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# Blastema
A **blastema** (Greek *βλάστημα*, \"offspring\") is a mass of cells capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts. The changing definition of the word \"blastema\" has been reviewed by Holland (2021). A broad survey of how blastema has been used over time brings to light a somewhat involved history. The word entered the biomedical vocabulary in 1799 to designate a sinister acellular slime that was the starting point for the growth of cancers, themselves, at the time, thought to be acellular, as reviewed by Hajdu (2011, Cancer 118: 1155--1168). Then, during the early nineteenth century, the definition broadened to include growth zones (still considered acellular) in healthy, normally developing plant and animal embryos. Contemporaneously, cancer specialists dropped the term from their vocabulary, perhaps because they felt a term connoting a state of health and normalcy was not appropriate for describing a pathological condition. During the middle decades of the nineteenth century, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory, and Remak and Virchow insisted that cells can only be generated by division of existing ones. Consequently, the conception of the blastema changed from acellular to cellular. More specifically, the term came to designate a population of embryonic cells that gave rise to a particular tissue. In short, the term blastema started being used to refer to what modern embryologists increasingly began calling a rudiment or Anlage. Importantly, the term blastema did not yet refer to a mass of undifferentiated-looking cells that accumulates relatively early in a regenerating body part. For instance, Morgan (1900), does not use the term even once in his classic book, \"Regeneration.\" It was not until the eve of World War 1 that Fritsch (1911, Zool. Jb. Zool. Physiol. 30: 377--472) introduced the term blastema in the modern sense, as now used by contemporary students of regeneration. Currently, the old usage of blastema to refer to a normal embryological rudiment has largely disappeared (except for describing aspects of development of the kidney and, to a lesser extent, the adrenal gland).
During the last century, blastemas were thought to be composed of undifferentiated pluripotent cells, but recent research indicates that in some organisms blastemas may retain memory of tissue origin. They are typically found in the early stages of an organism\'s development such as in embryos, and in the regeneration of tissues, organs and bone.
Some amphibians and certain species of fish and two species of African spiny mice can produce blastemas as adults. For example, salamanders can regenerate many organs after their amputation, including their limbs, tail, retina and intestine. Most animals, however, cannot produce blastemas.
## Limb regeneration {#limb_regeneration}
When the limb of the salamander is cut off, a layer of epidermis covers the surface of the amputation site. In the first few days after the injury, this wounded epidermis transforms into a layer of signaling cells called the Apical Epithelial Cap (AEC), which has a vital role in regeneration. In the meantime, fibroblasts from the connective tissue migrate across the amputation surface to meet at the center of the wound. These fibroblasts multiply to form a blastema, the progenitor for a new limb.
An important model organism for studying limb regeneration is *Ambystoma mexicanum*, a neotenic salamander with exceptional regenerative capabilities. Limb regeneration in these salamanders involves the blastema. Blastema cells, during limb regeneration, experience DNA double-strand breaks and thus require a form of DNA repair referred to as homologous recombination that deals with double-strand breaks. Additionally, blastema cells probably undergo epigenetic alterations during limb regeneration.
Blastema cells can differentiate into any cell type with the exception of neurons. This means axons which are cut can be regrown by blastema cells, but if the soma of a neuron is damaged then a new neuron is unable to be created. As a result, neural organs cannot be regenerated.
## Formation
As stated above, there are several different types of organisms that can utilize a regenerative blastema as an adult. These organisms include urodele amphibians, zebrafish, and planarian flatworms as major creatures of study. In flatworms, the formation of a blastema needs adult stem cells that are called neoblasts for any type of regeneration to occur. Flatworms use these undifferentiated cells for regeneration after paracrine factors can provide signals from the surface of the wound. The cells in the blastema are also referred to as clonogenic neoblasts (cNeoblasts) that are able to move to the site of the wound and reform the tissue. In urodele amphibians, studies suggest that dedifferentiation of cells leads to the formation of a blastema that is able to form multiple tissue types after the amputation of their tails and wound healing occurs. In zebrafish, and in general, it seems as if experts are still uncertain of what truly forms the blastema. However, two common theories that have often been expressed are cell dedifferentiation and the recruitment of stem cells to the wound site.
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# Blastema
## Signaling pathways {#signaling_pathways}
There are several different signaling pathways that have been shown to be involved with limb regeneration through the formation of the blastema. In flatworms, studies suggest that after using RNA interference Smad-beta-catenin-1 was found to set up the anterior-posterior axis. Inhibitions to this results in reversed polarity across the blastema. Urodeles use hedgehog for dorsal-ventral patterning of their regenerating tail and its surrounding tissue. This was suggested by its inhibition leading to reduced blastemas. Zebrafish seem to use IGF signalling in limb regeneration as its inhibition led to clues of them being required for blastema function
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# Grey (manga)
***Grey*** (stylized as ***GREY***) is a Japanese science fiction manga created by Yoshihisa Tagami that was published in the 1980s. It has also been adapted into an animated feature film under the title *Grey: Digital Target*.
## Premise
The world is covered in wastelands that are dotted with numbered \"Towns\". All Towns are supervised by computers called \"Little Mamas\" (nodes connected to the world governing super-computer called \"Big Mama\"); the underprivileged live in the slums and are referred to as \"People\". One can only become one of the privileged \"Citizens\" by joining the army and fighting the other Towns\' forces, as the Towns are continually at war with one another. Soldier Grey, on track to become a Citizen, earns the nickname \"Grey Death\" for his tenacity on the battlefield and ability to survive when the rest of his comrades are killed. Grey\'s field commander, a man that saved his life many times, is lost in the African sector. He goes looking for him, discovering who and what the resistance fighters are, why the Towns are all different in both military might and how they are run, and what the true secret of \"Big Mama\" is.
## Reception
In the introduction to the Viz Media English adaptation, Harlan Ellison compared *Grey* to his own type of hard-edged speculative fiction.
## Film
Where the manga stays on a downward spiral of tragedy, a few choices in the anime adaptation provide some hope to Grey and his companions.
Helen McCarthy praised the film in her book *500 Essential Anime Movies* as being \"intelligently written\". She stated that \"although the animation is dated, this is one of the most poignant and compelling anime ever made\", calling it a \"bleak yet uncompromisingly courageous view of the individual choices and chances against the system\".
Justin Sevakis from Anime News Network commented about the film as one of the \"few anime that genuinely says something original about the world and societies in which we live, and perhaps one of the better ones is *Grey: Digital Target*\". He felt it was \"incredibly rushed, relying on a combination of quick flashbacks and bland dialogue to do the sort of narrative and dramatic heavy lifting that a better show would have conveyed visually\". This detriment causes the character development to be \"are more or less wasted\" and didn\'t produce \"any sort of real attachment\". He praised the film with its \"thought provoking ideas---ideas with roots in the revolutionary ideas of a teenager, but with the understanding of the world that only an adult can bring\" but admittedly, it \"has too many flaws to be recommended wholeheartedly\".
## Influence
In 2022, Lawrence English used *Grey* as the basis for his album *Approach*., while in 1996, The band Chemlab released the album East side militia with Grey on its cover
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# Real-Time Messaging Protocol
**Real-Time Messaging Protocol** (**RTMP**) is a communication protocol for streaming audio, video, and data over the Internet. Originally developed as a proprietary protocol by Macromedia for streaming between Flash Player and the Flash Communication Server, Adobe (which acquired Macromedia) has released an incomplete version of the specification of the protocol for public use.
The RTMP protocol has multiple variations:
1. RTMP proper, the \"plain\" protocol which works on top of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and uses port number 1935 by default.
2. RTMPS, which is RTMP over a Transport Layer Security (TLS/SSL) connection.
3. RTMPE, which is RTMP encrypted using Adobe\'s own security mechanism. While the details of the implementation are proprietary, the mechanism uses industry standard cryptographic primitives.
4. RTMPT, which is encapsulated within HTTP requests to traverse firewalls. RTMPT is frequently found utilizing cleartext requests on TCP ports 80 and 443 to bypass most corporate traffic filtering. The encapsulated session may carry plain RTMP, RTMPS, or RTMPE packets within.
5. RTMFP, which is RTMP over User Datagram Protocol (UDP) instead of TCP, replacing RTMP Chunk Stream. The Secure Real-Time Media Flow Protocol suite has been developed by Adobe Systems and enables end‐users to connect and communicate directly with each other (P2P).
6. E-RTMP, or Enhanced RTMP, is an enhancement to the RTMP and FLV specifications designed to improve streaming capabilities while maintaining compatibility with existing RTMP infrastructure. E-RTMP enhances RTMP by adding features such as advanced timestamp precision, multitrack capabilities, expanded codec support, FourCC signaling, and a reconnect request feature.
While the primary motivation for RTMP was to be a protocol for playing Flash video, it is also used in some other applications, such as the Adobe LiveCycle Data Services ES.
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# Real-Time Messaging Protocol
## Basic operation {#basic_operation}
RTMP is a TCP-based protocol which maintains persistent connections and allows low-latency communication. To deliver streams smoothly and transmit as much information as possible, it splits streams into fragments, and their size is negotiated dynamically between the client and server. Sometimes, it is kept unchanged; the default fragment sizes are 64 bytes for audio data, and 128 bytes for video data and most other data types. Fragments from different streams may then be interleaved, and multiplexed over a single connection. With longer data chunks, the protocol thus carries only a one-byte header per fragment, so incurring very little overhead. However, in practice, individual fragments are not typically interleaved. Instead, the interleaving and multiplexing is done at the packet level, with RTMP packets across several different active channels being interleaved in such a way as to ensure that each channel meets its bandwidth, latency, and other quality-of-service requirements. Packets interleaved in this fashion are treated as indivisible, and are not interleaved on the fragment level.
The RTMP defines several virtual channels on which packets may be sent and received, and which operate independently of each other. For example, there is a channel for handling RPC requests and responses, a channel for video stream data, a channel for audio stream data, a channel for out-of-band control messages (fragment size negotiation, etc.), and so on. During a typical RTMP session, several channels may be active simultaneously at any given time. When RTMP data is encoded, a packet header is generated. The packet header specifies, amongst other matters, the ID of the channel on which it is to be sent, a timestamp of when it was generated (if necessary), and the size of the packet\'s payload. This header is then followed by the actual payload content of the packet, which is fragmented according to the currently agreed-upon fragment size before it is sent over the connection. The packet header itself is never fragmented, and its size does not count towards the data in the packet\'s first fragment. In other words, only the actual packet payload (the media data) is subject to fragmentation.
At a higher level, the RTMP encapsulates MP3 or AAC audio and FLV1 video multimedia streams, and can make remote procedure calls (RPCs) using the Action Message Format. Any RPC services required are made asynchronously, using a single client/server request/response model, such that real-time communication is not required.`{{Clarify|reason=Anonymous|date=March 2008|Probate=Cancel|Process=}}`{=mediawiki}
### Encryption
RTMP sessions may be encrypted using either of two methods:
- Using industry standard TLS/SSL mechanisms. The underlying RTMP session is simply wrapped inside a normal TLS/SSL session.
- Using RTMPE, which wraps the RTMP session in a lighter-weight encryption layer.
### HTTP tunneling {#http_tunneling}
In RTMP Tunneled (RTMPT), RTMP data is encapsulated and exchanged via HTTP, and messages from the client (the media player, in this case) are addressed to port 80 (the default for HTTP) on the server.
While the messages in RTMPT are larger than the equivalent non-tunneled RTMP messages due to HTTP headers, RTMPT may facilitate the use of RTMP in scenarios where the use of non-tunneled RTMP would otherwise not be possible, such as when the client is behind a firewall that blocks non-HTTP and non-HTTPS outbound traffic.
The protocol works by sending commands through the POST URL, and AMF messages through the POST body. An example is
POST /open/1 HTTP/1.1
for a connection to be opened.
## Specification document and patent license {#specification_document_and_patent_license}
Adobe has released a specification for version 1.0 of the protocol, dated 21 December 2012. The web landing page leading to that specification notes that \"To benefit customers who want to protect their content, the open RTMP specification does not include Adobe\'s unique secure RTMP measures\".
A document accompanying the Adobe specification grants \"non-exclusive, royalty-free, nontransferable, non-sublicensable, personal, worldwide\" patent license to all implementations of the protocol, with two restrictions: one forbids use for intercepting streaming data (\"any technology that intercepts streaming video, audio and/or data content for storage in any device or medium\"), and another prohibits circumvention of \"technological measures for the protection of audio, video and/or data content, including any of Adobe's secure RTMP measures\".
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# Real-Time Messaging Protocol
## Patents and related litigation {#patents_and_related_litigation}
Stefan Richter, author of some books on Flash, noted in 2008 that while Adobe is vague as to which patents apply to RTMP, `{{US patent|7246356}}`{=mediawiki} appears to be one of them.
In 2011, Adobe did sue Wowza Media Systems claiming, among other things, infringement of their RTMP patents. In 2015, Adobe and Wowza announced that the lawsuits have been settled and dismissed with prejudice.
## Packet structure {#packet_structure}
Packets are sent over a TCP connection, which is established first between client and server. They contain a header and a body which, in the case of connection and control commands, is encoded using the Action Message Format (AMF). The header is split into the *Basic Header* (shown as detached from the rest, in the diagram) and *Chunk Message Header*. The Basic Header is the only constant part of the packet and is usually composed of a single *composite* byte, where the two most significant bits are the Chunk Type (*fmt* in the specification) and the rest form the Stream ID. Depending on the value of the former, some fields of the Message Header can be omitted, and their value derived from previous packets while depending on the value of the latter, the Basic Header can be extended with one or two extra bytes (as in the case of the diagramme that has three bytes in total (c)). If the value of the remaining six bits of the *Basic Header* (BH) (least significant) is 0 then the BH is two bytes and represents from Stream ID 64 to 319 (64+255); if the value is 1, then the BH is three bytes (with last two bytes encoded as 16bit Little Endian) and represents from Stream ID 64 to 65599 (64+65535); if the value is 2, then BH is one byte and is reserved for low-level protocol control messages and commands. The Chunk Message Header contains meta-data information such as the message size (measured in bytes), the *Timestamp Delta* and *Message Type*. This last value is a single byte and defines whether the packet is an audio, video, command or \"low level\" RTMP packet such as an RTMP Ping.
An example is shown below as captured when a flash client executes the following code:
``` actionscript
var stream:NetStream = new NetStream(connectionObject);
```
this will generate the following Chunk:
Hex Code ASCII
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**`03`**` 00 0B 68 00 00 19 `**`14`**` 00 00 00 00 `**`02`**` ``00 0C`` ``63 72 65 61 74 65 53 74 72 65 61 6D`` 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05` **`␃`**` ␀ @ I ␀ ␀ ␙ `**`␔`**` ␀ ␀ ␀ ␀ `**`␂`**` ``␀ ␌`` ``c r e a t e S t r e a m`` ␀ @ ␀ ␀ ␀ ␀ ␀ ␀ ␀ ␅`
The packet starts with a *Basic Header* of a single byte (0x03) where the two most significant bits (b**00**000011) define a chunk header type of 0 while the rest (b00**000011**) define a Chunk Stream ID of 3. The four possible values of the header type and their significance are:
- b00 = 12 byte header (full header).
- b01 = 8 bytes - like type b00, not including message ID (4 last bytes).
- b10 = 4 bytes - Basic Header and timestamp (3 bytes) are included.
- b11 = 1 byte - only the Basic Header is included.
The last type (b11) is always used in the case of aggregate messages where, in the example above, the second message will start with an id of 0xC3 (b11000011) and would mean that all Message Header fields should be derived from the message with a stream Id of 3 (which would be the message right above it). The six least significant bits that form the Stream ID can take values between 3 and 63. Some values have special meaning, like 1 that stands for an extended ID format, in which case there will be two bytes following that. A value of two is for low level messages such as Ping and Set Client Bandwidth.
The next bytes of the RTMP Header (including the values in the example packet above) are decoded as follows:
- byte #1 (0x03) = Chunk Header Type.
- byte #2--4 (0x000b68) = Timestamp delta.
- byte #5--7 (0x000019) = Packet Length - in this case it is 0x000019 = 25 bytes.
- byte #8 (0x14) = Message Type ID - 0x14 (20) defines an AMF0 encoded *command* message.
- byte #9--12 (0x00000000) = Message Stream ID. This is in little-endian order.
The Message Type ID byte defines whether the packet contains audio/video data, a remote object or a command. Some possible values for are:
- 0x01 = Set Packet Size Message.
- 0x02 = Abort.
- 0x03 = Acknowledge.
- 0x04 = Control Message.
- 0x05 = Server Bandwidth
- 0x06 = Client Bandwidth.
- 0x07 = Virtual Control.
- 0x08 = Audio Packet.
- 0x09 = Video Packet.
- 0x0F = Data Extended.
- 0x10 = Container Extended.
- 0x11 = Command Extended (An AMF3 type command).
- 0x12 = Data (Invoke (onMetaData info is sent as such)).
- 0x13 = Container.
- 0x14 = Command (An AMF0 type command).
- 0x15 = UDP
- 0x16 = Aggregate
- 0x17 = Present
Following the header, 0x02 denotes a string of size 0x000C and values 0x63 0x72 \... 0x6D (\"createStream\" command). Following that we have a 0x00 (number) which is the transaction id of value 2.0. The last byte is 0x05 (null) which means there are no arguments.
### Invoke Message Structure (0x14, 0x11) {#invoke_message_structure_0x14_0x11}
Some of the message types shown above, such as Ping and Set Client/Server Bandwidth, are considered low level RTMP protocol messages which do not use the AMF encoding format. Command messages on the other hand, whether AMF0 (Message Type of 0x14) or AMF3 (0x11), use the format and have the general form shown below:
(String) <Command Name>
(Number) <Transaction Id>
(Mixed) <Argument> ex. Null, String, Object: {key1:value1, key2:value2 ... }
The transaction id is used for commands that can have a reply. The value can be either a string like in the example above or one or more objects, each composed of a set of key/value pairs where the keys are always encoded as strings while the values can be any AMF data type, including complex types like arrays.
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# Real-Time Messaging Protocol
## Packet structure {#packet_structure}
### Control Message Structure (0x04) {#control_message_structure_0x04}
Control messages are not AMF encoded. They start with a stream Id of 0x02 which implies a full (type 0) header and have a message type of 0x04. The header is followed by six bytes, which are interpreted as such:
- #0--1 - Control Type.
- #2--3 - Second Parameter (this has meaning in specific Control Types)
- #4--5 - Third Parameter (same)
The first two bytes of the message body define the Ping Type, which can apparently take six possible values.
- Type 0 - Clear Stream: Sent when the connection is established and carries no further data
- Type 1 - Clear the Buffer.
- Type 2 - Stream Dry.
- Type 3 - The client\'s buffer time. The third parameter holds the value in millisecond.
- Type 4 - Reset a stream.
- Type 6 - Ping the client from server. The second parameter is the current time.
- Type 7 - Pong reply from client. The second parameter is the time when the client receives the Ping.
- Type 8 - UDP Request.
- Type 9 - UDP Response.
- Type 10 - Bandwidth Limit.
- Type 11 - Bandwidth.
- Type 12 - Throttle Bandwidth.
- Type 13 - Stream Created.
- Type 14 - Stream Deleted.
- Type 15 - Set Read Access.
- Type 16 - Set Write Access.
- Type 17 - Stream Meta Request.
- Type 18 - Stream Meta Response.
- Type 19 - Get Segment Boundary.
- Type 20 - Set Segment Boundary.
- Type 21 - On Disconnect.
- Type 22 - Set Critical Link.
- Type 23 - Disconnect.
- Type 24 - Hash Update.
- Type 25 - Hash Timeout.
- Type 26 - Hash Request.
- Type 27 - Hash Response.
- Type 28 - Check Bandwidth.
- Type 29 - Set Audio Sample Access.
- Type 30 - Set Video Sample Access.
- Type 31 - Throttle Begin.
- Type 32 - Throttle End.
- Type 33 - DRM Notify.
- Type 34 - RTMFP Sync.
- Type 35 - Query IHello.
- Type 36 - Forward IHello.
- Type 37 - Redirect IHello.
- Type 38 - Notify EOF.
- Type 39 - Proxy Continue.
- Type 40 - Proxy Remove Upstream.
- Type 41 - RTMFP Set Keepalives.
- Type 46 - Segment Not Found.
*Pong* is the name for a reply to a Ping, with the values used as seen above.
### ServerBw/ClientBw Message Structure (0x05, 0x06) {#serverbwclientbw_message_structure_0x05_0x06}
This relates to messages that have to do with the client up-stream and server down-stream bit-rate. The body is composed of four bytes showing the bandwidth value, with a possible extension of one byte which sets the Limit Type. This can have one of three possible values which can be: hard, soft or dynamic (either soft or hard).
### Set Chunk Size (0x01) {#set_chunk_size_0x01}
The value received in the four bytes of the body. A default value of 128 bytes exists, and the message is sent only when a change is wanted.
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# Real-Time Messaging Protocol
## Protocol
### Handshake
After establishing a TCP connection, an RTMP connection is established first, performing a handshake through the exchange of three packets from each side (also referred to as Chunks in the official documentation). These are referred in the official spec as C0-2 for the client sent packets and S0-2 for the server side respectively and are not to be confused with RTMP packets that can be exchanged only after the handshake is complete. These packets have a structure of their own and C1 contains a field setting the \"epoch\" timestamp, but since this can be set to zero, as is done in third party implementations, the packet can be simplified. The client initialises the connection by sending the C0 packet with a constant value of 0x03 representing the current protocol version. It follows straight with C1 without waiting for S0 to be received first which contains 1536 bytes, with the first four representing the epoch timestamp, the second four all being 0, and the rest being random (and which can be set to 0 in third party implementations). C2 and S2 are an echo of S1 and C1 respectively, except with the second four bytes being the time the respective message was received (instead of 0). After C2 and S2 are received, the handshake is considered complete.
### Connect
At this point, the client, and server can negotiate a connection by exchanging AMF encoded messages. These include key value pairs which relate to variables that are needed for a connection to be established. An example message from the client is:
``` actionscript3
(Invoke) "connect"
(Transaction ID) 1.0
(Object1) { app: "sample", flashVer: "MAC 10,2,153,2", swfUrl: null,
tcUrl: "rtmpt://127.0.0.1/sample ", fpad: false,
capabilities: 9947.75 , audioCodecs: 3191, videoCodecs: 252,
videoFunction: 1 , pageUrl: null, objectEncoding: 3.0 }
```
The Flash Media Server and other implementations uses the concept of an \"app\" to conceptually define a container for audio/video and other content, implemented as a folder on the server root which contains the media files to be streamed. The first variable contains the name of this app as \"sample\" which is the name provided by the Wowza Server for their testing. The `flashVer` string is the same as returned by the Action-script `getversion()` function. The `audioCodec` and `videoCodec` are encoded as doubles and their meaning can be found in the original spec. The same is true for the `videoFunction` variable, which in this case is the self-explanatory `{{Mono|SUPPORT_VID_CLIENT_SEEK}}`{=mediawiki} constant. Of special interest is the `objectEncoding` which will define whether the rest of the communication will make use of the extended AMF3 format or not. As version 3 is the current default, the flash client has to be told explicitly in Action-script code to use AMF0 if that is requested. The server then replies with a ServerBW, a ClientBW and a SetPacketSize message sequence, finally followed by an Invoke, with an example message.
``` actionscript3
(Invoke) "_result"
(transaction ID) 1.0
(Object1) { fmsVer: "FMS/3,5,5,2004", capabilities: 31.0, mode: 1.0 }
(Object2) { level: "status", code: "NetConnection.Connect.Success",
description: "Connection succeeded",
data: (array) { version: "3,5,5,2004" },
clientId: 1728724019, objectEncoding: 3.0 }
```
Some values above are serialised into properties of a generic Action-script Object, which is then passed to the NetConnection event listener. The `clientId` will establish a number for the session to be started by the connection. Object encoding must match the value previously set.
### Play video {#play_video}
To start a video stream, the client sends a \"createStream\" invocation followed by a ping message, followed by a \"play\" invocation with the file name as argument. The server will then reply with a series of \"onStatus\" commands followed by the video data as encapsulated within RTMP messages.
After a connection is established, media is sent by encapsulating the content of FLV tags into RTMP messages of type 8 and 9 for audio and video, respectively.
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# Real-Time Messaging Protocol
## HTTP tunneling (RTMPT) {#http_tunneling_rtmpt}
This refers to the HTTP tunneled version of the protocol. It communicates over port 80 and passes the AMF data inside HTTP POST request and responses. The sequence for connection is as follows:
``` http
POST /fcs/ident2 HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/x-fcs\r\n
HTTP/1.0 404 Not Found
```
``` http
POST /open/1 HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/x-fcs\r\n
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/x-fcs\r\n
1728724019
```
The first request has an `{{code|/fcs/ident2}}`{=mediawiki} path, and the correct reply is a 404 Not Found error. The client then sends an /open/1 request where the server must reply with a 200 ok appending a random number that will be used as the session identifier for the said communication. In this example, 1728724019 is returned in the response body.
``` http
POST /idle/1728724019/0 HTTP/1.1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
0x01
```
From now on, the `{{code|/idle/<session id>/<sequence #>}}`{=mediawiki} is a polling request where the session id has been generated and returned from the server and the sequence is just a number that increments by one for every request. The appropriate response is a 200 OK, with an integer returned in the body signifying the interval time. AMF data is sent through `{{code|/send/<session id>/<sequence #>}}`{=mediawiki}
## Software implementations {#software_implementations}
RTMP is implemented at these three stages:
- Live video encoder
- Live and on-demand media streaming server
- Live and on-demand client
### rtmpdump
The open-source RTMP client command-line tool rtmpdump is designed to play back or save to disk the full RTMP stream, including the RTMPE protocol Adobe uses for encryption. RTMPdump runs on Linux, Android, Solaris, `{{nowrap|[[Mac OS X]]}}`{=mediawiki}, and most other Unix-derived operating systems, as well as Microsoft Windows. Originally supporting all versions of 32-bit Windows including Windows 98, from version 2.2 the software will run only on Windows XP and above (although earlier versions remain fully functional).
Packages of the rtmpdump suite of software are available in the major open-source repositories (Linux distributions). These include the front-end apps \"rtmpdump\", \"rtmpsrv\" and \"rtmpsuck.\"
Development of RTMPdump was restarted in October 2009, outside the United States, at the MPlayer site. The current version features greatly improved functionality, and has been rewritten to take advantage of the benefits of the C programming language. In particular, the main functionality was built into a library (librtmp) which can easily be used by other applications. The RTMPdump developers have also written support for librtmp for MPlayer, FFmpeg, XBMC, cURL, VLC and a number of other open source software projects. Use of librtmp provides these projects with full support of RTMP in all its variants without any additional development effort.
### FLVstreamer
FLVstreamer is a fork of RTMPdump, without the code, which Adobe claims violates the DMCA in the USA. This was developed as a response to Adobe\'s attempt in 2008 to suppress RTMPdump. FLVstreamer is an RTMP client that will save a stream of audio or video content from any RTMP server to disk, if encryption (RTMPE) is not enabled on the stream.
## Enhanced RTMP {#enhanced_rtmp}
Enhanced RTMP (E-RTMP) is an enhancement to the Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) and FLV specifications, modernizing streaming workflows while maintaining compatibility with existing RTMP infrastructure. Developed as an open specification, E-RTMP was published by the Veovera Software Organization, with contributions from Adobe, Google, Twitch, and others.
Enhancements introduced in E-RTMP include:
- Advanced audio and video codec support, including AC-3, E-AC-3, Opus, FLAC, VP8, VP9, HEVC, and AV1 with HDR capabilities.
- Multichannel audio configurations to enhance flexibility while maintaining compatibility.
- FourCC signaling to improve codec identification and support for modern media formats.
- Multitrack capabilities that allow simultaneous audio, video, and metadata processing within a single stream.
- Video metadata expansion, extending `VideoPacketType.Metadata` to support a broader range of metadata types.
- A reconnect request feature to improve connection stability and resilience in streaming workflows.
- Timestamp precision improvements, introducing nanosecond-level precision for better synchronization with modern media formats.
E-RTMP enhances RTMP's capabilities while ensuring seamless interoperability with existing RTMP implementations.
### Implementations
- ffmpeg (since 6.1)
- OBS Studio 29
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# The Voice of Frank Sinatra
***The Voice of Frank Sinatra*** is the debut studio album by American singer Frank Sinatra, released on Columbia Records, catalogue C-112, March 4, 1946. It was first issued as a set of four 78 rpm records totaling eight songs, the individual discs given Columbia 78 catalog numbers 36918, 36919, 36920, and 36921. The album went to number 1 on the fledgling *Billboard* chart. It stayed at the top for seven weeks in 1946, spending a total of eighteen weeks on the charts. The album chart consisted of just a Top Five until August 1948. The cover depicted is that of the original 78 rpm release cover, also used on the compact disc reissue.
## Content
The tracks were arranged and conducted by Axel Stordahl and his orchestra, on both dates consisting of a string quartet and four-piece rhythm section, augmented by flutist John Mayhew in July, and, given the part he played with Sinatra at Columbia in the early 1950s, oboist Mitch Miller in December. Sinatra recorded most of these songs again at later stages in
It holds the distinction of being the first pop album catalogue item at 33⅓ rpm, when Columbia premiered long-playing vinyl records in 1948, ten-inch and twelve-inch format for classical music, ten-inch only for pop. *The Voice* was reissued as a 10-inch LP, catalogue number CL 6001 in 1948, with the running order altered from the sequence of the original album of 78s. It was also later issued as two 45 rpm EPs in 1952 with catalogue number B-112, a 12-inch LP with a changed running order including only five of the original tracks in 1955 with catalogue number CL-743, and a compact disc with extra tracks in 2003.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### 10-inch LP release {#inch_lp_release}
### 2003 reissue bonus tracks {#reissue_bonus_tracks}
### 1955 track listing {#track_listing_1}
## Personnel
- Frank Sinatra -- vocal
- Axel Stordahl -- arranger
### New York sessions {#new_york_sessions}
- Leonard Posner. Raoul Polikian -- violins
- Sidney Brecher -- viola
- Anthony Sophos -- cello
- Mitch Miller -- oboe
- Matty Golizio -- guitar
- Bill Clifton -- piano
- Frank Siravo -- bass
- Nat Polen -- drums
### Hollywood sessions {#hollywood_sessions}
- Mischa Russell, David Frisina -- violins
- Sam Freed -- viola
- Fred Goerner -- cello
- Jack Mayhew -- flute
- George Van Eps -- guitar
- Mark McIntyre -- piano
- John Ryan -- bass
- Ray Hagan -- drums
### Production personnel {#production_personnel}
- Bill Richards -- producer
- Charles L. Granata, Didier C
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# CX (noise reduction)
**CX** is a noise reduction system for recorded analog audio. It was developed by CBS Laboratories (a division of CBS) in the late 1970s as a low-cost competitor to other noise reduction (NR) systems such as dbx disc and High-Com II, and was officially introduced in 1981. The name *CX* was derived from \"**C**ompatible e**X**pansion\", a feature of the technique. \_\_TOC\_\_
## Use on vinyl LP records {#use_on_vinyl_lp_records}
CX was originally designed by CBS as a noise-reduction technology for vinyl LP records, similar to the earlier dbx disc (based on dbx II) and High-Com II systems, but, like the later UC system, it aimed at the lower-cost consumer mass market rather than high-end audiophile niche markets only. CX-encoded records required a special CX expander connected to a stereo system, in order to fully reproduce the CX encoded sound on the LP. However, in contrast to dbx disc and High-Com II, CX-encoded records, like UC-encoded records, could also be played without a decoder with a resulting (claimed acceptable) amount of dynamic range compression. CX being a 2:1:2 compander system, a noise reduction of 20 dB(A) was achieved for a resulting maximum dynamic range of typically 80 to 85 dB(A) (other sources claiming up to 95 dB(A) or even 107 dB ). The theory of operation is described in `{{US patent|4376916}}`{=mediawiki}.
The project was led by CBS Records group vice president Bob Jamieson and carried out by a team led by Daniel W. Gravereaux and Louis A. Abbagnaro. The label predicted that CX encoding would become standard on all new LP releases, but this did not happen. CBS struggled to gain support for the system from other record companies. The process was controversial among CBS executives and unpopular with some artists. Classical guitarist Liona Boyd demanded that the CX encoded version of one of her albums be withdrawn because of perceived shortcomings, even though Jamieson claimed that CBS had the technical means to overcome such objections.
Based on an UREI reference design published by CBS, many third-party builders of CX decoders used a dual operational transconductance amplifier *13700D* made by JRC (today NJR), coupled with a pair of quadruple JFET operational amplifier chips TL084 in their designs. Among them were Telefunken with their RN 100 CX, RS 120 CX and RS 220 CX. The documented playback time constants of the decoders were slightly changed by CBS in 1981/1982.
In 1982, the CX integrated circuit **U2141B** was developed by AEG-Telefunken, Germany, by Ernst F. Schröder, Dietrich Höppner and Kurt Hintzmann, the same team who previously designed the High Com noise reduction system, a broadband compander with up to 20 dB of noise reduction. Hitachi also offered dedicated CX chips named **HA12043** (for *CX 14*) and **HA12044** (for *CX 20*) in 1983.
Approximately 70 CX encoded LP titles were released by CBS up to 1983 in the United States. Gasparo also released a number of CX encoded records. In Europe, many CX discs were manufactured in the Netherlands with the catalog number prefix \"CBSCX\". The albums in this series also came in standard, non-CX encoded versions. A total of about 150 CX encoded titles exist.
The implementation of a software decoder for CX is under consideration.
