaureate Program for the Middle Years, form 1--5, and the Diploma years, form 6--7. It also prepares students for the IGCSE and the International Baccalaureate examinations.
## Facilities
The school has more than forty teaching rooms including four science laboratories (physics laboratory, chemistry laboratory, biology laboratory), three computer rooms, two art studios, three Design & Technology workshops, a home economics laboratory and a large purpose-built library with a host of about 9,500 resources ranging from science books to fictional books with a floor dedicated to online research. In addition it has facilities such as a music room, a recording studio as well as a theatre in its new performing arts building.
Outdoor facilities include a playing field, outdoor hard court surfaces and a multi-purpose sports hall (MPH), completed in 2001, which also functions as an auditorium for the many special events held each year such as International Night, Graduation Ceremony and National Day.
## Enrollment and student body {#enrollment_and_student_body}
Enrollment Type Number (approx.)
----------------- ------------------
Middle School 400
High School 350
Faculty 80
Students are enrolled in Forms 1--7 (UK years 7--13, US grades 6--12) that comprise approximately twenty-seven nationalities. Students come from a wide variety of social and cultural backgrounds, and most are bilingual. 89% of the students are Mauritian.
## Accreditation
LBIS is accredited by the Mauritian Ministry of Education and is a fully accredited member of the Council of International Schools (CIS)
## Governance
LBIS is operated by PROGOS, a non-profit making company that exists solely for the purpose of offering an English medium international education. The board of directors is the ultimate authority and delegates management of the school to the Headmaster.
## Teaching staff and posts of responsibility {#teaching_staff_and_posts_of_responsibility}
The school employs approximately seventy qualified teachers, many of which hold postgraduate qualifications in education. There are also librarians, careers counsellors, guidance counsellors, an inclusion team and a nurse.
Curriculum responsibilities are shared by Heads of department in eight key learning areas and the coordinators of the IB Middle Years, IGCSE, IB Careers-related Programme and IB Diploma Programmes of study.
## Language policy {#language_policy}
The school is an English medium school.
## Academic programme {#academic_programme}
The school prepares students for higher education in Mauritius, or abroad. There are three developmental levels of learning adopted, which are as follows:
- Forms 1--3 The IB Middle Years Programme (MYP) Contents Standards Framework Curriculum based on 8 key learning areas
- Forms 4--5 The IB Middle Years Programme (MYP) and the IGCSE
- Forms 6--7 The IB Diploma Programme (DP) or IB Careers-related Programme (CP) with B-TECH coursework specializing in Business or Physical Education.
In 2019 the school achieved a score of 95.5% in the International Baccalaureate examination, an increase from 85.7% in 2015
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# Gopher (Winnie the Pooh)
**Gopher** is a fictional anthropomorphic gopher character who first appeared in the 1966 Disney animated film *Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree*. He has a habit of whistling out his sibilant consonants, one of various traits he has in common with the beaver in *Lady and the Tramp*, by whom he may have been inspired.
## Character
### Creation
Gopher was the only character in the original shorts that was an original character and not based on a character from the A.A. Milne books, a fact he notes in his first appearance when he says \"I\'m not in the book, you know?!\" Instead, he was initially developed by Disney as a replacement for Piglet, although it was ultimately decided to keep Piglet involved in the stories as well as use Gopher. Apparently, the proposed character of Gopher was thought to have a more \"folksy, all-American, grass-roots image\" than Piglet. While American audiences loved the character, British audiences were less pleased.
Like most *Winnie-the-Pooh* characters, Gopher is named after his own species.
Gopher is also known for his unique voice characterization. He tends to whistle his consonants, particularly his S\'s. This is lampshaded in his debut; when Pooh mimics Gopher while asking for honey, Gopher tells Pooh he should do something about the speech impediment he himself has, before handing him the honey.
### Personality
Gopher has a fairly brash, bolshie personality, with a tendency to talk in circles. Though presenting himself as a helpful handyman, he often rambles, dodges questions, and gives bad advice which usually leads to misunderstandings resulting in others becoming annoyed and refusing his service or vice versa. He is rarely seen outside of his burrow so not much is known about him socially. He is also quite easily offended, repeatedly storming off to his burrow and comedically falling down his mine shafts in these instances. Though short-tempered, he is shown to be a very skilled, hard worker, especially in his mine shafts (tunnels) and spends most of his time tediously working on them. He is also genuinely resourceful at times and shown to have a surprisingly tender and thoughtful side, such as when he remembers how his Grandpappy\'s forgotten lifelong dream of building an above-ground-underground city, and takes this project upon himself to please his Grandpappy. Despite his low social life, when Gopher does make an appearance he is constantly running at the mouth; with his trademark speech impediment of whistling out his sibilant consonants.
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# Gopher (Winnie the Pooh)
## Appearances
While he never made appearances in any episodes of *Welcome to Pooh Corner*, Gopher was fleshed out a bit further in the television series *The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh*. He is portrayed as generally hard-working, especially in his tunnels (which he inevitably falls into at least once). He does not appear in the original books *Winnie-the-Pooh* and *The House at Pooh Corner* by A. A. Milne (a fact that is regularly pointed out in *Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree*, when he breaks the fourth wall by saying he\'s \"not in the book, y\'know\", also trying to say that he would not be in a phone book). Gopher\'s voice was originally done by Howard Morris, who later departed from the role and was replaced by Michael Gough for all subsequent productions.
Gopher\'s other appearances in *Winnie the Pooh*-related media include the television specials *A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving*, *Winnie the Pooh: A Valentine for You*, and *Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh*, the direct-to-video film *A Very Merry Pooh Year*, and the direct-to-video special *Winnie the Pooh: 123\'s*.
He also made minor appearances in the television series *House of Mouse*, the video game *Kingdom Hearts II*, and *Pooh\'s Heffalump Halloween Movie* (in archive footage from *Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh*). This was Gopher\'s last appearance in any form of media until the release of *Kingdom Hearts III* in January 2019, after nearly thirteen years of absence. Four years later, he was also added as a playable character in the video game *Disney Magic Kingdoms*.
Like other Walt Disney Animation Studios characters, he has a cameo appearance in the 2023 short film *Once Upon a Studio*
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# Suribachi-class ammunition ship
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# Třebom
**Třebom** (*Thröm*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Geography
Třebom is located about 14 km northeast of Opava and 29 km northwest of Ostrava, on the border with Poland. It lies in a flat agricultural landscape in the Opava Hilly Land. The highest point is at 253 m above sea level.
## History
The first written mention of Třebom is from 1349. Until 1582, the village was owned by various lower nobles. In 1582, it was acquired by the Lords of Vrbno, who owned it until 1621, when their property was confiscated. From 1621 to 1863, Třebom was owned by the Teutonic Order.
In 1920, together with the Hlučín Region, Třebom became part of Czechoslovakia and was the only municipality in this region where the population was ethnically pure German. After World War II, most of the population was expelled.
## Demographics
## Transport
In the municipality is the road border crossing with Poland *Třebom / Kietrz*.
## Sights
There are no protected cultural monuments in the municipality. The main landmark of Třebom is the Church of Saint George. It was built in 1781--1785
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# William J. Ruane
**William J. Ruane** (October 24, 1925 -- October 4, 2005) was an American businessman, investor, and philanthropist.
Ruane graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1945 with a degree in electrical engineering and from Harvard Business School in 1949. He enlisted in the U.S. Navy and was on his way to Japan when World War II ended. He met Warren Buffett at an investment seminar with value investing guru Benjamin Graham and he and Buffett became lifelong friends. When Buffett closed his investment group in 1969, he advised associates to consider investing with Ruane as they both employed Graham\'s value investing techniques.
Ruane founded his own investment firm, Ruane Cunniff, with partner Rick Cunniff in 1970, and the same year they launched their flagship Sequoia Fund. Ruane\'s firm was renamed Ruane, Cunniff, and Goldfarb in 2004, when Robert Goldfarb became president. In 2008, the Sequoia Fund announced it would open its fund to new investors for the first time since 1982.
In 1992 he adopted a block in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, committed to make it a better place, renovating buildings and establishing clinics and community service programs. Ruane gave every child on the block a scholarship to a Catholic school. He also funded programs at public schools and schools on Indian reservations, and contributed to mental health causes.
## Death
He died at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in Manhattan, aged 79, of lung cancer.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
William J. Ruane resided in Manhattan and Washington, Connecticut. He was married twice. His first wife predeceased him. His second wife, to whom he was married at the time of his death, was Joy. He had four offspring: his sons were William Jr., who lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Thomas, of Washington, Connecticut.; his daughters were Elizabeth \"Lili\" Ruane, of Burlington, Vermont, and Paige Ruane, of New York City; he had a sibling, Patricia Lowry, of Kihei, Maui, Hawaii
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# Althing Ombudsman
The ***Umboðsmaður Alþingis*** (Icelandic for, literally, \"Ombudsman \[of the\] Parliament\") is an ombudsman appointed by the *Alþingi* (the Parliament of Iceland) to oversee investigation of complaints against local government and government departments in Iceland.
The post of Umboðsmaður Alþingis was established from January 1, 1988 by the decree of law 13/1987. In 1997, by the decree of law 85/1997, its remit was extended to local government. From the start, Gaukur Jörundsson was elected by the Althing as the umboðsmaður. He was reelected twice, the last time with a mandate to December 31, 1999; but resigned from November 1, 1998. Tryggvi Gunnarsson took his place, first temporarily selected for the rest of Jörundsson\'s mandate, and then formally elected for the next period, and then reelected five times for full periods. However, he retired at his own request in the middle of the last one, which was effective from 1 May 2021. He also has had to take leave from his office for three shorter periods, when he was engaged in other matters, as in the special investigation commission for the causes of the 2008--2011 Icelandic financial crisis. Thus, Róbert Ragnar Spanó served as Umboðsmaður Alþingis *ad hoc* 2009-2013.
In April 2021 the Althing elected Skúli Magnússon as new Ombudsman for a full period, starting 1 May 2021
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# The Winter Album (The Brilliant Green album)
***The Winter Album*** is the fourth album by The Brilliant Green before their five-year hiatus from 2002 to 2007.
The album is noted as being different from their previous albums as they experimented with electronic and synth beats
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# Nitro-class ammunition ship
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# Timken Roller Bearing Company
The **Timken Roller Bearing Company** was one of the first to introduce roller bearings for railroad cars. Railroad cars owned and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway were some of the first to use roller bearings rather than \"oil waste journal\" boxes. Henry Timken, a German immigrant, invented an improved bearing and founded the company in 1899. It was later renamed The Timken Company.
## Passenger cars {#passenger_cars}
The Santa Fe was the first company to have roller bearing trucks made by Timken under their passenger cars, much to the delight of their passengers, and the bottom line for the company. Timken commissioned the construction of a demonstration boxcar in 1943 that was first displayed at the 1948 Chicago Rail Fair. It was a rolling advertisement for a new way of reducing friction -- roller bearings (made by the Timken Roller Bearing Company). The car\'s trucks lacked the then common axle journal boxes, with the bearings mounted on the ends of the axles outside the wheels.
## Locomotives
### United States {#united_states}
The first locomotive to use roller bearings made by Timken was Timken 1111, a 4-8-4 built by Alco in 1930. The locomotive was used on 15 American railroads for demonstration runs, and was purchased by the Northern Pacific Railroad, the last railroad to try the specially-built locomotive, in 1933. It operated in regular service on the NP until retirement in 1957 and was subsequently scrapped.
### United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
Some British steam locomotives also used roller bearings. The LMS Turbomotive was fitted with Timken roller bearings, and they were also retrofitted to some of the LMS Coronation class
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# Network For Teaching Entrepreneurship
The **Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship** (formerly National Foundation for Teaching Entrepreneurship), also referred to as ***NFTE**\'\' (pronounced***Nifty**\'\'), is an international nonprofit organization providing entrepreneurship training and educational programs to middle and high school students, college students, and adults. Much of NFTE\'s work focuses specifically on young people in underserved communities.
Through the organization\'s patented entrepreneurship education, NFTE helps young people build entrepreneurial creativity and skills. Since 1987, NFTE has reached more than a million young people, and currently has programs in 25 states across the U.S. and 14 countries around the globe.
NFTE provides highly academic programs and has worked with established universities such as Columbia University and University of Pennsylvania to develop programming that inspires learners to recognize opportunity and plan for successful futures by pursuing educational opportunities and by encouraging starting their own businesses.
## History
Founded in 1987 by business executive and entrepreneur Steve Mariotti, while he was a public high school teacher in New York City\'s South Bronx, NFTE was started up as a program to prevent high school dropout and improve academic performance among at-risk urban students. Combining his business background with his desire to teach at-risk students, Mariotti developed his concept based on the theory that low-income youth when given an opportunity in entrepreneurship, can employ their innate \"street smarts\" to develop \"academic smarts\" and \"business smarts\".
The organization\'s supporters include leading global companies, successful entrepreneurs and business leaders, family foundations, and respected philanthropic organizations.
## Programs
NFTE programs instruct in entrepreneurship using experiential curriculum, developed through associations with major universities, as well as NFTE personnel\'s own experiences in teaching. There multiple versions designed for middle school, high school, and young adult students, with graduated levels of reading and complexity.
The curriculum may be used in a semester-long or year-long entrepreneurship course work, with the programs are offered in a variety of settings, including public schools, after-school programs at community-based organizations, and summer business camps. Business plan competitions and regional competitions organized by NFTE and program partners, lead to national NFTE competitions each year. Winning students receive a trip to the annual awards dinner in New York City and a grant to apply toward their business or college expenses.
NFTE runs intensive summer programs called BizCamps for students aged 13 to 18. The camp model includes field trips, guest speakers and full day, five-days-a-week course work, providing a solid understanding of business. At the end of the camp, students compete for cash awards to fund their businesses or college.
## Anecdotal Results {#anecdotal_results}
Tim Perez, 18, of San Leandro, CA founded his own custom website development business, T Perez Designs. "NFTE empowered me to start my own business and educated me on how to run it, how to build a business plan, marketing, finances, you name it," Perez says. "It literally built my fundamental understanding of business. Without NFTE, I would still be trying to find myself. With NFTE, I\'m able to buy my own clothes, help pay my college tuition, and support myself when I get to college. Not a lot of teenagers, especially from my neighborhood, can say that."
Another NFTE graduate Amber Liggett, founder of Amber\'s Amazing Animal Balloons, was named the 2011 Global Young Entrepreneur of the Year, an award is sponsored by the Goldman Sachs Foundation. She was also named Black Enterprise\'s Teenpreneur of the Year and was featured on PBS\'s award-winning television show, Biz kid\$.
2013 graduates Jesus Fernandez and Toheeb Okenla of South Holland, IL, turned to their shared interest and greatest passion: soccer. From there T&J Soccer was born. Toheeb came to the United States from Nigeria with his family at age 8 and recently lost his father. Jesus came from Michoacán, Mexico in search of better opportunities
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# Hněvošice
**Hněvošice** (*Schreibersdorf*, *Gniewoszyce*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Etymology
The name is probably derived from the personal name Hněvoš. The German name originated in 1630. After 1736, the folk name *Něboščice* also appeared.
## Geography
Hněvošice is located about 9 km northeast of Opava, on the border with Poland. It lies in the Opava Hilly Land. The highest point is at 315 m above sea level.
The forest in the western part of the municipality is protected as the *Hněvošický háj* Nature Reserve with an area of 70.7 ha.
## History
The first written mention of Hněvošice is from 1288, when the brothers Trutvín and Vítek were the owners of Hněvošice. They built a courtyard and a fortress. The courtyard was destroyed by fire at the beginning of the 18th century.
From 1742 to 1918, after Empress Maria Theresa had been defeated, the village belonged to Prussia. In 1920, the municipality was annexed to Czechoslovakia and incorporated into the district of Hlučín. In 1928, it was changed to the Opava District.
## Demographics
## Transport
On the Czech-Polish border is the road border crossing *Hněvošice / Ściborzyce Wielkie*. The I/46 road from Opava to the Czech-Polish border in Sudice passes through Hněvošice.
## Sights
The most valuable building is the Church of Saints Peter and Paul. It is the only still standing wooden church in the Hlučín Region and has been protected as a cultural monument. It has preserved original interior. The church was built in the Baroque style in 1730 and restored in 1842. It was funded by Johann Rudolf Žarovský from Žarov.
A landmark is the Church of Christ the Good Shepherd. It is a modern church, built in 1996
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# Rose and Thorn
**Rose** and **Thorn** are each the personalities of two different characters within publication of DC Comics, and in which Thorn is a villainous persona. Rose Canton originated during the Golden Age of comics, and Rhosyn \"Rose\" Forrest during the Silver Age. Until the *Crisis on Infinite Earths*, Canton and Forrest were from Earth-Two and Earth-One respectively, of the DC Multiverse.
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
### Rose Canton {#rose_canton}
Thorn (**Rose Canton**) is a woman with a split personality whose villainous personality has the ability to control plants. Initially, she and her hired thugs opposed the Flash. After being (apparently) cured of her Thorn persona, Rose married Alan Scott and had two children, Jennie-Lynn Hayden and Todd James Rice by him. After a resurgence of her madness, she left Scott and put her children up for adoption, then went into seclusion for many years. She finally resurfaced and faced the Justice Society several times before her sanity returned, and she committed suicide.
As a child, Rose Canton used an imaginary friend, \"Thorn\", to deflect blame for bad things that she did. Over the years, Thorn developed as a distinct persona in Rose\'s head. As an adult, Rose was studying biology on the island of Tashmi, where she was exposed to the sap of a jungle root, which transformed her into Thorn. After killing her teacher, Professor Hollis, she reverted to Rose. Rose returned to America and settled in Keystone City where Thorn headed a gang that harassed the Flash. When she was in control, Rose would approach Jay for help, claiming to be Thorn\'s sister.
The Amazons of Paradise Island undertook her psychological treatment and apparently managed to rid Rose of the Thorn persona. During her recovery, Rose developed a crush on Alan Scott. Dyeing her hair black, she assumed the identity of Alyx Florin and romantically pursued him, leading to their marriage. Tragedy struck when, on their honeymoon, Thorn returned. The personality of Rose was able to prevent Thorn from killing Alan, but she chose to run, preferring Alan to believe that she had perished in the fire that consumed their cabin. Their brief honeymoon resulted in the conception of twins, the children who were to become Jade and Obsidian. Fearful that Thorn might kill them, she gave the children up for adoption.
Thorn continued to fight Alan, who was still unaware of his wife\'s alter ego. On the island of Tashmi, she faced her husband and two children, both now adults. To keep Thorn from killing them, Rose fatally stabbed herself in the heart.
In 2011, \"The New 52\" rebooted the DC universe. A one-shot take on Rose and Thorn was published as part of the *National Comics* line in September 2012, written by Tom Taylor and drawn by Neil Googe. This version is a teenage girl Rose Canton who is just returning to school after being institutionalized following the death of her father. The shy Rose discovers that she has a violent and sexually adventurous split personality Thorn who is determined to find her father\'s murderers.
In the pages of \"The New Golden Age\", Alan Scott\'s marriage to Rose Canton remains intact after he told Obsidian about his first encounter with Red Lantern. He said to Obsidian that he still loved his mother where Obsidian and Jade were born from that love.
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# Rose and Thorn
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
### Rhosyn Lynne Forrest {#rhosyn_lynne_forrest}
A second character was created by writer Robert Kanigher and artist Ross Andru in the 12-page Lois Lane story \"Death House Honeymoon\" in *Superman\'s Girl Friend, Lois Lane* #105 (October 1970), with her own series, \"Rose and the Thorn\", debuting that issue as the title\'s backup feature.
Rhosyn \"Rose\" Forrest is the daughter of Metropolis police officer Phil Forrest, who was killed by a criminal gang named *The 100*. When Rose went to sleep, her Thorn personality would emerge and stalk the streets as a vigilante, attempting to bring *The 100* to justice. When she succeeds in bringing *The 100* to justice, the \"Thorn\" personality subsides. Eventually, however, the gang escapes and forms another group, called *The 1000*, and her alternate personality resurfaces. She has since worked with Superman and Booster Gold to try to put these criminals behind bars. She was briefly under the control of Lord Satanus.
Thorn has no actual superpowers, but she is highly athletic and learned martial arts from her father. She is known to carry a pair of combat daggers, a barbed whip, and a bandolier of tiny, thorn-shaped weapons, some of which contain explosives, miniature smoke bombs, or blinding magnesium flares.
In the 1990s, Thorn appeared in a *Green Arrow* storyline written by Chuck Dixon. After trying to defeat a Metropolis crime lord, Thorn was defeated by Eddie Fyers and taken prisoner. After being tied up and gagged in a supply closet, Thorn reverted to her Rose persona and began to sob, frightened and confused about what was happening. Her sobs were heard by Green Arrow, who had rescued her earlier. They eventually teamed up to take down the crime lord after she returned to her Thorn persona.
When Harley Quinn and Poison Ivy moved to Metropolis, Thorn immediately attacked them. After a fierce battle, the women left Thorn hanging bound and gagged from a Superman statue in a local park for all of the citizens to see. During a later confrontation, Harley and Ivy defeat Thorn again, this time kidnapping her and keeping her tied up in their garden. After removing the vines from her mouth, Harley drugs Thorn into revealing the secrets about her multiple personalities. Ivy then tortures Thorn in order to prove that she\'s weak, eventually leaving her in the care of Bizarro while she takes a break. Although, she is later rescued by Supergirl, who defeats Bizarro and unties Thorn. Supergirl later reveals that she just happened to stumble into the garden. Thorn and Supergirl later ambush and capture Ivy and turn her into the police.
A 2004 *Rose & Thorn* miniseries by Gail Simone provided a slightly different origin story. In this version, The 100 killed both her parents, but Rhosyn was now revealed to have, at age 12, fought back and mutilated their murderer, Mr. Quince, cutting his hand off. She was then placed into a psychiatric care home, where she constantly flew into violent outbursts. Rhosyn\'s multiple personality is a result of unethical experimental treatments by a psychiatrist named Dr. Chritlow. The experiments forced her to repress her more violent, base emotions; these emotions were then given to the buried \"Thorn\" personality, who emerged whenever the submissive Rose felt angry or threatened. Her Thorn personality finally broke out after Rose\'s roommate Kimmy was burned to death by another patient. Enraged, Thorn viciously mutilated the culprit. Once released into the public, Thorn began taking over more frequently, taking up a role as an ultra-violent vigilante in a quest to take down The 100 and avenge her parents. By the end of the miniseries, it was hinted that she had killed the head of The 100 while he was in the hospital.
In the miniseries, Gail Simone gave Rhosyn an uncle and godfather, Detective Curtis Leland, who was secretly taking bribes from *The 100* and had been unable to stop them from killing Rhosyn\'s parents. Wracked with guilt and determined to protect his goddaughter, he disposed of two *100* grunts that Thorn had dispatched. Curtis was killed while trying to prevent Quince from killing Rhosyn. In his final moments, he put a signed confession in his pocket so the police could arrest them.
It was also revealed that Rose and Thorn are not the only two personalities in Rhosyn\'s mind. The other two shown have been \"Mom\", a caring and maternal figure much like how Rose remembers their mother, and \"Wild Rose\", an Irish vigilante who is even more vicious and punitive than Thorn.
She encountered the Birds of Prey in the *Hero Hunters* storyline. As of *Birds of Prey* #98, she is employed at Dinah Lance\'s flower shop, Sherwood Florist II. Her most recent appearance was in *Birds of Prey* #108, where she makes an appearance as one of the heroines called in to confront and intimidate Spy Smasher.
In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called \"DC Rebirth\" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to \"The New 52\". Rose and Thorn appeared in September 2019 as part of the relaunch of the *Legion of Super-Heroes* under Brian Michael Bendis and Szymon Kudranski. This version of Rose likewise has dual personalities, and had a few run-ins with various heroes (including at one point waking up in Arkham Asylum) before medication developed by Lex Luthor suppressed her Thorn Personality, allowing her to live a normal life and get married. In this story, Rose is immortal (though she did not notice until they stopped making the medicine she took to suppress her Thorn persona, as the condition was now genetically corrected at birth). She goes to an aged Supergirl for help, but apparently does not receive it as her Thorn personality is later seen going on a murderous rampage against the criminal element in Neo Gotham. She lives on Earth unaging for over 1000 years, encountering a number of other prominent future characters including Batman Beyond and Kamandi. She is important in the founding of the Legion.
## Powers and abilities {#powers_and_abilities}
Exposure to the sap of a rare tropical plant gave Rose Canton\'s Thorn personality limited control over plant life, especially those with thorny stalks. The sap was also responsible for physically transforming Rose into the evil Thorn. She also has the ability to spin rapidly like a top. Thorn also had Rose\'s extensive knowledge of botany and plant-related toxins.
The Rhosyn Lynne Forrest version of Thorn is skilled at hand-to-hand combat. In the \"DC Rebirth\" version, Rhosyn is immortal and lives unaging for over 1000 years.
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# Rose and Thorn
## In other media {#in_other_media}
Thorn appears in *Adventures in the DC Universe* Annual #1
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# Terra 2001
***Terra 2001*** is the second album of The Brilliant Green released on September 8, 1999
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# Sonata da camera
***Sonata da camera*** is a 17th-century genre of musical composition for one or more melody instruments and basso continuo. It generally comprises a suite of several small pieces in the same mode or key that are suitable for dancing. A significant number of such works were produced during the mid- to late- 17th century by composers in Germany, including Heinrich Biber, Dietrich Becker, and Johannes Schenck. But the term *sonata da camera* came into use in Italy during the late 17th century, when the works of composers such as Arcangelo Corelli contributed to the popularity of both the *sonata da camera* and *sonata da chiesa*.
The term *sonata da camera* was originally used in its literal meaning of \"chamber music\", but later came to be used figuratively to contrast this genre of composition with the *sonata da chiesa*, which literally meant \"church music\", but generally comprised a suite of four movements with tempos following a largo--allegro--largo--allegro pattern.
In the Oxford History of Western Music, Richard Taruskin describes a *sonata da camera* as \"\... essentially a dance suite, which Corelli adapted to the prevailing four-movement format (a *preludio* and three dances or connecting movements)\". The movements either were given tempo indications or names that indicated the style of dance, e.g., *corrente*, sarabande, or gigue. Nevertheless, there is great variation in the form of music that was called *sonata da camera*, including works such as Legrenzi\'s op. 4 of 1656, which are single movements in binary form, and Bononcini\'s op. 3 of 1669, which are also single movements, rather than a dance suite. After 1700, composers tended to merge the *sonata da camera* with the *sonata da chiesa*, and works comprising dance movements came to be called a variety of other names, such as partita, suite, ordre, ouverture, or air.
*Sonata da camera* were frequently composed for two violins and basso continuo. This three-part combination was also known as a trio sonata, but such works were often performed with a cellist or other instrument doubling the bass. Recent scholarship has revealed that the instruments used for to play basso continuo in Corelli\'s milieu were quite diverse, including theorbo, guitar, and organ. Ambiguities on the title pages of Corelli\'s works have led many to conclude that the continuo might have been either a harpsichord or a cello, rather than both, as was previously assumed
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# Rakugakids
is a 2D fighting video game developed by Konami and released for the Nintendo 64 in 1998. The name *Rakugakids* is a portmanteau of the Japanese word *rakugaki* (meaning \"doodle\") and the English word \"kids\", a reflection of the visual style of the game, which resembled children\'s drawings.
## Gameplay
The game is similar in play to a toned-down *Street Fighter*. The button layout is the six-button fighting game standard consisting primarily of three punches and three kicks, which combine with various directional commands to produce special secondary moves. All characters have a single-button attack that sends the opponent into the air, where they can be pursued and aerially attacked. To complement this, each character can perform an additional jump while in the air.
Super combos in this game are referred to as \"Magic\", a player can have up to three levels of Magic represented by three crayons that appear at the bottom of the screen. Super Meter levels can be spent in three ways: offense, where an attack causes heavy damage with a few hits; defense, where an attack causes little damage, but sends the opponent far away; and counter, usable only while the character is blocking, causes medium damage and sends the opponent flying away. Additional characters and secret options can be unlocked based on the amount of total playtime.
## Characters
- **Astronots** (アストロノッツ) drawn by Andy (アンディ): A Buck Rogers-like astronaut and the game\'s protagonist, he fights using assorted pulp-era sci-fi devices like a raygun and rocket boots.
- **Captain. Cat. Kit** (キャプテン・キャット・キット) drawn by DDJ: An anthropomorphic cat dressed in hip hop fashion, he fights using brass instruments, a basketball and breakdancing moves and also has the ability to spontaneously combust at will.
- **Marsa** (マーサ) drawn by Nola (ノーラ): A witch bearing a hat that acts like a chicken, Marsa is the only one who can triple jump, and her \'Marsa Jump\' sends her far up off screen. Used strategically, the players can avoid danger with it.
