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# Brentwood Bay, British Columbia
48.574167 -123.455556 display=title **Brentwood Bay** is a small village in the municipality of Central Saanich, on the Saanich Peninsula in British Columbia, Canada. It lies north of the city of Victoria, east of the community of Willis Point, and south of the town of Sidney. Situated on the Saanich Inlet and the Tod Inlet, it includes the Butchart Gardens, the Victoria Butterfly Gardens and the Brentwood Bay Lodge & Spa. Brentwood Bay also includes a BC Ferries dock which connects to Mill Bay. The region also plays host to various wineries and restaurants, and also features hiking and a variety of wildlife in Gowlland Tod Provincial Park.
Brentwood Bay is part of the District of Central Saanich (pop. 17,385), one of the 13 municipalities that make up the Greater Victoria area (pop. 397,237 ). It is located on Highway 17A just west of Highway 17 (known locally as the \"Pat Bay Highway\"), the main route running the length of the Saanich Peninsula. It is also served frequently by the Brentwood-Mill Bay ferry, the MV *Klitsa*, run by BC Ferries.
Originally named Sluggett after an early settler, it was renamed Brentwood Bay for the town of Brentwood, Essex
| 202 |
Brentwood Bay, British Columbia
| 0 |
2,879,988 |
# José Luis Alcaine
**José Luis Alcaine Escaño** (born 26 December 1938) is a Spanish cinematographer. Educated in Tangier, he was the first cinematographer to use a fluorescent tube as key lighting in the 1970s. He has worked on films such as *Belle Époque* (Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, 1993), *Two Much* (1995), *Blast from the Past* (1999), and *The Skin I Live In* (2011).
He won the European Film Award for Best Cinematographer for *Volver*, and has received five Goya Awards for best cinematography.
In February 2019, he received the Medalla de Oro al Mérito en las Bellas Artes
| 102 |
José Luis Alcaine
| 0 |
2,879,990 |
# Sigma Arietis
`| prop_mo_ra = +29.636`\
`| prop_mo_dec = −24.650`\
`| pm_footnote = `\
`| parallax = 7.0519`\
`| p_error = 0.134`\
`| parallax_footnote = `\
`| absmag_v = −0.38`
}} `{{Starbox detail
| component1 = A
| mass = {{val|3.84|0.08}}<ref name=aaa537_A120/>
| radius = 3<ref name=aaa367_521/>
| luminosity = 301<ref name=aaa537_A120/>
| temperature = 13,121<ref name=aaa537_A120/>
| metal_fe =
| gravity = {{val|4.0|0.25}}<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
| rotational_velocity = 165<ref name=aaa537_A120/>
| age_myr = {{val|36|57|27}}<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
| component2 = B
| mass2 = 1.0–1.2<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
| temperature2 = {{val|5524|150|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
| metal2_fe = −0.5<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
| rotational_velocity2 = 5
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=σ Ari | F=43 Arietis | BD=+14 480 | FK5=1079 | HD=17769 | HIP=13327 | HR=847 | SAO=93144 | GC=3427 | PPM=118608 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=sig+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Sigma Arietis** is a star in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from σ Arietis, and abbreviated Sigma Ari or σ Ari. This star has an apparent visual magnitude of +5.52, which is bright enough for the star to be seen with the naked eye from dark suburban skies. The star is located at a distance of approximately 463 ly from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +17 km/s. On November 20, 1952, it was observed being occulted by the planet Jupiter.
Sigma Arietis is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B7 V. This is a large star with three times the radius of the Sun and 3.8 times the Sun\'s mass. It shines around 301 times as brightly as the Sun, with this energy being radiated into space from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 13,121 K. It is this heat that gives the star the blue-white hue of a B-type star. Sigma Arietis is spinning at a rapid clip, with a projected rotational velocity of 165 km/s. It is about 36 million years old and is a probable member of the Cas-Tau OB association of stars that share a common motion through space.
In 2016, a stellar companion was reported based on observations using adaptive optics with the Gemini North Telescope. This object has a mass equal to or slightly greater than the Sun. It has an effective temperature of 5,524 K
| 395 |
Sigma Arietis
| 0 |
2,880,000 |
# Theta Arietis
`| prop_mo_ra = −7.832`\
`| prop_mo_dec = −3.654`\
`| pm_footnote = `\
`| parallax = 7.2220`\
`| p_error = 0.1043`\
`| parallax_footnote = `\
`| absmag_v = −0.10`
}} `{{Starbox detail
| source =
| component1 = A
| mass = {{val|2.10|0.37|0.31|u=solar mass}}<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/><br/>{{val|2.94|0.06}}<ref name=Zorec_Royer_2012/>
| radius = 1.9–2.5<ref name=aaa367_521/>
| luminosity = 106<ref name=Anderson2012/>
| temperature = {{val|9500|1000|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
| gravity = {{val|4.00|0.25}}<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
| metal_fe =
| rotational_velocity = 186<ref name=aaa463_2_671/>
| age_myr = {{val|107|286|93}}<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
| component2 = B
| mass2 = {{val|1.0|0.02|0.04}}<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
| metal2_fe = 0.0<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
| rotational_velocity2 = 5<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
| temperature2 = {{val|5578|109|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Gullikson_et_al_2016/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=θ Ari | F=22 Arietis | BD=+19 340 | FK5=81 | HD=14191 | HIP=10732 | HR=669 | SAO=92877 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=tet+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Theta Arietis**, is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinised from θ Arietis, and abbreviated Theta Ari or θ Ari. This star is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.58. With an annual parallax shift of `{{val|7.22|ul=mas}}`{=mediawiki}, the distance to this star is an estimated 452 ly with a 7-light-year margin of error. It is drifting further away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +12 km/s.
The primary, component A, is a white-hued, A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A1 Vn. It is spinning at a rapid pace as shown by the projected rotational velocity of 186 km/s. This is causing the \"nebulous\" appearance of the absorption lines indicated by the \'n\' suffix in the classification. In 2005, C. Neiner and associates classified this as a Be star because is displays emission features in the hydrogen Balmer lines.
In 2016, a solar-mass companion was reported in close orbit around this star, based on observations using adaptive optics with the Gemini North Telescope
| 324 |
Theta Arietis
| 0 |
2,880,009 |
# Bedtime story
`{{Expert needed|sociology|ex2=anthropology|talk=Limited cultural and temporal context|reason=the article discusses bedtime stories only in the context of contemporary Western culture|date=January 2018}}`{=mediawiki} A **bedtime story** is a traditional form of storytelling, where a story is told to a child at bedtime to prepare the child for sleep. The bedtime story has long been considered \"a definite institution in many families\".
## History
The term \"bedtime story\" was coined by Louise Chandler Moulton in her 1873 book, *Bed-time Stories*. The \"ritual of an adult reading out loud to a child at bedtime formed mainly in the second half of the nineteenth century and achieved prominence in the early twentieth century in tandem with the rising belief that soothing rituals were necessary for children at the end of the day. The practice of reading bedtime stories contributed to the growth of the picture book industry, and may also have contributed to the practice of isolated sleeping for children.
## Western culture {#western_culture}
Within the Western culture, many parents read bedtime stories to their kids to assist with falling asleep. Among other benefits, this ritual is considered to reinforce the parent-child relationship. The type of stories and the time at which they are read may differ on cultural basis.
Bedtime stories may be used to teach children abstract virtues such as sympathy, altruism, and self-control, and empathy by helping children to imagine the feelings of others. The stories can be used to discuss darker subjects such as death and racism.
### Europe
A vast number of bedtime stories, now famous around the world, originated in Europe. The European culture of bedtime stories is inspired in part by Aesop\'s fables and Greek fables.
### Aesop\'s fables {#aesops_fables}
The Aesop\'s fables are a collection of fables that were written by a Greek storyteller named Aesop, who derived them from oral traditions of the Greek people. The fables were collected and compiled after his death, and have been translated into many modern languages. These fables include different animal characters, providing a moral lesson or a great piece of wisdom for the young minds to understand. The many fables include,
- The Ant and the Grasshopper
- The Boy Who Cried Wolf
- The Cock, the Dog and the Fox
- The Dog and Its Reflection
These fables may be used to teach children ethical and moral values. These fables may be read as bedtime stories.
## Scientific research {#scientific_research}
The fixed routine of a bedtime story before sleeping can improve the child\'s brain development, language acquisition, and problem solving skills. The storyteller-listener relationship creates an emotional bond between the parent and the child. Due to \"the strength of the imitative instinct\" of a child, the parent and the stories that they tell act as a model for the child to follow. Being read bedtime stories increases children\'s vocabularies
| 472 |
Bedtime story
| 0 |
2,880,013 |
# Kozmice (Opava District)
**Kozmice** (*Kosmütz*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,900 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## History
The first written mention of Kozmice is from 1349. On 1 July 1973, Kozmice became part of the town of Hlučín, but the municipality once again became independent on 1 January 1993
| 69 |
Kozmice (Opava District)
| 0 |
2,880,016 |
# Jan Novák (composer)
**Jan Novák** (8 April 1921, Nová Říše -- 17 November 1984, Neu Ulm) was a Czech composer of classical music. Novák was primarily active in the 1960s and composed the music for several films of Karel Kachyňa. Novák also composed music for the films of animators Jiří Trnka and Karel Zeman, the leading figures of the Czech animated film, as well as for *Wir* (1982, TV film) (based on *We*, the 1921 Russian novel by Yevgeny Zamyatin).
Jan Novák was also a Contemporary Latin poet, under the pen name Ianus Novak. In 1970 he was awarded the *magna laus* at the Amsterdam Latin poetry competition, the *Certamen poeticum Hoeufftianum*
| 113 |
Jan Novák (composer)
| 0 |
2,880,018 |
# FFA Centre of Excellence
{{ infobox football club \| clubname = FFA Centre of Excellence \| image = \| fullname = FFA Centre of Excellence \| founded = 1981 \| dissolved = 2017 \| ground = Australian Institute of Sport \| chrtitle = \| chairman = \| mgrtitle = \| manager = \| league = National Youth League\
National Premier Leagues \| season = 2017 \| position = 2nd \| current = 2017 Capital Football season \| pattern_la1 = \| pattern_b1 = \| pattern_ra1 = \| pattern_sh1 = \| pattern_so1 = \| leftarm1 = FFFFFF \| body1 = FFFFFF \| rightarm1 = FFFFFF \| shorts1 = FFFFFF \| socks1 = 808080 \| pattern_la2 = \| pattern_b2 = \| pattern_ra2 = \| pattern_sh2 = \| pattern_so2 = \| leftarm2 = 16166B \| body2 = 16166B \| rightarm2 = 16166B \| shorts2 = 16166B \| socks2 = 16166B }}
The **FFA Centre of Excellence** (formerly the **Australian Institute of Sport Football Program**) was a soccer talent identification and player development program run by Football Federation Australia (FFA) and was based at the Australian Institute of Sport, in Canberra. The Centre of Excellence ran this program for men. The program was one of the eight founding sports of the AIS in 1981. The FFA announced that the centre would close at the end of 2017.
## History
The AIS soccer program was funded by the Australian Federal Government, through the Australian Sports Commission. In 2005--2006 this funding amounted to A\$1,115,000. The format involved 20 students per year selected for an initial period of 12 months training and study, with the additional option of a second year. The men\'s program was residential, while the women\'s was training camp-based. Students were generally 15--17 years old when selected and required to have current, or pending, Australian citizenship.
The original stated aim of the men\'s program was
> *\"To identify and develop players for the national under-20 youth team and to develop coaches through the Scholarship Coaching scheme\".*
## Head coaches {#head_coaches}
- Jimmy Shoulder (1981--1986)
- Ron Smith (1986--1996)
- Steve O\'Connor (1996--2008)
- Jan Versleijen (2008--2011)
- Tony Vidmar (2012--2017)
## National representation {#national_representation}
Following the decision of several soccer graduates to represent other countries at a senior national level (e.g. Josip Simunic), the AIS implemented contracts whereby the cost of the scholarship would later have to be repaid by any graduate who went on to play soccer at a senior level representing a country -- other than Australia -- in international competition.
### World Cup {#world_cup}
AIS soccer has developed many players to represent Socceroos at the FIFA World Cup.
#### 2006 Germany
John Aloisi (1992), Marco Bresciano (1997), Brett Emerton (1995--1996), Joshua Kennedy (1998--1999), Mark Milligan (2002), Craig Moore (1992--1993), Lucas Neill (1994--1995), Josip Skoko (1992--1993), Mile Sterjovski (1996--1996), Mark Viduka (1992--1993) and Luke Wilkshire (1998), Josip Šimunić (1994--1996) for Croatia
#### 2010 South Africa {#south_africa}
Lucas Neill (captain) (1994--1995), Craig Moore (1992--1993), Brett Emerton (1995--1996), Luke Wilkshire (1998), Joshua Kennedy (1998--1999), Adam Federici (2002), Vince Grella (1996--1997), Carl Valeri (2000--2001), Nikita Rukavytsya (2005--2006), Mark Milligan (2002), Dario Vidosic (2005--2006), Marco Bresciano (1997), Josip Šimunić (1994--1996) for Croatia
#### 2014 Brazil
Marco Bresciano (1997), James Holland (2006--2007), Mitchell Langerak (2005--2006), Matt McKay (2000--2001), Mark Milligan (2002), Matthew Spiranovic (2006), Dario Vidosic (2005--2006)
| 550 |
FFA Centre of Excellence
| 0 |
2,880,018 |
# FFA Centre of Excellence
## Competition participation {#competition_participation}
### National Soccer League {#national_soccer_league}
The AIS fielded teams in the former National Soccer League\'s youth competition. Within that competition it was placed in the Northern Division. The AIS won three titles, in 1986, 1998 and 1999.
### Victorian Premier League {#victorian_premier_league}
The men\'s program had previously entered a team in the New South Wales Premier League competition in 2005. In 2007 the AIS entered a team into the Victorian Premier League. This would allow regular, weekly competitive matches that were lacking for previous scholarship holders. As part of their inclusion as the only non-Victorian team in the VPL competition, all \'home\' fixtures were played in Victoria for the 2007 season. The side struggled for consistency throughout the season, finishing 12th on the ladder, however great benefit was reportedly gained from the participation in a men\'s competition. In 2008 the men\'s program team continued to participate in the Victorian Premier League, improving from the previous year as the AIS finished 8th on the ladder. AIS home games were also played in Canberra, while some high-profile matches which includes the Round 21 match between the AIS and the Preston Lions FC was played in Country Victoria at Rumbalara Oval, Shepparton. This was designed to promote the competition and bring the top state league competition to new areas.
However the men\'s program team will cease to compete in the Victorian Premier League competition for 2009, as the AIS program will be designed to accommodate younger players, hence eliminating the need to compete in a senior men\'s competition.
### National Youth League {#national_youth_league}
On 3 July 2009, it was announced the AIS would compete in the National Youth League.
In August 2017, the Centre of Excellence was closed by the FFA.
| 297 |
FFA Centre of Excellence
| 1 |
2,880,018 |
# FFA Centre of Excellence
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
List of players with 10 caps or more for their country. Names in bold for players who represented their Country at a FIFA World Cup
| 34 |
FFA Centre of Excellence
| 2 |
2,880,019 |
# SN 2005bc
**SN 2005bc** was a Type Ia supernova occurring in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 5698, located in the northern constellation of Boötes. SN 2005bc was discovered on 2 April 2005 by LOSS and independently by Tim Puckett and L. Cox. It was positioned at an offset of `{{val|4.6|ul=arcsecond}}`{=mediawiki} east and `{{val|7.5|u=arcsecond}}`{=mediawiki} north of the galactic nucleus. The supernova was at magnitude 16.4 at discovery, and quickly rose to a peak magnitude of around 15.3 (in visible light) just over a week after discovery. It showed an expansion velocity of `{{val|12000|u=km/s|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki}. By mid-May, the supernova had faded to 17th magnitude.
The host galaxy, NGC 5698, along with the supernova lie approximately 129 million light-years (\~40 million parsecs) from Earth. As the supernova was of Type Ia, its progenitor star was a compact white dwarf star that exceeded the Chandrasekhar limit
| 142 |
SN 2005bc
| 0 |
2,880,032 |
# Karel Plíhal
**Karel Plíhal** (born August 23, 1958 in Přerov) is a Czech folk and jazz musician, singer, songwriter and record producer.
He graduated from the Industrial College of Engineering and then worked as a designer and boilerman in the Olomouc theatre, finally becoming a singer (even though he had no formal musical education). He has played the guitar since he was 15 years old. First, he played in various underground country-swing bands in Olomouc: *Hučka*, *Falešní hráči* and *Plíharmonyje*. He produced his first solo album in 1983. Between 1985 and 1993, Plíhal worked with Emil Pospíšil, and from 1995 to 1999 he produced music with Petr Freund. He has also won four Porta folk music awards `{{as of|2006|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki}. His 2005 album *Karel Plíhal in Olomouc* was recorded in his home town in Moravia in a 2004 concert.
Plíhal has composed music for numerous productions at the Moravian Theatre in Olomouc, among others *Zlatovláska*, *Sluha dvou pánů*, *Utrpení Dona Perlimplína*, *Manon Lescaut*, *Cyrano*, *Zimní pohádka*, *Pašije* and *Giroflé-Giroflá*. He has set music to a few of Josef Kainar\'s poems, and he has directed recording for albums by artists such as Jarek Nohavica, Petr Fiala, Eben brothers and Bokomara band.
He starred as himself in Petr Zelenka\'s mockumentary Year of the Devil.
## Discography
- *Vzduchoprazdniny (2012)* - (expected September 1, 2012)
- *Karel Plíhal v Olomouci (2005)* - two CD recording of a concert in Olomouc
- *Karel Plíhal v Telči (2005)* - DVD recording of a concert in Telč
- *Nebe počká (2004)* -- poems of Josef Kainar, in collaboration with Zuzana Navarová
- *Rok Ďábla (2002)* -- music for the movie of the same name
- *Kluziště (2000)* - album with new arrangements of old songs
- *Napadl Sníh (Sova Sněžná) (2000)* - a single released as a Christmas CD of Česká spořitelna
- *Králíci, ptáci a hvězdy (1996)*
- *Takhle nějak to bylo \... (1994)*
- *Karel Plíhal 1985-89 (1992)* -- summary edition of the two previous albums with added song *Žlutí sokoli*
- *Karel Plíhal\...Emil Pospíšil\..
| 341 |
Karel Plíhal
| 0 |
2,880,043 |
# Rho Arietis
The Bayer designation **Rho Arietis** (ρ Arietis, abbreviated to ρ Ari) is shared by three stars in the constellation of Aries:
- ρ¹ Arietis (44 Arietis), an A-type main sequence star.
- ρ² Arietis (45 Arietis), an M-type giant star.
- ρ³ Arietis (46 Arietis), an F-type main sequence star.
In some instances, ρ³ Arietis is called simply ρ Arietis
| 63 |
Rho Arietis
| 0 |
2,880,045 |
# United States v. Seeger
***United States v. Seeger***, 380 U.S. 163 (1965), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that the exemption from the military draft for conscientious objectors could be reserved not only for those professing conformity with the moral directives of a supreme being but also for those whose views on war derived from a \"sincere and meaningful belief which occupies in the life of its possessor a place parallel to that filled by the God of those\" who had routinely gotten the exemption.
The Court reasoned that \"both morals and sound policy require that the state should not violate the conscience of the individual\" and that \"liberty of conscience has a moral and social value which makes it worthy of preservation at the hands of the state.\" Additionally, that if this principle is violated to preserve the \"life\" of the state that it puts into question whether the state will lose its \"life\" as a result.
The case resolved, on diverse but related grounds, three cases, each involving conviction for failure to accept induction into the armed forces on the part of someone who sought conscientious-objector status without \"belong\[ing\] to an orthodox religious sect\". The accused, whose cases were otherwise unrelated, were Arno Sascha Jakobson, Forest Britt Peter, and Daniel Andrew Seeger; it was Seeger\'s case that gave its name to the multi-case decision. Archibald Cox, then Solicitor General, argued for the United States in every case
| 245 |
United States v. Seeger
| 0 |
2,880,073 |
# Ludgeřovice
**Ludgeřovice** (*Ludgierzowitz*, *Ludgierzowice*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 5,000 inhabitants, making it one of the most populated Czech municipalities without the town status. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Geography
Ludgeřovice is located about 24 km east of Opava. It is urbanistically merged with the Petřkovice part of the city of Ostrava in the south and with Markvartovice in the north. It lies mostly in the Opava Hilly Land. The southern forested part of the municipal territory lies in the Nízký Jeseník range and includes the highest point of Ludgeřovice at 316 m above sea level.
## History
The first written mention of Ludgeřovice is from 1303.
## Demographics
## Transport
The I/56 road from Ostrava to Opava passes through the municipality.
## Sights
The main landmark of Ludgeřovice is the Church of Saint Nicholas. It was built in 1906--1907
| 159 |
Ludgeřovice
| 0 |
2,880,080 |
# Budaka District
**Budaka District** is a district in the Eastern Region of Uganda. The town of Budaka serves as the district headquarters.
## Location
Budaka district is bordered by Pallisa District to the north, Mbale District to the east, Butaleja District to the south, and Kibuku District to the west. The town of Budaka is approximately 36 km west of Mbale, the largest city in the sub-region.
## Overview
The district consists of Budaka County and Iki-Iki County.
## Population
In 1991, the national population census estimated the population of the district at 100,300. The 2002 national census estimated the population at 136,500, with an annual population growth rate of 2.8 percent. In 2012, the population was estimated at 178,900.
## Economic activities {#economic_activities}
In 2009, Uganda Clays Limited opened a tile and brick manufacturing plant at Kamonkoli. The factory employs over 200 people
| 145 |
Budaka District
| 0 |
2,880,082 |
# Love, Inc. (TV series)
Love, Inc.}} `{{featured article}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| image = LoveIncIntertitle.png
| alt = The word "Love, Inc." appear in front of a black screen. The words "Love," and "Inc." are shown in red/pink and silver respectively, with a pink heart attached to the bottom of "Inc."
| caption = Title card
| creator = Andrew Secunda
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Busy Philipps]]
*[[Vince Vieluf]]
*[[Reagan Gomez-Preston]]
*[[Ion Overman]]
*[[Holly Robinson Peete]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = {{plainlist|
*[[Kurt Farquhar]]
*Christopher Taylor
*Mika Lett
}}
| composer = {{plainlist|
*Kurt Farquhar
*Steve Hopkins
}}
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 22
| executive_producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Adam Chase (writer)|Adam Chase]]
*[[Warren Littlefield]]
*[[Mark Burg]]
*[[Oren Koules]]
}}
| location = [[Paramount Studios]] ([[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]])
| camera = [[multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| company = {{plainlist|
*[[Adam Chase (writer)|Chase TV]]
*[[Warren Littlefield|The Littlefield Company]]
*[[Mark Burg|Burg/Koules Television]]
*[[Paramount Television (original)|Paramount Network Television]]
}}
| network = [[UPN]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2005|9|22}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2006|5|11}}
}}`{=mediawiki} ***Love, Inc.*** is an American television sitcom created by Andrew Secunda, which originally aired for one season on UPN from September 22, 2005, to May 11, 2006. With an ensemble cast led by Busy Philipps, Vince Vieluf, Reagan Gomez-Preston, Ion Overman and Holly Robinson Peete, the show revolves around five matchmakers working at a dating agency. The series was produced by Chase TV, the Littlefield Company, Burg/Koules Television, and Paramount Television. It was distributed by UPN in its original run and later by LivingTV and Nelonen in the United Kingdom and Finland respectively. The executive producers were Adam Chase, Warren Littlefield, Mark Burg and Oren Koules.
The series was originally developed as a vehicle and sitcom debut for Shannen Doherty under the working title *Wingwoman*. Though picked up by UPN, Doherty was removed from the project at the request of the network due to her poor reception by preview audiences; she was replaced by Philipps. The show was set in New York City, but filming took place at Paramount Studios in Hollywood, Los Angeles and other locations in California. It included contemporary hip hop music and was promoted heavily by UPN to attract an urban audience, and to that end it was paired with *Everybody Hates Chris* as its lead-in on Thursday nights.
*Love, Inc.* suffered from low viewership despite its high ratings among young Hispanic women; it was canceled following UPN\'s merger with the WB to launch the CW in 2006. The series\' cancellation, along with that of other black sitcoms, was criticized by media outlets for reducing representation of African American characters and the amount of roles for African American actors on television. Critical response to *Love, Inc.* was mixed; some critics praised its multi-ethnic cast, while others felt that the storylines and characters were unoriginal and Philipps\' portrayal of her character was unsympathetic.
## Premise
Set in New York City, the dating agency Love, Inc. features a staff of single friends desperately looking for love. Newly divorced Clea Lavoy, the founder and owner of the company, seeks out the help of her friend and employee Denise Johnson to reignite her romantic life. She struggles continually to find love despite Denise\'s best attempts. The future of the agency is jeopardized since its success relied on advertising Clea\'s \"successful\", nearly decade-long marriage. Love, Inc. also includes the receptionist Viviana, the style expert Francine, and the technician and photographer Barry.
Episodes typically depict the inner workings of the agency, such as their first experience with a lesbian client, a consultation with a former priest, and marketing strategies to appeal to geeks and agoraphobes. Hired as wingmen for their clients, the employees act as \"guardian angels for the conversationally challenged\". Each of the characters has various comedic and romantic adventures outside the agency, like Viviana\'s search for an eligible United States citizen to marry to secure a green card and Denise\'s inability to find true love despite her talent in matching her clients with their \"seemingly unattainable soulmates\".
