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# Tripura University
**Tripura University** is a central university, the main public government university of the state of Tripura in India.
## History
Higher education in Tripura has its beginning with Maharaja Bir Bikram College (MBBC), the first-degree college in the state, established in 1947, and affiliates to Calcutta University (CU). This was followed by Ramkrishna Mahavidyalaya in 1950, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College formerly known as Belonia College in 1964 and Ramthakur College in 1967, all affiliated to the CU. No postgraduate college existed in Tripura, until in 1967 the University Grants Commission (UGC) sanctioned a post-graduate wing of CU, named Calcutta University Post graduate Centre (CUPGC), established in 1985. In 1987 Tripura University was established through the *Tripura University Act*, on the grounds of CUPGC.
In 2007 Tripura University was elevated to a central university under the *Tripura University Act, 2006*. Sudip Bandopadhya was appointed the first chancellor and Arunoday Saha the first vice-chancellor (VC). Saha was followed by Anjan Kumar Ghosh, followed by Vijaykumar Laxmikantrao Dharurkar, who was appointed the third VC in July 2018. In September 2019, Dharurkar resigned over corruption allegations and was replaced by acting VC Sangram Sinha. Sinha was replaced by acting VC Mahesh Kumar Singh in January 2020, who remained in the position until August 2020, when Ganga Prasad Prasain was appointed VC.
## Location
The campus of Tripura University is situated at Suryamaninagar, 10 km away from the city centre of Agartala.
## Affiliated colleges {#affiliated_colleges}
Notable affiliated colleges include:
- Ambedkar College
- Dasaratha Deb Memorial College
- Sachin Deb Barman Memorial Govt
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# Amoroto
**Amoroto** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country
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# All the Shah's Men
***All the Shah\'s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror*** is a book written by American journalist Stephen Kinzer. The book discusses the 1953 Iranian coup d\'état backed by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in which Mohammed Mossadegh, Iran\'s democratically elected prime minister, was overthrown by Islamists supported by American and British agents (chief among them Kermit Roosevelt) and royalists loyal to Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
## Summary
In 1933 Reza Shah signed a deal selling Iranian oil extraction rights to the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. Though Iran was officially neutral at the start of World War II, its monarch was friendly towards the Axis. Following the 1941 Allied Invasion of Iran, Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favour of his son Mohammad Reza Shah, who upheld the oil agreement with APOC, which by then had been renamed the \"Anglo-Iranian Oil Company\". When the first democratically elected parliament and prime minister in Iran took power in 1950 they planned to seize the oil assets in Iran that had been developed by the British, violating the still running oil contract with British Petroleum. The British government followed to court in the Hague\'s International Court, but the Court did not rule, as it did not have jurisdiction. Britain reacted by blockading the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz, halting Iran\'s trade and economy. At this point Mohammad Reza Shah escaped Iran and took refugee in the West and the whole power went into hands of the elected government led by Mohammad Mosaddegh.
The US was concerned that Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh was seeking help from the local superpower, the Soviet Union, against Britain. The Eisenhower administration agreed with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill\'s government to restore the pro-Western Shah to power. In the summer of 1953, the CIA and Britain\'s MI6 arranged a coup in Tehran. Mossadegh was successfully overthrown and spent the rest of his life on his country estate under house arrest, and Iran remained a staunch Cold War ally of the West. After more than 20 years of the Shah\'s rule, there was a bloody revolution in 1979 and brought into power an Islamic republic, which has ruled ever since.
Regarding US policy as it developed towards Iran in the early 1950s, the book portrays it as having been variously driven by the fear of annoying the British, an attempt to be an honest broker, or an effort to stop the spread of Communism. The fact, stated at the end of the book, that US companies were granted the majority of the oil concessions from the Shah\'s government after the coup, does not feature significantly in the earlier part of the narrative
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# Taumarunui High School
**Taumarunui High School** is a state coeducational secondary school located in Taumarunui, New Zealand. There are approximately 300 students.
The school was originally located in the township.
The school\'s colours are navy blue and gold.
## Enrolment
As of `{{NZ school roll data|3=y}}`{=mediawiki}, Taumarunui High School has a roll of `{{NZ school roll data|169|y}}`{=mediawiki} students, of which `{{NZ school roll data|169m|y}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{Decimals|{{formatnum:{{NZ school roll data|169m|y}}|R}}/{{formatnum:{{NZ school roll data|169|y}}|R}}*100|1}}`{=mediawiki}%) identify as Māori.`{{NZ school roll data|4=y}}`{=mediawiki}
As of `{{NZ school equity index data|203||y|||}}`{=mediawiki}, the school has an Equity Index of `{{NZ school equity index data|169|y||||}}`{=mediawiki},`{{NZ school equity index data|28|||y||}}`{=mediawiki} placing it amongst schools whose students have the `{{NZ school equity index data|169b|y||||}}`{=mediawiki} socioeconomic barriers to achievement (roughly equivalent to deciles 1 and 2 under the former socio-economic decile system).
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Prof. James L. Beck -- Professor of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology.