- **Robot C.H.O** (ロボット C.H.O.) drawn by Jerry (ジェリー): The game\'s heavyweight grappler character and a robot who can transform into various metal objects, like a trashcan or a car. The spinning letters on its hand and head will change depending on its actions.
- **Beartank** (ベアタンク) drawn by Clione (クリオネ): A green bear with tank guns on its head and back, it can change its body into a set of tank treads (leaving only its head exposed) and fire small copies of itself from either gun. For some reason, it is constantly sleeping. It is the speediest character, the second being Captain. Cat. Kit.
- **Cools. Roy** (クールス・ロイ) drawn by Roy (ロイ): A cowboy-like character, who fights with honor (his taunt is a bow to the opponent).
- **Mamezo** (マメゾ) drawn by Val (バル): A yellow boogeyman-style character with a green cape, his moves are mostly jelly-like transformations into various gadgets and tools (like a fork, an iron, scissors and more) or summon rockets and other things. He is introduced as the main villain in the intro.
### Hidden characters {#hidden_characters}
- **Inuzo** (イヌゾ) drawn by Mudgas: The game\'s sub-boss character, it is a palette-swap of Mamezo with a different idle and walking animation but otherwise identical moves.
- **Darkness** (ダークネス) drawn by George: The game\'s boss character and a ghost dog with various moves involving morphing itself and spawning objects from its body.
## Reception
The art style of *Rakugakids* was frequently compared to *PaRappa the Rapper*. Lesser reviews from magazines like *Joypad* and *Player One* claimed there was nothing interesting in the gameplay, and that the \"crazy universe\", combination of comic elements and the fighting genre, and the art style\'s similarities to *PaRappa the Rapper* were its only appealing aspects. *Player One* did appreciate the incorporation of several blows that took advantage of all of the Nintendo 64 controller\'s buttons, and compared the character animation and quality to that of a title produced by Nintendo. Ultimately, however, he wrote that *Rakugakids* was another fighting game where success was based on the randomness of the effectiveness of moves.
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# Rakugakids
## Legacy
Journalist Steve Merrett cited Konami\'s Nintendo 64 library as its last set of games that focused on gameplay; games like *Rakugakids*, *International Superstar Soccer 98* (1998), *Castlevania* (1999), used the Nintendo 64\'s processing power to add to gameplay tropes previously established in 2D gaming. For *Rakugakids*, 2D characters fought on a 3D background. The game\'s formula is also an example of how 2D fighters from companies like Konami, Capcom, and SNK incorporated different methods to stay relevant in a market filled with 3D games.
Some references such as characters and music from *Rakugakids* were later added to other video games by Konami. In *Castlevania: Circle of the Moon*, protagonist Nathan Graves can transform into the Beartank character by equipping the Bear Ring and activating the Black Dog and Pluto cards (which normally transforms him into a Skeleton). The playable characters appear as battle cards in *Goemon Mononoke Sugoroku*. Beartank also appears as a secret character in *Konami Krazy Racers*. Music from the game also appears in some of Konami\'s *Bemani* games, namely *Beatmania GB* and *Pop n\' Music*
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# Rohov (Opava District)
**Rohov** (*Rohow*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## History
The first written mention of Rohov is from 1349
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# Raymond of Sabunde
**Raymond of Sabunde** (born **Ramon Sibiuda**; also known as **Sabiende**, **Sabond**, **Sabonde**, **Sebon**, **Sebond**, **Sebonde**, or **Sebeyde**; c. 1385 -- 29 April 1436) was a Catalan scholar, teacher of medicine and philosophy and finally regius professor of theology at Toulouse. He was born in Barcelona (at that time the major Catalan city of the Crown of Aragon), and died in Toulouse.
His *Theologia Naturalis sive Liber naturae creaturarum, etc.*, written 1434--1436 but published in 1484, marks an important stage in the history of natural theology. It was first written in Latin (but not in a strictly classical Latin, since it contained plenty of Catalan-influenced Latin words). His followers composed a more classical Latin version of the work. It was translated into French by Michel de Montaigne (Paris, 1569) and edited in Latin at various times (e.g., Deventer, 1487; Strasburg, 1496; Paris, 1509; Venice, 1581, etc.).
The book was directed against the position then held by some, that reason and faith, philosophy and theology were antithetical and irreconcilable. Raymond declares that the Book of Nature and the Bible are both divine revelations, the one general and immediate, the other specific and mediate. Montaigne (*Essays*, bk. ii. ch. xii., \"Apology for Raymond de Sebonde\") tells how he translated the book into French and found \"the conceits of the author to be excellent, the contexture of his work well followed, and his project full of pietie \... His drift is bold, and his scope adventurous, for he undertaketh by humane and naturall reasons, to establish and verifie all the articles of Christian religion against Atheists.\"
## Editions
The *editio princeps* of the book, which found many imitators, is undated but probably belongs to 1484; there are many subsequent editions, one by J. F. von Seidel as late as 1852. In 1595 only the *Prologus* was put on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum for its declaration that the Bible is not the only source of revealed truth.
A [Latin edition said to be from 1480](https://archive.org/details/ned-kbn-all-00002056-001) and [another from 1488](https://archive.org/details/ita-bnc-in2-00001588-001) are available on Archive.org
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# Natural History (I Am Kloot album)
***Natural History*** is the debut album by English rock band I Am Kloot, released to much eagerness from the British music press in 2001. The album was produced by Guy Garvey, lead singer for the Manchester-based band Elbow.
Although reaching a low chart placing outside the top 100, the band built up a dedicated and loyal fanbase through touring and promotion. The album itself is widely viewed as some of I Am Kloot\'s best work to date. Prior to the album\'s release, the band released two singles on Ugly Man Records: \"Titanic\"/\"To You\" in November 1999, and \"Twist\"/\"86 TV\'s\" in March 2000. The album itself spawned two further singles: \"Dark Star\" in February 2001, and \"Morning Rain\" in July 2001.
All songs written by John Harold Arnold Bramwell.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------- ------
1\. \"To You\" 3:16
2\. \"Morning Rain\" 3:21
3\. \"Bigger Wheels\" 3:27
4\. \"No Fear of Falling\" 2:10
5\. \"Loch\" 4:33
6\. \"Storm Warning\" 3:58
7\. \"Dark Star\" 2:21
8\. \"Stop\" 3:55
9\. \"Sunlight Hits the Snow\" 2:43
10\. \"Twist \" 2:57
11\. \"86 TV\'s\" 2:54
12\. \"Because\" 7:21
\|colspan=\"2\"\| \"Because\" ends at minute 5:20. After 1 minute and 30 seconds of silence, begins a hidden track called \"Graffiti\".
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------- ------
The remastered 2013 edition includes three bonus tracks: \"Titanic\", \"Over My Shoulder\" and \"Stand Another Drink (Proof)\".
## Track listing (different running order) {#track_listing_different_running_order}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------
1\. \"To You\" 3:16
2\. \"Morning Rain\" 3:21
3\. \"Twist\" 2:57
4\. \"86 TV\'s\" 2:56
5\. \"Bigger Wheels\" 3:30
6\. \"Loch\" 4:33
7\. \"Storm Warning\" 3:59
8\. \"Dark Star\" 2:22
9\. \"Stop\" 3:56
10\. \"Sunlight Hits the Snow\" 2:44
11\. \"No Fear of Falling\" 2:10
12\. \"Because\" 7:18
\|colspan=\"2\"\| \"Because\" includes a hidden track called \"Graffiti\".
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------
The Japanese edition includes two bonus tracks: \"Over My Shoulder\" and \"Titanic\".
## Contributing musicians {#contributing_musicians}
- Guy Garvey: backing vocals, percussion, sound effects, harmonica, wine glasses
- Pete Turner, Craig Potter, Mark Potter and Richard Jupp: wine glasses on \"Because\"
## Album ratings {#album_ratings}
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# Natural History (I Am Kloot album)
## Singles
*sources:*
+------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| title | label | format,\ | release date | track listing | charts | additional\ |
| | | catalog number | | | | informations |
+========================+==================+=====================================+============================================+====================================================================+======================+=================================+
| \"Titanic\"/\"To You\" | Ugly Man Records | gramophone record 7\",\ | 1 November 1999 (Manchester);\ | \"Titanic\"/\"To You\"\ | | Limited edition of 1000 copies. |
| | | Ugly 16 | 15 December 1999 (the rest of the country) | (double A-side) | | |
+------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| \"Twist\"/\"86 TV\'s\" | Ugly Man Records | gramophone record 7\" (red vinyl),\ | 14 February 2000 (Manchester);\ | \"Twist\"/\"86 TV\'s\"\ | | Limited edition. |
| | | Ugly 17 | 1 May 2000 (the rest of the country) | (double A-side) | | |
+------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| | We Love You | CDS,\ | 1 May 2000 (UK) | 1\. \"Twist\"\ | | |
| | | AMOUR4D | | 2. \"86 TV\'s\"\ | | |
| | | | | 3. \"86 TV\'s\" (music video) | | |
+------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| \"Dark Star\" | We Love You | gramophone record 7\",\ | 26 February 2001 | A. \"Dark Star\"\ | UK Singles Chart: 90 | |
| | | AMOUR9S | | B. \"To You\" | | |
+------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| | | CDS,\ | | 1\. \"Dark Star\"\ | | |
| | | AMOUR9D | | 2. \"To You\"\ | | |
| | | | | 3. \"Titanic\" | | |
+------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| \"Morning Rain\" | We Love You | gramophone record 7\",\ | 25 June 2001 | A. \"Morning Rain\"\ | UK Singles Chart: 94 | |
| | | AMOUR11S | | B. \"Proof (demo)\" | | |
+------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| | | CDS,\ | | 1\. \"Morning Rain\"\ | | |
| | | AMOUR11D | | 2. \"Proof (demo)\"\ | | |
| | | | | 3
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# Night of the Radishes
The **Night of the Radishes** (*Noche de Rábanos*) is an annual event held on December 23 in Oaxaca, Mexico, dedicated to the carving of oversized radishes (*Raphanus sativus*) to create scenes that compete for prizes in various categories.
The event has its origins in the colonial period when radishes were introduced by the Spanish. Oaxaca has a long wood carving tradition and farmers began carving radishes into figures as a way to attract customers\' attention at the Christmas market, which was held in the main square on December 23. In 1897, the city instituted the formal competition. As the city has grown, the government has had to dedicate land to the growing of the radishes used for the event, supervising their growth and distribution to competitors. The event has become very popular, attracting over 100 contestants and thousands of visitors. Since the radishes wilt soon after cutting, the works can only be displayed for a number of hours, which has led to very long lines for those wishing to see them. The event also has displays and competitions for works made with corn husks and dried flowers, which are created with the same themes as those with radishes.
## Origins
Native to China, radishes were introduced to Mexico by the Spanish, particularly by the friars. Over time, the crop became used as a side dish or snack, or carved into decorations for special dishes. In the colonial period, the radishes began to be carved with religious themes in relation to the annual Christmas market held in the city of Oaxaca on December 23, with the encouragement of priests. The carvings were a marketing gimmick, with farmers using them to attract the attention of shoppers in the market in the city plaza. Eventually people began buying the radishes not only to eat, but to create centerpieces for Christmas dinners.
The legend as to how the event began says that one year in the mid-18th century, the radish crop was so abundant that a section lay unharvested for months. In December, two friars pulled up some of these forgotten radishes. The sizes and shapes were amusing, and they brought them as curiosities to the Christmas market held on December 23. The misshapen vegetables attracted attention and soon they began to be carved to give them a wider variety of shapes and figures.
In 1897, the mayor of the city, Francisco Vasconcelos, decided to create a formal radish-carving competition, which has been held each year since.
Over the years various types of radishes have been used both in Oaxacan cuisine and for carving. A large completely white type called criollo was used earlier, as it did not rot as readily and adopted more capricious forms. While this variety has since disappeared, an image of them can be seen in a work by Diego Rivera called \"Las tentaciones de San Antonio\".
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# Night of the Radishes
## Modern competition {#modern_competition}
The formal Noche de Rábanos competition focuses on the carving of radishes, which can be embellished with other elements. Most entries are scenes that use multiple radishes, with the most traditional being nativity scenes. However, over the 100+ years that the competition has been held, there has been significant diversification in the entries. Common scenes are related to life in Oaxaca such as the Guelaguetza, posadas, calendas (a kind of traditional party), Day of the Dead, Danza de la Pluma, Pineapple Harvest Dance and the Chilena from the Costa Chica, Oaxacan history and folklore as well as the veneration of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Our Lady of Juquila and Our Lady of Solitude, the patron of the state. However, they can also depict other themes such as non-Christmas Biblical stories and can even be in protest. The most common elements are the people, animals, food and handcrafts of the state, but they can also include duendes, snowmen, monsters and more.
Originally the radishes used by competitors were those raised by local farmers, but as the city has grown, taking over land traditionally dedicated to their cultivation, the municipal government has stepped in. It has allocated an area near El Tequio Park to their cultivation, specially grown for the event. They are heavily fertilized, chemically treated and left in the ground long after normal harvests to allow them to reach monumental sizes and capricious shapes, which also makes them unsuitable for human consumption. The resulting vegetables can be up to fifty centimeters in length, ten centimeters or wider and can weigh up to three kilos. In 2014, twelve tons of radishes were harvested for that event alone. Local authorities monitor the harvest and distribute the crop to registered contestants on December 18. The radish currently used has a red skin and a white interior. The use of this radish, which is softer than other varieties, has precipitated a number of strategies different from those used in the past, one being the use of the contrast between the skin and the interior and the other to peel and flatten the red skin for use as clothing items, flags and more. Typically participants use knives and toothpicks to create the sculptures, after the tops of the radishes with their long, green leaves have been cut off (and sometimes used in the scenes) . Although the carving of radishes evolved from the area\'s tradition of wood carving, the current competition does not attract current woodcarvers as the material is very different. The event attracts over 100 participants from the city of Oaxaca and neighboring communities, especially San Antonino Velazco. In 2014, 94 competed in the adult categories, along with 61 youth and 50 children. Contestants register months in advance and from the 18th to the 23rd they must plan and design their scenes, generally using the natural shapes of the radishes they have been allotted as a guide. The actual carving and assembly of the entries occurs during the day of December 23. There are several categories of participation. For adults, radish sculptures and scenes can be in the traditional or \"free\" category, which is determined by the theme. Works in the traditional category are for depictions of nativity scenes and those of Oaxacan traditions. Those in the free category generally depict more contemporary themes. However, as the function of the event is to preserve tradition, the grand prize of 15,000 pesos is awarded to the winner of the traditional category. In 2014 the grand prize winner was the entry \"Dulces Regionales Oaxaqueños\" by the Vasquez Lopez family. There are also prizes for participants competing as novices, and a children\'s category for those aged from six to seventeen to encourage new generations to continue the tradition. Prizes for the children\'s categories include bicycles and school supplies. The event has also added categories for scenes made not from radishes but instead from dried corn husks (called totomoxtle) and those made with a dried flower called \"flor inmortal\" (immortal flower) named such as it dries quickly and keeps most of its color. These entries also have several subcategories and generally have similar themes to those done with radishes.
Since the radishes do not keep after they are cut and quickly wilt, the entire event lasts only for a number of hours from the late afternoon to early evening of December 23, with stands set up the morning before around the main square of the city and taken down the morning after. Visitors are permitted to pass by the stands starting in the late afternoon, with judging and the awarding of prizes taking place at about 9 pm, with the radish sculptures removed shortly after that. The event has become popular, attracting thousands of visitors as well as functionaries that can include the state\'s governor. Despite the creation of a two-line system (the one behind on a raised platform) for visitors to file by the stands, wait times can be as long as 4--5 hours to see the entries
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# Strahovice
**Strahovice** (*Strandorf*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## History
The first written mention of Strahovice is from 1349
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# Matthew B. Lowrie
**Mathew B. Lowrie** (May 12, 1773 -- July 28, 1850), served as the Mayor of Pittsburgh from 1830 to 1831.
## Early life {#early_life}
Lowrie was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, from where he emigrated with his parents the U.S. state of to Pennsylvania. As a young man he came to Pittsburgh and started a thriving grocery business. Lowrie was also active in religion, serving many years as a Sunday school teacher at the First Presbyterian Church. His brother, Walter Lowrie, served in the United States Senate, and his son, Walter H. Lowrie, went on to become Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.
## Pittsburgh politics {#pittsburgh_politics}
Mathew Lowrie was elected mayor in 1830 and is credited with \"modernizing\" the fire department.
The city bought its very first steam powered fire engine and named it the \"citizen\". Lowrie was also instrumental in managing the city\'s rapid growth by adopting the \"ward\" system of governance for the first time in western Pennsylvania.
## Later life {#later_life}
Lowrie died in 1850 after a bout with cholera, he is buried in Allegheny Cemetery and the site is marked by an obelisk
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# Acacia craspedocarpa
***Acacia craspedocarpa***, commonly known as **hop mulga** or the **broad-leaved mulga**, is a shrub or tree in the family Fabaceae native to central parts of western Australia.
## Description
Hop mulga is a spreading or erect shrubby tree that typically grows to a height of 1.2 to but can grow as tall as 8 m. It has corky bark, scurfy branchlets with resinous ribs and dark red-brown coloured new shoots. Like most *Acacia* species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These are thick and bluish green in colour with a length of 1.5 to and a width of 8 to. They have an orbicular to broadly obovate or oblong shape and have a rounded tip usually with three main longitudinal nerves. The simple inflorescences occur singly in the axils with cylindrical clusters that have a length of 12 to and a diameter of 5 mm and are packed with yellow coloured flowers. The pods broad and flat seed pods that form after flowering resemble the pods of the hop plant.
## Distribution
It is endemic arid to semi-arid areas in the Mid West and western Goldfields regions of Western Australia, it occurs in watercourses, on floodplains, on flats, in low-lying areas and alongside rivers goring in red clay or loamy soils or on alluvium and stony red earth.
## Cultivation
The ornamental medium to tall plant is available commercially and grows well drained light to heavy soils in full sun or partial shade and is drought tolerant once it is established. It will also tolerate a light frost to around -8 C It is quite long lived and can grow well in a container
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# Crisis Management Initiative
**CMI -- Martti Ahtisaari Peace Foundation sr** (in 2000--2021 *Crisis Management Initiative ry*) is an independent Finnish non-governmental organisation that works to prevent and resolve conflict through informal dialogue and mediation. Nobel Peace Prize laureate and former President of Finland Martti Ahtisaari founded CMI in 2000. CMI has offices in Helsinki and Brussels as well as a presence in selected countries. CMI transformed from an association to a foundation on 1 May 2021.
The foundation\'s operations are led by an eight-member board, with Marko Ahtisaari serving as the chairman.
## Function
CMI states it is focused on contributing to peace processes in four regions: the Middle East and North Africa, Eurasia, Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. CMI states that it facilitates dialogue, mediates between conflicting sides, provides capacity-building and mediation support at all stages of conflict management and peace processes, and supports the broader peace building community. CMI is often approached in conflicts related to which it has regional expertise and contacts. The choice of mediation also depends on the political will of its financial backers to solve a particular conflict. CMI works either directly with the parties of the conflict, or assists another organization like the United Nations or the African Union in their mediating efforts. CMI conducts its mediating work behind the scenes and does not comment on ongoing negotiations. Sometimes even successful negotiations are kept secret.
CMI head offices are in Helsinki. The organization employs 80 staff. `{{As of|2018}}`{=mediawiki}, the annual budget of CMI was 7,3 million euros. It receives most of its funding, 55%, from the Finnish state. The European Union and other European countries are significant funders as well. In 2017, it campaigned to raise more than 600,000 euros from about 9,000 private donors as a surprise \"birthday present\" to Ahtisaari to fund more than 15 extra rounds of mediation talks.
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# Crisis Management Initiative
## History
Nobel Peace laureate and former President of Finland Martti Ahtisaari founded CMI on 24 August 2000, the same year he became chairman of the International Crisis Group. After stepping down as the President of Finland that year, Ahtisaari declined the post of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees because he wanted to focus instead on addressing the root causes of conflicts. President Ahtisaari\'s long-term vision with CMI was to contribute as effectively as possible to solving violent conflict throughout the world. The main tasks of the organisation in its early years were to assist Martti Ahtisaari in his numerous international assignments, to participate in policy discussions, and to advocate capacity-building in civilian crisis management.
This led to CMI taking on its own projects, at first concerning crisis management and later on expanding to peace building and conflict resolution. One of CMI\'s most visible assignments, the Aceh peace process began in late 2004. CMI and its chairman president Ahtisaari were asked to facilitate talks between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM).
In 2008, President Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize \"for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts\". In its announcement, the Norwegian Nobel Committee also recognized Ahtisaari and CMI\'s central role in the Aceh process as well as their work in mediating peace in Iraq in 2008.
CMI has mediated in South Sudan.
In 2014, CMI organized unofficial talks between conflict parties in Ukraine. It also worked for peace in Transnistria.
In 2017, CMI mediated between the government and opposition parties of the Burundian unrest. CMI also facilitated negotiations between Hamas, Fatah and other Palestinian groups. Because Hamas is classified as a terrorist group by many countries, CMI has been criticized for including them in talks. Because of the number of parties involved, it is difficult to assess the individual impact of CMI.
More lately, CMI has worked to increase the role of women in mediation, and been involved in mediation in the Yemeni Civil War.
In 2019, CMI removed all references to its employee and recently elected Member of Parliament of Finland, Hussein al-Taee, following his comparison of the Israel to the Islamic State and representatives of the Simon Wiesenthal Center saying al-Taee\'s writings were \"clearly antisemitic
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# Chuchelná
**Chuchelná** (*Kuchelna*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,300 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## History
The first written mention of Chuchelná is from 1349. From 1742 to 1918, after Empress Maria Theresa had been defeated, the village belonged to Prussia. In 1920, the municipality became part of the newly established Czechoslovakia
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# Drygalski Mountains
The **Drygalski Mountains** are a group of scattered mountains and nunataks lying between the Filchner Mountains and the Kurze Mountains in the Orvin Mountains of Queen Maud Land. They were discovered by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938--1939), led by Captain Alfred Ritscher, and named for Professor Erich von Drygalski, the leader of the First German Antarctica Expedition of 1901--03. They were remapped from air photos and survey by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956--60.
The highest peak is Ulvetanna Peak at 2930 m
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# Graham Diamond
**Graham Diamond** (born 18 August 1949, Manchester, England) is an American author who writes across multiple genres, including fantasy and science fiction. He has published twenty novels with more than a million copies of his books in print.
## Life and education {#life_and_education}
Born in Manchester, England, his family moved to the United States when he was a young child. He was raised in New York City, on the Upper West Side, and graduated from the High School of Music and Art. He attended CCNY in NY, the Art Students League of New York, and the State University of New York.
During the early 1970s, he began working for *The New York Times*, becoming the weekend manager of the paper\'s editorial art department by the early 1980s. Diamond later became production manager, then assistant director of operations in the Editorial Art Department at the paper until leaving to pursue a full-time career in writing. He has also taught and lectured on creative writing in both New York and California.
Diamond has two daughters, Rochelle and Leslie. After spending more than a decade in California he returned to New York City.
## Literary career {#literary_career}
Diamond began publishing novels in 1977, with the release of *The Haven* by Playboy Press. *The Haven* is a \"besieged-enclave science-fantasy\" in the same manner as *The House on the Borderland* by William Hope Hodgson and *The Last Castle* by Jack Vance. The book sold so well that his editors asked for a sequel, resulting in *Lady of the Haven*. This sequel was then segued into being the first volume of the four-book series *Adventures of the Empire Princess.*
In 1979, while the *Haven*-related books were still bring published, Diamond released *The Thief of Kalimar*, his first pure fantasy novel. By 1984 Diamond had published twelve books with more than a million copies sold around the world.
Diamond\'s other science fiction and fantasy works include *Forest Wars*, *Marrakesh*, *Samarkand*, and *Samarkand Dawn*. He also turned to other genres; including historical fiction, thrillers, and later a true story of a Holocaust survivor\'s family during World War II, *Maybe You Will Survive*. Several of his early novels were published in the UK by Methuen and much of his work by Endeavour Press and Venture Press in UK.
Under the pen name Rochelle Leslie (the names of his two daughters), he authored *Tears of Passion, Tears of Shame*, a novel of South Africa set during the Zulu War of 1879 which was subsequently published in Italy, titled, *Venuto De Lontano*, (*To Come From Far Away*) by Mondadori. In 2018 it was released as \'Cry For Freedom\' by Lime books in the UK. He also has had various short stories published in anthologies.
Diamond released *Chocolate Lenin* in 2012. A satire/fantasy of near-future Russia, the novel parodied contemporary science, technology, and politics.
In 2013 it was announced that his first novel, *The Haven*, would be re-released in a new oversize format. In 2015 Venture Press Ltd, UK, a division of Endeavour Press UK, released in e-book format seven of Graham Diamond\'s earlier titles including *The Haven,* *Samarkand,* *Samarkand Dawn,* and *Lady of the Haven.*
In 2016, Endeavour Press published *Black Midnight*, a terrorist novel set in New York City, and *Cry For Freedom*, a novel set during the Zulu War in Natal in 1879. In early 2018 Endeavour next released *Maybe You Will Survive* the true story of a Holocaust survivor. Venture Press also re-released six of Diamond\'s speculative fiction/fantasy novels including *The Thief of Kalimar,* and *Captain Sinbad*.
Lume Books, London, issued a new print version of *Maybe You Will Survive* in 2020 to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the ending of the Holocaust. The following year *The Haven, The Thief of Kalimar, Black Midnight, Forest Wars, Tears of Passion, Tears of Shame, Captain Sinbad* and *Chocolate Lenin* were re-released in softcover in the United Kingdom.
In 2022, Diamond released *Diner of Lost Souls*, a mystery/thriller written in conjunction with Hedy Campeas and published by Lion Press. In June 2023 a second volume, *Diner of Lost Souls, Book 2,* was released.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*A Reader\'s Guide to Fantasy* described Diamond\'s fiction as \"adding a dash of imagination to subjects and themes common in fantasy and making them something unusual and original.\" *Library Journal* called his 1981 novel *The Beast of Hades* a \"second-rate fantasy\" but described *Samarkand* from the previous year as \"an absorbing historical fantasy focusing on love and adventures.
The *St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers* described Diamond as having written \"several undeservedly neglected novels. Apart from the generous Andre Norton, few took him seriously as a fantasy author---yet he is better than, or no worse than, some writers who are now dragonhold names. *The Haven* and its sequels, and *Captain Sinbad*, provide more than enough justification for wider popularity.\" \'The Haven\' has remained in print for more than forty years
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# Dyango
**José Gómez Romero**, artistically known as **Dyango** (born March 5, 1940), nicknamed \"The Voice of Love\", is a Spanish musician and singer of romantic music. He is widely regarded as one of the most romantic Spanish singers, and one of the best performers on the international level. He has sold over 20 million albums worldwide.
Dyango is one of the most popular and most respected singers and one of the most romantic voices in Latin America and Spain. His name is due to the Romani (Gypsy) guitarist Django Reinhardt. Two of his sons, Marcos Llunas and Jordi, are also singers.
## Early years {#early_years}
Dyango was born on March 5, 1940, in Barcelona, but was inscribed by his father on May 8, and thus appears as his date of birth in official documents. José Gómez Romero adopted Dyango as a stage name (taken from the guitarist of jazz gypsy Django Reinhardt), by which he is known and debuted at the Duero Song Festival (1965). In his personal life, the artist is married and is the father of four children, two of whom are singers Marcos Llunas and Jordi.
In 1969 he published his first album that bears his name and the following year he traveled to Argentina where he starred alongside Ginamaría Hidalgo in the film *El Mundo es de los jóvenes*, while editing an album with the same name. This step would open the door to the Latin American market.
Discographically he started in Zafiro and in 1974 signed with EMI. His first album for this company was in 1975 and was successful in Latin America, in contrast to the little impact made by his music in Spain.
In 1976, Dyango won the prize (Sirenita de Oro) for the best performer and the best song of the Benidorm Festival with the song \"Si yo fuera él.\" After winning in that festival, his career would grow both nationally and internationally.
Since the recording of the tango \"Nostalgia\" in 1976, Dyango consolidated his conquest of the Spanish market of the romantic ballad. In 1980, Dyango represented Spain in the OTI Festival 1980 with the song \"Querer y perder\" written by Ray Girado, winning second place.
Between 1983 and 1984 he launched to the market the discs *Bienvendo to the Club* and *Al fin Alone* to great success in Argentina and Colombia. In 1988, he honored the music of Buenos Aires, with his album Tango, becoming one of the few non-Rio de Janeiro artists to be accepted and blessed by the environment deltango, where he recorded a great friendship with Roberto Goyeneche. In 1985 he recorded the song \"Por ese hombre\" with the duo Pimpinela.