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# Love, Inc. (TV series)
## Characters
The series features the following five main characters throughout its run:
- Busy Philipps as Denise Johnson, a dating consultant and self-described expert at matchmaking, who provides her clients with \"come-on lines to use and avoid; wardrobe and grooming hints, and conversation starters and stoppers\". Despite being characterized as \"the Kung Fu master at setting up freaks\", she struggles to find her own true love. After being contacted by her ex-boyfriend to find his perfect match, she becomes cynical about dating and love, saying \"I\'ve been Wing Womaning my butt off\". Philipps described the character\'s love life as a \"complete disaster\".
- Vince Vieluf as Barry, Denise\'s roommate and co-worker who serves as the agency\'s technician and photographer. Described as an \"idiot savant\", he is characterized as a conspiracy theorist who experiences paranoia about everything from dentists to toothpaste companies. He frequently communicates through \"head-scratching non sequiturs\", leading the characters to perceive him as \"operat\[ing\] on a whole other level \... and sometimes on a whole other planet\". Vieluf said the character was pitched as \"the only guy on the show\" and \"the luckiest guy in the world\".
- Reagan Gomez-Preston as Francine, the agency style expert, who encourages her clients to use and trust their fashion as a way to find a partner. She is introduced criticizing Clea\'s outfit as belonging to a coach for a women\'s basketball team and is characterized as the hip worker at the agency. Francine\'s storylines were not fully developed and \"remain\[ed\] a bit of a mystery\" by the end of the show. According to Vieluf, Francine communicates through a \"whole different language\" and has a special bond with Barry because of their different approaches to life.
- Ion Overman as Viviana, the Argentinian receptionist who \"solicits personal information in a rather startling way\". She is constantly searching for an eligible American citizen to marry to secure a green card. Her heavy accent is used as a source of humor on the show, which led the *Chicago Tribune* to accuse the show\'s writers of reducing the character to an ethnic stereotype.
- Holly Robinson Peete as Clea Lavoy, the founder and owner of the Love, Inc. dating agency. Clea is \"thrust into the dating world\" following the end of her nearly decade-long marriage, during which her husband has an affair with a younger woman. She is involved in several relationships over the course of the series, such as dating a former priest and having an on-and-off relationship with David. She has a close friendship with her employees, particularly with Denise.
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# Love, Inc. (TV series)
## Production
*Love, Inc.* was developed with the working title *Wing Woman* and promoted as a \"new \'Hitch\'-esque comedy\". The show\'s concept was based on an article in *The New York Times* that discussed dating services. Production was handled by Chase TV, the Littlefield Company, Burg/Koules Television, and Paramount Television. The Littlefield Company suggested that the show\'s creator, Andrew Secunda, collaborate with executive producer Adam Chase, who had previously worked on *Friends*. Marta Kauffman, Liz Tuccillo, Mark Burg and Oren Koules also contributed to the series as executive producers. On April 12, 2005, United Paramount Network (UPN) announced that Doherty was in talks for the lead role while Reagan Gomez-Preston was being considered for the role of the lead character\'s \"longtime friend, co-worker and roommate\" and Ion Overman for an unspecified part. Overman said that she was attracted to the part since she was searching for a job and viewed the series as a \"very cool concept\". On April 18, Holly Robinson Peete was confirmed to have joined the cast as the boss to Doherty\'s character.
The series was originally designed as a star vehicle for Doherty, who portrayed Denise Johnson in the unaired pilot. Denise was Doherty\'s first role in a television sitcom. Doherty said that she loved the script for the pilot immediately, describing it as \"hysterical\", but felt intimidated by the role given her inexperience with comedy. The series was marketed initially as featuring Doherty and Peete, before UPN announced that it would pick up the show on the condition that Doherty was removed and the character was recast. According to *TV Guide*, Doherty was poorly received by preview audiences. When asked about Doherty\'s removal from the show, executive producer Warren Littlefield said the actress was \"fabulous\" in the role. He believed Doherty wanted to change her negative reputation from leaving *Beverly Hills, 90210* and *Charmed* by acting on the show. Peete praised her performance saying \"we had so much fun and such a great vibe\". UPN Entertainment\'s president cited the rationale behind Doherty\'s departure using the \"standard going-in-a-different-direction reason\". Rachel Cericola of TV Fodder listed *Love, Inc.* as one of the \"four promising sitcoms for the upcoming TV season\" as a result of the behind the scenes drama involving Doherty\'s replacement.
UPN announced that Busy Philipps was cast as Denise on July 25, and was later billed as the show\'s star. In her 2018 memoir, Philipps said she was initially reluctant to play the part due to UPN\'s treatment of Doherty, writing: \"they had decided to replace her only after they had trotted her out at the up-fronts and used her for publicity, which I thought was a fairly shitty thing to do\". According to Vince Vieluf, the casting change from Doherty to Philipps led to the series being retooled as an ensemble show featuring all the members of the agency rather than focusing on Denise. Vieluf said the alterations in the series\' premise were due to concerns that \"people would get tired of a show that was only about the mishaps of one person\'s love life\".
Page Kennedy reported that he was considered for a part on the show, but rejected it for the role of Caleb Applewhite on the second season of the ABC drama *Desperate Housewives*. Retired Los Angeles Lakers player Rick Fox guest-starred in three episodes as David, one of Clea\'s love interests. Meghan Markle appeared in the episode \"One on One\" as a subway station worker. The casting of racially diverse actors was identified with UPN\'s position as \"the only network to actively program for an African American audience\". Tim Good of the *San Francisco Chronicle* pointed to the show\'s casting as the only way in which it acts as a \"positive reference\".
Even though the show was set in New York City, filming took place in the Bluhdorn Building at Paramount Studios in Hollywood, and used the multiple-camera format. Aaron Korsh wrote the nineteenth episode as freelance work. Each episode title, with the exception of the pilot, was taken from the names of past sitcoms. Transitions between scenes feature images of New York City set to contemporary music, such as The Black Eyed Peas\' 2005 single \"Don\'t Phunk with My Heart\" and Kelis\' 2003 single \"Milkshake\". Todd R. Ramlow of *PopMatters* described the music as a further attempt to appeal to \"an \'urban\', black-white audience,\" and praised it as a \"nice try at crossover for a network whose shows usually target a black demographic\".
## Episodes
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# Love, Inc. (TV series)
## Broadcast history {#broadcast_history}
On August 6, 2005, UPN officially ordered thirteen episodes of the series. The network later ordered a full season of twenty-two episodes of the show on November 7, 2005, amid speculation that it would be canceled. In 2006, LivingTV broadcast the series in the United Kingdom, and it was broadcast by Nelonen in Finland in 2008. UPN paired the series with *Everybody Hates Chris*, *Eve*, and *Cuts* to attract an \"urban\" audience. The network moved *WWE SmackDown* to Fridays in favor of scheduling Thursdays as focused on sitcoms. This decision was made to establish a \"night of scripted programming\" and to attract more advertising from film studios to promote upcoming releases. *Today* questioned the network\'s belief that *Love, Inc.* and *Everybody Hates Chris* would appeal to the same viewership, and noted the difference in quality between the two, with *Love, Inc.* cited as the inferior show. While the series retained 59% of the audience from *Everybody Hates Chris* initially, this marketing strategy proved unsuccessful when it lost a majority of the viewership in later episodes.
Cericola reported that *Love, Inc.* earned an average of 3.6 million viewers per episode and an article in *The Hollywood Reporter* stated that the series garnered an average of 1.0/3 Nielsen rating/share in the 18--49 demographic. It ranked 141st among broadcast television networks in the 2005--2006 television season. According to the Nielsen Company, the show achieved high ratings among \"Latina adolescents Ages 12--17\" and earned 3.4 million viewers in that demographic in 2005. It ranked above two other UPN sitcoms: *One on One* and *Half & Half* for Latin women in the 12--17 age demographic, and in \"the top half of all UPN series\" for total viewership. The series premiere saw a 6% increase in the 18--49 age range, 53% in women between 18 and 34, and 118% in women between 18 and 49 from the show that aired in the same time period during the previous television season.
The show, as well as a majority of UPN\'s programs, were officially canceled as a result of the network\'s merger with the WB Television Network (the WB) to form the CW in 2006. Fern Gillespie of *The Crisis* was critical of UPN\'s decision to cancel the series given how the network \"in one swoop, wiped out five of its eight African American comedies\" for the creation of the CW. Gillespie expressed disappointment at the lack of African American sitcoms on the three major networks saying: \"Without that opportunity for some of the younger artists to hone and develop their skills, it will potentially have a generational impact.\" Critic Tim Goodman identified *Love, Inc*. as one of six shows \"geared for an African American audience\" and featuring \"an African American lead actress\" that were canceled during the merger. He equated these cancellations as a sign of networks \"eliminat\[ing\] niche programming\". The series has not been made available on Blu-ray or DVD.
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# Love, Inc. (TV series)
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Love, Inc.* received mixed critical feedback when it was first broadcast. *Ebony*{{\'}}s Zondra Hughes included the show in its list of promising prime-time television shows featuring African-American actors, and identified Peete and Overman as its primary \"star appeal\". While reviewing its broadcast on LivingTV, a reviewer from *Daily Record* listed the show as its \"pick of the day\" and suggested it for viewers who \"fancy a giggle\". Diane Werts of *Newsday* found the characters to be \"vibrantly well-defined\" and the writing \"smart, with a light touch\". Peete received a nomination for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series in the 37th NAACP Image Awards, but lost to Tichina Arnold who starred in *Everybody Hates Chris*. According to Philipps, Quentin Tarantino is a fan of the series.
Metacritic assigned a score of 28 out of 100 based on aggregate of 17 reviews, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". The Futon Critic\'s Brian Ford Sullivan praised Vieluf as the standout despite his limited role, but felt the execution of the matchmaking premise was inferior to that done in the 2005 film *Hitch*. The series was described as having \"a quirky vibe, personable cast and snappy writing\" by *Variety*{{\'}}s Laura Fries, but she felt the storylines and characters required more original material. Although they commended the show for its multi-ethnic cast, Jon Bonné and Gael Fashingbauer Cooper of *Today* wrote that it \"struggles to salvage some screechingly bad jokes\". Paul Brownfield of the *Los Angeles Times* criticized the series for being \"unintentionally unfunny\", comparing it to the fictional sitcom *Room and Bored* featured in the HBO comedy drama *The Comeback*. The *Chicago Tribune*{{\'}}s Maureen Ryan called the series a \"grating comedy \... destined to be a footnote in history as the show that premiered after *Everybody Hates Chris*, and most likely faded shortly thereafter\".
Critics responded negatively to the character of Denise and Philipps\' performance, citing both as annoying and unsympathetic. Heffernan found that Denise lacked the charm and charisma of Cher Horowitz from the 1995 film *Clueless*. *USA Today*{{\'}}s Robert Bianco gave the series a half of a point out of four, and summarized Philipps\' performance as \"constant motion; her face contorting, body twitching, voice braying\" that transformed the show into something \"truly unbearable\". Citing the series as a \"one-joke affair\", Matthew Gilbert of *The Boston Globe* wrote that the premise behind Denise had the \"same irony that failed to make Alicia Silverstone\'s *Miss Match* very interesting\". The *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*{{\'}}s Rob Owen favored Doherty\'s portrayal of the character, which he described as \"brimming with self-confidence,\" and characterized Philipps\' Denise as a \"dizzyingly neurotic nutcase\". Ramlow asserted that the show\'s female characters were \"needy and desperate\" and \"one-shtick ponies\" in comparison to those from *Sex and the City*
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| 4 |
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# Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet
***Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet***, 512 U.S. 687 (1994), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled on the constitutionality of a school district created with boundaries that matched that of a religious community -- in this case, the Satmar community of Kiryas Joel, New York.`{{ref|citation}}`{=mediawiki} The case was argued by Nathan Lewin on behalf of Kiryas Joel, Julie Mereson on behalf of the State of New York, and Jay Worona on behalf of the respondents.
## Opinion of the court {#opinion_of_the_court}
The court, in an opinion by Justice Souter, held that the creation of a school district unit of government designed to coincide with the neighborhood boundaries of a religious group constitutes an unconstitutional aid to religion. Souter concluded that \"government should not prefer one religion to another, or religion to irreligion\": \"There is more than a fine line between the voluntary association that leads to a political community comprising people who share a common religious faith, and the forced separation that occurs when the government draws explicit political boundaries on the basis of peoples\' faith. In creating the district in question, New York crossed that line.\"
## Dissent
Justice Scalia, in his dissent, acknowledged that the residents of this district are Satmar Hasidic Jews, but noted of the Satmar community:
Scalia argued that the Satmar school district aided the Satmars as a culture rather than a religion, and thus did not constitute impermissible aid to a religious group. The majority, Scalia asserted, would \"laud this humanitarian legislation if all of the distinctiveness of the students of Kiryas Joel were attributable to the fact that their parents were nonreligious commune dwellers, or American Indians, or Gypsies,\" and concluded that \"creation of a special, one-culture school district for the benefit of those children would pose no problem. The neutrality demanded by the Religion Clauses requires the same indulgence towards cultural characteristics that are accompanied by religious belief
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# Elton Welsby
**Roger Elton Welsby** (born 28 May 1951) is an English television sports presenter.
## Broadcasting career {#broadcasting_career}
Welsby began his broadcasting career on Liverpool radio station *Radio City* as a sports reporter and commentator. In January 1978 he joined Granada Television, working on its football programme *The Kick Off Match* and presented its 1980s successors *Match Night* (if shown on a Saturday) and *Match Time* (if broadcast on a Sunday) until their demise in 1983. Welsby was primarily a presenter, but did occasionally deputise as commentator. During that time he also presented RL Action taking over from Bob Hall and later Richard Madeley. He was also involved with World of Sport as a reporter for On The Ball and later as a relief presenter, becoming part of the ITV team in the major international football tournaments for the 1982 World Cup and the 1986 World Cup he was a reporter and was ITV\'s co-presenter based in Italy in the 1990 World Cup, a reporter/interviewer in the 1988 European Championship he is remembered for the interview with the then UK Sports Minister Colin Moynihan before the England v Ireland match, lead presenter in the 1992 European Championship and was the newsreader and occasional relief presenter on Midweek Sports Special.
When Granada revived *Kick Off* in 1989 after a six-year absence, Welsby returned as presenter despite by then presenting networked shows. He was one of the anchors of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, the last Olympic Games to be covered by the network, and also presented the Saturday afternoon *Results Service* from October 1985 until May 1992, and was the sole anchor throughout its seven years on air.
Welsby occasionally presented live matches for ITV in 1986, becoming the regular host in the 1987--88 season. At the start of the 1988--89 season, ITV began broadcasting exclusive live coverage of the Football League. It was the task of Greg Dyke to oversee the coverage and he entrusted Welsby as presenter of *The Match*, anchoring numerous dramatic matches over the next four years, including Arsenal\'s 2--0 win against Liverpool in the last game of the season which saw the Gunners snatch a last minute winner at Anfield.
The loss of top flight football to Sky Sports in 1992 hit ITV Sport hard, and Welsby\'s final work as ITV\'s lead football presenter was at the 1992 European Championship. After this, he ceased working for ITV Sport and returned to Granada full-time.
Welsby continued to present regional programming for Granada, including *Granada Goals Extra*, *The Granada Match*, the station\'s crown green bowls coverage, and the midweek sports programming until May 2000 when the station decided not to renew his contract. In an interview in 2015 Welsby was critical of *Soccer Sunday*, the last programme he presented, describing it as a \"poor show with poor content and poor journalistic standards\".
Welsby occasionally returned as a guest on the *Granada Soccer Night* programme, and in 2001 he went back to radio to present *Elton Welsby\'s Soccer Saturday* for North-West regional station Century FM -- a role he held for three years.
## Other work {#other_work}
Welsby was the final presenter of the British gameshow *Busman\'s Holiday*, following on from Julian Pettifer and Sarah Kennedy. He also presented the quiz show *Go For Goal* in 1993. He is regularly involved in corporate and charity work.
Welsby\'s most recent TV work was as a presenter of Crown Green Bowls for Sky Sports during the mid-2000s.
Welsby is active on Twitter, where his handle is \@WelsbyElton and he occasionally appears as a guest on football and rugby league YouTube fanzine channels. His son, Chris Welsby, is a producer of Premier League football coverage on beIn Sports, presented by Richard Keys and Andy Gray
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# Naomi Long Madgett
**Naomi Long Madgett** (July 5, 1923 -- November 5, 2020) was an American poet and publisher. Originally a teacher, she later found fame with her award-winning poems and was also the founder and senior editor of Lotus Press, established in 1972, a publisher of poetry books by black poets. Known as \"the godmother of African-American poetry\", she was the Detroit poet laureate since 2001.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Madgett was born as **Naomi Cornelia Long** in Norfolk, Virginia, in July 1923. She was the only daughter and the youngest of the three children of Baptist minister Rev. Dr. Clarence Marcellus Long and Maude Selena Long (*née* Hilton). Naomi was 18 months old when the family moved to East Orange, New Jersey, where her father was pastor of Calvary Baptist Church. She began writing at an early age, having her first published poem published in the *Orange Daily Courier* when she was 13 years old. While living in New Jersey, she went to an integrated school, where she faced racism as an African American. She graduated from Ashland Grammar School and began attending East Orange High School, until in 1937 her family moved to St. Louis, where for the following four years her father served as pastor of Central Baptist Church. Madgett attended and graduated with honors from Sumner High School, where she was encouraged to write and she read widely, from *Aesop\'s Fables* and Robert T. Kerlin\'s anthology *Negro Poets and Their Poems* to Romantic and Victorian English poets such as John Keats, William Wordsworth, and Alfred Tennyson.
At the age of 17 she published her first small collection of poetry, *Songs to a Phantom Nightingale* (1941), a few days after graduating from high school.
She went on to Virginia State College (now Virginia State University), and graduated in 1945 with a bachelor of arts degree. She began studies at New York University in 1946, but that year moved to Detroit, Michigan, after marrying Julian Fields Witherspoon, whom she had first met at Sumner High School.
Madgett worked for a while as a staff writer at the *Michigan Chronicle*, where she published many poems under the name **Naomi L. Witherspoon**. She gave birth to a daughter, Jill Annette Witherspoon, in 1947, although the marriage was short-lived, ending in divorce in 1948.
In 1949 Madgett\'s poem \"Refugee\" appeared in *The Poetry of the Negro*, an anthology edited by Arna Bontemps with Langston Hughes, who was an early mentor of Madgett\'s, after at the age of 15 she had met him at a poetry reading of his in St Louis.
In 1955, she graduated from Wayne State University with a M.Ed. Her poem \"Midway\", from her 1956 collection *One and the Many*, attracted wide attention as it portrayed black people\'s struggles, and victories, in a time when racism was prevalent in the United States. Her work appeared in a variety of publications, including *Freedomways*, *Phylon*, *The Blue River Poetry Magazine*, *Negro History Bulletin*, *Negro Digest*, as well as in other anthologies such as Hughes\'s 1964 *New Negro Poets: U.S.A.*
Becoming a teacher, Madgett taught the first black literary course in the Detroit public school system for 12 years, most of them spent at Northwestern High School. Her third poetry collection, *Star by Star*, was published in 1965, also gaining acclaim. In 1968, she taught creative writing and black literature at Eastern Michigan University, where she was appointed associate professor of English. While at Eastern she earned her Ph.D. from The International Institute for Advanced Studies. Promoted to full professor, she retired in 1984 as Professor of English Emeritus at the age of 60. In 1972, after she had difficulty finding a publisher for her fourth book, she had published it herself from a company she set up, Lotus Press, realizing that there was a need for presses that promoted African-American writers. The imprint published Black writers such as Herbert Woodward Martin, Dolores Kendrick, James A. Emanuel, Gayl Jones, Haki Madhubuti, May Miller, Toi Derricotte, and Dudley Randall, and for many years was run by Madgett from her basement mostly single-handedly -- though in the early years she invented an editorial assistant named Connie Withers \"to give the imprint corporate heft.\" Madgett would continue to serve as publisher/editor of the company until 2015 when Lotus Press merged with Dudley Randall\'s Broadside Press to become Broadside Lotus Press.
Some of Madgett\'s poems, including \"Midway\", have been set to music as songs and publicly performed. As well as publishing collections of her own poetry, Madgett was editor of the anthology *Adam of Ife: Black Women in Praise of Black Men* (Lotus Press, 1992). She also wrote a textbook on creative writing
In 1993 the national Naomi Long Madgett Poetry Award was established, an annual award sponsored by Broadside Lotus Press to recognize and publish an outstanding manuscript by an African-American poet.
The many honors Madgett received included 1993\'s American Book Award and the George Kent Award in 1995. In 2001 she was appointed poet laureate of Detroit by Mayor Dennis Archer.
Her autobiography, *Pilgrim Journey*, was published in 2006, an in 2011 Madgett was the subject of a documentary film by David B. Schock called *StarbyStar: Naomi Long Madgett, Poet & Publisher*.
In 2012, Kresge Arts in Detroit presented her with the 2012 Kresge Eminent Artist Award, a \$50,000 prize to recognize Madgett\'s \"decades of commitment to originating, illuminating, and preserving poetry by African-Americans, and promoting the study and appreciation of African-American literature in schools and universities\".
Madgett\'s last poetry collection, *You Are My Joy and Pain: Love Poems*, was published in fall 2020. She died on November 5, 2020, at her home in West Bloomfield, Michigan, aged 97.
## Awards
- *Octavia and Other Poems* (1988) was national co-winner of the College Language Association Creative Achievement Award.
- Long Poetry Foundation offered its first annual Naomi Long Madgett Poetry Award for excellence in a manuscript by an African-American poet
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# Markvartovice
**Markvartovice** (*Markersdorf*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,200 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Geography
Markvartovice is located about 8 km north of Ostrava. It lies in the Opava Hilly Land. The highest point is at 281 m above sea level. The stream Ludgeřovický potok flows through the municipality.
## History
The first written mention of Markvartovice is from 1377, when it was owned by Rosat, a forester of the Opava princes. Until 1551, the village was a seat of the Bzenec knights. Then the village often changed owners until 1673, when it became the property of the Jesuits from Opava. Their reckless reign led to an uprising of the inhabintants in 1734. From 1742 to 1918, after Maria Theresa had been defeated, the village belonged to Prussia. In 1920, it became part of the newly established Czechoslovakia.
## Demographics
## Transport
The I/56 road (heading from Ostrava to Hlučín and Opava) briefly crosses the southern part of the municipal territory.
## Sights
The most significant monument in Markvartovice is the Chapel of the Holy Trinity. It is an early Baroque building from the second half of the 17th century
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| 0 |
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# Mu Arietis
`| axis = 0.0563{{±|0.0008}}`\
`| inclination = 71.2{{±|1.1}}`\
`| node = 101.0{{±|1.0}}`\
`| periastron = ``B`` 1981.099{{±|0.063}}`\
`| eccentricity = 0.337{{±|0.023}}`\
`| periarg = 92.3{{±|1.7}}`
}} `{{Starbox detail
| component1 = μ Ari Aa
| mass = 3.4{{±|1.7}}`{=mediawiki}
`| radius = `\
`| luminosity = 71.7`\
`| temperature = `\
`| metal_fe = `\
`| rotational_velocity = 175`\
`| age_myr = `\
`| component2 = μ Ari Ab`\
`| mass2 = 2.1{{±|1.7}}`
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=μ Ari | F=34 Arietis | BD=+19 403 | HD=16811 | HIP=12640 | HR=793 | SAO=93062 | WDS=J02424+2001 | GC=3256 | PPM=91916 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=mu+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki} **Mu Arietis** is a multiple star system in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from μ Arietis, and abbreviated Mu Ari or μ Ari. This system is approximately 431 ly distant from Earth, give or take a 8 light-year margin of error, and has a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.74. According to the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, this means it is faintly visible to the naked eye from dark suburban skies. The system is positioned near the ecliptic and is subject to lunar occultation.
At the heart of this system is a close orbiting pair, designated μ Ari Aa, consisting of a magnitude 6.38 A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A0 Vp, and a magnitude 8.38 F-type main sequence companion with a classification of F2 V. These two components have an angular separation of 0.04 arcseconds. A third component, designated μ Ari Ab, consists of a magnitude 6.72 star with a classification of A1 V, orbiting the inner pair with a period of 8.845 years and an eccentricity of 0.34. The orbit of this star has been measured using lunar occultations. A smaller fourth component, μ Ari B, at an angular separation of 19.1 arcseconds, has a magnitude of 12.2
| 325 |
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| 0 |
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# Windom, Minneapolis
The **Windom** neighborhood is located in the Southwest community of Minneapolis. Its borders are Diamond Lake Road and West 54th Street to the north, Interstate 35W to the east, West 62nd Street (Highway 62) to the south, and Lyndale Avenue South and Highway 121 to the west. Windom is a part of ward 11 of the Minneapolis City Council and state legislative district 63B.
## Businesses
- [Businesses in Windom Neighborhood, Minneapolis\'](http://www.experiencesouthwest
| 75 |
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| 0 |
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# Koboko District
**Koboko District** is a district in the Northern Region of Uganda. The town of Koboko is the site of the district headquarters.
## Location
Koboko District is bordered by South Sudan to the north, Yumbe District to the east, Maracha District to the south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to the west. The district headquarters are located approximately 55 km, by road, north of Arua, the largest town in the sub-region. This is approximately 480 km, by road, north-west of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda.
## Overview
Koboko District consists of two counties namely, Koboko North and Koboko South. The Koboko North County consists of the Aringa Speaking Community Inclined to Lugbara and the South Inclined to the Pure Kakwa Speaking.
## Population
The 1991 national census estimated the district population at 62,300. The 2002 national census estimated the population at 129,100, of whom 65,400 (50.6 percent) were female and 63,800 (49.4 percent) were male. The annual population growth rate, between 2002 and 2012, was calculated at 6.4 percent. In 2012, the population was approximately 236,900.
## Landmarks
The district is the location of a tripoint, where the international borders of the DRC, South Sudan, and Uganda intersect.