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# CX (noise reduction)
## Use on LaserDisc and CED VideoDisc {#use_on_laserdisc_and_ced_videodisc}
While the implementation of CX with LPs was quite unsuccessful and short-lived, CX would later see success as the noise reduction used for the stereo analog audio tracks on the LaserDisc (LD) format. It was also used for the audio tracks on discs of the RCA SelectaVision CED Videodisc system.`{{fact|date=July 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
All LaserDisc (and stereophonic CED) players manufactured since 1981, when the CX equipped LD-1100 was introduced, had CX noise reduction capability as a standard feature. Pioneer also released a stand-alone CX adapter R-1000 for use with their VP-1000, Magnavox\'s VH-8000/8005 and the industrial players that were all released before CX was adopted. The first CX encoded LaserDisc was Olivia Newton-John\'s *Olivia Physical*, released by MCA Videodisc.`{{fact|date=July 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
CX decoders made for LPs could not be used with LDs because the CX companding specifications for LaserDisc were changed, from 20 dB of noise reduction to 14 dB, along with moving the \'threshold\' where compression/expansion changes from 2:1 to 1:1 from −40 dB to −28 dB - other minor changes to the decoding time constants were made as well. In addition, some of the LaserDisc\'s FM audio encoding specifications were modified too, allowing more headroom and better high frequency response at high levels. These changes were made because, at the time of CX\'s adoption on LaserDisc (1981), the vast majority of program sources used for mastering, such as 35 mm optical and magnetic film soundtracks, as well as the 2-inch IVC-9000 and the 1-inch C-Type videotape formats used for LaserDisc mastering, had signal-to-noise ratios low enough that *undecoded* playback would accentuate their noise to unacceptable levels.`{{fact|date=July 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
By reducing the total amount of noise reduction and modifying other aspects of the CX system to better match LD\'s FM audio shortcomings, undecoded playback sound quality was maintained and vastly improved decoded sound was achieved at the same time. The possibility of audible pumping or breathing artifacts during CX decoded playback were reduced as well.
While CX greatly improved the audio quality of LaserDisc\'s FM audio tracks, its primary reason for adoption was to decrease the amount of interference between the right channel\'s FM audio carrier and the video carrier\'s first chroma sideband. Without CX, strict filtering during mastering and playback as well as keeping color saturation below 75% on the master were required to keep any interference below −35 dB, which ensured that no beats or other artifacts were visible in the demodulated image. Although CX improved the picture quality, it was not normally used on discs with mono audio. Pioneer Video, the main manufacturer of LDs at the time, required the studios to request CX and, since most did not know that CX improved the video quality of the finished discs or the audio of mono titles, CX was rarely requested. Due to this lack of knowledge about CX at the studios, there were many stereo titles released without CX encoding and, in fact, CX didn\'t become standard on all LaserDisc titles until the late 1980s. A look at Pioneer\'s catalogs as late as 1987 shows that the majority of titles did not have CX encoded analog sound - most were not digital either.`{{or?|date=July 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
For the CED VideoDisc, since stereo was not added to the format until its second year on the market, RCA made CX a mandatory part of CED\'s stereo system - a disc could not be released in stereo without CX encoding - and the companding specifications were unchanged from those of the LP system due to the CED system\'s much higher noise levels than the LaserDisc format. Although RCA improved the plastic/carbon formulation used to make discs, which lowered disc noise levels by 3 dB, and modified the mastering system, the CED format still required the full 20 dB of noise reduction that was achieved with the unmodified LP system.`{{or?|date=July 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
The names given by CBS to the two different versions of CX were **CX-20** and **CX-14**.
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# CX (noise reduction)
## Use in FM radio broadcasting {#use_in_fm_radio_broadcasting}
CX was used in FMX, a commercially unsuccessful noise reduction system developed in the 1980s for FM broadcasting in the United States. FMX was intended to improve fringe area reception of FM stereo by adding a CX-encoded version of the L−R (left-minus-right, or difference) signal modulated in quadrature with the conventional stereo subcarrier. About 50 stations utilized the system, but few FMX-equipped receivers were manufactured, and after FMX was accused in 1989 of actually degrading reception rather than improving it, support dried up and the system was abandoned.
## CX enabled equipment {#cx_enabled_equipment}
These devices are known to support CX:
- Backes & Müller CX Decoder
- CBS CX Expander Model E-1016
- CBS Technology Center CX Compandor Model 9101
- cm labs cm678 CX decoder
- Elektor CX decoders (DIY projects based on the LM13700D/NE5517N and HA12044)
- Kort Elektronik Dynamik Expander + CX Decoder SR
- phase linear / aie CX Decoder Model 220
- Pioneer CX Decoder R-1000 (external CX 14 expander for LDs)
- Popular Electronics / Phoenix Systems CX decoder by John Roberts (DIY project based on the CA3280)
- Radio-Electronics CX decoder by Joel Cohen (DIY project based on the LM13700)
- Soundcraftsmen Preamplifier Model CX4000
- Soundcraftsmen Differential/Comparator Preamp-Equalizer Model CX4100
- Soundcraftsmen Differential/Comparator Preamp/Equalizer Model CX4200
- Telefunken RN 100 CX (external phono preamp with CX decoder based on LM13700)
- Telefunken RS 120 CX (belt-drive record player with built-in preamp and CX decoder based on the NJM13700D)
- Telefunken RS 220 CX (direct drive record player with built-in preamp and CX decoder)
- Thorens PCX 975 by Heribert Heise (external phone preamp with CX decoder, claiming a dynamic range of up to 107 dB )
- UREI CX Mastering Encoder/Decoder Model 1181 (switchable compander for CX 14 and CX 20 with half-speed mastering option based on Allison Research EGC-101, claiming a dynamic range of up to 95 dB(A))
- CX decoder by Markus Holtwiesche (DIY project based on the HA12044)
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# CX (noise reduction)
## CX encoded vinyl records {#cx_encoded_vinyl_records}
The following vinyl records are known to have been produced in CX encoded editions:
- The Clash - *Sandinista!* - Epic Records - 1980
- O.M.D. - *Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark* - Dindisc, Virgin Records, Epic Records FE37411 - 1981
- The Clash - *Combat Rock* - Epic Records - 1982
- Aaron Copland - *Copland Conducts Copland* - Columbia Records 33586
- Lacy J. Dalton - *16th Avenue* - Columbia Records 37975
- Bob Dylan - *Blood on the Tracks* - Columbia Records - (1982 re-issue)
- Terumasa Hino - *Double Rainbow* - Columbia CX 37420
- Julio Iglesias - *Momentos* - CBS CX 25002
- Billy Joel - *52nd Street* - CBS CX 83181
- Billy Joel - *Glass Houses* - Columbia Records 36384
- Billy Joel - *The Nylon Curtain* - CBS CX 85959
- Charly McClain - *Too Good To Hurry* - Epic Records 38064 - 1982
- Carole King - Tapestry - Epic/Ode Records PE 34946
- Frank Marino - *Juggernaut* - Columbia CXAL 38023
- Jimmy Cliff - *Special* - CBS CX 85878 (1982)
- Johnny Mathis - *First 25 Years: Silver Anniversary Album* - Columbia Records - (1981)
- Marty Robbins - *Come Back To Me* - Columbia Records FC37995 - 1982
- Men at Work - *Cargo* - Columbia Records 38660
- Randy Meisner - *Randy Meisner* - Epic Records - 1982
- Pink Floyd - *The Wall* - Columbia Records 36183
- Freddie Salem & The Wildcats - *Cat Dance* - Epic Records 38018 - 1982
- Santana - *Zebop!* - Columbia CX PC 37158 - 1981
- Saxon - *Strong Arm of the Law* - Carrere CXBL 537679
- Saxon - *Denim and Leather* - Carrere CXAL 537685
- Simon & Garfunkel - *Simon and Garfunkel\'s Greatest Hits* - Columbia Records 31350
- The Sinceros - *Pet Rock* - 1981
- T.V
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# Cara Williams
**Cara Williams** (born **Bernice Kamiat**; June 29, 1925 -- December 9, 2021) was an American film and television actress. She was best known for her role as Billy\'s mother in *The Defiant Ones* (1958), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and her role as Gladys Porter on the 1960--62 CBS television series *Pete and Gladys*, for which she was nominated for the Emmy Award for Best Lead Actress in a Comedy. At the time of her death, Williams was one of the last surviving actors from the Golden Age of Hollywood.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Cara Williams was born Bernice Kamiat on June 29, 1925, in Brooklyn, New York City, to a Romanian Jewish mother Florence \"Flora\" Kamiat (née Schwartz; 1897---1990) and an Austrian Jewish father Benjamin Irving \"Benny\" Kamiat (1865---1957). She began making impersonations of all the screen stars she watched in the movies there, and knew she wanted to be an actress. Her parents divorced, and her mother relocated her to Los Angeles, where she chose Cara Williams as her stage name and attended the Hollywood Professional School. Soon, she began performing on radio, and at the age of 16 in 1941, she was signed to a film contract and began performing in bit roles, credited as Bernice Kay.
Williams married Alan Gray in 1945; they had a daughter, Cathy Gray, but the marriage ended after two years. Williams then married John Drew Barrymore in 1952. The marriage was troubled and they divorced in 1959. Their son, John Blyth Barrymore, followed in his parents\' footsteps and also became an actor. Her third husband was New York-born Los Angeles real-estate entrepreneur Asher Dann (`{{ne}}`{=mediawiki} Jagoda; the couple remained together until his death in 2018, aged 83.
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# Cara Williams
## Film and television {#film_and_television}
Williams\'s first credited role was in the Western *Wide Open Town*, released in 1941. She followed this with the dramas *Girls Town* (1942) and *Happy Land* (1943) with Don Ameche. She appeared uncredited in the Oscar-nominated musical film *Sweet and Low-Down* and as a secretary in the Oscar-winning film *Laura* (both 1944) directed by Otto Preminger. She also had a supporting role in the drama *In the Meantime, Darling*, which stars Jeanne Crain. Around this time, she took some time off, marrying her first husband, Alan Gray, in 1945, and having her daughter Cathy.
She had supporting roles in the Oscar-nominated films *Boomerang* (1947) directed by Elia Kazan, and (uncredited) in *Sitting Pretty* (1948). She next had supporting roles in *The Saxon Charm* (1948), which stars Susan Hayward, and *Knock on Any Door* (1949), which stars Humphrey Bogart.
Williams started the early 1950s by appearing often on television. She played supporting roles in the musicals *The Girl Next Door* (1953) and *The Great Diamond Robbery* (1954). She also appeared in *Monte Carlo Baby* (1951), a comedy with Audrey Hepburn. Williams took time off during this period in which she was married to John Drew Barrymore and gave birth to their son, John Blyth Barrymore, in 1954.
Williams performed in the film *Meet Me in Las Vegas* (1956), in which she performed the song \"I Refuse to Rock n Roll\" and a supporting role in *The Helen Morgan Story* (1957), which stars Ann Blyth and Paul Newman. She was cast as Billy\'s mother in *The Defiant Ones* (1958), which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In *Never Steal Anything Small* (1959), a musical comedy, she appeared with James Cagney. Williams also co-starred with Danny Kaye in the comedy film *The Man from the Diner\'s Club* (1963).
Williams appeared in four episodes of *Alfred Hitchcock Presents*: \"Decoy\" (1956), \"De Mortuis\" (1956), \"Last Request\" (1957), and \"The Cure\" (1960). From 1960 to 1962, she starred in the CBS television comedy series *Pete and Gladys*, with Harry Morgan as Pete. The series was a spin-off of the CBS comedy *December Bride*, in which Morgan appeared from 1954 to 1959 as Pete Porter. Gladys, his wife, was referred to throughout the entire run of that series, but never shown. Williams brought the character to life, with Morgan retaining his role as her husband. Williams was nominated for the Emmy Award for Best Lead Actress in a Comedy. For the next two years, while still under contract to the network, CBS kept her in the public eye by repeating *Pete and Gladys* episodes as part of its morning line-up, an unusual move for a short-run series. CBS returned Williams to prime time in 1964 in her own series, *The Cara Williams Show*, in which Frank Aletter and she portrayed a married couple who had to keep their marriage secret from their employer. It lasted only one season.
During the 1970s, Williams\'s acting appearances became less frequent. In 1971, she had a supporting role in the film *Doctors\' Wives*. She guest-starred in three episodes of *Rhoda* in 1975, in the role of Mae.`{{r|etvs|page1=891-892}}`{=mediawiki} Her last television performance was in a 1977 episode of *Visions*. Her last film role came in 1978 with *The One Man Jury*.
## Retirement and death {#retirement_and_death}
After retiring from acting, Williams began a career as an interior designer. She resided in Los Angeles and was married to a real-estate entrepreneur (and former actor) Asher Dann (`{{ne}}`{=mediawiki} Jagoda), her third husband, until his death in 2018. Williams died on December 9, 2021, at the age of 96 of a heart attack.
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# Cara Williams
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ -------
1941 *Wide Open Town* Joan Stuart
1942 *Girls\' Town* Ethel
1943 *Happy Land* Gretchen Barry
1944 *In the Meantime, Darling* Ruby Mae Sayre
1945 *`{{sortname|The|Spider|The Spider (1945 film)}}`{=mediawiki}* Wanda Vann
1947 *Boomerang!* Irene Nelson
1948 *`{{sortname|The|Saxon Charm}}`{=mediawiki}* Dolly Humber
1949 *Knock on Any Door* Nelly Watkins
1953 *`{{sortname|The|Girl Next Door|The Girl Next Door (1953 film)}}`{=mediawiki}* Rosie Green
*We Go to Monte Carlo* Marinette
1954 *`{{sortname|The|Great Diamond Robbery}}`{=mediawiki}* Maggie Drumman
1956 *Meet Me in Las Vegas* Kelly Donavan
1957 *`{{sortname|The|Helen Morgan Story}}`{=mediawiki}* Dolly Evans
1958 *`{{sortname|The|Defiant Ones}}`{=mediawiki}* Billy\'s Mother
1959 *Never Steal Anything Small* Winnipeg Simmons
1963 *`{{sortname|The|Man from the Diners' Club}}`{=mediawiki}* Sugar Pye
1971 *Doctors\' Wives* Maggie Gray
1977 *`{{sortname|The|White Buffalo}}`{=mediawiki}* Cassie Ollinger
1978 *`{{sortname|The|One Man Jury}}`{=mediawiki}* Nancy
### Television
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
+======+==================================================================+==============================================+=========================================================================================================================+
| 1949 | *Theatre of Romance* | | Episode: \"The Afternoon of a Faun\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *`{{sortname|The|Clock|The Clock (TV series)}}`{=mediawiki}* | | Episode: \"The Hypnotist\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Repertory Theatre* | | Episode: \"The End Is Known\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *`{{sortname|The|Chevrolet Tele-Theatre}}`{=mediawiki}* | | Episode: \"The Sun\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *`{{sortname|The|Web|The Web (1950 TV series)}}`{=mediawiki}* | | Episode: \"The Twelfth Juror\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Starlight Theatre* | | Episode: \"The Great Nonentity\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *`{{sortname|The|Billy Rose Show}}`{=mediawiki}* | | Episode: \"Drink to Me Only with Thine Ice\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Suspense* | Betty Marshall / Babe / Myra Wilson / Nellie | Episodes: \"1000 to One\", \"I\'m No Hero\", \"A Pocketful of Murder\", \"The Mallet\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *Robert Montgomery Presents* | | Episode: \"Quicksand\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *Armstrong Circle Theatre* | | Episode: \"The Lost and Found\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *Broadway Television Theatre* | Aggie Lynch | Episode: \"Within the Law\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *Steve Randall* | | Episode: \"The Perfect Alibi\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1955 | *NBC Matinee Theater* | | Episode: \"Beyond a Reasonable Doubt\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1956 | *Lux Video Theatre* | Paula | Episode: \"The Glass Web\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Alfred Hitchcock Presents* | various characters | Season 1 Episode 37: \"Decoy\" as Mona Cameron (1956) |
| | | | |
| | | | Season 2 Episode 3: \"De Mortuis\" as Irene Rankin (1956) |
| | | | |
| | | | Season 3 Episode 8: \"Last Request\" as Mona Carstairs (1957) |
| | | | |
| | | | Season 5 Episode 17: \"The Cure\" as Marie Jensen (1960) |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | *Fireside Theatre* | Dorothy | Episode: \"Harbor Patrol\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | *Date with the Angels* | Diane | Episode: \"Diane\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1959 | *Naked City* | Lois Heller | Episode: \"A Wood of Thorne\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1960 | *Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse* | Midge Rospond | Episode: \"Meeting at Appalachia\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1960 | *Dick Powell\'s Zane Grey Theater* | Irene West | Episode: \"Seed of Evil\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Pete and Gladys* | Gladys Porter | Main role |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1961 | *`{{sortname|The|Red Skelton Show}}`{=mediawiki}* | Clara Appleby / Raggedy Ann | Episodes: \"Appleby\'s Remote\", \"Freddie and the Yuletide Doll\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1964 | *Valentine\'s Day* | Susie Peters | Episode: \"Teahouse of the Bankrupt Moon\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *`{{sortname|The|Cara Williams Show}}`{=mediawiki}* | Cara Bridges / Cara Wilton | Lead role (30 episodes) |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Rhoda* | Mae | Episodes: \"I\'m a Little Late, Folks\", \"Guess What I Got You for the Holidays\", \"Whattaya Think It\'s There For?\" |
+------+------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1976 | *`{{sortname|The|Ashes of Mrs
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# Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal
**Shahjahan Begum** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|CI}}`{=mediawiki} (29 July 1838 -- 16 June 1901) was the Nawab Begum of Bhopal (the ruler of the Islamic principality of Bhopal in central India) for two periods: 1844--60 (her mother acting as regent), and secondly during 1868--1901.
## Biography
Born in Islamnagar, near Bhopal, Shahjahan was the only surviving child of Sikandar Begum of Bhopal, sometime Nawab of Bhopal by correct title, and her husband Jahangir Mohammed Khan. She was recognised as ruler of Bhopal in 1844 at the age of six; her mother wielded power as regent during her minority. However, in 1860, her mother Sikandar Begum was recognised by the British as ruler of Bhopal in her own right, and Shahjahan was set aside. Shahjahan succeeded her mother as Begum of Bhopal upon the death of the latter in 1868.
Having been groomed for leadership of the state, Shahjahan improved the tax revenue system and increased state income, raised the salaries of her soldiers, modernised the military\'s arms, built a dam and an artificial lake, improved the efficiency of the police force and undertook the first census after the state suffered two plagues (the population had dropped to 744,000). To balance her budget deficit, she commissioned the cultivation of opium.
She has been credited with the authorship of several books in Urdu. Among them are the Gauhar-i-Iqbaal, which describes the major events between the 1st and 7th years of her regime and the socio-political conditions of Bhopal at that time. *An Account of My Life* is the English translation of Sultan Jahan Begum\'s autobiography, *Gauhar-e-Iqbal*. It was written by C. H. Payne, who was the education advisor to the Begum. She wrote the *Akhtar-i-Iqbaal* which is the second part of *Gauhar-i-Iqbaal*. In 1918 she wrote the *Iffat-ul-Muslimaat*, where she describes the notions of purdah ad hijab in customs in Europe, Asia, and Egypt.
She was instrumental in initiating the construction of one of the largest mosques in India, the Taj-ul-Masajid, at Bhopal. The construction however remained incomplete at her death and was later abandoned; work was resumed only in 1971. She also built the Taj Mahal palace at Bhopal. While Shahjahan had desired to perform the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, frail health and her phobia of shipwrecks prevented her from ever doing so.
Shahjahan Begum made sizeable donations towards the building of a mosque at Woking, Surrey in the UK. She also contributed generously towards the founding of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh, which developed into the Aligarh Muslim University. She also subsidised the cost of a railway to be constructed between Hoshangabad and Bhopal.
In 1855, Shahjahan Begum married Baqi Muhammad Khan, a nobleman of middle rank of Bhopal, as his third wife. He died in 1867. Four years later, Shahjahan married Siddiq Hasan Khan of Kannauj in the then United Provinces. The second marriage was childless. In addition to the deaths of two husbands, Shahjahan also experienced the deaths of two granddaughters.
Shahjahan Begum\'s final years were spent in leadership of a reasonably well-run state. In 1901, she was afflicted with cancer of the mouth; shortly thereafter, a message was published for the people of Bhopal asking forgiveness if Shahjahan had wronged any of her subjects, causing public grief over the illness of a popular ruler. Shahjahan was visited for one last time by her daughter Sultan Jehan, with whom Shahjahan had not spoken for thirteen years as Shahjahan had blamed her daughter for the death of her first granddaughter; even at this final meeting, Shahjahan refused to forgive her daughter. Shahjahan died shortly thereafter on 6 June 1901, and Sultan Jehan assumed the throne.
### Postal services {#postal_services}
During her reign the first postage stamps of the Bhopal state were issued. In 1876 and 1878, there were issues of half and quarter anna stamps. Those of 1876 have text \"HH Nawab Shahjahan Begam\" in an octagonal frame; the 1878 stamps the same text in a round frame and the Urdu form of the Begum\'s title. The last stamps bearing her name were issued in 1902 with inscription: \"H.H. Nawab Sultan Jahan Begam\". (The state postal service of Bhopal issued its own postage stamps until 1949; from the second issue of stamps in 1908 official stamps were issued until 1945 and these had the inscriptions \"Bhopal State\" or \"Bhopal Govt.\" In 1949 two surcharged stamps were issued, the last of Bhopal\'s own stamps.)
<File:Bhopal> postage - HH Nawab Shahjahan Begam.png\|1876 stamp issued during the Begum\'s reign <File:Bhopal> Stage Postage and Revenue - 1 anna.png\|1908 one anna stamp of Bhopal State
## Publications (selected) {#publications_selected}
- *[The Taj-ul Ikbal Tarikh Bhopal](https://www.rct.uk/collection/1198705/the-taj-ul-ikbal-tarikh-bhopalnbspthe-history-of-bhopal-by-shahjahan-h-h-the), Or, The History of Bhopal*, by Shah Jahan Begum, [translated from Urdu by H. D. Barstow](https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181209). Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1876
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# The Pet Network
**The Pet Network** was a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel owned by Stornoway Communications. The channel broadcast entertainment and information programming for children and adults primarily related to pets in the form of feature films, documentary films, television dramas, cartoons, docuseries, and more.
## History
In November 2000, a joint venture between Stornoway Communications and Cogeco were granted approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a television channel called *The Pet Network*, described as *\"a national English-language Category 2 specialty television service devoted to pets and working animals.\"* Prior to the channel\'s launch, in January 2004, the CRTC approved an application that would see Stornoway acquire Cogeco\'s interest in the proposed service, along with all other services owned by Stornoway, namely ichannel and bpm:tv.
In November 2004, Stornoway announced that it had reached an agreement with Rogers Communications to launch the channel on its digital cable platform in December 2004. The channel subsequently ran a 30-minute promotional program on a loop from November 23 until its official launch on December 3 at 5:00pm EST.
The channel would subsequently be added to various other television services providers over the years since its launch, however, the largest being Shaw Cable and Shaw Direct, added in October and November 2010, respectively. The launch on the Shaw Communications-owned platforms gave the channel wide distribution in Western Canada on cable and nationally via satellite. On November 12, 2012, to coincide with the launch of the channel\'s 2012-2013 fall programming launch, The Pet Network underwent a rebranding including of a new logo, on-air graphics, and website.
In early April 2016, it was revealed by several television service providers, via their respective websites and other communications, that the channel would cease broadcasting on May 2, 2016. Stornoway Communications, who earlier shuttered another one of its own television channels, bpm:tv, in June 2015, revealed through regulatory filings, that it shuttered the channel and was requesting to revoke its broadcast licence due to inabilities in securing financially sustainable distribution agreements with television service providers. The company would later that year exit the television broadcasting business entirely when it shuttered its last remaining channel, ichannel, citing the same reasons for closing The Pet Network
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# Transportation bill
In the United States, the federal **transportation bill** refers to any of a number of multi-year funding bills for surface transportation programs. These have included:
- Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act, 1987
- Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), 1991
- The National Highway System Designation Act (NHS), 1995
- Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), 1998
- Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), 2005
- Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21), 2012
- Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST), 2015
- Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, 2021
Previous multi-year highway spending bills were known as Federal-Aid Highway Acts
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# Siege of Turin
The **siege of Turin** took place from June to September 1706, during the War of the Spanish Succession. A French army led by Louis de la Feuillade besieged the Savoyard capital of Turin, whose relief by Prince Eugene of Savoy has been called the most brilliant campaign of the war in Italy. The siege is also famous for the death of Piedmontese hero Pietro Micca.
By 1706, France occupied most of the Duchy of Savoy, leaving only its capital Turin in the possession of its ruler, Victor Amadeus. On 19 April, Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme, consolidated the French position in Lombardy by victory at Calcinato. Shortly afterwards, Prince Eugene resumed command of Imperial troops in Northern Italy, while Vendôme was recalled to France in July, and replaced by the Duke of Orleans.
De la Feuillade began siege operations on 2 June but made little progress, while Prince Eugene out manoeuvred the French field army under Orleans, and joined forces with 7,000 cavalry led by Victor Amadeus. Despite being outnumbered overall, the Allies were able to concentrate their forces; on 7 September, they attacked the French south of Turin, and after fierce fighting, broke through their lines.
The French were forced to withdraw from Northern Italy, allowing Victor Amadeus to recover most of Piedmont, although his possessions north of the Alps were occupied by France until 1713. In March 1707, France, Savoy and Emperor Joseph signed the Convention of Milan, ending the war in Italy.
## Background
The War of the Spanish Succession was triggered by the death in November 1700 of the childless Charles II of Spain. He named his heir as Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV of France, and on 16 November, he became king of the Spanish Empire. In addition to mainland Spain, this included the Spanish Netherlands, large parts of Italy, and much of Central and South America. In 1701, disputes over territorial and commercial rights led to war between France, Spain, and the Grand Alliance, whose candidate was Charles, younger son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.
Fighting in Northern Italy centred on the Spanish-held Duchies of Milan and Mantua, which were considered essential to the security of Austria\'s southern borders. In March 1701, French troops occupied both cities; Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, allied with France, in return for which his daughter Maria Luisa married Philip V.
In October 1703, Victor Amadeus switched sides to join the Grand Alliance. The following year, French armies under de la Feuillade captured Savoyard territories north of the Alps in Villefranche and the County of Savoy. Vendôme conducted a simultaneous offensive in Piedmont, and by the end of 1705 Turin was the only significant city still under Savoyard control.
To prevent interference from Imperial forces in Lombardy, Vendôme took the offensive and his victory at Calcinato on 19 April drove them into the Trentino valley. The Austrian commander Prince Eugene returned from Vienna and quickly restored order; this left 30,000 Imperial troops around Verona facing 40,000 French spread between the Mincio and Adige rivers. On 12 May, 48,000 men under de la Feuillade arrived outside Turin, although they did not completely encircle it until 19 June.
However, after a serious defeat at Ramillies in Flanders on 23 May, Louis XIV ordered Vendôme back to France and on 8 July he relinquished command in Italy to the inexperienced Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, although it has been argued he was fortunate to be recalled before Prince Eugene exposed his poor strategic planning for the theatre. Orléans was given Ferdinand de Marsin as his main advisor and while neither was a match for the prince, Vendôme was confident they could prevent him intervening at Turin.
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# Siege of Turin
## Siege
thumb\|right\|upright=0.8\|Pietro Micca, by Andrea Gastaldi 1858; in the 19th century, he became a symbol of Italian patriotism\|alt=
Turin\'s defences were divided into the outer city, containing the residential and commercial areas, with a fortified Citadel at its core; normal practice was to take the city first, allowing the besiegers to bombard the citadel from close range. Hoping to speed up operations, La Feuillade decided to begin firing on the citadel as soon as possible, from gun positions constructed 300 metres outside the city.
Since 1696, the citadel had been significantly improved based on designs provided by the French military engineer Vauban, and much of it was now underground, including 15 km of tunnels used for counter sapping operations. Vauban pointed out firing from that distance meant they could only target the higher part of the walls, not the base, and allegedly offered to have his throat cut if Turin was captured using this approach.
Leaving the Austrian general Philipp von Daun in command of the garrison, Victor Amadeus escaped from the city on 17 June with 7,000 cavalry. Attempting to buy time for Prince Eugene, he spent the next two months attacking French supply lines, while La Feuillade continued siege operations \'with more obstinacy than success.\' As Vauban predicted, the bombardment inflicted considerable damage, but the citadel remained largely intact, and French mining attempts proved unsuccessful.
On 15 August, Prince Eugene began his advance on Turin, easily evading Orléans\' covering force; on 29th, he reached Carmagnola south of Turin, where he was joined by Victor Amadeus. Often overlooked, this was a considerable achievement, comparable in skill and execution to Marlborough\'s march to the Danube. Taking over a battered and defeated army, Prince Eugene first reorganised it, then *\...marched 200 miles in 24 days\...crossed four major rivers, pierced lines drawn between the mountains to the seas to stop him\...and drove superior numbers of the enemy before him.*
Aware of his approach, Orléans joined La Feuillade, and their combined force made three assaults between 27 August and 3 September. All were repulsed with heavy loss; Pietro Micca was killed on 31 August, after exploding a mine to prevent the French breaking into one of the tunnels underneath the citadel. Including deaths from disease, the leading cause during a prolonged siege, the French suffered losses of 10,000, the garrison 4,500.
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# Siege of Turin
## Battle
thumb\|left\|upright=0.8\|Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Vendôme\'s successor as French commander in Italy
Despite their losses, French forces around Turin still outnumbered the combined Imperial-Savoyard relief force of 30,000, but they were dispersed along 25 km of defences, and morale was low after the failed and costly assaults. On 5 September, the Savoyard-Imperial army concentrated at Collegno, between the Dora Riparia and the Stura di Lanzo rivers near a weak spot in the French lines.
On 7 September, Prince Eugene divided his force into eight columns, each split into two lines, leaving gaps between each one for their artillery. Johann of Saxe-Gotha (1677-1707) commanded the right, Charles of Württemberg the left, and Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau the centre. The battle began with an artillery exchange, but the Imperial guns made little impact on the French entrenchments, and around 11:00 am, Prince Eugene ordered a general assault. Although Charles of Württemberg broke through on the left, the rest of the army was held up, before repeated attacks by Leopold, supported by a sortie led by von Daun, finally forced the French to retreat.
Orléans was wounded, as was Marsin, who was captured and died the next day; French casualties ranged from 7,000 to 9,000 (including between 3,200 and 6,000 prisoners), those of the Allies ranged from 3,500 to 4,800. The French withdrew from Turin, abandoning their siege artillery, and retreated towards Pinerolo; Victor Amadeus re-entered his capital the same day.
## Aftermath
thumb\|right\|upright=1.0\|Annual parade in Turin commemorating the siege
On 8 September, a French detachment in Lombardy under the Count of Médavy defeated a Hessian corps at Castiglione but this did not affect the strategic position. French garrisons in Pinerolo and Susa were withdrawn, and the forts reoccupied by Savoy. In 1708, Victor Amadeus gained the minor Duchy of Montferrat, but Nice and the County of Savoy were not returned by France until 1713. Savoyard ambitions to gain Milan remained unfulfilled for another 150 years.
To the fury of his Allies, in March 1707 Emperor Joseph signed the Convention of Milan with France, ending the war in Northern Italy. In return for handing over Milan and Mantua to Austria, French and Spanish troops were repatriated with all their equipment; many were sent to Southern France, where they helped defeat an Allied attack on the French naval base at Toulon in July. In April, Joseph captured the Spanish-ruled Kingdom of Naples, leaving Austria the dominant power in Italy for the first time in two centuries.
After Italian unification in the 19th century, Pietro Micca became an example of patriotism and loyalty to the new Italian state. He was the hero of the 1938 film *Pietro Micca*; on the tercentenary of his death in 2006, a number of studies were published to mark the occasion, including *Le Aquile e i Gigli; Una storia mai scritta*, by Cerino Badone.
In 2004, construction of an underground carpark in the Piazza Vittorio Veneto uncovered 22 skeletons dating from the early 18th century; a study published in 2019 indicates these are almost certainly casualties from the 1706 siege
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# Greg Pratt
**Gregory Pratt**, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama series *ER*, portrayed by Mekhi Phifer. He first appears as a recurring character towards the end of the eighth season, becoming a main character from the start of the ninth season until the start of the fifteenth season.
## Character background {#character_background}
Pratt\'s back story is that he is the son of an absentee father. His estranged father is played by Danny Glover.
## Storylines
His first appearance as the main character was late in Season 8 in the episode \"Orion in the Sky\" (2002), as a smart but arrogant intern from VA hospital. He meets Dr. Mark Greene on Greene\'s last day at County and is initially dismissive of him, before becoming more measured when he learns of Mark\'s terminal cancer, and by day\'s end has learned a little about practicing medicine from Dr. Greene. Dr. Pratt wasn\'t present at Dr. Greene\'s funeral but in a flashback episode in Season 12 \"Body & Soul\", it revealed Dr. Pratt worked that day at the hospital since it was understaffed with most of the doctors at Dr. Greene\'s memorial. Pratt later inherits Dr. Greene\'s locker.
At the beginning of his residency, Pratt shows immediate leadership and quick precision. His limited experience and cowboy antics often leads Pratt to collide with his chief resident Dr. John Carter and other attendings on many occasions, including a procedure he is unqualified to do (though the patient survives) and resuscitating a patient who has been declared dead, and is brain-dead upon his \"revival.\" He initially clashes with med student Michael Gallant as Michael\'s military background makes him more by-the-book whereas Pratt likes to circumvent the rules, but they later become close friends. During the critical smallpox outbreak, Pratt proves his skills and courage as a swift physician by helping Dr. Luka Kovač and Dr. Jing-Mei Chen save Dr. Romano\'s life. The hospital is thrown into chaos during the evacuation gone awry, and he along with Dr. John Carter, Abby Lockhart, and Dr. Jing-Mei \"Deb\" Chen is forced to quarantine in the ER.
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# Greg Pratt
## Character arc: Seasons 9-15 {#character_arc_seasons_9_15}
In Season 9, Pratt begins an off/on relationship with fellow physician, Dr. Jing-Mei \"Deb\" Chen. During the series, it was revealed that Pratt had a mentally disabled adopted brother named Leon living with him, a man who kept Pratt safe and focused on school during his childhood but was left with the reasoning ability of a small child after surviving a gunshot to the head. Due to his disability, Leon often got into trouble and would disrupt Pratt\'s professional and personal life, especially when he became involved with a group of thugs who stabbed him in the buttock over a confiscated gun, got him thrown in jail overnight, and then made him join them on a robbery that ended with one of the thugs dead and a cop badly injured. To help give Pratt a break, Carter suggested that Leon leave town for a while, leading Pratt to send his brother away to stay with other family members in Baltimore. Leon never returned to the show and was not mentioned again in future seasons. Pratt and medical student Michael Gallant were briefly held for questioning by the Chicago police after a robbery/homicide occurred at a diner across the street; Chen had said that she might have seen a black man fleeing the scene.