In 1989 he recorded the album *Suspiros* where he included the song \"El que más te ha querido*\"* by the composer Concha Valdes Miranda, achieving worldwide success. In 1993 he recorded the album Morir de amor where he recorded the duet with Nana Mouskouri: \"Espérame en el cielo,\" a Los Panchos song.
In 1994 he recorded the album *Un loco como yo*, on which he sang a duet with the Mexican Armando Manzanero (author and director of all subjects) the song \"Le ha costado caro.\" After several albums, in 1997 he published his longed-for album in Catalan, where he sang tangos in that language.
In the decade of the 2000s he published several albums of great successes, including such well-known songs as \"Corazón mágico,\" \"La mare\" (in Catalán), \"Por esa mujer,\" \"Doctor,\" \"Amor de tango,\" and \"Cuando quieras donde quieras.\"
His album *Puñaladas en el Alma* with the Prague Symphony Orchestra and arrangements by Maestro Carlos Franzetti was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award in 2010, a work around the tango, recorded between Prague, New York and Barcelona.
In 2013 Dyango participated in the Concert for Freedom, held at Camp Nou in Barcelona on June 29, 2013. It was organized by Òmnium Cultural along with other civil society entities, such as the Assemblea Nacional Catalana (Catalan National Assembly) and the Plataforma Pro Seleccions Esportives Catalanes. When the singer announced his participation, there was outrage in many sectors of the rest of Spain. Dyango responded to the questions of 13 TV. He stated that in the current situation it would be necessary to hold a referendum in Catalonia and, ultimately, to achieve separation from Spain.
After summer of 2013 Dyango published the disc *El Cantante*, an album of romantic cuts that described his own life. On September 7, 2013, he announced his retirement from the long American tours, not from music or from the concerts.
The artist joined several personalities in March of that same year and lent his face to the campaign of the \"ANC\" in favor of a unilateral declaration of independence on the part of the governing authorities of Catalonia.
Since then, his repertoire has included \"boleros\" (romantic Spanish music), \"tangos\" (Argentinian music) and \"rancheras\" (Mexican music), remakes of songs from the 60\'s, dozens of his own songs, even lyrical pieces. In his career, he has recorded duets with the following artists: Celia Cruz, Oscar D\'León, Sheena Easton, Roberto Goyeneche, Pimpinela and the tenor Jaume Aragall.
In 1989 he recorded the album *Suspiros* which included \"El que más te ha querido\" by composer Concha Valdés Miranda, reaching a worldwide success. He was nominated for a Grammy three times.
Dyango has obtained in his career 55 gold records and 40 platinum, which have been awarded in Spain as well as other Latin American countries, as well as the United States. Amongst them, *A corazón Abierto* has received double platinum status.
Dyango suffered a heart attack and was admitted in a Barcelona hospital until March 5, 2009.
Currently, Dyango is immersed with taking on new forms of expressions of his career, like painting. He is also an advocate of Catalonia\'s independence from Spain.
## Recognition and sales {#recognition_and_sales}
In 1976 he obtained the prize (Sirenita de Oro) for the best performer and the best song of the Benidorm Festival with the song \"*Si yo fuera él*.\"
Dyango received the Music Prize for Best Song in Catalan for his theme, \"El pare\" (The Father), 2005. Also, the Association of New York Artists, ACE, awarded him the Best Male Singer Award for \"Esa mujer,\" March 21, 1987.
In 1988, the Miami authorities handed him the Key to the City and in 1992 the Giant program of the Univision Chain gave him the Key to the Program. He has also received several awards from the Betty Pino show in Miami, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988.
From the Festival of Viña del Mar (Chile), the singer has 2 Torches, those of editions 25 and 31.
Dyango has been nominated several times for the Latin Grammy Awards, the last one in 2010 with the album *Puñaladas en el Alma*.
He has been invited as the main artist, to one of the best tango festivals in Argentina, the Tangos International Festival of the city of Justo Daract, to perform tangos and close the festival. Dyango was named Citizen Iluste of Justo Daract and received the Gold Condor Award in December 2011.
Dyango has won 55 gold and 40 platinum discs throughout his career. He has also recorded duets with Pimpinela, Rocío Dúrcal, Paco de Lucía, Celia Cruz, Oscar D\'León, Sheena Easton, Roberto Goyeneche, Giacomo Aragall and Armando Manzanero.
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# Dyango
## Farewell tour: Thanks, Goodbye and until forever {#farewell_tour_thanks_goodbye_and_until_forever}
Dyango announced his farewell to his musical profession, making a farewell tour in Latin America and Spain and thanking thousands of people who formed his international audience.
The singer visited several countries in Latin America in July 2017, visiting Argentina to present his new album *¿Y ahora qué?*
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# Filchner Mountains
The **Filchner Mountains** (*Filchnerberge*) are a group of mountains 11 km southwest of the Drygalski Mountains, at the western end of the Orvin Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were discovered by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938--1939), led by Capt. Alfred Ritscher, and named for Wilhelm Filchner, leader of the German expedition to the Weddell Sea area in 1911--12. They were remapped from air photos taken by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1958--59
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# The Box (Chicago album)
AllMusic\|first=William\|last=Ruhlmann\|author=William Ruhlmann}}
}}
***The Box*** is a five-CD/one DVD career-spanning box set by the popular American group Chicago, compiled and released by Rhino Records in 2003. It is the band\'s twenty-eighth canon release; the members of Chicago helped choose the material from their entire back catalogue.
The box includes material from every studio album released by the band since its 1969 debut, *Chicago Transit Authority*, to its late 1990s recordings, along with a few rarities, notably three songs from the then-unreleased 1993 *Stone of Sisyphus* project. Every charting single from 1969 to 2003 is included, with the exception of the 1986 remake of the band\'s earlier hit, \"25 or 6 to 4\".
An additional DVD features rare live recordings from 1972 and promotional material for 1979\'s *Chicago 13*. The set also includes a booklet of additional material featuring track-by-track analysis, promotional photos, essays and variations on the familiar Chicago logo.
The set did not chart in the US or the UK.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
\| length19 = 4:36 \| writer19 = Cetera \| extra19 = *Hot Streets* \| title20 = Hot Streets \| length20 = 5:14 \| writer20 = Lamm \| extra20 = *Hot Streets* }}
\| length12 = 4:11 \| writer12 = Lamm/Bill Champlin/Deborah Neal \| extra12 = *Chicago 17* \| title13 = Hard Habit to Break \| length13 = 4:43 \| writer13 = Steve Kipner/Jon Parker \| extra13 = *Chicago 17* \| title14 = Along Comes a Woman \| note14 = Single version \| length14 = 3:46 \| writer14 = Cetera/Mark Goldenberg \| extra14 = *Chicago 17* \| title15 = You\'re the Inspiration \| length15 = 3:48 \| writer15 = Cetera/Foster \| extra15 = *Chicago 17* \| title16 = Good for Nothing \| length16 = 3:38 \| writer16 = Lamm/Foster/Richard Marx \| extra16 = *We Are the World*, 1985 \| title17 = If She Would Have Been Faithful\... \| length17 = 3:51 \| writer17 = Kipner/Randy Goodrum \| extra17 = *Chicago 18*, 1986 \| title18 = Forever \| length18 = 5:17 \| writer18 = Lamm/Bill Gable \| extra18 = *Chicago 18* \| title19 = Will You Still Love Me? \| note19 = Single version \| length19 = 4:11 \| writer19 = Foster/Tom Keane/Richard Baskin \| extra19 = *Chicago 18* \| title20 = Niagara Falls \| length20 = 3:42 \| writer20 = Kipner/Bobby Caldwell \| extra20 = *Chicago 18* }}
### Disc 6: DVD {#disc_6_dvd}
*Features live material from 1972 and promotional videos for* Chicago 13 *in 1979
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# Mars-class combat stores ship
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# Kornelia Ender
**Kornelia Ender** (later **Matthes** now **Grummt**, born 25 October 1958) is a former East German swimmer who at the 1976 Summer Olympics became the first woman swimmer to win four gold medals at a single Olympic Games, all in world record times. It was later proven that the East German team doctors had systematically administered steroids to their athletes (albeit without the athletes\' knowledge). As she had exhibited symptoms of steroid use in 1976 (deep voice, overdeveloped body), strong suspicion was cast on the validity of Ender\'s accomplishments.
Ender trained from a young age and won her first Olympic medals as a 13-year-old at the 1972 Olympics in Munich: three silver medals, including one in the 200 m individual medley, finishing behind Australia\'s Shane Gould. Over the following years she broke 32 world records in individual events, including the four at the Montreal Games. In 1991, she addressed the long-held suspicions about her physical condition at the 1976 Games, acknowledging that team doctors and coaches had given her numerous injections of drugs over the preceding months (cf. doping in East Germany). Ender said that she did not know at the time, nor had she ever subsequently found out, exactly what the drugs were. She said she was told only that the drugs would help her \"regenerate and recuperate\" and therefore, although she was surprised by the muscle mass she added, she nonetheless attributed it simply to her rigorous training.
When she became suspicious and refused to take chlorodehydromethyltestosterone in 1977 she was banned from the team by Manfred Ewald.
Ender was married for four years to East German backstroke swimmer and multiple Olympic champion Roland Matthes. She is now married to former East German track and field athlete and bobsledder Steffen Grummt
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# Jane Lane, Lady Fisher
**Jane Lane** (c. 1626 -- 9 September 1689) played a role in the escape of Charles II after the Battle of Worcester in 1651. She rode with Charles, who was disguised as her servant, from Staffordshire to Somerset.
## Origins
Jane was the daughter of Thomas Lane and Anne Bagot of the parish of Bentley and Hyde (near Walsall). Her parents had married at Blithfield, Staffordshire, in 1608. Their son, John, was born on 8 April 1609, the first of what were to be four sons and five daughters.
There are several early christening dates for a Jane Lane in the International Genealogical Index which have been estimated by contributors, most probably based on a spurious date for her marriage. However she was known as \'Jane Lane\' in 1651 and so was unmarried at that date.
Known birth (and other) dates for Jane Lane\'s siblings are:
- John (8 April 1609 -- 31 August 1667) a colonel in the Royalist army and, after the Restoration, MP for Lichfield
- Walter Lane---born May 1611
- William Lane---baptised 7 August 1625
- Richard Lane---youngest son (became a Groom of the Bedchamber)
- Withy Lane (married John Petre). Withy is stated in the book *Flight of the King* (Alan Fea, 1908, Methuen) as being the eldest daughter of the family.
- Jane Lane
- Anne Lane (married Edward Birch)
- Mary Lane---born 1619 (married Edward Nicholas)
- Elizabeth Lane
In May 1644 her family home Bentley Hall was looted by parliamentary forces during the Civil War.
## The ride to Bristol with Charles II {#the_ride_to_bristol_with_charles_ii}
Following defeat at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, Charles II escaped and headed north into Shropshire and Staffordshire with several companions including Lord Derby and Henry, Lord Wilmot. A reward of £1000 was offered for the capture of the King. It is likely that the King and anyone helping him would have been executed for treason, if caught. The King had a distinctive appearance: very dark and six feet two inches tall (1.88 m). Furthermore, there were cavalry patrols tasked with finding the King. At this time it was illegal for Catholics to travel more than five miles away from their homes without a pass from the sheriff of the county. Helping the King would therefore be hazardous.
Wilmot had gone to Bentley Hall in Staffordshire, the home of Colonel John Lane, who had been an officer in the Royalist Army since 1642. His sister was Jane Lane. She was described by John Evelyn as \"an acute wit\", \"an excellent disputant\" though \"no beauty\". Wilmot learned that Jane had obtained a permit from the military for herself and a servant to travel to the seaport of Bristol, to visit a relation, Ellen Norton, who was having a baby. Lord Wilmot saw the opportunity of escaping through Bristol in the guise of the servant, since no lady would travel alone. On learning of the King\'s failure to reach Wales, Wilmot decided that the King should take advantage of the military pass and travel to Bristol as Jane Lane\'s servant, and then find a ship to take him to France.
When the King reached Bentley Hall early on 10 September 1651, he was dressed as a tenant farmer\'s son and adopted the alias 'William Jackson' for the next part of his journey. The party then set out, Charles riding the same horse as Jane Lane. They were accompanied by Withy Petre (Jane Lane\'s sister), her husband John Petre, and Henry Lascelles, another related Royalist officer.
Lord Wilmot refused to travel in disguise; he rode openly half a mile ahead of the party and if challenged he said he would claim to be out hunting. This was a risky yet useful decoy. The party rode through Rowley Regis then Quinton to Bromsgrove. When they arrived at Bromsgrove they found that the horse ridden by Charles and Lane had lost a shoe. The King, playing the role of servant, took the horse to a blacksmith. The King when he later told his story to Samuel Pepys and others said, `{{quote|As I was holding my horse's foot, I asked the smith what news. He told me that there was no news that he knew of, since the good news of the beating the rogues of the Scots. I asked him whether there was none of the English taken that joined with the Scots, He answered he did not hear if that rogue, Charles Stuart, were taken; but some of the others, he said, were taken. I told him that if that rogue were taken, he deserved to be hanged more than all the rest, for bringing in the Scots. Upon which he said I spoke like an honest man; and so we parted.<ref>{{citation|last=Hamilton|first=Anthony|author-link=Antoine Hamilton
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8kMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464|title=Count Grammont's Memoirs of the Court of Charles the Second and the Boscobel Narratives|editor-last=Scott|editor-first=Walter|editor-link=Walter Scott|publisher=Henry G Bohn|place=London|date=1846| chapter= King Charles's escape from Worcester: (The Kings own account of his escape and preservation after the Battle of Worcester as dictated to Samuel Pepys at Newmarket on Sunday, October 3d, and Tuesday, October 5th, 1680)| page= 464}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|editor-last=Hughes|editor-first=John|editor-link=John Hughes (1790–1857)| date=1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrYBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA162 |title=The Boscobel Tracts: Relating to the Escape of Charles the Second After the Battle of Worcester and his subsequent adventures|publisher= William Blackwood and Sons|page=162}}</ref><ref>J. Fitzgerald Molloy. ''[http://www.fullbooks.com/Royalty-Restored-or-London-under-Charles-II1.html Royalty Restored or London under Charles II]'' Chapter II.</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
The party reached Wootton Wawen where cavalry had gathered outside the inn. Here John and Withy Petre went ahead of the party. The King, Lane and Henry Lascelles with great coolness rode through the troops. The party then continued through Stratford-upon-Avon, and on to Long Marston where they spent the night of 10 September at the house of John Tomes, another relation of Lane.
On Thursday 11 September, they continued through Chipping Campden and then to Cirencester, where it is said they spent the night of 11 September at the Crown Inn. The next morning they travelled on to Chipping Sodbury and then to Bristol, arriving at Abbots Leigh on the evening of 12 September. They stayed at the home of Mr and Mrs George Norton, who were also Lane\'s friends. The Nortons were unaware of the King\'s identity during his three-day stay at Abbots Leigh. While staying there Charles deflected suspicion by asking a servant, who had been in the King\'s personal guard at the Battle of Worcester, to describe the King\'s appearance and clothing at the battle. The man looked at Charles and said, \"The King was at least three fingers taller than \[you\].\"
## Bristol to Trent {#bristol_to_trent}
Attempts were made to find a ship from Bristol to France but without success. Charles and Wilmot therefore decided to try the south coast.
Ellen Norton had a miscarriage and felt that Lane should stay. Consequently, Lane had to counterfeit a letter apparently calling her back to Bentley so that she could leave with the King.
On the morning of 16 September Charles and Lane set out and reached the Manor House, Castle Cary. The next day they reached Trent in Somerset (now in Dorset). They stayed at Trent House, the home of Colonel Francis Wyndham, another Royalist officer. The King spent the next few days hiding at Trent whilst Wyndham and Wilmot attempted to find a ship from Lyme Regis or Weymouth. While at Trent that the King witnessed the local villagers celebrating, believing that he had been killed at Worcester. On 18 September Jane Lane and Lascelles returned home.
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# Jane Lane, Lady Fisher
## Lane\'s exile {#lanes_exile}
However, Lane heard on 14 October that the Council of State had been told she had helped with the escape. Before Bentley Hall was searched, she left, walking to Yarmouth while posing as a \"country wench\", and travelled to France. She arrived in Paris in December 1651 and was welcomed by the Court in exile. She developed a strong friendship with the King and with Queen Henrietta Maria. The King held her in great esteem, so much so that John Fisher reported a rumour had circulated that she was the King\'s mistress. Even the King\'s sister, Mary, in a letter from Holland referred to Jane as the King\'s \'wife\'.
In 1652, Charles arranged for Lane to become a lady-in-waiting for his sister Princess Mary in Holland. Throughout his exile Charles carried on affectionate correspondence with Jane Lane and often said that he wished he could help her more. Lane received the following letter from Charles in reply to a letter in which she had said he had probably forgotten her by now:
## Restoration
At the Restoration Lane returned to England. Charles was then able to give her a pension of £1000 per year and many gifts, including portraits of the King and a lock of his hair. Parliament also voted her £1000 to buy a jewel to commemorate her service. Her courageous loyalty earned for her family the right to add the three Lions of England to their coat of arms. (In later years the lions exempted the Lane family from a tax on coats of arms, as the royal arms were exempt.)
She was married to Sir Clement Fisher, 2nd Baronet of Packington Hall, Warwickshire (1613--1683), on 8 December 1663 by Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury. Fisher had served under Jane\'s brother, John Lane, as a captain in the First Civil War. There were no children from the marriage.
In later life she lived extravagantly. There were arrears of £6,500 in the payment of her pension and she was deeply in debt. Lady Fisher died at Packington Old Hall, between Birmingham and Coventry, on 9 September 1689 and was buried at Packington. Because of her debts, her estate was only £10. There is a memorial to Jane and her parents in St Peter\'s Collegiate Church, Wolverhampton.
Several paintings of Lane exist including one in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery of the King and Jane Lane on a horse ([NPG 5251](http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?search=ss&sText=jane+lane&LinkID=mp01588&rNo=0&role=sit)). It was part of a romanticised series about the escape painted by Isaac Fuller shortly after the Restoration.
## In fiction {#in_fiction}
- Jane Lane is the subject of the 2012 novel *The King\'s Mistress* by Gillian Bagwell (US title *The September Queen*).
- Lane plays a significant part in Georgette Heyer\'s novel, *Royal Escape*, pub. 1938.
- Jane Lane appears in an episode describing Charles\'s II escape in Charlotte Mary Yonge\'s *Under the Storm* (1888)
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# Not Lame Recordings
**Not Lame Recordings** was a Ft. Collins, Colorado based independent record label specializing in power pop music.
## History
The label was started by Bruce Brodeen in November 1994 It primarily focused on power pop, a form of guitar and harmony driven retro-rock. Within this genre, the label quickly became the center of a small but ever expanding cult of power pop enthusiasts.
Not Lame released over 100 albums, including the annual 3-CD compilation of the International Pop Overthrow festival from 1997 through 2010 (with later years being brought out by Brodeen privately). The label also released albums for artists like Tommy Keene, Dwight Twilley, Doug Powell, and Mark Helm, as well as bands such as Myracle Brah, The Deal, Sweet Apple Pie, Hawks, and Wanderlust; and box sets for such notables as Jellyfish and The Posies. The company\'s online store has sold over 15,000 different CD releases.
After 16 years of operation, the label shut down on November 24, 2010. The reasons Brodeen mentioned for his decision were a career switch he had undertaken, combined with decreasing music sales in recent years in an already small market for CDs in the power pop genre. Rather than running a label, Brodeen introduced [Pop Geek Heaven](http://www.popgeekheaven.com/), an online interactive social media site, as a successor to Not Lame\'s role within the power pop community
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# Terry Kinney
**Terry Kinney** (born January 29, 1954) is an American actor and theater director, and a founding member of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company, with Gary Sinise and Jeff Perry. Kinney is best known for his role as Tim McManus on HBO\'s prison drama *Oz*.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kinney was born in Lincoln, Illinois, the son of Elizabeth L. (née Eimer), a telephone operator, and Kenneth C. Kinney, a tractor company supervisor.
## Career
### Theatre
Kinney has been involved in theatre since 1974, when he, Gary Sinise and Jeff Perry founded the Steppenwolf Theatre Company. In describing the company\'s radical usage of cinematic techniques such as accelerated time, substantial soundtracks and the rough equivalent of dissolves and bleeds, Kinney had said:
> We've always been more influenced by cinematic techniques than stage techniques because stage techniques have been around long enough to become really boring and cliché. Our earliest influences were the films of Cassavetes, not any plays we'd seen. We always tend to score our pieces and we always tend to manipulate the audience to look where we want them to look and the way to do that is to get very tight on certain situations.
He has directed several plays (see below) and performed in several. In 1985, he performed in the Drama Desk Award--winning play *Balm in Gilead* by Lanford Wilson. In 1996, Kinney played Tilden in the Sam Shepard play *Buried Child* directed by Gary Sinise in New York City. During a performance of *Buried Child*, Kinney had a \"terrible, horrible, screaming panic attack\" and stayed offstage for several years, only returning in 2002 in a performance with Kurt Elling called *Petty Delusions and Grand Obsessions*. He directed Richard Greenberg\'s play *Well Appointed Room* in 2006 and Neil LaBute\'s *reasons to be pretty* in 2009. In 2010, he directed another Lanford Wilson play, *Fifth of July*, for Bay Street Theatre (July) and for the Williamstown Theatre Festival (August).
In October--November 2012, Kinney directed *Checkers*, a new play by Douglas McGrath at the Vineyard Theatre, New York City. He directed Lyle Kessler\'s new play *Collision* in January 2013 at Rattlestick Playwrights Theater.
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# Terry Kinney
## Career
### Film and television {#film_and_television}
Besides his theatrical work, Kinney has done much acting, mainly for television, starting in 1986 with an appearance in *Miami Vice*. In 1987, he starred as Pastor Tom Bird in the CBS miniseries *Murder Ordained* opposite JoBeth Williams. He is perhaps best known for his portrayal of the idealistic unit manager Tim McManus on HBO\'s prison drama *Oz*.
In 1995, Kinney co-starred with Tommy Lee Jones in an adaptation of an Elmer Kelton western novel titled *The Good Old Boys*. Tommy Lee Jones directed this made-for-TV movie which also co-starred Sissy Spacek, Matt Damon, Sam Shepard, Wilford Brimley and retired Texas Ranger H. Joaquin Jackson.
Kinney also directed two episodes of *Oz*, \"Cruel and Unusual Punishments\" in 1999 and \"Wheel of Fortune\" in 2002. Explaining the experience, he said, \"it was great training for shooting on a limited budget, on a time crunch.\"
His film work includes a role in the 1988 film *Miles from Home*, which featured many cast members of Steppenwolf and was directed by Sinise. In 1995, he played mayoral candidate Todd Carter in Carl Franklin\'s film *Devil in a Blue Dress*. In 1996, Kinney played a comedic role as Uncle David in the coming-of-age drama *Fly Away Home*. In 1999, Kinney played the lead in the indie film *The Young Girl and the Monsoon*, about Hank, a 39-year-old photojournalist dealing with a demanding job and a growing daughter. In 2001, he played the estranged father of the protagonist, Sara Johnson (Julia Stiles), in the film *Save the Last Dance*.
In 2006, Kinney directed an 18-minute film called *Kubuku Rides (This Is It)*, which portrays the effects of drug addiction of a mother as seen by her young son. The film is based on the short story by Larry Brown. It is the first film produced by Steppenwolf Films. In 2008, he directed *Diminished Capacity*, a feature film with a big Steppenwolf presence, based on the Sherwood Kiraly novel of that name.
For television, in 2008, Kinney was Deputy Attorney General Zach Williams in *Canterbury\'s Law*, a short-lived Fox series. In 2009, he played Sergeant Harvey Brown in the ABC series *The Unusuals*, and in the same year, he had a recurring role as Special Agent Sam Bosco on the hit CBS series *The Mentalist*.
2010 saw a pilot for a CBS drama called *The Line*, starring Dylan Walsh as ATF Agent Donovan with Kinney as a complex criminal, Alex Gunderson, that Donovan is hunting. The series was to be based on a novel by Robert Gregory Browne called *Kiss Her Goodbye*. (Browne said that the show was tentatively called *ATF*.) In 2011 Kinney had a recurring role in the North American adaptation of *Being Human* as Heggemann, an 1,100-year-old Dutch vampire. In April 2012 he starred in the CBS police procedural drama *NYC 22* as Field Training Officer Daniel \"Yoda\" Dean. However, after four episodes *NYC 22* was axed. Kinney also guest starred as Salvatore Amato, a member of a Chicago crime family, in the new Fox drama *The Mob Doctor* premiering in September 2012.
Kinney was cast as a series regular on ABC drama series *Black Box* opposite Kelly Reilly and Vanessa Redgrave, set to air on ABC in 2014.
From 2016 to 2023, Kinney has played Hall, a recurring character in the TV series *Billions*. In 2019, Terry was cast in the Shonda Rhimes mini-series *Inventing Anna* alongside Julia Garner, Laverne Cox, and Anna Chlumsky. The series, which depicts Instagram-famous scam artist Anna Sorokin, premiered on Netflix in 2022.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
From 1984 to 1988, Kinney was married to Elizabeth Perkins. From 1993 to 2005, he was married to his *Oz* co-star Kathryn Erbe, with whom he has two children.
Kinney lives in Brooklyn, New York.
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# Terry Kinney
## Theater directing credits {#theater_directing_credits}
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
1976 *The Lover* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago/Starred Laurie Metcalf and Jeff Perry
1981 *Of Mice and Men* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago/Starred Gary Sinise
1982 *And a Nightingale Sang* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago/Starred Joan Allen
1984 *Fool for Love* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago/Starred William Petersen and Rondi Reed
1985 *Streamers* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago/Starred Gary Sinise and Jeff Perry
1990 *Reckless* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago/Starred Joan Allen
1992 *My Thing Of Love* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago/Starred Laurie Metcalf
1994 *A Clockwork Orange* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago
1997 *A Streetcar Named Desire* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago/Starred Gary Sinise
1998 *Eyes For Consuela* Director Manhattan Theatre Club, New York City/Starred David Strathairn
2000 *One Flew Over The Cuckoo\'s Nest* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago/Starred Gary Sinise
2003 *The Violet Hour* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago
2004 *Beautiful Child* Director Vineyard Theatre, New York City/Starred Gary Sinise
2005 *After Ashley* Director Vineyard Theatre, New York City/Starred Kieran Culkin and Anna Paquin
2006 *The Well-Appointed Room* Director Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago/Starred Josh Charles and Tracy Letts
*The Agony and the Agony* Director Vineyard Theatre, New York City/Starred Nicky Silver
2009 *reasons to be pretty* (Neil LaBute) Director MCC, New York City/Starred Piper Perabo and Thomas Sadoski
2010 *Fifth of July* (Lanford Wilson) Director Bay Street Theatre (July), then Williamstown Theatre Festival (August)
2019 *Curse of the Starving Class* (Sam Shepard) Director Signature Theatre, New York City/Starred Maggie Siff
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ---------------------------------------------- ----------------------- -----------------
1978 *A Wedding* Caterer Uncredited
1985 *Seven Minutes in Heaven* Bill the Photographer
1986 *No Mercy* Paul Deveneux
1987 *A Walk on the Moon* Lew Ellis
1988 *Miles from Home* Mark
1991 *Queens Logic* Jeremy
*Talent for the Game* Gil Lawrence
1992 *The Last of the Mohicans* John Cameron
1993 *Body Snatchers* Steve Malone
*The Firm* Lamar Quinn
1995 *Devil in a Blue Dress* Todd Carter
1996 *Sleepers* Ralph Ferguson
*Fly Away Home* David Alden
1997 *White Lies* Richard
1998 *Luminous Motion* Pedro
1999 *The Young Girl and the Monsoon* Hank With Ellen Muth
*Oxygen* Captain Tim Foster
2000 *The House of Mirth* George Dorset
2001 *Save the Last Dance* Roy Johnson
2003 *House Hunting* Hogue Short film
2004 *Focus Group* Bob Sadler Short film
2005 *The Game of Their Lives* Dent McSkimming
*Runaway* Dr. Maxim
2007 *Turn the River* Markus
2012 *Promised Land* David Churchill
2015 *I Smile Back* Dr. Page
2017 *Abundant Acreage Available* Jesse Ledbetter
*November Criminals* Principal Karlstadt
2018 *Mile 22* Johnny Porter
2019 *Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile* Mike Fisher
2021 *The Little Things* Captain Farris
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ ------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- -----------------------------------
1986 *Miami Vice* Asst. State Atty. William Pepin Episode: \"The Good Collar\"
1987--1989 *thirtysomething* Steve Woodman 7 episodes
1987 *Murder Ordained* Pastor Tom Bird TV film
1990 *Kojak: None So Blind* Paul Hogarth TV film
1991 *The Grapes of Wrath* Reverend Jim Casey Teleplay
1992 *Deadly Matrimony* Jim Mihkalik Miniseries
1993 *JFK: Reckless Youth* Joseph P. Kennedy TV film
1995 *The Good Old Boys* Walter Calloway TV film (dir: Tommy Lee Jones)
1996 *Homicide: Life on the Street* Richard Laumer Episode: \"Map of the Heart\"
*Critical Choices* Lloyd TV film
1997 *George Wallace* Billy Watson TV film (dir: John Frankenheimer)
1997--2003 *Oz* Emerald City Unit Manager Tim McManus Main role
1998 *Don\'t Look Down* Dr. Paul Sadowski TV film (dir: Wes Craven)
1999 *That Championship Season* James Daly TV film
2001 *Midwives* Rand Danforth TV film
2002 *The Laramie Project* Dennis Shepard TV film
2003 *Queens Supreme* Andrew Grigg Episode: \"Words That Wound\"
2004 *CSI: NY* District Attorney Tom Mitford 2 episodes
2005 *Amber Frey: Witness for the Prosecution* Detective Neil O\'Hara TV film
2006 *Kidnapped* James \"Sully\" Sullivan Episode: \"Sorry, Wrong Number\"
2008 *Law & Order* Clifford Chester Episode: \"Driven\"
*Wainy Days* Marvin Episode: \"Carol\"
*Canterbury\'s Law* Deputy Attorney General Zach Williams Main cast
2009 *The Unusuals* Sergeant Harvey Brown Main cast
*The Mentalist* Special Agent Sam Bosco Recurring role
2010 *The Good Wife* Gerald Kozko 3 episodes
2011--2012 *Being Human* Heggemann Recurring role
2012 *NYC 22* Daniel \"Yoda\" Dean Main cast
*The Mob Doctor* Dante Amato 2 episodes
2013 *Elementary* Howard Ennis Episode: \"The Deductionist\"
2014 *Black Box* Dr. Owen Morely Series regular
2015 *Show Me a Hero* Peter Smith Miniseries
*Fargo* Chief Gibson 2 episodes
2016--2017 *Good Behavior* Christian Series regular
2016--2022 *Billions* Hall Recurring role
2018 *Electric Dreams* Mr
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# Graphicacy
**Graphicacy** is defined as the ability to understand and present information in the form of sketches, photographs, diagrams, maps, plans, charts, graphs and other non-textual formats.