- Prof. John C. Butcher `{{post-nominals|country=NZL|ONZM}}`{=mediawiki} -- Honorary Research Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, University of Auckland.
- Ben Fouhy, world champion kayaker.
- Marc and Todd Hunter from the band Dragon.
- Ivan Mercep, 2008 recipient of the New Zealand Institute of Architects Gold Medal.
- Jenny Ludlam -- actress
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# Manseren Manggoendi
**Manseren Manggoendi** or **Manseren Manggundi** is a mythical hero, originating from the Numfor-Biak region of Papua, Indonesia. Manseren Manggoendi\'s purpose is to recreate the world. His return will be preceded by the prophet Konor, who will announce his arrival
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# Kawaiisu
The **Kawaiisu** Nation (pronounced: \"ka-wai-ah-soo\"`{{Needs IPA|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki}) are a tribe of indigenous people of California in the United States. The Kawaiisu Nation is the only treatied tribe in California, Ratified Treaty (No. 256), 9 Stat. 984, Dec. 30, 1849. This Treaty with the Utah Confederation of tribal nations. They have never given up their territorial rights to any of their ancestral land to the United States. The Kawaiisu Nation had preexisting treaties with Spain and those were recognized by Mexico until 1849 when California was becoming a State.
Tribal members lived in a series of small and large permanent villages in the Tehachapi Valley and to the north across the Tehachapi Pass in the southern Sierra Nevada, toward Lake Isabella and Walker Pass and all the way to the Pacific. Historically, the Kawaiisu also traveled eastward and westward on food-gathering trips to areas in the northern Mojave Desert, to the north and northeast of the Antelope Valley, Searles Valley, as far east as the Panamint Valley, the Panamint Mountains the western edge of Death Valley and to the Pacific Coast. - The Kawaiisu considered the Coso Range near Ridgecrest Ca. the site of their creation and their most sacred land.
They are well known for their rock art/Po-o-ka-di that exists throughout their territory, including on the China Lake Naval Weapons Center. Kawaiisu complex basket weaving was recognized as the finest in the Americas. Much of inventory of the Kawaiisu baskets are held and hidden by UC Berkeley in a private collection.
## Language
The Kawaiisu language is a member of the Southern Numic division of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The Kawaiisu homeland was bordered by speakers of non-Numic Uto-Aztecan languages.
The Kawaiisu have been mislabeled and mistakenly known by several other names, including the *Caliente, Paiute, Tehachapi Valley Indians*, and *Tehachapi Indians*, but they called themselves depending on dialect **Nuwu, New-wa, Nu-oo-ah** or **Niwiwi**, meaning \"The People.\" The tribal designations as \"Kawaiisu\" are English adoptions of the Yokutsan words used by the neighboring Yokuts. The self-identification term **Nüwa** (\"People\") is commonly used by themselves and in the newspapers and media.
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# Kawaiisu
## History
Before European contact, the Kawaiisu lived in hundreds of permanent winter villages of 60 to 100 people. They often divided into smaller groups during the warmer months of the year to harvest plants in the mountains and deserts. They hunted animals and fished for food and raw materials. They were known for their mining and trading of obsidian throughout the western Americas and deep into Mexico. They were also known for building sturdy tulle boats used for fishing and transportation. Some believe they were divided in two regional groups: the \"Desert Kawaiisu\" and the \"Mountain Kawaiisu\".
The Kawaiisu are related by language and culture to the Southern Paiute of southwestern Nevada and the Chemehuevi of the eastern Mojave Desert of California. They may have originally lived in the desert before coming to the Tehachapi Mountains region, as early as many thousands of years ago.
The Kawaiisu participated in cooperative antelope drives (herding antelope into traps so they could be more easily slaughtered) with the Yokuts, another group living in the San Joaquin Valley. Since 1863 after the Kawaiisu Massacre at Tillie Creek, they have often been in conflict with the tribe in the mountains north of them.
The Kawaiisu are famous for their petroglyphs and rock art. Starting in the early 1850s, a 175-year genocide of the Kawaiisu people and their culture began by European settlers, militias and the US Army.
In 2011, The Kawaiisu Project received the Governor\'s Historic Preservation Award for its efforts to document the Kaiwaiisu language and culture, including \"the Handbook of the Kawaiisu, language teaching \... the Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center, \[and\] the Kawaiisu exhibit at the Tehachapi Museum.\" A local newspaper noted in 2010, \"There are also several hundred living Kawaiisu descendants, even though a pervasive misconception believes them to be all gone.\"
## Population
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber proposed the combined 1770 population of the Kawaiisu as 1,500. He estimated the surviving population of the Kawaiisu in 1910 as 500.