## Languages used in koboko district {#languages_used_in_koboko_district}
1. English.
2. Swahili.
3. Arabic,
4. French.
5. Kakwa.
6. Lugbara.
7. Kiswahili.
8. Lingala.
9. Bantu.
10. Luganda.
11. Lou, and many more others.
## Schools in koboko district {#schools_in_koboko_district}
### secondary schools {#secondary_schools}
-----------------------------------
Daystar Secondary School
Francis Ayume Memorial Ss
Koboko Modern Secondary School
Koboko Parents Secondary School
Koboko Public Secondary Schools
Koboko Town College
Kochi Secondary School
Leeds Secondary School
Longira Secondary Schools.
Midland Secondary School
Millenium College
Nyai Secondary Schools
Nyangilia Secondary School
Nyarilo Secondary School
Ombaci Self-help Secondary School
Progressive College School
Progressive High School, midia
Royal High Secondary School
St. Charles Lwanga College Koboko
-----------------------------------
### *primary schools.* {#primary_schools.}
----------------------------------------
Abele Primary School
Adrumaga Primary School
Alipi Primary School
Anyakalio Primary School
Anyangaku Primary School
Anyau Islamic Primary School
Apa Primary School
Arinduwe Primary School
Audi Islamic Primary School
Aunga Primary School
Ayipe Cope Centre Primary School
Ayipe Primary School
Bamure Primary School
Bezonga Primary School
Birijaku Primary School
Bright Star Primary School
Busiya Primary School
Capital Hill Primary School
Chakulia Primary School
Dranya Community Primary School
Dricile Primary School
Ebenezer Primary School
Eden Junior Primary School
Eden Primary School
Gbukutu Isl Orphanage Primary School
Ginyako Primary School
Glorius Girls' Primary School
Golden Brain Primary School
Goya Primary School
Green Valley Primary School
Gurepi Primary School
Happy Angels Primary School
Ifoko Primary School
Indiga Hill Primary School
International Partners For Dev't
J.bright Primary School
Kagoropa Primary School
Kandio Primary School
Kaya Primary School
Kela Primary School
Kenyibuli Primary School
Kimu Primary School
Kingaba Primary School
Koboko Demonstration Primary School
Koboko Prep. Primary School
Koboko Primary School
Kochu Primary School
Komba Islamic Primary School
Kuduzia Primary School
Kuluba Primary School
Kulumgbi
Kumari Primary School
Kuniro Primary School
Leiko Primary School
Liberty Primary School
Light Star Primary School
Lima Primary School
Lobule Primary School
Lokiri Islamic Primary School
Longira Islamic Primary School
Lunguma Primary School
Lurujo Primary School
Madikini Primary School
Marikulu Primary School
Mbili Primary School
Mena primary School
Metino P.7 School
Midia Primary School
Midrabe Primary School
Modrugoro Primary School
Monodu Primary School
Mother Care Primary School
Mt. Liru Community Primary School
Nile Junior Primary
Noor Islamic Primary School
Nyai Primary School
Nyakaliso Primary School
Nyambiri Primary School
Nyangilia Primary School
Nyarilo Pioneer Primary School
Nyarilo Primary School
Nyori -- Cheku Primary School
Ogo Primary School
Ombaci Parents Primary School
Ombaci Self Help Primary School
Oraba Primary School
Padrombu Primary School
Pamodo Primary School
Pearl Primary School
Ponyura Parents Primary School
Queens & Kings Primary School
Queens And Kings Primary School
Ruchuko Primary School
Spring Primary School
St. Catherine -- Koboko Primary School
St. Mark Nyarild Primary School
Tendele Primary School
Teremunga Primary School
Tukaliri P.7 School
Ulumgbu Primary School
Usubu Primary School
Uyiga Community Primary School
Waju Primary School
----------------------------------------
## Radio station in koboko district. {#radio_station_in_koboko_district
| 680 |
Koboko District
| 0 |
2,880,114 |
# St. Peter Catholic Secondary School
**St. Peter Catholic Secondary School**, abbreviated SPSS, is an urban high school located in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. The school was originally opened in 1914, before moving to its current location in the mid-1990s. The school is administered by the Peterborough Victoria Northumberland and Clarington Catholic District School Board. The school is built for 1400 students from Grade 9 to 12. The school is within the Diocese of Peterborough
| 74 |
St. Peter Catholic Secondary School
| 0 |
2,880,125 |
# Ostara (magazine)
***Ostara*** or ***Ostara, Briefbücherei der Blonden und Mannesrechtler*** (Ostara, Newsletter of the Blonde and Masculists) was a German nationalist magazine founded in 1905 by the Arisophist occultist Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels in Vienna, Austria, and in which he published anti-semitic and *Völkisch* theories.
Lanz derived the name of the publication from the reconstructed Old High German goddess name *\*Ôstarâ*. Lanz claimed that the Ostrogoths and the nation of Austria (German: *Österreich*) were matronymically named after this goddess. In his study of Lanz von Liebenfels, the Austrian psychologist Wilfried Daim states that \"most likely this is even greater nonsense.\"
According to von Liebenfels, the magazine had a peak circulation of 100,000 and appeared in three series; the first series included anywhere from 89 to 100 issues between 1905 and 1917, the second series had only one issue, and the third series included 20 issues published c. 1930--1931.
Adolf Hitler was reportedly one of the publication\'s readers in his late teens, and there is speculation that it served as a catalyst for his antisemitism. After Hitler\'s rise to prominence in the 1920s, Lanz tried to be recognized as one of his ideological precursors. In the preface of issue one in the 3rd series of *Ostara*, c. 1927, he wrote, \"One shall remember that the swastika- and fascist movements are basically offspring of *Ostara*.\"
Hitler, however, refused to acknowledge any debt to Lanz and his paper. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938, Lanz hoped for Hitler\'s patronage, but Hitler banned him from publishing his writings, and most notably copies of *Ostara* were removed from circulation. After the war, Lanz accused Hitler of having not only stolen but corrupted his idea, and also of being of \"inferior racial stock\"
| 291 |
Ostara (magazine)
| 0 |
2,880,137 |
# Tau1 Arietis
**Tau^1^ Arietis** is a triple star system in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from τ^1^ Arietis, and abbreviated Tau^1^ Ari or τ^1^ Ari. Based upon an annual parallax shift of `{{val|6.1786|ul=mas}}`{=mediawiki}, it is approximately 162 pc distant from Earth. The combined apparent visual magnitude is 5.27, making it faintly visible to the naked eye.
The Tau^1^ Arietis system contains three stars. The inner pair form an eclipsing binary system, with the brightness of the pair decreasing by 0.06 in magnitude during an eclipse of the primary. This is a detached binary with an orbital period of 2.2035601139 days. The third stellar component is located at an angular separation of 0.810 arcseconds and has a magnitude of 8.17.
The primary component is a subgiant star with a stellar classification of B5 IV, which suggests it is close to exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core and evolving away from the main sequence. It has five times the mass of the Sun with about four times the Sun\'s radius. This star is around 55 million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 30 km/s. It is radiating 234 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 12,606 km/s. Based on photometric data, the stellar light curve displays variability with periods of 1.105 and 1.492 days. It has been classified as a candidate slowly pulsating B-type star.
This system is a member of the Cas-Tau OB association of stars that share a common motion through space
| 266 |
Tau1 Arietis
| 0 |
2,880,139 |
# Tau2 Arietis
`| prop_mo_ra = −53.633`\
`| prop_mo_dec = −14.447`\
`| pm_footnote = `\
`| parallax = 9.7639`\
`| p_error = 0.2442`\
`| parallax_footnote = `\
`| absmag_v = +0.17`
}} `{{Starbox detail
| mass = 2.04{{±|0.60}}`{=mediawiki}
`| radius = 19`\
`| luminosity = 120`\
`| temperature = 4,479{{±|92}}`\
`| metal_fe = +0.02`\
`| gravity = 2.23{{±|0.11}}`\
`| rotational_velocity = 3.4`\
`| age_gyr = 1.6{{±|0.6|0.4}}`
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=τ<sup>2</sup> Ari | F=63 Arietis | BD=+20 551 | HD=20893 | HIP=15737 | HR=1015 | SAO=75899 | WDS=J03228+2045A | GC=4026 | PPM=92448 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = 63+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox end}}`{=mediawiki} **Tau^2^ Arietis** is a binary star system in the northern constellation on Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinized from τ^2^ Arietis, and abbreviated Tau^2^ Ari or τ^2^ Ari. The combined apparent visual magnitude of this system is +5.09, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. With an annual parallax shift of `{{val|9.76|ul=mas}}`{=mediawiki}, it is located at a distance of approximately 334 ly from Earth, give or take an 8 light-year margin of error. At this distance the brightness of the star is diminished by 0.18 in magnitude because of extinction from interstellar gas and dust. The system is receding from the Sun with a radial velocity of +2.5 km/s.
The primary component is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K3 III. It is an estimated 1.6 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 3.4 km/s. With double the mass of the Sun, it has expanded to 19 times the radius of the Sun. The star is radiating 120 times the Sun\'s luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,406 K, giving it the cool orange glow of a K-type star. At an angular separation of 0.53 arcseconds is a magnitude 8.50 companion
| 318 |
Tau2 Arietis
| 0 |
2,880,146 |
# Darkovice
**Darkovice** (*Groß Darkowitz*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,400 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Geography
Darkovice is located about 22 km east of Opava and 12 km north of Ostrava. It lies in the Opava Hilly Land. The highest point is at 286 m above sea level.
## History
The first written mention of Darkovice is in a deed of Pope Innocent IV from 1250, in which it is stated that King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia donated the village to the Cistercian monastery in Velehrad. Before 1265 a new village called Žibřidovice was established near Darkovice, and the oldest pond in the region was established between them. After the death of King Ottokar II, battles for inheritance took place, and Žibřidovice ceased to exist and Darkovice was abandoned during this war.
In 1320, Darkovice became part of the Landek estate and was administered by the burgrave Přesek of Lichnov, who renewed the village. In 1517, Duke Casimir II attached Darkovice to the Hlučín estate. However, Štěpán of Vrbno split this heritage in 1568. By this act, the village fell into the possession of Karel of Vrbno as a part of the Šilheřovice estate.
Darkovice was acquired by the Jesuits from Opava in 1673. Their rule led to a series of rebellions in 1734. From 1742 the village belonged to Prussia after Empress Maria Theresa had been defeated. The corvée was abolished here in 1823, 25 years earlier than in the rest of the Kingdom of Bohemia. In 1920, Darkovice became part of the newly established Czechoslovakia.
From 1979 to 1990, the municipality was annexed to Hlučín, but since 1990 Darkovice has been an independent municipality again.
## Demographics
## Transport
There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.
## Sights
A cultural monument is the set of objects belonging to the Czechoslovak border fortifications built in 1935--1938. Four such objects are located in the territory of Darkovice.
The main landmark of Darkovice is the Church of Saint Hedwig. It is a modern church built in 2005
| 360 |
Darkovice
| 0 |
2,880,152 |
# Omicron Arietis
`| radius = 4.27{{±|0.14}}`\
`| luminosity = 217{{±|14}}`\
`| temperature = 10,715{{±|186}}`\
`| gravity = 3.62{{±|0.07}}`\
`| metal_fe = `\
`| rotational_velocity = 225`\
`| age_myr = 286`
}} `{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=ο Ari | F=37 Arietis | BD=+14°457 | HD=17036 | HIP=12803 | HR=809 | SAO=93082 | TIC=52174783 | GC=3303 | PPM=118501 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = omi+Ari
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{starbox end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Omicron Arietis** is a single, blue-white-hued star in the northern constellation of Aries. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinised from ο Arietis, and abbreviated Omicron Ari or ο Ari. This star has an apparent visual magnitude of +5.78, which means it is dimly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of `{{val|5.79|ul=mas}}`{=mediawiki} as seen from Earth, it is located approximately 560 light-years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.22 due to interstellar dust.
This is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B9 Vn. The \'n\' suffix indicates that it has nebulous absorption lines in its spectrum, which are caused by the Doppler effect and rapid rotation. Indeed, it has a projected rotational velocity of 225 km/s. The star has an estimated 2.8 times the mass of the Sun and about 4.3 times the Sun\'s radius. It is radiating energy from its photosphere at 217 times the Sun\'s luminosity with an effective temperature of `{{val|10715|fmt=commas|ul=K}}`{=mediawiki}
| 247 |
Omicron Arietis
| 0 |
2,880,160 |
# Maktub (band)
**Maktub** is a Seattle, Washington-based music group formed in the late 1990s that combines elements of hip-hop, rhythm and blues, soul, and funk, with a sprinkling of jazz and rock.
## History
Maktub was formed in 1996 when Davis Martin called Reggie Watts, a student at the Cornish College of the Arts at the time, to come jam with Kevin Goldman, Alex Veley, and himself. After only 5 minutes of jamming, the band hit it off, and by day\'s end wrote their first song. After realizing their potential, the four planned to commit to each other, calling themselves \"Maktub\". According to their website, *Maktub* (مكتوب) is an Arabic word that Reggie got from Paulo Coelho\'s novel *The Alchemist*, which translates to, \"it is written\", or, \"destiny\".
In August 1999, they released their first album, *Subtle Ways*. There was an immediate response as the album hit number one on KCMU and later on the soul and urban charts at MP3.com and earned them \"Best R&B Album\" at the Northwest Music Awards\". After they released the album, Alex Veley decided to leave the group to pursue other projects.
In 2000, the group added a new sound to their music by recruiting Thaddeus Turner on guitar and Daniel Spils as their new keyboard player. With the new members of the band, they began recording demos with a handheld MiniDisc and small button microphone.
In 2001 they recorded *Khronos* in only two weeks, and it was first released a year later. In 2003, after selling more than 20,000 copies, Velour Music in New York City took notice of their success and re-released *Khronos* nationally. With this new national recognition, they embarked on a six-month tour in the same year, traveling all around the United States. Upon their return to Seattle, they begin to write new songs and record new demos, most of which are done with their minidisc recorder and single button microphone.
In 2004, they recorded their third album, *Say What You Mean*. The album was released in April 2005 and was followed by a three-month tour around the continental United States.
2007 saw the anticipated release of *Start It Over*. This album marked a new trend in the band\'s deeper interaction with its followers. It was funded by the members of their fan club, M.A.R.C. 7.
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Date of Official Release | Title | Label | Album Info |
+==========================+=====================+====================+=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| | | | |
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| June 29, 1999 | Subtle Ways | Jasiri Media Group | 1. Intuition -- 5:29 |
| | | | 2. Love Me Like Before -- 4:41 |
| | | | 3. Just Can\'t Make It -- 3:54 |
| | | | 4. For Perfection -- 3:53 |
| | | | 5. Lies -- 2:45 |
| | | | 6. Dichotomy -- 5:35 |
| | | | 7. First Time -- 5:07 |
| | | | 8. Believe -- 6:46 |
| | | | 9. Twilight -- 3:04 |
| | | | 10. Internal Light -- 13:43 |
| | | | 11. Subtle Ways -- 5:19 |
| | | | |
| | | | - Recorded: Avast! Studio (Seattle) in December 1998 & Stank Face Labs (Seattle) in April 1998 |
| | | | - Producers: Steve Fisk, Brad Smith & Maktub |
| | | | - Engineer: Stuart Hallerman |
| | | | |
| | | | *Subtle Ways* is the first studio album released by Maktub. It was voted 1999 Northwest soul album of the year by the Grammy Association and Billboard Magazine called it \"fresh and original.\" |
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| April 8, 2003 | Khronos | Ossia | 1. You Can\'t Hide -- 3:31 |
| | | | 2. So Tired -- 3:20 |
| | | | 3. Give Me Some Time -- 3:23 |
| | | | 4. Baby Can\'t Wait -- 3:55 |
| | | | 5. We\'ve Got Desire -- 3:41 |
| | | | 6. Just Like Murder -- 4:32 |
| | | | 7. See Clearly -- 5:47 |
| | | | 8. Say You Will -- 4:14 |
| | | | 9. No Quarter -- 8:04 |
| | | | 10. Motherfucker -- 4:29 |
| | | | 11. Then We\'ll Know -- 7:00 |
| | | | |
| | | | - Recorded: Avast! Studio in Seattle, WA |
| | | | - Producer: Steve Fisk & Maktub |
| | | | - Engineer: Stuart Hallerman (Stuart also mixed See Clearly) |
| | | | - Executive producer: Gerald N. Turner Sr. |
| | | | |
| | | | *Khronos* is the second album released by Maktub. Originally released on the band\'s label, after a year of good initial sales New York City label Velour signed Maktub and the album was re-released on April 8, 2003, minus the track \"Motherfucker\". |
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| April 8, 2003 | Khronos | Velour Recordings | 1. You Can\'t Hide -- 3:31 |
| | | | 2. So Tired -- 3:20 |
| | | | 3. Give Me Some Time -- 3:23 |
| | | | 4. Baby Can\'t Wait -- 3:55 |
| | | | 5. We\'ve Got Desire -- 3:41 |
| | | | 6. Just Like Murder -- 4:32 |
| | | | 7. See Clearly -- 5:47 |
| | | | 8. Say You Will -- 4:14 |
| | | | 9. No Quarter -- 8:04 |
| | | | 10. Then We\'ll Know -- 7:00 |
| | | | |
| | | | - Recorded: Avast! Studio in Seattle, WA |
| | | | - Producer: Steve Fisk and Maktub |
| | | | - Engineer: Stuart Hallerman (Stuart also mixed See Clearly) |
| | | | - Executive producer: Gerald N. Turner Sr. |
| | | | |
| | | | *Khronos* is the second and a half album released by Maktub. Originally released on the band\'s label, after a year of good initial sales New York City label Velour signed Maktub and the album was re-released on April 8, 2003, minus one track from the original. |
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| April 12, 2005 | *Say What You Mean* | Kufala | 1. Promise Me -- 4:28 |
| | | | 2. Say What You Mean -- 4:11 |
| | | | 3. 20 Years -- 5:21 |
| | | | 4. Daily Dosage -- 3:38 |
| | | | 5. Hunt You Down -- 4:16 |
| | | | 6. Seeing Is Believing -- 3:39 |
| | | | 7. Blown Away -- 5:09 |
| | | | 8. Feel Like Another One -- 4:31 |
| | | | 9. Nobody Loves You Like I Do -- 4:28 |
| | | | 10. Right to Breathe -- 5:24 |
| | | | |
| | | | - Producers: Bob Power -- except track eight (Steve Fisk) and track nine (Joe Chiccarelli) |
| | | | - Recorded: in Seattle at Robert Lang Studios, Electrokitty Recording, Jupiter Studios, Ironwood Studios, Steve Fisk\'s studio and Daniel\'s basement. |
| | | | - Mixed: The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver, BC except \"Nobody Loves You Like I Do\" (Cello Studios in LA) and \"Feel Like Another One\" (Studio X in Seattle) |
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| November 6, 2007 | *Start It Over* | | 1. open mind |
| | | | 2. where do we go? |
| | | | 3. words are not enough |
| | | | 4. leave a little |
| | | | 5. wantchu (nothing\'s ever quite as it seems) |
| | | | 6. give me death |
| | | | 7. let\'s stay out all night |
| | | | 8. if i had to start it over |
| | | | 9. i just want to know your name |
| | | | 10. nothing stays the same |
| | | | 11. hard to let you go |
| | | | |
| | | | - Recorded: Avast! II Studios in Seattle, WA |
| | | | - Producer: Steve Fisk |
| | | | - Co-producer: Stuart Hallerman |
| | | | - Engineer: Stuart Hallerman |
| | | | - Executive producers: 200 M.A.R.C.7 members |
| | | | - Album design by Kevin Goldman |
| | | | - Songs by Maktub |
| | | | |
| | | | *Start It Over* is the fourth album by Maktub. It was written, arranged and recorded in six days (May 6 through 12) in Seattle and funded by 200 M.A.R.C.7 (Maktub Album Recording Club 2007) members, each of whom donated \$50. |
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2009 | *Five* | | 1. Slippin\' Away |
| | | | 2. You Know I Love You |
| | | | 3. It\'s Never Enough |
| | | | 4. Strange World |
| | | | 5. Mystery Of You |
| | | | 6. Seems Like Only Yesterday |
| | | | 7. Took It All Away |
| | | | 8. Love To Stay |
| | | | 9
| 1,633 |
Maktub (band)
| 0 |
2,880,170 |
# Southwest, Minneapolis
The Southwest community consists of the following neighborhoods: Linden Hills, East Harriet, Kingfield, Fulton, Lynnhurst, Tangletown, Armatage, Kenny, and Windom. This portion of Minneapolis contains many parks and trails along Lake Harriet and Minnehaha Creek.
Parts of the Southwest community are in Minneapolis City Council wards 7, 8, and 11. The community contains all of ward 13. It is also in state legislative districts 61B, 62B, and 63B
| 71 |
Southwest, Minneapolis
| 0 |
2,880,191 |
# Chlebičov
**Chlebičov** (*Klebsch*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## History
The first written mention of Chlebičov is from 1250. From 1742 to 1918, after Empress Maria Theresa had been defeated, the village belonged to Prussia. In 1920, the municipality became a part of Czechoskovakia. Between 1979 and 1990, Chlebičov was an administrative part of Velké Hoštice. Since 1990, it has been a separate municipality
| 89 |
Chlebičov
| 0 |
2,880,193 |
# September of My Years
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 141, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Album chart|Billboard200|5|artist=Frank Sinatra|rowheader=true|access-date=January 22, 2025}}
^
``
| 23 |
September of My Years
| 0 |
2,880,206 |
# Eli Langer
**Eli Langer** (born 1967 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian visual artist. Langer rose to prominence in 1993, while 26 years old, in the Toronto art world with a solo exhibition at the Mercer Union Gallery in Toronto. The exhibition consisted of 8 paintings and 50 drawings addressing various issues of childhood sexuality. Toronto police raided the exhibition under Canada\'s new child pornography legislation and seized 5 paintings and 35 drawings. This event and ensuing media coverage created a national debate over the reach of law and freedom of expression.
## 1993 art show {#art_show}
A press release prior to the show opening suggests the curators knew the material could be controversial:
> Langer\'s work focuses on the tender and often abject aspects of sexuality and intimacy. His images are largely informed by intuitive personal and social drives, exploring the phenomenon of intimacy where it exists without the compensation of social or cultural consent. In this series of paintings and drawings, Langer often boldly develops a sexual ambiguity that inadvertently addresses our cultural taboos and the formation of morality.
Langer\'s exhibition at the Mercer coincided with the addition of section 163.1 (the \"Child Pornography\" section) to the Canadian Criminal Code. That section of the Criminal Code forbids any depiction of a person under the age of 18 engaged in an explicit sexual activity or for a sexual purpose. The law makes no distinction between works of the imagination and works that are based on reality. Langer and the director of the Mercer Union Gallery were arrested by Toronto police, but ultimately the paintings were the only things put on trial.
Well-known figures of the Canadian art community participated in the trial in Langer\'s defence, including Michael Snow (artist), Avrom Isaacs (gallerist), Dennis Reid (former curator of the National Gallery of Canada), and Ronald Bloore (late artist). They testified that the works exhibited at the Mercer Union had \"artistic merit\" (a defence provided by s. 163.1 of the Criminal Code). Ultimately the works were exonerated and returned to Langer.
A witness for the Crown prosecuting the case, Ronald Bloore was no stranger to art censorship in Canada. In 1965 his wife, Toronto gallery owner Dorothy Cameron, had been charged and prosecuted in relation to an exhibition of art at her gallery and the results had been catastrophic for her. Eli Langer remembers the apparent willingness of Bloore to testify against his art as being strange, but at trial Ronald Bloore turned the leading questions of the Crown against them, citing the state censorship by the Nazis and calling Langer\'s artwork \"marvellous.\" Taken aback by the trojan horse witness, the Crown called a recess. Bloore was greeted by an elated Eli Langer and his mother Pearl, and told them, \"*I\'ve waited 27 years to get these bastards for what they did to my wife!*\" To this day Langer believes the difficulty of his trial was worth it for the poetic justice done by Ronald Bloore.
Langer\'s legal victory led to reinterpretation of \"prior restraint\" to prevent inexperienced police officers from again using an easily obtained \"tele-warrant\" to carry out similar raids on art exhibitions. Obtaining a warrant now requires the stricter scrutiny of experienced judges.
## Current artistic career {#current_artistic_career}
His difficult personal experience at the centre of the media sensationalism and legal interpretations of his practice at the time did not long interrupt his interests and development as an artist. He claims that the event was a culmination of testing the boundaries of moral and creative conventions and that the event briefly made art and freedom of expression a household topic across Canada.
According to Langer, his art practice developed beyond the morality issue fight-picking he did as a younger painter and with which he exhausted his willingness for dealing with legal and moralistic entities. He adds that he moved on, seeking clarity and distance from the event and clearing the way for a \"more substantive articulation of ideas and art making practice \".
He has shown painting and other works in international exhibitions none of which referred to the art or controversy of the Mercer Union show or subsequent trial.
On January 18, 2008, Langer had his third solo show at Daniel Hug Gallery in Los Angeles. Langer taught painting in both the undergraduate and graduate program at UCLA in 2009. Langer exhibited at Clint Roenisch gallery in Toronto in 2015 and continues to paint and exhibit internationally
| 741 |
Eli Langer
| 0 |
2,880,207 |
# New Forest (UK Parliament constituency)
**New Forest** was a county constituency in south-west Hampshire which elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
It was first created under the Redistribution of Seats Act for the 1885 general election, and was abolished for the 1918 general election, when it was partially replaced by the New Forest and Christchurch constituency.
The seat was re-established for the 1950 general election and those thereafter, was significantly cut in size on the creation of the seat of Romsey in 1983 and was abolished for the 1997 general election, when the New Forest East and New Forest West seats were created using its remaining components.