## Origin
The word graphicacy was coined in 1965 by geographers William Balchin and Alice Coleman as a characterisation of visuo-spatial and cartographic abilities, \"the communication of spatial information that cannot be conveyed adequately by verbal or numerical means\", including the whole field of graphic arts and much of geography, cartography, computer-graphics, and photography. The word \"graphicacy\" was chosen by analogy with literacy, numeracy and articulacy.
## Differences from other skills {#differences_from_other_skills}
Interpretation of graphics is loosely analogous to the process of reading text, while generation of graphics is the counterpart of writing text. However, text and graphics are based on very different symbol systems. For example, whereas text is structured according to formal organisational rules that apply irrespective of the content, this is not the case for graphics. With text structure, the units of information (words) are expected to be organised according to broad conventions (such as being sequenced in orderly rows starting from top left and progressing down the page). However graphics are not subject to a similarly stringent set of structural conventions. Instead, it is the content itself that determines the nature of the graphic entities and the way they are arranged. For example, the form and spatial arrangement of the items that comprise the actual subject matter being represented in the graphic are used as the basis for the graphic entities and structure that are displayed in the graphic. This is not the case with written text where the words and their arrangement bear no resemblance to the represented subject matter. Because of these and other fundamental differences between text and graphics, the processes involved in comprehension and production of graphics are distinguished from those involved in comprehension and production of text.
## Issues
The concept of graphicacy acknowledges the characteristic features of graphic information that distinguish it from other forms of representation such as verbal and numerical information. Separating graphicacy from literacy and numeracy delineates the distinctive and complementary types of contributions that graphics, words, and numbers each make in human communication.
The interpretative components of graphicacy skills are relevant in the increasing range of situations where graphics carry the primary responsibility for communication. Early recognition of the importance of graphicacy came from disciplines such as geography, science and mathematics in which graphics play a key role. Educators in these and similar disciplines have become increasingly concerned with the capacities of students to comprehend information presented by way of graphics.
The interpretation of certain types of graphics can sometimes be very challenging. In addition, it is thought`{{who|date=April 2021}}`{=mediawiki} that graphicacy skills are largely learned rather than innate and that a viewer\'s capacity to interpret particular types of graphics is related to their background knowledge, in particular knowledge about the specific *graphic system* used to depict the subject matter, and knowledge about the *subject matter* that is depicted in the graphic. Severe deficiencies in either of these aspects of background knowledge may prevent a viewer from comprehending a graphic.
## Example
There are some fundamental differences between written text and a graphic representation. For example, a brief explanation of the structure of a bowstring arch bridge may read:
> *Spanning the river is the bridge's arch structure with its ends carried by abutments on each bank. The deck of the bridge is suspended by struts attached to the arch and runs between the banks. Each end of the deck is connected to the arch\'s legs.*
The main items mentioned, extracted and arranged in their order of mention in the text, would read:
> *River; Bridge; Arch; Ends of arch; Abutments; Banks; Deck; Bridge; Struts; Arch; Banks; Ends of deck; Arch legs*
The signs used to represent parts of the bridge in words are very different from the signs used in the picture of the bridge. Furthermore, the same items (such as bridge, arch, and banks) are often mentioned more than once in the text version, due to the constraints of text as a representational system. However, in a graphic of this bridge, such information would only need to appear once. The arrangement of these items is also different in the text from what it would be in a graphic. When compared with the order of mention in the text with this depiction, the text is not arranged in a way that would directly map onto the bridge, but presents the bridge\'s components in a linear sequence that gives no visual indication of the bridge\'s structure
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# David Roentgen
**David Roentgen** (1743 in Herrnhaag`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}February 12, 1807), was a German cabinetmaker of the eighteenth century, famed throughout Europe for his marquetry and his secret drawers and poes and mechanical fittings. His work embraces the late Rococo and the Neoclassical styles.
## Chronology
In 1753 his father Abraham Roentgen, who had trained in London in the workshop of William Gomm, migrated to the Moravian settlement at Neuwied, near Coblenz, where he established a furniture factory. David learned his trade in his father\'s workshop, inherited the paternal business in 1772, and entered into partnership with the clockmaker Kintzing. By that time, the name of the firm was well known, even in France. Oddly he is remembered in France as one of the foreign cabinetmakers and workers in marquetry who, like Jean-François Oeben and Jean Henri Riesener, achieved distinction during the closing years of the Ancien Régime. Since Paris was the style center of Europe, he opened a show-room, but his furniture was made in Neuwied. The engraver Willerters recorded his appearance in Paris, initially on August 30, 1774, that **M. Rontgen, celebre \[\[ébéniste\]\], établi à Nieuwied, peintre de Coblenz, m\'est venu voir, en m\'apportant une lettre de recommandation de M. Zick, peintre à Coblenz \... Comme M. Rontgen connaissait personne à Paris, je lui fus utile en lui enseignant quelques sculpteurs et dessinateurs dont il avait besoin.**
Roentgen was first and foremost an astute man of business. His outlet did not prosper as expected. The powerful trade corporation of the maîtres ébénistes disputed his right to sell in Paris furniture of foreign manufacture. In 1780 he resolved this restriction by inventing new style of marquetry, which attracted a good deal of attention. Instead of representing light and shade by burning, smoking or engraving the pieces of veneer, DR arranged intricate patterns of wood inlay to create the impression of pietra dura. His great rivals admitted him to their exclusive guild.
He appears to have curried considerable favor with the queen, Marie Antoinette, whose first language was also German. On several of his journeys throughout Europe, she charged him to deliver her presents and dolls dressed in the latest Paris fashions. They were intended to serve as patterns for the dressmakers to her mother and her sisters.
Because of his proficiency in constructing furniture with amusing mechanical features, the queen appointed Roentgen *ébéniste-mechanicien*. Popular in the late eighteenth century, ladies\' dressing tables were designed to appear as a desk, drawing table or other less personal furniture, to conceal toiletries. A spring trigger, hidden catch or button revealed its dual purpose.
David mastered this style, dubbed Harlequin after the theatrical character, whatever the reference to archetype implied. His mechanical inventiveness outshone more accomplished cabinetry. The extent of his fame is shown by Goethe mention of him in *Wilhelm Meister\'s Apprenticeship*. The box inhabited by the fairy during her travels with her mortal lover is compared to Roentgen\'s desk in which a single pull released many springs, latches, hidden drawers, secret compartments and mechanical devices. Before he lost his head, Louis XVI paid him 80,000 *livres* for such a desk. Outwardly it looked like a commode. Marquetry panels showed Minerva, Roman goddess of arts, hanging the portrait of Marie Antoinette on a column engraved with her name. Above the riot of architectural details was a musical clock (the work of the partner Peter Kinzing), topped by a cupola representing Parnassus, party peak. The interior of this monumental effort, 11 ft high, was a marvel of mechanical precision. It disappeared during the First Empire under Napoleon.
Roentgen did not confine his attentions to Paris, or even to France. He traveled about Europe accompanied by furniture vans of his factory\'s products. Undoubtedly his aptitude as a commercial traveler was remarkable. He had shops in Berlin and Saint Petersburg. On one of his visits to Russia, he sold to the Empress Catherine furniture invoiced at 20,000 roubles. She added 5000 roubles and a personal present, a gold snuff-box, for quick fulfillment of an unexpected request. When news arrived of the Russian navy\'s victory over the Turks at Cheshme, DR ingeniously mounted a clock commemorating the date and time onto the Tsarina\'s personal secretaire desk. This suite of furniture is believed to be in the Palace of the Hermitage, with vaults of so much remarkable art uncatalogued outside Russia. To the protection of the queen of France and the empress of Russia, David added the king in Prussia, Frederick William II, who in 1792 made him a Commerzienrat, commercial agent for the Lower Rhine district. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars eclipsed Roentgen\'s star as many other great cabinetmakers of the period. In 1793 the Revolutionary government, declaring him an émigré, seized the contents of his showrooms, inventory and personal belongings. After that, he did no further business in Paris. Five years later, the French invasion of Germany, Prussia and Austria led to the closing of his factory in Neuwied. He died half ruined at Wiesbaden on 12 February 1807.
The most complete collection of his work in private hands remains that of the ducal house of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, exhibited at Callenberg Castle in Coburg, north Bavaria. In 2012 Wolfam Koepp of the Metropolitan Museum of Art discovered a particular type of Roentgen table with removable legs for easier transport.
## Assessment
According to his biography in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition of 1911, Roentgen was not a great cabinetmaker: \"His forms were often clumsy, ungraceful, and commonplace; his furniture lacked the artistry of the French and the English cabinetmakers of the great period which came to an end about 1790. His bronzes were poor in design and coarse in execution; his work, in short, is tainted by commercialism. As an inlayer, however, he holds a position of high distinction. His marquetry is bolder and more vigorous than that of Riesener, who in other respects soared far above him. As an adroit devisor of mechanism he fully earned a reputation which former generations rated more highly than the modern critic, with his facilities for comparison, is prepared to accept. On the mechanical side he produced, with the help of Kintzing, many long-cased and other clocks with ingenious indicating and registering apparatus. Roentgen delighted in architectural forms, and his marquetry more often than not represents those scenes from classical mythology which were the dear delight of the 18th century.\" He is well represented at the V&A Museum in London, and other collections
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# City (New Jersey)
A **city** in the context of local government in New Jersey refers to one of five types and one of eleven forms of municipal government. Despite the widely held perception of a city as a large, urban area, cities in New Jersey have a confused history as a form of government and vary in size from large, densely populated areas to much smaller hamlets.
## History
The 1897 and 1899 city charter laws applied only to areas with a population under 12,000, and provided for a directly elected mayor, who served a two-year term and had strong executive powers. Both featured a council elected from wards to staggered three-year terms, plus one councilman elected at-large for a term of two years. The mayor had a veto power, which could be overridden by a two-thirds vote of the council. The two acts differed in a number of ways, including the process for selection of a board of education (1897: elected; 1899: appointed by the council).
By 1987, there were only eleven cities under these City Acts (including East Orange, which effectively operated under a special City charter). As in other forms, many amendments, revisions and changes had been made over the years, leading to confusing and often conflicting legislation.
The City Act of 1987 provides for a directly elected mayor who serves a four-year term and for a council that consists of seven members; six elected from two wards for staggered three-year terms and one elected at large for a four-year term. There are three councilmen in each ward with one councilmember from each ward up for election every year. The mayor is the chief executive and votes only to break a tie. The Mayor has veto power over all or portions of any ordinance, subject to override by a two-thirds vote of the Council. The Act also provides for the delegation of executive responsibilities to a municipal administrator.
Those cities operating under pre-1987 charters could retain the characteristics of their structure of government regarding terms of office, number of positions and other powers. Provisions of the 1987 Act can then be adopted through a petition and referendum process by the electorate
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# CHMOS
**CHMOS** refers to one of a series of Intel CMOS processes developed from their HMOS process. CHMOS stands for \"complementary high-performance metal-oxide-silicon. It was first developed in 1981.
CHMOS was used in the Intel 80C51BH, a new version of their standard MCS-51 microcontroller. The chip was also used in later versions of Intel 8086, and the 80C88, which were fully static version of the Intel 8088. The Intel 80386 was made in 1.5 μm CHMOS III, and later in 1.0 μm CHMOS IV.
CHMOS III used 1.5 micron lithography, p-well processing, n-well processing, and two layers of metal.
CHMOS III-E was used for the 12.5 MHz Intel 80C186 microprocessor. This technology uses 1 μm process for the EPROM.
CHMOS IV (H stands for High Speed) used 1.0 μm lithography. Many versions of the Intel 80486 were made in 1.0 μm CHMOS IV. Intel uses this technology on these 80C186EB and 80C188EB embedded processors.
CHMOS V used 0.8 μm lithography and 3 metal layers, and was used in later versions of the 80386, 80486, Intel486 SL and i860
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# Štěpánkovice
**Štěpánkovice** (*Schepankowitz*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,200 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Administrative division {#administrative_division}
Štěpánkovice consists of three municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
- Štěpánkovice (2,773)
- Bílá Bříza (65)
- Svoboda (227)
## Geography
Štěpánkovice is located about 9 km east of Opava and 21 km northwest of Ostrava. It lies in an agricultural landscape in the Opava Hilly Land. The highest point is at 313 m above sea level.
## History
The first written mention of Štěpánkovice is from 1265. In 1712, it was bought by the Lichnowsky family. Until 1742, the village belonged to Duchy of Troppau. From 1742 to 1918, after Empress Maria Theresa had been defeated, the village belonged to Prussia. In 1920, it became part of the newly established Czechoslovakia. During World War II, on 16 April 1945, Štěpánkovice was badly damaged and many buildings burned down.
## Demographics
## Transport
Štěpánkovice is located on a short railway line of local importance Kravaře--Chuchelná.
## Sights
The only protected cultural monument in the municipality is a granary from the first half of the 19th century. It is among the few preserved folk farm buildings of this type in the Hlučín Region.
The main landmark of Štěpánkovice is the Church of Saint Catherine. It was built in 1756 and reconstructed after war damage in 1945
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# List of comedy horror films
This is a sortable **list of comedy horror (or horror comedy) films,** this subgenre being a bundling of the two genres in which \"horror-comedy places an emphasis on scares, while the comedy-horror film moves that emphasis into the realm of laughs.\"
Year Title Reference
------ ------------------------------------------------------------- -----------
1920 *Haunted Spooks*
1921 *The Haunted House*
1922 *The Ghost Breaker*
1923 *Puritan Passions*
1925 *Dr. Pyckle and Mr. Pryde*
1925 *The Monster*
1926 *The Bat*
1927 *The Cat and the Canary*
1927 *The Gorilla*
1929 *Seven Footprints to Satan*
1930 *The Cat Creeps*
1932 *The Old Dark House*
1932 *Doctor X*
1933 *The Invisible Man*
1939 *The Cat and the Canary*
1939 *The Gorilla*
1940 *The Ghost Breakers*
1940 *You\'ll Find Out*
1941 *Hold That Ghost*
1941 *King of the Zombies*
1941 *Spooks Run Wild*
1942 *The Boogie Man Will Get You*
1944 *Zombies on Broadway*
1944 *Arsenic and Old Lace*
1945 *Scared Stiff*
1945 *Dead of Night*
1945 *Spook Busters*
1948 *Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein*
1949 *Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer, Boris Karloff*
1951 *Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man*
1951 *Mother Riley Meets the Vampire*
1951 *Scared Stiff*
1953 *Abbott and Costello Meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde*
1955 *Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy*
1957 *El Castillo de los Monstruos*
1957 *Invasion of the Saucer Men*
1959 *A Bucket of Blood*
1960 *The Little Shop of Horrors*
1961 *Creature from the Haunted Sea*
1963 *The Evil Eye*
1963 *The Old Dark House*
1963 *The Raven*
1964 *The Comedy of Terrors*
1965 *Bhoot Bungla*
1965 *Dr. Terror\'s House of Horrors*
1965 *Monsters Crash the Pajama Party*
1965 *Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters*
1966 *Carry On Screaming!*
1966 *The Ghost and Mr. Chicken*
1966 *Munster, Go Home!*
1967 *The Fearless Vampire Killers*
1967 *Hillbillys in a Haunted House*
1968 *Spider Baby*
1971 *The Abominable Dr. Phibes*
1972 *Beware! The Blob*
1972 *Children Shouldn\'t Play with Dead Things*
1972 *Dr. Phibes Rises Again*
1972 *The Gore Gore Girls*
1972 *Please Don\'t Eat My Mother*
1972 *Private Parts*
1972 *Tales from the Crypt*
1972 *The Thing with Two Heads*
1973 *Cannibal Girls*
1973 *The House in Nightmare Park*
1973 *Theatre of Blood*
1973 *The Vault of Horror*
1973 *The Werewolf of Washington*
1974 *The Cars That Ate Paris*
1974 *Phantom of the Paradise*
1974 *Young Frankenstein*
1975 *The Rocky Horror Picture Show*
1977 *House*
1978 *Attack of the Killer Tomatoes*
1978 *Piranha*
1979 *The Cat and the Canary*
1979 *Love at First Bite*
1980 *Banchharamer Bagan*
1980 *Christmas Evil*
1980 *Hell of the Living Dead*
1980 *Motel Hell*
1980 *Witches\' Brew*
1981 *An American Werewolf in London*
1981 *Encounters of the Spooky Kind*
1981 *The Munsters\' Revenge*
1981 *The Evil Dead*
1981 *Saturday the 14th*
1981 *Shock Treatment*
1981 *Student Bodies*
1982 *Eating Raoul*
1982 *Creepshow*
1982 *Full Moon High*
1982 *Hysterical*
1982 *Jekyll and Hyde\... Together Again*
1982 *National Lampoon\'s Class Reunion*
1982 *Pandemonium*
1982 *Slumber Party massacre*
1983 *Bloodbath at the House of Death*
1983 *Frightmare*
1983 *Microwave Massacre*
1984 *Bloodsuckers from Outer Space*
1984 *Gremlins*
1984 *Ghostbusters*
1984 *Surf II*
1984 *The Toxic Avenger*
1985 *Once Bitten*
1985 *Re-Animator*
1985 *Return of the Living Dead*
1985 *The Stuff*
1985 *Transylvania 6-5000*
1986 *Blood Hook*
1986 *Chopping Mall*
1986 *Class of Nuke \'Em High*
1986 *Critters*
1986 *From Beyond*
1986 *Haunted Honeymoon*
1986 *House*
1986 *Killer Party*
1986 *Little Shop of Horrors*
1986 *Monster in the Closet*
1986 *Maximum Overdrive*
1986 *Mr. Vampire*
1986 *Mr. Vampire 2*
1986 *New Mr. Vampire*
1986 *Night of the Creeps*
1986 *The Seventh Curse*
1986 *Slaughter High*
1986 *TerrorVision*
1986 *Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2*
1986 *Troll*
1987 *Bad Taste*
1987 *Bates Motel*
1987 *Blood Diner*
1987 *A Chinese Ghost Story*
1987 *Curse of the Queerwolf*
1987 *Doom Asylum*
1987 *Evil Dead II*
1987 *House II: The Second Story*
1987 *I Was a Teenage Zombie*
1987 *The Lost Boys*
1987 *Mr. Vampire 3*
1987 *The Monster Squad*
1987 *Munchies*
1987 *Nightmare Sisters*
1987 *Return to Horror High*
1987 *Silent Night, Deadly Night 2*
1987 *Slumber Party Massacre 2*
1987 *Street Trash*
1987 *The Witches of Eastwick*
1988 *Assault of the Killer Bimbos*
1988 *Beetlejuice*
1988 *Dead Heat*
1988 *Dr. Hackenstein*
1988 *Elvira, Mistress of the Dark*
1988 *Evil Laugh*
1988 *High Spirits*
1988 *Hobgoblins*
1988 *Hollywood Chainsaw Hookers*
1988 *Killer Klowns from Outer Space*
1988 *The Lair of the White Worm*
1988 *Mr. Vampire 4*
1988 *My Best Friend Is a Vampire*
1988 *A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master*
1988 *Night of the Demons*
1988 *Return of the Killer Tomatoes*
1988 *Return of the Living Dead Part II*
1988 *Shaolin vs. Vampire*
1988 *Sorority Babes in the Slimeball Bowl-O-Rama*
1988 *Waxwork*
1989 *The \'Burbs*
1989 *Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death*
1989 *Cutting Class*
1989 *Dr. Caligari*
1989 *Ghostbusters II*
1989 *Hellgate*
1989 *Parents*
1989 *The Toxic Avenger Part II*
1989 *The Toxic Avenger Part III: The Last Temptation of Toxie*
1989 *My Mom\'s a Werewolf*
1989 *Shocker*
1989 *Vampire\'s Kiss*
1990 *Arachnophobia*
1990 *Bride of Re-Animator*
1990 *Frankenhooker*
1990 *Gremlins 2: The New Batch*
1990 *I Bought a Vampire Motorcycle*
1990 *Magic Cop*
1990 *Rockula*
1990 *Slumber Party Massacre 3*
1990 *Tales from the Darkside: The Movie*
1990 *Tremors*
1990 *Troll 2*
1990 *Ghost*
1990 *Repossessed*
1991 *Chopper Chicks in Zombietown*
1991 *Ernest Scared Stupid*
1991 *Freddy\'s Dead: The Final Nightmare*
1991 *Highway to Hell*
1991 *Nothing But Trouble*
1991 *Nudist Colony of the Dead*
1991 *Popcorn*
1991 *The Addams Family*
1991 *The People Under the Stairs*
1991 *The Willies*
1991 *Delicatessen*
1992 *Army of Darkness*
1992 *Braindead (also known as **Dead Alive** in North America)*
1992 *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*
1992 *Dr. Giggles*
1992 *Evil Toons*
1992 *Innocent Blood*
1992 *Society*
1993 *Addams Family Values*
1993 *Body Bags*
1993 *Body Melt*
1993 *Ed and His Dead Mother*
1993 *Funny Man*
1993 *Leprechaun*
1993 *Freaked*
1993 *Manichitrathazhu*
1993 *My Boyfriend\'s Back*
1993 *Return of the Living Dead 3*
1993 *Stepmonster*
1993 *Zombie Bloodbath*
1994 *Cemetery Man*
1994 *Serial Mom*
1994 *Wolf*
1995 *Blood and Donuts*
1995 *A Bucket of Blood*
1995 *Casper*
1995 *Tales from the Crypt: Demon Knight*
1995 *The Day of the Beast*
1995 *Dracula: Dead and Loving It*
1995 *Evil Ed*
1995 *Vampire in Brooklyn*
1996 *Bordello of Blood*
1996 *Cannibal! The Musical*
1996 *The Frighteners*
1996 *Frostbiter: Wrath of the Wendigo*
1996 *Jack Frost*
1996 *Scream*
1997 *An American Werewolf in Paris*
1997 *Killer Condom*
1997 *Wishmaster*
1997 *Scream 2*
1998 *Ajab Gayer Ajab Katha*
1998 *Bio Zombie*
1998 *Bride of Chucky*
1998 *Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island*
1999 *Wishmaster 2: Evil Never Dies*
1999 *Idle Hands*
1999 *Lake Placid*
1999 *Terror Firmer*
2000 *American Psycho*
2000 *Cherry Falls*
2000 *Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger IV*
2000 *Cut*
2000 *Little Otik*
2000 *Psycho Beach Party*
2000 *Scary Movie*
2000 *Scream 3*
2000 *Wild Zero*
2001 *Elvira\'s Haunted Hills*
2001 *The Happiness of the Katakuris*
2001 *Jesus Christ Vampire Hunter*
2001 *Scary Movie 2*
2002 *Bloody Mallory*
2002 *Bubba Ho-Tep*
2002 *Cabin Fever*
2002 *Eight Legged Freaks*
2002 *Halloween: Resurrection*
2002 *Scooby-Doo*
2003 *Battlefield Baseball*
2003 *Beyond Re-Animator*
2003 *Buppah Rahtree*
2003 *Dead End*
2003 *Gory Gory Hallelujah*
2003 *Gozu*
2003 *The Haunted Mansion*
2003 *Hey, Stop Stabbing Me!*
2003 *Scary Movie 3*
2004 *Choking Hazard*
2004 *Club Dread*
2004 *Dead & Breakfast*
2004 *Decoys*
2004 *Hide and Creep*
2004 *SARS Wars*
2004 *Satan\'s Little Helper*
2004 *Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed*
2004 *Seed of Chucky*
2004 *Shaun of the Dead*
2004 *To Catch a Virgin Ghost*
2005 *Boy Eats Girl*
2005 *Buppah Rahtree Phase 2: Rahtree Returns*
2005 *Die You Zombie Bastards!*
2005 *Chandramukhi*
2005 *D\' Anothers*
2005 *Evil Aliens*
2005 *The Gingerdead Man*
2005 *Ispiritista: Itay, May Moomoo!*
2005 *Pervert!*
2005 *Santa\'s Slay*
2006 *Behind the Mask: The Rise of Leslie Vernon*
2006 *Big Bad Wolf*
2006 *Black Sheep*
2006 *Botched*
2006 *Dead and Deader*
2006 *Evil Bong*
2006 *Feast*
2006 *Fido*
2006 *Frostbiten*
2006 *Monster House*
2006 *Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead*
2006 *Scary Movie 4*
2006 *Severance*
2006 *Slither*
2006 *Stupid Teenagers Must Die!*
2007 *Bhool Bhulaiyaa*
2007 *Bratz Kidz: Sleep-Over Adventure*
2007 *Ghost Station*
2007 *Long Pigs*
2007 *The Mad*
2007 *Murder Party*
2007 *My Name Is Bruce*
2007 *Netherbeast Incorporated*
2007 *Teeth*
2007 *ThanksKilling*
2007 *Trick \'r Treat*
2008 *Bad Biology*
2008 *Baghead*
2008 *Bhoothnath*
2008 *The Cottage*
2008 *Dance of the Dead*
2008 *Feast 2: Sloppy Seconds*
2008 *Gutterballs*
2008 *Hoodoo for Voodoo*
2008 *I Sell the Dead*
2008 *Jack Brooks: Monster Slayer*
2008 *Mostly Ghostly: Who Let the Ghosts Out?*
2008 *Otis*
2008 *Tokyo Gore Police*
2008 *Zombie Strippers*
2009 *Chaw*
2009 *Dead Hooker in a Trunk*
2009 *Dead Snow*
2009 *Doghouse*
2009 *Drag Me to Hell*
2009 *Infestation*
2009 *Jennifer\'s Body*
2009 *The Last Lovecraft: Relic of Cthulhu*
2009 *Lesbian Vampire Killers*
2009 *My Super Psycho Sweet 16*
2009 *The Revenant*
2009 *Stan Helsing*
2009 *Strigoi*
2009 *Tormented*
2009 *Where Got Ghost?*
2009 *Zombieland*
2010 *Big Tits Zombie*
2010 *Blood Junkie*
2010 *Hellbenders*
2010 *Juan of the Dead*
2010 *My Super Psycho Sweet 16: Part 2*
2010 *Piranha 3D*
2010 *President\'s Day*
2010 *Rare Exports: A Christmas Tale*
2010 *Rubber*
2010 *Trollhunter*
2010 *Tucker & Dale vs. Evil*
2011 *Detention*
2011 *Dylan Dog: Dead of Night*
2011 *Fright Night*
2011 *Kanchana*
2011 *Scream 4*
2011 *The Selling*
2011 *Zombie Ass: Toilet of the Dead*
2012 *Bhooter Bhabishyat*
2012 *Bloody Bloody Bible Camp*
2012 *The Cabin in the Woods*
2012 *Dark Shadows*
2012 *Dead Before Dawn*
2012 *A Fantastic Fear of Everything*
2012 *Frankenweenie*
2012 *Game of Werewolves*
2012 *Grabbers*
2012 *Jekhane Bhooter Bhoy*
2012 *John Dies at the End*
2012 *A Little Bit Zombie*
2012 *My Super Psycho Sweet 16: Part 3*
2012 *ParaNorman*
2012 *Piranha 3DD*
2012 *Stitches*
2012 *ThanksKilling 3*
2012 *Vamps*
2012 *You Can\'t Kill Stephen King*
2013 *100 Bloody Acres*
2013 *Adbhoot*
2013 *All Cheerleaders Die*
2013 *Bad Milo!*
2013 *Chastity Bites*
2013 *Chhayamoy*
2013 *Gingerclown*
2013 *Go Goa Gone*
2013 *Goynar Baksho*
2013 *Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters*
2013 *A Haunted House*
2013 *Hell Baby*
2013 *Scary Movie 5*
2013 *This Is the End*
2013 *Warm Bodies*
2013 *Witching and Bitching*
2013 *Zapatlela 2*
2013 *Cheap Thrills*
2014 *13 Sins*
2014 *Army of Frankensteins*
2014 *Bloody Knuckles*
2014 *Call Girl of Cthulhu*
2014 *Cooties*
2014 *Dead Snow: Red vs. Dead*
2014 *Gulyabani*
2014 *A Haunted House 2*
2014 *Hooked Up*
2014 *Housebound*
2014 *Life After Beth*
2014 *Love in the Time of Monsters*
2014 *Teen Lust*
2014 *Tusk*
2014 *Summer of Blood*
2014 *Vampire Academy*
2014 *The Voices*
2014 *The Walking Deceased*
2014 *The Editor*
2014 *Wild Tales*
2014 *What We Do in the Shadows*
2014 *WolfCop*
2014 *Zombeavers*
2015 *Bullets, Fangs and Dinner at 8*
2015 *Deathgasm*
2015 *Death-Scort Service*
2015 *Dude Bro Party Massacre III*
2015 *Freaks of Nature*
2015 *Ghoul*
2015 *Goosebumps*
2015 *Krampus*
2015 *Lavalantula*
2015 *Lumberjack Man*
2015 *Nina Forever*
2015 *Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse*
2015 *Stung*
2015 *The Final Girls*
2015 *Tales of Halloween*
2015 *The Visit*
2015 *The Walking Deceased*
2015 *Z Island*
2016 *Bad Ben*
2016 *Better Watch Out*
2016 *Don\'t Kill It*
2016 *Fear, Inc.*
2016 *Found Footage 3D*
2016 *Ghostbusters*
2016 *Meet the Blacks*
2016 *The Phantom Hour*
2016 *The Greasy Strangler*
2016 *Pi Day Die Day*
2016 *Pretham*
2016 *Yoga Hosers*
2017 *#FromJennifer*
2017 *Anna and the Apocalypse*
2017 *Another WolfCop*
2017 *One Cut of the Dead*
2017 *The Babysitter*
2017 *Eat Locals*
2017 *Happy Death Day*
2017 *It*
2017 *Little Evil*
2017 *Mayhem*
2017 *Mom and Dad*
2017 *Tragedy Girls*
2017 *Le Manoir (film)*
2018 *Assassination Nation*
2018 *Blood Fest*
2018 *The Cleanse*
2018 *Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween*
2018 *Nekrotronic*
2018 *Slaughterhouse Rulez*
2018 *Slice*
2018 *Stree*
2018 *The Night Sitter*
2018 *The VelociPastor*
2018 *The House with a Clock in Its Walls*
2018 *You Might Be the Killer*
2019 *The Addams Family*
2019 *The Banana Splits Movie*
2019 *Bhobishyoter Bhoot*
2019 *Come to Daddy*
2019 *It Chapter Two*
2019 *Corporate Animals*
2019 *Critters Attack!*
2019 *The Dead Don\'t Die*
2019 *The Odd Family: Zombie on Sale*
2019 *Tone-Deaf*
2019 *Extra Ordinary*
2019 *Get Duked!*
2019 *Greener Grass*
2019 *Happy Death Day 2U*
2019 *Little Monsters*
2019 *Ready or Not*
2019 *Satanic Panic*
2019 *Velvet Buzzsaw*
2019 *Villains*
2019 *Yummy*
2019 *Zombieland: Double Tap*
2019 *Ring Ring*
2020 *Beast Mode*
2020 *Hubie Halloween*
2020 *Love and Monsters*
2020 *Scare Package*
2020 *Stakeout*
2020 *The Babysitter: Killer Queen*
2020 *Freaky*
2020 *The Wolf of Snow Hollow*
2020 *Scare Me*
2020 *Vampires vs
| 2,091 |
List of comedy horror films
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2,879,710 |
# Confederation of Finnish Industries
The **Confederation of Finnish Industries** (EK, *Elinkeinoelämän Keskusliitto*, *Finlands Näringsliv*) is the largest employers\' association in Finland. It was formed at the beginning of 2005 when the two employers\' associations *Palvelutyönantajat* (Employers of the Service Sector) and *Teollisuuden ja Työnantajain Keskusliitto* (Union of Industries and Employers) merged. EK\'s member companies collectively contribute over 70% of Finland\'s GDP, and over 95% of Finland\'s exports. It has considerable negotiating power, since Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements, and often a national income policy agreement is reached
| 91 |
Confederation of Finnish Industries
| 0 |
2,879,719 |
# Bělá (Opava District)
**Bělá** (*Bielau*, *Biała*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## History
The first written mention of Bělá is from 1349.