During the tenth season, Pratt was supposedly fired by the frustrated Dr. Romano, whom he had been bumping heads with ever since Romano took over the ER. This was based on bogus allegations that Romano was collecting because of his overall dislike of Dr. Pratt, planning to build them up until he had enough ammunition to get rid of Pratt for good. However, Romano never got to present these findings before the hospital director since he never showed up at the conference (unbeknownst to the others, he had been killed minutes earlier by a helicopter that crashed in the ambulance bay and crushed him). Dr. Anspaugh, correctly assuming that Romano was biased, told Pratt to keep up the good work.
Pratt and Chen\'s continuing relationship began to break down when Pratt\'s casual flirting with a new medical student Neela Rasgotra led to Pratt telling Chen he did not see them having a serious future together. Their relationship ended early in Season 10 and Chen was often curt and dismissive towards Pratt for a long while, but they eventually became friends again.
In Season 10\'s season finale \"Drive\", Pratt is involved in a road rage shooting while driving a recent patient, Elgin Gibbs, home en route to dinner with Dr. Chen. As Pratt tried to drive away from the shooter, his car was forced off a bridge and into the Chicago River, leading to Pratt sustaining serious head injuries, and Chen suffering a broken leg. Elgin died from his injuries. Their interactions became infrequent due to Chen\'s family problems, but Pratt went over to her house during Season 11\'s Christmas Eve episode when he learned she quit. Chen\'s father begged her to let him die so she injects him with a drug that kills him, and Pratt was aghast by this idea but ultimately supported Chen as she performed euthanasia, and then consoled her as she wept over the loss of her family. This ends his life and Pratt and Chen\'s relationship since Chen returns to China to bury her father\'s remains and is never heard from again.
For the Chief Resident post that came up in season 11, Pratt was backed at first by Dr. Luka Kovač and later by Dr. Susan Lewis, who had often been critical of his job performance in the past but told him she could see herself backing him for the job. However, he decided against applying for the position due to the extra workload, which was subsequently awarded to Dr. Archie Morris- who was goofy and awkward and had none of Pratt\'s natural leadership and communications skills.
Dr. Pratt comes to terms with his clouded past at the end of Season 11, making contact with his estranged father, Charlie Pratt (portrayed by Danny Glover). But, following on in Season 12, Pratt was unable to forgive his father for their estrangement even though proof emerged that Charlie had been forced out of Greg\'s life by his mom, and ended any reconciliation efforts. Later, after much counsel, Pratt restored ties with his half-brother Chaz (portrayed by Sam Jones III).
In the episode, \"Strange Bed Fellows,\" Dr. Luka Kovač instructs Pratt to go to Darfur, Africa to join Dr. John Carter in a Doctors Without Borders program after Pratt helped a friend avoid a DUI by sending a vial of his blood for the blood alcohol test, rather than his friend\'s; the friend later drove drunk and nearly killed a kid. To avoid legal repercussions and also to force him to think about the actions Dr. Kovač sends him away. When Pratt challenges Kovač and says he won\'t go, Kovač says he has two choices: leave for Darfur or have the DUI case info released and see his medical career come to an end. Pratt eventually decides to go, allowing him to move up to the position of attending physician, which Dr. Victor Clemente could not fulfill. Pratt becomes a better doctor for going to Darfur as he gets a sense of what it means to push himself under genuinely impossible and horrifying conditions. He sincerely thanks Luka for making him go, and the two doctors are back on good terms afterward.
At the start of season 13, Pratt achieves his new title as attending, while Chaz moves in with him after Charlie abuses him and he joins Greg in cutting all ties to his rotten dad. However, later on, Pratt discovers his brother in a compromising position with another man. After much denial and a talk with Dr. Kerry Weaver Pratt begins to understand and accept his brother\'s homosexuality. He also supports hi?s brother\'s new job as an Emergency Medical Technician but clashes with Chaz\'s co-workers after they encourage him to drink near-fatal amounts of alcohol.
Later in the season, Pratt discovered a church holding an illegal prescription drugs exchange program between church members. Pratt tried to reason with the pastor to seek better alternatives. With no compromise being met, he decided to take part in the program to make it safer by donating some narcotics from the ER. However, when a member of the church died as a result of the drug exchange, an investigation was conducted by police and social workers. Pratt soon admitted to his chief, Dr. Kovač, that he was solely involved in the scheme, preventing any repercussions on the department. Pratt was arrested by the police (though Kovač helped bail him out) and was put before the review board at the hospital for an explanation of his actions. Surprisingly, Pastor Watkins of First Mission Baptist and his congregation showed up on Pratt\'s behalf and explained the entire story of his contribution. The board subsequently dismissed Pratt from any suspension, allowing him to retain his medical license and job. Near the end of the season, Kovač asked Pratt to be the best man at his wedding and Greg said yes.
After being overlooked for the position of Chief of the ER in favor of a new attending Dr. Skye Wexler, Pratt submitted his two-week notice of resignation stating that the administration of the County General did not respect him; however, he soon changed his mind after meeting former Physician Assistant Jeanie Boulet. After this, Pratt pursued the ER Chief position and finally was able to have a serious adult relationship with the radiologist Dr. Bettina DeJesus.
At the end of the Season 14 finale, \"The Chicago Way,\" Pratt entered an ambulance, which was transporting a patient (portrayed by Steve Buscemi), who revealed himself to be a government informant in Witness Protection. With a botched attempt made on the patient\'s life in the ER, the Turkish mob targeting Pratt\'s patient finally succeeded when they booby-trapped the ambulance Pratt rode in. A subsequent explosion resulted in a season-ending cliffhanger.
## Character death and 15th season {#character_death_and_15th_season}
He died in the Season 15 premiere, \"Life After Death,\" from injuries sustained in an explosion. Dr. Morris tried to save him, but failed. It was further revealed in the episode that Pratt was going to receive an offer to become the new Chief of the ER. Former doctors, such as Dr. Kerry Weaver from Florida and Dr. John Carter from Africa, sent their condolences and gifts in honor of Pratt.
In the end, Morris hands Bettina the engagement ring Pratt had intended to give her. Among the ER staff who came to memoralize him at Ike\'s bar were Dr. Abby Lockhart, Dr. Archie Morris, Dr. Neela Rasgotra, Dr. Tony Gates, Sam Taggart, Simon Brenner, Chuny Marquez, Haleh Adams, Malik McGrath, Frank Martin, Paramedic Dumars, and his brother Chaz, who had become a new med student about halfway through Season 15.
During the 15th and final season of *ER,* at the end of the episode \"The Book of Abby,\" long-serving nurse Haleh Adams shows the departing Dr. Abby Lockhart a closet wall where all the past doctors and employees have put their locker name tags. Amongst them, the tag \"Pratt\" can be seen
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# Launchpad (website)
**Launchpad** is a web application and website that allows users to develop and maintain software, particularly open-source software. It is developed and maintained by Canonical Ltd.
On 21 July 2009, the source code was released publicly under the GNU Affero General Public License. `{{As of|2018|06}}`{=mediawiki}, the Launchpad repository hosts more than 40,000 projects. The domain *launchpad.net* attracted 1 million visitors by August 2009 according to a Compete.com survey.
## Components
It has several parts:
- **Answers**: a community support site and knowledge base.
- **Blueprints**: a system for tracking new features.
- **Bugs**: a bug tracker that allows bugs to be tracked in multiple contexts (e.g. in an Ubuntu package, as an upstream, or in remote bug trackers).
- **Code**: source code hosting, with support for the Bazaar and Git
version control systems.
- **Translations**: a site for localising applications into different languages.
A significant but less visible component is **Soyuz**, \"the distribution management portion of Launchpad.\" Launchpad is currently primarily used in the development of Ubuntu, an operating system. Launchpad uses the FOSS (free/open source) Zope 3 application server.
## Users
Several of Canonical Ltd.\'s own projects use Launchpad for development including Ubuntu and Bazaar. Development of Launchpad is itself managed in Launchpad.
Other prominent projects using Launchpad for various aspects of managing their development include:
- JOSM (translations)
- Linux Mint (translations)
- MariaDB (mailing list)
- OpenStack (bug tracking)
- Pinta (bug tracking and translations)
- Upstart
- elementary OS
## Transition to free software {#transition_to_free_software}
Launchpad was initially criticized by the Jem Report and other members of the free software community for not being available under a free license, such as the GNU GPL, despite its aims. In response, the developers stated that they aimed to eventually release it under a free software license, but that it could potentially take years. On 9 July 2007, Canonical Ltd. released Storm, the first Launchpad component made available under a free software license.
Founder Mark Shuttleworth\'s responded to this criticism saying \"we are all actively working on making Launchpad open source\" adding that the funding the salaries of Launchpad\'s developers to be higher priority, and claiming immediate release would result multiple unfederated instances of Launchpad. However, this still left some members of the open-source movement dissatisfied. On 22 July 2008, Mark Shuttleworth announced at OSCON that the complete source code would be released within the next twelve months.
On 19 December 2008, Canonical Ltd. released the Launchpad component \"lazr.config\" and \"lazr.delegates\" under version 3 of the GNU LGPL.
An open API is currently`{{When|date=February 2011}}`{=mediawiki} in beta testing, which will allow programs to interact with the website. Calls for an open API to be released were aided by projects like Leonov that resorted to screen scraping to get data from Launchpad.
In December 2008, Canonical announced that the source code to the Launchpad website would be released under a free software license by 21 July 2009. It was also announced that two large components of Launchpad, Soyuz (which is responsible for the build system, package management and Ubuntu package publishing) and Codehosting, would not be released under a free software license. Later, the specific date was changed to a more general timeframe of July/August 2009. However, on 21 July 2009, the software was released under the AGPLv3 (a fully free license specifically for web services), including the two components (Codehosting and Soyuz) that were initially planned to remain proprietary
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# Ahtna, Incorporated
**Ahtna, Incorporated** is one of thirteen Alaska Native Regional Corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA) in settlement of aboriginal land claims. Ahtna, Incorporated was incorporated in Alaska on June 23, 1972. Headquartered in Glennallen, Alaska, Ahtna is a for-profit corporation with more than 2,000 Alaska Native shareholders primarily of Ahtna Athabascan descent.
Ahtna, Inc. stewards over 1500000 acre of lands granted through land claims under ANCSA finalized between 1971 and 1998. The Ahtna region is located primarily in the Copper River Census Area of Alaska, with a small spillover into the neighboring Denali Borough in the area of Cantwell. Ahtna\'s total entitlement under ANCSA is 1770000 acre.
## Officers and Directors {#officers_and_directors}
A current listing of Ahtna, Inc.\'s officers and directors, as well as documents filed with the State of Alaska since Ahtna\'s incorporation, are available online through the Corporations Database of the Division of Corporations, Business & Professional Licensing, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development.
## Shareholders
At incorporation, Ahtna enrolled approximately 1,000 Alaska Natives, each of whom received 100 shares of Ahtna stock. As an ANCSA corporation, Ahtna has no publicly traded stock and its shares cannot legally be sold.
The corporation has over 2,000 shareholders, all of whom are Alaska Natives.
## Lands
Ahtna\'s total entitlement under ANCSA is 1770000 acre, including regional and village entitlements.
Eight villages are contained within the Ahtna region, including Cantwell, Chistochina, Chitina, Gakona, Gulkana, Mentasta, the Native Village of Kluti-Kaah (Copper Center), and Tazlina. Under the terms of ANCSA, 714240 acre of land surrounding the villages were allocated to the village corporations established for those villages. Ahtna, Inc. received bonus selections of about 45000 acre for distribution among the eight villages based upon historic use and subsistence needs.
In 1980, seven of the eight village corporations in the Ahtna region merged with Ahtna. These included the village corporations Yedatene Na Corporation (Cantwell), Cheesh-Na, Incorporated (Chistochina), Gakona Corporation (Gakona), Sta-Keh Corporation (Gulkana), Kluti-Kaah Corporation (Kluti-Kaah in Copper Center), Mentasta, Incorporated (Mentasta), and Tazlina, Incorporated (Tazlina). Ahtna assumed management of the lands of the seven merged corporations; however, under terms of the merger agreement, the former village corporations were permitted to maintain shareholder committees known as Successor Village Organizations (SVO) each of which retains the right to reasonably withhold consent to new development of former village lands.
Chitina Native Corporation (in Chitina) chose not to merge with Ahtna, and retains rights to the surface estate of its lands. Rights to the subsurface estate of its lands are with Ahtna, Inc., per the requirements of ANCSA.
- Surface estate (including gravel), timber, and subsurface estate is managed by the Ahtna, Inc. Land Department.
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# Ahtna, Incorporated
## Business enterprises {#business_enterprises}
Ahtna Netiye\', LLC, the holding company of Ahtna, Inc. manages the operating subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned. These subsidiary companies are involved in a number of corporate activities, including civil and vertical construction, environmental remediation, facilities management and support services, government contracting, and oil and gas pipeline maintenance and construction. Ahtna Netiye\', LLC is headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska.
Under federal law, Ahtna and its majority-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures and partnerships are deemed to be a \"minority and economically disadvantaged business enterprise\[s\]\" (43 USC 1626(e)).
Company Headquarters Enterprises
---------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**A.A.A. Valley Gravel** Palmer, Alaska Sand and gravel mining, trucking, and asphalt operations.
**Ahtna Construction & Primary Products Corporation** (AC&PPC) Anchorage, Alaska Oil spill response; subcontractor with Alyeska Pipeline Service Company; general construction and electrical/mechanical services.
**Ahtna Design-Build, Inc.** (ADB) Irvine, California Infrastructure design-build opportunities, general construction, and environmental remediation.
**Ahtna Development Corporation** (ADC) Glennallen, Alaska Operations and maintenance (O&M), specializing in facilities management.
**Ahtna Engineering Services, LLC** (AES) Anchorage, Alaska Government contracting, operations and maintenance (O&M), architectural and engineering, construction, and professional services.
**Ahtna Environmental, Inc.** (AEI) Anchorage, Alaska Environmental remediation.
**Ahtna Global, LLC** (AGL) Anchorage, Alaska Construction and environmental services
**Ahtna Facility Services, Inc.** (AFSI) Anchorage, Alaska Operations and maintenance (O&M), logistics, and support services.
**Ahtna Government Services Corporation** (AGSC) West Sacramento, California Government contractor in environmental engineering and demolition, general contracting, and professional services.
**Ahtna Logistics, LLC** (ALL) Anchorage, Alaska Logistics services.
**Ahtna Professional Services, Inc.** (APSI) Anchorage, Alaska Security services.
**Ahtna Support and Training Services, LLC.** (ASTS) Anchorage, Alaska Simulations/facilities operations and maintenance, training range operations, and instrumentation.
**Ahtna Technical Services Incorporated** (ATSI) Anchorage, Alaska Facility operations and maintenance; shared services.
**Ahtna Technologies, Inc.** (ATI) Anchorage, Alaska Information technology services.
**AKHI, LLC** Anchorage, Alaska Base Operation Support; maintenance and logistics; administration, management and training; homeland security; information technology; and mission/operation support
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# Robert Davis (New Orleans)
**Robert Davis** (born 1941) is a retired elementary school teacher and resident of New Orleans who was detained, arrested, and beaten by four police officers on October 8, 2005, on suspicion of public intoxication. Davis has denied intoxication, but he resisted arrest by not allowing himself to be handcuffed and was beaten, which was filmed by the members of the Associated Press. A fifth officer was charged with assaulting an Associated Press producer.
## Incident
Davis is an African American and the two officers who beat him (while two others held him down) are white, adding to the controversy of this case. Davis, who was charged with public intoxication, resisting arrest, battery, and public intimidation, pleaded not guilty on October 12, 2005. The officers have also been charged with battery and were accused of using extreme force. Regarding the charge of public intoxication, Davis said, \"I haven\'t had a drink in 25 years.\"
Davis said he returned to view and possibly rebuild his family\'s six properties that were destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. He went out during the night to buy cigarettes in the French Quarter and asked a mounted officer when a curfew would go into effect that night.
As Davis was arrested, Associated Press producer Rich Matthews was jabbed in the stomach and shoved into a police cruiser by a third officer who shouted, \"I\'ve been here for six weeks trying to keep fucking alive. Fucking go home.\"
## Aftermath
Officers Lance Schilling, Robert Evangelist, and Stuart Smith were released on bond after appearing before a judge to make their not guilty pleas.
The police union and a lawyer for the accused officers, challenge Davis\' version of the events. According to their account, a drunken Davis walked into a police horse while asking about the curfew, and belligerently resisted officers who confronted him. Davis\' mugshot shows stitches beneath his left eye and a bandaged left hand, and sustained injuries. On October 12, 2005, Davis revisited the site saying, \"Is that my blood? It must be. I didn\'t know I was bleeding that bad.\"
The policemen\'s trial was set for January 11, 2006. Davis\' trial began on January 18. The police chief in charge of the investigation, Warren Riley, also an African American, claimed that he did not believe race was an issue in the beating. Charges against Davis were dropped in April 2006.
Stuart Smith was the officer charged with assaulting the AP producer; he was suspended for 120 days, while Robert Evangelist and Lance Schilling were fired for their participation in the beating. Two of the men involved in the incident were not New Orleans police officers, but federal agents, who were not indicted by their parent agency for their involvement.
Lance Schilling was found dead on June 10, 2007, from a \"gunshot wound to the roof of the mouth\" that was apparently self-inflicted.
On July 24, 2007, Officer Robert Evangelist was cleared of all charges by Judge Frank Marullo, who was later quoted in reference to the trial, \"I didn\'t even find this a close call.\" The deciding factor was the video evidence that showed Davis struggling for several minutes while police tried to detain him. \"This event could have ended at any time if the man had put his hands behind his back,\" the judge concluded
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# Neela Rasgotra
**Dr. Neela Rasgotra** (former married name **Gallant**) is a fictional character portrayed by Parminder Nagra on the television show *ER*. Following the departure of Goran Visnjic, Maura Tierney, and Mekhi Phifer, Nagra was left as the longest term cast member on *ER*. Parminder Nagra\'s addition into the main cast opening credits was in the 3rd episode of season 10. The character was listed in Wetpaint\'s \"10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV\" and in BuzzFeed\'s \"16 Hottest Doctors On Television\".
## Beginnings
Neela Kaur Rasgotra first appeared in late 2003 at the start of the 10th season as a talented but very reticent medical student from Southall, London, of Punjabi Sikh heritage.
She arrives on her first day as the ER is undergoing major renovations and is for the most part unnoticed, except by Dr. Michael Gallant, who guides her through the rough start in the hospital, and Dr. Greg Pratt, who flirts a little bit with her. Neela is very intelligent but sometimes stumbles in her doctor--patient communications skills. This proves disastrous when she informs the wrong woman of her grandson\'s death.
A very reserved individual, she faces her first big crisis at County when a helicopter crash occurs on Thanksgiving Day, killing Dr. Robert Romano and pushing her and everyone else there to their limits. Nevertheless, she does her job superbly. It is also revealed that Neela had a terrible case of claustrophobia, which she later conquers by braving a hyperbaric chamber session that helped save a baby\'s life from carbon monoxide poisoning.
At the end of Season 10, Neela and Abby Lockhart both graduate from medical school. However, upon graduating, Neela has an identity crisis and turns down an internship at the University of Michigan, opting to work as a store clerk when no other position turns up.
After a few episodes, she asks the ER chief Dr. Kerry Weaver for a job back at County. Later, she finds herself back in the hospital after an obsessive-compulsive intern (Howard, portrayed by Andy Powers) quit and Susan Lewis makes her a job offer, which she accepts.
Neela\'s birthday is April 17, 1977.
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# Neela Rasgotra
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She becomes close to Dr. Michael Gallant prior to his deployment to Iraq, especially after he took the blame of a patient\'s accidental death, sparing Neela\'s probable dismissal. During one return visit, they begin a romantic relationship, after which they maintain a regular correspondence. On completion of his tour of duty, they impulsively marry, but he soon feels compelled to return to Iraq and re-enlists. At this point, Neela was also struggling with her feelings for roommate Ray Barnett, who began to fall in love with her. Neela kept her distance from Ray when she decided to move in with Abby Lockhart instead. Abby and Neela remain best friends through the series; during medical school, Neela would help Abby study and Abby would help Neela with her communication problems.
In \"The Gallant Hero & The Tragic Victor\", Neela becomes a widow when Gallant is killed by a roadside bomb near Mosul. She pushes Ray and everyone else away when they try to offer her some comfort. In \"Twenty-One Guns\" (the 12th season finale), Michael\'s funeral takes place, where she is accompanied by Gregory Pratt. She gets angry at Michael\'s father, accusing him of telling Michael to go off to war when he could have stopped him, but Pratt offers her some comfort when he says that Gallant felt he had to be in Iraq, and that Pratt now understands this due to his own experiences in Darfur. Pratt later receives a phone call from the ER; both are unaware of the shootings which have taken place there.
In \"Bloodline\", Neela and Pratt rush to the hospital when they find out about the shooting and help the distraught ER. Neela, then taking a surgical elective, scrubs in and operates on Jerry, who eventually recovers from his injuries. Neela reunites with paramedic Tony Gates (from \"Two Ships\", season 12). Still mourning her husband, she gets drunk and kisses him but she apologizes to him later on. Many feelings and tension arise between her, Gates and Barnett in an uncomfortable love triangle. Chief of Surgery Dr. Dubenko has always been fond of Neela and her talents, looking out for her and helping her get the spot in a surgical elective. She later decides to leave the ER and start over as a surgical intern. As she begins her new surgical rotation, she falls under the strict supervision of new surgical Chief Resident Dr. Dustin Crenshaw, who seems to hold her back from demonstrating her skills. Later in her elective, Neela feels pushed away and neglected from her mentor when a new med student steals all the spotlight in front of Dr. Dubenko. She later discovers that Dr. Dubenko holds feelings for her as does the (female) new med student.
During the wedding of Abby and Luka, Neela decides to end her romantic relationships with Tony and Ray for good, after built-up emotions escalate and lead to a bar fight between the guys that exposed their personal issues in front of the entire ER staff. The fight got Ray tossed out of the reception party, however Neela appeared to be in the process of settling with Ray. She called him on his cell after looking affectionately at the CD of love songs he burned for her. Initially Ray, while leaving drunk from a bar, did not answer his cell despite its vibrating. She was still upset at Ray, as well as Tony, but grew concerned when Ray wouldn\'t answer his calls and did not show up at work. Neela went by his apartment with no luck and later discovered he was hit by a truck and was hospitalized. With both legs amputated, a bitter Ray could not forgive Neela for hurting him and left Chicago to be cared for by his mother back home, and Ray\'s love interest Katey blamed Neela for Ray\'s injuries. This further upsets Neela who has been torn apart by the two men. In the 13th season finale, Neela attends an anti-war rally and soon finds herself in danger as a mass panic ensues in the crowd. Tony who was looking for her tries to come to her aid as the crowd tramples her.
In the early part of season 14, she recovers from her accident and stays with Abby while Luka is away in Croatia. She also babysits Joe while Abby is at work. When Neela returns to work, Gates inquires about Ray and we learn that Ray has been writing to Neela. Katey and Neela have another altercation when Katey argues with Neela\'s directions during a trauma, but Katey ends up looking stupid as Neela\'s decisions save the patient\'s life. Neela then tells Katey she\'s finished taking Katey\'s anger about Ray\'s accident and Neela tells her that she will not take the blame for what happened to Ray because \"I didn\'t make him get piss-drunk and wander in front of a truck\". She also reveals that Ray himself doesn\'t blame her for the accident. Some months later, Neela and Abby engage in an argument after Neela finds out that Abby is an alcoholic. During the heated exchange, Abby says that Neela should not be lecturing her on love because Ray is probably wishing he never met Neela. While Neela does not directly address her feelings about Ray, from the hurt on her face it is evident that she is still not completely over what happened to him. Neela gets very upset after Abby\'s comments and kicks her out of the apartment. Abby and Neela make up some time later after Abby returns from rehab.
After doing an orthopedic surgery rotation where it became obvious all the surgical departments wanted her on their teams for the long haul, she returns to working for Dr. Dubenko. However, Neela has faced some professional and personal setbacks since that return: a wiz-kid surgical resident decided surgery wasn\'t for him and left for Pediatrics despite her efforts to convince him he could be a successful surgeon; she noted her sparse personal life on her birthday (which nobody but Tony Gates remembered); and she became close to a patient played by Aida Turturro who developed an infection that led to her death, sending Neela into the doldrums once again.
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# Neela Rasgotra
## Season 15 {#season_15}
With Abby\'s departure, Neela is the lead character of the final season.
In the Season 15 episode, \"The Book of Abby,\" Neela\'s long-time friend and colleague, Abby Lockhart, resigned and left the ER for a new job in Boston. Neela, while happy for her friend\'s new start, told Abby that she wished she had known about this sooner and that she couldn\'t imagine working in the hospital without Abby. Separated by a glass window while operating in the OR, Neela told a departing Abby to \"be good,\" after which Abby smiled and walked away.
Abby\'s departure leaves Neela Rasgotra as the most senior regular character on ER, followed by Archie Morris and Sam Taggart, respectively.
Into Season 15, Ray Barnett re-entered Neela\'s life just at the right time. After the death of her friend Greg Pratt and the departure of her best friend Abby a few weeks later, Ray returns right \"when she needs that friend and possibly that romance back.\" Ray surprises Neela by showing up to County in a Frankenstein outfit during Halloween and revealed on his one-day return to Chicago that he has endured months of rehab, during which he was fitted with new cutting edge prosthetics and is walking on his own. His presence clearly has a huge impact on Neela, and she invites him to spend the night with her, but he declines by saying he has finally reached a good place in his life and doesn\'t want to mess that up. It is later revealed that Neela had planned to visit Ray for Thanksgiving in Louisiana but canceled the trip after learning Ray had begun dating a woman from Georgia.
Neela has had a difficult time dealing with Andrew Wade, a young surgical intern who she feels is too passive to be a successful surgeon. When a surgical patient implies she is having rectal bleeding, Andrew is too intimidated to get the information to Neela, and the patient later bleeds to death. Andrew blames himself and Neela is critical of him for not telling her the earlier information. She later tells Dr. Dubenko she doesn\'t want to work with Andrew anymore, and Andrew gets transferred to a less-important surgical rotation. Neela then gets mad at Andrew because she\'s getting sued by the dead patient\'s family after Andrew confessed his mistake to them. But Neela later works with Andrew on a complicated procedure that saves a patient\'s eye, and when she is grudging about having to teach Andrew, Dr. Dubenko angrily tells her that if that\'s her attitude then she needs to pack her stuff up and leave County. Chastened, Neela later tells Andrew he did a great job and that she understands his motives in talking to the patient\'s family. The lawsuit is later dropped and Neela reconciles herself to having a work-only relationship with the close-knit group of interns.
Later in Season 15 in \"Dream Runner\" she has a chance to catch with her old colleague Dr. Elizabeth Corday during an attending interview and became involved romantically with Simon Brenner after he returned from Australia. However, in the episode \'Love is a Battlefield,\' Brenner is again shown coming home from Australia, signaling to the audience that Neela\'s involvement with Brenner in the previous episode was just part of the re-occurring dream she was having throughout the show.
In "Love is a Battlefield," Neela is seen skillfully avoiding Simon Brenner, brushing him off in obvious awkwardness, due to her dreams of him in the prior episode, as he tells her that he called her the second he got back in from Australia to go out to dinner and catch up, even telling her that he had a gift for her. At the end of the episode, she runs away from him, only to have him catch up to her on the busy sidewalk. She admits to him that she likes him and she wants to be with him, and then telling him that he can \"gloat now\" -- throwing back to his speech in episode \"Parental Guidance\" where he says that \"he predicted it.\" He smiles and kisses her, saying that he\'d \'rather do something else,\' obviously showing the beginning of their relationship.
In \"The Family Man,\" Neela is in a pre-coital position with Simon in her apartment while her phone rings. He urges her not to take it, but she does, and finds that Duke wants her to meet with the Head of Surgery. Though she claimed that she only met with Duke to 'get Dubenko off her case,' she is now seriously considering taking them up on their offer. Simon is obviously disappointed, but acts happy for her.
During the Valentine's episode of the Season, \"The Beginning of the End,\" Simon and Neela are revealing their most romantic Valentine's celebrations: Her most romantic one was at fifteen and her boyfriend bought her a plastic tiara, and took her out, telling her that she deserved to be treated like a queen. Simon agrees fully. He suggests that they take a trip together. While at the hospital, she receives a CD in the mail from her old flame, Ray Barnett; it holds a poignant love song by Pete Yorn. She sees her old attending, John Carter who notes that the \"grasshopper is now the teacher.\" Later in the episode she is left a map with a heart-stickered destination on it from Simon Brenner. She shows up at a balcony overlooking the Chicago River. She sees him down below and he runs up to her, calling out in Italian. He reaches her and hands her Italy pamphlets, telling her that they are at the closest thing to a canal right now, but it will change. Simon tells her that he wants them to take a week off in April and take her to Venice. She smiles and says that it definitely constitutes as a romantic gesture. He responds saying that that was nothing and it was just the beginning, surely foreshadowing things to come. They enjoy the moment with each other, leading to her new favorite Valentine's celebration.
Neela learns from Morris about Simon\'s childhood and is upset he never mentioned it to her. In recent weeks Simon hasn\'t been around as much and always evades questions about his childhood. Eventually they get into a fight and she tells him that there are better people for both of them out there. This signifies that Neela has broken up with Simon.
During a trip to Seattle to deliver some donated organs, Neela and Sam briefly meet Carol Hathaway and Dr. Doug Ross, learning that the pair worked at County General in the past.
Neela last appeared as a regular in episode 20 of season 15, \"Shifting Equilibrium,\" in which she leaves County General for good after talking with Simon and Abby (via phone). She is shown arriving at Le Chatelier Medical Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, where she goes to a physical rehab center where Ray Barnett is shown helping patients. There, she and Ray reunite, with Neela looking like she finally felt she made the right decision after struggling with her fear of making the wrong choices in life.
In the following episode \"I Feel Good\" she makes a cameo appearance via webcam, calling from her new workplace with Ray. He mentions that he brought some of Neela\'s things from home into her office at work, signifying that they are living together.
In the series finale \"And In the End\...,\" Neela makes a cameo, again appearing on webcam at Frank\'s admit desk, talking to Brenner, Morris, and Carter about her new life in Baton Rouge. This time Brenner seems more comfortable with Neela\'s physical absence
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# Anne Beatts
**Anne Beatts** (February 25, 1947 -- April 7, 2021) was an American comedy writer.
## Early life {#early_life}
Beatts was born in Buffalo, New York, to Sheila Elizabeth Jean (Sherriff-Scott) and Patrick Murray Threipland Beatts. She has described her parents as \"beatniks.\" Beatts had what has been called an \"aggressive, dark sensibility.\" Growing up in Somers, New York, she later attended McGill University.
It was at McGill University where Beatts discovered the dark humor of Jewish writers J. D. Salinger, Philip Roth, and Bruce Jay Friedman. At this time, Beatts converted to Judaism.
## *National Lampoon* {#national_lampoon}
After graduating from college, Beatts wrote for The Village Voice and *National Lampoon* magazine, a national offshoot of the *Harvard Lampoon*. She co-wrote a parody advertisement for Volkswagen, conceived by Philip Socci, for which the magazine was later sued by the car company. The advertisement stated, \"If Ted Kennedy drove a Volkswagen, he\'d be President today,\" accompanied by a photograph of a VW Beetle floating on a lake (an allusion to Kennedy\'s Chappaquiddick incident).
During Beatts\' time at *National Lampoon* magazine, she worked with Michael O\'Donoghue. The two became romantically involved, and both joined the creative team of *Saturday Night Live* in the early years of the program.
## Television
At *SNL*, she was nominated for an Emmy five times, winning once. Beatts created the 1982 CBS sitcom *Square Pegs* starring Sarah Jessica Parker and Jami Gertz, and additionally appeared in uncredited guest spots on the early *SNL*. For *Square Pegs*, Beatts hired a staff of five women writers, believing they would be best able to voice the experiences of a teenage girl, but the network compelled her to include a male writer, Andy Borowitz, to connect with a broader audience.
Beatts wrote the book for the 1985 Ellie Greenwich jukebox musical *Leader of the Pack.*
Starting in 1987, she produced the first season of *The Cosby Show* spinoff *A Different World*.
In 2000 she won a Writers Guild Award for Best Comedy/Variety show for her part in writing the *Saturday Night Live: 25th Anniversary Special*.
In 2006, she directed the series *John Waters Presents Movies That Will Corrupt You* with her writing and producing partner, Eve Brandstein, for B-Girls Productions.
In 2007, Beatts served as one of the judges for the online comedy competition *Project Breakout*.
Beatts served as Adjunct Professor in the Writing Division at the University of Southern California\'s School of Cinematic Arts, as well as at Chapman University\'s Dodge College of Film and Media Arts. She also gave private lessons on writing sketch comedy.
## Media portrayals {#media_portrayals}
Beatts was portrayed by Natasha Lyonne in the 2018 Netflix film *A Futile and Stupid Gesture,* and Leander Suleiman in *Saturday Night.* She was profiled in the January 6, 2020, issue of *New York Magazine*.
## Death
Beatts died at age 74 on April 7, 2021, at her home in West Hollywood. She is survived by her daughter, Jaylene Beatts
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# Joey Devine
**Joseph Neal Devine** (born September 19, 1983) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves and Oakland Athletics.
## Baseball career {#baseball_career}
### Atlanta Braves {#atlanta_braves}
Devine was the Braves\' first selection (27th overall) in the first round of the 2005 Major League Baseball draft out of North Carolina State University, where he had set the Wolfpack record for saves with 24 and made the All-Atlantic Coast Conference team three times. After being drafted, Devine spent only two months in the minor leagues, pitching with the Single-A Advanced Myrtle Beach Pelicans and the Double-A Mississippi Braves, before being called up to the major leagues on August 20. He was the first player in his draft class to make his MLB debut.
Devine encountered early struggles once being called up to the major leagues, becoming the first pitcher in major league history to allow a grand slam in each of his first two games. Braves manager Bobby Cox showed faith in Devine, however, by including him on the postseason roster despite his pitching only five innings with the big-league club during the regular season. In the 18th inning of Game 4 of the 2005 National League Division Series, Devine gave up a walk-off home run to Houston Astros rookie Chris Burke to end the Braves\' season.