In the British TV series *House of Cards*, this was the constituency represented by the main character, Francis Urquhart.
## Boundaries
**1885--1918**: The Borough of Romsey, the Sessional Divisions of Lymington and Ringwood, part of the Sessional Division of Romsey, and the civil parishes of Chilworth and North Shoreham.
**1950--1955**: The Borough of Lymington, and the Rural Districts of New Forest, and Ringwood and Fordingbridge.
**1955--1974**: The Borough of Lymington, the Rural District of Ringwood and Fordingbridge, and part of the Rural District of New Forest.
**1974--1983**: The Rural Districts of New Forest, and Ringwood and Fordingbridge.
**1983--1997**: The District of New Forest wards of Barton, Bashley, Becton, Boldre, Bransgore and Sopley, Brockenhurst, Copythorne South, Downlands, Fordingbridge, Forest North, Forest North West, Forest South, Forest West, Hordle, Lymington Town, Lyndhurst, Milford, Milton, Pennington, Ringwood North, Ringwood South, and Sway
| 259 |
New Forest (UK Parliament constituency)
| 0 |
2,880,210 |
# Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader
***Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader*** is an action role-playing game developed by Reflexive Entertainment and published by Interplay Entertainment subsidiary Black Isle Studios for Windows, released in August 2003. The game is viewed from a 3/4 isometric camera angle. It focuses on a protagonist, controlled by the player, as he travels on a quest that constitutes the central focus of the game. The plot stipulates a rift in reality that drastically altered medieval history by allowing demons and other similar beings to enter the mortal realm. During the game, the protagonist encounters and interacts with numerous historical figures such as Joan of Arc, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei who are represented as non-player characters.
*Lionheart* utilizes the SPECIAL role-playing system, which was first used in the *Fallout* series, and in this game functions primarily in adding points to specific skills in separate trees to strengthen a character\'s \"Spiritkind\", which has a personality and nature chosen by the player at the start of the game.
## Gameplay
As *Lionheart* implements the SPECIAL system, the character creation is similar to that of the *Fallout* series. Players begin by setting the values of their characters\' strength, perception, endurance, charisma, intelligence, agility and luck, and selecting \"traits\", which alter a character\'s inherent abilities for either better or worse, for the duration of the game. In addition, the player must distribute points to \"skills\" -- abilities which a character uses to achieve various effects. One skill, \"diplomacy,\" allows the player to talk their way out of situations gone awry, while another, \"sneak\", allows the player to move undetected by enemies. Unlike the *Fallout* series, *Lionheart* also allows the player to select magical skills -- an example being \"discord\", which turns hostile enemies against one another.
Players also select \"perks\" during the course of the game -- abilities similar to traits, which affect a character\'s abilities in some form. For example, the ability \"Superior Senses\" grants the player character a +1 bonus to his or her perception and +15 skill points in the \"find traps/secret doors\" skill.
Another element newly introduced by *Lionheart* is the player\'s selection of a \"Spiritkind\" for their character, which is done during character generation at the game\'s start. A Spiritkind is a spirit, which is either demonic, elemental or bestial, that resides in the player character and occasionally rouses to explain happenings or gameplay mechanics, or advance the plot.
The character generated by the player is the only character a player has direct control over, and though characters will occasionally join a player\'s adventuring party, they are AI-controlled without exception.
## Plot
The setting of *Lionheart* is an alternate history created by the occurrence of the Disjunction, a rip in the fabric of time that introduces magic into the world. This event occurred when Richard the Lionheart massacred prisoners at the Siege of Acre during the Third Crusade, a decision exploited by a mysterious source to fuel a ritual that tore the fabric of reality and caused magic to enter the world from other dimensions.
The game takes place in 1588 and initially set in an alternate history version of Barcelona. In this time, the Spanish Armada is almost set to invade England, and the Inquisition is rampant. *Lionheart* features several Renaissance figures who make ahistorical appearances in the game, including Miguel de Cervantes, William Shakespeare, Galileo Galilei, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Leonardo da Vinci.
The plot of *Lionheart* sees the player character, discovered to be a descendent of Richard the Lionheart, inherit the powers obtained during the Disjunction. Players follow the story through aligning with one of the four main factions in the game -- the Knights Templar, the Inquisition, the Knights of Saladin and the Wielders -- and are tasked with stopping an attempt to permanently open the dimensional rift, and alter the course of European history.
## Development
Reflexive Entertainment was approached by Black Isle Studios to develop a game after playing their previous title *Zax: The Alien Hunter*, an isometric game using the same engine. Ion Hardie states Black Isle originally wanted Reflexive Entertainment to develop a game in the vein of *Fallout* using the SPECIAL system. Chris Avellone recalls the decision to use SPECIAL was an attempt to \"try and help boost sales by leveraging *Fallout* fan interest\".
Production of *Lionheart* was strained, with both developer and publisher in financial stress. Ion Hardie notes Reflexive Entertainment was \"literally one day away from making hard choices that might have shut us down for good when we got the contract (for *Lionheart*)\". Interplay also bore significant financial issues that prevented them from providing the developer with milestone payments, with Hardie stating \"(Interplay) had issues getting us the initial payment.
### Release
*Lionheart* went gold on 16 July 2003. As with other Interplay titles at the time, Vivendi Universal Games handled North American distribution while Avalon Interactive handled European distribution. The game was released in 2003 in North America on 12 August, Australia on 26 August, and the United Kingdom on 12 September.
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# Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader
## Reception
*Lionheart* received \"mixed\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot\'s Greg Kasavin noted that although *Lionheart* seems to promote diverse character creation, the significant focus on monster-infested areas \"all but forces you to play as some sort of combat-oriented character.\" The game was also criticised for its attempts at promoting \"*Diablo*-style,\" hack-and-slash gameplay after a more dialogue-driven approach in the earlier stages of the game. IGN\'s Barry Brenesal wrote, \"the problem of deciding what kind of game it really wants to be, RPG or *Diablo* clone, is probably the most serious problem it\'s got.\" He continued that *Lionheart* \"feels like a good game got lost somewhere en route, and ended up being pushed out the door with some basic features missing.\" RPGamer\'s Steven Bellotti assessed that the game \"starts out so promising,\" but \"once you get out of Barcelona and into the wider world, \[it\] falls flat on its face.\"
Conversely the game was praised for both its musical score, which was described as \"excellent,\" and voice-acting, which was exclaimed to be \"top-notch.\" The SPECIAL system-fueled character creation was called \"great
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# United States v. Ballard
***United States v. Ballard***, 322 U.S. 78 (1944), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the First Amendment precludes courts from instructing juries to adjudicate the truth or falsity of religious beliefs.
The case arose from the appeal of the conviction of two leaders of the new religious \"I AM\" Activity movement for fraudulently seeking and collecting donations on the basis of religious claims that the defendants themselves allegedly did not believe.
The Supreme Court held that the question of whether the defendants\' claims about their religious experiences were actually true should not have been submitted to a jury. The Court arrived at this conclusion in part because the \"freedom of religious belief\... embraces the right to maintain theories of life and of death and of the hereafter which are rank heresy to followers of the orthodox faiths.\" The Court did not address whether the sincerity of the defendants\' beliefs was a proper question for the jury.
Justice Robert H. Jackson, dissenting, would have gone farther, suggesting that the entire case should be dismissed for coming too close to being an investigation into the truth of a religious conviction. He would have held unconstitutional a jury determination of whether the defendants\' religious beliefs were sincere, as well as whether they were true.
## Prior history {#prior_history}
After Guy Ballard\'s death, his wife, Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard, and son, Donald Ballard, were indicted for 18 counts of fraud. The indictment charged that the Ballards fraudulently collected over \$3 million from their followers on the basis of religious claims the Ballards knew were false. Their followers protested outside the courthouse.
The District Court instructed the jury to convict if they found that the Ballards did not have a good faith belief in their religious claims. The Ballards argued that the question of their good faith belief should not be submitted to the jury, but that if it was the Court should also instruct the jury to determine whether the religious beliefs they espoused were true. The jury convicted the Ballards.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit overturned the conviction and granted a new trial, declaring that the District Court erred in restricting the issue to whether the defendants had a good faith belief in their claims, and should also have instructed the jury to decide whether the beliefs the defendants espoused were in fact true. The government appealed to the Supreme Court.
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# United States v. Ballard
## Decision
### Majority opinion {#majority_opinion}
- Written by: William O. Douglas; joined by: Black, Reed, Murphy, Rutledge
The majority opinion reversed the decision of the Court of Appeals and remanded the case to that court, ruling that the trial court had rightly withheld the question of the truth or falsity of the beliefs from the jury. There was no ruling on the propriety of the jury instructions regarding the sincerity of the defendants\' beliefs. In his majority opinion, Justice Douglas wrote:
> The religious views espoused by respondents might seem incredible, if not preposterous, to most people. But if those doctrines are subject to trial before a jury charged with finding their truth or falsity, then the same can be done with the religious beliefs of any sect. When the triers of fact undertake that task, they enter a forbidden domain. The First Amendment does not select any one group or any one type of religion for preferred treatment. It puts them all in that position.
Having concluded that the Court of Appeals\' rationale for overturning the convictions was incorrect, the Court remanded the case for the Court of Appeals to further consider other grounds on which the Ballards had challenged the convictions.
### Chief Justice Stone\'s dissent {#chief_justice_stones_dissent}
- Written by: Stone; joined by: Roberts, Frankfurter
Chief Justice Stone, dissenting, argued that the question of truthfulness was appropriate for the jury:
> I am not prepared to say that the constitutional guarantee of freedom of religion affords immunity from criminal prosecution for the fraudulent procurement of money by false statements as to one\'s religious experiences, more than it renders polygamy or libel immune from criminal prosecution\... I cannot say that freedom of thought and worship includes freedom to procure money by making knowingly false statements about one\'s religious experiences.
### Justice Jackson\'s dissent {#justice_jacksons_dissent}
Justice Jackson dissented because he believed that the First Amendment foreclosed inquiry into both the truthfulness of the defendants\' religious claims and their sincerity. He would have dismissed the case entirely for being too close to a religious persecution:
> I should say the defendants have done just that for which they are indicted. If I might agree to their conviction without creating a precedent, I cheerfully would do so. I can see in their teachings nothing but humbug, untainted by any trace of truth. But that does not dispose of the constitutional question whether misrepresentation of religious experience or belief is prosecutable; it rather emphasizes the danger of such prosecutions.
>
> Prosecutions of this character easily could degenerate into religious persecution. I would dismiss the indictment and have done with this business of judicially examining other people\'s faiths.
>
> All schools of religious thought make enormous assumptions, generally on the basis of revelations authenticated by some sign or miracle.
>
> Some who profess belief in the Bible read literally what others read as allegory or metaphor, as they read Aesop\'s fables.
>
> If we try religious sincerity severed from religious verity, we isolate the dispute from the very considerations which, in common experience, provide its most reliable answer.
>
> William James, who wrote on these matters as a scientist, reminds us that it is not theology and ceremonies which keep religion going. Its vitality is in the religious experiences of many people. \"If you ask what these experiences are, they are conversations with the unseen, voices and visions, responses to prayer, changes of heart, deliverances from fear, inflowings of help, assurances of support, whenever certain persons set their own internal attitude in certain appropriate ways.\"
>
> If religious liberty includes, as it must, the right to communicate such experiences to others, it seems to me an impossible task for juries to separate fancied ones from real ones, dreams from happenings, and hallucinations from true clairvoyance. Such experiences, like some tones and colors, have existence for one, but none at all for another. They cannot be verified to the minds of those whose field of consciousness does not include religious insight. When one comes to trial which turns on any aspect of religious belief or representation, unbelievers among his judges are likely not to understand, and are almost certain not to believe, him.
## Subsequent history {#subsequent_history}
On remand to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, the Court of Appeals affirmed the original conviction without rehearing. The defendants once again petitioned for a writ of certiorari and it was once again granted, this time on the issue of women being excluded from grand jury and the trial jury. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the defendants and dismissed the indictment as well as the subsequent conviction
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# Kaz (cartoonist)
**Kazimieras Gediminas Prapuolenis** (born 1959), known professionally as **Kaz**, is an American cartoonist, animator, writer, storyboard artist, and illustrator. In the 1980s, after attending New York City\'s School of the Visual Arts, he was a frequent contributor to the comic anthologies *RAW* and *Weirdo*. Since 1992, he has drawn *Underworld*, an adult-themed syndicated comic strip that appears in many alternative weeklies. He is also known for his long tenure as a storyboard director and writer for *SpongeBob SquarePants* and worked on animated shows such as *Camp Lazlo* and *Phineas & Ferb*.
## Career
Kaz\'s comics and drawings have appeared in many alternative and mainstream publications including *Details*, *The New Yorker*, *Nickelodeon Magazine*, *The Village Voice*, *East Village Eye*, *Swank*, *RAW*, *Eclipse*, *N.Y. Rocker*, *New York Press*, *Screw*, and *Bridal Guide*. He has continued to contribute to comics anthologies such as *Zero Zero*.
Kaz has also worked on several animated television shows including *SpongeBob SquarePants*, *Camp Lazlo*, and *Phineas and Ferb*. He was the co-executive producer of *Get Blake!*.
Kaz joined *SpongeBob SquarePants* as a storyboard director and writer in 2001 during the production of the series\' third season and was paired with C. H. Greenblatt. The series went on hiatus after production began on *The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie*. Shortly before production on the fourth season began in 2004, Kaz was invited by his colleague and the series\' newly appointed showrunner, Paul Tibbitt, to work on an episode for the fourth season but he was never contacted by Tibbitt again and joined *Camp Lazlo* after leaving *SpongeBob*. After *Phineas and Ferb* ended production, Kaz returned to *SpongeBob* in 2015 as a writer.
With Derek Drymon, Kaz co-wrote and storyboarded the pilot episode for *Diggs Tailwagger*, which was ultimately not picked up. In September 2006, Kaz left *Camp Lazlo* to work on another pilot for a Cartoon Network show, *Zoot Rumpus*, based on a character from *Underworld*. With Mr. Lawrence, he wrote the episode *SpongeBob\'s Big Birthday Blowout* and is currently working on the first *SpongeBob* spinoff, *Kamp Koral*. He also serves as a writer and outliner on the second spinoff, *The Patrick Star Show*.
Kaz also co-wrote the screenplay for the Sandy Cheeks spinoff film, *Saving Bikini Bottom: The Sandy Cheeks Movie,* alongside Tom Stern.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kaz lives in Hollywood, California, with his wife Linda Marotta. Kaz is of Lithuanian descent, his parents having immigrated from Lithuania
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# New Forest and Christchurch (UK Parliament constituency)
**New Forest and Christchurch** was a county constituency in Hampshire which elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was created for the 1918 general election, partially replacing the previous New Forest constituency, and was abolished for the 1950 general election, when it was partially replaced by a recreated New Forest constituency.
## Boundaries
The Boroughs of Christchurch, Lymington, and Romsey, and the Rural Districts of Christchurch, Fordingbridge, Lymington, New Forest, Ringwood, and Romsey.
## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament}
Election Member Party
---------- ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------
1918 Walter Frank Perkins Conservative
1922 Wilfrid Ashley Conservative
1932 by-election John Mills Conservative
1945 Oliver Crosthwaite-Eyre Conservative
1950 *constituency abolished: see New Forest & Bournemouth East and Christchurch*
## Election results {#election_results}
### Elections in the 1910s {#elections_in_the_1910s}
### Elections in the 1920s {#elections_in_the_1920s}
### Elections in the 1930s {#elections_in_the_1930s}
**General Election 1939--40**: Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940
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# Jeremiah Weed
**Jeremiah Weed** is a brand of bourbon whiskey-based products. The Jeremiah Weed brand is owned and marketed by Diageo.
## Range
Their offerings include a 90 proof blended whiskey distilled in Kentucky, and a bourbon-based 100-proof liqueur manufactured in Connecticut. In 2011, Jeremiah Weed entered the flavored malt beverages market with five blends, three marketed in the U.S. and two in the UK. The U.S.-market blends are 5.8% ABV, and the UK-market blends are 4.0% ABV.
In 2009, Jeremiah Weed introduced a blend of flavored vodka, Southern Style Sweet Tea, followed in 2010 by a lemonade blend called Half and Half. 2011 saw the introduction of three flavored malt beverages (a category sometimes referred to as alcopop) --- Lightning Lemonade, Roadhouse Tea, and Spiked Cola.
Also in 2011, Jeremiah Weed launched two Brews into the UK: Jeremiah Weed Sour Mash Brew which has a bourbon taste and Jeremiah Weed Root Brew which has a ginger taste.
## Promotion
Gary Jules produced a song titled \"Jeremiah Weed\" in 1998. The brand was also promoted by the folk rock band Dos Gringos in their 2003 song, \"Jeremiah Weed\" in which the product\'s stance as a favorite of United States Air Force fighter pilots is heavily referenced, as both of the singers are veteran F-16 Fighting Falcon pilots. Ohio folk singer Eric Nassau also performed a song with the same title in 2008.
Jeremiah Weed was promoted extensively by The Adam Carolla Podcast. American Southern rock band ZZ Top is also a current promoter of the brand, as shown in a video on Jeremiah Weed\'s YouTube page.
In 2012, Jeremiah Weed released its first TV commercial, \"Alligator\" exclusively in the United Kingdom. It was directed by The General Assembly (directors) in Los Angeles. The spot features a real 7-foot alligator.
In 2013, Diageo changed the advertising of Jeremiah Weed in the UK, including the Alligator advert to describe the product as a cider
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# Hať
**Hať** (formerly **Haš**; *Haatsch*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,600 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Geography
Hať is located about 23 km east of Opava and 12 km north of Ostrava, on the border with Poland. It lies mostly in the Opava Hilly Land, only the eastern part of the municipal territory extends into the Ostrava Basin. The highest point is at 279 m above sea level. The Bečva Stream flows through the municipality.
## History
The first written mention of Hať is in a deed of Pope Innocent IV from 1250, when the village was owned by the monastery in Velehrad. From 1439, it was owned by various lower noblemen. In 1517--1567, Hať belonged to the Hlučín estate, then it was annexed to the Šilheřovice estate. In 1673, a large fire damaged the village. From 1742 to 1918, after Empress Maria Theresa had been defeated, the village belonged to Prussia. In 1920, it became part of the newly established Czechoslovakia.
In 1978--1990, Hať was an administrative part of Hlučín. Since 1990, it has been again an independent municipality.
## Demographics
## Transport
There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.
## Sights
The main landmark of Hať is the Church of Saint Matthew. It was built in the Baroque style in 1731 and rebuilt in 1894
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# Epicotyl
An epicotyl is important for the beginning stages of a plant\'s life. It is the region of a seedling stem above the stalks of the seed leaves of an embryo plant. It grows rapidly, showing hypogeal germination, and extends the stem above the soil surface. A common misconception is that the epicotyl, being closer to the apex of the plant, is the first part to emerge after germination - rather, the hypocotyl, the region of the stem between the point of attachment of the cotyledons and the root - forms a hook during hypogeal germination and pushes out of the soil, allowing the more delicate tissues of the plumules and apical meristem to avoid damage from pushing through the soil. The epicotyl will expand and form the point of attachment of the shoot apex and leaf primordia or \"first true leaves\". Cotyledons may remain belowground or be pushed up aboveground with the growing stem depending on the plant species in question.
In plant physiology, the **epicotyl** is the embryonic shoot above the cotyledons. In most plants the epicotyl will eventually develop into the leaves of the plant. In dicots, the hypocotyl is what appears to be the base stem under the spent withered cotyledons, and the shoot just above that is the **epicotyl**. In monocot plants, the first shoot that emerges from the ground or from the seed is the **epicotyl**, from which the first shoots and leaves emerge.
Lengthening of the epicotyl is thought to be controlled by the phytochrome photoreceptors
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# Scientific Working Group – Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
The **Scientific Working Group on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (SWGSTAIN)** was created in March 2002 at a meeting held by the FBI Laboratory at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. It was decided that there was enough interest in bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) to warrant the creation of the Scientific Working Group (SWG). According to the guidelines for organizing a SWG, the Scientific Working Group on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (SWGSTAIN) generated and ratified a set of bylaws in accordance to the Scientific Working Groups published in *Forensic Science Communications* (July 2002).
SWGSTAIN has nationally and internationally recognized bloodstain pattern analysts, several of whom are members of the International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts (IABPA). The experts come from various areas including law enforcement, federal, state and local laboratories, the private sector, and academia. They also come from various countries including United States, Canada, England, and the Netherlands.
In 2004, the various sub-committees were discussing and drafting proposals in the following areas:
:\* Terminology
:\* Quality Assurance
:\* Legal
:\* Ethics
:\* Education and Training
SWGSTAIN meets twice a year at the FBI Academy in Quantico. They have an American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD) representative.
## Mission statement {#mission_statement}
: *To Promote and enhance the development of quality forensic bloodstain pattern (BSP) practices through the collaborative efforts of government forensic laboratories, law enforcement, private industry, and academia.*
## Objectives
1. To discuss, share and compare stain pattern analysis methods, protocols, and research for the enhancement of forensic bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) techniques, and
2. To design and encourage the implementation by practitioners of a quality assurance program in bloodstain pattern analysis and to advise the forensic bloodstain pattern analysis community of emerging quality assurance issues, and
3. To discuss and share strategies for presenting bloodstain pattern information to meet Frye, Daubert, or other jurisdictional admissibility challenges, and
4. To address the development and/or validation of forensic bloodstain pattern analysis methods, and
5. To design and encourage the adoption of guidelines to ensure the quality of specialized training in the field of bloodstain pattern analysis
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# Adolf Beck case
The **Adolf Beck case** was a notorious incident of wrongful conviction by mistaken identity, brought about by unreliable methods of identification, erroneous eyewitness testimony, and a rush to convict the accused. As one of the best known causes célèbres of its time, the case led to the creation of the English Court of Criminal Appeal in 1907.
## Biographical background {#biographical_background}
Adolf (or Adolph) Beck was born in Norway in 1841, and educated as a chemist. However, he went to sea soon afterwards and moved to England in 1865, working as a clerk to a shipping broker. In 1868 he moved to South America, where he made a living for a while as a singer, then became a shipbroker, and also engaged in buying and selling houses. He soon amassed a considerable amount of savings, at one time earning £8,000 as commission for a sale of a Spanish concession in the Galapagos Islands. He returned to England in 1885 and engaged in various financial schemes, including an investment in a copper mine in Norway. Unfortunately the mine did not turn a profit, and he poured in more and more money until he had to put the mine up for sale. There were no takers and he was reduced to near-poverty. He was chronically short of money, in debt to the hotel in Covent Garden where he lived and had borrowed money from his secretary. Nevertheless, he tried to keep up appearances by dressing in a frock coat and top hat whenever he went out, even though they had become threadbare.
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# Adolf Beck case
## Arrest
On 16 December 1895 Beck was stepping out of the front door of 135 Victoria Street (or 139, according to at least one account) when a woman blocked his way. She accused him of having tricked her out of two watches and several rings. Beck brushed her aside and crossed the road. When the woman followed him, he complained to a policeman that he was being followed by a prostitute who had accosted him. The woman in turn demanded his arrest, accusing him of having swindled her three weeks earlier. The policeman took them both to the nearest police station, where the woman identified herself as Ottilie Meissonier, unmarried, and a language teacher. She alleged that she had been walking down Victoria Street when Beck approached her, tipping his hat and asking if she was Lady Everton. She said that she was not, but she was impressed by his gentlemanly manner and they struck up a conversation. According to her account, he introduced himself as \"Lord Willoughby\" and advised her that the flower show she was heading for was not worth visiting. He said that he knew horticulture because he had gardens on his Lincolnshire estate which were extensive enough to require six gardeners. Meissonier mentioned that she grew chrysanthemums; he asked her whether he might see them and she invited him to tea the following day.
At her home the next day, he invited her to go to the French Riviera on his yacht. He insisted upon providing her with an elegant wardrobe for the voyage, wrote out a list of items for her and made out a cheque for £40 to cover her purchases. Then he examined her wristwatch and rings, and asked her to let him have them so that he could match their sizes and replace them with more valuable pieces. After he left, she discovered that a second watch was missing. Suspicious, she hurried to the bank to cash the cheque, only to find that it was worthless. She had been swindled and she swore that it was Adolf Beck who had done it. He was promptly arrested.
The inspector who was assigned to the case learned that in the previous two years twenty-two women had been defrauded by a grey-haired man who called himself \"Lord Wilton de Willoughby\" and used the same modus operandi as Beck\'s accuser had described. These women were asked to view a line-up that included Beck along with ten or fifteen men who had been selected randomly from the street. Because he was the only one with grey hair and a moustache he was quickly identified by the women as the man who had defrauded them.
Beck was charged with ten misdemeanours and four felonies. The felony charges were based on presumed prior convictions in 1877, when a man named John Smith had been sentenced to five years for swindling unattached women by using the name Lord Willoughby, writing worthless cheques and taking their jewellery. He had disappeared after his release, and it was assumed that Beck and Smith were one and the same. Descriptions of John Smith from prison files were never compared with the current appearance of Adolph Beck.
At Beck\'s committal hearing, in late 1895, one of the policemen who had arrested Smith eighteen years before was called to testify. Eless Henry Spurrell (1847-1906), who had retired in 1892, gave his account as follows:
Beck protested and insisted that he could bring witnesses from South America to prove that he was there in 1877.
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# Adolf Beck case
## Trial
On 3 March 1896 Beck was brought to trial at the Old Bailey. The Crown was represented by Horace Edmund Avory, assisted by Guy Stephenson, while the defence was headed by an experienced barrister, Charles Gill, who was assisted by Percival Clarke. The judge was Sir Forrest Fulton, who, as a prosecutor, had been responsible for sending John Smith to prison in 1877.