During World War II, the German occupiers operated the E116 forced labour subcamp of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the village
| 69 |
Bělá (Opava District)
| 0 |
2,879,723 |
# Nâdiya
**Nâdiya** (born **Nadia Zighem** on 19 June 1973) is a French R&B singer.
## Early life {#early_life}
Nâdiya was born in the city of Tours, France in Algerian descent family. At school she displayed a talent for athletics, and gravitated towards the sport-studies section. In 1989, she won the title of Junior Champion of France\'s 800 metres.
## Career
### 2001--2005: Early commercial success {#early_commercial_success}
The single \"J\'ai confiance en toi\" (*I Trust You*), released in February 2001, became the first single that charted in the French Singles Chart, peaked at No. 38 in France and stayed in the chart for 13 weeks. The second single slated from the album did perform better than the first one. \"Chaque fois\" (*Every Time*) was released in August 2001 and peaked at No. 27 in the French Top 100 Singles, remaining in the chart for 18 weeks, five more than the first single. After the success of both singles, Nâdiya recorded a full studio album that became \"*Changer les choses*\" (*Changing the Things*). She was nominated for the Victoires de la musique in 2002. In March 2004, Nâdiya released another song, this became \"Parle-moi\" (*Talk to Me*), a song about family problems and contact with her parents. The song became her first big hit in France, debuting in the chart at No. 79 and making an amazingly big jump to number two in its second week within the singles chart. The song still remains Nâdiya\'s biggest hit in France, staying in the chart for 24 weeks. \"Parle-moi\" also became her first single that charted in Switzerland, peaking at No. 11 in its fifth week in the Swiss Singles Top 100. In Poland this single became the Hit of the Summer 2004. Her second full French studio album was also recorded, *16/9* was released in June 2004. The album stayed in the chart for 93 non-consecutive weeks in the French album chart, with her highest peak being number six. Her (then) 5-year-old son also accompanied her on one song featured on the album (\"Quand vient la nuit\").
\"Et c\'est parti\...\" (French expression for \"Here We Go\"), the second single, became her first international hit, charting in several other European countries, including Belgium and the Netherlands. The music video to the song shows Nâdiya performing the song and boxing in a boxing ring. The single and video both feature Smartzee, a French rapper, and peaked at number five in France and number twenty-one in Switzerland. \"Si loin de vous\" (\"So Far From You\") was officially the last single off the 16/9 album, with \"Signes\" (\"Signs\") just being a download only single. \"Si loin de vous\", released in December 2004, was the last single off the album that charted in France (#6) and Switzerland (#27). Though there is a music video for \"Signes\", its function is only for promoting the album. In 2005, the 16/9 album also received the Victoires de la musique award for rap/hip-hop/R&B album of the year.
According to her official website, in France she has sold over 500,000 copies of *16/9*, 750,000 singles and 300,000 copies of her platinum-certified \"*L\'histoire en 16/9*\" (\"The history to 16/9\") DVD, which features the 3 music video\'s (to *Parle-moi, Et c\'est parti\...* and *Si loin de vous*), the making of the videos, interviews, photos and a bonus CD with remixed songs.
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# Nâdiya
## Career
### 2006--present: Career development {#present_career_development}
In February 2006, Nâdiya returned with her \"Tous ces mots\" (\"All these words\") single, her first song that features Smartzee. The song peaked at number two in the French Singles Chart and at twenty-five in the Swiss Singles Top 200. Following the success of \"Tous ces mots\", her self-titled third studio album *Nâdiya* was released on 7 June in both France as. Nâdiya stated the album would have more rock influence than her previous two albums. SNEP recently revealed the best-selling singles during the first quarter of 2006 (from 1 January -- 31 March 2006). Despite being released four weeks before the first quarter of 2006 ended, \"Tous ces mots\" managed to peak at number thirteen in the list. The second single with the applicable title \"Roc\", was released two weeks after the album\'s release date, on 19 June. The music video to the song shows Nâdiya performing the song in a big stadium. The song follows \"Tous ces mots\" by debuting and peaking at number two (for four consecutive weeks) in France. It also became Nâdiya\'s longest single running in the top ten, being eleven weeks in the chart and still in the top 5. In Switzerland, the single is less successful, debuting at number thirty and peaking one ahead at twenty-nine in its following week. As the third single off the album, \"Amies-ennemies\" was released on 31 October, reaching the number four (#4) position in the French singles chart. The song samples a Chopin song and stayed in the French top ten for 11 weeks, only two weeks less than previous single \"Roc.\"
Nâdiya started recording a new album after the release of \"Amies-ennemies\" (\"Friends-Enemies\"). It turned out to be a greatest hits, called *La Source* (\"The Source\"). The album\'s lead single is \"Vivre ou Survivre\" (\"Live or Survive\"). Upon release of \"Vivre ou Survivre\", the official website mentioned the tour, to start on 8 March, finishing with the grand finale and last concert on 31 May 2008, held in the \'Palais des Sports\' (Sports Palace) in Paris. The song became her ninth top 40 hit.
On 22 April, Nâdiya entered the French Singles Chart peaking at number one with her duet with Enrique Iglesias \"Tired of Being Sorry (Laisse le destin l\'emporter)\" (\"Let Destiny Fulfill Itself\"). The song is her first No. 1 single in the French charts, as three previous singles only reached the second position. This single did not leave its dominative top-position for 11 consecutive weeks before falling at No. 2, keeping the second place for 6 consecutive weeks. The song currently, as of 19 November, stands at No. 40 in the most successful singles in France in terms of chart positions.
Later, Nâdiya\'s official website was updated with the news that Nâdiya would release a new studio album on 1 December 2008. The name was later confirmed to be *Électron Libre*. Near the end of September 2008, a duet recorded by Nâdiya and Kelly Rowland \"No Future in the Past\" was sent to radio stations in France, functioning as the first single from Nâdiya\'s upcoming album.
Nâdiya was nominated for the 2009 NRJ Music Awards in the categories \'Group / duet / troupe of the year\' (with Enrique Iglesias) and \'French female artist of the year\'.
In 2011, she participated in the second season of *Danse avec les stars* -- the French version of *Dancing with the Stars*. She was partnered with professional dancer Christophe Licata. On 15 October 2011, they were eliminated finishing 8th out of 9 contestants.
In 2017, Nâdiya announced her return with the release of a new single Unity produced by her own label N4Z Records.
In June 2018, Nâdiya announced the release of her 6th album Odyssey for the fall. August 2018, she announced the release of her second single Nirvâna.
Meanwhile, Nâdiya launched her own accessories brand dedicated to the art of living, DMYD (Detail Makes Your Difference) with a range of jewellery, candles, home fragrances and cosmetics.
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# Nâdiya
## Discography
### Albums
### Singles
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| Year | Single | Chart positions | | |
+======+==========================================================+==================================+==========+=====+
| FR | SUI | BEL (Fl) | BEL (Wa) | EU |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 1997 | \"Dénoue mes mains\" | --- | --- | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 2000 | \"J\'ai confiance en toi\" | 38 | --- | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 2001 | \"Chaque fois\" | 27 | --- | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 2004 | \"Parle-moi\" | 2 | 11 | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| | \"Et c\'est parti\...\" | 5 | 21 | 1 |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| | \"Si loin de vous (Hey oh\... par la radio)\" | 6 | 27 | 10 |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 2005 | \"Signes\" | *Did not chart* (digital single) | | |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 2006 | \"Tous ces mots\" ^1^ (feat. Smartzee) | 2 | 25 | 29 |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| | \"Roc\" ^1^ | 2 | 29 | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| | \"Amies-ennemies\" ^1^ | 4 | 40 | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 2007 | \"Vivre ou survivre\" | 26 | --- | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 2008 | \"À mon père (feat Idir)\" | *Did not chart* (digital single) | | |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| | \"Tired of Being Sorry (Laisse le destin l\'emporter)\"\ | 1 | 6 | --- |
| | (with Enrique Iglesias) | | | |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| | \"No Future in the Past\" (featuring Kelly Rowland) | --- | --- | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 2009 | \"J\'irai Jusque Là\" | --- | --- | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| | \"Miss You\" (featuring Enrique Iglesias) | --- | --- | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 2017 | \"Unity\" | --- | --- | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 2018 | \"Top\" | --- | --- | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| 2019 | \"Victory\" | --- | --- | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| | \"Nirvana\" | --- | --- | --- |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
| | | | | |
+------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------+-----+
- ^1^: Sales till the end of 2006. The sales numbers are for both the physical CD sales as well as downloads
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# Nadiya
**Nadiya** or **Nadiia** (*Надія*) is a feminine given name, from a Ukrainian word meaning \"hope\"
| 17 |
Nadiya
| 0 |
2,879,744 |
# Acacia cuspidifolia
***Acacia cuspidifolia***, commonly known as **wait-a-while** or **bohemia**, is a tree in the family Fabaceae. Endemic to Western Australia, it occurs on the floodplains east of Carnarvon.
Wait-a-while grows to a height of about eight metres. It usually has many main stems, with foliage down to ground level. Like most *Acacia* species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These are green, three to seven centimetres long, and two to five millimetres wide. They terminate in a spine about two millimetres long. Hooked spines up to five millimetres long also occur in the axils of leaves and stems. The flowers are pale yellow, and held in spherical clusters about five millimetres in diameter. The pods are light brown and flat, five to nine centimetres long and one to two centimetres wide.
Wait-a-while provides good forage for cattle and sheep, and the foliage persists in times of drought. The spines tear at the wool of sheep, however, and have been known to trap weak sheep. The common name \"wait-a-while\" refers to this
| 174 |
Acacia cuspidifolia
| 0 |
2,879,746 |
# Epsilon Arietis
`| prop_mo_ra = −15.884`\
`| prop_mo_dec = −7.151`\
`| pm_footnote = `\
`| parallax = 9.0296`\
`| p_error = 0.1851`\
`| parallax_footnote = `\
`| absmag_v = `
}} `{{Starbox orbit
| reference = <ref name=Rica2012/>
| period = {{val|704.111|1.778}}
| axis = {{val|2.174|0.035}}
| eccentricity = {{val|0.317|0.006}}
| inclination = {{val|84.2|0.8}}
| node = {{val|25.6|0.7}}
| periastron = {{val|704.111|1.778}}
| periarg = {{val|162.1|1.0}}
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox detail
| component1 = ε Ari A
| mass = 2.4<ref name=Rica2012/>
| radius =
| luminosity =
| temperature =
| metal_fe =
| rotational_velocity = 60<ref name=aaa393_897/>
| age_myr =
| component2 = ε Ari B
| mass2 = 2.4<ref name=Rica2012/>
| rotational_velocity2= 60<ref name=aaa393_897/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | F=48 Arietis | ADS=2257 | BD=+20 484 | HIP=13914 | WDS=J02592+2120AB }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
| component1 = ε Ari A
| names1 = {{odlist | HD=18520 | HR=888 | SAO=75673 | GC=3582 | PPM=92122 }}
| component2 = ε Ari B
| names2 = HD 18519, HR 887
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = eps+Ari | sn = ε Ari
| Simbad2 = eps+Ari+A | sn2 = ε Ari A
| Simbad3 = eps+Ari+B | sn3 = ε Ari B
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Epsilon Arietis** is a visual binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from ε Arietis, and abbreviated Epsilon Ari or ε Ari. This system has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.63 and can be seen with the naked eye, although the two components are too close together to be resolved without a telescope. With an annual parallax shift of `{{val|9.03|ul=mas}}`{=mediawiki}, the distance to this system can be estimated as 361 ly, give or take a 7 light-year margin of error. It is located behind the dark cloud MBM12.
The brighter member of this pair has an apparent magnitude of 5.2. At an angular separation of `{{val|1.426|0.010|u=arcsecond}}`{=mediawiki} from the brighter component, along a position angle of `{{val|209.2|0.3|u=°}}`{=mediawiki}, is the magnitude 5.5 companion. Both are A-type main sequence stars with a stellar classification of A2 Vs. (The \'s\' suffix indicates that the absorption lines in the spectrum are distinctly narrow.) In the 2009 *Catalogue of Ap, HgMn and Am stars*, the two stars have a classification of A3 Ti, indicating they are Ap stars with an anomalous abundance of titanium. Within the measurement margin of error, their projected rotational velocities are deemed identical at 60 km/s.
## Name
This star system, along with δ Ari, ζ Ari, π Ari, and ρ^3^ Ari, were Al Bīrūnī\'s *Al Buṭain* (**ألبطين**), the dual of *Al Baṭn*, the Belly. According to the catalogue of stars in the *Technical Memorandum 33-507 - A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars*, *Al Buṭain* were the title for five stars :δ Ari as *Botein*, π Ari as *Al Buṭain I*, ρ^3^ Ari as *Al Buṭain II*, ε Ari as *Al Buṭain III* and ζ Ari as *Al Buṭain IV*
In Chinese astronomy, Epsilon Arietis may be or may be part of *Tso Kang* (from Cantonese *左更* *zogang*, Mandarin pronunciation *zuǒgēng*)
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# Bolatice
**Bolatice** (*Bolatitz*, *Bolacice*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 4,500 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Administrative division {#administrative_division}
Bolatice consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
- Bolatice (3,689)
- Borová (685)
## Geography
Bolatice is located about 12 km east of Opava and 15 km northwest of Ostrava. It lies in the Opava Hilly Land. The highest point is at 309 m above sea level.
## History
The first written mention of Bolatice is in a letter of Pope Innocent IV from 1250. From 1742, after Empress Maria Theresa had been defeated, the village belonged to Prussia. The Prussian state sold Bolatice to Henn of Henneberg brothers in 1784. The new owners founded a new hamlet called Heneberky nearby in 1786. Heneberky was joined to Bolatice in 1893 and renamed Borová in 1949.
## Demographics
## Transport
Bolatice is located on a short railway line of local importance Kravaře--Chuchelná.
## Sights
The Church of Saint Stanislaus belongs to the main landmarks of Bolatice. It is a large church, built in 1703 and extended in 1911--1912.
The Bolatice Castle was built in the Baroque style in 1724--1748. Today it houses the municipal office.
In 2002, the Open-air Museum of Folk Traditions and Crafts was built by the citizens of Bolatice, who donated most of the exhibits to the museum. The museum presents the life and equipment of a traditional rural house in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Adolf Theuer (1920--1947), SS officer at Auschwitz concentration camp executed for war crimes
## Twin towns -- sister cities {#twin_towns_sister_cities}
Bolatice is twinned with:
- Doľany, Slovakia
- Kysucký Lieskovec, Slovakia
- Linum (Fehrbellin), Germany
- Nagykovácsi, Hungary
- Rudy (Kuźnia Raciborska), Poland
Bolatice also has friendly relations with Slaný in the Czech Republic
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# Victoires de la Musique
**Victoires de la Musique** (`{{IPA|fr|viktwar də la myzik}}`{=mediawiki}; *Victories of Music*) are an annual French award ceremony where the **Victoire** accolade is delivered by the French Ministry of Culture to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry. The classical and jazz versions are the Victoires de la musique classique and *Victoires du Jazz*.
The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, some of the awards of more popular interest are presented in a widely viewed televised ceremony. The awards are the French equivalent to the Grammy Awards and the Brit Awards for music, and it is one of the major awards in France, along with Nuits des Molières for stage performances, and the César Award for motion pictures.
The first Victoires de la Musique ceremony was held in 1985, and it was set up to honor musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1985.
## Background
The title trophies and nominees for each are established annually by the *Board of Directors of the Association* \"Les Victoires de la Musique\", which also refers to people who make up the Academy voters. In 2010, the Victoires were awarded by a panel of 1 226 professionals (musicians, artists, writers, composers, producers, record stores, video directors, sound engineers and critics) in a vote in one round. Of the voters, 40% are artists (performers, but also musicians, writers, composers \...), 40% are professional music producers and 20% are of other professional circles close to the world of music (agents artists, music stores, music critics, radio programmers \...). In recent years, some trophies are awarded by the public, through SMS voting, and since 2009, Internet: Victory \"Group or Artist of the public revelation of the year\" and that the \"Song of the year\".