The Kawaiisu culture is matriarchal. The estimates of the Kawaiisu tribal membership is grossly under counted. Tribal members were hunted down and enslaved or killed from about 1850 until the late 1880s. A major massacre and a death march occurred in 1863 and 1864. Tribal members learned to escape to the remote mountains and hid their true heritage. Kawaiisu members sometimes called themselves the \"Coso People\" or even joined other tribes to protect themselves and their families. Today, the Kawaiisu\'s own tribal records indicate that total eligible members may be as high as 100,000 and with one family having up to 10,000 eligible members
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# Face frame
A **face frame** in cabinet making is the frame fixed to the front of a cabinet carcass which obscures the edges of the carcass and provides the fixing point for doors and other external hardware. A face frame provides strength to the front of a cabinet and is also considered a visual feature of particular styles of furniture.
Face frames are a feature of traditional cabinetry which have been replaced in many instances today by frameless cabinets which make use of edge banding to conceal the edge of the carcass. This is most commonly seen in European modular-style kitchens.
## Construction
A face frame is simply a framework made up of stiles (vertical pieces) and rails (horizontal pieces) that's installed on the front of a case. Face frames are composed of a set of intersecting frame members that are joined to one another using one of a selection of woodworking joints. most common joints used are the butt joint or mortise and tenon. The frames consist of vertical **stiles** and horizontal **rails**. Individual compartments within the cabinet are divided by mid-stiles and mid-rails. Individual drawers are usually separated by mid-rails and mid-stiles occur between doors and wherever vertical partitions exist within the cabinet (see image *Parts of a face frame*).
The frame members are generally made from plain rectangular stock but are often visually enhanced through the application of cock beading or applied mouldings. Typically a frame member will be between 25mm to 50mm in width, depending upon the application and the desired appearance of the cabinet. For built in cabinets, it is common for stiles that are to abut a wall to be cut wider than the final size so that these may be scribed to the shape of the wall. This compensates for out of plumb or uneven walls, which are common in many houses
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# Cameo lighting
In film, **cameo lighting** is any lighting which has the talent in light, accentuating them and maybe a few props in a scene. It is often done using spotlights with barn doors. Cameo lighting derives its name from the art form in which a light relief figure is set against a darker background. It helps focus on the subject and not its environment. Cameo lighting can be used with a fill light, which reduces its starkness.
It is the opposite of a silhouette,
another type of chiaroscuro lighting.
A problem with cameo lighting is that it can lead to color distortion and noise in the darkest areas
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# Battle of West Hunan
The **Battle of West Hunan** (`{{zh|t=湘西會戰}}`{=mediawiki}), also known as the **Battle of Xuefeng Mountains** (`{{zh|t=雪峰山戰役}}`{=mediawiki}) and the **Zhijiang Campaign** (`{{zh|t=芷江戰役}}`{=mediawiki}), was the Japanese invasion of west Hunan and the subsequent Allied counterattack that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945, during the last months of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Japanese strategic aims for this campaign were to seize Chinese airfields and secure railroads in West Hunan, and to achieve a decisive victory that their depleted land forces needed.
This campaign, if successful, would also have allowed Japan to attack Sichuan and eventually the Chinese wartime capital Chongqing. Although Japan was able to make initial headways, Chinese forces with air support from the Americans were able to turn the tide and forced the Japanese into a rout, recovering a substantial amount of lost ground.
This was the last major Japanese offensive, and the last of 22 major battles during the war to involve more than 100,000 troops. Concurrently, the Chinese managed to repel a Japanese offensive in Henan and Hubei and launched a successful attack on Japanese forces in Guangxi, turning the course of the war sharply in China\'s favor even as they prepared to launch a full-scale counterattack across South China.
## Background
By April 1945, China had already been at war with Japan for more than seven years. Both nations were exhausted by years of battles, bombings and blockades. From 1941--1943, both sides maintained a \"dynamic equilibrium\", where field engagements were often numerous, involved large numbers of troops and produced high casualty counts, but the results of which were mostly indecisive. Operation Ichi-Go in 1944 changed the status quo, as Japanese forces were able to break through the inadequate Chinese defenses and occupy eastern Henan, a corridor in the eastern parts of Hunan through Changsha and eastern parts of Guangxi through Guilin--Liuzhou, connecting Japanese-held areas from north to south in a continuous railway corridor.
However, the Japanese victory resulted in very little actual benefit for them: the operation drained Japanese manpower and a weakened Japanese army had to defend a longer front with more partisan activity in occupied areas. The opening up of north-south railway connections did little to improve Japanese logistics, for only one train ran from Guangzhou to Wuhan in April 1945, and due to fuel shortages the primary mode of transportation for Japanese troops was on foot.
On the other hand, although the Chinese government in Chongqing had lost land access to their remaining forces in Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi with their defeat in *Ichi-Go*, Chinese fortunes in the war improved with the retaking of northern Burma by Allied and Chinese forces. On 4 February 1945, the first convoy of trucks reached Kunming from the British railhead in Ledo, India, over the newly completed Stilwell Road and the northern section of the Burma Road; using this road link, over 50,000 tonnes of petroleum started to arrive into China every month. By April 1945, enough materiel had become available to the Chinese army to equip 35 divisions with American equipment. A major counter offensive was planned.