In `{{mlby|2006}}`{=mediawiki}, Atlanta planned to have Devine start the season at Triple-A Richmond as the closer, but injuries to Horacio Ramírez and Blaine Boyer forced the Braves to call him up along with fellow reliever Ken Ray. Devine struggled once again, however, pitching a total of one inning in two games against the San Francisco Giants and giving up seven runs on five hits, five walks, and two wild pitches. Devine was optioned back to Richmond afterwards, with Peter Moylan serving as his replacement in Atlanta\'s bullpen. Devine was called up again in September and continued to pitch in Atlanta until the end of the regular season. *Baseball America* rated Devine as the Braves\' ninth-best prospect entering `{{mlby|2007}}`{=mediawiki}. Devine spent the majority of the 2007 season at Mississippi, though he was called up by Atlanta several times. On September 22, Devine earned his first major league victory against the Milwaukee Brewers. He finished the 2007 season 1--0 with a 1.08 ERA.
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# Joey Devine
## Baseball career {#baseball_career}
### Oakland Athletics {#oakland_athletics}
On January 14, `{{mlby|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, Devine was traded to the Oakland Athletics along with minor league pitcher Jamie Richmond for center fielder Mark Kotsay. Devine had a breakout season with the Athletics in `{{mlby|2008}}`{=mediawiki}; in 45`{{fraction|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings, Devine gave up just 23 hits, walked only 15, struck out 49, held major-league batters to a .148 BA, and finished with a remarkable 0.59 ERA; the lowest ever in MLB history among pitchers with a minimum of 45 innings since ERA became an official statistic in `{{mlby|1912}}`{=mediawiki}. This record is not officially recognized because the MLB minimum is 50 innings.
Devine missed the 2009 season following Tommy John surgery on his right elbow. The operation was performed Tuesday, April 21, 2009, by Dr. James Andrews on Devine\'s ulnar collateral ligament. On December 2, 2009, Devine, avoided arbitration and agreed to a 1-year contract with the Oakland Athletics.
Devine remained inactive through the 2010 season while still recovering from the surgery. He finally returned to action in 2011. However, after struggling to find control in a flukish spring training game, Joey Devine was sent down to the A\'s Minor League Sacramento River Cats to work out the kinks. He instantly regained his 2008 form and commenced to not allow a single earned run over his first 12`{{fraction|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings, striking out a solid 17, giving up only 4 hits, and walking a mere one batter. He was recalled to the Oakland A\'s Major League Roster on May, 20th 2011.
Devines\' longest streak of innings without yielding an earned run (33.2 innings) was broken on June 3, 2011, due to inherited runs acquired through reliever Brian Fuentes.
After pitching relatively well after his return to the MLB roster in 2011, Devine struggled in late July during his last three outings of that month (Devine attributed control issues to heat and lack of grip during a heat wave in which temps. were over 100 F-change). On July 22, 2011, he walked three consecutive Yankees, throwing a wild pitch behind Brandon Laird to initiate the latter\'s debut major-league at-bat. His control issues lead to his being demoted back to Sacramento River Cats on July 28, 2011, despite the fact that many of the earned runs he had acquired to that point were inherited after he stepped off the mound. Prior to his last three outings, Devine was one of the leading pitchers on Oakland\'s MLB pitching staff statistically: 2.14 ERA and declining, over 9K/9 innings, and high octane pitch speeds of up to 97 MPH, with additional nasty off speed pitch movement in his slider, low hits/outs ratio, hitters average under .200, no homers allowed, and an average walk rate.
It was announced on April 10, 2012, that Devine had undergone his second career Tommy John surgery. Devine was placed on the disabled list for the 2012 season.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
After leaving baseball, Devine worked for a sports agency, earned a degree from NC State while living in Raleigh, North Carolina and worked as a graduate assistant for his former college team.
In 2017, Devine told *The Atlanta Journal-Constitution* that Brian McCann was still one of his closest friends.
, he was married and had three young children
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# Piura province
**Piura** is a province in the Piura Region in northwestern Peru. Its capital, the city of Piura, is also the regional capital. The province is the most populous in the region as well as its center of economic activity.
## Boundaries
- **Northeast** Sullana Province
- **Northwest** Ayabaca Province
- **East** Morropón Province
- **Southeast** Lambayeque Region
- **Southwest** Sechura Province
- **West** Paita Province
## Political division {#political_division}
The Piura Province is divided into ten districts (*distritos*, singular: *distrito*), each of which is headed by a mayor (*alcalde*)
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# Robert John Stewart
**Robert John \"R J\" Stewart** (born 1949) is a Scottish-born composer, author, and teacher. He has written over 40 books on occultism, Ceremonial magic and Celtic mythology. His books include a series on the underworld and faery traditions.
From 1980 to 1988, Stewart wrote two books about Merlin, translating and exploring medieval texts on the topic (now published in one volume as *Merlin: the Prophetic Vision and Mystic Life*, by Penguin Arkana). He also created the *Merlin Tarot*, (HarperCollins) comprising a book and a deck of cards (painted by Miranda Gray) depicting scenes from ancient Merlin texts. This deck and book have been translated into Japanese, French, Italian, and German.
From 1988 to the present, R J Stewart has taught workshops and classes on Celtic and Classical mythological traditions, music and consciousness. In 1993, he co-wrote *Celtic Bards, Celtic Druids*, (Published by Cassell, Blandford Press) with harper and storyteller Robin Williamson, founder of The Incredible String Band. R J Stewart teaches the Faery (Fairy) Tradition which he has explored in the books: Living World of Faery, Earthlight, Power within the Land and the Well of Light. This later book has great relevance for the increasingly important practice of \"Earth Healing\" which has great relevance in our modern-day crisis. As folk musician "Bob Stewart", he made famous a folk instrument of his own design referred to on his albums as a 'concert psaltery'. The instrument is similar to a zither, and has groups of strings laid out left to right, in triad chord groups rather than as chromatic scales. Although this can make the instrument difficult to play at speed, complex chord progressions can be easily interwoven around a basic melody
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# List of Buddha claimants
This is a list of notable people who have claimed to have attained enlightenment and become buddhas, claimed to be manifestations of bodhisattvas, identified themselves as Gautama Buddha or Maitreya Buddha, or been honored as buddhas or bodhisattvas.
## Claimants
- Guan Yu - a Chinese general serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Guan was deified as early as the Sui dynasty and is still worshipped by many Chinese people today, especially in southern China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and among many overseas Chinese communities. He is a figure in Chinese folk religion, popular Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Buddhism, and small shrines to Guan are almost ubiquitous in traditional Chinese shops and restaurants. Many Buddhists accept him as a bodhisattva that guards the Buddhist faith and temples.
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```
- Wu Zetian (Emperor Shengshen of Wu Zhou) - founder of the Wu Zhou dynasty of China and the only legitimate empress regnant in Chinese history. Gained popular support by advocating Buddhism but ruthlessly persecuted her opponents within the royal family (by cutting off their arms and legs and inserting them in jars) and the nobility. She proclaimed herself an incarnation of Maitreya and made Luoyang the \"holy capital\".
- Gung Ye - Korean warlord and king of the short-lived state of Taebong during the 10th century. Claimed to be the living incarnation of Maitreya and ordered his subjects to worship him. His claim was rejected by most Buddhist monks and later he was dethroned and killed by his own servants.
- Nurhaci (Emperor Taizu of Qing) - founder of the Later Jin dynasty of China. Believed he was a manifestation of Manjushri Bodhisattva.
- Lu Zhongyi - the 17th patriarch of the I-Kuan Tao. I-Kuan Tao followers believe that he is the first leader of the \"White Sun\" Era, the era of the apocalypse, thus he is the incarnation of Maitreya.
- Kalki - Many scholars and analysts claimed the Hindu Avatar Kalki as Maitreya.
- Bahá\'u\'lláh - prophet of Persian origin, founder of the Baháʼí Faith stated publicly in 1863 CE that he is the promised Manifestation of God for this age predicted in all prophetic religions of the past. Shoghi Effendi, eldest grandson and authorized interpreter of the sacred writings of Bahá\'u\'lláh and guardian of Baháʼí Faith from 1921 to 1957, identifies Bahá\'u\'lláh as \"the fifth buddha\" and \"a Buddha named Maitreye, the Buddha of universal fellowship\".
- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad - Ghulam Ahmad has claimed many titles he says were given to him by God including being a universal prophet for all religions (including Buddhism). In 1889 he found the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, preaching Islam as a universal faith which came to support the true teachings of all other religions lost over the centuries.
- Jim Jones - leader of the Peoples Temple cult. Jones claimed to be a living incarnation of the Buddha as well as Jesus Christ, Pharaoh Akhenaten, Father Divine and Vladimir Lenin.
- Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh - also known as Acharya Rajneesh from the 1960s onwards, as Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (during the 1970s and 1980s and as Osho from 1989) was an Indian mystic, guru, and spiritual teacher who garnered an international following. Osho later said he became spiritually enlightened on 21 March 1953, when he was 21 years old, in a mystical experience while sitting under a tree in the Bhanvartal Garden in Jabalpur.
- Ariffin Mohammed - founder of the Sky Kingdom. His movement had a commune based in Besut, Terengganu, that was demolished by the Malaysian government in 2005. He also claimed to be an incarnation of the Mahdi, Muhammad, Jesus, and Shiva.
- Lu Sheng-yen - founder and spiritual teacher of the newly created Buddhist lineage called the True Buddha School. Lu claims that in the late 1980s, he had reached enlightenment while training under a formless teacher and that he is an incarnation of Padmakumara, a deity in the Western Pure Land kingdom. He has since then been called by his followers \"Living Buddha Lian Sheng\". Lu has publicly stated that Living Buddha is a literal translation of the Chinese honorific 活佛, Huófó. This is the Chinese equivalent of the Tibetan terms Tulku and Rinpoche, and the Mongolian terms Khubilghan and Khutughtu.
- Ram Bahadur Bomjon (other names Buddha Boy, Maha Sambodhi, Dharma Sangha, Maitriya Guru, Palden Dorje, Tapasvi) - a `{{age|1990|4|1}}`{=mediawiki} year old Nepalese ascetic whom many have hailed as a new Buddha. Naming himself publicly from 2012 as \"Maitriya\" Guru, he and his followers openly claim that he is the awaited Maitreya Buddha. He is a controversial figure currently under investigation for rape, and separately for the disappearance of four of his ashram members.
- B. R. Ambedkar is regarded as a Bodhisattva, the Maitreya, among the Navayana followers. In practice, the Navayana followers revere Ambedkar, states Jim Deitrick, as virtually on par with the Buddha. He is considered as the one prophesied to appear and teach the *dhamma* after it was forgotten, his iconography is a part of Navayana shrines and he is shown with a halo. Though Ambedkar states Navayana to be atheist, Navayana viharas and shrines features images of the Buddha and Ambedkar, and the followers bow and offer prayers before them in practice. According to Junghare, for the followers of Navayana, Ambedkar has become a deity and is devotionally worshipped.
- L. Ron Hubbard - founder of Scientology. Hubbard had claimed he was Maitreya during his lifetime. In his 1955--1956 poem *Hymn of Asia*, Hubbard starts the poem by asking \"Am I Metteyya?\" (an alternate spelling for \"Maitreya\") then listing several matched traits that Hubbard claimed were predicted in the \"Metteya Legend\" (another alternate spelling for \"Maitreya\") such as coming from the West, having golden hair or red hair (Hubbard was red-haired), and showing up in a time of world peril (this poem was written during the Cold War), with the earliest of the predicted dates for Maitreya\'s return being 2,500 years after Gautama Buddha, or roughly 1950 (in 1950, Hubbard published his book *Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health* which introduced the concept of Dianetics, both the book and concept were incorporated into Scientology when he founded the religion). The scholar Stephen A. Kent has noted that these traits were not actually mentioned in the Buddhist texts and some of these are actually *contradicted* by the texts. Kent notes that the Buddhist texts actually say that Maitreya will be born to royalty whose domain is very wealthy, prosperous and with a large population and will have black hair
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# The Crusaders (repeal of alcohol prohibition)
**The Crusaders** was an organization founded to promote the repeal of prohibition in the United States. The executive board consisted of fifty members, including Alfred Sloan, Jr., Sewell Avery, Cleveland Dodge, and Wallage Alexander. They wanted the government to create stronger laws regarding drunkenness.
## Background
The organization was founded in May 1929 as a local Cleveland group under the leadership of Fred G. Clark. They were motivated to start this anti-prohibition campaign because of the St. Valentine\'s Day Massacre in Chicago, an outbreak of violence between rival bootleggers. In the words of the founder, Fred G. Clark, their goal was \"to get the facts about prohibition, and to arouse the nation to demand repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment\" said Clark. Clark would also say that he was personally motivated to organize the Crusaders due to the growing wealth of gangsters and the decline of societal law and order in the United States.
### Prohibition
The Crusaders described themselves as \"temperance men\" who would eliminate alcohol abuse without the problems caused by Prohibition. Because of this, they were criticized by prohibitionists as \"Cork-screw aiders.\" They realized the effects alcohol had on society but instead of altogether prohibiting alcohol, the crusaders advocated temperance. They wanted alcohol to be legal along with everyone being educated about the consequences of alcohol which encouraged temperance and moderation.
#### Why was prohibition introduced? {#why_was_prohibition_introduced}
National prohibition of alcohol (1920--33) was introduced with the hopes of reducing crime and corruption, solving social problems among classes, reducing the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improving health and hygiene in America. Prohibition was also introduced in order to boost supplies of important grains like Barley. Advocates of prohibition believed that alcohol was a cause for many health problems. Alcohol damages the liver, which can lead to people needing liver transplants or dying. Moral health was also called into question. People knew that one could not control their behaviour when they were drunk. Religion, particularly Christianity, was another moral factor that led to prohibition. Many of the organizations that were pushing for prohibition were directly linked to various Christian denominations. This is true, but only if they drink alcohol in large amounts. Lastly, prohibition was introduced because it already existed in a number of states. This made it a lot easier to ban alcohol across the country as some people were already used to not drinking anyway.
#### Why did prohibition fail? {#why_did_prohibition_fail}
Prohibition was repealed in 1933 because of many reasons. One reason was that there was not enough prohibition workers to cover all of the United States and because of this, none were paid very well making most of them become corrupt and easily bribable. Another reason was the rise of organized crime centering around the lucrative smuggling and selling of alcohol. Not many people paid attention to prohibition due to this poor enforcement.
#### Consequences of Prohibition {#consequences_of_prohibition}
There were many consequences of prohibition which led Clark to start The Crusaders. Organized crime flourished, everyday people became criminals (transporting, selling, and consuming alcohol became illegal yet everybody was still doing it and drug consumption rose. The most significant consequence of prohibition was when people started to make homemade alcohol. This was very unsafe because they were using homemade stills and stilling everything organic including couches. This was very poisonous due to the methanol produced when wood is fermented. As more homemade stills became prominent, the government started to add more poison to products such as weed killers (which was what many people were stilling to make beer). They thought this would encourage people to stop stilling their own liquor but instead it killed more people. The government officials turned a blind eye even when 33 people died over a period of just three days in Manhattan due to consuming homemade alcoholic drinks that contained lethal amounts of methanol.
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# The Crusaders (repeal of alcohol prohibition)
## Background
### Predecessors
The predecessor to the Crusaders was an organization known as the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, or AAPA. This national organization formed before the 1920s in an effort to bring "prosperity" back to the United States and "save the constitution" by fighting for the repeal of alcohol prohibition. The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment opposed alcohol prohibition because of its negative aspects, such as bootlegging, drunkenness, and crime. The AAPA thought these national problems could only be solved by striking the 18th Amendment from the constitution, and it blamed alcohol prohibition for the country\'s declining economic state. In order to spread their ideas, the AAPA was very active in nationwide propaganda and had the backing of breweries, wealthy individuals, and various politicians who supported repealing the 18th Amendment. The organization controlled the policies of a large number of American periodicals, and it gave money to politicians and office holders who vowed to spread anti-prohibition propaganda to the people of the United States.
One account of the organization by a proponent of prohibition said its membership was made up of the sons of members of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment. The Crusaders, much like the AAPA, was a temperance-driven group. The group received large-scale publicity in the United States, and it was able to exert a powerful influence through appearances in political conventions, city councils, state legislatures, and National Congress. The Crusaders believed that all people would avoid drunkenness through a proper education, and the organization advocated for legal alcohol with an intensive educational component for all Americans. One author notes that the organization\'s name was a clear expression of the country\'s changing mindset of alcohol righteousness from dry to wet.
The Crusaders along with AAPA, Voluntary Committee of Lawyers, The American Hotel Organization, and the WONPR formed the United Repeal Council. The goal of the United Repeal Council was to integrate repeal into their respective presidential election campaigns. They did this by lobbying at both the national Republican and Democratic Conventions in 1932.
Another account of the Crusaders notes that the Women\'s Organization for National Prohibition Reform, or WONPR, was composed of the wives of the members of the Crusaders. Both organizations held national power and had strong ties in Michigan. Women were not allowed in the Crusaders, but the WONPR and the Crusaders worked together to elect officials who declared themselves in favor of repealing the 18th Amendment, commonly referred to as "wet" republicans.
After the Eighteenth Amendment was repealed, The Crusaders turned to other governmental issues that inhibited proper function of the Federal Government.
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# The Crusaders (repeal of alcohol prohibition)
## Main Goals {#main_goals}
The three major goals of The Crusaders were to 1) repeal Prohibition enforcement legislation by securing a liberal majority in both houses of Congress, 2) repeal the Eighteenth Amendment, and 3) promote temperance and moderation through alcohol education. They did reach most of these goals when twenty first amendment was put into place which repeals the eighteenth amendment forbidding "the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors".
### Actions
The Crusaders used similar tactics as the Women\'s Christian Temperance Union and the Ohio Anti-Saloon League, however the Crusader\'s goals were much more moderate than the previous groups. Women in these organizations marched through the town, stopping at every saloon and praying for the souls of the barkeepers and their patrons. The women also demanded that the owners sign a pledge to no longer sell alcohol. The Crusaders worked very closely with the Women\'s Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR) but The Crusaders were made up of only men mostly under the age of 30. The Crusaders main difference from other temperance organizations was that they wanted drinking moderation through education and through the state government, instead of having the federal government outright ban alcohol.
### Politics
While the Crusaders did work on the national political level, they wanted to focus most of their efforts working on the lower political level across the nation. At the start of 1930, the organization decided to organize young men nationwide. They eventually claimed membership of one million, though the claim is dubious. By January 1930, the Crusaders, drawn mainly from the ranks of the Republican Party, had acquired around 4,000 members in Cleveland, and the group decided to try to expand nationally as an organization dedicated to repealing the 18th Amendment. A goal of the Crusaders was to recruit upwards of ten million numbers, but this goal was never achieved. The organization had serious financial problems by the fall of 1931 and was never significant nationally. In Michigan, it drew its membership largely from the ranks of young, male Republicans and worked to elect \"wet\" Republicans to offices at all levels of government.
### Propaganda
The Crusaders published a magazine called *The Hot Potato*, the name of which was meant to describe how prohibition was a political issue that politicians could not handle. The organization endorsed no candidate in the presidential election of 1932.
The Crusaders also issued an anti-prohibition token. This served as both a \"good luck\" token of the general sort, as well as a political piece in the crusade to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment. The notation of \"5 Cents\" is likely just to refer to the traditional \"5 Cent Beer\" and not to serve as a merchant token, as it carries no specific merchant advertisement.
The Crusaders printed their cause on billboards, cars, posters, magazines, and anywhere else that it could be seen. Most of their propaganda consisted of comic book-like advertisements or simply \"Repeal the 18th Amendment\"
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# All or none
**All or none** (**AON**) is a finance term used in investment banking or securities transactions that refers to \"an order to buy or sell a stock that must be executed in its entirety, or not executed at all\". Partial execution is not acceptable; the order will execute \"only if there are enough shares available in a single transaction to cover it\".
AON orders are similar to fill or kill (FOK) orders, but the former focuses on \"complete vs. partial fulfillment\", whereas the latter hinges on the immediacy of the transaction.
## Example
If you place an AON order requesting 100 shares of JKL Co. at \$2, your stockbroker will not fill that order unless they can obtain the entire 100 shares at \$2; if JKL Co. shares are in such high demand that there are only 50 shares available for purchase, then you must wait until the entirety of your order, 100 shares, is available for purchase.
## Disadvantages
Price inflation is the main disadvantage of AON orders.
Continuing with the previous example, let\'s say that three months later, your broker informs you that all 100 shares of JKL Co. are now available for purchase, but the stock price doubled from \$2 to \$4. Since you did not cancel this AON order, you are then forced to buy all the 100 shares of JKL Co. at double the price you intended. Using a limit order in conjunction with the AON order will prevent this from happening
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# Stefanie Zweig
**Stefanie Zweig** (19 September 1932 -- 25 April 2014) was a German Jewish writer and journalist. She is best known for her autobiographical novel, *Nirgendwo in Afrika* (*Nowhere in Africa*) (1995), which was a bestseller in Germany. The novel is based on her early life in Kenya, where her family had fled to escape persecution in Nazi Germany. The film adaptation of the novel (2001) won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Her books have sold more than seven million copies, and have been translated into fifteen languages.
## Background and career in journalism {#background_and_career_in_journalism}
Zweig was born in Leobschütz, Germany (now Głubczyce, Poland). She is not related to the Austrian writer, Stefan Zweig \[1881-1942\]. She and her parents, being Jewish, fled to Africa in 1938 to escape persecution in Nazi Germany. They went from a prosperous urban life in Breslau (now Wrocław) to a poor farm in Kenya; Zweig was five years old. Paul Vitello writes in his obituary that, \"The parents endured grinding work and bouts of depression. Stefanie, who had been withdrawn, blossomed into a venturesome, Swahili-speaking teenager.\" In 1941, the family received a postcard from Zweig\'s grandmother saying, \"We are very excited, we are going to Poland tomorrow\". Zweig\'s father explained that the grandmother was being sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp, which was operated by the German occupiers of Poland. She and many others were murdered there. Zweig attended an English boarding school while in Kenya, which was a British colony at the time. Zweig\'s father became a British soldier during World War II (1939--1945), when Britain was fighting Germany and the other Axis powers, but in 1947 he took his wife, daughter and infant son back to Germany.
The family\'s original home had been in Upper Silesia, which was in the east of prewar Germany. After the war, most of the region became part of Poland and the German residents had to move. Zweig\'s father had been offered a position as a judge in Frankfurt in western Germany. His appointment was part of the \"denazification\" of the judicial system in postwar Germany; only Germans without connections to the Nazi party could serve as judges. Zweig was enrolled in the Schiller School in Frankfurt. Having become primarily an English speaker in Kenya, she needed to relearn German. She later wrote, \"Learning German so that I could read and write and get rid of my English accent took me a couple of months; the assessment as to which is my mother-language is still going on. I count in English, adore *Alice in Wonderland*, am best friends with Winnie-the-Pooh and I am still hunting for the humour in German jokes.\"
After her graduation from the Schiller School in 1953, Zweig started a career as a journalist. She worked for a time as an intern and then an editor for the Offenbach section of *Abendpost*, a tabloid newspaper which served the Frankfurt region. From 1959 to 1988 Zweig worked in Frankfurt for *Abendpost* and its successor *Abendpost/Nachtausgabe* \[*Evening Post/Night Edition*\]j. She directed the arts section (\"Feuilleton\") from 1963. *Abendpost/Nachtausgabe* folded in 1988, after which Zweig became a freelance journalist and writer. Hans Riebsamen wrote in 2012 that \"In retrospect, both Zweig and her readership can be happy that *Abendpost/Nachtausgabe* folded in 1988.\"
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# Stefanie Zweig
## Literary career {#literary_career}
While working for *Abendpost*, Zweig wrote a number of children\'s books, commencing with *Eltern sind auch Menschen* \[*Parents are people too*\] (1978). Her first African novel was the novel for young adults *Ein Mundvoll Erde* \[*A Mouthful of Earth*\] (1980). It describes an infatuation with a Kĩkũyũ boy; the book won several awards, including the Glass Globe of the Royal Dutch Geographical Society.
Zweig explained in an interview that the success of *Ein Mundvoll Erde* encouraged her to write her first novel for adults. She said, \"I thought to myself, \'You really are a fool to waste all your life in a children\'s book, why don\'t you tell the true story?\'\" *Nirgendwo in Afrika* \[*Nowhere in Africa*\] appeared in 1995. Zweig described it simply as \"the story of a courageous father who taught his daughter not to hate.\" The autobiographical novel recounts the Redlich family\'s life in Kenya from their arrival from Germany in 1938 until their return to Germany in 1947. The book was a bestseller in Germany, and launched a writing career that extended over another dozen novels. Zweig\'s next novel, *Irgendwo in Deutschland* \[*Somewhere in Germany*\] (1996), is a sequel describing the Redlich family\'s life in Germany from their return in 1947 until the death of the father from heart failure in 1958.
Zweig subsequently published the \"Rothschildallee\" series of four novels that appeared from 2007 to 2011; Zweig\'s family home in Frankfurt had long been on this street. In 2012 she published her memoir, *Nirgendwo war Heimat: Mein Leben auf zwei Kontinenten* \[*Nowhere was Home: My Life on Two Continents*\].
In all Zweig\'s books have sold over seven million copies and have been translated into fifteen languages. The 2002 film adaptation of *Nirgendwo in Afrika* was written and directed by Caroline Link. It won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the German Film Award for Best Fiction Film, and several other prizes. While the film attracted international attention to Zweig, she was not directly involved in its making. Marlies Comjean has translated two of her novels, which appear in English as *Nowhere in Africa* and *Somewhere in Germany*; see the bibliography below. In addition to these books, Zweig had continued her work as a journalist, and up to 2013 was writing a column *Meine Welt* \[*My World*\] for the newspaper *Frankfurter Neue Presse*.
Zweig died on 25 April 2014 after a short illness. Her partner Wolfgang Häfele predeceased her in 2013. She had chosen to be buried in the *Neuer Jüdischer Friedhof* \[New Jewish Cemetery\] in Frankfurt
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# Black Sunday (novel)
***Black Sunday*** is a 1975 novel by American writer Thomas Harris.
The novel is a thriller about a plot by terrorists to commit mass murder during the Super Bowl in New Orleans, and law enforcement efforts to stop them. Harris wrote the novel after watching the 1972 Munich Olympics hostage crisis, where members of the Black September Organization took Israeli athletes hostage and murdered them.
It was the first novel by Harris, and achieved only moderate success until it was sold to Hollywood. The 1977 film adaptation was a moderate critical and financial success, and sparked interest in the novel. *Black Sunday* is one of the two books by Harris not to involve the serial killer Hannibal Lecter. In his introduction to a new printing of the novel in 2007, Harris states that the driven, focused character of terrorist Dahlia Iyad was an inspiration for and precursor to Clarice Starling in his later Lecter novels.
## Plot
Michael Lander is a pilot who flies the Aldrich Blimp over NFL football games to cover them for network television. He is also secretly deranged by years of torture as a prisoner of war in Vietnam, a bitter court martial on his return, and a failed marriage. He longs to commit suicide and to take with him as many as possible of the cheerful, carefree American civilians he sees from his blimp each weekend.
Lander conspires with Dahlia Iyad, an operative from the Palestinian terrorist group Black September, to launch a suicide attack using a bomb composed of plastique and a quarter million flechettes, housed on the underside of the gondola of the blimp, which they will detonate over Tulane Stadium during a Super Bowl between the Miami Dolphins and the Washington Redskins. Dahlia and Black September, in turn, intend the attack as a wake-up call for the American people, to turn their attention and the world\'s to the plight of the Palestinians.
American and Israeli intelligence, led by Mossad agent David Kabakov and FBI agent Sam Corley, race to prevent the catastrophe. They piece together the path of the explosives into the country, and Dahlia\'s own movements.
In a spectacular conclusion, the bomb-carrying blimp is chased by helicopters as it approaches the packed stadium. The blimp manages to crash into the stadium, causing mass panic and destruction, but Kabakov\'s helicopter manages to pull the blimp out of the packed stadium just seconds before the weapon detonates over the Mississippi River. The explosion kills hundreds, including Kabakov, but thanks to their efforts they manage to prevent the death of tens of thousands more people.
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# Black Sunday (novel)
## Film adaptation {#film_adaptation}
In 1977, a film was made based on the novel starring Robert Shaw and Bruce Dern and directed by John Frankenheimer. The following is a list of elements of the novel that were changed for the movie:
- The Super Bowl is moved from a fictional matchup between Miami and Washington in New Orleans\' Tulane Stadium (the two teams had met in a Super Bowl in the 1970s, but that was Super Bowl VII which took place at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum) to the actual Super Bowl X between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Dallas Cowboys in Miami\'s Orange Bowl.
- The fictional \"Aldrich\" blimp in the novel, is replaced by the genuine Goodyear blimp in the film.
- Moshevsky is not killed in the novel, and is the last character depicted as he boards his flight back to Israel.
- Kabakov and Agent Corley are both killed in the explosion of the blimp in the novel, but both survive in the film.
- Mohammed Fasil is arrested and Moshevsky brings him to be tried for his masterminding of the Munich Massacre at the end of the book. In the film, Fasil is killed by Kabakov when his Miami location is discovered.
- The novel states that \"the final casualty list totaled 512\", including 14 deaths at the stadium. The movie implies that, while there were certainly injuries and probably deaths in the stadium during the panicked chaos when the blimp was flown in, the dirigible was dragged quickly and far enough away from the location to ultimately explode all of its deadly ordnance into the Atlantic Ocean and not cause casualties there
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# The Crimea (band)
**The Crimea** were a British indie band, formed in 2002 and based in Camden, London. *The Guardian* has described the Crimea\'s songs as \"mini-epics\" that reduce frontman Davey MacManus to \"spasms of jerking anguish\". The Crimea released three studio albums over 11 years, finally disbanding in 2013.
## History
Prior to the formation of The Crimea, Davey MacManus (vocals, brother of DJ Annie Mac) and Owen Hopkin (drums) were in The Crocketts from 1996 to 2001. Following The Crocketts breakup, MacManus and Hopkin formed the Crimea in 2002 along with Joe Udwin (bass), Andrew Stafford (keys) and later Andrew Norton (guitar) and Tara Blaise (backing vocals).
The Crimea had early success with their first singles played frequently on BBC Radio 1 by John Peel in 2002, featuring on his Festive Fifty chart and recording a Peel session in January 2003. Their debut album Tragedy Rocks was self\--released in 2004 and, following a showcase at the 2004 SXSW Festival, were signed to Warner Bros Records in the USA, re-releasing the album and a number of singles.
The re-released \"Lottery Winners on Acid\" single entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 31 and received Single of the Week on the Colin Murray and Edith Bowman show on BBC Radio 1, along with a performance on *Top of the Pops*.
Having left the Warner Bros label in 2006, the band continued to self-release records, including album *Secrets of the Witching Hour* in 2007 as a free download, receiving significant press attention for the - at the time - novel distribution method. They also saw single \"Loop a Loop\" used for a Trident Gum television advert.
The Crimea have toured with artists including Regina Spektor, Billy Corgan, Kings of Leon, Travis, Primal Scream, Stereophonics, Ash, Snow Patrol and Modest Mouse
The band has also previously included Julz Parker (guitar) and guest vocalists Regina Spektor, Tywanna-Jo Baskette and Annie Mac.
### *Square Moon* and Breakup {#square_moon_and_breakup}
The Crimea\'s third and final studio album was released on 29 July 2013 as a double album containing 22 songs, jointly by Alcopop and Lazy Acre Records. In an interview with: \"God is in the TV\", singer Davey MacManus spoke of his plan to go to Dieplsoot, a slum in South Africa to start a children\'s home. He has completed a nursing degree, and when volunteering in a clinic at a day centre for abused, sexually abused, orphaned, HIV and TB kids in 2012, he felt compelled to return and try to open a children\'s home, in order to protect the more at risk and sicker children he encountered.
Having previously announced their breakup on 2 July 2013, the band\'s final live show was performed at the Jazz Café in London on 30 July 2013, and were joined by former guitarist Julz Parker and vocalist Tara Blaise.
## Discography
### Albums
- Tragedy Rocks (2004 - Self-release)
- *Tragedy Rocks* (2005 - Warner Bros)
- *Secrets of the Witching Hour* (2007)
- *Square Moon* (2013)
### Singles
- \"Lottery Winners on Acid\" (November 2002 -- UK self-released)
- \"White Russian Galaxy\" (June 2003 -- UK self-released)
- \"Baby Boom\" (November 2003 -- UK self-released)
- \"Lottery Winners on Acid\" (9 January 2006 -- UK Warner) UK No. 31
- \"White Russian Galaxy\" (April 2006 -- UK Warner) UK No. 51
- \"Baby Boom\" (August 2006 -- UK Warner)
Note: The 2006 \"Lottery Winners on Acid\", \"White Russian Galaxy\" and \"Baby Boom\" singles are not re-issues, but new recordings with new b-sides
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# Norteño (band)
**Norteño** is a Canadian \"Tango nuevo\" quintet from Ottawa, Ontario. It consists of Pierre-Paul Provencher (bandoneon), Laurie Rosewarne (piano), Geneviève Petit (violin), Rémi Barrette (electric guitar), and Tobias Meis (double bass).
## History
Norteño was started by Pierre-Paul Provencher and Laurie Rosewarne in 1993. Norteño plays a lot of music by Ástor Piazzolla, as well as some of Provencher\'s compositions in his style: tango nuevo, which is a fusion of tango and jazz.
In 2003, Norteño released an album entitled *Milonga d\'automne*.
Norteño performed at the Montreal International Jazz Festival in 1996, as well as some concerts at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa. The group performed at the Ottawa Jazz Festival in 2007
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# Luis Alicea
**Luis René Alicea de Jesús** (born July 29, 1965) is a Puerto Rican former Major League Baseball second baseman and coach.
Alicea played for the Kansas City Royals, Texas Rangers, Anaheim Angels, St. Louis Cardinals and Boston Red Sox. He played college baseball for the Florida State University Seminoles with his brother Edwin under head coach Mike Martin.
Alicea played 13 seasons, during which he played in 1,341 games. He was a career .260 hitter, with 47 home runs and 422 runs batted in. He had a lifetime .346 on-base percentage, and a .369 slugging percentage. He ranked in the top 5 in triples three times in his career (1992, 1997, 2000).
In 12 career postseason games, Alicea batted .267, with a .371 on-base percentage.