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# Victoires de la Musique
## Categories
### Group of the Year {#group_of_the_year}
(Starting 2001, replaced by Male Group or Artist of the Year / Female Group or Artist of the Year)
- 1988 : Kassav\'
- 1990 : Gipsy Kings
- 1991 : Elmer Food Beat
- 1992 : MC Solaar
- 1993 : Pow woW
- 1994 : Les Innocents
- 1995 : IAM
- 1996 : Les Innocents (second award)
- 1997 : Les Innocents (third award)
- 1998 : Noir Désir
- 1999 : Louise Attaque
- 2000 : Zebda
### Male Artist of the Year {#male_artist_of_the_year}
- 1985 : Michel Jonasz
- 1986 : Jean-Jacques Goldman
- 1987 : Johnny Hallyday
- 1988 : Claude Nougaro
- 1990 : Francis Cabrel
- 1991 : Michel Sardou
- 1992 : Patrick Bruel
- 1993 : Alain Bashung
- 1994 : Alain Souchon
- 1995 : MC Solaar
- 1996 : Maxime Le Forestier
- 1997 : Charles Aznavour
- 1998 : Florent Pagny
- 1999 : Alain Bashung (second award)
- 2000 : -M-
#### Male Group or Artist of the Year {#male_group_or_artist_of_the_year}
(Replacing Male Artist of the Year and Group of the Year)
- 2001 : Henri Salvador
- 2002 : Gérald De Palmas
- 2003 : Renaud
- 2004 : Calogero
- 2005 : -M- (second award)
- 2006 : Raphael
- 2007 : Bénabar
- 2008 : Abd Al Malik
- 2009 : Alain Bashung (third award)
- 2010 : Benjamin Biolay
- 2011 : Gaëtan Roussel
- 2012 : Hubert-Félix Thiéfaine
- 2013 : Dominique A
- 2014 : Stromae
- 2015 : Julien Doré
- 2016 : Vianney
- 2017 : Renaud (2nd award)
- 2018 : Orelsan
- 2019 : Bigflo & Oli
### Female Artist of the Year {#female_artist_of_the_year}
- 1985 : Jeanne Mas
- 1986 : Catherine Lara
- 1987 : France Gall
- 1988 : Mylène Farmer
- 1990 : Vanessa Paradis
- 1991 : Patricia Kaas
- 1992 : Jane Birkin
- 1993 : Véronique Sanson
- 1994 : Barbara
- 1995 : Celine Dion
- 1996 : Véronique Sanson (second award)
- 1997 : Barbara (second award)
- 1998 : Zazie
- 1999 : Axelle Red
- 2000 : Natacha Atlas
#### Female Group or Artist of the Year {#female_group_or_artist_of_the_year}
(Replacing Female Artist of the Year and Group of the Year)
- 2001 : Hélène Ségara
- 2002 : Zazie (second award)
- 2003 : Lynda Lemay
- 2004 : Carla Bruni
- 2005 : Françoise Hardy
- 2006 : Juliette
- 2007 : Olivia Ruiz
- 2008 : Vanessa Paradis (second award)
- 2009 : Camille
- 2010 : Olivia Ruiz (second award)
- 2011 : Aṣa
- 2012 : Catherine Ringer
- 2013 : Lou Doillon
- 2014 : Vanessa Paradis (third award)
- 2015 : Christine and the Queens
- 2016 : Yael Naim
- 2017 : Jain
- 2018 : Charlotte Gainsbourg
- 2019 : Jeanne Added
### Foreign Artist of the Year {#foreign_artist_of_the_year}
- 1985 : Tina Turner (United States)
### Francophone Artist or Artist of the Year {#francophone_artist_or_artist_of_the_year}
- 1994 : Maurane (Belgium)
- 1995 : Khaled (Algeria)
- 1996 : Céline Dion (Canada)
- 1997 : Teri Moïse (United States / Haiti)
### Electronic/Dance Artist of the Year {#electronicdance_artist_of_the_year}
- 2009 : Martin Solveig
- 2010 : Birdy Nam Nam
- 2011 : Stromae
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# Victoires de la Musique
## Categories
### *Révélation* (Newcomer) {#révélation_newcomer}
#### Popular Music Révélation of the Year {#popular_music_révélation_of_the_year}
- 1985 : Jeanne Mas
- 1986 : Gold
#### Popular Music Female Révélation of the Year {#popular_music_female_révélation_of_the_year}
- 1987 : Guesch Patti
- 1988 : Patricia Kaas
- 1990 : Corinne Hermès
- 1991 : Liane Foly
- 1992 : Jil Caplan
- 1993 : Zazie
- 1994 : Nina Morato
- 1995 : Rachel Des Bois
- 1996 : Stephend
#### Popular Music Male Révélation of the Year {#popular_music_male_révélation_of_the_year}
- 1987 : L\'Affaire Louis Trio
- 1988 : Florent Pagny
- 1990 : Philippe Lafontaine
- 1991 : Art Mengo
- 1992 : Nilda Fernandez
- 1993 : Arthur H
- 1994 : Thomas Fersen
- 1995 : Gérald de Palmas
- 1996 : Ménélik
#### Group Révélation of the Year {#group_révélation_of_the_year}
- 1994 : Native
- 1995 : Sinclair
- 1996 : Alliance Ethnik
#### Révélation of the Year {#révélation_of_the_year}
(Starting 1997 until 2004, replacing three categories Female Révélation of the Year, Male Révélation of the Year and Group Révélation of the Year)\
(Starting 2005, replaced by Group or Artist Popular Révélation of the Year)
- 1997 : Juliette
- 1998 : Lara Fabian
- 1999 : Faudel
- 2000 : 113
- 2001 : Isabelle Boulay
- 2002 : Aston Villa
- 2003 : Natasha St-Pier
- 2004 : Kyo
#### Group or Artist Popular Révélation of the Year {#group_or_artist_popular_révélation_of_the_year}
(Replacing Révélation of the Year)
- 2005 : Jeanne Cherhal
- 2006 : Amel Bent
- 2007 : Miss Dominique
- 2008 : Christophe Maé
- 2009 : Sefyu
- 2010 : Pony Pony Run Run
- 2011 : Lilly Wood and the Prick
- 2012 : Orelsan
- 2013 : C2C
- (Discontinued starting 2014)
#### Group or Artist Stage Révélation of the Year {#group_or_artist_stage_révélation_of_the_year}
- 2001 : Saint-Germain
- 2002 : Le Peuple de l\'Herbe
- 2003 : Sanseverino
- 2004 : Kyo
- 2005 : La Grande Sophie
- 2006 : Camille
- 2007 : Grand Corps Malade
- 2008 : Renan Luce
- 2009 : BB Brunes
- 2010 : Izia
- 2011 : Ben l\'Oncle Soul
- 2012 : Brigitte
- 2013 : C2C
- 2014 : Woodkid
- 2015 : Benjamin Clementine
- 2016 : Hyphen Hyphen
- 2017 : L.E.J
- 2018 : Gaël Faye
- 2019 : Clara Luciani
#### Album Révélation of the Year {#album_révélation_of_the_year}
- 2001 : *Mieux qu\'ici bas* by Isabelle Boulay
- 2002 : *Rose Kennedy* by Benjamin Biolay
- 2003 : *Vincent Delerm* by Vincent Delerm
- 2004 : *Le Chemin* by Kyo
- 2005 : *Crèvecœur* by Daniel Darc and *Le rêve ou la vie* by Ridan
- 2006 : *Le Fil* by Camille
- 2007 : *Midi 20* by Grand Corps Malade
- 2008 : *Repenti* by Renan Luce
- 2009 : *Ersatz* by Julien Doré
- 2010 : *Tree of Life* by Yodelice
\*Discontinued for period 2011 to 2013
- 2014 : *Psycho Tropical Berlin* by La Femme
- 2015 : *Mini World* by Indila
- 2016 : *Chambre 12* by Louane
- 2017 : *Les Conquêtes* by Radio Elvis
- 2018 : *Petite Amie* by Juliette Armanet
- 2019 : *Brol* by Angèle
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# Victoires de la Musique
## Categories
### Album of the Year {#album_of_the_year}
#### Album of the Year {#album_of_the_year_1}
- 1985 : *Love on the Beat* by Serge Gainsbourg
- 1986 : *Sauver l\'amour* by Daniel Balavoine
- 1987 : *The No Comprendo* by Rita Mitsouko
- 1988 : *Nougayork* by Claude Nougaro
- 1990 : *Sarbacane* by Francis Cabrel
- 1991 : *Nickel* by Alain Souchon
- 1992 : *Sheller en solitaire* by William Sheller
- 1993 : *Caché derrière* by Laurent Voulzy
- 1994 : *Rio Grande* by Eddy Mitchell
- 1995 : *Samedi soir sur la Terre* by Francis Cabrel
- 1996 : *Défoule sentimentale* by Alain Souchon
- 1997 : *Mr Eddy* by Eddy Mitchell
- 1998 : *L\'École du micro d\'argent* by IAM
\*Discontinued and replaced by Song/Variety Album of the Year and Rock Album of the Year
#### Song/Variety Album of the Year {#songvariety_album_of_the_year}
- 1999 : *Fantaisie Militaire* by Alain Bashung (as Variety, Pop, Rock Album of the Year)
- 2000 : *Sang pour sang* by Johnny Hallyday (as Variety, Pop, Rock Album of the Year)
- 2001 : *Chambre avec vue* by Henri Salvador
- 2002 : *Avril* by Laurent Voulzy
- 2003 : *Boucan d\'enfer* by Renaud
- 2004 : *Les Risques du Métier* by Bénabar
- 2005 : *Qui de nous deux* by -M-
- 2006 : *Caravane* by Raphael
- 2007 : *Le soldat rose* by Louis Chedid
- 2008 : *Divinidylle* by Vanessa Paradis
- 2009 : *Bleu pétrole* by Alain Bashung
- 2010 : *La Superbe* by Benjamin Biolay
- 2011 : *Causes perdues et musiques tropicales* by Bernard Lavilliers
- 2012 : *Suppléments de mensonge* by Hubert-Félix Thiéfaine
- 2013 : *La place du fantôme* by La Grande Sophie
- 2014 : *Racine carrée* (stylised as √) by Stromae
- 2015 : *Alain Souchon & Laurent Voulzy* by Alain Souchon & Laurent Voulzy
- 2016 : *De l\'amour* by Johnny Hallyday
- 2017 : *Palermo Hollywood* by Benjamin Biolay
- 2018 : *Géopoétique* by MC Solaar
- 2019 : *En amont* by Alain Bashung
#### Rock Album of the Year {#rock_album_of_the_year}
- 1985 : *Un autre monde* by Téléphone
- 1986 : *Passé le Rio Grande* by Alain Bashung
\*Discontinued from 1987, returned in 2001
- 2001 : *Comme on a dit* by Louise Attaque
- 2002 : *des Visages des Figures* by Noir Désir
- 2003 : *Paradize* by Indochine
- 2004 : *Tu vas pas mourir de rire* by Mickey 3D
- 2005 : *French bazaar* by Arno
- 2006 : *À plus tard crocodile* by Louise Attaque (second award)
- 2007 : *Wow* by Superbus
- 2008 : *L\'Invitation* by Étienne Daho
- 2009 : *L\'Homme du monde* by Arthur H
- 2010 : *Izia* by Izia
- 2011 : *Ginger* by Gaëtan Roussel
- 2012 : *So Much Trouble* by Izia (second award)
- 2013 : *Can Be Late* by Skip the Use
- 2014 : *Bankrupt!* by Phoenix
- 2015 : *Shake Shook Shaken* by The Dø
- 2016 : *Mandarine* by Les Innocents
- 2017 : *Anomalie* by Louise Attaque (third award)
- 2018 : *The Evol*\' by Shaka Ponk
- 2019 : *Radiate* by Jeanne Added
#### Francophone Album of the Year {#francophone_album_of_the_year}
- 1985 : *Ils s\'aiment* by Daniel Lavoie (Canada)
- 1986 : *Faire à nouveau connaissance* by Diane Tell (Canada)
- 1987 : *Vue sur la mer* by Daniel Lavoie (Canada) (second award)
- 1988 : *Awaba Beach* by Mory Kante (Guinea)
- 1990 : *Hélène* by Roch Voisine (Canada)
- 1991 : *Double* by Roch Voisine (Canada) (second award)
- 1992 : *Engelberg* by Stephan Eicher (Switzerland)
#### Pop/Rock Album of the Year {#poprock_album_of_the_year}
- 2003 : *Paradize* by Indochine
- 2004 : *Tu vas pas mourir de rire* by Mickey 3D
- 2005 : *French bazaar* by Arno Hintjens
- 2006 : *A plus tard crocodile* by Louise Attaque
- 2007 : *Wow* by Superbus
- 2008 : *L\'Invitation* by Etienne Daho
- 2009 : *L\'Homme du monde* by Arthur H
- 2010 : *Izia* by Izia
#### Traditional or World Music {#traditional_or_world_music}
##### Traditional Music Album of the Year {#traditional_music_album_of_the_year}
- 1992 : *Nouvelles polyphonies corses*
- 1994 : *Renaud cante el Nord* by Renaud
- 1995 : *Polyphonies* by Voce Di Corsica
- 1996 : *Dan Ar Braz et les 50 musiciens de l\'Héritage des Celtes en concert* by Dan Ar Braz and l\'Héritage des Celtes
- 1997 : *I Muvrini à Bercy* by I Muvrini
##### Traditional Music/World Music Album of the Year {#traditional_musicworld_music_album_of_the_year}
- 1998 : *Finisterres* by Dan Ar Braz and l\'Héritage des Celtes
- 1999 : *Clandestino* by Manu Chao
- 2000 : *Café Atlántico* by Cesária Évora
- 2001 : *Made in Medina* by Rachid Taha
- 2002 : *Proxima estación? Esperanza* by Manu Chao
- 2003 : *Umani* by I Muvrini tied with *Françafrique* by Tiken Jah Fakoly
- 2004 : *Voz d\'amor* by Cesária Évora
- 2005 : *Dimanche à Bamako* by Amadou & Mariam
##### World Music Album of the Year {#world_music_album_of_the_year}
- 2006 : *Mesk Elil* by Souad Massi
- 2007 : *Canta* by Agnès Jaoui
- 2008 : *Yael Naim* by Yael Naïm
- 2009 : *Tchamantché* by Rokia Traoré
- 2010 : *La Différence* by Salif Keita
- 2011 : *Handmade* by Hindi Zahra
- 2012 : *Cantina Paradise* by Jehro
- 2013 : *Folila* by Amadou & Mariam
- 2014 : *Illusions* by Ibrahim Maalouf
- 2015 : *Rivière noire* by Rivière noire
- 2016 : *Homeland* by Hindi Zahra
- 2017 : *Far From Home* by Calypso Rose
- 2018 : *Lamomali* by Lamomali (-M-, Toumani Diabaté, Sidiki Diabaté, Fatoumata Diawara)
- 2019 : *LOST* by Camélia Jordana
#### Urban music (various) {#urban_music_various}
- 1999 : *Panique celtique* by Manau (as Rap/Groove Album of the Year)
- 2000 : *Les Princes de la ville* by 113 (as Rap, Reggae or Groove Album of the Year)
- 2001 : *J\'fais c\'que j\'veux* by Pierpoljak (as Rap, Reggae or Groove Album of the Year)
- 2002 : *X raisons* by Saïan Supa Crew (as Rap/Hip-Hop Album of the Year)
- 2003 : *Solitaire* by Doc Gynéco (as Rap/Hip-Hop Album of the Year)
- 2004 : *Brut de femme* by Diam\'s (as Rap/Hip-Hop Album of the Year)
- 2005 : *16/9* by Nâdiya (as Rap/Hip-Hop/R&B Album of the Year)
- 2006 : *Les Histoires extraordinaires d\'un jeune de banlieue* - Disiz la Peste (as Rap/Ragga/Hip-Hop/R&B Album of the Year)
##### Urban Music Album of the Year {#urban_music_album_of_the_year}
- 2007 : *Gibraltar* by Abd Al Malik
- 2008 : *Chapitre 7* by MC Solaar
- 2009 : *Dante* by Abd Al Malik
- 2010 : *L\'arme de paix* by Oxmo Puccino
- 2011 : *Château Rouge* by Abd Al Malik
- 2012 : *Le Chant des sirènes* by Orelsan
- 2013 : *Roi sans carrosse* by Oxmo Puccino
- 2014 : *Paris Sud Minute* by 1995
- 2015 : *Je suis en vie* by Akhenaton
- 2016 : *Feu* by Nekfeu
- 2017 : *My World* by Jul
- 2018 : *La fête est finie* by Orelsan (second award)
- 2019 : *La vie de rêve* by Bigflo & Oli
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# Victoires de la Musique
## Categories
### Album of the Year {#album_of_the_year}
#### Reggae/Ragga (various) {#reggaeragga_various}
- 2002 : *The Real Don* by Lord Kossity (as Reggae/Ragga Album of the Year)
- 2003 : *Umani* by I Muvrini and *Francafrique* by Tiken Jah Fakoly (as Reggae/Ragga/World Music Album of the Year)
- 2004 : *Voz d\'amor* de Cesária Évora (as Reggae/Ragga/World Music Album of the Year)
- 2005 : *Dimanche à Bamako* by Amadou et Mariam (as Reggae/Ragga/World Music Album of the Year)
#### Electronic/Groove/Dance Album of the Year {#electronicgroovedance_album_of_the_year}
- 1998 : *30* by Laurent Garnier
- 1999 : *Moon Safari* by Air
- 2000 : *Trabendo* by Les Négresses Vertes
- 2001 : *Tourist* by Saint-Germain
- 2002 : *Modjo* by Modjo
- 2003 : *La Revancha del Tango* by Gotan Project
- 2004 : *Émilie Simon* by Émilie Simon
- 2005 : *Talkie Walkie* by Air
- 2006 : *Animal sophistiqué* by Bumcello
- 2007 : *Végétal* by Émilie Simon
- 2008 : *†* by Justice
- 2010 : *Manual For Successful Rioting* by Birdy Nam Nam
- 2011 : *Cheese* by Stromae
- 2012 : *Audio, Video, Disco* by Justice
- 2013 : *Tetra* by C2C
- 2014 : *OutRun* by Kavinsky
- 2015 : *Ghost Surfer* by Cascadeur
- 2016 : *The Wanderings of the Avener* by The Avener
- 2017 : *Layers* by Kungs
- 2018 : *Temperance* by Dominique Dalcan
- 2019 : *Dancehall* by The Blaze
#### Variety/Instrumental Album of the Year {#varietyinstrumental_album_of_the_year}
- 1985 : *Zoolook* by Jean Michel Jarre
- 1986 : *Rendez-vous* by Jean Michel Jarre (second award)
- 1992 : *Explorer* by Jean-Jacques Milteau
- 1993 : *Négropolitaines Vol. 2* by Manu Dibango
- 1994 : *Cross over USA* by Claude Bolling
- 1995 : *Jonasz en noires et blanches* by Jean-Yves D\'Angelo
- 1996 : *Les Parapluies de Cherbourg*, *Summer of \'42* (Un été 42), *Yentl* and *The Go-Between* (Le Messager) by Michel Legrand
#### Album of the Year for Children {#album_of_the_year_for_children}
- 1985 : *Les Petits Ewoks* by Dorothée
- 1987 : *Histoires pour les 4/5 ans* by Jean Rochefort
Discontinued 1988 to 1990
- 1991 : *La Petite Sirène* told by Nathalie Baye
- 1992 : *Pierre et le Loup de Prokofiev* by Julien Clerc
- 1993 : *Pierre et le Loup de Prokofiev* recited by Lambert Wilson
- 1994 : *Aladin et la Lampe merveilleuse* recited by Sabine Azéma
- 1995 : *L\'Évasion de Toni* by Henri Dès and Pierre Grosz
- 1997 : *Far West* by Henri Dès (second award)
- 1999 : *Émilie Jolie* (2nd version) by Philippe Chatel
- 2001 : *Du soleil* by Henri Dès (third award)
#### Original Cinema/Television Soundtrack of the Year {#original_cinematelevision_soundtrack_of_the_year}
- 1985 : *Subway* - Éric Serra
- 1986 : *37°2 le Matin* - Gabriel Yared
- 1987 : *Manon des Sources* - Jean-Claude Petit
- 1988 : *Le Grand Bleu* - Éric Serra
- 1990 : *Camille Claudel* - Gabriel Yared
- 1991 : *Cyrano de Bergerac* - Jean-Claude Petit
- 1992 : *Delicatessen* - Carlos D\'Alession
- 1993 : *L\'Amant* - Gabriel Yared
- 1994 : *L\'Ecrivain public* - William Sheller
- 1995 : *Léon* - Éric Serra
- 1996 : *Un indien dans la ville* - K.O.D. (Manu Katché, Geoffrey Oryema and Tonton David)
- 1997 : *Microcosmos, le Peuple de l\'Herbe* - Bruno Coulais
- 1998 : *Le Patient Anglais* - Gabriel Yared
- 1999 : *Taxi* - Akhénaton / Khéops
- 2000 : *Ma Petite Entreprise* - Alain Bashung
- 2001 : *The Virgin Suicides* - Air
- 2002 : *Le Fabuleux Destin d\'Amélie Poulain* - Yann Tiersen
- 2004 : *Good Bye Lenin!* - Yann Tiersen
- 2005 : *Les Choristes* - Bruno Coulais / Christophe Barratier / Philippe Lopes Curval
- 2006 : *March of the Penguins* - Émilie Simon
- 2007 : *Ne le dis à personne* - -M-
- 2008 : *Arthur et les Minimoys* - Éric Serra
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# Victoires de la Musique
## Categories
### Song of the Year {#song_of_the_year}
- 1985 : \"La Boîte de Jazz\" (writer/composer/performer: Michel Jonasz)
- 1986 : \"Belle-île en mer\" (composer/performer: Laurent Voulzy - lyricist: Alain Souchon)
- 1987 : \"Musulmanes\" (author/performer: Michel Sardou - lyrics: Jacques Revaux and Jean-Pierre Bourtayre)
- 1988 : \"Né quelque part\" (lyrics/performer: Maxime Le Forestier - composer: Jean-Pierre Sabar)
- 1990 : \"Quand j\'serai KO\" (lyrics/composer/performer: Alain Souchon)
- 1991 : \"Fais-moi une place\" (composer/performer: Julien Clerc - lyrics: Françoise Hardy)
- 1992 : \"Un homme heureux\" (lyrics/composer/performer: William Sheller)
- 1993 : \"Le Chat\" by Pow woW
- 1994 : \"Foule sentimentale\" (lyrics/composer/performer: Alain Souchon)
- 1995 : \"Juste quelqu\'un de bien\" by Enzo Enzo (lyrics/composer/: Kent Cockenstock - arranger : François Bréant)
- 1996 : \"Pour que tu m\'aimes encore\" by Céline Dion (lyrics/composer: Jean-Jacques Goldman - arrangers: Jean-Jacques Goldman et Erick Benzi)
- 1997 : \"Aïcha\" by Khaled (lyrics, composer: Jean-Jacques Goldman)
- 1998 : \"L\'Homme pressé\" by Noir Désir (lyrics/composer: Bertrand Cantat / Noir Désir - arranger : Andy Baker)
- 1999 : \"Belle\" from *Notre Dame de Paris* (sung by Garou, Daniel Lavoie and Patrick Fiori - lyrics: Luc Plamondon - composer: Richard Cocciante)
- 2000 : \"Tomber la chemise\" by Zebda (lyrics: Magyd Cherfi - composer: Zebda)
#### Original Song of the Year {#original_song_of_the_year}
- 2001 : \"L\'envie d\'aimer\" by Daniel Lévi (lyrics: Lionel Florence and Patrice Guirao - composer: Pascal Obispo - arranger: Nick Ingman)
- 2002 : \"Sous le vent\" by Garou and Céline Dion (lyrics/composer: Jacques Veneruso - arrangers : Christophe Battaglia and Jacques Veneruso)
- 2003 : \"Manhattan-Kaboul\" by Renaud and Axelle Red (lyrics: Renaud - composer/arranger: Jean-Pierre Bucolo)
- 2004 : \"Respire\" by Mickey 3D (lyrics: Mickaël Furnon - composers: Najah El Mahmoud / Mickaël Furnon / Aurélien Joanin)
- 2005 : \"Si seulement je pouvais lui manquer\" by Calogero (lyrics: Michel Jourdan / Julie Daime, composers: Calogero/Gioacchino Maurici)
- 2006 : \"Caravane\" by Raphaël (lyrics/composer: Raphael)
- 2007 : \"Le dîner\" by Bénabar (lyrics/composer: Bénabar)
- 2008 : \"Double je\" by Christophe Willem (lyrics: Zazie, composers: Zazie / Jean-Pierre Pilot / Olivier Schultheis)
- 2009 : \"Comme un manouche sans guitare\" by Thomas Dutronc (lyrics: Thomas Dutronc, composer: Thomas Dutronc)
- 2010 : \"Comme des enfants\" by Cœur de pirate (lyrics: Cœur de pirate, composer: Cœur de pirate)
- 2011 : \"Je veux\" by Zaz (lyrics: Kerredine Soltani, composers: Kerredine Soltani / Tryss)
- 2012 : \"Jeanne\" by Laurent Voulzy (lyrics: Alain Souchon - composer: Laurent Voulzy)
- 2013 : \"Allez allez allez\" by Camille (lyrics/composer: Camille)
- 2014 : \"20 ans\" by Johnny Hallyday (lyrics: Christophe Miossec - composer: David Ford)
- 2015 : \"Un jour au mauvais endroit\" by Calogero (lyrics:Marie Bastide - composer: Calogero)
- 2016 : \"Sapés comme jamais\" by Maître Gims (lyrics/composers: Maître Gims, Niska, Dany Synthé)
- 2017 : \"Je m\'en vais\" by Vianney (lyrics/composer Vianney)
- 2018 : \"Dommage\" by Bigflo & Oli (lyrics: Bigflo & Oli, Paul Van Haver - composers: Bigflo & Oli, Stromae)
- 2019 : \"Je me dis que toi aussi\" by Boulevard des airs
| 523 |
Victoires de la Musique
| 5 |
2,879,761 |
# Victoires de la Musique
## Categories
### Musical Show and Concert of the Year {#musical_show_and_concert_of_the_year}
#### Musical Show {#musical_show}
- 1985 : Julien Clerc at Bercy
- 1986 : Jean Michel Jarre in Houston
- 1987 : *Cabaret* directed by Jérôme Savary at the Théâtre Mogador
- 1988 : *La Fabuleuse Histoire de Mister Swing* by Michel Jonasz
- 1992 : *Les Misérables* by Alain Boublil et Claude-Michel Schönberg in the Théâtre Mogador
- 1993 : *Cérémonie d\'ouverture et de clôture des Jeux Olympiques d\'hiver à Albertville* (choreography : Philippe Decouflé)
- 1994 : *Starmania* at the Théâtre Mogador
- 1996 : *Les Poubelle Boys* at the Paris Olympia
#### Concert of the Year {#concert_of_the_year}
- 1990 : Francis Cabrel at the Zénith
- 1991 : Johnny Hallyday in Bercy
- 1992 : Eddy Mitchell at the Casino de Paris
- 1993 : Jacques Dutronc in the Casino de Paris
- 1994 : Johnny Hallyday at the Parc des Princes
- 1995 : Eddy Mitchell in Bercy, at the Casino de Paris, at the Paris Olympia and at the Zénith
- 1996 : *Johnny Hallyday in Bercy*
- 1998 : *Sol En Si* in *Casino de Paris*
### Musical Show, Tour or Concert of the Year {#musical_show_tour_or_concert_of_the_year}
- 1999 : *Notre Dame de Paris* at the Casino de Paris
- 2000 : *Je dis aime* by -M- at l\'Elysée Montmartre and on tour
- 2001 : Johnny Hallyday at the Eiffel Tower, at the Paris Olympia and on tour
- 2002 : *Henri Salvador* at the Paris Olympia
- 2003 : *Christophe* at the Paris Olympia
- 2004 : *Fan en tournée* by Pascal Obispo
- 2005 : -M- at the Olympia and on tour
- 2006 : Zazie *Rodéo tour* at Bercy and on tour
- 2007 : Olivia Ruiz
- 2008 : Michel Polnareff - *Ze Tour 2007*
- 2009 : Alain Bashung - *Bleu pétrole tour*
- 2010 : Johnny Hallyday - *Tour 66*
- 2013 : Shaka Ponk at the Olympia, Le Zénith and Bataclan - *The Geeks Tour* (Production: Zouave Spectacles)
- 2014 : -M- - *Îl(s)*
- 2015 : Stromae - *Racine carrée Tour*
- 2016 : Christine and the Queens - *Zéniths Tour*
- 2017 : Ibrahim Maalouf - *Red and Black Light*
- 2018 : Camille - Tour
- 2019 : Orelsan - Tour
| 393 |
Victoires de la Musique
| 6 |
2,879,761 |
# Victoires de la Musique
## Categories
### Music Video of the Year {#music_video_of_the_year}
- 1985 : \"Pull Marine\" by Isabelle Adjani (Director: Luc Besson)
- 1986 : \"La Ballade de Jim\" by Alain Souchon (Director: Philippe Bensoussan)
- 1987 : \"C\'est comme ça \" by Rita Mitsouko (Director: Jean-Baptiste Mondino)
- 1988 : \"Là-bas\" by Jean-Jacques Goldman (Director: Bernard Schmitt)
- 1990 : \"Casser la voix\" by Patrick Bruel (Directors: Joëlle Bouvier and Régis Obadia)
- 1991 : \"Tandem\" by Vanessa Paradis (Director: Jean-Baptiste Mondino)
- 1992 : \"Auteuil, Neuilly, Passy\" by Les Inconnus (Directors: Gérard Pullicino and les Inconnus)
- 1993 : \"Osez Joséphine\" by Alain Bashung (Director: Jean-Baptiste Mondino)
- 1994 : \"L\'Ennemi dans la glace\" by Alain Chamfort (Director: Jean-Baptiste Mondino)
- 1995 : \"Nouveau Western\" by MC Solaar (Director: Stéphane Sednaoui)
- 1996 : \"Larsen\" by Zazie (Director: Philippe Andre)
- 1997 : \"C\'est ça la France\" by Marc Lavoine (Director: Sylvain Bergère)
- 1998 : \"Savoir aimer\" by Florent Pagny (Director: Sylvain Bergère)
- 1999 : \"La nuit je mens \" by Alain Bashung (Director: Jacques Audiard)
- 2000 : \"Flat Beat\" by Mr. Oizo (Director: Quentin Dupieux)
- 2001 : \"Am I Wrong by Étienne de Crécy (Director: Geoffrey de Crécy)
- 2002 : \"Le vent nous portera\" by Noir Désir (Director: Alexandre Courtes and Jacques Veneruso)
- 2003 : \"Tournent les violons\" by Jean-Jacques Goldman (Director: Yannick Saillet)
- 2004 : \"Respire\" by Mickey 3D
- 2005 : \"Les beaux yeux de Laure\" by Alain Chamfort (Director: Bruno Decharme)
- 2006 : \"Est-ce que tu aimes ?\" by Arthur H and -M-
- 2007 : \"Marly-Gomont\" by Kamini
- 2008 : \"1234\" by Feist
- 2009 : \"Les limites\" by Julien Doré (Directors: Fabrice Laffont et Julien Doré)
- 2010 : \"Elle panique\" by Olivia Ruiz (Director: Valérie Pierson)
- 2011 : \"La Banane\" by Philippe Katerine (Director: Gaëtan Chataigner)
- 2012 : \"La Seine\" by Vanessa Paradis and -M- (Director: Bibo Bergeron)
- 2013 : \"FUYA\" by C2C (Directors: Sylvain Richard and Francis Cutter)
- 2014 : \"Formidable\" by Stromae (Director: Jérôme Guillot)
- 2015 : \"Saint Claude\" by Christine and the Queens (Director: J.A.C.K.)
- 2016 : \"Christine\" by Christine and the Queens (Director: J.A.C.K.) (second award)
- 2017 : \"Makeba\" by Jain
- 2018 : \"Basique\" by Orelsan
- 2019 : \"Tout oublier\' by Angèle (Directors: Brice VDH and Léo Walk)
### Music DVD of the Year {#music_dvd_of_the_year}
- 2005 : *Les leçons de musique* by -M- (director: Emilie Chedid)
- 2006 : *En images* by Noir Désir (director: Don Kent)
- 2007 : *Tryo fête ses dix ans* by Tryo
- 2008 : *Le Soldat Rose* by Louis Chedid (director: Jean-Louis Cap)
- 2009 : *Divinidylle* by Vanessa Paradis (directors: Thierry Poiraud - Didier Poiraud)
- 2010 : *Alain Bashung à l\'Olympia* by Alain Bashung (director: Fabien Raymond)
- 2014 : *Geeks on Stage* by Shaka Ponk
### Various awards {#various_awards}
**Sound engineer**
- 1985 : Andy Scott for Julien Clerc at Bercy
- 1992 : Dominique Blanc-Francard for *Seul dans ton coin* of David McNeil and *Amours secrètes\... Passion publique* of Julien Clerc
- 1993 : *Patrice Cramer* for *Où est la source?* of Michel Jonasz
**Album producer**
- 1985 : Michel Jonasz, Kamil Rustam, Gabriel Yared, Manu Katché, Jean-Yves D\'Angelo and Georges Rodi - for *Unis vers l\'uni* of Michel Jonasz
**Studio musician**
- 1986 : Jannick Top
- 1987 : Manu Katché
- 1988 : Russell Powell
**Producer / Arranger**
- 1992 : Mick Lanaro for *Si ce soir\..
| 594 |
Victoires de la Musique
| 7 |
2,879,762 |
# Kerrie Tucker
**Kerrie Robyn Tucker** (born 15 September 1948) is a former Australian politician and activist for the environment and human rights who was a member of the unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly representing the multi-member electorate of Molonglo for the ACT Greens between 1995 and 2001. Tucker was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Australian Senate representing the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) for the Australian Greens at the 1993, 2004, and 2007 federal elections.
## Early years {#early_years}
Prior to entering politics, Tucker was employed by the Canberra and South East Region Environment Centre to work in the library and edit the *Bogong* magazine. She was a founding member of ACT Greens.
## Political career {#political_career}
Tucker was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly, representing the Molonglo electorate for the ACT Greens in 1995, and was re-elected in 1998 and 2001. During her term as a Member of the ACT Legislative Assembly, Tucker used her staffing allowance to employ part-time staff, who shared her political views. In 1999--2000, her office produced more legislation and amendments than any other non-government office. Her term was marked by a progressive social agenda, including advocating for public housing, pro-choice and same-sex anti-discrimination laws, review of competition policy, substance abuse and progressive drug reform, and increasing the size of the Assembly from 17 members to 21 members.
Tucker resigned her seat one month before the 2004 ACT general election in order to contest the 2004 federal election.
She ran for election to the Australian Senate representing the Australian Capital Territory for the Australian Greens at the 1993 federal election, gaining 5.9% of the primary vote; falling well short of a quota. Tucker ran again at the 2004 federal election gaining 16.4% of the primary vote, and was again unsuccessful. Tucker ran again for the Senate at the 2007 federal election gaining 21.5% of the primary vote, and was unsuccessful in gaining election, amidst significant media speculation that Tucker would defeat sitting Liberal Senator, Gary Humphries. Humphries had earlier been ACT Chief Minister and ironically Tucker was among the MLAs holding the balance of power after the 2001 election who voted to oust Humphries as Chief Minister.