## Order of battle {#order_of_battle}
### China
- Commander-in-Chief: He Yingqin
:\***3rd Front Army**: Tang Enbo
::\***27th Army Group**: Li Yutang
:::\***26th Corps**: Ting Chih-pan
:
: 41st Division: Tung Gee-Tao
: 4th Division: Chiang Hsiu-jen
:\***4th Front Army**: Wang Yao-wu
::\***18th Corps**: Hu Lien
:
: 11th Division: Yang Po-tao
: 18th Division: Chin Tao-shan
: 118th Division: Tai Pu
:
: 13th Division: Chin Li-san
: 6th Provincial Division: Chao Chi-ping
;assorted independent units
:\***10th Army Group**; Wang Ching-chiu
::\***39th Corps**; Liu Shang-chih (uncommitted)
:
: 51st Division; Shih Hun-hsi
:;Air Support (400 aircraft)
:\* **Chinese Air Force**
:
: 1st Air Group
: 2nd Air Group
: 3rd Air Group
: 5th Air Group
:\* **U.S. Air Force**
:
: 14th Air Force
Sources
### Japan
- **20th Army**: Ichirō Banzai *板西一良*
- 34th Division: Takeo Ban *伴健雄*
- 47th Division: Hiroshi Watanabe *渡辺洋*
- 68th Division: Mikio Tsutsumi *堤三樹男*
- 116th Division: Ginnosuke Uchida *内田銀之助*
- Elements of the 64th Division
- 86th Independent Mixed Brigade
Sources
## Japanese strategic objectives {#japanese_strategic_objectives}
For this campaign, the Imperial Japanese had three main objectives. The first of which was to neutralize the Chinese airfield at Zhijiang, whose complement of USAAF and ROCAF was ensuring Allied air superiority in the region and a base for U.S. bombers, either by physically reaching the airfield, located only 435 km from Chongqing, and securing it, or simply by pressing forward close enough to the airfield to force the Chinese to destroy the installation.
Their second objective was to secure their control of the Hunan-Guangxi and Guangzhou-Hankou railways. A third objective was to preemptively disrupt the planned Chinese offensive in the region.
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# Battle of West Hunan
## Preparations for battle {#preparations_for_battle}
By this point of the war, Japan was losing the battle in Burma and facing constant attacks from Chinese forces in the country side. Spare troops for this campaign were limited. The Japanese army began preparations for the battle in March 1945, constructing two highways with forced Chinese labor: the Heng-Shao Highway ran from Hengyang in a northwest direction to Shaoyang, a Japanese-controlled city in central Hunan a mere 100 km from Zhijiang; and the Tan-Shao Highway from Xiangtan, southwest to Shaoyang. Supplies and equipment were stockpiled near Shaoyang, to be the headquarters of the Japanese 20th Corps, led by Ichirō Banzai. Under it were the Japanese 34th, 47th, 64th, 68th and 116th Divisions, as well as the 86th Independent Brigade, massing at various locations across Hunan, for a total of 80,000 men by early April.
In response, the Chinese National Military Council dispatched the 4th Front Army and the 10th and 27th Army Groups with He Yingqin as commander-in-chief. At the same time, it airlifted the entire New 6th Corps, an American-equipped corps and veterans of the Burma Expeditionary Force, from Kunming to Zhijiang. Chinese forces totaled 110,000 men in 20 divisions. They were supported by about 400 aircraft from the CAF 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th Air Groups and the USAAF 14th Air Force.
## Battle
Japanese forces took over the outskirts of Hunan with little resistance. However, they didn\'t realize that the Chinese forces were well prepared for the Japanese assault. The mountainous terrain was ideal for ambushes and mortar bombardment on approaching Japanese forces in the lower grounds.
The Chinese also had air superiority in this battle. After some defeats Japan decided to retreat. However, Chinese forces gave chase and inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese. The local Chinese guerrilla forces then attacked the Japanese positions. Japan ended up losing a large amount of territory that they once occupied.
The Japanese drove east while two smaller forces to the north and south moved generally parallel to the main column. The Chinese Combat Command\'s advisory and liaison system was immediately called into play. At a meeting on 14 April, the day after the Japanese general advance began, Generals Ho and McClure agreed on the basic plan to counter the enemy attack. Chinese armies would be concentrated to the north and south to prepare to strike the enemy advance in the flanks and rear. The Chinese center around Chihchiang would be strengthened by moving the New 6th Army, composed of two veteran divisions of the Burma campaign, into the area.
By late April, the New 6th Army began concentrating at Chihchiang. Although their deployment from Burma diverted scarce fuel from the U.S. Fourteenth Air Force, American airmen continued to fly repeated missions against the attacking Japanese. Meanwhile, other Chinese armies moved into position, the 94th to the south and the 100th and 18th to the north. Meanwhile, the 74th Army, defending the Chinese center on a fifty-mile front, was putting up a stout resistance, slowing the Japanese advance.