The defence\'s strategy was to argue that this was a case of mistaken identity. If they could prove that Beck was in South America at the time when John Smith was committing his crimes and went to prison for them, they could undermine the allegation that Adolph Beck was John Smith.
A handwriting expert named Thomas Gurrin compared the lists of clothing Smith had given his victims in 1877 to those written in 1894 and 1895, as well as to samples of Beck\'s handwriting. Gill thought that he would have his chance to prove mistaken identity when he cross-examined Gurrin. If Gurrin testified in court, as he had said previously, that the writing from 1877 was identical to that from 1894 and 1895, Gill could bring witnesses to show that Beck had been in Buenos Aires in 1877. Avory, foreseeing this tactic, asked the witness only about the later lists. Gurrin said that these had been written by Beck with a \"disguised hand\". Gill then asked Justice Fulton\'s permission to question Gurrin about the lists from 1877, but he ruled, in line with procedure in the English courts, that any earlier convictions of the defendant could not be mentioned in court until after the jury had given its verdict.
Avory did not want to call Elless Spurrell to give evidence because his testimony would have opened discussion of the past conviction, thereby allowing Gill the opportunity to cast doubt on Beck\'s guilt. Without Spurrell\'s testimony, Avory could still prosecute Beck for the misdemeanours, which did not require proof of prior conviction. He chose not to proceed with the felony charges, despite the fact that the prosecution case was based wholly on the unstated premise that Adolph Beck and John Smith were the same person.
Avory brought Beck\'s alleged victims into court and one after another they pointed to Beck as the swindler. There were, however, occasional moments of doubt. One mentioned that the swindler talked differently from Beck, peppering his speech with \"Yankee\" slang. Ottilie Meissonier remembered that the swindler had a scar on the right side of his neck, but was otherwise convinced that Beck was the man. Another testified that his mustache was longer and was waxed.
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# Adolf Beck case
## Conviction and doubts {#conviction_and_doubts}
On 5 March 1896 Adolf Beck was found guilty of fraud and was sentenced to seven years of penal servitude at Portland Convict Prison on the Isle of Portland. In prison he was given John Smith\'s old prison number, D 523, with the letter W added, indicating a repeat convict.
England did not yet have a court of criminal appeal, but between 1896 and 1901 Beck\'s solicitor presented ten petitions for re-examination of his case. His requests to see the prison\'s description of John Smith were repeatedly denied. However, in May 1898 an official at the Home Office looked at the Smith file and saw that Smith was Jewish and thus had been circumcised, while Beck was not. The Home Office asked Sir Forrest Fulton for his opinion of this new evidence. Fulton wrote a minute dated 13 May in which he acknowledged that Smith and Beck could not be the same person but he added that, even if Beck was not Smith, he was still the impostor of 1895, and that he viewed the South American alibi \"with great suspicion.\" As a result, the letter W was removed from Beck\'s prison number, but nothing else was done regarding the case.
While Beck remained in prison, George Robert Sims, a journalist who worked for the *Daily Mail* and had known Beck since his return to England in 1885, wrote an article in the paper emphasising that Beck had been tried on the assumption that he and Smith were the same person, yet no evidence to support that assumption had been allowed by Judge Fulton. Public opinion was slowly swayed by Sims and others, including Arthur Conan Doyle, to the view that Beck\'s conviction was unjust.
Beck was paroled in July 1901 for good behaviour.
## Second arrest and conviction {#second_arrest_and_conviction}
On 22 March 1904, a servant by the name of Paulina Scott filed a complaint that a grey-haired, distinguished looking man had accosted her on the street, paid compliments to her and then stolen her jewellery. The inspector who took the complaint was familiar with Beck\'s case and assumed he must be the culprit, so he sent Scott to the restaurant where Beck took his lunch. She did not recognise him but the inspector was undeterred by the woman\'s uncertainty and set a trap for him.
On 15 April 1904, as Beck left his flat, Scott ran up to him and accused him of defrauding her of her jewellery. Beck was horrified and denied the charge. Scott repeated her accusations and told him that someone was waiting to arrest him. He ran away in panic, but was caught immediately by the waiting police inspector, who arrested him at once. Beck\'s panicked flight reinforced the inspector\'s assumption regarding his guilt.
He was again put on trial on 27 June at the Old Bailey before Sir William Grantham. Five women identified him and, based on this positive identification, he was found guilty by the jury. The judge, however, was dissatisfied about the case and expressed some doubts regarding it. Despite assurances from the Home Office and the police of Beck\'s guilt, he decided to postpone sentencing. Ten days later the case was solved once and for all.
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# Adolf Beck case
## Truth about John Smith {#truth_about_john_smith}
On a routine visit to the Tottenham Court Road police station on 7 July, Inspector John Kane of the Criminal Investigation Department was told of the arrest of a man who had tried to swindle some rings from a pair of unemployed actresses that afternoon and had been apprehended at a pawnshop. The detective was familiar with the Beck case, having been present at Beck\'s two trials and asked for details. The details fitted the usual pattern but the alleged culprit, Adolph Beck, was already in jail, awaiting sentencing.
The inspector went to the new prisoner\'s cell. It held a grey-haired man, approximately of Beck\'s height, with certain features which made him resemble Beck. However, Beck was younger and frailer in build, and this man had a scar on the right side of his neck, as Ottilie Meissoner remembered. The prisoner had given his name as William Thomas but the inspector, convinced that he was John Smith, informed Scotland Yard. Three of the five women who identified Beck in his second trial were brought in to confront Thomas and they quickly identified him as the swindler (the other two had gone abroad and thus were not present). Other swindled women were brought in who also admitted their error in identifying Beck. When the man who had been John Smith\'s landlord in 1877 identified Thomas as his former tenant, the prisoner confessed his crimes.
\"William Thomas\" turned out to be as much an alias as \"John Smith\" had been, and he had two other aliases as well, \"William Wyatt\" and \"William Weiss\". His true identity was Wilhelm Meyer, born in Vienna and graduated from the University of Vienna. He studied leprosy in the Hawaiian Islands under Father Joseph Damien. He later became surgeon to the King of Hawaii and was engaged in growing coffee, and in various other businesses in the United States, then setting up practice as a physician in Adelaide before moving to London. Apparently he fell upon hard times there, and turned to preying on women through fraud. When Beck was sent to prison in his place, Meyer had returned to the United States and did not come back until 1903, apparently when he thought Beck had served out his sentence. Thomas then resumed his swindling until he was finally arrested. When brought to trial on 15 September, Wilhelm Meyer pleaded guilty to those offences and was jailed for 5 years.
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# Adolf Beck case
## Aftermath
Adolf Beck was given a free pardon by the King on 29 July 1904 and in compensation for his false imprisonment was awarded £2,000, later raised to £5,000 due to public clamour (about £600,000 as of May 2023), again due to George Robert Sims, but those who were responsible were the subject of public indignation.
Eventually, a Committee of Inquiry was established, headed by the noted jurist and Master of the Rolls, Sir Richard Henn Collins. It heard evidence from all those involved in the case, including Horace Avory and Sir Forrest Fulton. In its report, it concluded that Adolph Beck should not have been convicted due to the errors made by the prosecution. The committee also chastised Judge Fulton in his conduct of the case, as he should have given consideration to the 1877 case, more so because of his involvement with it, which served to prejudice the proceedings against Beck. Furthermore, it criticised the Home Office for its indifference in acting on the case despite knowing since 1898 that Beck and Smith were not the same man. Instead, it sought to preserve the credibility of the judiciary rather than admit or correct its mistakes. It also stated that the omission of the prison authorities to state the fact of Smith\'s circumcision in the records of 1877 and 1881 was the primary cause of the miscarriage of justice.
As a direct result of the case, important reforms resulted, including the creation of the Court of Criminal Appeal. The case is still cited by judges in Commonwealth countries as a glaring example of how inaccurate eyewitness identification can be, and the extreme care with which juries must regard evidence of this kind. As for Adolf Beck, his exoneration brought him little consolation. He died a broken man of pleurisy and bronchitis in Middlesex Hospital on 7 December 1909
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# Healtheon
**Healtheon** was a dot-com company founded by James H. Clark and Pavan Nigam. The company\'s mission was to \"use the power of computing and the Internet to revolutionize the healthcare industry, stripping away its inefficiencies and inequities and streamlining it for the new millennium\".
In 1999, the company was acquired by WebMD.
## History
In mid-1995, James H. Clark, the founder of Netscape, came up with the idea to modernize technology in the health care industry. He founded Healthscape in early 1996 with funding from Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. To avoid confusion with Netscape, the company changed its name to Healtheon.
The company\'s first big idea was to develop a system for linking insurers and human resources departments. However, the idea failed since insurers dismissed it as too expensive and human resource departments were not interested.
In 1997, Mike Long became chief executive officer of the company. Five months later, the company formed a research and development partnership with Brown & Toland, a network of 1,600 physicians in San Francisco.
in February 1998, the company announced the acquisition of ActaMed, a medical-records clearinghouse for doctors and insurers, for \$150 million, which gave the company a source of revenue.
In August 1998, the company filed for an initial public offering, but the offering was cancelled in October 1998, after stock prices dropped due to the 1998 Russian financial crisis.
In February 1999, the company completed its IPO and became a public company and the stock price rose 400% on its first day of trading.
On April 21, 1999, the company announced the acquisition of MedE America for \$478 million in stock.
On May 20, 1999, the company announced a merger with WebMD
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# Elizabeth Rockefeller Strong
**Elizabeth \"Bessie\" Rockefeller** (August 23, 1866 -- November 14, 1906) was the eldest child of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller (1839--1937) and school teacher Laura Celestia \"Cettie\" Spelman (1839--1915).
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Strong was born Elizabeth Rockefeller on August 23, 1866, in Cleveland, Ohio, the eldest of five children, to John D. Rockefeller, co-founder of Standard Oil, and Laura Celestia Spelman Rockefeller. She attended Vassar College from 1886 to 1888 as special student. Strong Hall, the school\'s first dormitory, was named in her honor in 1893 by her father who contributed \$35,000 toward the expense of the construction.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On March 22, 1889, she married philosopher and psychologist Charles Augustus Strong and had one daughter:
- Margaret Rockefeller Strong (1897--1985), who married George de Cuevas, a Chilean ballet businessman.
They were residents of Lakewood, New Jersey. She died in Cannes, France on November 14, 1906, at age 40
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# Závada (Opava District)
**Závada** (*Zawada bei Beneschau*, *Zawada*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## History
The first written mention of Závada is from 1349
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# Gutkeled (gens)
right\|thumb\|The coat-of-arms of the Hungarian Gutkeled clan **Gutkeled** (spelling variants: Gut-Keled, Guthkeled, Guth-Keled) was the name of a *gens* (Latin for \"clan\"; *nemzetség* in Hungarian) in the Kingdom of Hungary, to which a number of Hungarian noble families belong.
## History
The primary source of their origins is the Gesta Hungarorum of Simon of Kéza, in which the author writes:
: *Sed postea, tempore Petri regis Kelad et Gut intrant tres frateres ex gente Svevorum procreati. De castello Stof sunt nativi.*
: *″But afterwards, during the reign of king Peter, Kelad and Gut three brothers of Swabian descent immigrated. They were born at the castle of Stof.″*
The castle \"Stof\" is assumed to be a corruption of *Stauf*, meaning either the Staufen Castle in Staufen im Breisgau or the Hohenstaufen Castle in Göppingen. The king mentioned is Péter Orseolo, placing the arrival of the Gutkeleds to Hungary sometime around the 1040s.
## Noble families {#noble_families}
Some of the Hungarian noble families descending from the Gutkeleds are:
- Adonyi
- Apagyi
- Atyai
- Báthory
- Benyó
- Daróczi
- Diószegi
- Dobi
- Gacsályi
- Guthi
- Kenézy
- Kun
- Országs ( Horsák )
- Pelbárthidi
- Rozsályi
- Szemesi
- Maróthy
- Várdai
## Notable members {#notable_members}
- Apaj Gutkeled, Ban of Slavonia (1237--1239)
- Nicholas I Gutkeled, Ban of Slavonia (1240--1241), killed in the Battle of Mohi
- Stephen I Gutkeled, Ban of Slavonia (1248--1260)
- Nicholas II Gutkeled, Ban of Slavonia (1278--1279)
- Joachim Gutkeled, Ban of Slavonia (died in April 1277)
- Stephen II Gutkeled, Judge royal (1278--1279)
- Hodos Gutkeled, *ispán* of Zagreb County (1270--1272)
- Amadeus Gutkeled, *ispán* of Vas (1272--1273, 1275) and Zala counties (1276)
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# Gutkeled (gens)
## Family trees {#family_trees}
**Rakamaz branch**
- *N.*
- *N.*
- Hodos (fl. 1270--1291)
- Ladislaus (fl. 1291--1310) \--\> **Szakolyi** (Szokoli) family
- Lawrence (fl. 1310--1338) \--\> *Rakamazi*
- Andrew (\"the Bald\")
- Briccius (fl. 1276--1320) ∞ N. Nadabi \--\> **Báthory** family
- George (fl. 1276--1307) \--\> *Rakamazi de Encsencs*
- Benedict (\"the Red\"; fl. 1279--1321) \--\> *Rakamazi de Szaniszló*
- Catherine (fl. 1270--1311) ∞ Langeus, son of Vajda (d. before 1279)
- Stephen (fl. 1310)
- *N.*
- Felician I
- Michael (fl. 1310) \--\> **Zeleméri** family
- John I
- Vid (fl. 1310)
- Dominic (fl. 1310)
- Felician II (fl. 1310) \--\> **Szalmadi** family
- Lucas
- Felician III (fl. 1310)
- John II (\"the Muth\"; fl. 1310)
**Amadé branch**
- Amadeus I (\'the Black\")
- Lothard I (fl. 1262--1284) ∞ N. Atyusz (fl. +1262)
- John
- Amadeus III (fl. 1326--1380) \--\> **Amadé de Várkony** family
- Lothard II (fl. 1326--1380) \--\> **Várkonyi** family
- Nicholas II (fl. 1326--1376)
- Stephen (Cletus; fl. 1326--1380) \--\> **Bősi** family
- Amadeus II (fl. 1272--1276; d. before 1286) ∞ N. (fl. 1286--1332)
- **Nicholas I** (fl. 1292--1325†) ∞ N. Monoszló (fl. 1313) \--\> **Felsőlendvai** family
- Ampud (d. before 1290)
- Bartholomew (fl. 1292--1325) \--\> **Marcaltövi** family
**Egyedmonostor branch**
- *N.*
- *N.*
- Cosmas I (\"the Great\")
- Cosmas II (\"the Lesser\"; fl. 1269--1321)
- Ivánka II (fl. 1307--1312†) \--\> **Pelbárthidi** family
- Clara (fl. 1313) ∞ Emeric, son of Ivánka (fl. 1313)
- Elizabeth (fl. 1308--1313) ∞ Artolf Keresztúri (d. before 1313)
- Adony
- Ivánka I (fl. 1278--1325) ∞ married twice \--\> **Adonyi** (Jankafalvi) family
- *N.*
- Dorog
- Peter I (fl. 1278--1284) \--\> **Hadházi** family
- Nicholas (fl. 1278--1304) \--\> **Diószegi** family
- Lawrence (fl. 1278--1297) \--\> **Dobi** family
- Sem
- Lucas (fl. 1278)
- Peter II (fl. 1296)
**Sárvármonostor branch**
- *N.*
- *N.*
- *N.*
- Dragun
- **Stephen I** (fl. 1242--1260†)
- **Nicholas II** (fl. 1263--1291) \--\> *Majádi*
- Ladislaus (fl. 1278--1300)
- John (fl. 1278--1300)
- **Joachim** (fl. 1263--1277†) ∞ Maria Romanovna (m. 1269 or 1270)
- Clara (fl. 1322--1337) ∞ Roland Borsa (d. 1301)
- **Stephen II** (fl. 1263--1288; d. before 1291) ∞ *unidentified* (fl. 1300)
- Paul (fl. 1263--1291)
- Nicholas III (fl. 1300--1324) ∞ Barbara Somosi (fl. 1343) \--\> **Butkai** family
- Stephen III (fl. 1300--1343) \--\> **Málcai** (Márki) family
- Vid (fl. 1300--1334) \--\> **Ráskai** family
- *daughter*
- Nicholas I
- Paul I (fl. 1246--1270) \--\> *Szilágy sub-branch*
- Lothard (fl. 1272--1292)
- Ladislaus I (fl. 1292)
- Ladislaus II (fl. 1318)
- James (fl. 1317--1318)
- Paul II (fl. 1317--1318)
- John (fl. 1317--1318)
- Dominic (1282†)
- *N.*
- **Apaj I** (fl. 1229--1239)
- Apaj II (fl. 1248--1270)
- Apaj III (fl. 1274--1297)
- Stephen (fl. 1297--1342; d. before 1346)
- *daughter* ∞ Simon Kállai
- Ekcs (fl. 1284--1293)
- **Nicholas** (fl. 1229--1241†)
- Andrew I (\"the Great\"; fl. 1250--1252)
- Andrew II (fl. 1281--1312) \--\> **Bacskai** (Bocskai) family
- Csépán
- Cletus (fl. 1250--1255; d. before 1265) ∞ *unidentified* (fl. 1265)
- Peter (fl. 1272--1317)
- Stephen (fl. 1272--1317) ∞ Elizabeth Szalánci \--\> **Bacskai** (Anarcsi) family
- *N.*
- *N.*
- Tiba I
- Tiba II (fl. 1250--1253)
- Nicholas (fl. 1270--1295)
- Achilles (fl. 1310--1341) \--\> **Gacsályi** family
- Gregory (fl. 1314) \--\> **Rozsályi** family
- Tiba III (fl. 1280--1288)
- Ladislaus (fl. 1313--1322)
- Thomas (fl. 1313--1352)
- John (fl. 1313--1322)
- Peter (fl. 1313--1357) \--\> **Atyai** (Zajtai, Salánki) family
- Michael (fl. 1313--1322) \--\> **Apagyi** family
- *N.*
- Pelbartus I (fl. 1216--1238) ∞ Ohudalov Tomaj
- Pelbartus II (fl. 1250--1264; d. before 1280)
- Michael
- Ladislaus (fl. 1250)
- Aladar (fl. 1250--1284)
- Ladislaus (fl. 1284--1315) ∞ Margaret Pelejtei (fl. 1320--1325) \--\> **Várdai** family
- Pelbartus III (fl. 1284--1340; d. before 1341) ∞ Elizabeth Mátyfalvi (d. before 1326)
- Elizabeth ∞ Ladislaus Fancsikai
- Margaret ∞ Charles Apáti
- John
- Andrew (fl
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# Ruby in Paradise
***Ruby in Paradise*** is a 1993 film written and directed by Victor Nunez, starring Ashley Judd, Todd Field, Bentley Mitchum, Allison Dean, and Dorothy Lyman. An homage to *Northanger Abbey* by Jane Austen, the film is a character study about a young woman who escapes her small town in Tennessee for a new life in coastal Florida. The film marks Judd's first starring role.
The film won the Grand Jury Prize for Dramatic Feature at the 1993 Sundance Film Festival. It was also nominated for six Independent Spirit Awards, with Judd winning for Best Female Lead.
## Plot
Ruby is a woman in her early 20s and the narrator of the film. She leaves her small town in Tennessee after her mother dies, ultimately landing in Panama City, Florida, a summer resort town she visited as a child. She arrives in Panama City (nicknamed \"Redneck Riviera\") in the fall, the beginning of the off-season when tourism is slow. Despite this, Ruby manages to get a job at Chambers Beach Emporium, a souvenir store run by Mildred Chambers. Mildred rejects Ruby's application initially, but Ruby wins her over by telling her, \"I\'ve done retail before, and I work real cheap.\"
Over the course of a year Ruby keeps a journal where she contemplates her career ups and downs, her love life, her past, and her future. Ruby\'s introspective narration is interspersed with routine scenes at the souvenir store, and conversations with her friend Rochelle or the men she dates, Ricky and Mike.
## Cast
- Ashley Judd as Ruby Lee Gissing
- Todd Field as Mike McCaslin
- Bentley Mitchum as Ricky Chambers
- Allison Dean as Rochelle Bridges
- Dorothy Lyman as Mildred Chambers
- Betsy Douds as Debrah Ann
- Felicia Hernández as Persefina
## Production
When Victor Nuñez originally pitched the film to distributors, he found they were uninterested: \"I was told flat outright \-- and these were very reputable distributors of independent films \-- \'no one is interested in a film about a female shop clerk in Panama City.\' Now, you can say what they really were saying was \'shop clerk Panama City,\' but the message was a woman, you know, as in the lead role,\" Nuñez said.
He considered changing the gender of the lead to a man, but didn't find the story sufficiently interesting to him, reasoning \"For one thing and I think it\'s changing to some degree, American men, by and large, don\'t allow as many vulnerabilities to be acknowledged and to be explored.\"
*Ruby in Paradise* was filmed on Super 16 on location in Panama City, Florida at locations including Show N Tail gentleman\'s club and White Western Cabin.
## Release
The film premiered in January 1993 at the Sundance Film Festival, where October Films acquired North American distribution rights. It was also shown at the Cannes Film Festival, the New York Film Festival, and the Boston Film Festival. The film was given a limited release in North American theaters on October 8, 1993.
### Home media {#home_media}
After the movie\'s theatrical run, the film was released on videocassette and LaserDisc in 1994 by Republic Pictures. It was released on video in Canada that same year by Cineplex Odeon. In 2008, Alliance Films released the movie on DVD in Canada.
On February 16, 2021, *Ruby in Paradise* received a digital restoration in HD from Quiver Distribution and was made available on digital platforms.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 86% from 28 reviews with the consensus: \"Led by a magnetic performance from Ashley Judd, the gently subdued *Ruby in Paradise* perceptively captures one woman\'s journey of self-discovery.\" On Metacritic it has a score of 77% based on reviews from 25 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".
Roger Ebert of the *Chicago Sun-Times* gave it 4 stars out of 4, and wrote: \"*Ruby in Paradise* is a wonderful, life-affirming movie about a young woman who has that kind of luck. It\'s a celebration of heart, courage and persistence.\" Ebert also picked it as one of his Top Ten Films of 1993.
*Variety* wrote: \"Victor Nunez has returned with a film of gentle, intelligent qualities, vividly portraying a young woman\'s inner life.\"
Steve Persall of the *Tampa Bay Times* said, \"You can tell \[Nuñez\] loves his home state, not from any postcard vistas---there are none in *Ruby in Paradise*---but from tell-tale glances at how Floridians relate to newcomers, tourists and an evolving class structure. Nunez knows there are plenty of Rubys crossing the state line every year and most won\'t discover a pot of gold at the end of the turnpike. His honesty is eye-opening, even to a longtime resident.\"
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# Ruby in Paradise
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
The film won the 1993 Grand Jury Prize for Drama at the Sundance Film Festival (together with *Public Access*). Judd\'s performance earned her the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead as well as the Emerging Actress Award from the Chicago Film Critics Association. The film received Independent Spirit Award nominations for Best Film, Best Cinematography for Alex Vlacos, Best Director and Best Screenplay for Victor Nuñez, and Best Supporting Actor for Todd Field. The film was also nominated for the Grand Prix of the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics
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# Beslidhja Skaut Albania
**Beslidhja Skaut Albania**, also known as **Organizata Skautiste Shqiptare Beslidhja Skaut Albania**, is a scouting organization in Albania. It was founded in 2004 and became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 2005, with membership terminated in 2014. The coeducational Beslidhja Skaut Albania has 1,730 members as of 2011.
The Albanian Scouting movement also previously recognized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement was **Besa Skaut Albania**, the Organization of Albanian Honorable Scouts, until 2005.
## History
Scouting in Albania traces back to 1920, when it was first founded. In 1922, Albania was among the founders of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, remaining active until 1937 when Zog of Albania banned Scouting in Albania. After World War II, the Socialist People\'s Republic of Albania had the Pionieret e Enverit, the Pioneers of Enver Hoxha, a local variant of the Pioneers. Scouting quickly returned to Albania in 1989 after communism collapsed in the country, in Sarandë by Dolores and Mihal Dhima, International Commissioner and Chief Scout of Besa Scouts Albania, respectively.
In July 1999, WOSM accepted Albania again as a member. The membership of Besa Skaut Albania was terminated by the World Scout Committee in 2005`{{why|date=September 2016}}`{=mediawiki}, and new membership was granted to Organizata Skautiste Shqiptare Beslidhja Skaut Albania, an offshoot of the older organization. In November 2014, WOSM terminated membership of Beslidhja Skaut Albania for their inability to fulfil its basic constitutional and educational requirements, with a statement supporting the establishment of a new National Scout Organisation in Albania.
## Ideals
The Beslidhja Scout Motto is *Ji Gati*, \"Be Prepared\" in Albanian. Other organizations use *Pergatitu*, *Always Prepared* in Albanian. The Albanian noun for a single Scout is *Skaut*
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# Vermilion Light
The **Vermilion Lighthouse** is a lighthouse on the shores of Lake Erie in Vermilion, Ohio, USA. It is situated near the mouth of the Vermilion River. Erected on 23 October 1991 and dedicated on 6 June 1992, the lighthouse is illuminated by a 200 watt incandescent light bulb with a 5th order Fresnel lens. The lighthouse\'s United States Coast Guard-mandated light color is steady red.
The current lighthouse is a 34-foot (10.4 meters) replica of the previous Vermilion Lighthouse that had been removed in 1929. Following a multi-year fundraising campaign headed by local historian Theodore Wakefield, the replica was built by the Great Lakes Historical Society using \$55,000 in public contributions. Designed by architect Robert Lee Tracht of Huron, Ohio, groundbreaking for the lighthouse occurred on 24 July 1991.