## Career post-politics {#career_post_politics}
Since 2004, Tucker has worked as the Executive Officer of ACT Shelter, advocating for the needs of people experiencing homelessness and housing stress. In 2005 and 2006, she was co-chair of Anti-Poverty Week in the ACT and continues to contribute to the community on a voluntary basis through her work as an individual member of the ACT Collaboration. Tucker works part-time with the progressive left wing think tank, The Australia Institute
| 440 |
Kerrie Tucker
| 0 |
2,879,763 |
# Frederick C. Bock
**Frederick Carl Bock Jr** (18 January 1918 -- 25 August 2000) was an American bomber pilot during World War II who took part in the atomic bombing of Nagasaki in 1945.
Bock attended the University of Chicago and went on to enroll in a graduate course in philosophy.
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
Upon the entry of the United States into the World War II, Bock enlisted in the Army Air Force, becoming a pilot. Bock flew missions from India to China over the Himalayas, a route known as the Hump. He also participated in air raids on Japan flown from China.
### Nagasaki atomic bomb raid {#nagasaki_atomic_bomb_raid}
On the Nagasaki Raid, Bock flew the B-29 bomber *The Great Artiste*, which was used for scientific measurements and photography of the effects caused by the nuclear weapon.
The bomber which actually dropped Fat Man was called *Bockscar,* an aircraft named for and usually flown by Bock. The staff was swapped just before the raid, and Major Charles Sweeney piloted *Bockscar*, which flew with *The Great Artiste* and another aircraft.
William L. Laurence, a science writer with the *New York Times,* was a civilian observer aboard *The Great Artiste.* His account of the mission was awarded the 1946 Pulitzer Prize. In his book, *Dawn Over Zero* (Knopf 1946), Laurence describes the scene aboard the B-29:
Bock rose to the rank of major and received the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal.
## Post-war career {#post_war_career}
After the war, Bock returned to Chicago, where he earned his PhD in zoology, with a specialisation in mathematical statistics and genetics. Working in Chicago-based research laboratories, Dr. Bock created algorithms for solving complex problems. At Baxter Travenol Laboratories, he devised a mathematical model for peritoneal dialysis. Dr. Bock retired from Baxter Travenol in 1986.
A native of Greenville, Michigan, Bock died at his Arizona home in 2000 of cancer
| 318 |
Frederick C. Bock
| 0 |
2,879,772 |
# Wait-a-while
| 2 |
Wait-a-while
| 0 |
2,879,774 |
# Bertrice Small
**Bertrice Small** (December 9, 1937 -- February 24, 2015) was an American *New York Times*- bestselling writer of historical and erotic romance novels. Bertrice lived on Long Island, New York, with her husband George Small. She was a member of The Authors Guild, Romance Writers of America, PAN, and PASIC.
## Biography
### Personal life {#personal_life}
Small was born Bertrice Williams in Manhattan on December 9, 1937. Her parents were David Williams and the former Doris Steen. Both worked in the business side of television broadcasting. She attended St. Mary\'s, a school for girls run by Anglican nuns, in Peekskill, N.Y. She later entered Western College for Women in Ohio but dropped out and transferred to a Katherine Gibbs secretarial school, after which she worked as a secretary in advertising agencies.
She was married for 49 years to George Small, who died in 2012. They had a son, Thomas, and 4 grandchildren. She had lived on eastern Long Island for 30 years.
Small died on February 24, 2015, aged 77, in Southold, New York.
### Writing career {#writing_career}
From 1978 on, Small authored over 50 novels, including in the historical romance, fantasy romance and erotic contemporary genres. Her novels include *The Kadin*, and the series *The O\'Malley Saga* and *Skye\'s Legacy*.
A New York Times bestselling author, Small also appeared on other best-seller lists including *Publishers Weekly*, *USA Today* and the *Los Angeles Times*. She was the recipient of numerous awards including Best Historical Romance, Outstanding Historical Romance Series, Career Achievement for Historical Fantasy and several Reviewers Choice awards from *Romantic Times*. She had a \"Silver Pen\" from Affaire de Coeur, and an Honorable Mention from The West Coast Review of Books. In 2004 Bertrice Small was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by *Romantic Times* magazine for her contributions to the genre
| 305 |
Bertrice Small
| 0 |
2,879,783 |
# Steven Stapleton
**Steven Peter Stapleton** (born 3 February 1957) is an English musician who is best known as the only constant member of experimental improv outfit Nurse with Wound. He is often seen as one of the pioneers of the British industrial music scene, alongside bands such as Throbbing Gristle, Monte Cazazza and Cabaret Voltaire, although in his music he has explored a wide range of styles, including free-form improvisation, folk, and even Latin American dance rhythms.
Nurse with Wound, originally a three-piece ensemble, is Stapleton\'s main outlet for his musical work, occasionally in collaboration with other musicians such as Foetus or William Bennett (of Whitehouse). He has also appeared on records by other artists and worked as a producer. He runs the United Dairies record label, which apart from the NWW output released records by Current 93, the Lemon Kittens and Volcano the Bear, as well as krautrock and several experimental artists. Stapleton is also a graphic artist and painter, and has designed album sleeves and book covers.
Under the name \"Babs Santini\", Stapleton has created the artwork for most of the Nurse with Wound recordings, as well as for other artists, such as Coil, the Legendary Pink Dots and Current 93. He has exhibited the originals of his works widely, the last show being held at GalleryX in Dublin.
Stapleton lives with his long-term partner and wife Sarah Redpath. The family live in the townland of Cooloorta in The Burren, Ireland, on a piece of land with houses and caravans hand-built and decorated by Stapleton. Stapleton is a fan of the Third Ear Band.
## Discography
(Solo recordings only. Follow link for Nurse with Wound recordings
| 279 |
Steven Stapleton
| 0 |
2,879,792 |
# Lambda Arietis
`| radius = 2.45{{±|0.09}}`\
`| luminosity = 15.43{{±|0.66}}`\
`| temperature = 7,311{{±|125}}`\
`| metal_fe = +0.01`\
`| gravity = 3.88{{±|0.08}}`\
`| rotational_velocity = 107`\
`| age_myr = 618`\
`| component2 = λ Ari B`\
`| mass2 = 1.13{{±|0.15}}`\
`| radius2 = 1.14{{±|0.06}}`\
`| luminosity2 = 1.60{{±|0.05}}`\
`| temperature2= 6,072{{±|130}}`\
`| metal2_fe = −0.03`\
`| gravity2 = 4.37{{±|0.08}}`
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | F=9 Arietis | HD=11973 | HIP=9153 | HR=569 | SAO=75051 | ADS=1563 | CCDM=01580+2336 | WDS=J01579+2336 }}
| component1 = λ Ari A
| names1 = {{odlist | BD=+22 288 | GC=2366 | TIC=60986648 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
| component2 = λ Ari B
| names2 = {{odlist | BD=+22 289 | GC=2367 | PPM=91238 | TIC=60986644 }}<ref name=SIMBAD_B/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=lam+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Lambda Arietis** is a double star in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from λ Arietis, and abbreviated Lambda Ari or λ Ari. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 25.32 arcseconds, this system is approximately 129 ly distant from Earth. The pair have a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.79, which is bright enough to be viewed with the naked eye. Because the yellow secondary is nearly three magnitudes fainter than the white primary, they are a challenge to split with quality 7× binoculars but are readily resolvable at 10×.
The brighter component is an F-type main sequence star with a visual magnitude of 4.95 and a stellar classification of F0 V. It is an estimated 618 million years old with a high rate of rotation, showing a projected rotational velocity of 107 km/s. This star has 1.7 times the mass of the Sun and 2.5 times the Sun\'s radius. It is radiating 15 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,311 K.
At an angular separation of 37.4 arcseconds is fainter, magnitude 7.75 companion. This is a G-type main sequence star with a classification of G1 V. The star is at a similar distance as the brighter component, and has a comparable proper motion. In 1988, Helmut Abt listed this as a physical pair, showing a common proper motion with a projected separation of `{{val|1600|ul=au|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki}
| 374 |
Lambda Arietis
| 0 |
2,879,803 |
# Zeta Arietis
`| constell = ``Aries`
}} `{{Starbox character
| class = A1 V<ref name=aj74_375/>
| r-i =
| v-r =
| b-v = −0.02<ref name=clpl4_99/>
| u-b = −0.01<ref name=clpl4_99/>
| variable =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = +7.3{{±|2.8}}`{=mediawiki}
`| prop_mo_ra = −26.276`\
`| prop_mo_dec = −72.900`\
`| pm_footnote = `\
`| parallax = 12.7708`\
`| p_error = 0.3734`\
`| parallax_footnote = `\
`| absmag_v = +0.35`
}} `{{Starbox detail
| mass = 2.430{{±|0.340}}`{=mediawiki}
`| radius = 2.974{{±|0.115}}`\
`| luminosity = 65.7{{±|4.8}}`\
`| temperature = 9,528{{±|117}}`\
`| gravity = 3.88{{±|0.07}}`\
`| metal_fe = `\
`| rotational_velocity = 133`\
`| age_myr = 333`
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=ζ Ari | F=58 Arietis | BD=+20 527 | FK5=1089 | HD=20150 | HIP=15110 | HR=972 | SAO=75810 | GC=3872 | PPM=92319 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=zet+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Zeta Arietis** is a star in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from ζ Arietis, and abbreviated Zeta Ari or ζ Ari. This star is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.87. Based upon an annual parallax shift of `{{val|12.77|ul=mas}}`{=mediawiki}, the distance to this star is approximately 255 ly. It is receding from the Sun with a radial velocity of +7 km/s.
This is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A1 V. It is an estimated 333 million years old and is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 133 km/s. Zeta Arietis has 2.4 times the mass of the Sun and 3.0 times the Sun\'s radius. It is radiating 66 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,528 K, giving it the characteristic white-hued glow of an A-type star.
## Name
This star, along with δ Ari, ε Ari, π Ari, and ρ^3^ Ari, were Al Bīrūnī\'s *Al Buṭain* (**ألبطين**), the dual of *Al Baṭn*, the Belly. According to the catalogue of stars in the *Technical Memorandum 33-507 - A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars*, *Al Buṭain* was the title for five stars: δ Ari as *Botein*, π Ari as *Al Buṭain I*, ρ^3^ Ari as *Al Buṭain II*, ε Ari as *Al Buṭain III*, and ζ Ari as *Al Buṭain IV*.
In Chinese, *天陰* (*Tiān Yīn*), meaning *Yin Force*, refers to an asterism consisting of ζ Arietis, 63 Arietis, δ Arietis, τ Arietis and 65 Arietis. Consequently, the Chinese name for ζ Arietis itself is *天陰二* (*Lóu Su èr*, *the Second Star of Yin Force*
| 428 |
Zeta Arietis
| 0 |
2,879,805 |
# Desert oak
**Desert oak** may refer to several Australian tree species with narrow, needle-like leaves or stems, including:
- *Acacia coriacea*
- *Acacia sericophylla*
- *Allocasuarina decaisneana*
| 28 |
Desert oak
| 0 |
2,879,812 |
# Pandemic Preparedness and Response Act
The **Pandemic Preparedness and Response Act** is a bill introduced on October 5, 2005, by U.S. Senators Harry Reid, Evan Bayh, Dick Durbin, Ted Kennedy, Barack Obama, and Tom Harkin in response to the growing threat of an outbreak of avian influenza. The bill calls for:
- Preparing for a pandemic by finalizing, implementing and funding pandemic preparedness and response plans.
- Improving surveillance and international partnerships to monitor the spread of avian flu and detect the emergence of a flu strain with pandemic potential immediately.
- Protecting Americans through the development, production and distribution of an effective vaccine.
- Planning ahead for a pandemic by stockpiling antivirals, vaccines and other essential medications and supplies.
- Strengthening the public health infrastructure.
- Increasing awareness and education about pandemic flu.
- Devoting adequate resources to pandemic preparedness.
\"This bill never became law. This bill was proposed in a previous session of Congress. Sessions of Congress last two years, and at the end of each session all proposed bills and resolutions that haven\'t passed are cleared from the books. Members often reintroduce bills that did not come up for debate under a new number in the next session. \... Sometimes the text of one bill or resolution is incorporated into another, and in those cases the original bill or resolution, as it would appear here, would seem to be abandoned
| 234 |
Pandemic Preparedness and Response Act
| 0 |
2,879,830 |
# Kappa Arietis
`| radius = 2.32{{±|0.08}}`\
`| luminosity = 24.4{{±|1.3}}`\
`| temperature = 8,421{{±|125}}`\
`| gravity = 4.03{{±|0.07}}`\
`| metal_fe = +0.18`\
`| rotational_velocity = 18`\
`| age_myr = `
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=κ Ari | F=12 Arietis | BD=+21°279 | GC=2527 | HD=12869 | HIP=9836 | HR=613 | PM=91364 | SAO=75146 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=kap+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Kappa Arietis** is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from κ Arietis, and abbreviated Kappa Ari or κ Ari. The combined apparent visual magnitude of the pair is 5.02, making the system bright enough for it to be dimly visible to the naked eye as a white-hued point of light. It is located approximately 181 light-years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +11.5 km/s.
The binary nature of this system was announced in 1918 by Lick Observatory. It is a double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 15.3 days and an eccentricity of 0.61. Both components displaying the spectral properties of an Am, or metallic-lined star. They have nearly the same brightness and their mass ratio is 1.03; very close to equal
| 212 |
Kappa Arietis
| 0 |
2,879,837 |
# Gersey
**Gersey** are an Australian rock band based in Melbourne, which formed in 1997. Since its debut album, the band has featured the core membership of Craig Jackson (vocals, bass), Daryl Bradie (guitar), Matt Davis (guitar) & Danny Tulen (drums).
## History
### Formation and sound {#formation_and_sound}
The band are among a number of Australian indie-rock bands formed in the mid-late 90s who were partly influenced by the shoegaze movement of the early 90s, including Gaslight Radio. Matt Davis was himself a peripheral member of Gaslight Radio before the formation of Gersey.
However, the band are best known for their spacious arrangements and their dynamic range, best typified by the Australian bands that alongside themselves and Gaslight Radio, chose to work with Australian record producer, Tim Whitten, including 78 Saab & Art of Fighting.
A 2006 review on FasterLouder.com marked this progression, declaring: \"No longer content to be another local band filling out the shoegazer scene, the five-piece are now capable of producing material of a far more epic nature\".
Steve Kilbey, from The Church commented: \"You will never really pin these songs down. Without ever trying to be \'mysterious\' this music with its repetitions which blur and softly distort, the detached vague lyrics and voice which seamlessly becomes another element, is\".
### Recordings
The band began their recording careers with the now-rare EP \"Bewilderment Is A Blessing\" (1999). Since then they have released four full-length albums. Their first two albums, *Hope Springs* (2000) and *Storms Dressed as Stars* (2002), were both produced with Tim Whitten (The Clouds, Underground Lovers) at Megaphon Studios in Sydney. Both albums were re-released in 2005 as deluxe editions, with the *Hope Springs* deluxe edition also including their debut EP in full.
It took the band four years to return for their third album *No Satellites* (2006). The group finally entered the studio with Dean Turner, a member of Australian act Magic Dirt, who had produced Riff Random and theredsunband. Whitten mixed the album.
In April 2010, Mess+Noise interviewed Craig Jackson, who said the chances of a fourth album were \"very good\" following the band\'s return to the live circuit. Gersey sent a message to fans in October 2014, announcing that work on a new album was completed. The album, *What You Kill*, was eventually released in 2016.
### Side projects {#side_projects}
In the following years, the band pursued personal projects, many of which included contributions from fellow Gersey bandmates. Matt Davis started the project, Bombazine Black, which also featured Danny Tulen on drums and Daryl Bradie on guitar. Tulen, Bradie and former fifth member, Drew Pearse formed the band Tall Buildings. Jackson formed the band Sirens of Venice with his wife Camilla Jackson, releasing a self-titled album through Speak N Spell Records in 2010. In 2019, Tulen & Bradie formed Walkerville, a two-piece garageband with plans to release an EP in early 2020.Danny has had support and ideas from his son, Sunny ;)
### Pavement tour {#pavement_tour}
In 2010, Gersey returned to the road, performing an 11-date national tour which included seven theatre shows supporting US band, Pavement. Music writer Chris Wood explained the history between the two bands: \"The Pavement/Gersey connection goes back almost ten years with Gersey performing its first US shows with Spiral Stairs\' Preston School of Industry in 2001. Gersey and PSOI released a split seven-inch in 2003 and they have twice toured Australia together. More recently, members of Gersey have performed with Spiral Stairs on his solo album and as his touring band\"
| 585 |
Gersey
| 0 |
2,879,854 |
# Iota Arietis
`| prop_mo_ra = +37.138`\
`| prop_mo_dec = −19.983`\
`| pm_footnote = `\
`| parallax = 7.4277`\
`| p_error = 0.2980`\
`| parallax_footnote = `\
`| absmag_v = −0.4`
}} `{{Starbox orbit
| reference = <ref name=Gordon1946/>
| period_unitless = {{val|1567.66|0.62|u=days|fmt=commas}}
| axis_unitless = ≥ {{convert|217|Gm|AU|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| eccentricity = {{val|0.356|0.022}}
| inclination = <!--Inclination (in degrees)-->
| node = <!--Longitude of node (in degrees)-->
| periastron = {{val|2420961.1|27.2|ul=JD|fmt=none}}
| periarg = {{val|94.04|4.72}}
| k1 = {{val|10.78|0.31}}
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox detail
| source =
| mass = 3.17{{±|0.08|0.09}}`{=mediawiki}
`| radius = 20.4{{±|0.7|0.8}}`\
`| luminosity = 240{{±|16|20}}`\
`| temperature = 5,031{{±|6|2}}`\
`| gravity = 2.60`\
`| metal_fe = −0.10`\
`| rotational_velocity = 3.33`\
`| age_myr = `
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=ι Ari | F=8 Arietis | BD=+17 289 | FK5=2132 | HD=11909 | HIP=9110 | HR=563 | SAO=92721 | GC=2347 | PPM=117816 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = iot+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Iota Arietis** is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from ι Arietis, and abbreviated Iota Ari or ι Ari. This star has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.117; bright enough to be dimly seen with the naked eye. Parallax measurements yield an estimated distance of approximately 440 ly from Earth. The position of this system near the ecliptic means it is subject to lunar occultation.
The variable radial velocity of this system was announced by W. W. Campbell in 1922. K. C. Gordon published orbital elements for this single-lined spectroscopic binary system in 1946, giving an orbital period of 1567.66 days and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.36.
For the visible component, in 1952 N. G. Roman found a stellar classification of K1p, where the \'p\' indicates some type of peculiarity with the spectrum. Her comments indicated that the \"Hydrogen lines and λ 4290 are strong enough to indicate a class II star, but the CN is barely strong enough for class III, and the Sr II is not much stronger than this would require.\". E. A. Harlan published a class of K peculiar in 1969, commenting, \"Hδ strong, Fe I λ4045 is weak for type\". In 1990, K. Sato and S. Kuji gave a class of G8III, suggesting this is an aging G-type giant star and questioning its peculiar status. Bayesian inference of the stellar properties indicates this star is on the horizontal branch. The companion is a suspected white dwarf
| 410 |
Iota Arietis
| 0 |
2,879,860 |
# Eta Arietis
`| constell = ``Aries`
}} `{{Starbox character
| class = F5 V<ref name=mnras374_2_664/>
| b-v = +0.435<ref name=Stassun_et_al_2019/>
| u-b = –0.04{{cn|date=April 2025}}<!-- No longer listed on SIMBAD -->
| variable =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = +5.38{{±|0.19}}`{=mediawiki}
`| prop_mo_ra = +163.917`\
`| prop_mo_dec = +5.000`\
`| pm_footnote = `\
`| parallax = 33.3383`\
`| p_error = 0.1196`\
`| parallax_footnote = `\
`| absmag_v = +2.93`
}} `{{Starbox detail
| mass = 1.30{{±|0.19}}`{=mediawiki}
`| radius = 1.95{{±|0.08}}`\
`| luminosity = 5.91{{±|0.23}}`\
`| temperature = 6,443{{±|107}}`\
`| gravity = 3.97{{±|0.08}}`\
`| metal_fe = –0.35`\
`| rotational_velocity = 9`\
`| age_gyr = 2.6 Gyr`\
`3.98`
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=η Ari | F=17 Arietis | BD=+20 348 | GJ=1043 | HD=13555 | HIP=10306 | HR=646 | SAO=75204 | GC=2643 | PPM=91445 | TIC=306484795 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=eta+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Eta Arietis** is a star in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from η Arietis, and abbreviated Eta Ari or η Ari. This star is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.231. Based on an annual parallax shift of `{{val|33.34|ul=mas}}`{=mediawiki}, the distance to this star is 98 ly. It is drifting further away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +5 km/s.
This is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F5 V. It is younger than the Sun with an age of about 2.6 billion years, and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 9 km/s. This star has 1.3 times the mass of the Sun and double the Sun\'s radius. It is radiating 5.9 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of the outer atmosphere is 6,443 K, giving it the yellow-white-hued glow of an F-type star. The abundance of elements more massive than helium in the stellar atmosphere is lower than in the Sun.
Eta Arietis was examined using the HARPS instrument for radial velocity variations that may be caused by an orbiting companion, but no signal was detected. Nor has an infrared excess been detected using the Spitzer Space Telescope, which might otherwise indicate the presence of circumstellar gas or dust
| 377 |
Eta Arietis
| 0 |
2,879,865 |
# Eric Thomas (gynaecologist)
**Sir Eric Jackson Thomas** FMedSci (24 March 1953 -- 10 November 2023) was an English academic who was vice-chancellor of the University of Bristol from 2001 to 2015. From 2003 to 2007, he was chair of the Worldwide Universities Network and was the president of Universities UK from 2011 to 2013.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
Thomas graduated in medicine from the Newcastle in 1976. He trained as an obstetrician and gynaecologist and worked at both the universities of Sheffield and Newcastle. He obtained an MD-by-thesis in 1987 via his research into endometriosis.
In 1991, he was appointed professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at the University of Southampton, becoming head of the School of Medicine in 1995 and dean of the Faculty of Medicine, Health and Biological Sciences in 1998. He was a consultant gynaecologist from 1987 to 2001.
In August 2011, Thomas became president of Universities UK, having previously been its vice-president, chair of its England and Northern Ireland Council and chair of its Research Policy Committee. He was chair of the board of CASE Europe, a member of the board of CASE and was a commissioner of the Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission. He chaired the government Taskforce into Increasing Voluntary Giving in Higher Education, which reported in 2004. He was chair of the Worldwide Universities Network from 2003 -- 2007. He was a member of the board of the South-West Regional Development Agency from 2002--8.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Thomas was married and had two children. His interests included golf and Newcastle United Football Club. He was a Deputy Lieutenant of the City and County of Bristol, and was knighted in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to higher education.
Thomas died of cancer on 10 November 2023, at the age of 70
| 299 |
Eric Thomas (gynaecologist)
| 0 |
2,879,872 |
# Bohuslavice (Opava District)
**Bohuslavice** (*Buslawitz*, *Bogusławice*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,800 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## History
The first written mention of Bohuslavice is from 1288. Until 1920, it belonged to the Prussian province of Silesia.
From 1938 to 1945, Bohuslavice was annexed by Nazi Germany
| 67 |
Bohuslavice (Opava District)
| 0 |
2,879,873 |
# Tom Stephan
**Tom Stephan** (born June 6, 1970) is an American house music, producer, DJ and film director. He was born in New York, United States. He is also known as **Superchumbo**.
## Biography
In 1990, Stephan relocated to London, England and studied film at the London Film School where he directed *21st Century Nuns*. The short documentary featured an interview by British artist, film-maker and AIDS activist Derek Jarman.
## Discography
### Albums
### Original productions {#original_productions}
- Bart Skils ft Superchumbo - All Over My Body \[Drumcode DC246\] 2021
- David Tort & Tom Stephan - Music's In Me \[HoTL Records\] 2017
- Tom Stephan & Danny Verde ft Rowetta - Feel It \[Get Down\] 2016
- Superchumbo & D. Ramirez - Shake It Baby \[Slave Recordings\] 2005
- Superchumbo - Wowie Zowie Album \[Twisted America\] 2005
- Superchumbo featuring Celeda - Dirtyfilthy \[Twisted America\] 2004
- Superchumbo - This Beat Is \[Twisted America\] 2003
- Superchumbo feat. Sylvia Mason-James - Irresistible! \[Twisted America\] 2002
- Superchumbo & Victoria Wilson-James - The Revolution \[Twisted America\] 2001
- Tracy & Sharon - Terrific / Filthy Hetero \[Flesh UK/Omnisonus FR\] 1994
### Remixes
- Sting - If You Love Somebody Set Them Free (Tom Stephan Mix) \[A&M\] 2019
- Lenny Kravitz - Low (Tom Stephan Mix) \[BMG\] 2018
- Beyonce - Partition (Tom Stephan Mix) \[Columbia\] 2014
- Seductive - Take Control (Tom Stephan Mix) \[Spinnin\] 2010
- Fierce Ruling Diva - You Gotta Believe (Superchumbo mixes) \[React /Tommy Boy\] 2002
- Basement Jaxx - Get Me Off (Superchumbo \'Supergetoff\' Remix) \[XL\] 2002
- Missy Elliott - Get Ur Freak On (Superchumbo\'s Superfreakon Remix) \[Elektra\] 2002
- Kylie Minogue - Can\'t Get You Out Of My Head (Superchumbo Mixes) \[Parlophone\] 2001
- Tina Turner - When The Heartache Is Over (Superchumbo\'s Crystal Mix) \[DMC\] 2000
- Pet Shop Boys - New York City Boy (Superchumbo Remixes) \[EMI\] 1999
### DJ mix albums {#dj_mix_albums}
- Nervous Nitelife \[Nervous Records\] 2009
- Asseteria - Live from NYC \[Nervous Records\] 2008
- Let's Go Chumbo \[ChumboMundo\] 2006
- Roger Sanchez / Tom Stephan - Afterdark Vol.1 \[Stealth\] 2005
- Nite:Life 018 - These Beats Are\... \[NRK\] 2004
- Superchumbo - Get the Lead Out! \[Twisted\] 2002
- Superchumbo - Leadhead \[Loaded\] 2002
- Soundworx - Session Two \[Soundworx UK\] 2001
- Drag Addict \[Hut Recordings\] 1996
- Just a Drag..
| 398 |
Tom Stephan
| 0 |
2,879,877 |
# Phoenix Trotting Park
The **Phoenix Trotting Park**, was a horse racing track built in 1964 in Goodyear, Arizona, United States. It opened in 1965 and was run for about two and a half seasons. The large, futuristically designed structure gave an optimistic look for the 1960s.
Originally planned to be built for a cost of about \$3 million, the facility ended up costing around \$10 million. One of the proprietors was James Dunnigan, a horse racing financier from New York. Ivone Grassetto, head of Impressa Eugenio Grassetto of Padua, Italy designed the grandstand and the main racing strip. Associate architect was Victor Gruen Associates of Los Angeles. The construction of the facility was undertaken as a joint venture by Gilbert & Dolan Enterprises and E.L. Farmer Construction Company, Inc. Various incentives during the events that were held, such as free parking and admission did initially lead to decent attendance, including an opening day showing of 12,000 people. However, a variety of factors led to the inevitable closing of the track. The hot weather of the desert caused events to be uncomfortable to attendees. The location provided limited means to control rain, leading to floods that caused accessibility problems. The park is also located about 20 miles outside of Phoenix and was built long before any major roads made the area easily accessible to those in the city or its suburbs.
Though closed in 1966, the 194-acre property had been continuously owned by either individuals or corporations/businesses. And with the exception of a brief use for a movie, the property had sat abandoned since its closure. As such, without any care, maintenance, or upkeep, the property showed its age.
The main building of the park was used in the 1998 Charlie/Martin Sheen movie *No Code of Conduct*. Part of the feature involved a large explosion occurring at the track.
In December 2015, the property was put on the market for \$16.5 million. The structure was demolished in 2017.
As of 2024, Goodyear High School is currently being constructed on the former site and plans to open in 2025.
## Gallery
File: Goodyear-Phoenix Trotting Park-1965-6.jpg\|The grandstand File: Goodyear-Phoenix Trotting Park-1965-4
| 359 |
Phoenix Trotting Park
| 0 |
2,879,891 |
# Muscle & Fitness
***Muscle & Fitness*** is an American fitness and bodybuilding magazine founded in 1935 by Canadian entrepreneur Joe Weider. It was originally published under the title ***Your Physique***, before being renamed to ***Muscle Builder*** in 1954, and acquiring its current name in 1980. There is also a companion magazine called *Muscle and Fitness Hers*, oriented toward women.
## History
*Muscle & Fitness* has a more mainstream fitness and bodybuilding lifestyle focus than its companion publication, *Flex*, which mainly covers more specialised \"hardcore\" and professional bodybuilding topics. It offers many exercise and nutrition tips, while at the same time advertising a variety of nutritional supplements from companies.