On 3 May a Chinese-American staff conference decided to counterattack a Japanese detachment near Wu-yang, seventy miles southeast of Chihchiang. The subsequent engagement by the 5th Division of the 94th Army on 5 and 6 May was completely successful. Over the next few days, the 5th and 121st Divisions, also of the 94th Army, repeatedly outflanked the Japanese and hustled them north. The Chinese 18th and 100th Armies moved into the Japanese rear. With the 94th Army threatening from the south, the Japanese were forced into a general retreat and by 7 June were back at their initial starting positions.
## Casualties
After the battle, the Japanese first announced that they only had 11,000 casualties (5,000 KIA). They later revised the figures to include an additional 15,000 casualties \"due to diseases\". Finally, they admitted to a casualty figure of 27,000. On the other hand, the Chinese claimed to have inflicted on the Japanese 36,358 casualties, including 12,651 KIA. The Chinese sustained 21,040 casualties (including 824 officers) with 7,817 KIA and 380 MIA. In the report from the First Demobilization Bureau regarding the battle of West Hunan, the Japanese Army suffered about 15,000 killed and about 50,000 wounded. This figure likely included losses of the Japanese Army on other fronts and possibly included the total losses of the 20th army in Hunan and Guangxi. The 109th Infantry Regiment of the 116th Division was nearly wiped out. By April 25, the 1st Battalion had only 125 troops left, the 2nd Battalion had only 246 left, and the 3rd Battalion had only 175 left.
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# Battle of West Hunan
## Aftermath
In the battle, the 51st division of the 74th corps \"blocked more than 6,000 enemy troops in the area east of Longtansi (龍潭司), repeatedly defeated the enemy in Fangdong (放洞), Hongyan (紅岩), and Dahuangsha (大黃沙) for more than 20 days, smashing the enemy\'s attempt to enter and exit An Giang to block the Yuan River and sweep the Xuefeng Mountain. The enemy was annihilated in Fangdong with unprecedented success, completing the arduous mission and laying the foundation for ultimate victory in the battle.\" On November 24, 1945, the Nationalist Government awarded the Flying Tiger flag to the division
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# Virus (Argentine band)
**Virus** is an Argentine new wave music band founded in 1979, led by Federico Moura until his death on December 21, 1988, from AIDS-related complications. His brother Marcelo then became lead singer, until the band gave its final performance on September 29, 1990, in a support slot to David Bowie. An instant hit, they represented along Soda Stereo and other upcoming bands from the moment the New Wave sound which contrasted with the previous staple rock genres of the preceding decades.
Roberto Jacoby wrote the group\'s lyrics from its beginning. Some of their best-known songs are \"Amor Descartable,\" \"Wadu Wadu,\" \"Hay que salir del agujero interior,\" \"Una luna de miel en la mano,\" \"¿Qué hago en Manila?,\" \"Sin Disfraz,\" \"Imágenes paganas,\" and \"Mirada Speed.\"
## History
### Beginnings
The history of the Virus band dates back to 1979, when the Marabunta band decided to merge with the Las Violetas band to create a new group called \"Duro\", a band made up of Laura Gallegos (vocals), Julio Moura (guitar and backing vocals), Ricardo Serra (guitar), Marcelo Moura (percussion and backing vocals), Mario Serra (drums) and Enrique Mugetti (bass).
While they were satisfied with the sound of their music, they believed that they should have a male singer, so they started looking for a new singer. They finally asked Federico Moura to be the new singer and leader of the group, a request that Federico Moura accepted. Later Federico, decided to return to Argentina. Laura Gallegos left the position of singer in the band, and Marcelo Moura went from percussion to keyboards; however, Mario Serra continued to be the band\'s drummer. Before going to look for Federico Moura in Brazil, Julio and Moura worked as qualified painters in the more affluent area of La Plata.
With Federico as singer, the band decided to change the name \"Duro\" to \"Virus\". The new name arose because Julio Moura had contracted a strong case of the flu on a trip and his friends joked with him, saying \"Virus\". The band rehearsed intensively for a year, and officially debuted on January 11, 1980, at a club in the city of La Plata, just the same day that Marcelo turned 20.
On September 21, 1981, Virus made their first public presentation at the Prima Rock Festival, in Ezeiza, Buenos Aires. At that festival, the sound and aesthetics of Virus were not well received by the audience that attended (who were almost entirely hippies). The attendees began to throw oranges at them and turned their backs on them. As Federico kicked the oranges aimed at him, he provoked the audience by saying, \"I\'ll lift\' my ass off the floor, and we danced a bit. Show how you make your legs shake!\". According to Marcelo Moura\'s stories, I walk down the stage crying Federico told him: \"*Boludo* (phrase commonly used in Argentina), didn\'t you realize that while they threw oranges at us they were dancing?.\"
Virus reunited in 1994 and has had some sporadic activity, without recovering its previous popularity. Their latest album, *Caja Negra* (2006) features live versions of their classics, together with five new studio tracks, with invited artists influenced by the band: Ale Sergi (Miranda!), Adrián Dárgelos (Babasónicos), Pity Álvarez (Intoxicados) and Ciro Pertusi (Attaque 77)
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| 0 |
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# Rudolf Hasse
**Rudolf Hasse** (30 May 1906 -- 12 August 1942) was a German racing driver who won the 1937 Belgian Grand Prix.
Hasse was born in Mittweida, Saxony, and died while serving on the Russian front during World War II in a military hospital in Makiivka, Ukraine, from shigellosis aged only 36. In the 1930s he was a member of the National Socialist Motor Corps
| 67 |
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| 0 |
2,881,743 |
# Kawasaki Concours
The **Kawasaki Concours**, known as the **GTR1000** in some markets, is a 1,000 cc sport touring motorcycle manufactured between 1986 and 2006 by Kawasaki. In 2007 it was replaced by the larger displacement Concours 14, also known as the 1400GTR.