## St. Louis Cardinals {#st._louis_cardinals}
He was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the first round (23rd pick) of the 1986 amateur draft. He made his major league debut in a 12--9 Cardinals loss to the New York Mets on April 23, 1988. Starting at second base and batting eighth, Alicea went 1-for-4 with a triple, a walk and a run scored in his debut. He hit .212 with one home run and 24 RBI in 93 games with the Cardinals that season.
Alicea spent the next few seasons in the minor leagues before returning to the big leagues with St. Louis in `{{By|1991}}`{=mediawiki}, hitting .191 without a single RBI in 56 games. Despite his struggles, the Cardinals brought him back to the big leagues in `{{By|1992}}`{=mediawiki} and he hit .245 with a pair of homers and 32 RBI in 85 games. He continued to improve as, in `{{By|1993}}`{=mediawiki}, Alicea hit .279 with three home runs and 46 RBI, stealing 11 bases in 12 attempts, over 115 games. Despite a drop in playing time in `{{By|1994}}`{=mediawiki}, Alicea set a then-career high in home runs with five while hitting .278 with 29 RBI in 88 games.
## Boston Red Sox {#boston_red_sox}
On December 7, 1994, he was traded to the Boston Red Sox for Jeff McNeely and Nate Minchey. He played one season with the Red Sox, batting .270 with six homers and 44 RBI. Alicea was one of a few Boston players to perform well in the `{{By|1995}}`{=mediawiki} American League Division Series against the Cleveland Indians. He hit .600 (6-for-10) with a double and home run as the Red Sox were swept in three games.
## St. Louis Cardinals, second stint {#st._louis_cardinals_second_stint}
Alicea was waived by the Red Sox, returning to the Cardinals on a one-year, \$500,000 contract on March 19, 1996. He hit .258 with five home runs and 42 RBI in 129 games for St. Louis.
## Anaheim Angels {#anaheim_angels}
In January `{{By|1997}}`{=mediawiki}, Alicea signed a one-year deal with the Anaheim Angels, taking over at second base for Randy Velarde. In 128 games with the Angels, Alicea hit .253 with five home runs and 37 RBI, stealing a career-high 22 bases.
## Texas Rangers {#texas_rangers}
In December 1997, Alicea signed a two-year, \$1.5 million deal with the Texas Rangers. In his first season in Texas, Alicea hit .274 with six home runs and 33 RBI in 101 games. In `{{By|1999}}`{=mediawiki}, he hit .201 with three homers and 17 RBI in 68 games with the Rangers.
It was in `{{By|2000}}`{=mediawiki} that he had his best season establishing career highs with a .294 average, 85 runs, 159 hits, and 63 RBI.
## Kansas City Royals {#kansas_city_royals}
He played his last two seasons with the Kansas City Royals before retiring following the `{{By|2002}}`{=mediawiki} season. In `{{By|2001}}`{=mediawiki}, Alicea hit .274 with four home runs and 32 RBI in 113 games. In his final big league campaign, he hit .228 with a homer and 23 RBI in 94 games.
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# Luis Alicea
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
After his playing days ended, he managed the Lowell Spinners in `{{By|2004}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{By|2005}}`{=mediawiki} and was skipper of the Greenville Drive in `{{By|2006}}`{=mediawiki}.
On November 29, 2006, Alicea was named by the Red Sox as their first base coach, taking over for Bill Haselman. He served in this position through the `{{By|2007}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{By|2008}}`{=mediawiki} seasons. On October 22, `{{By|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, Alicea was told by manager Terry Francona that he was not going to be offered a contract for `{{By|2009}}`{=mediawiki}.
Alicea was then hired by the New York Mets to be their first base coach for the `{{By|2009}}`{=mediawiki} season. On October 5, 2009, after the Mets\' dismal 70--92 season, they announced that Alicea would not return to the Mets coaching staff in the 2010 season
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# Conscious Alliance
**Conscious Alliance** is a national 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization based in Boulder, Colorado committed to supporting communities in crisis through hunger relief and youth empowerment.
## Organization
Conscious Alliance operates grassroots food collection and hunger awareness programs throughout the United States, primarily by organizing food drives at concerts and music events in exchange for limited edition concert posters. Donations to Conscious Alliance benefit America\'s local food pantries and economically isolated Native American Reservations. Conscious Alliance has hosted hundreds of food drives at music festivals including Bonnaroo, Power to the Peaceful, and Wakarusa, and at concerts by artists such as The String Cheese Incident, STS9, Jack Johnson, Michael Franti & Spearhead, Dave Matthews, Phil Lesh, Bassnectar, and many others
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# Arent van Curler
**Arent van Curler**, later **van Corlaer**, (1619 or 1620 - 1667) was the grandnephew of Kiliaen van Rensselaer. In 1637 Rensselaer commissioned him as his secretary and accountant at Rensselaer\'s patroonship Rensselaerswyck in the Dutch colony of New Netherland.
## Life
As time went on, Rensselaer began to suspect that Van Curler was neglecting his management duties to engage in the fur trade. Dominie Johannes Megapolensis reported that van Curler had built a fine house and was drinking more than occasionally. In the summer of 1642, Van Curler began to develop a large farm, located on the west side of the Hudson, four miles above Fort Orange, in an area called \"de Vlackte\".
In August 1642, French Jesuit missionary Isaac Jogues was captured by the Mohawk and brought to their village of Ossernenon. Hearing of this, Van Curler visited the \"first castle\" and attempted to ransom Jogues, but without success as the Mohawk were not inclined to release him at that time. In the autumn of 1643, the Mohawk were persuaded to bring the priest with them when they came to Beverwijck to trade. Once there, van Curler helped Jogues to escape, hiding him his barn until a deal could be reached and the Frenchman put on a ship to take him downriver to New Amsterdam. In 2011 the Colonie Historical Society and the town historian were working on an interpretive sign for Schuyler Flatts Park to commemorate this.
The ransoming of Jogues brought a change in how the Mohawk treated captives. The following year Jesuit missionary François-Joseph Bressani was brought to Fort Orange to be ransomed for a substantial price in trade goods, for which the Dutch later sought reimbursement from the French.
Also in 1643, Van Curler married the widow of Jonas Bronck, Teuntie Joriaens, also known as Antonia Slaaghboom, and the couple settled in Beverwijck, near Fort Orange. In 1663 he had a son by Anneke Schaets, daughter of Gideon Schaets, the dominie of Beverwijck.
In 1662, he founded the city of Schenectady on land he purchased from the Mohawks. He was known for his fair dealings with the Indians, negotiating disputes and arranging for captives to be freed. He also fathered a child with a Mohawk woman, possibly before his marriage to Teuntie Joriaens. For many years the Mohawks called the governors of New York \"Corlaer\", using his name as a title, because of the high regard in which they held him.
In 1666 he aided De Courcelle, governor of New France, who ran into difficulties while on an expedition to the Mohawk Valley, supplying the French with provisions. In 1667, on a trip to Quebec at the invitation of Governor de Tracy he drowned in Lake Champlain when his boat overturned in Perou Bay during a storm.
The Hotel Van Curler in Schenectady, built in 1925 -- now Elston Hall of Schenectady County Community College -- was named after Arent van Curler. Van Corlaer Elementary School, built in 1914 on Guilderland Avenue in Schenectady, is also named after him. In the birthplace of van Curler, Nijkerk, two districts and two schools named after him
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# Clemens
**Clemens** is a Late Latin, German, and Dutch masculine given name and a surname, meaning \"merciful\".
Notable people with the name include:
## Surname
- Adelaide Clemens (born 1989), Australian actress
- Andrew Clemens (1857--1894), American folk artist
- Aurelius Prudentius Clemens, 4th century Roman poet
- Avery Jae Clemens, Australian model and social media influencer
- Barry Clemens (born 1943), American basketball player
- Bert A. Clemens (1874--1935), American politician
- Brian Clemens (1931--2015), British screenwriter and television producer
- Clayton Clemens, American Professor of Government
- Christopher Clemens, American astronomer
- Dan Clemens (1945--2019), American politician
- Gabriel Clemens (born 1983), German darts player
- George T. Clemens (1902--1992), American cinematographer
- Harold W. Clemens (1918--1998), American politician
- C. Herbert Clemens (born 1939), American mathematician
- Isaac Clemens (1815--1880), Canadian farmer and politician
- Jacob Clemens non Papa (c. 1510 to 1515--1555 or 1556), Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance
- James Clemens (disambiguation), multiple people
- Jean Clemens (1880--1909), youngest daughter of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain)
- Jeremiah Clemens (1814--1865), U.S. senator and novelist
- Joachim Clemens (1931--2018), German politician
- Josef Clemens (born 1947), German bishop
- Joseph Clemens (1862--1936), American missionary and plant collector
- Joseph Clemens of Bavaria (1671--1723), German archbishop
- Kellen Clemens (born 1983), American football player
- Koby Clemens (born 1986), American baseball player
- Kody Clemens (born 1996), American baseball player
- Marcus Arrecinus Clemens (disambiguation), multiple people
- Martin Clemens, British World War II soldier and Solomon Islands coastwatcher
- Mary Strong Clemens (1873--1968), American botanist and plant collector
- Mazie E. Clemens (1890s--1952), American journalist and WWI war correspondent
- Olivia Langdon Clemens (1845--1904), wife of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain)
- Orion Clemens (1825--1897), brother of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain)
- Paul Clemens (born 1988), American baseball player
- Pierre Clemens (born 1970) Belgian visual artist
- Roger Clemens (born 1962), American baseball player
- Mark Twain, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835--1910), American author
- Sherrard Clemens (1820--1881), American politician and lawyer
- Titus Flavius Clemens (consul), great-nephew of the Roman Emperor Vespasian and (as Flavius Clemens) a saint in the Greek Orthodox Church
- William Clemens (film director) (1905--1980), American film director
## Given name {#given_name}
- Clemens (rapper), (born 1979), real name Clemens Legolas Telling, Danish rapper, singer, music writer, actor
- Clemens (impostor) (died c. 15 AD), ancient Roman
- Clemens Alexandrinus (Clement of Alexandria, c. 150--c. 215), Christian theologian
- Clemens Arnold (born 1978), German field hockey player
- Clemens Baeumker (1853--1924), German historian of philosophy
- Clemens Bollen (born 1948), German politician
- Clemens Brentano (1778--1842), German poet and novelist
- Clemens Denhardt (1852--1929), German explorer of Africa
- Clemens Fritz (born 1980), German footballer
- Clemens Maria Hofbauer (1751--1820), patron saint of Vienna
- Clemens Holzmeister (1886--1983), Austrian architect
- Clemens Kalischer (1921--2018), German-American photographer
- Clemens von Ketteler (1853--1900), German diplomat
- Clemens Klotz (1886--1969), German architect
- Clemens Krauss (1893--1954), Austrian conductor
- Clemens Rehbein (born 1992), German musician
- Clemens August Graf von Galen (1878--1946), German count, Bishop of Münster, and Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
- Clemens von Pirquet (1874--1929), Austrian scientist and pediatrician
- Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony (1739--1812), Saxon prince, Archbishop-Elector of Trier, Prince-Bishop of Freising, Prince-Bishop of Regensburg and Prince-Bishop of Augsburg
- Clemens Westerhof (born 1940), Dutch football manager
- Clemens Wilmenrod (1906--1967), German television cook
- Clemens Winkler (1838--1904), German chemist
## Fictional characters {#fictional_characters}
- Dr
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# The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror
***The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror*** was a reprint anthology published annually by St. Martin\'s Press from 1988 to 2007. In addition to the short stories, supplemented by a list of honorable mentions, each edition included a number of retrospective essays by the editors and others. The first two anthologies were originally published under the name *The Year\'s Best Fantasy* before the title was changed beginning with the third book.
For most of its run, the series was edited by Terri Windling and Ellen Datlow, with Windling primarily responsible for the \"fantasy\" portion of the content and Datlow for the \"horror\" portion. From the 16th edition (covering works first published in 2003), Windling\'s role was taken by the team of Kelly Link and Gavin Grant. The cover art for every edition was done by Thomas Canty. In 2009, it was announced that there would be no 2009 edition. Ellen Datlow is now editing *The Best Horror of the Year* published by Night Shade Books.
## Volumes
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy: First Annual Collection* 1988
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy: Second Annual Collection* 1989
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Third Annual Collection* 1990
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Fourth Annual Collection* 1991
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Fifth Annual Collection* 1992
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Sixth Annual Collection* 1993
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Seventh Annual Collection* 1994
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Eighth Annual Collection* 1995
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Ninth Annual Collection* 1996
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Tenth Annual Collection* 1997
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Eleventh Annual Collection* 1998
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Twelfth Annual Collection* 1999
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Thirteenth Annual Collection* 2000
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Fourteenth Annual Collection* 2001
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Fifteenth Annual Collection* 2002
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Sixteenth Annual Collection* 2003
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Seventeenth Annual Collection* 2004
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Eighteenth Annual Collection* 2005
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Nineteenth Annual Collection* 2006
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Twentieth Annual Collection* 2007
- *The Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror: Twenty-First Annual Collection* 2008
## The Year\'s Best Fantasy: First Annual Collection {#the_years_best_fantasy_first_annual_collection}
- \"Buffalo Gals, Won\'t You Come Out Tonight\" - Ursula K. Le Guin
- A World Without Toys - T. M. Wright
- DX - Joe Haldeman (poem)
- Friend\'s Best Man - Jonathan Carroll
- The Snow Apples - Gwyneth Jones
- Ever After - Susan Palwick
- My Name Is Dolly - William F. Nolan
- The Moon\'s Revenge - Joan Aiken
- Author\'s Notes - Edward Bryant
- Lake George in High August - John Robert Bensink
- Csucskári - Steven Brust
- The Other Side - Ramsey Campbell
- Pamela\'s Get - David J. Schow
- Voices in the Wind - Elizabeth S. Helfman
- Once Upon a Time, She Said - Jane Yolen (poem)
- The Circular Library of Stones - Carol Emshwiller
- Soft Monkey - Harlan Ellison
- Fat Face \[Cthulhu Mythos\] - Michael Shea
- Uncle Dobbin\'s Parrot Fair \[Newford\] - Charles de Lint
- The Pear-Shaped Man - George R. R. Martin
- Delta Sly Honey - Lucius Shepard
- Small Heirlooms - M. John Harrison
- The Improper Princess \[Enchanted Forest\] - Patricia C. Wrede
- The Fable of the Farmer and Fox - John Brunner
- Haunted - Joyce Carol Oates
- Dead Possums - Kathryn Ptacek
- Pictures Made of Stones - Lucius Shepard (poem)
- Splatter: A Cautionary Tale - Douglas E
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# Bobby Baun
**Robert Neil Baun** (September 9, 1936 -- August 14, 2023) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League for 17 seasons from 1956 to 1973. His nickname was \"**Boomer**\".
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Baun played junior hockey with the Toronto Marlboros of the Ontario Hockey Association from 1952 to 1956, winning the Memorial Cup in 1955 and 1956. After turning professional, Baun played most of the 1956--57 season with the Rochester Americans, the Toronto Maple Leafs affiliate in the American Hockey League. They would be the only minor league games Baun would ever play. He was called up to the Leafs during the season and played in Toronto for the next 11 seasons, winning the Stanley Cup in 1962, 1963, 1964, and 1967.
Baun was one of the hardest and cleanest hitters of his time. He was not considered an offensive threat as a defenceman, never scoring more than 20 points in a season in the NHL. His highest single-season goal total was eight in 1959--60. However, Baun is remembered for his performance in game six of the 1963--64 NHL season Stanley Cup finals against the Detroit Red Wings. On April 23, 1964, having fractured his ankle earlier in the game, he returned in overtime and scored the game-winning goal to even the best-of-seven series at 3-3. The Leafs won the next game 4--0 to secure their third consecutive Stanley Cup championship.
Baun developed a reputation for understanding the business side of playing in the NHL in the years before there was a players\' union. Eventually, other players sought Baun\'s advice about their contracts and salaries, which eroded his relationship with Leafs\' general manager Punch Imlach. That relationship deteriorated even further when Baun was a holdout for the 1965--66 season. Baun eventually got a raise, but Imlach never forgot it. A series of injuries further dimmed Imlach\'s enthusiasm for Baun. In 1966--67, Baun suffered a broken toe. Imlach replaced him with Larry Hillman and Baun saw little ice time after that. He was mostly an observer from the bench for the Leafs\' 1967 Cup victory, and refused to participate in the celebrations. Before the next season, Baun was left unprotected in the 1967 NHL Expansion Draft, and was selected by the Oakland Seals. Baun was one of four members of the Memorial Cup-winning Marlboros teams from the mid-1950s to play for the Seals, but the team struggled badly on the ice, particularly on offence, finishing the year with the worst record in the league. Baun asked to be traded back to an Original Six team, and Oakland accommodated his request, dealing him to the Detroit Red Wings in May 1968. Baun played in Detroit for two years but early into the 1970--71 season he found himself at odds with coach Ned Harkness, and was placed on waivers. From there, he was claimed by the Buffalo Sabres, managed by Imlach, who immediately traded him to the St. Louis Blues. Baun refused to report to St. Louis and nine days later was traded back to the Maple Leafs for Brit Selby.
The Leafs benefited from Baun\'s defensive play, helping Jacques Plante to record a 1.88 goals against average in 1970--71. Baun was just as effective the next season. In the fifth game of the 1972--73 season, he suffered a neck injury after a hit from Mickey Redmond that ended his NHL career at the age of 36.
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# Bobby Baun
## Post-Playing Careers {#post_playing_careers}
Baun retired as a player and ran a cattle farm, but three years later, he was hired as head coach of the Toronto Toros of the World Hockey Association. Mike Nykoluk, another member of the Marlboros in the mid-1950s, had been the team\'s first choice, but he turned the job down. Playing for the Toros were three of Baun\'s former Leaf teammates: Frank Mahovlich, Paul Henderson, and Jim Dorey, as well as future NHL stars Mark Napier and Vaclav Nedomansky. But the Toros under Baun had a disastrous year, finishing the 1975--76 season with the worst record in the league. The Toros even finished 11 points behind the Minnesota Fighting Saints---a team that had folded with 21 games left to play in the season. Baun was replaced as coach after the season.
He returned to farming - he\'d been \"hands-on\" with 800 hectares near Pickering before coaching. "Don't call me a gentleman farmer," he told sportswriter Paul Hunter in 2004. "I had manure on my boots."
Owner of three Tim Horton's donut franchises (he lent Tim some start-up cash and claimed to have sold Horton on the drive-through concept), Baun's store at Highway 2 and White's Road in Pickering did the most business in 1987 of 400 outlets in the fast-food chain.
During and after his career, Baun also kept busy as a car salesman, hotel/restaurant owner, real estate agent, and insurance company manager.
Baun said he realized his talent for salesmanship back in his Cub Scout youth on the Prairies. When Apple Day came along, Baun had polished his for three days for the best presentation. He saved enough money by age 15 to buy a Cadillac.
\"My other careers were a learning experience, sometimes profitable, sometimes not, but I would not trade any of that,\" Baun wrote in his autobiography. \"But in honest reflection, what has affected my life the most was that goal I scored on April 23, 1964.\"
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# Bobby Baun
## Baun and the NHL pension plan {#baun_and_the_nhl_pension_plan}
In the 1980s, Baun organized an NHL alumni association and began an investigation into the NHL\'s pension plan. The plan had been touted to players as the best in professional sports, but after playing in 17 NHL seasons, Baun\'s pension was only \$7,622 a year. Baun received little support from other players, and eventually gave up. Problems with the pension plan were later uncovered through an audit backed by Carl Brewer.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
On June 1, 2007, Baun was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws from the University of Ontario Institute of Technology for his work on and off the ice. He resided in Ajax, Ontario.
In 2010, Baun was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Baun was the grandfather of former professional hockey player Kyle Baun, who played five games in the NHL.
Baun died on August 14, 2023, at the age of 86.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Regular season
------------ --------------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1952--53 Toronto Marlboros OHA-Jr. 16 1
1953--54 Toronto Marlboros OHA-Jr. 59 2
1954--55 Toronto Marlboros OHA-Jr. 47 3
1954--55 Toronto Marlboros M-Cup --- ---
1955--56 Toronto Marlboros OHA-Jr
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# Killing of Elza Kungayeva
**Elza Kungayeva** (also known as **Kheda Kungayeva**, alternatively spelled **Kungaeva**; 1982 -- 27 March 2000) was an 18-year-old Chechen woman abducted, beaten, murdered, and allegedly raped by Russian Army Colonel Yuri Budanov during the Second Chechen War.
On March 27, 2000, Elza Kungayeva was forcibly taken from her home in Chechnya, abused and murdered. On February 28, 2001, the Rostov District Military Court began the trial of Col. Yuri Budanov for Kungayeva\'s murder. It was one of the first cases in which Russian authorities promptly and publicly acknowledged a war crime perpetrated by Russian federal forces against civilians in Chechnya.
## Overview
On the night of March 26--27 at about 1 a.m., the commander of division 13206 Colonel Y.D. Budanov arrived in the village of Tangi-Chu in the Urus-Martan district of the Chechen Republic on armored personnel carrier (APC) no. 391 together with servicemen Sergeant Grigoriev, Sergeant Li-En-Shou, and Private Yegorov. On the orders of Col. Budanov, his subordinates forcibly took citizen Elza Kungayeva from house no.7 on Zarechni Lane and drove her to the division\'s encampment on the APC. Around 3 a.m. Budanov strangled Kungayeva in trailer 131 that was allegedly Budanov\'s quarters. On the orders of Col. Budanov, Pvt. Yegorov, Sgt. Li-En-Shou and Sgt. Grigoriev took the body of Kungayeva and buried her in a forested area near the encampment. Around 10 a.m. on March 28, 2000, Kungayeva\'s body was exhumed.
A forensic medical report, a copy of which was obtained by Human Rights Watch (HRW), cited a military procurator\'s report that on March 27 at 1 a.m., Budanov took Elza Kungayeva, a civilian, from her home in Tangi-Chu and brought her to a military encampment. The forensic examiner concluded that Kungayeva was beaten with a hard object, and strangled at about 3 a.m. The report cited marks on her neck, the condition of her blood vessels, the tone of her skin, and the condition of her lungs. It found that other injuries such as bruising found on her face, her neck, her right eye, and her left breast were inflicted by a blow with a \"blunt, hard object of limited surface,\" which occurred approximately one hour before her death.
Russian military authorities first publicly accused Budanov of murdering Kungayeva, torturing and subsequently indicted him only on charges of murder, kidnapping, and abuse of office, in which he was accused of using torture.
## The events of March 27 {#the_events_of_march_27}
Visa Kungayev, Elza Kungayeva\'s father, said that between midnight and 1 a.m. on March 27, 2000, a loud noise woke the Kungayeva family. An armored personnel carrier (APC) drove up to their house on the outskirts of the village of Tangi-Chu, carrying three Russian soldiers, and their commander, Colonel Budanov. Kungayev warned his five children and went to his brother\'s nearby home to seek help.
According to the Kungayev family, armed soldiers entered the Kungayev house. Budanov stood in the corridor while two soldiers entered the bedroom and others guarded the house. First they brought Kungayev\'s younger daughter, Khava, out of the room, but when she screamed, Budanov reportedly said, \"Let her go, take that one.\" The soldiers then brought out the eldest daughter, Elza, took her outside, and drove her away in the APC. Visa Kungayev then returned to his house, only to be told by his children that Elza Kungayeva had been taken by the soldiers. Kungayev\'s brother, a neighbor, said the APC bore the number 391. Many have reported that Budanov was drunk at the time.
Later on March 27, a group of villagers obtained permission from local Russian forces to travel to Urus-Martan, seven kilometers away, to search for Kungayeva. They believed she might have been taken to one of two detention facilities run by federal forces in that town. Two witnesses told Human Rights Watch that a federal commander in Urus-Martan told the villagers that Kungayeva had been raped by drunken men and was dead.
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# Killing of Elza Kungayeva
## Aftermath
The military responded immediately to Kungayeva\'s murder, promptly taking Budanov into custody, and assisting the Kungayeva family; they also condemned Budanov at the highest levels, without awaiting the outcome of a court proceeding. Federal soldiers returned Kungayeva\'s body to her family on the evening of March 28, 2000, Major-General Alexander Verbitskii told villagers that Budanov had raped and then strangled Kungayeva, and promised that justice would be severe and swift. Budanov told the court he believed that Kungayeva was a Chechen sniper and that a fit of rage had come over him as he interrogated her.
Top Russian military officials in the Chechnya war attended Kungayeva\'s funeral on March 29, 2000, including Colonel-General Valery Baranov, acting commander of the United Group of Forces in Chechnya at the time, Maj.-Gen. Valery Gerasimov, acting commander of the Western Group of Forces, and his deputy, Maj.-Gen. Verbitskii. Kungayev said that the generals were very helpful, paid for the funeral, asked for his forgiveness, and expressed sympathy.
### Official investigation {#official_investigation}
Visa Kungayev told Human Rights Watch that initially the investigation seemed satisfactory. He reported meeting with investigators in Tangi-Chu and in Urus-Martan and reported that investigators also questioned family members and villagers. Kungayev\'s lawyer said that the investigation established that no members of the Kungayeva family were fighters. However, after six months had passed, Kungayev worried that the investigation had stalled, and sent petitions to the federal military procuracy, the general procuracy, and the Duma, expressing concern about the apparent halt to the investigation and urging that it continue. In October 2000, Kungayev learned that the charges against Budanov did not include rape, and became especially concerned about the investigation at that point.
When he spoke with HRW in early February 2001, after authorities had closed the investigation, Kungayev expressed shock and regret that Budanov had not been charged with rape. \"They took away the most important charge,\" he said. Kungayeva\'s reaction to the failure to prosecute the rape of his daughter may reflect the view common in Chechnya that rape ruins the honor not only of the victim but of her extended family. For this reason, rape is considered by some a crime worse than murder.
Budanov was convicted of kidnapping, murder, and abuse of power and sentenced to 10 years in prison for the murder of Elza Kungayeva. He was also stripped of his military rank and his Order of Courage. In January 2009, Budanov was released early from jail---a move that angered human rights activists.`{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Killing of Elza Kungayeva
## Murder of Kungayeva family\'s attorney {#murder_of_kungayeva_familys_attorney}
On January 19, 2009, the attorney for the Kungayev family, Stanislav Markelov, was shot and killed when leaving a press conference he held in Moscow. Yuri Budanov was released in mid-January, 15 months earlier than his original release date, and Markelov announced at the press conference that he planned to file an appeal to keep Budanov in prison. A freelance journalist with *Novaya Gazeta*, Anastasia Baburova, was also killed with Markelov. A criminal investigation found that the murders were associated with Markelov\'s prosecutions of neo-Nazis.
## Murder of Yuri Budanov {#murder_of_yuri_budanov}
On June 10, 2011, Yuri Budanov, the man convicted of Elza Kungayeva\'s murder, was shot dead in central Moscow by an unidentified assailant as he left a notary office on Komsomolsky Prospekt, a busy avenue in the capital. Budanov had been released from prison 17 months earlier, in a move that angered human rights activists. Police said his killer and an accomplice fled in a Mitsubishi Lancer, which was later found less than a kilometer away from the crime scene. A pistol and silencer had been left inside the vehicle. A police source said the killing was "obviously a contract hit."
On 7 May 2013, Yusup Temerkhanov was convicted by a jury of Budanov\'s murder and sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment. According to investigation, Temerkhanov\'s motive was revenge for his father, who was killed in 2000 during the Second Chechen War. Temerkhanov denied any involvement and pleaded not guilty. He died while serving his sentence in a penal colony in Siberia in August 2018
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# Vince Lia
**Vince Lia** (born 18 March 1985) is an Australian professional football (soccer) player who plays for Essendon Royals in the National Premier Leagues Victoria 3.
Born in Shepparton, Lia played youth football in Victoria before making his senior debut with South Melbourne in the National Soccer League. He spent one season with Fawkner-Whittlesea Blues in 2005 before joining Melbourne Victory in 2005 to play in the newly formed A-League. Lia next spent a decade at Wellington Phoenix, making over 200 appearances for the club in all competitions. He returned to Australia in 2017, signing with Adelaide United. He had a brief spell at Perth Glory in 2020.
Lia represented Australia numerous times at youth level, including at the 2003 FIFA U-20 World Cup and 2005 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Melbourne Victory {#melbourne_victory}
Lia spent the early stages of his professional career in the NSL at South Melbourne. He then moved on to Melbourne Victory where he spent two years as a fringe player, albeit winning a championship.
### Wellington Phoenix {#wellington_phoenix}
Lia moved to the Wellington Phoenix in 2007. Lia scored his first ever A-League goal in a 1--1 draw against his former club, Melbourne Victory, in the 58th minute on 24 November 2007. Lia missed the entire 2008--09 A-League Season due to a knee injury suffered in pre-season, requiring a full reconstruction. On 20 October 2009, Lia extended his contract with the Wellington Phoenix until the end of 2012.
### Adelaide United {#adelaide_united}
After a successful trial, Lia was given a one-year deal with Adelaide United for the 2017--18 season. He made his A-League debut for the club on 13 October 2017 in a 2--1 win over Brisbane Roar. A week later, Lia scored both goals for Adelaide in a 2--2 draw against Melbourne Victory, his former club.
### Perth Glory {#perth_glory}
Following a number of injuries to Perth Glory\'s defence, the club signed Lia for the remainder of the 2019--20 A-League season. Lia was released by Perth Glory at the end of the 2019--20 A-League.
### Altona Magic {#altona_magic}
In February 2021, Lia joined Altona Magic.
## International career {#international_career}
Lia captained the Australian U-20\'s at the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship
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# Leonardo World (Canadian TV channel)
**Leonardo World** was a Canadian category 2 Italian language digital cable television channel wholly owned by Telelatino Network Inc. The channel broadcast programming related to Italian arts and culture including cuisine, fashion, travel, and more. It was a Canadian version of the Italian channel, Leonardo World.
## History
In December 2000, Telelatino Network was granted approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch *Sitcom Canada*, described as *\"a national ethnic Category 2 specialty television service directed to Italians/Italian-speaking audiences. The programming will be primarily sourced from existing European thematic satellite services operated by the Sitcom Spa group including its news and information, travel, lifestyle, motoring and Italian design services.\"*
The channel launched in June 2005 initially on Vidéotron as **Leonardo World** in a package marketed as Super Trio Italiano with 2 other newly launched Telelatino channels, SKY TG24 and Video Italia.
On September 11, 2007, Vidéotron discontinued carriage of Leonardo World and on September 18, 2007 the remaining carriers, Rogers Cable and Mountain Cablevision discontinued carriage of the service. In Telelatino\'s message posted on its website, they noted that they were \"disappointed\" with the decisions of the distributors to drop the channel, along with some of the others in the Super Trio Italiano package, suggesting it was not Telelatino\'s decision to discontinue the service, rather it was a lack of interest from distributors. The unease of the providers would prove correct, as the domestic Italian version of the channel ended a year later
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# Robert Barra
**Robert D. \"Bob\" Barra** (born February 1, 1960) is a Republican who was elected to serve the 21st district of the New York State Assembly in November 2000. Because of redistricting due to the census, Assemblyman Barra became the Assembly member from the newly formed 14th Assembly district.
Barra received a B.A. degree in communication and journalism from Hofstra University in 1982. He has worked for the Nassau County Department of Commerce, the North Hempstead Town Board, the Nassau Board of Elections, former congressman David A. Levy, and the Nassau Republican Party. He was an aide to state senator Dean Skelos at three different times between 1996 and 1999.
From 1991 until 1997, Barra served on the Lynbrook Village Board of Trustees. In 1999 he was appointed to the Hempstead Town Board. He was unable to win re-election due to the change of how board members were elected; up until that point, Hempstead Town Board members were elected at-large, instead of using the district system that is in place today.
Barra became a member of the New York State Assembly in January 2001. He stepped down from the Assembly at the end of 2010.
He lives in Lynbrook, New York, with his wife Celeste and two daughters: Alexandra and Erica
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# Interception (water)
**Interception** refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead intercepted by the leaves, branches of plants and the forest floor. It occurs in the canopy (i.e. canopy interception), and in the forest floor or litter layer (i.e. forest floor interception ). Because of evaporation, interception of liquid water generally leads to loss of that precipitation for the drainage basin, except for cases such as fog interception, but increase flood protection dramatically, Alila et al., (2009). Intercepted snowfall does not result in any notable amount of evaporation, and most of the snow falls off the tree by wind or melts. However, intercepted snow can more easily drift with the wind, out of the watershed. Conifers have a greater interception capacity than hardwoods. Their needles gives them more surface area for droplets to adhere to, and they have foliage in spring and fall, therefore interception also depends on the type of vegetation in a wooded area.
Mitscherlich in 1971 calculated the water storage potential as interception values for different species and stand densities. A storm event might produce 50 -- 100 mm of rainfall and 4 mm might be the maximum intercepted in this way. Grah and Wilson in 1944 did sprinkling experiments where they watered plants to see how much of the intercepted is kept after watering stops.
Trees like Norway maple and a small-leaved lime have an interception of approximately 38% of the gross precipitation in temperate climate.
The interception depends on the leaf area index and what kind of leaves they are.
Interception may increase erosion or reduce it depending on the throughfall effects
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# Shearsby
**Shearsby** is a rural village in the English county of Leicestershire. Shearsby is in the Harborough district around nine miles due south of Leicester and north east of Lutterworth. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 240.
## History
In the early 17th century the Vicar of St Mary Magdelene, and Rector of Knaptoft was John Moore, a Puritan who wrote *A Mappe of Man\'s Mortalite* in 1617 and often struggled to maintain his principles against the authorities within the Church of England. In November 1604 he was brought before the ecclesiastical court for nonconformity, refusing to wear the surplice, and summoned a further four more times in 1605. He was finally discharged by the court in \'hope of conformity\'.
Not long after the Inclosure Act 1773, it was recorded that 1,100 acres of land in and around Shearsby belonged to the lord of the manor, George Turvile, esq. It was during this time that a local printer and author, John Nichols, noted whilst visiting the church of St Mary Magdalene that four church bells were stood in the church chancel. He was to learn that one of these bells originated from the nearby ruined church of Knaptoft, and that this bell (whilst in transit to the church in Aylestone, Leicester) was appropriated from its cart by the local villagers while the Aylestone tenants (charged with transporting the bell) stopped to take a drink in the village. On realising the situation, the Aylestone tenants had to leave the village empty handed.