## History
The first Vermilion Lighthouse was a wooden structure that was built in 1847 by a \$3,000 grant from the Congress of the United States. In 1859 the lighthouse received a \$5000 renovation that rebuilt the structure and added a whale oil lamp and 6th order Fresnel lens. In 1866 Congress appropriated funds to build a new, permanent lighthouse made from iron. Cast in Buffalo, New York in three tapering octagonal sections, the iron used for the lighthouse was recycled from smooth-bored Columbian cannons that had been rendered obsolete after the Battle of Fort Sumter in the American Civil War. As Vermilion native Ernest Wakefield wrote, "The iron, therefore, of the 1877 Vermilion lighthouse echoed and resonated with the terrible trauma of the War Between the States." The ironworkers used sand molds of three tapering rings, octahedral in shape.
Completed in 1877, the new lighthouse was 34 ft high and had an oil lantern with a 5th order Fresnel lens. In 1919 the oil lantern was replaced with an acetylene light. After it was discovered to be leaning to one side, in 1929 the lighthouse was removed and replaced with an 18 ft steel tower. The old iron lighthouse was transported back to Buffalo where it was later renovated and reinstalled as the East Charity Shoal Light on the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1935
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# Edward Francis Rimbault
**Edward Francis Rimbault** (13 June 1816 -- 26 September 1876) was a British organist, musicologist, book collector and author.)
## Life
Rimbault was born in Soho, London, to a family of French Huguenot extraction that had emigrated to England in 1685 after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His father, Stephen Francis Rimbault, was an organist, arranger and composer. The younger Rimbault was taught music by his father, Samuel Wesley and William Crotch. At age 16, he became organist of the Swiss Church in Soho. His career as a lecturer, for which he was much in demand, began in 1838.
Rimbault edited many collections of music. In addition to editing or arranging contemporary operas, Rimbault took a strong interest in editing or arranging earlier English music. He did editorial work for the Percy Society, the Camden Society, the Motett Society (founded 1841 by William Dyce), and the Handel Society. He was a co-founder of the Musical Antiquarian Society in 1840, for which he also did editing. In 1842, he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and was granted membership in the Academy of Music in Stockholm, which conferred on him a Ph.D. The reputation of his work was such that he was offered a teaching position at Harvard University, which he turned down. In 1848, he was given an honorary degree by the University of Oxford.
He authored several books, including [*Bibliotheca Madrigaliana: A Bibliographical Account of the Musical and Poetical Works Published in England During the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Under the Titles of Madrigals, Ballets, Ayres, Canzonets, Etc., Etc.*](http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001174333) (1847), [*The Pianoforte, Its Origin, Process, and Construction; With Some Account of Instruments of the Same Class Which Preceded It; Viz. the Clavichord, the Virginal, the Spinet, the Harpsichord, Etc.; to Which is Added a Selection of Interesting Specimens of Music Composed for Keyed-Stringed Instruments*](http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001466881) (1860), *Early English Organ Builders and Their Works* (1865), co-authored *The Organ: Its History and Construction* (1855) with Edward John Hopkins, and many others. He did a small amount of composing. Among his efforts is a tune for Philip Doddridge\'s *O Happy Day, That Fixed My Choice* and added the refrain (1854).
Alexander Hyatt King suggested that Rimbault may be best remembered for his magnificent library, which contained many rare items.
He died on 26 September 1876 and was buried on the western side of Highgate Cemetery. His grave (no.3153) no longer has a headstone or any marker. After his death, Rimbault\'s library was auctioned by Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge from 31 July to 5 August 1877, with many materials going to the British Library. About 300 lots (nearly 600 items) were purchased by Joseph Sabin who was acting as agent for Joseph W. Drexel. Upon his death in 1888, the Drexel Collection was bequeathed to the Lenox Library, a precursor of the New York Public Library. Today, the Drexel Collection forms part of the Music Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
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# Edward Francis Rimbault
## Selective list of publications {#selective_list_of_publications}
- *Ancient Poetical Tracts of the Sixteenth Century: Reprinted from Unique Copies Formerly in the Possession of the Late Thomas Caldecott, Esq.* London: Percy Society, 1842.
- *Bonduca: A Tragedy, Altered from Beaumont and Fletcher, the Music Composed A.D. 1695 by Henry Purcell: An Historical Sketch of the History of Dramatic Music in England, from the Earliest Time to the Death of Purcell*. London: Chappell, 1842.
- *Cathedral Music, Consisting of Services and Anthems Selected from the Books of the Different Cathedrals*. London: Chappell, 1843.
- *Cock Lorell\'s Bote: A Satirical Poem: From an`{{sic}}`{=mediawiki} Unique Copy Printed by Wynkyn De Worde*. Early English poetry, ballads, and popular literature of the Middle Ages, v. 6, no. 2. London: Percy Society, 1843.
- *Cathedral Chants of the XVI, XVII & XVIII Centuries*. London: D\'Almaine & Co., 1844.
- *The Book of Common Prayer, With Musical Notes. Compiled by John Marbeck \... A.D. 1550*. Edited by Edward F. Rimbault. London: 1845, (2nd edition: London: Novello, Ewer, 1871.)
- *Bibliotheca Madrigaliana: A Bibliographical Account of the Musical and Poetical Works Published in England During the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Under the Titles of Madrigals, Ballets, Ayres, Canzonets Etc. Etc.* London: John Russell Smith, 1847.
- *Bartholomew Fair*. London: Notes and Queries, 1859.
- *The Christy-Minstrel Song-Book, Containing Fifty-Two of the Most Popular Songs, With Choruses and Pianoforte Accompaniments*. London: Chappell & Co., 1861.
- *Chappell & Co.\'s Practical Directions Upom`{{clarify|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki} The Art of Tuning the Pianoforte\...and a Description of Kemp\'s \... Amateur Tuner\'s Assistant; Also, Directions for Tuning the Harmonium*. London: Chappell & Co., 1865.
- *A Catechism of the Rudiments of Music, Adapted for Beginners in Any Branch of the Science*. London: Chappell, 1870.
- *A Catechism of Harmony, Adapted to the First Requirements of a Student, Etc.* London: 1871.
- *A Catechism of the Art of Singing With Practical Rules for the Formation of the Voice, Especially Adapted for the Use of Young Students*. London: Chappell & Co., 1872.
- *The Old Cheque-Book; Or, Book of Remembrance of the Chapel Royal from 1561 to 1744*. \[Westminster\]: Printed for the Camden Society, 1872.
- *The Cheque Book of the Chapel Royal from the Reign of Elizabeth to the Accession of the House of Hanover*. Publications of the Camden Society. New series ;; 3. London: Camden Society, 1872.
- *Gallery of Great Composers*. Boston: James R. Osgood, 1874.
- *Chappell\'s 100 Operatic Melodies*. London: Chappell & Co
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# Heisuke Yanagawa
was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. Japanese forces under Yanagawa\'s command committed the 1937 Nanjing Massacre.
## Biography
Born in what is now part of Nagasaki city, Nagasaki prefecture, Yanagawa was raised in Ōita Prefecture by his adoptive parents. He graduated from the 12th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1900, and served in combat during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904--1905. He graduated from the 24th class of the Army Staff College in 1912. After serving as an instructor in the Army Cavalry School, he was appointed a military attaché to China and served as an instructor at the Beijing Army College in 1918. He later traveled to Europe as part of Japan's delegation to the Versailles Peace Treaty negotiations, and from 1920 to 1923 was a member of Japan's delegation to the League of Nations.
From 1923 to 1925, Yanagawa was a cavalry officer, and rose steadily through the ranks from commanding the IJA 20th Cavalry Regiment in 1923, the IJA 1st Cavalry Brigade by 1927, the Cavalry School from 1929, to Inspector-General of Cavalry in 1930. He was promoted to lieutenant general in December 1931.
Around this time, he became involved in internal politics within the Japanese Army, and joined the Kodaha Faction, led by Sadao Araki, Jinsaburo Mazaki and Toshirō Obata. From 1932 to 1934, Yanagawa served as Vice-Minister of War under Araki. He was subsequently given a field posting as commander of the prestigious IJA 1st Division from 1934 to 1935. He commanded the Taiwan Army of Japan from 1935 to 1936, before his retirement on September 26, 1936.
However, with the Second Sino-Japanese War, Yanagawa was recalled to active service and assigned command of the IJA 10th Army in China in 1937--1938. The 10th Army comprised the 18th and 114th divisions from Japan, the IJA 6th Division from North China, and the Kunisaki Detachment of the IJA 5th Division, and landed in Hangzhou on November 5, 1937.
Yanagawa led his troops in pursuit of Chinese forces fleeing from the Shanghai area, and was in command of one of the main Japanese columns at the Battle of Nanking. His troops were later implicated in the Nanjing Massacre, but Yanagawa was repelled by the events.
Yanagawa retired again from active military service in 1938, becoming secretary general of the East Asia Development Board. With the support of Baron Hiranuma Kiichirō, and the *zaibatsu* groups, he took over the Justice Ministry from Akira Kazami in December 1940. He was also made vice president of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association in March 1941. In July he left the position of minister of Justice and became a minister without portfolio while continuing to serve vice president of the IRAA, until leaving both posts when Konoe Cabinet resigned in October 1941.
In a 1985 interview of Yoshinaga Sunao who was a Staff Officer of the Japanese 10th Army, Sunao described Yanagawa as a \"Great man who had his deepest respect\" as well as a \"Reticent and quiet hero\". Further into the interview, it was stated by Sunao that Yanagawa loved China and while on the road to Nanjing, he personally said to his Staff officers that it wasn\'t desirable for Japan and China to have to fight each other, however, as a soldier, he felt it was still his duty to fight and as such readily marched on Nanjing
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# Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz
**Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz** (24 July 1848 -- 1 November 1921) was a prolific Spanish painter famous for creating historical scenes.
## Biography
He was born in Villanueva de Gállego, in Zaragoza Province and began his studies in Zaragoza. He then transferred to the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando and, later, the \"Academia de Acuarelistas\" (Academy of Watercolorists) in Madrid.
In 1873, he became one of the first students chosen to study at the new Spanish Academy in Rome. From there he had opportunities to travel to France and Venice and studied the old masters.
In 1878 he submitted his painting *Doña Joanna the Mad* or (Juana la Loca) to the National Exhibition of Fine Arts and was awarded the Medal of Honor. In 1879, the Spanish Senate then commissioned him to create *La Rendición de Granada* (The Surrender of Granada), which took him three years to complete.
In 1881 he became the Director of the Spanish Fine Arts Academy in Rome, but resigned from this post after two years. He traveled, mostly in Italy, portraying local themes and people. In 1897 he returned to Madrid as the director of the Museo del Prado. He held this position only briefly and then focused again on painting.
His total output is well over 1,000 paintings showing his interest in a variety of subjects and styles, often without regard of the current fashion. He is primarily recognized for his historical paintings; the last one completed in 1910 carries one of the longer titles of a major painting, *Cortejo del bautizo del Príncipe Don Juan, hijo de los Reyes Católicos, por las calles de Sevilla* (Retinue of the Baptism of Don Juan, son of the Catholic Monarchs, Along the Streets of Seville). An earlier example is *The Sigh of the Moor*, which depicts Muhammad XII, the last Nasrid ruler of Granada, turning to take his last look at the city from the Puerto del Suspiro del Moro before going into exile.
Much more common, however, are costumbristas---often romanticized studies that show local customs or manners---and landscapes that are often sketchy, with impressionistic influences. Financial duress after the bankruptcy of his bank may have imposed a special need to be productive.
## Gallery
<File:Doña> Juana \"la Loca\" (Pradilla).jpg\|*Doña Juana La Loca* (Museo del Prado, 1877), showing Juana the Mad holding vigil over the coffin of her late husband,\
Philip the Handsome <File:La> Rendición de Granada - Pradilla.jpg\|*The Surrender of Granada* (1882), showing Muhammad XII confronting Ferdinand and Isabella <File:Juana> la Loca recluida en Tordesillas.jpg\|*Juana the Mad imprisoned in Tordesillas with her daughter, the infanta Catalina*\
(Museo del Prado, 1906) <File:Francisco> Pradilla y Ortiz - Niebla de primavera en Italia.jpg\|*Spring Fog in Italy* (1907) <File:Francisco> Pradilla y Ortiz - Cortejo del bautizo del Príncipe Don Juan, hijo de los Reyes Católicos, por las calles de Sevilla.jpg\|*The Baptism of Prince John*\
(Museo del Prado, 1910) <File:Ortiz> lovesickness
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# Jonas Renkse
**Jonas Petter Renkse** (born 19 May 1975) is a Swedish musician in the bands Katatonia (1991--) as lead vocalist, founder, songwriter (1991--1994, 1997--) and formerly as drummer (1991--1994, 1996--1998); formerly in Bloodbath (1998--2023) as bassist, founder, songwriter; and in Wisdom of Crowds (2013--) as co-vocalist.
He was also the founding member, drummer, vocalist, guitarist & songwriter of the band October Tide.
## History
In 1995 Katatonia was put on a halt due to not having a suitable lineup, and Renkse subsequently decided to form October Tide.
In 1996, Jonas\' performance of death vocals had taken such a toll that by 1997 he would only sing cleanly. By 1998, Renkse decided he would focus strictly on vocals and abandon drums.
Renkse wanted to guest on The Ocean\'s album *Precambrian*, but due to Katatonia\'s touring schedule during its production, The Ocean could not approach him on time. He would later appear on the track \"Devonian: Nascent\" off of their 2018 release *Phanerozoic I: Paleozoic*, as well as \"Jurassic \| Cretaceous\" from the 2020 release *Phanerozoic II: Mesozoic & Cenozoic*.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Renkse has three children, and is best friends with singer Mikael Åkerfeldt of the band Opeth. Åkerfeldt recorded part of the Blackwater Park album at Renkse\'s house
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# Bebu Silvetti
**Juan Fernando Silvetti Adorno** (March 27, 1944 -- July 5, 2003), professionally known as **Bebu Silvetti** or simply **Silvetti,** was an Argentine-Mexican pianist, composer, conductor, arranger, and record producer. In the 1970s he moved to Mexico and became a citizen. Popularly known for the 1975 instrumental disco hit, \"Lluvia De Primavera\" (\"Spring Rain\" in English), the album was produced in Spain and for the 1980 modern instrumental mariachi album. Silvetti was also a successful, Grammy-winning producer for a wide variety of Latin and international music performers. He was the father of six children, including the actress Anna Silvetti. Silvetti also worked in the music of successful films and telenovelas in Mexico.
## Biography
### Early life {#early_life}
Silvetti was born in the city of Quilmes, Argentina, located in the province of Buenos Aires, approximately 17 kilometers from the capital city of Buenos Aires.
He started his piano education at the age of six. During his teenage years he formed his own jazz quartet and a few other musical groups. At 19, Silvetti left Argentina to go to Spain where he stayed a few years working as a pianist at some of the most popular jazz clubs of the time.
### Career
In the early 1970s he moved to Mexico and started arranging and composing. He recorded his first album, which contained his hit offering, \"Spring Rain.\" The LP was released in the US on Salsoul Records. Other albums followed. Silvetti continued arranging, composing and producing mostly for other artists. After 10 years working in Los Angeles, California, he eventually settled in Miami, Florida, where he produced, arranged, and composed for a wide variety of Latin and international artists.
During his career, Silvetti worked with performers such as Jose Jose, Plácido Domingo, La Mafia, Luis Miguel, Paul Anka, Engelbert Humperdinck, Vikki Carr, Ana Cristina, Roberto Carlos (singer), Rocío Dúrcal, Rocío Jurado, Jerry Rivera, Tamara, Los Kjarkas, Daniela Romo, Armando Manzanero, José Luis Perales, Daniel Barenboim, Juan Gabriel, Maggie Carles, Los Nocheros, Marco Antonio Solís, Ricardo Montaner, Paloma San Basilio, Raúl di Blasio, Vic Damone and Selena.
Silvetti achieved many successes and accolades throughout his long and prolific career. In 2004, Silvetti was honored posthumously as recipient of the 2003 Latin Grammy Award for Producer of the Year for his work on \"Hasta Que Vuelvas\" by Luis Miguel, \"Quién Da un Peso Por Mis Sueños\" by Armando Manzanero featuring Alex Lora and the albums *Rocío Dúrcal \... En Concierto Inolvidable* by Rocío Dúrcal and *Suma* by Ricardo Montaner. In 2002, he received the *Billboard* Producer of the Year Award. In 2001, he topped Billboard\'s year-end \"Hot Latin Tracks Producer Chart.\"
### Death
Bebu Silvetti died at the age of 59 from respiratory failure caused by complications from lung cancer treatment. At the time of his death, he reportedly had composed more than 600 songs, over 200 TV and radio commercials, and a number of film and TV soundtracks.
## Musical legacy {#musical_legacy}
His hit track \"Spring Rain\" was remixed by DJ YOSHITAKA for the Japanese music game beatmania IIDX 13 DistorteD. The song name was changed to \"Spring Rain (Lluvia De Primavera)\" to signify the remix.
Denki Groove\'s song \"Shangri-La\", a remix of which was the ending theme of the 2009 anime series *Kūchū Buranko*, is based around looped samples of \"Spring Rain\". Silvetti is credited as a co-writer of the song
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# Ischigualasto Provincial Park
**Ischigualasto Provincial Park** (*Parque Provincial Ischigualasto*), also called ***Valle de la Luna*** (\"Valley of the Moon\" or \"Moon Valley\"), due to its moon-like appearance, is a provincial protected area in the north-east of San Juan Province, north-western Argentina, limiting to the north with the Talampaya National Park, in La Rioja Province. Both areas belong to the same geological formation, the Ischigualasto Formation (sometimes called the Ischigualasto-Talampaya Formation). Established on 3 November 1971, the park has an area of 60370 ha.
In 2000, UNESCO included Ischigualasto and Talampaya National Park among its World Heritage Sites.
## History
The name Ischigualasto is derived from the extinct Cacán language, spoken by an indigenous group referred to as the Diaguita by the Spanish conquistadors and means \"place where the moon alights\". Another hypothesis gives the name \"Ischigualasto\" a Quechua origin, meaning \"dead land\", although some scholars have proposed Huarpe roots.
The first paleontological description of Ischigualasto dates from 1930. In 1941 the area was studied in more detail, which led to the discovery of 70 species of fossil plants. The region received for the first time the name *Valle de la Luna* in 1943, in a publication edited by the Automobil Club Argentino. That year, Dr. Ángel Cabrera of University of La Plata described the traversodontid *Exaeretodon*---the first cynodont found in Ischigualasto---after samples sent by a geologist prospecting for coal on behalf of an Argentine mining company.
Academic work and geological prospecting proceeded slowly until 1958, when Dr. Alfred Sherwood Romer, a Harvard University expert in ancient mammals, discovered several rich fossil beds which he described as \"extraordinary\".
## Description
Most of the park lies within the Valle Fértil Department, with a minor part in the Jachal Department of San Juan, at an altitude of about 1300 m amsl. The park is part of the western border of the Central Sierras, and features typical desert vegetation (bushes, cacti and some trees) which covers between 10 and 20% of the area. The climate is very dry, with rainfall mostly during the summer, and temperature extremes (minimum -10 C, maximum 45 C). There is a constant southern wind with a speed of 20 - after noon and until the evening, sometimes accompanied by the extremely strong Zonda wind.
Las Coloradas.JPG\|*Las Coloradas* cliff P1010357 1.JPG\|Water-eroded badlands Ischigualasto02.jpg\|*The Sphynx*, wind-eroded rock formation A - Valle de la Luna, el hongo, San Juan, Argentina.jpg\|*The Mushroom*, wind-eroded rock formation
## Paleontology
The Ischigualasto Formation contains Late Triassic (Carnian) deposits (231.4 -225.9 million years before the present), with some of the oldest known dinosaur remains, which are the world\'s foremost with regards to quality, number and importance.
In the Carnian this area was a volcanically active floodplain dominated by rivers and had a strongly seasonal rainfall. Petrified tree trunks of *Protojuniperoxylon ischigualastianus* more than 40 m tall attest to a rich vegetation at that time. Fossil ferns and horsetails have also been found.
Rhynchosaurs and cynodonts (especially rhynchosaur *Hyperodapedon* and cynodont *Exaeretodon*) are by far the predominant findings among the tetrapod fossils in the park. A study from 1993 found dinosaur specimens to comprise only 6% of the total tetrapod sample; subsequent discoveries increased this number to approximately 11% of all findings. Carnivorous dinosaurs are the most common terrestrial carnivores of the Ischigualasto Formation, with herrerasaurids comprising 72% of all recovered terrestrial carnivores. Dinosaurs of Ischigualasto Formation include early samples of the two major lineages of dinosaurs (ornithischians and saurischians). The carnivorous archosaur *Herrerasaurus* is the most numerous of these dinosaur fossils. Another important putative dinosaur with primitive characteristics is *Eoraptor lunensis*, found in Ischigualasto in the early 1990s
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# Hachaliah
**Hachaliah** or **Hacaliah** (*חֲכַלְיָה*) was the father of Nehemiah, the author of the Book of Nehemiah, which is a book of the Hebrew Bible, known to Jews as the Tanakh and to Christians as the Old Testament. Hachaliah\'s name is mentioned at the beginning of the book and in `{{bibleverse||Nehemiah|10:1|NKJV}}`{=mediawiki}: the references to Hachaliah distinguish Nehemiah from others with the same name. Little is known about his status: Bowman notes that many attempts have been made to explain the name Hacaliah, \"but none is persuasive\"
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# Vřesina (Opava District)
**Vřesina** (*Wreschin*, *Wrzesin*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,700 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Geography
Vřesina is located about 20 km east of Opava and 13 km north of Ostrava. It lies in the Opava Hilly Land. The highest point is at 285 m above sea level.
In the northern part of the municipality is the Dařenec Nature Reserve. It has an area of 32.7 ha and the object of protection is the unique natural forest.
## History
The first written mention of Vřesina is from 1270, when the village became property of the monastery in Velehrad.
## Demographics
## Transport
There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.
## Sights
There are no protected cultural monuments in the municipality.
The main landmark of Vřesina is the Church of Saint William of Gellone. It is a modern church built in 1930
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# Kingoro Hashimoto
was a soldier in the Imperial Japanese Army and politician. He was famous for having twice tried to stage a coup against the civilian government in the 1930s.
## Early career {#early_career}
Hashimoto was born in Okayama City, and a graduate of the 23rd class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1911. He subsequently graduated from the Army Staff College in 1920. The services of Aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba were offered to Hashimoto by Oomoto leader Onisaburo Deguchi. In April 1922, he was assigned to the Kwantung Army in Manchuria and was stationed at Harbin. In 1923, he was sent on special assignment to Manzhouli, near the border with the Soviet Union. From September 1927 through June 1930, he was reassigned as military attaché to Turkey. On his return to Japan, he was posted to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, and headed a Russian studies department. He was promoted to colonel in August 1930 and became an instructor at the Army Staff College in October.
## Political career {#political_career}
From the middle of 1930, Hashimoto became increasingly involved in right-wing politics within the military, with active participation in various attempts at a coup d\'état. He was also a founder of radical secret societies within the army.
### Coup attempts {#coup_attempts}
Hashimoto actively participated in the March incident of 1931. The *Sakurakai* (Cherry Blossom Society) was secretly formed by him and Captain Isamu Chō. It sought political reform with the elimination of party government by a coup d\'état and the establishment of a new cabinet under the control of the military to stamp out Japan\'s allegedly-corrupt politics, economy, and thought. That literally meant a reversal of the Westernization of Japan.
The attempt failed, but Hashimoto, along with Isamu Chō and Shūmei Ōkawa, organized a further coup, the Imperial Colors Incident, also known as the October Incident, with Sadao Araki. All the conspirators were arrested and transferred to other posts. There were also suspicions of the instigation by Hashimoto and Araki in the final attempt, the Military Academy Incident.
### Radicalism
Despite his failures, Hashimoto continued as an active radical thinker during World War II. He was involved in the *Taisei Yokusankai* (Imperial Rule Assistance Association). He proposed a nationalist one-party dictatorship. The militarists had strong industrial support but also "socialist-nationalist" sentiments on the part of radical officers like Hashimoto. Supporters of Fumimaro Konoe\'s \"Right-Socialist\" revolution (populist ideas, which were rooted in the poorest farmers, fishermen, and industrial workers) opposed the \"right-wing\" militarists represented by Senjuro Hayashi in the same \"revolutionary grouping\".
Hashimoto was later elected to the Japanese House of Representatives and became vice-president of the Diet of Japan. Throughout the war, the *Yokusan Sonendan* (Imperial Rule Assistance Young Men\'s Corps), under his leadership, had the mission of guiding the nationalist and militarist indoctrination of the youth.
He was involved in the *Panay* incident of December 12, 1937 in which unprovoked Japanese bombers attacked and sank the `{{USS|Panay|PR-5}}`{=mediawiki} on the Yangtze River in China. Hashimoto was the senior Japanese officer in the region, and a few days after the sinking, he was quoted in US newspapers as saying \"I had orders to fire.\" Still, US-Japanese relations continued to sour in the aftermath of the incident, which would eventually lead to the Pacific War.
Hashimoto greatly supported aggressive policies during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in 1940, along with the other military extremists of the Imperial Japanese Army.
## Later life {#later_life}
After the end of the war, he was sentenced to life imprisonment in Sugamo Prison by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. He died in 1957
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# Cobi and Petra
**Cobi** is the official mascot of the 1992 Summer Olympics and **Petra** is the official mascot of the 1992 Summer Paralympics, both held in Barcelona, Spain.
## Cobi
Cobi is a Catalan Sheepdog in Cubist style, designed by Javier Mariscal and inspired by the interpretations of Picasso of a masterpiece from Velázquez, *Las Meninas*. He was unveiled to the public in 1987. His name was derived from that of the Barcelona Olympic Organising Committee (COOB).