## ZG1000 Concours {#zg1000_concours}
The Kawasaki Concours, known in Europe as the 1000GTR and in USA as the ZG1000, is a 997 cc, six speed, four cylinder, liquid-cooled sport touring motorcycle with shaft drive. The bike can reach speeds over 190 km/h, offers nimble handling and -- with its full fairing, tall screen, twin locking panniers, and 28 litre fuel capacity -- is suited to cross-country two-up touring.
Kawasaki introduced the Concours in 1986, based on their Ninja 900 and Ninja 1000R models. Key differences between the Ninja 1000R and the ZG1000 included 32 mm instead of 36 mm carburetors, less aggressively ramped cams, shaft drive, front and rear sub-frames, hard luggage, and full fairing. The Concours was introduced into the USA the year after the slightly faster (137 mph) BMW K100LT at less than two-thirds the price of the BMW machine. Both bikes were tested by the magazine *Motorcyclist*, which came out in favor of the Kawasaki concluding that it was \"the most practical, useful and competent motorcycle made\" and \"superior to the BMW in almost every aspect imaginable.\"
From 1986 to 1993 the design was largely unchanged aside from modifications to the screen, handlebars and other very minor changes. In 1994 Kawasaki updated the instrument cluster, forks, controls, front fender, front brakes, and the front wheel. From 1994 to 2006, the design again experienced only minor changes: fork protectors and exhaust tips. As the Concours first generation endured with few revisions, experienced mechanics and used parts are readily available.
The 1000GTR has 10--20 percent less horsepower than the US Concours, varying by country.
## Successor
In September 2006, Kawasaki announced a new generation Concours, known as the Concours 14 in North America, and 1400GTR in other markets. Introduced in September 2007, the new bike is based on the ZX-14 platform with features similar to the original Concours -- an inline-4 engine, luggage, shaft drive and a full fairing
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# 1999 Vale of White Horse District Council election
Elections to Vale of White Horse District Council were held on 6 May 1999. The whole council was up for election and the Liberal Democrats stayed in overall control. The next full council elections took place on 1 May 2003
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# Charles Barsotti
**Charles Branum Barsotti** (Sep. 28, 1933 -- June 16, 2014) was an American cartoonist who contributed gag cartoons to major magazines.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in San Marcos, Texas in 1933, Barsotti grew up in San Antonio and graduated from Texas State University in 1955. He then served in the Army and worked at the Brown School in San Marcos which was a residential treatment center for people with special needs, whilst studying with the aim of obtaining a master\'s degree in education.
## Career as a cartoonist {#career_as_a_cartoonist}
Barsotti was the cartoon editor of *The Saturday Evening Post* and a staff cartoonist at *The New Yorker* beginning in 1970. His work also appeared in *Playboy*, *Punch* and *Fast Company*, among other publications. He was a signature artist whose rounded, elegant, sparsely detailed style evoked both the traditional world of a James Thurber and the contemporary sensibility of a Roz Chast.
Barsotti\'s work features a simple repertory including a nameless, lovable pooch and a monarch whose kingdom consists of a guard and a telephone.
His work in comic strips included:
- *C. Barsotti\'s People*
- *My Kind of People*
- *P.J. McFey*
- *Sally Bananas* (1969--1973)
- *Funny Form* (1974)
- *Punchline: USA* (1975)
- *Broadsides* (1975--1979)
In 1992, his dog character was adopted as a logo by the office supplies company Niceday Ltd, which was taken over the French company Guilbert, leading to the nickname \"Niceday pup\" in the United Kingdom. On February 26, 1996, the pup also appeared on one of three United Kingdom postage stamps featuring Barsotti\'s cartoons.
## Politics
Barsotti openly opposed the Vietnam War. In 1972, he ran for Congress as the Democratic nominee against incumbent Larry Winn in the third district of Johnson County, Kansas, but faced heavy Republican opposition and dropped out of the race. In a 1986 interview Barsotti said of his campaign:
> It was a \'You can vote for me as a protest against the war if you want to\' kind of thing. Roughly I got about 30 percent of the vote, and it\'s very rough because I tried to put all that behind me as quickly as possible. I love politics but I don\'t like politicians. This sounds awful, but you can\'t \[be a politician\] and be a cartoonist.