## Shearsby Spa {#shearsby_spa}
The Bath Hotel outside the village of Shearsby between the main Leicester-Northampton road (now the A5199) and Bruntingthorpe is the site of a holy well that was converted into a spa during the first half of the 19th century. The waters were held to be helpful in treating various ailments. Analysis of the mineral content revealed the major constituents to be sodium sulphate and sodium chloride. Treatment at the spa continued well into the late 1920s as Leicestershire\'s last spa. Today the \'Bath Hotel and Shearsby Spa\' (`{{gbmappingsmall|SP621900}}`{=mediawiki}) is what remains of the site.
## Buildings
One of the characteristics of the village is the locally hand-made bricks used to build some of the old cottages, which can be identified by their variation in size and shape. There is one Grade II\* listed and 8 Grade II listed structures in Shearsby. These include: Cobblestones, Back Lane; Woodbine Cottage, Main Street; Rose Cottage, Mill Lane; and a Milepost, 500 yards north of Shearsby Road (`{{gbmappingsmall|SP624915}}`{=mediawiki}). On Church Lane there is Bean Hill Farmhouse and garden wall, Limetree Cottage, Yeomans Cottage, Wheathill Farmhouse and Little Wheathill. The Church of St Mary Magdalene is a Grade II\* Listed building.
## Sport and leisure {#sport_and_leisure}
**Shearsby Valley Lakes** is an established coarse fishery centre which includes four lakes, a tackle shop and licensed cafe on site off Saddington Road.
**Shearsby cricket**: It is not known when Shearsby first took to the field, but a match report in the Leicester Chronicle show\'s Shearsby winning against Broughton Astley on a match dated 29 August 1870. Today, Shearsby fields an occasional Sunday friendly XI side against neighbouring village teams in and around the area.
## Links
- [Shearsby Parish Council - History of Shearsby](https://www.shearsbyparishcouncil.gov.uk/history.html)
- [History of Shearsby](https://www.shearsbyparishcouncil.gov.uk/uploads/shearsby-village-history-lv
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# Eryngium yuccifolium
***Eryngium yuccifolium***, known as **rattlesnake master**, **button eryngo**, and **button snake-root**, is a perennial herb of the parsley family native to the tallgrass prairies of central and eastern North America. It grows from Minnesota east to Ohio and south to Texas and Florida, including a few spots in Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware.
## Name
The common name \"rattlesnake master\" is attributed to early European pioneers erroneously believing the plant to be an antidote for rattlesnake venom based upon Native Americans\' various medicinal uses of the plant. The species name *yuccifolium* \"yucca-leaved\" was given because its leaves resemble those of yuccas.
## Description
The leaves are stiff, long and narrow with a sharp tip, 15 -- long but only 1 -- broad. They are bluish-green, and covered in a waxy coating. On the edges are regularly spaced bristles or spines. The root system consists of a central taproot surrounded by thick fleshy fibrous roots.
It grows up to 1.8 m tall, with 10--40 dense, ball-shaped umbels of flowers produced at the top of each stem. Each of these condensed umbels is 1 -- in diameter, resembling flowerheads. Individual flowers in the umbels are small, 3--4 mm in diameter, with greenish-white or bluish-white petals and a faint honey-like scent. Underneath each flower is a spiny green bract, and underneath each flower cluster is a small star-like rosette of spiny bracts. The flowers are produced in July and August.
After the flowerbuds open, the pollen matures and is released two to three days before the stigmas become receptive. This encourages cross-pollination by making it unlikely that a given flower\'s pollen will fertilize the stigma of the same flower. Rattlesnake master has unusually high seed set (close to 90%).
## Ecology
In remnant natural areas, *Eryngium yuccifolium* is fairly intolerant of anthropogenic disturbance. It readily establishes when planted in prairie restorations.
The flowers attract many insects, including short and long-tongued bees, flies, beetles, and butterflies, but most numerous of all are wasps. It is a larval host to the rare rattlesnake-master borer moth (*Papaipema eryngii*).
## Cultivation
It is sold by native plant nurseries for prairie or native meadow restoration and for gardens and landscapes. It does best with full sun and well-drained soil, with a pH range from 5-7.5. It can die from root rot if the soil stays wet or moist for too long. Once planted it is best left undisturbed and never dug up and reset as with many perennials because it develops a large taproot and other thick, fleshy roots. It often self-sows a little to a good amount in gardens. When planted from seed, a period of cold-moist stratification is required.
## Uses
Fibers of rattlesnake master have been found as one of the primary materials used in the ancient shoe construction of midwestern Native Americans
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# Luzbel
**Luzbel** is a heavy metal band from Mexico founded in 1982 by Raul Fernandez Greñas (lead guitar), Antonio \"la Rana\" Morante (bass guitar), Jorge Cabrera (vocals), Hugo Tamez (drums) and Fernando Landeros (guitar). They were signed to Warner Music in 1985. Luzbel is best known during the 1980s and 1990s for songs like *Holocausto*, *2pm* ,*\'Por piedad, La Gran Ciudad, Pasaporte Al Infierno, Paradoxa, Juegos De Pasion, Utopia, Souvenir, Plegaria De Un Loco, Te Posereé, El Tiempo De Odio, Del Infierno, El Errante, El Loco, Íncubo*and the metalhead hymn *Advertencia.*
## History
Their first demo, called *El Comienzo*, included songs from Raul Greñas\' previous band, Red. Guitarist Raúl Fernández founded Red in England and it had a hard rock-influenced Motörhead style and a little peer voice of Ian Gillan. The songs were published in 1995 including songs with Jorge Cabrera on vocals, LP, tape, and then CD officially in projecting releases such as *Father\'s son*, *La Magia Está En El Aire* and *Holocausto*.
In 1985, as part of the birth of Comstock subsidiary of WEA label Warner Music now, Luzbel was chosen among other groups to record their first official material, the acclaimed EP *Metal Caído Del Cielo*. The guitar work was simply outstanding and showed characteristics of a musician of the highest caliber. Raúl immediately established a fan base. Singer Arturo Huizar also developed a metal fan base in Mexico for a generation.
*Pasaporte al inferno* was recorded early in 1986. The lineup included Alejandro Vasquez on drums. The classics *Pasaporte al Infierno*, *Por Piedad*, and *Hijos Del Metal* were inscribed in the annals of rock and roll history and to this day continue to be some of Luzbel\'s best work.
In 1987, the unexpected happened and Huizar left the band due to health issues that included a minor throat problem. He was replaced by Juan Bolaños, and a third album called *Luzbel* was the result. This was the last album for the band under the Warner Music label. Luzbel takes on more fierce themes in the lyrics in the album. Bolaños\' wider vocal range, attitude, a more wile contributed a new lyrical style and the band expanded its fan base.
In 1990, with Hugo Tamez on drums and Francisco Yescas on the second guitar, Luzbel recorded the album \"Again\" under an indie label. Luzbel focused on attracting a wider market and along with the new songs, they recorded a cover of the Beatles\' track \"For No one\". Bolaños brought powerful lyrics to the mix and it included one of Luzbel\'s greatest ballads, \"souvenir\"; however reception was cool among its hardcore followers and the distribution of this record was somewhat limited.
In 1994, Huizar joined Luzbel again and adds Coda bass player Zito Martinez. This formation yielded the album \"La Rebelión De Los Desgraciados\" which was produced with Sony music. This album contained the singles: \"Generacion Pasiva\", \"Contrato Suicida\" and \"Resucitando El Sentido\". They were eventually republished under the label \"Denver\" with a new cover. The combination Huizar/Greñas met very high expectations from Luzbel followers, however, the record was very different from the early Luzbel style and found itself facing, like many other hard rock and metal bands did, an era dominated by grunge and alternative rock.
Luzbel\'s last public appearance was in a late-night television talk show hosted by Victor Trujillo (also known as Brozo). Raúl Fernández Greñas announced Luzbel was on a hiatus to explore new musical adventures. Luzbel\'s last period work appeared on the market, under the form of a compilation called \"The Best of Luzbel\" (1998) with new remasters of the three albums that were made during its time under Warner Music.
In 2000, several Mexican heavy metal bands decided to record an album in tribute to Luzbel. Bands included; Agora, The Garrobos, Calvaria, and Anabantha.
In 2004, the band was reformed under the name \"Luzbel\", with Juan Bolaños on vocals, guitar Raul Greñas, Paco Rock on the second guitar, Armando \"Magnus \" Boland on drums and Daniel Kano on bass. This was for a small period of activity of the original band Luzbel.
And in 2006, they released a double live album called: \'Otra vez en Vivo Desde El Infierno!!!\', by fans from the famous Mexico City \"Tianguis Cultural Chopo\" made of mostly bootlegs.
Raul Greñas announced on their official Facebook page that \"Luzbel Official Mexico\" was the kickoff of a new tour for 2013 with a new lineup and album. There is a free download for Kirieleison under the new lineup, which includes:
- Raul Fernandez Greñas: Guitars
- Mike de la Rosa: (former) Singer
- Vic Mata y Nava: Bass
- Jorge Curiel: Drums
The first presentation of this revival was on February 28, 2013, at the Teatro Aldama in Mexico City and began a tour of different cities in Mexico. They had a well-received TV presentation in the show *Animal Nocturno* on Friday, August 9, 2013. The word on the street was: \'Luzbel is back in force\'.
On December 1, 2017, Luzbel announced on their Facebook page that Mike de La Rosa departed from the band in amicable terms. The singer slot is now filled by hard rock veteran vocalist, Mike Gonzalez (Adam, Erógena, Cisma), with whom they recorded a new album at La Rocka Producciones Studios in Mexico City in 2018. The production was done in the format of an EP, to be released in 2019. Details were published on the official Luzbel Facebook page.
The band released their EP on September 10 in both digital and physical formats, under the name of "El Retorno a la Obscuridad". The pre-album contains 4 themes, all made, captured and pre-mixed in México City at La Rocka Producciones studios. Prior to the mastering, the band and their management decided to contact Dan Swanö in order to mix and master the tracks. The tracks from Unisound were delivered sooner than expected with positive feedback from the famous mix engineer. The band had stated that there will be an extension to an LP (long play), which is currently under development.
As of September of 2022, the production for the new album is in progress. All the instrumental and vocal tracks have been laid down for the rough mix. The final tracks were sent to Dan Swanö (Unisound) for mixing/mastering during autumn/winter.
The latest album was launched in June 1st of 2024 on digital platforms, under the name of "Los Hijos de Adán", featuring 11 new songs. The production team is the same as in the successful EP "El Retorno a la Obscuridad". The lineup changed regarding the drums section, making Randy Corona the most recent and youngest member.
## Members
Current lineup:
- Raúl Greñas -- Guitars
- Mike Gonzalez -- Singer
- Humberto Vazquez -- Bass
- Jorge Curiel -- Drums
Previous lineup:
- Juan Bolaños -- Vocals
- Raúl Greñas -- Guitars
- Paco \"Rock\" -- Guitars
- Daniel Kano -- Bass
- Armando \"Magnvz\" Bolaños -- Drums
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# Luzbel
## Past members {#past_members}
- Juan Bolaños -- Vocals
- Guillermo Herrejon -- Vocals 1983
- Jorge Cabrera -- Vocals 1984
- Arturo Huizar -- Vocals (Lvzbel, Raxas (Mex), Transmetal, Huizar, Ultratumba (Mex))
Arturo Huizar (born September 5, 1957) died on April 25, 2020, due to diabetes-related complications at the age of 62.\'\'
- Mike De la Rosa -- Vocals
- Hugo Tamez -- Drums
- Vic Nava y Mata -- Bass
- Jorge Curiel - Drums
- Fernando Laderos -- Guitars
- Paco Yescas -- Guitars
- Zito Martínez -- Bass
- Anthony Marr - Bass
- Antonio \"La Rana\" Morante -- Bass
- Daniel Kano -- Bass
- Alejandro Vázquez -- Drums
- Sergio Lopez -- Drums
- Fernando Landeros -- Guitar
- Hugo Tamés -- Drums
- Armando \"Magnus\" Bolaños -- Drums
- Humberto H Medina -- guitar
- Paco Rock -- guitar
- Andremar Mallet -- Bass
## Discography
- 1.- Whisper Of Death (Demo 1983)
- 2.- Luzbel (Single 1985 Comrock)
- 3.- Metal Caído del Cielo (EP 1985 Comrock -- WEA)
- 4.- Pasaporte al Infierno (1986 Comrock -- WEA)
- 5.- Luzbel (1989 WEA)
- 6.- ¡¿Otra vez?! (1989 Discos Sanchez)
- 7.- La Rebelión de los Desgraciados (1994 Sony Music)
- 8.- El Comienzo (1997 Discos Denver)
- 9.- Regreso Al Origen (2013 Ceiba Records)
- 10.- El Tiempo De Odio (2017 Sade Records)
- 11.- La Gran Ciudad / El Errante (2018 Luzbel Records)
- 12.- El Retorno a la Obscuridad (2019 La Rocka / Sade)
- 13
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# George T. Miller
**George Trumbull Miller** (28 November 1943 -- 17 February 2023) was an Australian film and television director and producer. He directed *The Man from Snowy River*, *The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter*, and *Zeus and Roxanne*.
Miller was born in Edinburgh on 28 November 1943. He started his career in 1966 working for Crawford Productions. \"They trained you to do everything, they\'d throw you in at the deep end to see if you sank or swam,\" he said. \"I was one of the ones who swam -- you wouldn\'t get that training anywhere now.\"
Miller said he was offered to direct *Crocodile Dundee*; but he had to turn it down, because he was going to make another film at the time, which ended up not being made.
Miller died from a heart attack in Melbourne on 17 February 2023, at the age of 79
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# Finast
**Finast** was a retail supermarket brand that started in the northeastern United States, with headquarters in Somerville, Massachusetts. Finast was a syllabic abbreviation for \"First National Stores.\" Commonly referred to as \"The First National\", the stores operated under the First National name for decades, while the Finast acronym was reserved for its store-brand products. Several years later, most of its stores were renamed Finast during a modernization effort.
Finast was incorporated as a merger between three regional chains: M. O\'Keeffe\'s, Inc., the John T. Connor Company, and the Ginter Company. The merger occurred on December 28, 1925, and First National Stores was incorporated. M. O\'Keeffe\'s was the largest of the three companies with 330 outlets in 1922, in comparison with 307 Connor stores and 150 Ginter stores that same year. By the time of the 1925 merger, there were 650 M. O'Keeffe stores throughout New England. Initially concentrated in the Boston area, the chain expanded throughout New England and entered New York and New Jersey. It purchased the Safeway stores in New York City metropolitan area in 1961.
The co-founder and first president of First National Stores was Michael O\'Keeffe, an immigrant from County Clare, Ireland. His son Arthur O\'Keeffe would go onto succeed him as president in 1933, who would later be succeeded by Arthur\'s brother Adrian O\'Keeffe.
The company was purchased by Pick-N-Pay Supermarkets of northeast Ohio in 1978, and the regional headquarters for New England and New York were moved to the distribution center in Windsor Locks, Connecticut, while corporate headquarters were moved to Maple Heights, Ohio. Pick-N-Pay began rebranding the Northeast stores under the Edwards Super Food Store brand. Pick-N-Pay changed its corporate name to First National Supermarkets, Inc. and began rebranding its Pick-N-Pay stores to Finast stores.
One of the largest Finast supermarkets was located in the Cross County Shopping Center in Yonkers, New York. One of the features, as with a few other Finast stores, was the conveyor belt system that allowed customers to drive up to the side of the store and get their grocery bags placed into their cars for convenience.
The Dutch retail food conglomerate Ahold, which had entered the U.S. through its purchase of Bi-Lo Supermarkets in the Southeastern U.S. in 1977, purchased Finast in 1988. Ahold completed the process of converting the last Pick-N-Pay stores to Finast in 1994.
After purchasing the Stop & Shop grocery chain in 1996, Ahold rebranded most of the Edwards stores to Stop & Shop, while divesting the rest because the FTC required the divestiture of approximately 20 stores as part of the acquisition. The remaining Midwest Finast stores were rebranded as Tops Friendly Markets, Ahold\'s Buffalo, New York--based unit at the time. Ahold continued to use the Finast brand on its private-label products in its grocery chains, including Giant-Carlisle. The company eventually phased out the Finast brand in favor of products matching each chain\'s name
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# Charles Nungesser
**Charles Eugène Jules Marie Nungesser** (15 March 1892 -- presumably on or after 8 May 1927) was a French ace pilot and adventurer. Nungesser was a renowned ace in France, ranking third highest in the country with 43 air combat victories during World War I.
After the war, Nungesser mysteriously disappeared on an attempt to make the first non-stop transatlantic flight from Paris to New York, flying with wartime comrade François Coli in *L\'Oiseau Blanc* (The White Bird). Their aircraft took off from Paris on 8 May 1927, was sighted once more over Ireland, and then was never seen again. The aircraft was either lost over the Atlantic or crashed in Newfoundland or Maine. Two weeks after Nungesser and Coli\'s attempt, Charles Lindbergh successfully made the journey, flying solo from New York to Paris in *Spirit of St. Louis*. Monuments and museums honoring Nungesser and Coli\'s attempt exist at Le Bourget airport in Paris and on the cliffs of Étretat, the location from which their plane was last sighted in France.
## Early life {#early_life}
Charles Nungesser was born on 15 March 1892 in Paris and, as a child, was very interested in competitive sports. After attending the École des Arts et Métiers, where he was a mediocre student who nonetheless excelled in sports such as boxing, he went to South America`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}first to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to search for an uncle who could not be located and then to Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he worked as an auto mechanic before becoming a professional racer. His interest in racing soon led him to flying airplanes; Nungesser learned to fly by using a Blériot plane owned by a friend. After he eventually found his missing uncle, he worked on his sugar plantation in the Buenos Aires province.
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# Charles Nungesser
## World War I exploits {#world_war_i_exploits}
### Enlisting in the cavalry {#enlisting_in_the_cavalry}
When World War I broke out, Nungesser returned to France where he enlisted with the 2nd Régiment de Hussards. During one patrol, he and several soldiers commandeered a German Mors patrol car after killing its occupants. This impressed his superiors and he was subsequently awarded the Médaille militaire and granted his request to be transferred to the Service Aéronautique.
### Serving in the Service Aéronautique {#serving_in_the_service_aéronautique}
As a military pilot, he was transferred to Escadrille VB106. While there, in July 1915, he shot down his first plane, a German Albatros, and was awarded the Croix de guerre. This action was the beginning of the Nungesser legend. On 31 July 1915, Nungesser and his mechanic Roger Pochon were on standby duty. The two took off in a Voisin 3LAS despite Nungesser\'s assignment to non-flying duties. In an encounter with five Albatros two-seaters, the French duo shot one down near :Nancy, France. Returning to their airfield, Nungesser was placed under house arrest for eight days for his insubordination. He was then decorated and forwarded to training in Nieuport fighters.
By the time Nungesser left VB106, he had flown 53 bombing missions. He had also emblazoned at least one of the Escadrille\'s planes with his elaborate gruesome personal insignia: the freebooter\'s skull and crossbones and a coffin with two candles.
In November 1915, after retraining, he was transferred to Escadrille N.65 (the 65th Squadron) and was later attached to the famous Lafayette Escadrille, composed of American volunteers. While visiting the Escadrille on one of his convalescent periods recuperating from his wounds, he borrowed a plane and shot down another German aircraft while he was there. By the end of 1916, he had claimed 21 aerial victories.
### Undisciplined at times {#undisciplined_at_times}
Despite being a decorated pilot, Nungesser was placed under house arrest on more than one occasion for flying without permission. He disliked strict military discipline and went to Paris to enjoy its many pleasures (such as alcohol and women) as often as possible. He was a leading fighter pilot whose combat exploits against the Germans were widely publicized in France. Nungesser\'s rugged good looks, flamboyant personality, and appetite for danger, beautiful women, wine, and fast cars made him the embodiment of the stereotypical fighter ace. He would sometimes arrive for morning patrol still dressed in the tuxedo he had worn the night before and even occasionally with a female companion. In contrast to the unsociable but nonetheless top French ace René Fonck, Nungesser was well liked by his comrades. He suffered a very bad crash on 6 February 1916 that broke both his legs and he was to be injured again many times. He was often so hobbled by wounds and injuries that he had to be helped into his cockpit.
### Victories as a fighter ace {#victories_as_a_fighter_ace}
Notwithstanding early setbacks, Nungesser became an ace in April 1916. He was wounded on 19 May 1916 but continued to score victories, a streak that ended once he was wounded again in June. Nevertheless, he finished the year with 21 aerial victories. It was during this time he downed two German aces, Hans Schilling, on 4 December, as well as Kurt Haber on the 20th.
His silver Nieuport 17 plane was decorated with a black heart-shaped field, within which was painted in white a macabre Jolly Roger, a coffin and two candles. He had adopted the title \"The Knight of Death\", paraphrasing the French word *mort* (\"death\"), a play on words for the German Mors vehicle like the one he captured as a cavalryman.
In early 1917, Nungesser had to return to hospital for treatment of injuries but managed to avoid being grounded. He had pushed his score to 30 by 17 August 1917, when he downed his second Gotha bomber. Injuries from a car crash in December got him a month\'s respite as an instructor before he returned to flying combat with Escadrille 65. He still flew a Nieuport (a Nieuport 25), even though the squadron had re-equipped with SPADs. By May 1918, he had 35 victories, including a shared victory each with Jacques Gérard and Eugène Camplan and was eventually raised to Officer of the Légion d\'honneur.
By August 1918, he finally received a Spad XIII aircraft and resumed his winning streak. On 14 August, he shot down four observation balloons for wins 39 through 42. The following day, he shared a win with Marcel Henriot and another pilot and finished the war with 43 official victories, the third highest number among French fliers behind René Fonck and Georges Guynemer.
In his flying career, Nungesser received dozens of military decorations from France, Belgium, Montenegro, United States of America, Portugal, Russia, Serbia and the United Kingdom.`{{specify|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### Wounds and injuries {#wounds_and_injuries}
By the end of the war, a succinct summary of Nungesser\'s wounds and injuries read: \"Skull fracture, brain concussion, internal injuries (multiple), five fractures of the upper jaw, two fractures of lower jaw, piece of anti-aircraft shrapnel imbedded \[sic\] in right arm, dislocation of knees (left and right), re-dislocation of left knee, bullet wound in mouth, bullet wound in ear, atrophy of tendons in left leg, atrophy of muscles in calf, dislocated clavicle, dislocated wrist, dislocated right ankle, loss of teeth, contusions too numerous to mention.\"
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# Charles Nungesser
## Post-World War I activities and disappearance {#post_world_war_i_activities_and_disappearance}
### Work in the film industry {#work_in_the_film_industry}
After the conclusion of World War I in November 1918, Nungesser tried to organize a private flying school but failed to attract enough students. As the post-World War I economic recession had left many World War I aces without a job, he decided to take his chances with cinema in the United States, where the days of heroic flying were a very popular theme. It was when Nungesser was in the U.S. doing the film *The Sky Raider* that he became interested in the idea of making a transatlantic flight and told his friends his next trip to America would be by air.
In 1923, Nungesser became engaged to Consuelo Hatmaker. They married in 1923 and separated in 1926.
### Attempt at aircraft sales {#attempt_at_aircraft_sales}
In late 1923, Nungesser headed up an ill-starred voyage to Havana. Having been invited by the secretary to the President, José Manuel Cortina, when the latter was vacationing in Paris, Nungesser seemed to have assumed he had received an official tender from the Cuban government. At any rate, Nungesser brought four World War I SPADs with him, as well as two fellow veterans. Nungesser based the SPADs with the Cuban Air Corps at Campo Colombia. He then proposed that the Cubans buy forty or more airplanes from him. When the Cuban Army pleaded lack of budget, Nungesser so aggressively importuned the Cuban Congress that the Cuban army Chief of Staff, General Alberto Herrera y Franchi, threatened to throw Nungesser\'s party out of the country. On 10 February 1924, the French ace ended his Cuban sojourn with a fundraising flying exhibition, proceeds going to charity.
### Nungesser disappears {#nungesser_disappears}
François Coli, a navigator already known for making historic flights across the Mediterranean, had been planning a transatlantic flight since 1923, with his wartime comrade Paul Tarascon, another World War I ace. When Tarascon had to drop out because of an injury from a crash, Nungesser came in as a replacement. Nungesser and Coli took off from Le Bourget airport near Paris on 8 May 1927, heading for New York in their *L\'Oiseau Blanc* (The White Bird) aircraft, a Levasseur PL.8 biplane painted with Nungesser\'s old World War I insignia. Their plane was last sighted heading past Ireland and, when they never arrived, the assumption was that their plane had crashed in the North Atlantic Ocean. Two weeks later, American aviator Charles Lindbergh successfully crossed from New York to Paris and was given an immense hero\'s welcome by the French, even as they mourned for the losses of Nungesser and Coli.
Over the years, there have been various investigations to try to determine what happened to Nungesser and Coli. Most believe that the plane came down in the Atlantic due to a rain squall, but the aircraft has never been recovered. The leading alternative theory is that the aircraft may have crashed in Maine.
A report in a French newspaper that Nungesser and Coli arrived safely was followed by a detailed description of the festivities, etc., but all this was a hoax. The anti-American sentiment it generated led to Lindbergh being advised to delay his own flight a few weeks, until the furore and resentment had died down.
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# Charles Nungesser
## Commemoration
Many streets in France are named after Nungesser, usually jointly with Coli.
In 1928, the Ontario Surveyor General named a number of lakes in the northwest of the province to honour aviators who had perished during 1927, mainly in attempting oceanic flights. Amongst them are Nungesser Lake (51.49 N 93.52 W) and Coli Lake (51.32 N 93.59 W).
The town of Gander, NL, Canada has named a street after Charles Nungesser (48.953497, −54.612927). The modern town of Gander was started in late 1950s and most of its streets are named after famous aviators.
## In film {#in_film}
The first American air fighting super production film, *The Dawn Patrol* (1930), featured Nungesser flying himself in his own plane with The Knight of Death emblem on it. The film was released in 1930, well after Nungesser\'s disappearance, but filmed four years earlier. The plane he flew was not a Nieuport 17, as he flew in the war, but a Hanriot HD.1 type. The film, directed by Howard Hawks, became a success due to the many scenes of spectacular dogfighting. A number of other aces of World War I, of various nationalities, have been used to fly planes in similar film productions or airshow demonstrations as well.
Contrary to rumor, Nungesser was not one of the stunt pilots killed during the filming of *Hell\'s Angels* (1930), the epic aviation movie by Howard Hughes.
In 1982, a French film *L\'as des as* (Ace of Aces) starring Jean-Paul Belmondo extensively used many anecdotes from Nungesser\'s life, mostly for comedic effect. In addition to dogfighting, his night life in Paris had become a legend of sorts.
A 1999 Canadian made-for-TV children\'s special movie, *Dead Aviators* (airing on U.S. cable TV as \"Restless Spirits\"), uses the mystery of the disappearance of *The White Bird* as the key plot device. A young girl, who struggles with her pilot-father\'s death in a plane crash years before, visits her grandmother in Newfoundland. While there, she encounters the ghosts of Nungesser and Coli, whose restless spirits constantly relive their own unheralded 1927 crash in a nearby pond. The girl decides to help the pair move onto the afterlife by assisting them in rebuilding their airplane and completing their flight so they may be released and, by doing so, works through her own emotional distress over her father\'s test flight death. The depiction of *The White Bird* and Nungesser\'s crest and dialog references to Nungesser\'s wartime achievements are very consistent with some published accounts.
In the *Young Indiana Jones Chronicles* episode *Attack of the Hawkmen*, Indiana Jones meets Nungesser (played by Patrick Toomey) when Jones, as a Belgian officer, is temporarily attached to the Lafayette Escadrille. Nungesser is depicted as the squadron\'s reckless, flamboyant and charismatic hero, who parties in Paris and duels with the Red Baron. Nungesser flies Jones in and out of Germany in a German biplane to accomplish an undercover spy mission concerning Dutch aircraft manufacturer Anthony Fokker (played by Craig Kelly), who was building new planes like the Fokker Dr.I for Germany\'s war effort
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# Virginia State Route 147
**State Route 147** (**SR 147**) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 13.13 mi from U.S. Route 60 (US 60) in Midlothian east to US 60 in Richmond. In various places, it is known as **Huguenot Road**, **River Road**, **Cary Street Road** and **Main Street**. SR 147 connects Midlothian with the West End of Richmond via the Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River. Within Richmond, the state highway follows Cary Street, a major thoroughfare that connects the city\'s two major universities, the University of Richmond and Virginia Commonwealth University, with Downtown Richmond.
## Route description {#route_description}
SR 147 begins at an intersection with US 60 (Midlothian Turnpike) in Midlothian. The south leg of the intersection is SR 653 (Courthouse Road), which heads south toward Chesterfield Court House. SR 147 heads north as **Huguenot Road**, a four-lane divided highway that heads north through the expansive commercial area that surrounds the SR 147--US 60 intersection. The state highway veers northeast and intersects SR 711 (Robious Road) at the hamlet of Robious. The intersection also includes Norfolk Southern Railway\'s Richmond District rail line, which passes through the center of the junction at-grade. SR 147 parallels the railroad east, then veers northeast through the Bon Air sections of Chesterfield County. The state highway enters the independent city of Richmond just south of its partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 150 (Chippenham Parkway).
SR 147 passes through the Southampton neighborhood of Richmond\'s Southside before meeting Riverside Dr at a partial cloverleaf interchange at the south end of the Huguenot Memorial Bridge, where the highway reduces to a two-lane undivided road. The bridge crosses the James River, CSX\'s Rivanna Subdivision, and the defunct James River and Kanawha Canal east of the remnants of the Westham Bridge, SR 147\'s original crossing of the river. The state highway enters Henrico County at the south shore of the James River. At the north end of the bridge, SR 147 expands to a four-lane divided highway that curves east and intersects River Road just west of the Richmond city limit. River Road provides access to the University of Richmond, including the University of Richmond School of Law and the university\'s athletic complex, which includes Malcolm U. Pitt Field, the Robins Center, and E. Claiborne Robins Stadium.
SR 147 continues east as two-lane undivided **River Road** through Richmond\'s West End. The state highway becomes Cary Street at its intersection with Three Chopt Road in the center of the Rio Vista neighborhood, whose riverfront contains the Wilton House Museum. SR 147 continues southeast through the affluent Windsor Farms neighborhood, which contains the historic, imported homes Agecroft Hall and Virginia House. West of its junction with the western end of SR 197 (Malvern Avenue), the state highway expands to four lanes, which it maintains east to its freeway interchange and crossing of CSX\'s North End Subdivision just west of Thompson Street. The interchange includes ramps to and from southbound SR 76 (Powhite Parkway), eastbound SR 195 (Downtown Expressway), and via Thompson Street, northbound Interstate 195 (I-195) (Beltline Expressway).
At Thompson Street, SR 147 becomes a one-way pair, with eastbound following **Cary Street** and westbound following **Ellwood Avenue** through the Carytown neighborhood, which features the historic Byrd Theatre, the site of the annual VCU French Film Festival. The westbound street\'s name changes to **Main Street** east of the street\'s intersection with SR 161 (Boulevard). As SR 147 passes through the Fan district, Cary Street is paralleled one block to the south by SR 195. The state highway veers east to pass through the campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, then veers southeast into downtown Richmond at its intersections with US 1 and US 301 (Belvidere Street) on the south side of Monroe Park. SR 147 passes through the Commonwealth Club Historic District and by the historic Jefferson Hotel, the Ellen Glasgow House, and the Barret House before reaching its eastern terminus at US 60 two blocks west of the Virginia State Capitol. US 60 enters downtown from the Manchester Bridge on 8th and 9th Streets and turns southeast onto Cary Street and Main Street to pass through Shockoe Slip
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# Kalkatungu
The **Kalkadoon** (properly **Kalkatungu**) are descendants of an Indigenous Australian tribe living in the Mount Isa region of Queensland. Their ancestral tribe has been called \"the elite of the Aboriginal warriors of Queensland\". In 1884 they were massacred at \"Battle Mountain\" by settlers and police.
## Language
Kalkatung belonged to the Kalkatungic branch of the Pama-Nyungan language family, the other being Yalarnnga which was spoken to its south in the area of Djarra, in Queensland. Kalkatungu was spoken around Mount Isa, Queensland. Nothing is known of a third language Wakabunga sometimes thought to have had a genetic relation to the other two.
Remnants of the language collected from the last native speakers by Barry Blake allowed the rudiments of the grammar and the language to be reconstructed. According to Robert M. W. Dixon there is a 43% overlap in vocabulary existed with Yalarnnga but with a different grammar and only 10% percent of verbs cognate. Both have bounded pronouns or traces of them unlike all other languages in the surrounding areas suggesting they represented, until their extinction, a larger block of distinctive languages.
Like many other Aboriginal societies, the Kalkatungu had a sign language. The idea of a large kangaroo, for example, was indicated by joining the tip of the forefinger to the thumb, with all other fingers remaining extended, while flicking the wrist forward (suggestive of the hopping motion). A land snake was indicated by pointing the forefinger, while rotating the wrist and extending one\'s arm outwards.
## Ecology and material/artistic culture {#ecology_and_materialartistic_culture}
The Kalkatungu\'s traditional lands began at the heads of the Cloncurry river across the heads of the Leichhardt and Gregory Rivers, including the Barkly Tableland, the Selwyn ranges and extending south to around Chatsworth, Mount Merlin and Buckingham Downs. To their east and north, were the Mayi-Thakurti (Mitakoodi) of the Cloncurry district, and next to the Maigudung tribe, according to Palmer.
Walter Roth documented in some detail the intensity of indigenous trading passing through the Selwyn Range and Kalkatungu lands from Boulia to Cloncurry, which formed a transit point for exchanges of everything from the native medical anaesthetic and narcotic stimulant, pituri, and ochre to stone knives and axes. Over 800,000 stone axe blanks remain strewn over the 2.4 sq.km metabasalt quarry at Lake Moondarra near Mt Isa, attesting to the intensity of Aboriginal manufacturing of trade goods in this Kalkatungu area, with some axes being traded as far distant as 1,000 kilometres.
The Kalkatungu were an early transmission group for the diffusion of the *Mudlunga* (Molonga) ritual dance from the Georgina River. A photo exists of their men in full ceremonial raiment, dated 1895, prepared to perform their version of the dance that, within a few decades, would reach across Australia.