## Petra
After the popularity reached by Cobi, the organising committee requested that Mariscal create other characters to accompany Cobi on his adventures around the world. They appeared as supporting characters in books, stationery and figurines along other licensed products. For this to happen, he took out of the archives some original ideas that had been archived during the period when he was developing Cobi. He considered the \"Palmerito\", a Mediterranean palm that had created life, as well as an anthropomorphized lobster with a big smile. However, he realized that his first design proposal would fit much better at the Paralympic Games.
In order to fit the demands of the organizers, the creative style Mariscal used with Cobi would have had to be kept. Petra was originally one of Cobi\'s first drafts that had been saved for later use. As he redesigned her, the lines between the two became clearer; Petra became stronger and more humanized. She was also taller than Cobi, and was not given arms, which both shocked and sensitized at first glance. In addition, all characters were required to have Spanish names. Given the name Petra, she quickly captivated the organizing committee and was already considered the unofficial mascot of the Paralympic Games.
Unlike Cobi who was short, shy, fearful and uncoordinated, Petra was tall, slender, brave, chatty and friendly. Her personality was like a ray of light, and she never gave up on anything until the possibilities run out. This sometimes made the other characters uncomfortable in the stories. Her personality is based on plastic artist Lorenza Böttner, a friend of Mariscal\'s who had lost her arms in an electrical accident as a child. Böttner became famous in Barcelona because of her style of \"danced painting\", painting using her legs, feet, mouth and body while dancing. Böttner, a transgender woman, enchanted everyone around her because she did not let her disability hold her back from making art. Despite being HIV-positive, she aimed to lead a completely normal life. Mariscal imagined Petra in that vein, an armless girl that is supposed to convey positivity, extroversion, independence, energy and bravery.
Before and during the Games, Cobi and Petra were shown in a variety of advertisements for Olympic and Paralympic sponsors, such as Coca-Cola, Brother Industries and Danone. They even had their own television series, *The Cobi Troupe*, which was sold to over 24 broadcasters worldwide, with Israeli broadcaster Arutz HaYeladim also making a series of live-action shorts called קובי כבל מייקר (*Cobi Cable Maker*), featuring Cobi competing in various sports. They also appeared on an extensive range of souvenirs, dubbed *Cobiana*, which proved to be a lucrative source of income. During the Games, inflatable versions of Cobi and Petra were tethered to the Barcelona waterfront.
## *The Cobi Troupe* {#the_cobi_troupe}
The Barcelona Olympic Organizing Committee and BRB Internacional produced an animated television series starring Cobi and Petra to promote the Games, titled *The Cobi Troupe*. The series was created under the creative and artistic direction of Mariscal, with a screenplay by Tricicle. A series of six comic albums were also released alongside the television series.
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# Cobi and Petra
## Legacy
A Tendam fashion brand Women\'secret released a set of pyjamas featuring Cobi during the 2024 Summer Olympics
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# 3MDR
**3MDR** is one of many community radio stations broadcasting in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. covering the Shire of Yarra Ranges and Shire of Cardinia from a studio located in Upwey.
3MDR broadcasts locally on the frequency of 97.1fm -- listeners from all over the world can tune in online @ [www.3MDR.com](http://www.3MDR.com). The main aim of 3MDR is to provide an independent community voice for the Mountain District area, with interactive local news, culture, entertainment and emergency alerts.
3MDR mountain district radio 97.1fm is a community broadcaster based east of Melbourne in the forest-covered mountains of the Dandenong Ranges. From a homely little studio in Upwey, 3MDR broadcasts across the Mountain District area, reaching out to the communities of Ferntree Gully, Upwey, Monbulk, Silvan, Gembrook, Pakenham, Beaconsfield, Belgrave, Emerald, Cockatoo and everywhere in between. The signal can be picked up much further away and can be webstreamed online anywhere in the world (with the necessary implements, computer, internet etc.).
In 2013 3MDR won the Community Broadcasting Association Australia\'s \'Contribution to Australian Music\' Award, sponsored by APRA, for the A Mountain of Sound project -- an annually released triple disc compilation CD, featuring 52 songs by 52 artists from Dandenong Ranges, all recorded live by 3MDR.
## History
3MDR was granted a broadcasting licence for a medium power community radio service covering the outer eastern region of Melbourne. Initially this coverage area along with that of neighbouring radio station 3VYV (Yarra Valley FM) were intended to form part of the Melbourne Eastern community radio broadcast area, however the areas were divided upon entry of more localised FM community aspirant groups back in the early 1980s.
Mountain District Radio was formed in 1983 as a result of the lack of public communication during the Ash Wednesday fires.
Mountain District Radio was incorporated on 11 December 1985 as a non-profit community operated radio station to service the areas of Monbulk, Woori Yallock, Gembrook, Pakenham, Berwick, Belgrave, Emerald, Cockatoo and everywhere in between
MDR ran 13 test transmissions on the following dates between 5 August 1985 and 29 October 1989.
3MDR\'s first temporary broadcast - as part of its demonstration phase intended to generate and display a community need for the service, it broadcast from a small studio in the back of an old bus by the side of a water tower on the ridge above Cockatoo.
## Licensing
3MDR was the only applicant for a community licence in the outer eastern (mountains) area of Melbourne, and was granted a licence following a short public hearing which took place in 1989. 3MDR was granted a licence on the same day as 3PVR (Plenty Valley - Outer North Eastern Melbourne), 3SCB (Central Southern Melbourne), 3INR (Inner Northern Melbourne), 3SER (outer South Eastern Melbourne), 3WBC (Inner eastern Melbourne) and 3VYV (Yarra Valley, Outer North Eastern Melbourne).
## Current programs {#current_programs}
3MDR airs a wide variety of programs for all audiences, with something for everyone. The presenters are passionate about broadcasting and are actively involved in the community.
3MDR broadcasts 24 hours a day 7 days a week with programming that includes music, live performances, news and lifestyle, talk-back and local community arts and culture: with specialty music programs that play everything from metal, blues, country, folk to hip-hop. MDR airs a high concentration of Australian music content and supports independent artists.
MDR hosts a wide variety of ethnic programs (Greek, Romanian, Sri-Lankan and more).
MDR is an emergency broadcaster and provides vital bushfire information and potentially life-saving updates on Code Red fire days.
3MDR regularly runs free Community Service Announcements for community groups based in the Mountain District License area, keeping locals in touch with local news.
## Radiothon
Each year in November, 3MDR hosts a two-week-long radiothon, supported by a prize draw - offering a range of prizes donated by local businesses to new subscribers. The radiothon is 3MDR\'s annual membership drive in which listeners are encouraged to ring and pledge their support to the station
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# Velké Hoštice
**Velké Hoštice** (*Groß Hoschütz*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,800 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Geography
Velké Hoštice is located about 4 km east of Opava and 20 km northwest of Ostrava. It lies in an agricultural landscape in the Opava Hilly Land. It is situated near the Opava River, which forms the southern municipal border.
## History
The first written mention of Velké Hoštice is from 1222, when the village was bequeathed to the monastery in Velehrad. From the beginning of the 14th century until 1420 it was property of the lords of Kravaře. In the following centuries the village changed owners frequently, including burghers and lower nobles. In 1639, half of the village was destroyed by fire.
From 1742 to 1918, after Empress Maria Theresa had been defeated, the village belonged to Prussia. In 1754, the Velké Hoštice estate was inherited by Count Ignác Dominik Chorynský of Ledská, who was its most important owner. He made Velké Hoštice a cultural centre and had built the Baroque castle. After the castle under construction and most of the village were destroyed by fire in 1765, the count was responsible for the restoration of the village and the castle, and also had a church built.
## Demographics
## Transport
The I/56 road from Ostrava to Opava passes through the town.
Velké Hoštice is located on the railway line Opava--Hlučín.
## Sights
Velké Hoštice Castle is a late Baroque castle with rich Rococo decor. Today the castle is owned by the municipality. The castle is used for social and commercial purposes, and houses an archaeological exhibition and an exhibition of recent history of the municipality.
The second landmark of Velké Hoštice is the Church of Saint John the Baptist. It was built in the late Baroque style in 1773
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# Shibusawa Eiichi
was a Japanese industrialist widely known today as the \"father of Japanese capitalism\", having introduced Western capitalism to Japan after the Meiji Restoration. He introduced many economic reforms including use of double-entry accounting, joint-stock corporations and modern note-issuing banks.
He founded the first modern bank based on joint stock ownership in Japan. The bank was aptly named The First National Bank (*Dai Ichi Kokuritsu Ginkō*, now merged into Mizuho Bank) and had the power to issue its own notes. Through this bank, he founded hundreds of other joint stock corporations in Japan. Many of these companies still survive to this day as quoted companies in the Tokyo Stock Exchange, which Shibusawa also founded. The Japanese Chamber of Commerce and Industry was founded by him as well. He was also involved in the foundation of many hospitals, schools, universities (including the first women\'s university), the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo and charitable organizations including the Japan Red Cross.
Another notable aspect of Shibusawa\'s career is that, despite being the founder of hundreds of corporations, he refused to maintain a controlling stake in these corporations, effectively preventing himself from forming a *zaibatsu*. What is known as the *Shibusawa zaibatsu* was a holding company to look after his estate for his family. The *Shibusawa Zaibatsu* did not hold any controlling stake in any companies. Despite his humble origin as a farmer, he was granted the title of Viscount, while all other *zaibatsu* founders were awarded the title of Baron. He was also awarded *Shōnii*, Second Honour under the *ritsuryō* rank system, which is usually given to high-ranking nobility and prime ministers.
Shibusawa is featured on the 10,000 Japanese yen note, one of the new designs that went into circulation on 3 July 2024. Shibusawa was also printed on bank notes issued by the Korea First Bank, which he owned, in 1902.`{{Unreliable source?|reason=The English version of this website uses automatic machine translation; see [[WP:KO/RS]]|date=November 2024}}`{=mediawiki} The choice of Shibusawa has previously been criticised in South Korea.
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# Shibusawa Eiichi
## Biography
Shibusawa was born on March 16, 1840, in a farmhouse in Chiaraijima (located in the present-day city of Fukaya in Saitama Prefecture). As a boy, he learned reading and writing from his father. He grew up helping with the family business of dry field farming, indigo production and sale, and silk raising and later studied the Confucian classics and the history of Japan under Odaka Junchu, a scholar who was his cousin.
Under the influence of *sonnō jōi* (expel the barbarians; revere the emperor) sentiment, he formulated a plan along with cousins and friends to capture Takasaki Castle and set fires in the foreign settlement in Yokohama. Ultimately, however, this plan was canceled and he moved on to Kyoto.
Shibusawa left his hometown at the age of twenty-three, and entered the service of Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu (then in line for the position of *shōgun*). He distinguished himself by his work in strengthening the household finances of the Hitotsubashi family.
When he was twenty-seven years old, he visited France and other European countries as a member of Tokugawa Akitake\'s delegation to the Exposition Universelle (1867). On this trip Shibusawa observed modern European societies and cultures for the first time, and realized the importance of industrial and economic development.
After returning from Europe at the news of the change of governments now known as the Meiji Restoration, he established the *Shōhō Kaishō*, one of the first joint-stock companies in Japan, in Shizuoka Prefecture. Afterwards, he was invited by the Meiji government to become a member of the Ministry of Finance, where he became a driving force in the building of a modern Japan as head of the *Kaisei Kakari*, or office of the Ministry of Finance in charge of reform.
In 1873 Shibusawa resigned from the Ministry of Finance and became the president of the Dai-Ichi Bank (First National Bank). This was Japan\'s first modern bank, established under his own guidance while still employed by the Ministry of Finance. With this bank as a base, Shibusawa devoted himself to founding and encouraging businesses of all sorts.
Shibusawa was an advocate throughout his life of the idea that good ethics and business should be in harmony. The number of enterprises in which he was involved as founder or supporter is said to exceed five hundred, and includes Mizuho Financial Group, The 77 Bank, Tokio Marine Nichido, Imperial Hotel, Tokyo Stock Exchange, Tokyo Gas, Toyobo, Tokyu Corporation, Keihan Electric Railway, Taiheiyo Cement, Oji Paper Company, Sapporo Breweries, NYK Line, Tokyo Jinzo Hiryo (Tokyo Artificial Fertilizer Company), and the Gyeongin Railway and the Gyeongbu Railway in Korea. He was president of the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce. Moreover, he spearheaded many works for the betterment of society, and was an enthusiastic supporter of education, especially higher education in the field of business such as current Hitotsubashi University and current Tokyo Keizai University, higher education for women, and private schools. Shibusawa involved himself in some 600 projects related to education, social welfare and others. In addition, Shibusawa made efforts to promote the exchange of goods and good will across national boundaries through private-sector diplomacy. In 1902 he visited Germany, France and the United Kingdom.
In 1908, Baron Shibusawa and members of the Mitsui & Company, along with other Japanese business leaders greeted the first official U.S. business delegation to visit Japan. This U.S. delegation was led by Frank A. Vanderlip accompanied by sixty members of the Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Pacific Coast, a business organization founded prior to U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Eiichi Shibusawa had invited these U.S. representatives to visit Japan to bridge their nations diplomatically and to promote increased business and commerce.
Shibusawa died at the age of ninety-one on November 11, 1931.
## Honors
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (24 August 1911) (Fourth Class: 19 July 1892)
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (10 November 1928)
- Senior Second Rank (November 10, 1931)
### The Nobel Prize {#the_nobel_prize}
Shibusawa was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926 by the prime minister of Japan.
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# Shibusawa Eiichi
## In fiction {#in_fiction}
Shibusawa Eiichi, mainly portrayed by Ryo Yoshisawa, is the main protagonist in the 60th Taiga Drama, *Reach Beyond The Blue Sky*, aired during 2021 on NHK.
Shibusawa, along with many other famous historical figures from the Meiji Restoration, is also a supporting character in the historical fantasy novel *Teito Monogatari* by Aramata Hiroshi. In the 1988 adaptation, known in the west as *Tokyo: The Last Megalopolis*, he is portrayed by renowned Japanese actor Katsu Shintarō. In the animated adaptation his voice is done by Osamu Saka.
Baron Shibusawa is highlighted in the historical novel The Emperor and the Spy by Stan S. Katz. During the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Baron Shibusawa is shown actively engaged in assisting many of the Japanese who were injured during that major disaster. The friendship between Baron Shibusawa and Prince Iesato Tokugawa is also presented in this novel
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# Oldřišov
**Oldřišov** (*Odersch*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,500 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## History
The first written mention of Oldřišov is from 1234
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# Gary Brent
**Gary Bazil Brent** (born 13 January 1976) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer.
Brent was an inswinging bowler, with a good slow-arm bowling technique. Having missed the cut for the 2003 Cricket World Cup, he made the national squad for the 2003/04 tour in Australia. Brent was one of the fifteen \"rebel\" players who were dismissed in 2004 due to a dispute with the Zimbabwean Cricket Board.
Brent was a surprise call-up during the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy, replacing the injured Terrence Duffin. He played just the one match, but proved useful, taking 1/28 from seven overs, and adding ten with the bat as part of the Zimbabwean total of 130.
In the first ODI against South Africa, Brent equaled his top score with a defiant 59 after his team was reduced to 72--7. He won the man of the match award, after a good bowling performance as well.
Brent was also selected for the tour to Bangladesh, starting in late November 2007.
Having spent two seasons as a cricket professional at Rugby School in Warwickshire, Brent returned to his native Zimbabwe in September 2010 to take up a coaching job for one of the country\'s regional youth sides.
Brent is now coaching cricket at the York Cricket Academy in York. In March 2022, he was named head coach of the Zimbabwe women\'s team
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# Favomancy
**Favomancy** is a form of divination that involves throwing beans on the ground and interpreting the patterns into which the beans fall; it is therefore a type of cleromancy. Various forms of favomancy are present across the world\'s cultures. The term comes from the *Vicia faba* meaning Fava bean, and by way of cult etymology, from the Latin *faba* for \"bean\" and formed by analogy with the names of similar divination methods such as alectromancy.
Favomancy used to be practised by seers in Russia, in particular, among the Ubykh. Russian methods of favomancy may still exist after the departure of the Ubykhs from the Caucasus in 1864, but the details are now lost of exactly how Ubykh soothsayers interpreted the patterns formed by the beans. The Ubykh term for a favomancer (pxażayš') simply means \"bean-thrower\", and it later became a synonym for all soothsayers and seers in general in that language.
In Muslim and Serbian traditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, favomancy is called *bacanje graha* \'bean-throwing\' or *falanje* (from Persian `{{Transliteration|fa|fal}}`{=mediawiki} \'to bode\'). The fortune-teller places 41 white beans onto a flat surface, dividing them into smaller groups using a complex set of rules. The resulting number of beans in each group is then interpreted as a favorable or unfavorable sign for the different aspects of life represented by each of the groups.
Both Russian and Bosnian methods are remarkably similar, and likely share a common origin. Since the method is not present in the West, it is possible that the origin might be in the Middle East. A similar method exists in Iran, involving 53 peas
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# Syd Shores
**Sydney Shores** (1916 -- June 3, 1973) was an American comic book artist known for his work on Captain America both during the 1940s, in what fans and historians call the Golden Age of comic books, and during the 1960s Silver Age of comic books.
## Biography
### Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Syd Shores began drawing in childhood, fascinated by the comic-strip art of Alex Raymond\'s *Flash Gordon* and Hal Foster\'s *Prince Valiant*. He went to graduate from Brooklyn\'s Pratt Institute, where he had met his wife-to-be, Selma. After working seven years at his uncle\'s whiskey bottling plant until it closed in 1940, he became an assistant at the studio of Selma\'s cousin, the comic book packager Harry \"A\" Chesler, working under comics artists Mac Raboy and Phil Sturm. \"For months I was just a joe-boy, watching and learning and helping wherever I could. I studied Mac Raboy for hours on end --- he was slow and meticulous about everything, doing maybe only a single panel of artwork a day, but it was truly beautiful work. After four months I tried my own hand at work, doing a seven-page piece called \'The Terror\'. I was proud of it then, of course, but in looking back it really *was* a terror!\"
\"The Terror\" still held enough promise that it saw print in *Mystic Comics* #5 (March 1941) from Timely Comics, the 1940s precursor of Marvel Comics, and went on to make other appearances. Timely editor Joe Simon hired Shores as the fledgling company\'s third employee.
### Golden Age of comics {#golden_age_of_comics}
Shores initially worked as an inker, embellishing some of the earliest pencil work of industry legend Jack Kirby, including the covers of the Simon & Kirby-created *Captain America Comics* #5, 7 and 9 in 1941. After the Simon & Kirby team moved on following *Captain America Comics* #10 (Jan. 1942), Shores and Al Avison became regular pencilers of the hit title, with one generally inking over the other, both working with writer Stan Lee. At that point, Shores received a promotion, he recalled in 1973: \"When Simon and Kirby left in 1942 Stan did all the writing and was given the position of editorial director, while I was the art director, although I got called \'associate editor\' in the books that were put out around then.\" Shores took over as regular penciller on *Captain America Comics*, inked by Vince Alascia, while Avison did his World War II military service. \"For the time that I worked on staff for Marvel from 1940 to 1948, I worked in close association with Vince Alascia, who did practically all the inking on my pencils,\" Shores said in 1970. \"He was used to my style and worked very well with it.\"
Shores also inked two of Kirby\'s Golden Age Vision stories, in *Marvel Mystery Comics* #21-22 (July-Aug. 1941); and the cover and splash page of *Young Allies* #1 (July 1941). Shores said, \"Jack Kirby influenced my sense of dramatics. Jack Kirby influences everybody in comics, though: Before I got really started in the field it was Alex Raymond and Hal Foster, they were my gods back then, but Kirby was the most immediate influence.\" Shores penciled stories of the Vision and the Patriot in *Marvel Mystery Comics*, Major Liberty in *U.S.A. Comics*, and the Captain America portions of the All-Winners Squad stories in the (unhyphenated) *All Winners Comics* #19 and 21 (Fall and Winter 1946; there was no issue #20).
Shores was inducted into the U.S. Army in early 1944, seeing action as part of General Patton\'s Third Army in France and Germany, and receiving a Purple Heart for being wounded in France on 16 December 1944. After four months at a convalescent hospital in Warwick, England, he was reassigned to an engineering outfit and became part of the occupation forces in Germany. He recalled in 1970 that \"after Al \[Avison\] left, I started pencilling \[Captain America stories\] from then on until the Army decided it could use my services to help win World War II. It seemed they needed a lot of men for the infantry at the time. I was called up, and so my artistic eye was used to qualify me as an expert marksman in an infantry regiment. Curiously it was the same regiment that Jack Kirby was in. We never saw each other in combat, and only recently did we find that we were in the same outfit!\"
Comic-book artist Gene Colan recalled in 1999, `{{blockquote|My first real professional start in the comic-book business began in the summer of 1946, and that is when I met Syd Shores. He was the head man in the Art Department of Marvel Comics. ... I was flying by the seat of my pants ... hoping that everything would turn out. I didn't want the seams to show but that was all part of the learning process and Syd helped me wade through. ... His realistic style, for some time, became an obsession with me. His characters looked like the real thing. Whatever he had them doing was as real to life as you could get.<ref>{{cite web | author-link = Gene Colan | first = Colan | last = Gene | title = A Tribute to Syd Shores | url = http://www.ess.comics.org/ess/arshcola.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020715192521/http://www.ess.comics.org/ess/arshcola.html | archive-date = July 15, 2002 | publisher = LiveForEverett.com | date = August 3, 1999 | url-status = dead }} Additional, September 26, 2010</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Syd Shores
## Biography
### Post-war career {#post_war_career}
After his military discharge in January 1946, Shores returned to Timely as art director. Future Comic Book Hall of Famer Gene Colan, a Marvel mainstay from 1946 on, described Shores during this time as \"a very quiet man. He would come in with a kind of very slow walk, with a cup of morning coffee in one of these spiral cups and a cigarette in the other. Big smoker. He would say hello to everybody very quietly, and sit down. He\'d been in the war in Germany, and sometimes I\'d try to feel him out about it. He never wanted to talk about it. Very quiet fellow, but a sweet, sweet guy, and very helpful; very unassuming\".
At postwar Timely and at the company\'s 1950s successor, Atlas Comics, Shores was among the artists on the company\'s superhero stars the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner, the Western titles *The Black Rider* and *Kid Colt, Outlaw*, the jungle series *Jann of the Jungle* and *Jungle Action*, the war comics *Battle Action* and *Battle Brady*, and many others including *Blonde Phantom*. Going freelance in 1948, when virtually all of Timely\'s staff positions were eliminated, Shores drew for Atlas, Avon, and Orbit Publications. With Mort Lawrence, who succeeded Bill Everett on *The Sub-Mariner*, and Norman Steinberg, another Atlas artist, Shores co-founded a comic-art studio in 1952, first in Hempstead, Long Island, and later in nearby Freeport. But with Steinberg\'s death in the mid-1950s and Lawrence\'s decision to leave the field, Shores returned to individual freelancing, adding magazine illustration to his repertoire. He said in a 1970 interview that, \"In 1957, there was a recession in the comic book industry and I was forced to look elsewhere for work. I entered the magazine illustration field. I did illustrations for the men\'s adventure-type magazines until 1967. After things picked up again in the comic field I hastened back again to my first love, comics!\" His men\'s-adventure work includes the covers of publisher Martin Goodman\'s magazines *Escape to Adventure* (Sept. 1964), *All Man* (May 1964; reprinted as cover of *Man\'s Adventure*, May 1967, and Sept. 1965); and *Man\'s Prime* (Aug. 1966).
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# Syd Shores
## Biography
### Silver Age of Comics {#silver_age_of_comics}
In the 1960s, Shores found a new audience at Marvel Comics, where he again inked Jack Kirby on Captain America when the character once more received a full-length title. Shores inked the premiere issue, *Captain America* #100 (April 1968), continuing the numbering from *Tales of Suspense*), inking Kirby on seven of the first 10. He also inked a run of Gene Colan\'s *Daredevil*, among other Colan work, and inked both Dick Ayers and Don Heck on the World War II war comics title *Captain Savage and His Leatherneck Raiders* (later titled *Capt. Savage and His Battlefield Raiders*), among other work.
In a rare return to penciling at Marvel, Shores drew and self-inked five anthological horror stories from 1969 to 1971 in *Chamber of Darkness*, *Tower of Shadows*, *Creatures on the Loose* and *Monsters on the Prowl*, as well as Gerry Conway\'s adaptation of Harlan Ellison\'s \"Delusions for a Dragon Slayer\" in *Chamber of Chills* #1 (Nov. 1972). Additionally, Shores penciled and occasionally self-inked several Western stories, including the premiere of the feature \"Tales of Fort Rango\" in *Western Gunfighters* #1 (Aug. 1970); *The Gunhawks* #1-2 & 4-5 (Oct.-Dec.1972, April--June 1973); and the Native American hero Red Wolf in *Marvel Spotlight* #1 (Nov. 1971) and *Red Wolf* #1-8 (May 1972 - July 1973). Shores also penciled the Skywald Publications Western *The Bravados* #1 (Aug. 1971).
He likewise penciled a handful of black-and-white horror-comics magazine stories, such as \"Blood Thirst!\" in Major Publications\' *Web of Horror* #1 (Dec. 1969) and \"Strangers!\" in #3 (April 1970); and for Warren Publishing, \"Army of the Walking Dead\" in *Creepy* #35 (Sept. 1970) and \"King Keller\" in #37 (Jan. 1971).
### Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
Some of Shores\' last comics work was inking Tom Sutton and Jim Mooney on, respectively Marvel\'s *Ghost Rider* #1-2 (Sept.-Oct. 1973). He additionally penciled part of the eight-page story \"Voodoo War\" for Marvel\'s black-and-white horror-comics magazine *Tales of the Zombie* #5 (May 1974) before dying of a heart seizure. He was survived by his wife and their two daughters.