His entire campaign staff dropped him and became the Wyandotte County, Kansas City, Kansas staff for the McGovern campaign when Mr. Barsotti refused to do any campaign functions.
## Death
Barsotti died of brain cancer on June 16, 2014, at his home in Kansas City, Missouri, aged 80.
## Awards
Barsotti received the National Cartoonist Society\'s Gag Cartoon Award for 1988 for his work.
## Books
- *A Girl Needs a Little Action* (1969)
- *Kings Don\'t Carry Money* (August 1983)
- *Barsotti\'s Texas* (July 1986)
- *The Essential Charles Barsotti* (October 1, 1998)
- *From the Very Big Desk of\..
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# Land reform in the Roman republic
**Land reform in the Roman republic** was a system first attempted in the Roman Republic in 486 BC under the consulships of Spurius Cassius Vecellinus, and Proculus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus.
## Cassius and Verginius {#cassius_and_verginius}
The first attempted land reforms in the Roman Republic occurred in 486 BC under the consulship of Spurius Cassius Vecellinus, and Proculus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus. After winning a war against the Hernici to the south, the consul Cassius attempted to pass a bill granting two-thirds of the Hernicians\' land to the plebs, and Latin allies, with one half going to each. This bill would take some land owned by patricians and place it under public domain. The patricians immediately opposed this bill. Livy states this was the first and only proposal of land reform which did not immediately throw Rome into violence. The consul Verginius opposed this bill, and subsequently backed by the patricians.
Now both consuls, backed by plebeian and patrician alike, vied for the neutral body of Romans. Verginius hurled accusations that Cassius was a secret ally of the Hernicians by allowing them to keep 1/3 of their lands.
Verginius proposed the land be distributed only among the Roman citizens, and none should go to the Latin allies who assisted in taking it. Cassius replied by promising to give the Romans whatever Sicilian corn they received for free, yet this was seen as a bribe and only raised their suspicions of him. This move ruined his reputation and marked him for death.
In 485 BC, Cassius\' and Verginius\' terms ended as consuls. Cassius was put to death. He was charged with treason by two quaestors, Caeso Fabius and Lucius Valerius. He was found guilty of this charge by the people and his house was burned to the ground.
### Outcomes
The plebeians quickly forgot about the land they had yet to receive when the patrician senate halted payment to the soldiers who fought in the following war against the Volscians and Æquans. The land was sold off by the consul Quintus Fabius and most likely bought up by the wealthier patrician class. This event planted the seeds for hundreds of years of plebeian-patrician antagonism.
## Gracchi reforms {#gracchi_reforms}
The Gracchi reforms were land reforms attempted in the Roman Republic in the 2nd century BC. They are explained in detail in the following articles:
- Tiberius Gracchus -- the tribune who initiated the reforms in 133 BC, but was murdered by the Senate.
- Gaius Gracchus -- his brother, who tried to resume Tiberius\' reforms in 123 BC, but was also murdered in 121.
The agrarian reform law required the transfer of land from the wealthy landowners to Rome\'s poorer citizens.
### Outcomes {#outcomes_1}
The Gracchian reform had no permanent effect, for they did nothing to change the conditions giving rise to land concentration in the first place. Some of the reform laws were soon repealed, while others continued but with weakened effects over time. Land problems plagued the Romans for all times thereafter.
Appian adds that within 15 years, all of the progress done under the Gracchi had been overturned and the poor were in a much worse position than ever before, many reduced to unemployment.
## Servilius Rullus {#servilius_rullus}
Under Cicero\'s term as Consul in 63 BC, Servilius Rullus proposed a land reform bill. Cicero opposed this and the Senate voted it down.
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# Land reform in the Roman republic
## Caesar
During Julius Caesar\'s first day as Consul in 59 BC, he proposed a bill similar to Rullus\'. This is detailed in the article about the First Triumvirate.
## Media
- BBC, Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire, Episode 4, 2006, television series and accompanying book of same title (also as a [The Gracchus Brothers Legacy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohG2LOmao-Y) - YouTube movie)
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# Siam Square
**Siam Square** (*สยามสแควร์*, `{{IPA|th|sā.jǎːm sā.kʰwɛ̄ː|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a shopping and entertainment area in the Siam area of Bangkok, Thailand. The square is located at the corner of Phayathai Road and Rama I Road and is owned by Chulalongkorn University, managed by its Property Management Office, known as \"Chula Property\". It is connected to nearby shopping centers and shopping districts, such as MBK Center, Siam Paragon, and Ratchaprasong shopping district, by a skywalk.
## History
The area of Siam Square, which belongs to Chulalongkorn University, was originally full of wooden houses and slum areas, until a fire incident evacuated the villagers from the area.`{{Better source needed|date=September 2020}}`{=mediawiki} After the fire, General Prapas Charusatien (*ประภาส จารุเสถียร*) director of Chulalongkorn University at that time, decided to develop the area of Siam Square into a commercial place in order to prevent the slum community that originally resided there from returning. The Southeast Asia Company was the first to develop this area as an open-air shopping mall. The first building was constructed in 1962 and finished in 1963, with Associated Professor Lert Urasayanan as the architect and Professor Rachot Kanchanawanit as the engineer.