Extensive rock art, with examples of anthropomorphic paintings, has been recorded in the Kalkatungu\'s Selwyn Range homeland.
## Social structure {#social_structure}
The nearby Mayi-Thakurti tribe occasionally reported that the Kalkatungu were split into two major divisions, the *Muntaba* (southern) and the *Roongkari* (western) peoples.
## Mythology
Frederic Urquart, who as a trooper took part in a massacre of Kalkadoon warriors, recounted their myth regarding the origins of fire. It started with a thunderbolt that set the plains on fire, as the tribe were preparing to eat raw meat. The flames swept over the camp site, and the charred meat was found to be tastier. An old woman was sent to track the fire and fetch it back, and brought back a blazing stick. Charged with being the fire-keeper, she loyally watched over it for years, until a flood washed out the camp-fire. She was exiled until she could retrieve the secret of fire and, failing to do so, in rage rubbed two sticks together, a flame kindled, and she won back entry to the tribe.
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# Kalkatungu
## History
The first Europeans to visit the area were explorers Burke and Wills, who crossed the Cloncurry River in 1861. Though their journals make no mention of the tribe, their passing through is said to have been recorded in Kalkatungu oral history, and in their language they coined the term *walpala* (from \"white feller\") to denote Europeans. Three parties sent out to search for Burke and Wills, led respectively by John McKinlay, William Landsborough, and Frederick Walker, passed through the general area, and Walker, former commander of the Dawson native police, shot 12 natives dead, while wounding several more, just to the north east of Kalkatungu territory.
Edward Palmer, described by George Phillips as \"one of that brave band of pioneer squatters who in the early sixties swept across North Queensland with their flocks and herds, settling, as if by magic, great tracts of hitherto unoccupied country\", settled on the edge of Kalkatungu country in 1864, at Conobie, on the western bank of the Cloncurry River. Decades later, he described them as a peculiar people of whom little was known. Palmer was critical of the use of native police, and interested in indigenous tribes. His station lands did not cover any Kalkatungu sacred sites, he did not object to their presence in the vicinity, and found no problem in his relations with the Kalkatungu. He tried to learn their language. Ernest Henry arrived in 1866, discovering, with the assistance of Kalkatungu guides, copper deposits the following year, and founded the Great Australia Mine. He successfully enlisted some Kalkatungu people to work one of these mines. A short attempt at settlement by W. and T. Brown at Bridgewater in 1874 experienced, like Palmer, no difficulties with the indigenous owners of the land.
The Scottish settler Alexander Kennedy then took up land in the area in 1877. He had managed, since his arrival in 1861, to accumulate land holdings of some 4800 sqmi, holding 60,000 cattle, and established himself in a residence he built, called *Buckingham Downs*. Kennedy is thought to have begun the troubles with the native peoples of the area by instigating murderous assaults on the Kalkatung. Iain Davidson describes him as \"the man who led the destruction of the tribes of North West Central Queensland\".
The traditional white heroic narrative version of what then occurred drew on the account provided by Wilmot Hudson Fysh in 1933. According to this version, the Kalkatungu were by nature a hostile and bellicose tribe, exceptionally brave with \"primitive\" military cunning and guerilla-like tactics of strategic withdrawals to the mountains to evade reprisals for their savagery, who were vanquished and broken after a last stand against men like Kennedy who triumphed heroically in pursuing the moral and economic progress of Queensland.
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# Kalkatungu
## Massacre at Battle Hill {#massacre_at_battle_hill}
In December 1878, a settler called Molvo and three of his men were killed near Cloncurry, at the important Wonomo watering hole on Suleiman Creek near Cloncurry, as they camped with their herd. This was the starting point, in indigenous history, for Kennedy and other settlers in the district joining forces with native troops under Inspector Eglinton stationed at Boulia to war down the native tribes of the region. Subsequent to this incident, scores of Kalkatungu in the surrounding hills were shot down.
Over the following years, the Kalkatungu gained a reputation among graziers for tactical wiliness both in resisting police and settler forays against them, and in harvesting cattle found on their lands. Kennedy pulled strings in Brisbane to get reinforcements that might guarantee greater immunity for people and property in the area, and the first Queensland Commissioner of Police D. T. Seymour is said to have given Kennedy a blank cheque to war down the tribe and to have dispatched the aristocratic Marcus de la Poer Beresford, a nephew of the Marquess of Waterford, as new head of the Cloncurry native police unit to that end.
On 24 January 1883, Beresford camped with four of his troopers at Fullarton River in the McKinlay Range. After skirmishing with a group of Kalkatungu, they managed to corral a number, who appeared to give no resistance, into a gully nearby and post a guard over them for the night. Queensland historian Arthur Laurie suggests Beresford\'s error lay in \"stupidly treat(ing) them like cattle\". It is presumed that they had a stash of arms prepared for the occasion, and rose up, and killed Beresford and three of his men. One, though speared in his side, managed to escape and cover the distance, some 20 miles, to Farleigh station the following day. For a year, the Kalkatungu managed to hold sway over their tribal lands, as both settlers and the police felt intimidated by their unbeaten territorial ascendancy. According to an anonymous person writing for the *Queensland Figaro*, nonetheless, sometime towards the end of 1883, the native police \"wilfully murdered eight blackfellows and several gins\" in the area.
In March 1884, Sir Thomas McIlwraith sent Frederic Urquhart, a Sussex immigrant, employed in the Queensland Native Mounted Police Force to handle the crisis. The Kalkatungu are said to have directly challenged him to fight, via a messenger called Mahoni. Urquhart, though based in Cloncurry, set up a forward camp 25 miles outside of the town, on the Corella River.
Urquhart was galvanized into action in August on hearing from a native boy, Jackie, who came in and reported that his employer James White Powell of Calton Hills, some 60 miles west of Cloncurry, at Mistake Creek, had been speared to death. Powell was a partner of Kennedy\'s, and the latter, together with Urquhart and A.F. Mossman from White Hills station buried Powell, with Urquhart composing a poem vowing vengeance:
The group responsible was tracked down to a gorge, where they were feasting on the cattle, and most were mowed down. Over the next nine weeks, settlers and Urquhart\'s police tracked the Kalkadoons relentlessly in a war of retaliation, killing many. In September, a Chinese shepherd from H.Hopkins\'s Granada Station on the Dugald River was speared to death in the foothills of the Argylla Ranges, and it was rumoured he had been eaten by \"cannibals\". Soon afterwards, an estimated 600 Kalkatungu warriors gathered on a rocky outlook to fend off the parties of well-armed settlers, the local constabulary and native troopers. At one point the attackers under Urquhart tried a flanking movement, which caused the assembled Aborigines to charge straight down on them, only to fall in waves under the withering fire of the muskets, called *makini* by the Kalkatungu. 200 are said to have died in this battle. Urquhart himself was knocked out, and this broke the back of organised resistance at a tribal level, and it was often touted that the Kalkatungu had been wiped out. The estimated numbers they lost over six years, from 1878 to 1884, in counter-attacking incursions and the exercise of expropriation over their lands, runs to 900.
## Memorial
In 1984 on the centenary of the massacre a plaque commemorating the Kalkatungu was unveiled by Charles Perkins and George Thorpe a Kalkatung elder, at the Kajabbi bush pub north of Cloncurry. It reads in part:
> This obelisk is in memorial to the Kalkatungu tribes, who during September 1884 fought one of Australia\'s historic battles of resistance against a para-military force of European settlers and the Queensland native Mounted Police at a place known today as Battle Mountain - 20klms \[sic\] south west of Kajabbi.
The Kalkadoon have been commemorated in the name of the Kalkadoon grasswren, a bird with a small territorial range confined to the slopes of the Mt Isa region
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# Greek Picnic
The **Greek Picnic** is an annual week-long event during the month of July in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Originally designed as a reunion celebrating African American college fraternities and sororities, it later gained popularity among a large population that do not attend college due to its various popular social activities. \"Sister\" events also include the Greek Festival in Hampton, Virginia; The Atlanta Greek Picnic in Atlanta, Georgia; The Charlotte Greek Picnic in Charlotte, North Carolina; the Texas Greek Picnic in Houston, Texas, Nashville Greek Picnic in Nashville, Tennessee, the California Greek Picnic in Los Angeles, California and Bikers Week in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.
## History
The Philadelphia Greek Picnic was established in July 1975 at the Belmont Grove in Fairmount Park. The Philadelphia Greek Picnic continues to be the nation\'s oldest reunion for members of the historic nine African-American fraternities and sororities and people who appreciate and understand college and African American Greek-lettered life.
The Philadelphia Greek Picnic is co-sponsored by the City of Philadelphia, the Office of the Managing Director, the Fairmount Park Commission, the Philadelphia Police Department and the National Pan-Hellenic Council Inc. of Philadelphia. It is managed and coordinated by volunteers of the nine organizations wishing to make the entire week-long experience unforgettable based upon the themes of Scholarship, Fellowship and Respect.
No picnic was planned in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. They resumed the next year.
## Popularity
During the early to mid 1990s the picnic grew national notoriety, attracting college students and party-goers from all over the east coast of the United States. The primary festival held in Fairmount Park frequently registered an attendance of 100,000+ people, with another 100,000-200,000 people scattered across the city in support of the events. Also various hip-hop and R&B celebrities can be seen attending the events.
During the week the city receives a large economic boost due to tourism. Hotel and rental-car companies throughout Philadelphia, South Jersey, and Delaware are reserved weeks to months in advance and opportunities for price gouging as the event grows closer are prevalent.
In recent years, the event has grown smaller, quieter and less troublesome to the police as well as attendants due to restructuring by the event organizers
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# Mack Wilberg
**Mack J. Wilberg** (born February 20, 1955) is an American composer, arranger, pianist, conductor, and choral clinician who has been the music director of the Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square (formerly known as the Mormon Tabernacle Choir) since 2008. He was a professor of music at Brigham Young University (BYU) from 1984 to 1999.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Wilberg was born on February 20, 1955, in Price, Utah, and grew up in the nearby town of Castle Dale. Wilberg learned how to play the piano at the age of four. He served as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in South Korea where he was part of New Horizons, a vocal group made up of LDS missionaries.
Wilberg attended BYU after finishing his missionary service, graduating in 1979 with a Bachelor of Music degree in piano performance and composition. He then did graduate study in choral music at the University of Southern California\'s Thornton School of Music, earning both master of music and doctor of musical arts degrees, with a doctoral dissertation researching works written for chorus and piano.
## Career
Wilberg began his career at BYU as a professor of music. Wilberg was a professor of music at BYU from 1984 to 1999, where he directed the Men\'s Chorus and Concert Choir. At BYU, he was a member of the American Piano Quartet, which toured internationally and commissioned many original works, with Wilberg creating many of its arrangements himself.
He was the associate director of the Tabernacle Choir and music director of the Chorale at Temple Square from May 1999 until his appointment as the Choir\'s director on March 28, 2008. Wilberg is a noted composer and arranger, and his works are published by Oxford University Press, including his major work, *Requiem*. His arrangements have been performed at the funerals for United States presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H. W. Bush.
Wilberg\'s numerous choral compositions and arrangements are performed and recorded by choral organizations throughout the world. For many of the works he has written/arranged for the Choir, public performances have involved guests artists invited by the Choir, including Renée Fleming, Frederica von Stade, Bryn Terfel, the King's Singers, Audra McDonald, David Archuleta, Natalie Cole, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Kristin Chenoweth, Madeleine Albright, Walter Cronkite, and Claire Bloom. In 2006, he was awarded the Brock Commission from the American Choral Directors Association.
Wilberg plans and conducts a weekly performance of *Music & the Spoken Word*.
## Family
Wilberg\'s father was part owner of the family\'s coal mine but was killed in a 1964 mining accident, well before the 1984 fire. Wilberg and his wife, Rebecca, are the parents of four children. Rebecca also works with Wilberg as a vocal coach and is a member of the choir school faculty of the Tabernacle Choir
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# Kooralbyn International School
The **Kooralbyn International School** (**TKIS**) is an independent, co-educational, boarding and day school, located in Kooralbyn, about 64 km south of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. TKIS is the only school in Australia to have produced two Young Australian of the Year recipients (Cathy Freeman and Scott Hocknull).
## History
The school was founded in 1985, at a site on the banks of Cannon Creek now known as the \'Lower campus\'. However, in the mid-1990s, it was largely relocated to a nearby hillside after flooding incidents in 1990 and 1991 caused extensive damage to the school. A wooden pillar from one of the school\'s original buildings still stands on the grounds, as a monument to these events.
The original TKIS closed in 2002 due to funding issues. In 2004 TKIS was re-opened with a new Board, Principal (Geoff Mills), new staff and new financial backing.
Former school principal of the original school Bryan Andrew and other senior staff members are also responsible for the creation of the Spring Hill-based company \'International Education Services\' (IES). This company has, since 1998 successfully run the University of Queensland\'s Foundation Year program in Spring Hill
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# Daisuke Enomoto
is a Japanese businessman and former livedoor executive who hoped to become the fourth space tourist. He had trained at Star City, Moscow in Russia to fly with two members of Expedition 14 on board Soyuz TMA-9, which was launched on September 18, 2006.
However, on August 21, 2006, a Russian Federal Space Agency spokesman announced that Enomoto was \"deemed not ready to fly for exclusively medical reasons\", although he hinted that Enomoto might recover and join a later mission. His replacement on this particular flight was Iranian-American businesswoman Anousheh Ansari.
Enomoto lodged a lawsuit against Virginia-based Space Adventures in which he hoped to reclaim the \$21 million he paid the company over a two-year span. During the lawsuit, it was revealed that the \"medical reason\" was chronic kidney stones. Space Adventures claims it advised Enomoto to treat the kidney stones aggressively and when he did not, they had to disqualify him from spaceflight. Enomoto claims that he was misled about the kidney stones issue, and that the real reason for his disqualification was his refusal to provide additional funds to Space Adventures.
Enomoto would have been the first *self-funded* space tourist from Japan and Asia (journalist Toyohiro Akiyama flew on Soyuz TM-11 in 1990, and could be regarded as the first space business traveller). Enomoto\'s flight would have taken him to the International Space Station (ISS) after lifting off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, the world\'s oldest spaceport.
Enomoto made international news when it was revealed that he intended to go into space wearing a costume akin to that of Char Aznable, a character from the anime series *Mobile Suit Gundam*. His planned experiment was to put together one or more Gundam models in zero gravity
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# Lombong
**Lombong** (the mine) is a place in Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia
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# Agathaumas
***Agathaumas*** (`{{IPAc-en|æ|ɡ|ə|ˈ|θ|ɔː|m|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; \"great wonder\") is a dubious genus of a large ceratopsid dinosaur that lived in Wyoming during the Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian stage, 66 million years ago). The name comes from *αγαν* - \'much\' and *θαυμα* - \'wonder\'. It was seen as the largest land animal known at the time of its discovery.
It was the first ceratopsian known to science from more than teeth, though relatively little is known about it. The original specimen consisted only of the animal\'s hip bones, hip vertebrae and ribs, and because these bones vary little between ceratopsid species, it is usually considered a *nomen dubium*. It is provisionally considered a synonym of *Triceratops* or *Torosaurus*, but is difficult to compare to both genera because it is only known from postcranial remains.
## History
The holotype remains of *Agathaumas* were first found in 1872 in southwestern Wyoming. They were discovered by Fielding Bradford Meek and Henry Martyn Bannister while they were looking for fossil shells in the Lance Formation near the Black Butte and Bitter Creek. Meek and Bannister were employed by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden\'s Geological Survey of the Territories and notified paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope of the find. Cope himself searched the ridge near Black Butte and re-discovered Meek\'s site, finding huge bones protruding from the rocks near a coal vein. The bones were preserved in sand and clay sediments, packed with fossil sticks and leaves, indicating a heavily forested habitat. Cope later (in 1873) described the skeleton as \"the wreck of one of the princes among giants.\" Cope and his team eventually recovered complete hip bones, sacral vertebrae, and several ribs from the animal. Later in 1872, Cope published a description and name for the animal, *Agathaumas sylvestris*, or \"marvelous forest-dweller,\" in reference to its great size and the environment revealed in the same rocks as its bones. The name *Agathaumas* has been cited as an example of Cope\'s excitement with this discovery, which he considered, at the time, as the largest known land animal that had ever lived. Several years later, with the discovery of the giant sauropod dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation, it became clear to him that British forms such as *Cetiosaurus* and *Pelorosaurus* were land animals.
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# Agathaumas
## History
### Classification history {#classification_history}
Cope originally did not know to what group *Agathaumas* belonged, though he noted that some of the remains were similar to the British reptile *Cetiosaurus* and very different from the corresponding elements of *Hadrosaurus* and *Dryptosaurus* (*Laelaps*). In 1882, Othniel Charles Marsh, Cope\'s rival in the Bone Wars, suggested that *Agathaumas*, along with *Cionodon*, another Cope taxon, was a Hadrosaurid. In 1883, with his description of the skull of *Edmontosaurus* (*Diclonius*), Cope also suggested that his taxa *Agathaumas*, *Monoclonius*, and *Dysganus* could be Hadrosaurids. Cope did not assign *Agathaumas* into the group now recognized as Ceratopsia until later in 1889, when Cope recognized that his genera *Monoclonius* and *Polyonax* were related due to Marsh\'s description of *Triceratops* fossils. Marsh had already named a group for the horned dinosaurs, Ceratopsidae, but Cope did not recognize this family name as he believed *Ceratops* could not be distinguished from other taxa; Cope erected a new name, Agathaumidae. Cope later named 2 more \"Agathaumids\", *Manospondylus gigas* and *Claorhynchus trihedrus*, based on fragmentary fossils in 1892, expanding his group to 5 genera.
After reassessment by John Bell Hatcher, Richard Swann Lull, and Nelda Wright in the 1900s and 1930s, all of the members of Agathaumidae were found to be dubious, and the family name Ceratopsidae was preferred over Agathaumidae. *Agathaumas* itself was found to be a dubious Ceratopsid by Hatcher and Lull, as well as by John Ostrom and Peter Wellnhofer who placed it as *Triceratops* sp.
## Species
Type:
- *Agathaumas sylvestris* Cope, 1872; 16 vertebrae from the tail, sacrum and back, a partial pelvis and several ribs
Species previously referred to *Agathaumas*:
- *A. flabellatus* (Marsh, 1889) Burkhardt, 1892; alternative combination for *Triceratops flabellatus*; synonymous with *Triceratops horridus*.
- *A. milo* Cope, 1874; included with *Thespesius occidentalis* by Cope, dubious at Hadrosauridae family level.
- *A. monoclonius* Breithaupt, 1994; nomen dubium included with *Monoclonius sphenocerus*
- *A. mortuarius* (Cope, 1874) Hay, 1901; nomen dubium, alternative combination for *Polyonax mortuarius*; possible synonym of *Triceratops horridus*
- *A. prorsus* (Marsh, 1890) Lydekker, 1893; alternative combination of *Triceratops prorsus,* unused since
- *A. sphenocerus* (Cope, 1889) Ballou, 1897; nomen dubium included with *Monoclonius sphenocerus*
Unfortunately, due to the fragmentary nature of *Agathaumas sylvestris*' holotype specimen, *Agathaumas* is a dubious taxon and cannot be referred beyond Ceratopsidae. based on stratigraphy it is likely a member of Triceratopsini.
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# Agathaumas
## Knight\'s restoration {#knights_restoration}
In 1897, paleoartist Charles R. Knight painted *\"Agathaumas sphenocerus\"* for an article in *The Century Magazine* under the supervision of Edward Drinker Cope. The nasal horn and brow horns were based on *\"Monoclonius\" sphenocerus* (possible synonym of *Centrosaurus apertus*) and *\"Monoclonius\" recurvicornis* (unnamed genus similar to *Einiosaurus*) respectively, which were found in the Judith River Formation in Montana and named by Cope in 1889. The rest of the skull and body were based on an 1891 skeletal reconstruction of *Triceratops prorsus* by Othniel Charles Marsh. The armor was based on isolated elements from the Lance Formation in Wyoming that Marsh erroneously referred to *Triceratops* in 1891: the spines on the frill were a *Denversaurus schlessmani* cervical spine, the scutes on the flank were indeterminate ankylosaurian osteoderms (either *Denversaurus* or *Ankylosaurus magniventris*), and the spikes on the back were a *Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis* squamosal horn. The name *Agathaumas* was arbitrarily used for Knight\'s depiction and no parts were based on *A. sylvestris*. His painting inspired a stop motion model created by Marcel Delgado that appeared in the 1925 film *The Lost World*
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# Belarusian Republican Scout Association
The **Republican Scout Association of Belarus** (*Белорусская республиканская скаутская ассоциация*, `{{Transliteration|ru|Belorusskaya respublikanskaya skautskaya assotsiatsiya}}`{=mediawiki}, *Беларуская рэспубліканская скаўцкая асацыяцыя*, BRSA) is one of several nationwide Scouting associations in Belarus. It is the body recognized by the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 1998 to 2004 and again from September 5, 2010.
On October 1, 2023, the association joined the European Scout Region, as the Eurasian region was dissolved.
Initially, the organization was called the **National Scout Association of Belarus** (*translit=Belaruskaya Natsianalnaya Skautskaya Asatsiyatsia*, BNSA) from 1998 to 1999.
## Belarus Scouting history {#belarus_scouting_history}
The first Scout groups were established in Belarus in 1909 while it was part of the Russian Empire, and disbanded by the Soviets in 1922.
Belarusian Scouting was reborn and reorganized in 1989. The National Organization of Russian Scouts (NORS), based in Australia, is assisting the rebirth of Scouting in Belarus. Belarusian Scouts have regular contacts and exchanges with members of Scouts et Guides de France and the CIS Scout associations. `{{Transliteration|ru|Belaruskaya Natsianalnaya Skautskaya Asatsiyatsia}}`{=mediawiki} joined the World Organization of the Scout Movement effective March 13, 1998 as the Scout association representing Belarus.
## Belarusian Republican Scout Association {#belarusian_republican_scout_association}
World Scouting News, March, 1998, reported \"The Belarusian National Scout Association includes more than 7,500 members, both boys and girls, in three branches ranging from 8 to 17 years of age. They are spread all over the country but the majority of members come from the major cities.\"
: \"In December 1991, a national coordinating committee was set up under the aegis of WOSM in order to promote the unification of the various Scout Associations which appeared in different parts of the country. Scouting grew steadily with support from the Christian Orthodox Church\... as well as the Youth Commission of the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus.\" In March 1997, as a result of a long process of reconciling divergent nationalistic trends in Scouting, a constituent assembly was held in Minsk. This assembly approved the creation of a united *National Scout Association*.
World Scouting News further reported \"The `{{Transliteration|ru|Belaruskaya Natsianalnaya Skautskaya Asatsiyatsia}}`{=mediawiki} regularly invites underprivileged children, some of them coming from the Chernobyl contaminated areas, to some of their national summer camps.\"
The Scouts et Guides de France are working with Scouting in Belarus. Guidisme et Scoutisme en Belgique/Gidsen- en Scoutsbeweging in België has provided support in the region of the city of Homyel.
The coeducational BRSA had 3,408 members as of 2004. WOSM membership was terminated on March 31, 2004 by the World Scout Committee. WOSM now lists the country as a *potential member*.
### Controversies
The BRSA was provisionally suspended for \"Non-adherence to the Constitution of the Organization and nonfunctioning as a democratic National Scout Movement\" in 2002, after \"Complaints (\...) received from unrecognised groups within the country about the conduct of the recognised NSO\", which led to a report by WOSM\'s Chairman of the Constitutions Committee, demanding a legitimate general assembly and an independent auditing of its accounts.
There was also an earlier provisional suspension for non-payment of membership fees.
The Scout Motto is *Bud\' Gotov*, *Be Prepared* in Russian, as BRSA does not use the Belarusian language, Russian is the sole official language. The name of the organisation in Belarusian is ***Беларуская рэспубліканская скаўцкая асацыяцыя*** (`{{Transliteration|be|Biełaruskaja respublikanskaja skaŭckaja asacyjacyja}}`{=mediawiki}). The Russian noun for a single Scout is *Скаут*, in Belarusian - *Скаўт*.
The membership badge of the BRSA incorporates the Patriarchal cross of Eastern European iconography
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# Libeaus Desconus
***Libeaus Desconus*** is a 14th-century Middle English version of the popular \"Fair Unknown\" story, running to about around 2,200 lines, attributed to Thomas Chestre. It is a version or an adaptation of Renaut de Beaujeu\'s *Le Bel Inconnu* (6,266 lines) though comparatively much shorter.
The story matter displays strong parallels to that of ; both versions describe the adventures of Gingalain, the son of King Arthur\'s knight Gawain and a fay who raises him ignorant of his parentage and his name. As a young man, he visits Arthur\'s court to be knighted, and receives his nickname; in this case Sir Libeaus Desconus, before setting forth on a series of adventures which consolidate his new position in society. He eventually discovers who his father is, and marries a powerful lady.
Other versions of the story include the Middle High German romance *Wigalois* (c. 1204--1210) by Wirnt von Gravenberc and the 14th-century Italian epic *Carduino*. The \"Fair Unknown\" story has parallels in the tale of La Cote Male Taile, Chrétien de Troyes\'s *Conte du Graal*, and Sir Thomas Malory\'s *Tale of Sir Gareth* from *Le Morte d\'Arthur*.
## Manuscripts
Versions of *Libeaus Desconus* can be found in the following manuscripts:
- *C* - British Library MS Cotton Caligula A. ii, mid-fifteenth century;
- *L* - Lambeth Palace MS 306, mid-fifteenth century;
- *I* - Lincoln\'s Inn MS Hale 150, late-fourteenth/early-fifteenth century;
- *A* - Bodleian Library MS Ashmole 61, late-fifteenth century;
- *N* - Biblioteca Nazionale, Naples, MS XIII B. 29, mid-fifteenth century;
- *P* - British Library Additional MS 27879 (also known as MS Percy), seventeenth century.
Judged by the number of surviving manuscripts, the *Libeaus Desconus* was the most popular of the Arthurian romances in Middle English.
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# Libeaus Desconus
## Characters
- Libeaus desconus - Title hero. He only remembers his mother ever calling him \"Beautiful Son\" (*italic=no*`{{Refn|name="bewfiz"|{{harvp|Salisbury|Weldon edd.|2013}} (L text) v. 26 "Bewfiz"; marginal note "Beautiful Son". Probably {{harvp|Mills ed.|1969}} prints the form "{{lang|enm|Bewfiʒ}}".}}`{=mediawiki} or *italic=no*; var. Bewfys *CN*, Bewfiz *L*; beufise *P*; Benys *A*).
: He earns the nickname *Libeaus desconus* from King Arthur (v. 89), transliterated from the French meaning \"The Fair Unknown\" ( \"þe faire unknowe\" *C*) as explained properly in the C text.`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="fair-explanatory"|Only the C text gives the correct meaning as "þe faire unknowe".<ref name="kaluza-fair"/> The L text reads "That the better ye mowe knowe" which does not lead to the correct meaning, and the TEAMS simply explains the meaning of ''Libeas desconus'' as "Fair Unknown" in marginal gloss.}}`{=mediawiki}
- Elene`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="elene"|{{harvp|Salisbury|Weldon edd.|2013}} in footnote commentary uses "Elene" throughout, but the L text reads in the TEAMS edition as "The may hight Ellene" (v. 118), though according to its footnote: "Mills reads Ellyne explaining that the y has been erased and e written over the erasure (LD, p. 81)". The spelling "Ellyne" does occur (or recurs) at v. 861 in the L text. {{harvp|Kaluza ed.|1890}} "þat maide was cleped Elene" (v. 121, var. Hellen ''P'', etc.).}}`{=mediawiki} - The emissary from Synadowne (Snowdon). Her name is variously spelled in the codices. Note also there are several \"Elene\"s or \"Elaine\"s in the Arthurian cycle.
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- Theodeley (Teodelain) the dwarf `{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="dwarf"|L-text: "Theodeley was his name" (v. 142). In the critical edition, {{harvp|Kaluza ed.|1890}}, "Teodelain was his name", v. 145 and this is the French version has "Tidogolain[s]" (BI, v. 260).}}`{=mediawiki} - an entertainer accompanying Elene.
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- Lady of Synadowne (Snowdon) - The imperiled lady-lord whom Elene serves; Libeaus desconus is sent as the knight to take up the adventure to rescue her. Synadowne refers to \"Snowdon\" in Wales (Roman Segontium).`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="snowdon"|L-text, "Mi lady of Synadowne" (v. 160), explained as Snowdon in marginal note and footnote. Also designated as queen: "Of Synadowne the qwene" (v. 1484). The v. 160 footnote explains more thoroughly that Snowdon refers to [[Segontium]] of the Roman occupation period, called {{lang|cy|Cair Segeint}} in Welsh. The site is in the outskirts of [[Caernarfon]].}}`{=mediawiki}
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- Syr William Delaraunche (Salebraunche) - The knight who defends \"Point Perilous\" on the way to \"Chapel Adventurous\" in L text; variant reading gives William defending \"Castle Adventurous\" over \"Vale Perilous\" (C text).
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- Sir Otis de Lile - Formerly served Lady of Synadowne until he fled. While hunting his parti-coloured hound (brachet) goes astray and is given over to Elene. A fight ensues.
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- Sir Geffron - Lord of Cardiff, offering a gerfalcon as prize for beauty contest against his lady. Any challenger may enter his lady but if she loses must fight Geffron and expect to have his head exposed on a stake after losing.
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- Maugis - A 30 foot giant`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="30ft"|L: "He is thirty fote on leynthe" (v. 1305), and footnote. Critical edition has "He is þritty fote of lengþe" (v. 1333). 40 feet in N, and 20 feet in P.}}`{=mediawiki} besieging the Lady of the Ile d\'Or. The swarthy giant is clad in black shield armor (and uses black trappings are on his horse as well); his items are marked with an emblem of a triple Mammettes, or idolatry figures.
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- La Dame Amoure`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="damour"|L text: "calleth la Dame Amoure" (v. 1462); critical edition: "{{lang|enm|that hiȝte la dame d'amour}}" (v. 1490). Though the latter reading is lower case suggesting common noun, some variant readings are uppercased so construable as proper name (dame la d. damore C; la dame Amoure L; Madam de Armoroure P; Diamour Denamower A). TEAMS edition's v. 1462 footnote uses "Dame Amoure/Diamour" and treats as name.}}`{=mediawiki} - Lady who rules the of the Ile d\'Or. An enchantress. Ingratiated to Libeaus for saving her, and they become enamored.
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- Lambert (Lambard, Lanwarde)`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="lambert"|TEAMS L-text: "That hight Syr Lanwarde" (v. 1549), "That hight Sir Lancharde" (v. 1642), with the latter glossed "called Sir Lambert" suggesting "Lambert" is the chosen standardized spelling. L text does also have "Lambert" (v. 1749, quoted below); critical edition: "clepeþ sir Lambard"(v. 1577) "Þat hiȝte sir Lambard" (v. 1670)}}`{=mediawiki} - The steward of Synadowne, running the town in his ladyship\'s absence. Challenges any visiting knight to fight before granting them lodging. Libeaus passes the test, and Lambert becomes his comrade in arms in the rescue of the Lady.
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- Mabon and Irayne - Two sibling necromancers who have enchanted the Lady of Synadowne and taken her hostage. They mean to usurp her birthright to the Synadowne kingdom
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# Libeaus Desconus
## Plot
The summary is based on the Lambeth Palace text, TEAMS edition, though Kaluza\'s critical edition and Schofield\'s summary thereof will also be consulted, with variants indicated in explanatory notes. There are additional notes on comparison between this work (abbrev. LD) and the French version, *Le Bel Inconnu* (abbrev. BI).
Gyngelayne is raised in the forest by his mother, who keeps him away from arms for fear her \'wild\' son might come to harm. Gyngelayne is never told his real name by his mother. Instead, she calls him '*Bewfiz* (Beautiful Son)', since he is \'gentle of body\' and has an attractive face. One day, Gyngelayne finds a dead knight in the forest. He dons the man\'s armour and goes to Glastonbury, where King Arthur is holding court. There he asks Arthur to dub him a knight although his upbringing is uncourtly. Arthur is so pleased by young Gyngelayne\'s sight that he gives him a name -- Libeaus Desconus, 'The Fair Unknown' (*\"þe faire unknowe\"*`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="fair-explanatory"}}`{=mediawiki}) -- and knights him that same day. Libeaus at once asks King Arthur if he might be offered the first challenge for which the king is required to provide a champion. (*Libeaus Desconus* vv. 1--105)
Soon a fair maiden, Elene (*Ellene/Ellyne*`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="elene"}}`{=mediawiki}) with a dwarf, Theodeley, come riding in.`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="dwarf"}}`{=mediawiki}`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The dwarf is described as skilful in game (entertainment) and can play the {{lang|enm|Sotill}} ([[citole]]), [[psaltery]], harp, fiddle, and [[crwth]] vv. 145–147.}}`{=mediawiki} They are on mission to save their Lady of Synadowne (Snowdon),`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="snowdon"}}`{=mediawiki} who has been imprisoned, and asks Arthur to send out a knight to free her. When Arthur grants Libeaus the quest, the maiden is angered that a young novice has been chosen, yet the king refuses to budge. Libeaus is furnished with arms and horse by famed Knights of the Round; e.g., Gawain gives him a chevron (or griffin`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|v. 254 and footnote. Only ''L'' reads "cheferon" and all else give griffin with various spellings.}}`{=mediawiki}) crested shield. (vv. 106--263) Libeaus, Elene, and the dwarf set off on their journey, in acrimony.