Many professional bodybuilders are featured in each monthly issue of *Muscle & Fitness*, such as Gustavo Badell, Darrem Charles, Ronnie Coleman, and Jay Cutler. Figure competitors such as Monica Brant, Jenny Lynn, and Davana Medina are also featured, as are entertainers and other public figures such as Muhammad Ali, Steve Austin, John Cena, 50 Cent, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Todd Duffee, Triple H, Evander Holyfield, Dwayne Johnson, Brock Lesnar, Nate Marquardt, Stephanie McMahon, Vince McMahon, John Morrison, Mike O\'Hearn, Maryse Ouellet, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Joe Weider himself.
In its December 2015 issue, *Muscle & Fitness* named Dwayne Johnson its \"Man of the Century\", crediting him for being \"emblematic\" of the growth of the fitness industry. Johnson said in the issue, \"During the lowest point of my life, this magazine was my rock.\"
M&F, along with Mr. Olympia, Flex, and Muscle & Fitness Hers was sold to Arizona-based female bodybuilding enthusiast Jake Wood in February 2020
| 263 |
Muscle & Fitness
| 0 |
2,879,901 |
# Pi Arietis
`| prop_mo_ra = +2.60`\
`| prop_mo_dec = −14.10`\
`| pm_footnote = `\
`| parallax = 4.18`\
`| p_error = 0.69`\
`| parallax_footnote = `\
`| absmag_v = −1.56`
}} `{{Starbox detail
| mass = 4.4{{±|0.55|0.51}}`{=mediawiki}
`| radius = `\
`| luminosity = 538`\
`| temperature = ``{{val|16000|1000|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| metal_fe = `\
`| gravity = 4.5{{±|0.25}}`\
`| rotational_velocity = 70`\
`| age_myr = 13{{±|9|6}}`
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=π Ari | F=42 Arietis | BD=+16°355 | HD=17543 | HIP=13165 | HR=836 | SAO=93127 | GC=3378 | PPM=118581 | NSV=944 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=pi+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Pi Arietis** is a multiple star system in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from π Arietis, and abbreviated Pi Ari or π Ari. Based upon parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, this system is approximately 800 ly distant from Earth, and has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.314. This is bright enough to be faintly seen with the naked eye. The position of this system near the ecliptic means it is subject to lunar occultation.
The primary member of this system is an intermediate-mass, B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B6 V. It is a close, single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 3.854 days, an eccentricity of 0.04, and a combined visual magnitude of 5.30. At an angular separation of 3.28 arcseconds is a magnitude 8.46 A-type main sequence star with a classification of A0 Vp. Finally, a fourth member of the system is a magnitude 11.0 F-type main sequence star with a classification of F8V at an angular separation of 25.2 arcseconds from the primary.
## Name
This star, along with δ Ari, ε Ari, ζ Ari, and ρ^3^ Ari, were Al Bīrūnī\'s *Al Buṭain* (**ألبطين**), the dual of *Al Baṭn*, the Belly. According to the catalogue of stars in the *Technical Memorandum 33-507 - A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars*, *Al Buṭain* were the title for five stars : δ Ari as *Botein*, π Ari as *Al Buṭain I*, ρ^3^ Ari as *Al Buṭain II*, ε Ari as *Al Buṭain III* dan ζ Ari as *Al Buṭain IV*.
In Chinese, *左更* (*Zuǒ Gēng*), meaning *Official in Charge of the Forest*, refers to an asterism consisting of π Arietis, ν Arietis, μ Arietis, ο Arietis and σ Arietis. Consequently, the Chinese name for π Arietis itself is *左更五* (*Zuǒ Gēng wu*, *the Fifth Star of Official in Charge of the Forest*
| 423 |
Pi Arietis
| 0 |
2,879,916 |
# Evangeline Walton
**Evangeline Walton** (24 November 1907 -- 11 March 1996) was the pen name of **Evangeline Wilna Ensley**, an American writer of fantasy fiction. She remains popular in North America and Europe because of her "ability to humanize historical and mythological subjects with eloquence, humor and compassion".
## Life
Born in Indianapolis, Indiana to Marion Edmund Ensley and Wilna Eunice Ensley née Coyner, Walton came from a lively, educated, Quaker family. Walton suffered chronic respiratory illnesses as a child, and was privately or self-taught at home. Her parents separated and divorced in 1924. Growing up and living with her mother and her grandmother and witnessing her parents' marital difficulties roused a natural feminism in Walton which appears throughout her writings. As a child, Walton enjoyed the works of L. Frank Baum, James Stephens, Lord Dunsany and Algernon Blackwood, which she would later cite as influences on her fiction. Walton and her mother traveled often to New York City, Chicago and San Francisco for opera, especially for Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen; opera was a passion her entire life. In 1946 after the death of her grandmother, Walton and her mother moved to Tucson, Arizona. Wilna Ensley died in 1971 but not before she saw the dawn of public recognition for Walton and her works.
Most of Walton's published and unpublished works were originally written in the 1920s through the early 1950s. She worked on her best known work, the Mabinogion tetralogy, during the late 1930s and early 1940s, and her Theseus trilogy during the late 1940s. Once success found her after 1970, she reworked many of her manuscripts for publication over the next twenty years. Walton said of her knack for writing fantasy: "My own method has always been to try to put flesh and blood on the bones of the original myth; I almost never contradict sources, I only add and interpret." In 1991, she underwent surgery for a brain tumor that proved benign. However, her health continued to decline.
Treated as a child with silver nitrate tincture for frequent bronchitis and severe sinus infections, Walton, who had extremely fair skin, absorbed the pigment of the tincture, causing her skin to turn blue-gray and darken as she aged.
Walton corresponded with the British novelist, essayist and poet John Cowper Powys for many years. Some of Walton\'s papers from 1936 to 1984---including biographic material, manuscripts and the correspondence with Powys---are archived in Special Collections at the Library, University of Arizona in Tucson. She was first cousin to Clifford C. Furnas (1900--1969), author of *The Next Hundred Years*, Assistant Secretary of War in the Eisenhower administration, co-founder of NASA and chancellor of SUNY Buffalo; and to Clifton J. Furness (1898--1946), professor of music and author of *The Genteel Female: An Anthology* (1931). Furness edited and introduced a facsimile edition of *Leaves of Grass* (1939) and *Walt Whitman\'s Workshop: A Collection of Unpublished Manuscripts* (1928). A writer himself, Furness encouraged, inspired and mentored his young cousin Evangeline.
Walton herself wrote about her chosen pen name, \"I use the name Walton professionally, partly because I originally hoped to build up different lines of work under different names, partly because Walton is an old family name and appears on the Declaration of Independence. Not that I can trace any blood connection between my Quaker Waltons and the Declaration signer. They came from Virginia, and were supposed to have had a \[Native American\] man somewhere up the family tree. He may be the reason why both records and tradition trail off into vagueness. But when I was a child, old folk remembered the Waltons as very tall, very dark people, too full of restless energy to fit quietly into their peaceful little Quaker community: a vivid, turbulent note in it.\"
| 628 |
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| 0 |
2,879,916 |
# Evangeline Walton
## Writings
Walton is best known for her four novels retelling the Welsh Mabinogi. She published her first volume in 1936 under the publisher\'s title of *The Virgin and the Swine*. Although receiving warm praise from John Cowper Powys, the book sold poorly and none of the other novels in the series reached print at the time. Rediscovered by Ballantine\'s Adult Fantasy series in 1970, it was reissued as *The Island of the Mighty*.
Editors at Ballantine were unaware that she was still alive, till she got in touch and sent them a second novel that had been left unfinished when the first failed to sell. This appeared as *The Children of Llyr* in 1971. It was followed by *The Song of Rhiannon* in 1972 and *Prince of Annwn* in 1974. All four novels were published in a single volume as *The Mabinogion Tetralogy* in 2002 by Overlook Press. The four novels are translated and available in several European languages. The rights to Walton's Mabinogi work were purchased by Stevie Nicks in the hopes of bringing the epic to the big screen.
Walton\'s *Witch House* was written in the mid- to late-1930s and published in 1945 as the first volume in "The Library of Arkham House Novels of Fantasy and Terror". It is an occult horror story set in New England. In 1956, she published *The Cross and the Sword*, a historical novel set during the Danish conquest of England and the destruction of its Celtic culture.
In 1983, Walton published *The Sword Is Forged*, the first of a planned Theseus trilogy. Walton had completed the trilogy in the late 1940s but the publication by Mary Renault of her Theseus novels in 1958 and 1962 kept Walton from publishing her own. The remaining two novels in the trilogy remain unpublished.
Walton published several short stories. The best-known of these are "Above Ker-Is" (1980), "The Judgement of St. Yves" (1981) and "The Mistress of Kaer-Mor" (1980). She also wrote seven unpublished novels, several volumes of unpublished short stories, poems and a verse play. Some of these works have been published posthumously: see bibliography below.
Currently Douglas A. Anderson is the agent for Walton\'s literary works.
| 367 |
Evangeline Walton
| 1 |
2,879,916 |
# Evangeline Walton
## Awards
- Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature, Best Novel nominee, 1972: *The Children of Llyr*.
- Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature, Best Novel winner, 1973: *The Song of Rhiannon*.
- Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature, Best Novel nominee, 1975: *Prince of Annwn*.
- Locus Award, 1975: *Prince of Annwn*, 20th place.
- Fritz Leiber Fantasy Award, \"Gray Mouser Award\", Science Fiction/Fantasy\'s Fantasy Faire, 1979.
- World Fantasy Convention, Convention Award, 1985.
- Locus Award, 1984: *The Sword Is Forged*, 26th place.
- World Fantasy Convention, World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement, 1989
| 99 |
Evangeline Walton
| 2 |
2,879,918 |
# List of probability distributions
Many probability distributions that are important in theory or applications have been given specific names.
## Discrete distributions {#discrete_distributions}
### With finite support {#with_finite_support}
- The Bernoulli distribution, which takes value 1 with probability *p* and value 0 with probability *q* = 1 − *p*.
- The Rademacher distribution, which takes value 1 with probability 1/2 and value −1 with probability 1/2.
- The binomial distribution, which describes the number of successes in a series of independent Yes/No experiments all with the same probability of success.
- The beta-binomial distribution, which describes the number of successes in a series of independent Yes/No experiments with heterogeneity in the success probability.
- The degenerate distribution at *x*~0~, where *X* is certain to take the value *x*~0~. This does not look random, but it satisfies the definition of random variable. This is useful because it puts deterministic variables and random variables in the same formalism.
- The discrete uniform distribution, where all elements of a finite set are equally likely. This is the theoretical distribution model for a balanced coin, an unbiased die, a casino roulette, or the first card of a well-shuffled deck.
- The hypergeometric distribution, which describes the number of successes in the first *m* of a series of *n* consecutive Yes/No experiments, if the total number of successes is known. This distribution arises when there is no replacement.
- The negative hypergeometric distribution, a distribution which describes the number of attempts needed to get the *n*th success in a series of Yes/No experiments without replacement.
- The Poisson binomial distribution, which describes the number of successes in a series of independent Yes/No experiments with different success probabilities.
- Fisher\'s noncentral hypergeometric distribution
- Wallenius\' noncentral hypergeometric distribution
- Benford\'s law, which describes the frequency of the first digit of many naturally occurring data.
- The ideal and robust soliton distributions.
- Zipf\'s law or the Zipf distribution. A discrete power-law distribution, the most famous example of which is the description of the frequency of words in the English language.
- The Zipf--Mandelbrot law is a discrete power law distribution which is a generalization of the Zipf distribution.
### With infinite support {#with_infinite_support}
- The beta negative binomial distribution
- The Boltzmann distribution, a discrete distribution important in statistical physics which describes the probabilities of the various discrete energy levels of a system in thermal equilibrium. It has a continuous analogue. Special cases include:
- The Gibbs distribution
- The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
- The Borel distribution
- The discrete phase-type distribution, a generalization of the geometric distribution which describes the first hit time of the absorbing state of a finite terminating Markov chain.
- The extended negative binomial distribution
- The generalized log-series distribution
- The Gauss--Kuzmin distribution
- The geometric distribution, a discrete distribution which describes the number of attempts needed to get the first success in a series of independent Bernoulli trials, or alternatively only the number of losses before the first success (i.e. one less).
- The Hermite distribution
- The logarithmic (series) distribution
- The mixed Poisson distribution
- The negative binomial distribution or Pascal distribution, a generalization of the geometric distribution to the *n*th success.
- The discrete compound Poisson distribution
- The parabolic fractal distribution
- The Poisson distribution, which describes a very large number of individually unlikely events that happen in a certain time interval. Related to this distribution are a number of other distributions: the displaced Poisson, the hyper-Poisson, the general Poisson binomial and the Poisson type distributions.
- The Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution, a two-parameter extension of the Poisson distribution with an adjustable rate of decay.
- The zero-truncated Poisson distribution, for processes in which zero counts are not observed
- The Polya--Eggenberger distribution
- The Skellam distribution, the distribution of the difference between two independent Poisson-distributed random variables.
- The skew elliptical distribution
- The Yule--Simon distribution
- The zeta distribution has uses in applied statistics and statistical mechanics, and perhaps may be of interest to number theorists. It is the Zipf distribution for an infinite number of elements.
- The Hardy distribution, which describes the probabilities of the hole scores for a given golf player.
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# List of probability distributions
## Absolutely continuous distributions {#absolutely_continuous_distributions}
### Supported on a bounded interval {#supported_on_a_bounded_interval}
- The Beta distribution on \[0,1\], a family of two-parameter distributions with one mode, of which the uniform distribution is a special case, and which is useful in estimating success probabilities.
- The four-parameter Beta distribution, a straight-forward generalization of the Beta distribution to arbitrary bounded intervals $[a, b]$.
- The arcsine distribution on \[*a*,*b*\], which is a special case of the Beta distribution if *α* = *β* = 1/2, *a* = 0, and *b* = 1.
- The PERT distribution is a special case of the four-parameter beta distribution.
- The uniform distribution or rectangular distribution on \[*a*,*b*\], where all points in a finite interval are equally likely, is a special case of the four-parameter Beta distribution.
- The Irwin--Hall distribution is the distribution of the sum of *n* independent random variables, each of which having the uniform distribution on \[0,1\].
- The Bates distribution is the distribution of the mean of *n* independent random variables, each of which having the uniform distribution on \[0,1\].
- The logit-normal distribution on (0,1).
- The Dirac delta function, although not strictly a probability distribution, is a limiting form of many continuous probability functions. It represents a *discrete* probability distribution concentrated at 0 --- a degenerate distribution --- it is a Distribution (mathematics) in the generalized function sense; but the notation treats it as if it were a continuous distribution.
- The Kent distribution on the two-dimensional sphere.
- The Kumaraswamy distribution is as versatile as the Beta distribution but has simple closed forms for both the cdf and the pdf.
- The logit metalog distribution, which is highly shape-flexible, has simple closed forms, and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares.
- The Marchenko--Pastur distribution is important in the theory of random matrices.
- The bounded quantile-parameterized distributions, which are highly shape-flexible and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares (see Quantile-parameterized distribution#Transformations)
- The raised cosine distribution on \[$\mu-s,\mu+s$\]
- The reciprocal distribution
- The triangular distribution on \[*a*, *b*\], a special case of which is the distribution of the sum of two independent uniformly distributed random variables (the *convolution* of two uniform distributions).
- The trapezoidal distribution
- The truncated normal distribution on \[*a*, *b*\].
- The U-quadratic distribution on \[*a*, *b*\].
- The von Mises--Fisher distribution on the *N*-dimensional sphere has the von Mises distribution as a special case.
- The Bingham distribution on the *N*-dimensional sphere.
- The Wigner semicircle distribution is important in the theory of random matrices.
- The continuous Bernoulli distribution is a one-parameter exponential family that provides a probabilistic counterpart to the binary cross-entropy loss.
#### Supported on intervals of length 2`{{pi}}`{=mediawiki} -- directional distributions {#supported_on_intervals_of_length_2_directional_distributions}
- The Henyey--Greenstein phase function
- The Mie phase function
- The von Mises distribution
- The wrapped normal distribution
- The wrapped exponential distribution
- The wrapped Lévy distribution
- The wrapped Cauchy distribution
- The wrapped Laplace distribution
- The wrapped asymmetric Laplace distribution
- The Dirac comb of period 2`{{pi}}`{=mediawiki}, although not strictly a function, is a limiting form of many directional distributions. It is essentially a wrapped Dirac delta function. It represents a *discrete* probability distribution concentrated at 2`{{pi}}`{=mediawiki}*n* --- a degenerate distribution --- but the notation treats it as if it were a continuous distribution.
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# List of probability distributions
## Absolutely continuous distributions {#absolutely_continuous_distributions}
### Supported on semi-infinite intervals, usually \[0,∞) {#supported_on_semi_infinite_intervals_usually_0}
- The Beta prime distribution
- The Birnbaum--Saunders distribution, also known as the fatigue life distribution, is a probability distribution used extensively in reliability applications to model failure times.
- The chi distribution
- The noncentral chi distribution
- The chi-squared distribution, which is the sum of the squares of *n* independent Gaussian random variables. It is a special case of the Gamma distribution, and it is used in goodness-of-fit tests in statistics.
- The inverse-chi-squared distribution
- The noncentral chi-squared distribution
- The scaled inverse chi-squared distribution
- The Dagum distribution
- The exponential distribution, which describes the time between consecutive rare random events in a process with no memory.
- The exponential-logarithmic distribution
- The F-distribution, which is the distribution of the ratio of two (normalized) chi-squared-distributed random variables, used in the analysis of variance. It is referred to as the beta prime distribution when it is the ratio of two chi-squared variates which are not normalized by dividing them by their numbers of degrees of freedom.
- The noncentral F-distribution
- The folded normal distribution
- The Fréchet distribution
- The Gamma distribution, which describes the time until *n* consecutive rare random events occur in a process with no memory.
- The Erlang distribution, which is a special case of the gamma distribution with integral shape parameter, developed to predict waiting times in queuing systems
- The inverse-gamma distribution
- The generalized gamma distribution
- The generalized Pareto distribution
- The Gamma/Gompertz distribution
- The Gompertz distribution
- The half-normal distribution
- The Hartman--Watson distribution
- Hotelling\'s T-squared distribution
- The inverse Gaussian distribution, also known as the Wald distribution
- The Lévy distribution
- The log-Cauchy distribution
- The log-Laplace distribution
- The log-logistic distribution
- The log-metalog distribution, which is highly shape-flexile, has simple closed forms, can be parameterized with data using linear least squares, and subsumes the log-logistic distribution as a special case.
- The log-normal distribution, describing variables which can be modelled as the product of many small independent positive variables.
- The Lomax distribution
- The Mittag-Leffler distribution
- The Nakagami distribution
- The Pareto distribution, or \"power law\" distribution, used in the analysis of financial data and critical behavior.
- The Pearson Type III distribution
- The phase-type distribution, used in queueing theory
- The phased bi-exponential distribution is commonly used in pharmacokinetics
- The phased bi-Weibull distribution
- The semi-bounded quantile-parameterized distributions, which are highly shape-flexible and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares (see `{{section link|Quantile-parameterized distribution#Transformations}}`{=mediawiki}
- The Rayleigh distribution
- The Rayleigh mixture distribution
- The Rice distribution
- The shifted Gompertz distribution
- The type-2 Gumbel distribution
- The Weibull distribution or Rosin Rammler distribution, of which the exponential distribution is a special case, is used to model the lifetime of technical devices and is used to describe the particle size distribution of particles generated by grinding, milling and crushing operations.
- The modified half-normal distribution.
- The Polya-Gamma distribution
- The modified Polya-gamma distribution.
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# List of probability distributions
## Absolutely continuous distributions {#absolutely_continuous_distributions}
### Supported on the whole real line {#supported_on_the_whole_real_line}
- The Behrens--Fisher distribution, which arises in the Behrens--Fisher problem.
- The Cauchy distribution, an example of a distribution which does not have an expected value or a variance. In physics it is usually called a Lorentzian profile, and is associated with many processes, including resonance energy distribution, impact and natural spectral line broadening and quadratic stark line broadening.
- The centralized inverse-Fano distribution, which is the distribution representing the ratio of independent normal and gamma-difference random variables.
- Chernoff\'s distribution
- The exponentially modified Gaussian distribution, a convolution of a normal distribution with an exponential distribution, and the Gaussian minus exponential distribution, a convolution of a normal distribution with the negative of an exponential distribution.
- The expectile distribution, which nests the Gaussian distribution in the symmetric case.
- The Fisher--Tippett, extreme value, or log-Weibull distribution
- Fisher\'s z-distribution
- The skewed generalized t distribution
- The gamma-difference distribution, which is the distribution of the difference of independent gamma random variables.
- The generalized logistic distribution
- The generalized normal distribution
- The geometric stable distribution
- The Gumbel distribution
- The Holtsmark distribution, an example of a distribution that has a finite expected value but infinite variance.
- The hyperbolic distribution
- The hyperbolic secant distribution
- The Johnson SU distribution
- The Landau distribution
- The Laplace distribution
- The Lévy skew alpha-stable distribution or stable distribution is a family of distributions often used to characterize financial data and critical behavior; the Cauchy distribution, Holtsmark distribution, Landau distribution, Lévy distribution and normal distribution are special cases.
- The Linnik distribution
- The logistic distribution
- The map-Airy distribution
- The metalog distribution, which is highly shape-flexible, has simple closed forms, and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares.
- The normal distribution, also called the Gaussian or the bell curve. It is ubiquitous in nature and statistics due to the central limit theorem: every variable that can be modelled as a sum of many small independent, identically distributed variables with finite mean and variance is approximately normal.
- The normal-exponential-gamma distribution
- The normal-inverse Gaussian distribution
- The Pearson Type IV distribution (see Pearson distributions)
- The Quantile-parameterized distributions, which are highly shape-flexible and can be parameterized with data using linear least squares.
- The skew normal distribution
- Student\'s t-distribution, useful for estimating unknown means of Gaussian populations.
- The noncentral t-distribution
- The skew t distribution
- The Champernowne distribution
- The type-1 Gumbel distribution
- The Tracy--Widom distribution
- The Voigt distribution, or Voigt profile, is the convolution of a normal distribution and a Cauchy distribution. It is found in spectroscopy when spectral line profiles are broadened by a mixture of Lorentzian and Doppler broadening mechanisms.
- The Chen distribution.
### With variable support {#with_variable_support}
- The generalized extreme value distribution has a finite upper bound or a finite lower bound depending on what range the value of one of the parameters of the distribution is in (or is supported on the whole real line for one special value of the parameter
- The generalized Pareto distribution has a support which is either bounded below only, or bounded both above and below
- The metalog distribution, which provides flexibility for unbounded, bounded, and semi-bounded support, is highly shape-flexible, has simple closed forms, and can be fit to data using linear least squares.
- The Tukey lambda distribution is either supported on the whole real line, or on a bounded interval, depending on what range the value of one of the parameters of the distribution is in.
- The Wakeby distribution
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# List of probability distributions
## Mixed discrete/continuous distributions {#mixed_discretecontinuous_distributions}
- The rectified Gaussian distribution replaces negative values from a normal distribution with a discrete component at zero.
- The compound poisson-gamma or Tweedie distribution is continuous over the strictly positive real numbers, with a mass at zero.
## Joint distributions {#joint_distributions}
For any set of independent random variables the probability density function of their joint distribution is the product of their individual density functions.
### Two or more random variables on the same sample space {#two_or_more_random_variables_on_the_same_sample_space}
- The Dirichlet distribution, a generalization of the beta distribution.
- The Ewens\'s sampling formula is a probability distribution on the set of all partitions of an integer *n*, arising in population genetics.
- The Balding--Nichols model
- The multinomial distribution, a generalization of the binomial distribution.
- The multivariate normal distribution, a generalization of the normal distribution.
- The multivariate t-distribution, a generalization of the Student\'s t-distribution.
- The negative multinomial distribution, a generalization of the negative binomial distribution.
- The Dirichlet negative multinomial distribution, a generalization of the beta negative binomial distribution.
- The generalized multivariate log-gamma distribution
- The Marshall--Olkin exponential distribution
- The continuous-categorical distribution, an exponential family supported on the simplex that generalizes the continuous Bernoulli distribution
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# Píšť (Opava District)
**Píšť** (*Pyschcz*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,100 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Geography
Píšť is located about 20 km east of Opava and 17 km north of Ostrava, on the border with Poland. It lies in the Opava Hilly Land. The highest point is at 279 m above sea level. The stream Píšťský potok flows through the municipality.
## History
The first written mention of Píšť is from 1228, when King Ottokar I donated the village to the monastery in Velehrad. The monastery owned Píšť until 1439. From 1518 to 1625, the village belonged to the Hlučín estate. In 1625, it was sold to the Lichnowsky family.
## Demographics
## Transport
There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.
## Sights
The main landmark of Píšť is the Church of Saint Lawrence. It was built in 1743 and extended in 1903
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2,879,948 |
# Tau Arietis
The Bayer designation **Tau Arietis** (τ Ari, τ Arietis) is shared by two star systems, in the constellation Aries:
- τ^1^ Arietis
- τ^2^ Arietis
They are separated by 0.54°
| 33 |
Tau Arietis
| 0 |
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# Nu Arietis
`| u-b = +0.13`\
`| variable = `
}} `{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = {{Val|+8.0|4.2}}<ref name=deBruijne2012/>
| prop_mo_ra = −4.203
| prop_mo_dec = −15.103
| pm_footnote = <ref name=GaiaDR3/>
| parallax = 12.0933
| p_error = 0.3264
| parallax_footnote = <ref name=GaiaDR3/>
| absmag_v = +0.40<ref name=Anderson_Francis_2012/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox detail
| source =
| component1 = ν Ari A
| mass = 1.89{{±|0.29}}`{=mediawiki}
`| radius = 3.28{{±|0.13}}`\
`| luminosity = 37.6{{±|2.3}}`\
`| temperature = 7,889{{±|123}}`\
`| gravity = 3.68{{±|0.08}}`\
`| metal_fe = `\
`| rotational_velocity = 133`\
`| age_myr = ``{{Val|621|269|268}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| component2 = ν Ari B`\
`| mass2 = ``{{Val|1.0|0.03}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| temperature2= ``{{Val|5551|107|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| metal2_fe = 0.0`\
`| rotational_velocity2 = 10`
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=ν Ari | F=32 Arietis | BD=+21°362 | FK5=89 | HD=16432 | HIP=12332 | HR=773 | SAO=75495 | GC=3167 | PPM=91860 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = nu.+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{starbox end}}`{=mediawiki} **Nu Arietis** is a white-hued star in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from ν Arietis, and abbreviated Nu Ari or ν Ari. This star is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.43. Based upon an annual parallax shift of `{{val|9.68|ul=mas}}`{=mediawiki} as seen from Earth, it is located approximately 270 light years from the Sun. It is moving further away with a radial velocity of 8 km/s.
This is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A7 V. Nu Arietis has an estimated 1.9 times the mass of the Sun and about 3.3 times the Sun\'s radius. The star is radiating 37.6 times the Sun\'s luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 7,889 K. It is roughly 621 million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 133 km/s.
A close companion was discovered in 2016 using the direct spectral detection method. This object has the same mass as the Sun and an effective temperature of 5,551 K
| 335 |
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| 0 |
2,879,978 |
# Xi Arietis
`| prop_mo_ra = +20.979`\
`| prop_mo_dec = −15.022`\
`| pm_footnote = `\
`| parallax = 4.2483`\
`| p_error = 0.1511`\
`| parallax_footnote = `\
`| absmag_v = −0.43`
}} `{{Starbox detail
| source =
| mass = 4.85{{±|0.13}}`{=mediawiki}
`| radius = `\
`| luminosity = 1,000{{±|186|157}}`\
`| temperature = ``{{Val|13627|100|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| gravity = ``{{Val|3.897|0.017}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| metal_fe = `\
`| rotational_velocity = ``{{Val|164|8}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| age_myr = 195`
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=ξ Ari, ψ Ceti | F=24 Arietis | BD=+09°316 | FK5=2164 | HD=14951 | HIP=11249 | HR=702 | SAO=92932 | GC=2901 | PPM=118200 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = ksi+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{starbox end}}`{=mediawiki} **Xi Arietis** is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from ξ Arietis, and abbreviated Xi Ari or ξ Ari. This system has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.46, and so is dimly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of `{{Val|3.74|0.29|u=[[milliarcsecond|mas]]}}`{=mediawiki} as seen from Earth, it is 770 ± distant from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.24 due to interstellar dust. The proximity of this system to the ecliptic means it is subject to lunar occultations.
This is a double-lined spectroscopic binary. The spectrum matches a stellar classification of B7 IV, which suggests a subgiant star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is in the process of evolving into a giant star. Xi Arietis was once a designation for Psi Ceti (ψ Cet, ψ Ceti), and was later recognized to be a duplicate by Bayer
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