## Legacy
The survey \"The 20 Greatest Inkers of American Comic Books\" placed Shores at #11, saying he \"evidenced a unique and singular inking style, one perhaps only vaguely approximated by the great Bill Everett. Both had bold but rough-hewn lines and illustrative, photorealistic brushwork which gave the pages a beautiful, organic look. . . .\"
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# Syd Shores
## Awards
In 2023, Shores was inducted into the Inkwell Awards Joe Sinnott Hall of Fame
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# Služovice
**Služovice** (*Schlausewitz*) is a municipality and village in Opava District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants. It is part of the historic Hlučín Region.
## Administrative division {#administrative_division}
Služovice consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
- Služovice (683)
- Vrba (127)
## History
The first written mention of Služovice is from 1349. The municipalities of Služovice and Vrbka were merged in 1979
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# Masenqo
The **masenqo** (*ማሲንቆ*; Tigrinya: ጭራ-ዋጣ (ዋጣ), also known as **masinko** or **mesenko**, is a single-stringed bowed lute commonly found in the musical traditions of Eritrea and Ethiopia. As with the krar, this instrument is used by Ethiopian minstrels called *azmaris* (\"singer\" in Amharic) . Although it functions in a purely accompaniment capacity in songs, the masenqo requires considerable virtuosity, as azmaris accompany themselves while singing.
## Construction and design {#construction_and_design}
The square or diamond-shaped resonator is made of four small wooden boards glued together, then covered with a stretched parchment or rawhide. The single string is typically made of horse hair, and passes over a bridge. The instrument is tuned by means of a large tuning peg to fit the range of the singer\'s voice. It may be bowed by either the right or left hand, and the non-bow hand sits lightly on top of the upper part of the string
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# Claude Crépeau
**Claude Crépeau** is a professor in the School of Computer Science at McGill University. Ηe was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1962. He received a master\'s degree from the Université de Montréal in 1986, and obtained his Ph.D. in Computer Science from MIT in 1990, working in the field of cryptography with Silvio Micali as his Ph.D. advisor and Gilles Brassard as his M.Sc advisor. He spent two years as a Postdoctoral Fellow at Université d\'Orsay, and was a CNRS researcher at École Normale Supérieure from 1992 to 1995. He was appointed associate professor at Université de Montréal in 1995, and has been a faculty member at McGill University since 1998. He was a member of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research program on Quantum Information Processing from 2002 to 2012.
Crépeau is best known for his fundamental work in zero-knowledge proof, multi-party computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum teleportation.
In 1993, together with Charles H. Bennett, Gilles Brassard, Richard Jozsa, Asher Peres, and William Wootters, Crépeau invented quantum teleportation
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# Isotropic coordinates
In the theory of Lorentzian manifolds, spherically symmetric spacetimes admit a family of *nested round spheres*. There are several different types of coordinate chart which are *adapted* to this family of nested spheres; the best known is the Schwarzschild chart, but the **isotropic chart** is also often useful. The defining characteristic of an isotropic chart is that its radial coordinate (which is different from the radial coordinate of a Schwarzschild chart) is defined so that light cones appear *round*. This means that (except in the trivial case of a locally flat manifold), the angular isotropic coordinates do not faithfully represent distances within the nested spheres, nor does the radial coordinate faithfully represent radial distances. On the other hand, angles in the constant time hyperslices are represented without distortion, hence the name of the chart.
Isotropic charts are most often applied to static spherically symmetric spacetimes in metric theories of gravitation such as general relativity, but they can also be used in modeling a spherically pulsating fluid ball, for example. For isolated spherically symmetric solutions of the Einstein field equation, at large distances, the isotropic and Schwarzschild charts become increasingly similar to the usual polar spherical chart on Minkowski spacetime.
## Definition
In an isotropic chart (on a static spherically symmetric spacetime), the metric (aka line element) takes the form
$$g = -a(r)^2 \, dt^2 + b(r)^2 \, \left( dr^2 + r^2 \, \left( d\theta^2 + \sin(\theta)^2 \, d\varphi^2 \right) \right),$$
$$-\infty < t < \infty, \, r_0 < r < r_1, \, 0 < \theta < \pi, \, -\pi < \varphi < \pi$$
Depending on context, it may be appropriate to regard $a, \, b$ as undetermined functions of the radial coordinate (for example, in deriving an exact static spherically symmetric solution of the Einstein field equation). Alternatively, we can plug in specific functions (possibly depending on some parameters) to obtain an isotropic coordinate chart on a specific Lorentzian spacetime.
## Killing vector fields {#killing_vector_fields}
The Lie algebra of Killing vector fields of a spherically symmetric static spacetime takes the same form in the isotropic chart as in the Schwarzschild chart. Namely, this algebra is generated by the timelike *irrotational* Killing vector field
$$\partial_t$$ and three spacelike Killing vector fields
$$\partial_\varphi$$
$$\sin(\varphi) \, \partial_\theta + \cot(\theta) \, \cos(\varphi) \partial_\varphi$$
$$\cos(\varphi) \, \partial_\theta - \cot(\theta) \, \sin(\varphi) \partial_\varphi$$ Here, saying that $\vec{X} = \partial_t$ is irrotational means that the vorticity tensor of the corresponding timelike congruence vanishes; thus, this Killing vector field is hypersurface orthogonal. The fact that the spacetime admits an irrotational timelike Killing vector field is in fact the defining characteristic of a static spacetime. One immediate consequence is that the *constant time coordinate surfaces* $t=t_0$ form a family of (isometric) *spatial hyperslices* (spacelike hypersurfaces).
Unlike the Schwarzschild chart, the isotropic chart is not well suited for constructing embedding diagrams of these hyperslices.
## A family of static nested spheres {#a_family_of_static_nested_spheres}
The surfaces $t=t_0, \, r=r_0$ appear as round spheres (when we plot loci in polar spherical fashion), and from the form of the line element, we see that the metric restricted to any of these surfaces is
$$g|_{t = t_0, r = r_0} = b(r_0)^2 \, r_0^2g_\Omega = b(r_0)^2 \, r_0^2 \, \left( d\theta^2 + \sin(\theta)^2 \, d\varphi^2 \right), \; 0 < \theta < \pi, -\pi < \varphi < \pi$$ where $\Omega = (\theta, \varphi)$ are coordinates and $g_\Omega$ is the Riemannian metric on the 2 sphere of unit radius. That is, these *nested coordinate spheres* do in fact represent geometric spheres, but the appearance of $b(r_0) \, r$ rather than $r$ shows that the radial coordinate do not correspond to area in the same way as for spheres in ordinary euclidean space. Compare Schwarzschild coordinates, where the radial coordinate does have its natural interpretation in terms of the nested spheres.
## Coordinate singularities {#coordinate_singularities}
The loci $\varphi=-\pi, \, \pi$ mark the boundaries of the isotropic chart, and just as in the Schwarzschild chart, we tacitly assume that these two loci are identified, so that our putative round spheres are indeed topological spheres.
Just as for the Schwarzschild chart, the range of the radial coordinate may be limited if the metric or its inverse blows up for some value(s) of this coordinate.
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# Isotropic coordinates
## A metric Ansatz {#a_metric_ansatz}
The line element given above, with f,g, regarded as undetermined functions of the isotropic coordinate r, is often used as a metric Ansatz in deriving static spherically symmetric solutions in general relativity (or other metric theories of gravitation).
As an illustration, we will sketch how to compute the connection and curvature using Cartan\'s exterior calculus method. First, we read off the line element a coframe field,
$$\sigma^0 = -a(r) \, dt$$
$$\sigma^1 = b(r) \, dr$$
$$\sigma^2 = b(r) \, r \, d\theta$$
$$\sigma^3 = b(r) \, r \, \sin(\theta) \, d\varphi$$ where we regard $a, \,b$ as undetermined smooth functions of $r$. (The fact that our spacetime admits a frame having this particular trigonometric form is yet another equivalent expression of the notion of an isotropic chart in a static, spherically symmetric Lorentzian manifold). Taking the exterior derivatives and using the first Cartan structural equation, we find the nonvanishing *connection one-forms*
$${\omega^0}_1 = \frac{f' \, dt}{g}$$
$${\omega^1}_2 = -\left( 1 + \frac{r \, b'}{b} \right) \, d\theta$$
$${\omega^1}_3 = -\left( 1 + \frac{r \, b'}{b} \right) \, \sin(\theta) \, d\varphi$$
$${\omega^2}_3 = -\cos(\theta) \, d\varphi$$ Taking exterior derivatives again and plugging into the second Cartan structural equation, we find the *curvature two-forms*
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# Afghanistan Scout Association
The **Afghanistan National Scout Organization** (*د افغانستان څارندوی ټولنه* *Da Afghānistan Sārandoy Tolana*, usually shortened to *Sarandoy*) was founded in 1931 in Afghanistan by a royal decree. The site of Robert Baden-Powell\'s second posting in 1880, Afghanistan was a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 1932 until the Afghan government dissolved the Scout Association in 1947. Afghan Scouting was formed again from 1964 to 1978 and recognized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement.
## History
The organization was established during the reign of Mohammed Nadir Shah, with approximately 300 members. In 1947 the organization was forbidden by the government, which had accused the Scouts of being fire worshipers, as during a camp they had made music and sung around a campfire.
Scouting was reestablished in 1956, rebuilt in the context of the democratization efforts of Mohammed Zahir Shah, who had just become ruler in his own right after thirty years of ceding power to his paternal uncles, Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan and Sardar Shah Mahmud Khan.
The organization, named *Da Afğānistān Zaranduy Tolanah* (DAZT), was readmitted to the World Scout Conference on June 1, 1964, counting a membership of between 2,000 and 7,000 Scouts, both boys and girls and adult leaders.
The viewpoints of king Zahir Shah at that time were practiced by the organization. The administrators added further obligations to the general principles of the Scout movement, obligation to king, nation and country. Discipline and obligation were welcome educational goals for governing, and Scouting was organized very tautly and almost militarily compared with other nations. The government used this organization for the stability of the state; however the organization made a large contribution to youth work in Afghanistan, above all that of responsibility, self-reliance, sense of community and equal rights, as well as behavior toward girls and women.
The Federal Republic of Germany provided the uniforms for the Afghan Scout Association. Dr. Eberhard Krüger and Mrs. Rosemarie Jungermann came from Germany in order to train Afghan Scout instructors further.
The organization was attached by national authority to the Ministry of Education, under Minister of Education Dr. Omar Wardak and Dr. Ali Ahmad Popal, deputy Minister of Education. A school for the training of Scout group leaders was created in its office.
Starting in 1959, women played a large role within the structure of the organization. In the celebrations and independence ceremonies in the 1960s and 1970s, Afghan Scouts of both genders participated with the structure and the organization of cultural events. Mermon Parwin supported the organization, sang Scout songs and appeared several times in the pavilion of the Scout organization.
In 1961 a group of Scouts took part in the 11th World Scout Jamboree at Marathon, Greece, held concurrently with the 1963 19th World Scout Conference in Rhodes, Greece. Dr. Said Habib, a deputy president of the Afghan Scout Association, supported the establishment of musician Scout groups.
On January 6, 1964, the organization participated in the 4th Asia-Pacific Scout Conference in Malaysia and received the membership document of re-admittance to the World Scout Conference.
The youth and woman\'s work as well as the music, sport and play of Scouting constantly increased in the years from 1964 to 1973. The association, which now had local groups in different parts of the country, created further musician Scout groups, organized camps and accomplished other leisure and educational measures, in which children and young people learned handicrafts, painting and singing. However, most activities of the association were limited to Kabul.
With the 1973 overthrow by pro-Soviet Mohammed Daoud Khan, the Scout association became part of the Ministry of the Interior, took over police tasks and became a part of the Afghan police. Scouting went downhill, as during the years of unrest and war, approximately ten million left the country and looked for refuge abroad. At the beginning of the unrest, the privileged social classes left the country, so that such organizations could not exist anymore in the countryside.
The communist government banned the Afghanistan Scout Association with 11 members. By 1981, DAZT was no longer recognized by the 28th World Scout Conference, because of domestic disturbances that deprived Afghanistan of the democratic environment necessary for Scouting to continue.
Until the Soviet invasion, there were American Boy Scouts in Kabul, serving in Boy Scout Troop 2, linked to the Direct Service branch of the Boy Scouts of America, which supports units around the world, in coordination with the Central Intelligence Agency.
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# Afghanistan Scout Association
## Revival
Several times in the 1990s, and again in 2012, political and social changes in Afghanistan opened opportunities for the rebirth of Scouting in Afghanistan. In early 2002, the Interim Administration of Afghanistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs requested embassies of selected countries to assist in reviving Scouting in Afghanistan, and groups began to emerge, led by adults who had been involved with the program prior to 1978.
The new organization is **Da Afğānistān Sarandoy Tolanah**, the Afghanistan Scout Association (ASA). It formed in 2003 and is working toward WOSM recognition. Work on the ASA Constitution continues in Dari, Pashto and English and it is hoped it will be sent to Parliament for approval in late 2008 or early 2009.
Scouting falls under the Sports and Scouting branch of the Ministry of Education and occupies space in a sub-office near the Kabul Stadium. A branch reorganization took place in July 2008 and reduced the number of employees to 25 in six sections: National Secretariat, Budget, International Relations, Training and Youth, Programs and Plans and the band (although there is still much discussion about who will manage this last section). The national office tracks about 34,000 Scouts countrywide, all within groups under Ministry of Education auspices. A troop sponsored by American Scouters operated for a time at Bagram Air Base north of Kabul but had no connection with ASA. Afghanistan Scouting falls under the auspices of Asia-Pacific Region (APR) headquartered in Manila. The APR office supplies ASA with advice, some training funding and adult trainers. Even more, it helps coordinate South Asia Foundation efforts to send Scouts to international events and June 2004 saw the first Afghan Scouts leave the country in 25 years. They traveled overland to participate in the Pakistan National Jamboree. Later in the year three female Scouts traveled to Korea. 2005 saw Afghans in Nepal, 2006 in Sri Lanka and Korea, 2007 in Pakistan and Japan and this year it is anticipated 12 male and female Scouts will travel to Bangladesh. ASA also receives periodic support from international scouters.
Adult Scout leaders for all sections are usually schoolteachers, but others volunteers may join, subject to the approval of the Ministry of Education. All Scouts work in the schools, acting as hall monitors, crossing guards and honor guard for school visitors. Some groups are beginning to work outside the school as well, making public announcements in the bazaar, cleaning mosques, helping firefighters, performing first aid and helping injured people get to hospital. The Afghan Scout program is focused more on civic duty rather than as a pastime.
Currently the Afghan Scout Association is for boys and girls, men and women, and offers Cubs (ages 8 to 12), Scouts (ages 12 to 18) and Rovers (ages 19 to 25). Cubs, Scouts and Rovers all wear their uniforms to school or university, as that is where they perform most of their duties. Although Afghanistan does have a Guiding organization (possibly coeducational, or in a separated body), work towards World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts membership recognition remains unclear.
Uniform standardization is difficult due to difficulties in countrywide communication. Scouts have to make or buy their own uniforms although in Kabul some of the Ministry\'s budget is allocated to uniform manufacture. If one is not assigned a uniform the only remaining option is to visit the tailor. The national uniform is tan-colored. Boys wear a shirt and pants, girls wear a long shirt and baggy pants. For headwear, boys wear navy blue berets. Girls generally wear a headscarf chador sometimes with a beret. The neckerchief is blue with a yellow border. A leather Scout belt with a brass belt buckle completes the uniform. The total cost for these items is about 1800 Afghanis, or 36 US dollars; a huge sum when one considers \$10 a good daily wage in Afghanistan. Although scouts may perform odd jobs to earn the money a few Afghanis at a time, in some areas uniforms are simply unaffordable. In these places troops substitute dress shirt and appropriate trousers or visit the bazaar to buy a paramilitary-style shirt and pants.
War left Afghanistan with a broken communication system, so word has been slow to spread between the national headquarters and troops. There are very few computers, limited Internet access and insufficient mobile telephone coverage. Scouts have to be counted during visits to the regions. New policies from Kabul are difficult to spread.
The Scout Motto is *Tayar Osay*, translating as *Be Prepared* in Pashto.
After the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan, the Afghanistan Scout Association apparently was dissolved, and information about ASA activities or status among the international scouting movement is unknown.
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# Afghanistan Scout Association
## Afghan Scouting abroad {#afghan_scouting_abroad}
In Germany there is a Scout Fellowship founded by Scouts and Guides from Afghanistan, named *De Afghanistan Zarandoi Tolana-Afghanische Pfadfinder Organisation* (Afghan Scout Association) and affiliated to the *Verband Deutscher Altpfadfindergilden e.V.* (Fellowship of German Former Scout Guilds), a member of the International Scout and Guide Fellowship. The Chairman of this Scout fellowship, headquartered in Lingen, is Dr. Said Habib, former vice president of the Afghan Scout Association
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# Stuart Williams (cricketer)
**Stuart Clayton Williams** (born August 12, 1969) is a former West Indian cricketer. One of the opening batsmen tried after the retirement of Gordon Greenidge and Desmond Haynes, Williams was a batsman who may have not demonstrated his true potential as an opening batsman, may have been better suited to lower down the order.
## Domestic career {#domestic_career}
While playing first class cricket in the West Indies domestic competition he fractured a finger which later became infected and had to be amputated. He returned to First-class cricket the following year (2005) and topped his team\'s batting average with 339 runs at 54.83. This was his final season and he subsequently retired.
In June 2018, he was named as one of the two team coaches of the Cricket West Indies B Team squad for the inaugural edition of the Global T20 Canada tournament.
## International career {#international_career}
Williams scored one test century and three half centuries in a career spanning eight years from 1994 to 2002. Prolific at First Class level, he was a joy to watch though his innings in test cricket were all too brief despite flashes of brilliant stroke play.
His lone century, a gutsy 128 on a deteriorating Port of Spain wicket, helped draw the second Test against India in 1997. It proved a fateful innings as the West Indies went on to win the series 1--0.
Later that season, Williams (83) and Sherwin Campbell (79) added 160 for the first wicket in a successful fourth innings chase of 189 against Sri Lanka at St Johns. It remains the second highest fourth innings opening stand for the West Indies, the fourth highest in a winning run chase and the 12th highest in Test history. The team won the series 1--0.
Williams and Campbell formed the Caribbean team\'s sixth most successful opening pair in Tests at the time, yielding 868 runs over 27 innings. They have since been bumped down to tenth.
Following a three-year absence from Test cricket, he forced his way back into the team by topping the 2002 Busta Cup averages with 722 runs at 72.20. It would prove a false dawn as he managed just 91 runs in three Tests against the visiting Indians, bringing the curtain down on his Test career at age 32. His final Test average of 24.14 fell well below his First Class mark of 40.67.
Williams found more success in ODIs, tallying 1586 runs at an average of 32. A purple patch of 677 runs in 11 games during the 1997/98 season carried him to a career best of 16th in the ICC Rankings though his form declined afterwards. His streak included innings of 76, 78\*, 90, 5, 26, 75, 77, 22, 105\*, 55 and 68.
He along with Shivnarine Chanderpaul set the record for the highest ever opening stand for West Indies in ODIs(200\*) It has since been overtaken
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# The White Bone
***The White Bone*** is a Canadian novel written by Barbara Gowdy and published by HarperCollins in 1999. It was nominated for the Scotiabank Giller Prize in 1998. Sometimes compared to Richard Adams\'s *Watership Down*, it is an adult fantasy story about animals---in this case, African elephants---in a realistic natural setting but given the ability to speak to one another throughout the book. Subsequently, the elephants are given anthropomorphized personalities and have created their own religion, folklore, and customs, all based on the author\'s research on elephant behavior.
The novel includes a map of the section of African landscape that the story occurs in, as well as several family trees of the elephant characters and a glossary of terms used in elephant speech (unlike in *Watership Down*, the characters do not speak their own language, but use certain words to define objects not found in their language, such as \"big grass\" for bamboo and \"delirium\" for estrus).
## Plot
The novel is told entirely from the points of view of its elephant characters. Much like real elephants, all female elephants (cows) and prepubescent males (bulls) live in matrilineal family groups, and mature male elephants are loners. The main characters in the novel are mostly from the \"She-S\" family, into which Mud, a young cow who is pregnant with her first calf, has been adopted. Mud is blessed with visionary powers and can occasionally see into the future. Thrown into a drought, with human poachers becoming increasingly common, Mud and her family must find the legendary \"Safe Place\" where drought and poachers do not come. The \"White Bone,\" a rib of a newborn elephant, is rumored to be lying somewhere in the savannah and is said to point in the direction of the Safe Place. After a slaughter which leaves most of Mud\'s adoptive family dead and her best friend, Date Bed, missing, Mud and the remaining She-S elephants set off to find the White Bone and Date Bed.
The novel is rather nihilistic, as it is unlikely that any of the characters ever reach the Safe Place, with a few possible exceptions. Hence, it is considered a powerful social commentary on the plight of endangered animals, showing their situation to be somewhat hopeless. Another main theme of the novel is the importance of family ties, and the fact that Mud, as an adopted member of the She-S family, feels alienated from the other elephants throughout.
Another theme of the novel acknowledges the old saying, \"An elephant never forgets.\" The novel implies that elephants will eventually go senile, but as most are killed before their prime, the saying is usually true. The elephants are capable of remembering every minute detail of their lives, unlike humans, who tend to remember important events most strongly.
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# The White Bone
## Characters
**Mud (She-Spurns)** A young female elephant. Mud was abandoned by her birth family, the She-M\'s, as an infant, and was taken in by a somewhat reluctant She-S family. Although she is able to have visions of future events, and current events taking place elsewhere, she is rather sullen and antisocial and is only readily accepted by several members of the She-S\'s. Recently impregnated for the first time, Mud is shown trying to come to terms with her pregnancy in the middle of a drought and her feelings of alienation in her adoptive family throughout. As the story progresses, she finds herself needing to become hard-hearted and willing to make sacrifices as she becomes more and more concerned with finding the Safe Place, while her companions remain focused on finding a missing elephant, Date Bed, and lose willpower, becoming emaciated and hopeless. Her emotional abandonment of Date Bed is one of the turning points in the novel.
**Date Bed** A young female elephant. Date Bed is Mud\'s best friend and a member of the She-S family. She is the family\'s \"mind talker,\" and is able to read the minds of not only elephants but of animals of other species. She is pleasant, eloquent, and soft-spoken, and aware of the fact that she loves a male elephant, Tall Time, in a way that is unnatural for her species; however, she is sexually immature and has never mated. When she becomes separated from her family during a slaughter, she spends much of the book trying to find them again, as well as the White Bone.
**Tall Time** A male elephant. Tall Time is a tall and lanky loner elephant who mentally collects and categorises all known omens and superstitions. He goes off on his own to find the Lost Ones, a troupe of Forest elephants, in order to gain information from them on omens and the White Bone. He is the father of Mud\'s baby, and loves Mud to an unnatural extent, wanting to start a herd with her although this custom is unheard of amongst elephants.
**She-Snorts** A female elephant. She-Snorts is an alluring, droll, sensual elephant, with the most powerful sense of smell in the family, and the mother of Date Bed. Not used to being given responsibilities, she finds herself the matriarch of her family herd after all of her older family members are killed in a slaughter. As the novel progresses, she becomes more grave and severe, and more single-mindedly focused on finding her daughter. Pregnant with another calf, she bargains with Me-Me the cheetah to show them the way to the Safe Place in exchange for the calf she will soon give birth to; this becomes an important plot element of the book.
**She-Soothes** A female elephant. She-Soothes is a physically tough but kind-hearted elephant, and as the nurse cow of the family, she is an effective healer. Although optimistic, she is not sentimental and uses the phrase, \"What\'s done is done!\" after any tragedy. This phrase becomes a way for herself and Mud to ward off grief as the story progresses. She is the mother of the partially crippled infant, Bent, and is fiercely protective of him. She likes the sound of her name so much that she refers to herself in the third person.
**She-Screams** A female elephant. She-Screams is a repulsive elephant, both in looks and in personality, and the main cause of tension in her family. She is banished from the family by She-Snorts for suggesting that Date Bed is dead and strongly hates Mud, but tries to gain acceptance after claiming to have inherited the wisdom from a family of slaughtered elephants she encountered while banished. Although she is highly unpleasant, Mud cannot help feeling some kinship for She-Screams, because both are out-of-place in the She-S family.
**Torrent** An old male elephant. Torrent is the wisest and most knowledgeable and proud elephant in the novel, and is a friend of Tall Time\'s. He is known for being very soulful and valiant, although he starts to become senile from his old age.
**Me-Me** A female cheetah with a taste for baby elephant. Me-Me cannot communicate with the She-S\'s through words, so through body language she establishes that she can show the elephants where the Safe Place is, in exchange for She-Snorts\'s and Mud\'s unborn calves.
**Bent** A baby male elephant, and the son of She-Soothes. Bent is the innocent voice of the group, but he is slightly crippled and becomes a liability as the story progresses, although he is fiercely defended by his family.
**Hail Stones** A young male elephant, and the last surviving member of the She-D family, Hail Stones joins Mud and her companions on their search for the White Bone and Date Bed. He acts somewhat like Date Bed or a young Torrent, as he speaks eloquently and tries to comfort the She-S family even after the death of his entire family, without complaint. Mud finds herself drawn to him.
**Swamp** A young male elephant. He is rather antisocial and sardonic, but is surprisingly motivated to help Hail Stones after the two become friends. However, he shows little attachment to the rest of his family, especially his mother, She-Screams.
**She-Scares** A female elephant, and Mud\'s adoptive mother. She is one of the few elephants of the She-S family who accepts Mud.
**The Lost Ones** A family of elephants, also known as the We-F\'s, who are forest elephants. They are self-centered, and all possess visionary capabilities
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