### William of Point Perilous {#william_of_point_perilous}
On the third day, they approach the \"Chapel Adventurous\", whose path is guarded at the \"Point Perilous\"`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="perilous"}}`{=mediawiki} by the knight Syr William Delaraunche,`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="william"}}`{=mediawiki} who will demand that Libeaus fight or else relinquishes his arms. Elene chides Libeaus that he will prove himself not valiant enough. But Libeaus unhorses his opponent in joust, then breaks his weapon in swordfight. Libeaus will spare William on condition he will report himself as vanquished prisoner to Arthur\'s court. Only now does Elene\'s ridicule of Lybeaus subside, and she begs his \"Mercy\" for her earlier verbal abuses.(vv. 265--452)
### Three Avengers {#three_avengers}
Next morning, Libeaus is attacked by William\'s three nephews (sister-sons), riding out of \"Carboun\" (recte Caerleon).`{{Refn|Collectively "Three Avengers" in Schofield's analysis. In BI, the avengers aren't named as kinsmen but are three noblemen each of different estate: Elin the Fair, Lord of Graie (vv. 527, etc.); the knight of Saie (v. 528); and Willaume de Salebrant (v. 529).}}`{=mediawiki} He breaks the eldest\'s thigh, then faces the others attacking two against one, until breaking the second brother\'s arms, leaving the youngest without will to fight. He forces the three likewise to surrender themselves to Arthur in bondage. (vv. 453--567)
### Giants
In a wild forest, Libeaus saves a maiden from two giants (one red, other pitch-black) Libeaus learns the maiden is Violet, daughter of the earl Anctour. He escorts her to the earl, bearing the giants\' heads as trophy, which are then sent to Arthur\'s court as presents. (The Earl offers his daughter\'s hand in marriage in an interpolation, and Libeaus declines because he has a mission to accomplish)) The Earl then rewards Libeaus with beautiful armour and a fine steed. (vv. 568--723)
### Gerfalcon contest {#gerfalcon_contest}
Libeaus next defeats Geffron (Jeffron), Lord of Cardiff (Cordile), winning a white-as-swan gerfalcon (≈gyrfalcon`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|A scene that bears striking similarities with an episode in [[Chrétien de Troyes]]' twelfth century romance ''Erec et Enide'', retold in the Welsh [[Mabinogion]] tale ''Gereint and Enid''.<ref>{{harvp|Gantz|1976|pp=}}, ''The Mabinogion'', pp. 263–268</ref> Whereas {{harvp|Mills ed.|1969|loc=p. 221n688–99}} (''apud'' TEAMS note to v. 690) connects the offer of Violet as wife in the earlier sequence with the "gerfalcon" episode in ''Erec and Enide'' (This is better explained as Roger S. Loomis's observation, cf. {{section link||Erec et Enide}}) below.}}`{=mediawiki}). This was not just a contest of combat skill, rather, Geffron held the boasting right that his lemman was of unsurpassed beauty, and any challenger must submit his lady to a beauty pageant held at the town\'s market, whose prize was the gerfalcon.`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|This in Middle English context denotes any "large falcon used in hawking", but it could in some cases refer to the species known as [[gyrfalcon]] today, since their native habitat extends to Iceland<ref>''Middle English Dictionary'' s.v. "{{URL|1=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED18428 |2=ǧerfaucǒun}}: "1. A large falcon used in hawking, a gerfalcon; whit ~, the white gerfalcon of Iceland."</ref><ref>v. 746 footnote</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} Libeaus offers Elene as his candidate, and if she fails to win the pageant, he would be committed to fight Geffron in combat, possibly to meet the fate of past losers who had their struck-off heads stuck \"upon a shafte\" for display. Libeaus causes steed and knight to fall and Geffron\'s back cracks audibly.`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|"Geffrounes backe to-brake" L, v. 990, but critical text uses ''regge" (at v. 1018) which also means "back".<ref>''Middle English Dictionary'' s.v. "{{URL|1=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED37502 |2=riǧǧe }}: "1a. (a) The back of a person"</ref> But Kaluza footnotes that this ''regge'' in C was read "legge" by Ritson, thus explaining Weston's rendition as "Griffroun's leg brake", p. 43}}`{=mediawiki} Libeaus has the prize falcon taken to Arthur, who is so satisfied with his knight that he decides to send him a hundred pounds in florins at Cardiff, and here Libeaus holds a forty-days feast. (vv. 724--1028)
### Dispute over dog {#dispute_over_dog}
In a forest, Libeaus\'s group is alerted of hunting activity nearby, when they the horn blowing of . The dwarf recognizes from the sound of the horn, it must be led by Sir Otis de Lile\<ref group=\"lower-alpha\"\|\>L text does not mention the man\'s name at this passage, but in Kaluza\'s critical edition: \"Hit blowiþ sir Otes de Lile\" (v. 1063), as occurs in several manuscripts.
who had served the Lady of Snowdon but had fled in the time of peril. Later, a many-coloured hunting dog (*rache*, a scent hound) come their way, and Libeaus fulfills Elene\'s wish to own it. There arrive a pair of greyhounds pursuing a hind, and afterwards Sir Otis, who courteously asks that his hound be returned, but Libeaus refuses to rescind a gift he had given. They exchange insult with threat and tempers mount. Sir Otis claims he would have fought Libeaus on the spot if he were armed, but in fact, returns with a whole band of comrades, only to be nearly annihilated single-handedly. Sir Otis, too, is sent to Arthur\'s court. (vv. 1029--1268)
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# Libeaus Desconus
## Plot
### Isle of Gold {#isle_of_gold}
After many adventures in Ireland and Wales, Libeaus arrives at the beautiful Isle of Gold (*Ile d\'Or*) a city of castles and palaces. Its lady is besieged by a Saracen giant called Maugys, described as \"black as pitch\" (his shield and armor black as well`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="black-armour"}}`{=mediawiki}) and measuring 30 feet tall.`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="30ft"}}`{=mediawiki} Libeaus decides to succor her, and single combat ensues: after killing each other\'s horses and fighting on foot, they call a truce to refresh their thirst. Maugis breaks manner and shoves Libeaus into the water. Libeaus leaps up and claims the \"baptism\" only made him feel twice as light (eager) as before. Maugis cuts Libeaus\'s shield, but the latter retrieves the shield that the giant dropped earlier. In the end, Libeaus chops off the giant\'s arm, pursues, and decapitates him. La Dame Amoure,`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="damour"}}`{=mediawiki} the lady lordship of the island and enchantress, offers the hero her love and lordship over the Isle of Gold. Libeaus gladly accepts, and for twelve months he lives a life of \'recreantise\'. When one day Libeaus meets the maiden Elene, she points out to Libeaus that he has been disloyal to his lord in abandoning his quest. He feels deeply ashamed and leaves the Isle of Gold. With him he takes his horse, his armour and La Dame Amour\'s steward Gifflet (here \"Jurflete\"), whom he makes his squire. (vv. 1269--1520)
### Steward of Synadowne {#steward_of_synadowne}
Arriving at Snowdon (Synadowne) at last, Libeaus challenges Lambert (or Lanwarde/Lambard`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|name="lambert"}}`{=mediawiki}) the city\'s steward and \"Constable of that castelle\", who has the habit of fighting every knight who comes to the city seeking lodging (\"*ostell*\", \'hospitality\'). The loser suffers the shame of having carnage and filth (\"*cor/goore and fen\[ne\]*\") cast at by the city-folk. Libeaus brings along Gifflet (his squire, here \"Gyrflete\") as fellow Knight of the Round. Libeaus engages Lambert in three rounds of jousting, and the shafts are shivered many times over upon shields, Libeaus breaks the other\'s helmet in the second bout, and unhorses him in the third. Lambert concedes defeat and guesses Libeaus must be Gawain\'s kin, and says he is more than welcome especially if he is willing to fight on behalf of his lady. Libeaus replies this is exactly what he has been tasked to do, but knew not of the reasons or perpetrators behind the lady\'s torment. Lambert informs Libeaus that the Lady of Synadowne is being held captive by two \"clerks of necromancy\" (or \"clerics\" who practice black magic) ('nigermansye'):
: \"Quod Lambert, \'Be Seint John!
: Knyght, sir, is ther none
: That durste hir away lede.
: Twoo clerkys ben hir foone,
: Fekyll off bloode and bone,
: That hauyth y-doo this dede.\"
Lambert informs Libeaus that these two clerks, brothers named Mabon and Irayne (Jrayne) have created a magical palace which no nobleman dares enter, and they say that they will kill the lady unless she transfers all of her right (birthright) to Mabon. Not only that, but the townsfolk fear that they intend to \"do her sin\" (i.e., rape her), presumably with the design of claim her as wife. Lambert rides with Libeaus to the gate of the perilous palace, but no other barons, burgesses, etc. are willing to accompany, save for Libeaus\'s swain Gifflet (here \"Sir Jerflete\"), but he is denied due to mortal danger. (vv. 1521--1832 )
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# Libeaus Desconus
## Plot
### Lady of Synadowne turned dragon {#lady_of_synadowne_turned_dragon}
Next morning, Libeaus enters this palace and, leading his horse by the reins, finds nobody there but minstrels playing their music. Going deeper into the palace, searching for someone to fight with, he passes magnificent columns and stained glass windows and sits down on the raised platform at the far end of the space. The minstrels who had been playing now vanish, the earth shakes, and stones fall down. On the field outside appear the two necromantic clerks, Mabon and Irayne, armed and on horseback. They are intent on killing Libeaus, who does battle with them both. His horse is wounded on the neck by Irayne, but Libeaus in turn slices off Irayne\'s thigh, seemingly to immobilize him. Indeed, when Mabon breaks his sword, Libeaus runs up to Irayne and seize his weapon. Then decisively, Libeaus severs Mabon\'s shield arm. Mabon offers to surrender, fearing the wound from his own poisoned weapons cannot be left unattended. But Libeaus delivers the head-splitting stroke. Meanwhile, Irayne has disappeared.
Depressed, Libeaus sits down in the palace hall: Irayne might well cause him trouble in the future. While Libeaus contemplates his situation, a window appears in one of the walls, and a winged serpent (*worm*) with a woman\'s face crawls through. The dragon speaks, asserting that it is \'young\', and then kisses a terrified Libeaus. Consequently, it changes into a beautiful young woman: the Lady of Synadowne. She thanks Libeaus for freeing her, and tells him that he has slain both of the evil clerks. She also tells him that the only way the curse which had changed her into a serpent could be lifted was by kissing Gawain or someone else of his kin. Then the lady offers herself and her many possessions to Libeaus, who gladly accepts. (vv. 1833--2168)
After staying Lambert for seven days at Synadowne (Snowdon), Libeaus and the Lady of Synadowne go to King Arthur\'s court, where Arthur grants Libeaus the lady\'s hand. A forty-day feast follows, after which the newly-weds are escorted back to Synadowne by Arthur and his knights, where they live happily together for many years. (vv. 2169-- 2204\[end\])
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# Libeaus Desconus
## Style
*Libeaus Desconus* is a late fourteenth-century Middle English poem of around 2,200 lines (the exact number of lines varies amongst the six manuscripts). Like many Middle English romances (e.g. *The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle* and *Emaré*) the poem is divided into stanzas of tail-rhyme verse, a rhyming couplet followed by a tail-rhyme, repeated four times in each stanza in a scheme like AABCCBDDBEEB.
Writing principally in a dialect of southern England, possibly the SE Midlands, Thomas Chestre has been described as a \"hack writer\" who had an acquaintance with a number of other Middle English romances and was able to borrow from them, often retaining the different dialects of the bits and pieces he incorporated into his own poetry. *Libeaus Desconus* was written for a more popular audience than the Old French romances on which it models itself.
## Cognate tales {#cognate_tales}
There are Old French (*Libeaus Desconus*), Middle High German and Italian versions of this tale: Wirnt von Gravenberc\'s MHG *Wigalois* (c. 1204--1210) and the Italian *Cantare di Carduino* (c. 1375). There is also Claude Platin\'s *L\'Hystoire de Giglan* (1530), a reworking in early modern French.
While this also goes to the question of Chestre\'s sources broached above, the links and differences between them are a complex issue, and one cannot simply assume a lost twelfth-century work from which they all originate.
## Parallels
As well as the late-twelfth/early thirteenth century Old French romance *Le Bel Inconnu*, or its hypothesised precursor, there are a number of other works that are parallels which share motifs with Thomas Chestre\'s story *Libeaus Desconus*, possibly influencing, or influenced by it.
The \"Fair Unknown\" story has parallels in the tale of La Cote Male Taile and Sir Thomas Malory\'s *Tale of Sir Gareth* from *Le Morte d\'Arthur*. as well as Chrétien de Troyes\' *Conte du Graal*.
### Perceval
Chrétien de Troyes\'s *Perceval, le Conte du Graal* (c. 1180--1190) and its Welsh version *Peredur* in the *Mabinogion* are named as parallels, moreover, *Percival* has been held to be the original template upon which the Fair Unknown stories were crafted, according to Schofield.\<name=\"fresco-n33\"/\> Schofield even went so far as to pronounce that *Libeaus* was \"only Perceval with a new name\".
However, this notion has been retorted by modern Germanist J. W. Thomas. While admitting there are traces of *Perceval* material in the \"Fair Unknown\" romances, an equal or even more viable scenario is that these embellishments were merely later added.`{{Refn|J. W. Thomas (1977),<ref name="thomas_jw1977"/> also cited by Neil Thomas (2004)as a retort to Schofield's "view" exemplified by the "only Perceval with a new name" quote.<ref name="thomas_n2005"/>}}`{=mediawiki}
The Middle English verse romance, *Sir Perceval of Galles* (*Sir Perceval of Wales*), relates early events in the life of Perceval that are similarly situated to *Libeaus desconus*, only more vividly compared to *LD*\'s \"summary\".`{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The Middle English ''Sir Perceval'' also divulges the young Percival's father in the beginning, as namesake "Perceval".It is noted that the Italian version ''Carduino'' is considered to be of "importance to students of English literature" in regards to ''LD'' and "Sir Perceval".<ref name="ArthEncy-carduino"/>}}`{=mediawiki}
### *Erec et Enide* {#erec_et_enide}
The variant of *Libeaus Desconus* in which the maid rescued from giants is offered in marriage to the hero is of particular importance to R. S. Loomis in his comparative study to *Erec et Enide*, because this nuptial offer is followed by the gerfalcon adventure, just as Erec\'s amorous ties to Enide are followed by the sparrowhawk episode in Chrétien\'s romance. (The topic of the gerfalcon episode paralleled in *Erec et Enide* has already broached in the plot summary above, under `{{section link||Gerfalcon contest}}`{=mediawiki}).
This story of *Erec and Enide* has itself been considered a successful reworking of material from which the tales of the Fair Unknown derive, in particular creating a heroine \'who is more complex and interesting than any of her counterparts in *Le Bel Inconnu*. There is evidence that Arthurian tales were often reworked, and that characters not originally associated with King Arthur in the eleventh and twelfth centuries were absorbed into his epic.
### Hugh of Rhuddlan\'s *Ipomedon* {#hugh_of_rhuddlans_ipomedon}
The twelfth-century romance *Ipomedon*, written in Norman French by Hugh of Rhuddlan, is found in a Middle English version, *Ipomadon*, in MS Chetham 8009, lying in Chetham\'s Library, Manchester, England and dating from \"between the last decade of the fourteenth century and the middle of the fifteenth century\". Following a number of adventures in which the eponymous hero demonstrates his martial prowess, Ipomadon puts on the garb of a fool and goes to the court of the uncle of the lady he loves, the King of Sicily, where he agrees to stay only if he is granted the \"fyrste battayle\". Shortly after he arrives, a maiden appears, \"apon a palfreye white as mylke\", seeking a champion to free her lady from oppression. The fool (Ipomadon) asks again that the quest be given to him. Since nobody else at court wants to undertake this task, the king concedes his request. The maiden is far from impressed. Only slowly does she moderate her acrimony as the fool travels along with her, defeating one hostile knight after another, until they reach the maiden\'s land and he frees the lady, who is, in fact, the lady he loves. The maiden\'s name is Imayne, she travels with a dwarf and, along the way, Ipomadon defeats a knight named Maugys.
### Breton lays {#breton_lays}
The upbringing-in-the-wild motif is evident not only in tales of the Fair Unknown and in Chrétien de Troyes\' *Perceval, le Conte du Graal* but in the Breton lay *Tyolet*. Known from only one Old French manuscript, dating to the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century, the lay itself was probably composed by the beginning of the thirteenth century. Like Perceval and Libeaus Desconus, Tyolet arrives at King Arthur\'s court as a young man who has spent all his childhood living alone in the forest with his mother. Like Perceval and Libeaus Desconus, what prompts Tyolet to go to King Arthur\'s court in the first place is the sight of armour. Unlike Chrétien\'s *Perceval*, but like *Libeaus Desconus*, an animal in this story is transformed into a human, in this case a stag which changes into an armed knight, a \"knight-beast\".
The Breton lays that we have from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, on the evidence of the opening passages in *Tyolet* and others, describing their transmission, are possibly derived from stories that are considerably older, although the desire of medieval authors to \"seek to ensure a measure of authenticity for their tales\" should be remembered. Similarities in *Tyolet* and the Second Continuation of Chrétien\'s *Perceval, le Conte du Graal* has led R.S. Loomis to observe that the two stories \"must derive from a common remote source\".
Instances of animals transforming into human beings occur also in the twelfth-century Breton lays of Marie de France, in particular \"Bisclavret\" and \"Yonec\".
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# Libeaus Desconus
## Parallels
### Irish mythology {#irish_mythology}
R. S. Loomis notes the similarities between the early life of Perceval and the *enfances* of Finn mac Cumhail, as found in the twelfth-century narrative *The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn* (*Macgnímartha Finn*), and makes a similar comparison with the boyhood of Sir Gawain\'s son Gingalais, who arrives at King Arthur\'s court to become the Fair Unknown. Finn mac Cumhail likewise was a son of noble blood, first named Demne, deliberately reared deep in the forest, away from the threat of arms, spent his childhood hunting in this forest and at last came upon the home of a great lord where he was given the name Fionn, or Fair.
Although the Irish and Scottish lays were only redacted in modern times, they often lay claim ancient authorship or old oral tradition. The episode of the many-coloured hunting dogs (common to *LD* and the French version) has a parallel in the *Lay of the Great Fool* (*Amadán Mór*), which is known widespread in Irish and Scottish versions, either as a standalone lay, or a prose tale containing the lay. Schofield uses the Irish lay (\"Adventures of the Amadan Mor\") recorded by O\'Daly and a similarly worded lay recorded in Campbell\'s *Popular Tales of the West Highlands* as his counterpart examples
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# Mengkibol River
The **Mengkibol River** (*Sungai Mengkibol*) is a small river in town of Kluang in the state of Johor, Malaysia. It is one of the tributaries of the Endau River
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# Sunbeach
**Sunbeach Communications Inc.** is an Internet service provider and mobile/wireless phone company located in Barbados. Since the mid-1990s, Sunbeach is one of the main competitors to the incumbent telecommunications company Cable and Wireless in providing Internet services. Sunbeach was badly affected by the 2008 financial crisis leading to halted VC investments and the link disconnection on 23 March 2013 [1](http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/9113/lime-disconnects-sunbeach). The Sunbeach website remains in a temporary state and offers no new products or further information. Customers found themselves without Internet and no official communication from the company on the morning of 24 March 2013. No statement has been received from the company since the disconnection until date (Q2-2016).
## History
Founded by Bruce Bayley, Damian Dunphy [2](http://www.dunphy.com.au) and Leonardo Kunar [3](http://www.tech-msonline.com) in November 1995 as an Internet service provider (ISP) in Barbados to compete against Caribsurf [4](http://www.caribsurf.com)(the brand name used by Cable and Wireless for Internet service provision in the Caribbean) and CaribNet, the first ISP launched in the Eastern Caribbean by Ian Worrell which grew out of the bulletin board system (BBS)\"The Junction BBS\". In May 1997 Christopher Alleyne and Thomas Clarke joined Damian Dunphy as owner managers of Sunbeach. Soon thereafter Sunbeach acquired the customer base of Caribnet (the first ISP in Barbados) and Ian Worrell, Caribnet\'s founder joined the Sunbeach management team. Sunbeach grew to become the largest ISP in Barbados by mid-2001. In January, 2002 it was made public that Sunbeach and the UK based Telecommunications Company called International Telecom Brokers Limited (ITB) were contemplating and formulating a strategy to merge. The purported advantages of the merger was that Sunbeach in Barbados could draw from the experience of the UK team and have a far more expanded international reach. The merged company would be based in Barbados, with a subsidiary operating from the United Kingdom. The benefits to be derived were, a lower cost of product to the consumer, an increase of products especially in e-commerce and emerging m-commerce, and the ability to make Barbados far more competitive with other business locations such as the Cayman Islands and Bermuda. Leading up to the Sunbeach and ITB Ltd. merger problems started to surface. Personnel at the companies tried to allay fears and promise that the merger will create an increase of jobs, lead the company on an international path, as well as joint listings on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) of the London and [5](http://www.bse.com.bb/index.html) Barbados Stock Exchange (BSE) and also that new investors from the United Kingdom would help raise needed funding for establishing a local 3G GSM mobile phone network. The merger never did take place but Sunbeach went on to achieve the stock exchange listings in Barbados and London in August 2002. Sunbeach went on to bid for one of the mobile phone licenses in Barbados and in August 2003 was awarded one of three new licenses issued by the Barbados Government. Other winners of licenses were Digicel and AT&T.
In July 2004, the future of Sunbeach was called into question, an audit of the company by Deloitte & Touche cited that the company\'s future hinged on establishing more capital to secure a future for the company.
Following this, on 28 September 2004 Sunbeach Communications had its shares suspended on the Barbados Stock Exchange because of the serious financial position of the company until the Annual General Meeting could be held with shareholders. Following the suspension of shares on the BSE, the Board of Sunbeach voluntarily asked the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) on the London Stock Exchange to suspend shares there as well. This led to Sunbeach becoming delisted from the AIM in April, 2005.
In June, 2005 Sunbeach announced that Telecom Holdings Limited, (TH) of Trinidad and Tobago wished to acquire a significant stake into Sunbeach Communications Inc and the board of Directors urged shareholder to agree to a sale of partial ownership. This never happened, see the section on Laqtel below.
In October 2005 the Managing Director - Michael Wakley - stepped down and Ian Worrell took over the running of the company. Talks with Laqtel collapsed and Mr. Worrell initiated talks with VTel Holdings a company registered in Dubai.
In November 2006 the suspension on Sunbeach\'s shares were lifted - see the Barbados Stock Exchange website for information [6](http://www.bse.com.bb/) and a block trade announced bringing a new major shareholder and partner on board (VTel Holdings). This new partner was to provide the funding needed to allow Sunbeach to launch its Cellular network and provide the re-capitalization needed allowing the company to move forward, however no progress has been seen to date. The new partner is VTel Holdings (Dubai) and to date they have been propping up the company\'s cash flow position while working to establish a new business plan to take the business forward.
At the last AGM held 17 July 2008, the Managing Director Ian Worrell and an executive director, Banan al Khatib, announced that a plan was being finalized and would be announced at the next AGM to be held in 3 to 6 months from 8 July.
In February 2009 a new board was elected to Sunbeach and Mr. Banan al Khatib took over as the managing director, replacing Mr. Ian Worrell who stayed on as the Chief Commercial Officer. In April 2009 a contract was signed with Huawei for the build of a GSM network in Barbados.
Between April 2009 and April 2010, the Great Recession and ongoing dissension in VTel prevented Sunbeach from moving forward with its plans. Consultants hired by VTel were brought in to advise the VTel Board on whether to roll out the network or mothball the company, and their overwhelming advice was to roll the network. This advice was not taken, and in April 2010 VTel decided not to fund the rollout of the cellular network.
## Internet
Sunbeach Communications\' Internet services go by the name **Sunbeach**. According to the promotions by the company, Sunbeach claims they are the largest Internet provider in Barbados. The company provides services to both residential and commercial clientele with services that include: dial-up Internet, ADSL, Software downloads, Leased Line, Frame Relay, ISDN, webhosting, and Co-location services. The company also hosts a Tucows software webserver at ([tucows.sunbeach.net](http://tucows.sunbeach.net/))
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# Sunbeach
## Webhosting
Sunbeach has offered Webhosting practically from its genesis. Past clients include the CWeek, Daily NationNews and Advocate newspapers, the Government of Barbados and several organisations around the island.
## Mobile
To date, Sunbeach has not launched a mobile network. However, there are rumors circulating that the new partner will be injecting equity into the company. This equity could be used to launch a mobile network.
## Laqtel
On 6 September 2005 an article by the Barbados DailyNation, first made public the intentions of an attempt by Telecom Holdings Limited, (TH) of Trinidad to purchase Sunbeach Communications Inc. Telecom Holdings Limited as a holdings company of LaqTel Communications, made an offering of US\$2.59M, to obtain majority shareholding of the Barbados-based Sunbeach Communications.
As part of the deal, Sunbeach was to remain a mostly Barbadian company, many of the board of directors were promised to remain Barbadian and Sunbeach Communications would continue to be traded on the Barbados Stock Exchange with its over 700 shareholders. Shares of Sunbeach were suspended on the BSE in September, 2004 when they last traded for about \$0.55 per share.
Once launched, Sunbeach through LaqTel would be the only CDMA and 3G wireless / mobile provider operating in Barbados. Sunbeach\'s competition in Barbados includes both Digicel and Cable and Wireless. Since the deal was first announced, AT&T Wireless had changed its name to Cingular and had subsequently exited the Caribbean market, Cingular had then turned existing customers over to Digicel.
To date Laqtel have been unable to raise their financing. They split from their equity partner, SasTel in February 2006 and have been searching for a new partner since then. Their current CEO - Dr. Joseph Laquis, a general practitioner and ex politician is heading the company and Mr. Richard Nixon - ex sales executive from Nortel is their COO
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# Nuppeppō
The `{{nihongo|'''nuppeppō'''|ぬっぺふほふ or ぬっぺっぽう||lead=yes}}`{=mediawiki} is a yōkai that appears in Edo Period yōkai emaki such as the *Gazu Hyakki Yagyō* and the *Hyakkai Zukan*. It is depicted with indistinguishable wrinkles on its face and body as a one head blob of meat.
## Concept
In the emaki, it has nothing more than a name and picture, and there is almost no explanatory text, but from its name and the passage \"there is a monster (bakemono) called nuppeppō. It has neither eye nor ear\" (ぬっぺっぽうといふ化けもの有り。目もなく耳も無く) from the sharebon (silly tales book) *Shingo Zade Hōdai Mōgyū* (\"Shingo Left All You Can Eat Blind Cow\") (新吾左出放題盲牛) (1781), it is seen as a type of noppera-bō. In an old picture book manuscript (year unknown) held at the Shisui Library, Inui Yūhei portrayed a yōkai called \"nubbehhō\" (ぬっべっほう), and it is introduced with the words \"it is called the disguised form of an old toad, similar to the fox or tanuki.\" This \"nubbehhō\" picture comes with the words, \"a monster that\'s a very wrinkly sweet potato with four short limbs.\" The aforementioned *Shingo Zade Hōdai Mōgyū* also writes, \"it sucks the fat of the dead and eats to the fullest with a needle. In the past, they\'d come disguised as a doctor, but now they just come as is\...\...\" (死人の脂を吸い、針大こくを喰う。昔は医者に化けて出てきたが、今はそのまま出てくる......).
Also, the yōkai researcher Katsumi Tada notes that while in modern times, the nopperabō is known as the yōkai with no eyes or nose on its face, in older times it was shaped like this nuppepō with no distinction between face and body. It is said that it smears (\"nupperi\") itself with white face powder, called \"whitening\" (白化), but this \"whitening\" has the meanings \"pretending not to know, feigning ignorance,\" \"deceive by pretending to speak frankly,\" \"become open and unconcealed,\" \"apply white facial powder,\" and \"white monster,\" among others. It is said that as an embodiment of this \"whitening,\" the nuppepō would first impersonate a human (pretending not to know), come to a pedestrian and talk as if friendly (speaking frankly), and as that person is letting their guard down, they\'d show their true form (become open and unconcealed) and show their original appearance (a white monster, as if having applied white facial powder).
In the literature starting in the Shōwa and Heisei periods, it was written to be a yōkai that appears near abandoned temples, but this comes from the passage \"on the eaves of old temples would appear the nuppepō, almost like a lump of trouble itself\" from the book *Yōkai Gadan Zenshū Nihonhen Jō* (妖怪画談全集 日本篇 上) by the folklore scholar Morihiko Fujisawa, so it\'s been suggested that Fujisawa\'s statement of \"appearing at temples\" is nothing more than an original made-up creation imagined from the background in the *Gazu Hyakki Yagyō.* Also, some literature notes that it is a yōkai that is born as the changed form of dead meat, so when this yōkai passes through, it would leave the stench of rotten meat in its trail, but the original primary source for this is unknown.
## Similar tales {#similar_tales}
In the Bunka period writing *Isshōwa* (一宵話, \"One Evening Story\"), there is a story similar to the nuppepō.
In 1609 (Keichō 14), at the courtyard of Sunpu Castle, someone that looked like a blob of meat appeared. It had the form of a young child, and it had hands but no fingers, and it could even be called a `{{nihongo|''nikujin''|肉人||lit. "meat-person"}}`{=mediawiki}. It was thought that someone like this who\'d enter a high security castle would obviously be a yōkai, but when they tried to capture it, it moved so fast, it could not be captured. Tokugawa Ieyasu, who lived at Sunpu Castle at the time, ordered that person be driven out, so the servants gave up trying to capture it and instead just drove it from the castle into the mountains.
Someone who later heard this tale and was knowledgeable about pharmaceutics noted that this is the \"Feng\" (封) mentioned in old Chinese texts, and it was also written about in the *Bái Zé Tú*, and regretted a missed opportunity because eating its meat is a panacea that grants great power.
## Etymology
The name \"nuppeppō\" is a corruption of the derogatory slang `{{nihongo|''nupperi''|ぬっぺり|}}`{=mediawiki}, used to describe a woman who applies too much make-up. This is most likely a reference to the creature\'s saggy appearance, which is similar to the sagging of a face under heavy make-up.
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# Nuppeppō
## Description
The nuppeppō appears as a blob of flesh with a hint of a face in the folds of fat. Though largely amorphous, fingers, toes, and even rudimentary limbs may be attributed as features amidst the fold of skin. The origins of the nuppeppō are unknown. However, it is sometimes described as constructed of the flesh of dead humans in a manner similar to Frankenstein\'s monster.
### Behaviors and powers {#behaviors_and_powers}
The nuppeppō is passive and almost entirely harmless, but it has a repulsive body odor is said to rival that smell of rotting flesh. Those who eat the flesh of a nuppeppō are described as being granted eternal youth.
The nuppeppō aimlessly wanders deserted streets of villages, towns and cities, often at night towards the year-end, or graveyards or abandoned temples. It is usually a solitary creature, but there have reportedly been sightings of them in groups. If encountered, the nuppeppō is unlikely to cause a human any harm. However, its lumbering stature and foul odor may cause shock and alarm
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# Mike Komisarek
**Michael Komisarek** (born January 19, 1982) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. He was selected seventh overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. Komisarek also played for the Toronto Maple Leafs and Carolina Hurricanes.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Amateur
As a youth, Komisarek played in the 1996 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the New York Islanders minor ice hockey team.
Komisarek began playing competitively on Long Island, New York, starting off in the Suffolk PAL organization. He played two years of Varsity hockey at St. Anthony\'s High School. He then played for the New England Jr. Coyotes of the Eastern Junior Hockey League (EJHL) under legendary coach Gary Dineen. He was then picked up by USA Hockey\'s National Team Development Program. He is a student of the respected Lithuanian hockey coach Aleksey Nikiforov.
### College
Komisarek played two seasons at the University of Michigan, compiling 46 points and 145 penalty minutes in 80 games. He helped the Wolverines men\'s ice hockey team to a 55--24--10 mark, a Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) title and two trips to the NCAA Men\'s Ice Hockey Championship. One of his teammates was fellow Long Islander Eric Nystrom. Komisarek was also named a First Team Division I All-American by the American Hockey Coaches Association in 2002.
### Professional
After two seasons with the University of Michigan, Komisarek was selected seventh overall in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft by the Montreal Canadiens. He was signed to a contract by the team on July 24, 2002. He played his first NHL game in the 2002--03 season with the Canadiens. He re-signed with the Canadiens in 2007 for a two-year, \$3.5 million, along with his friend Chris Higgins, who is also from Long Island.
Komisarek scored his first NHL goal on March 20, 2006, against the Washington Capitals, where he was named the first star of the game. His willingness to stand up for his teammates and his hard-hitting style made him a fan favorite in the Bell Centre.
In the 2006--07 season, Komisarek tied Mike Commodore of the Calgary Flames for most shorthanded goals scored by a defenseman with two.
During the 2007--08 season, Komisarek led the league with 227 blocked shots and finished second in hits with 266 having played only 75 games.
On January 5, 2009, Komisarek played in the NHL All-Star Game, where he was named a starter as voted by the fans alongside his Canadiens defense partner, Andrei Markov.
In July 2009, Komisarek signed a five-year contract with the Toronto Maple Leafs worth an average of \$4.5 million per season. On January 2, 2010, Komisarek injured his shoulder in a game against the Calgary Flames, and on February 3, it was revealed that he would require season-ending surgery. This also meant Komisarek would miss the 2010 Winter Olympics, as he was chosen to represent United States.
On March 20, 2013, Komisarek was placed on waivers by the Maple Leafs. On March 21, 2013, he cleared waivers and with his permission was assigned to the Maple Leafs\' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Toronto Marlies, for the remainder of the 2012--13 season. With one year left on his contract with the Maple Leafs, Komisarek was released as a free agent after his contract was used in a compliance buy-out on July 2, 2013.
On July 5, 2013, as a free agent, Komisarek signed a one-year, \$700,000 contract with the Carolina Hurricanes.
In September 2014, Komisarek was signed to a professional try-out (PTO) contract by the New Jersey Devils, but was released from it shortly after.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Komisarek is of Polish descent. His father, Roman Komisarek, was 24 when he moved to the United States, where he eventually opened an auto-body repair shop on Long Island. Roman Komisarek left his wife Kathy behind in Poland until he could earn enough to afford an apartment and support her. Komisarek stated that, \"At that time, my parents knew they wanted to start a family and give me and my sister a better opportunity. \[\...\](My father) moved to Brooklyn, found a job and didn\'t know the language at all. He just had the clothes on his back. Now, we have a nice home on Long Island, and my parents provided everything we ever needed. I always carried that with me. I always wanted to make them proud.\" Komisarek also has a sister named Joanne, who is two years younger than he is. His sister is a graduate of Boston College. He also speaks Polish.
Komisarek\'s mother, Kathy, was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in January 2005 and died in November 2005. She was 51.
In 2011 TMZ reported that Komisarek was accused of punching a woman at a nightclub causing her nose to bleed.
In 2014, Komisarek announced that he would be resuming studies at the University of Michigan through the athletic department\'s Degree Completion Program. On January 9, 2015, Michigan Wolverines head coach Red Berenson announced that Komisarek would join the coaching staff as an undergraduate student assistant.
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Mike Komisarek
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