The original name of the square was **Pathum Wan Square** (*ปทุมวันสแควร์*), because it is in Pathum Wan District. However, Kobchai Sosothikul, founder of Seacon Development Co. and owner of the project at that time, felt that the name was too small and renamed it to Siam Square after the whole country, Siam being the old name of Thailand.
Later in 1991, various tutoring schools began opening in the Siam Square area, targeting students from the many schools nearby.
Siam Square entered a period of downturn In 1996, when the Thai economy was in a state of recession from IMF debt. The nearby construction of the BTS Skytrain at that time also caused traffic jams that drove customers to other shopping districts. To combat this issue, Chulalongkorn University initiated a project to turn Siam Square into a center of technology and development, with many improvements to the area in 1999 and 2000. One such development was relocating the parking lot behind the Lido cinema to the Witthayakit Building, opening up the space for outside companies to invest in developing the area, which became known as \"Center Point\" and served as a center of recreation for teenagers.
## Present day {#present_day}
Siam Square is maintained by the University Property Management Office of Chulalongkorn University. It has been compared to a \"one-tenth miniature\" of Bangkok in terms of catering for diverse needs, with over 4,200 shops in many styles and also many other types of services including many successful Thai businesses, tutor schools, restaurants, cafes, fashion, art, design, and many new emerging businesses.
The customers or visitors vary from young-aged school and college students to office workers and foreign tourists, although most are students coming to attend the tutoring institutions concentrated in the area: at least 30 schools are located here, making Siam Square the number one tutoring center in the country.
Siam Square is a popular destination and traffic hub, with at least 400,000 people traveling to and through Siam Square each day..
<File:Siam> Square 8 Dec 07.JPG\|Siam Square Soi 3 <File:Footpath> in Siam Square.JPG\|Footpath in Siam Square <File:SiamSquare> TV.JPG\|Main road in Siam Square Area <File:Siam> Square Soi 7.JPG\|Main road in Siam Square Area <File:Siam> Square -01.jpg\|Near Siam BTS station
## Location
The area is located at the corner of Phayathai Road and Rama I Road, prominently in front of Siam BTS station, which can be considered as the center of Bangkok.
### Transportation
Due to its location in the heart of Bangkok, many means of transportation are available.
#### BTS stations {#bts_stations}
Aside from Siam station, Siam Square is close to National Stadium BTS station and Chit Lom BTS station.
#### Bus
There are several bus lines that pass through Siam Square, with five soi having bus stops.
#### Skywalk
A skywalk Begins at National Stadium BTS station, passing by Siam BTS station and connecting to Chit Lom BTS station. It connects to various shopping malls; all of the following can be reached by skywalk:
- Siam Square One (In the Siam Square area.)
- Center Point Siam (In the Siam Square area.)
- Siamkit (In the Siam Square area.)
- SiamScape (In the Siam Square area.)
- Siam Paragon
- Siam Center
- Siam Discovery
- MBK Center
- CentralwOrld
- Gaysorn Village
- The Market Bangkok
- The Platinum Fashion Mall
- Erawan Bangkok
- Amarin
- Central Chidlom
- Central Embassy
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# Siam Square
## Popular attractions {#popular_attractions}
Siam Square is a composite of many different entertainment options. From Cinemas, and bowling alleys to aquarium and museum. This area has it all, due to the advantage of being connected to many other popular places that can easily be reached with a skywalk. Siam Square is like the center of shopping and entertainment in Thailand. These are some of the most popular attractions.
### Sea Life Bangkok Ocean World (Siam Paragon) {#sea_life_bangkok_ocean_world_siam_paragon}
One of the largest aquariums in Southeast Asia. With the size of 3 Olympic pools and over 30,000 marine animals from across the world.
### Wat Pathum Wanaram {#wat_pathum_wanaram}
The temple was built by King Rama IV in 1857 as a place of worship. This place is a rare example of ancient craftsmanship featuring ornate stencils and lacquered sculptures.
### Madame Tussauds (Siam Discovery Center) {#madame_tussauds_siam_discovery_center}
A wax museum with 10 exhibit rooms of lifelike wax figures. All in real-life themes, this made the museum feels more like a journey in time.
### Bangkok Art and Culture Centre (BACC) {#bangkok_art_and_culture_centre_bacc}
An art center with the widest range of contemporary art, design, music, theatre, and film in Bangkok. It regularly hosts changing exhibitions from both Thai and International artists.
Working Hours: Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 10:00am--10:00pm
## Cinemas
`{{See also|List of cinemas in Thailand}}`{=mediawiki}
- The Siam -- Opened in 1966, it stayed in operation for 44 years until it burned down during the 2010 Thai military crackdown, It was demolished a year later. The site has since been replaced with Siam Square One Shopping Center.
```{=html}
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```
- Lido Theater -- Opened in 1968 as a standalone, it was converted into a 3-screen cinema in 1994 before closing down for renovations in June 2018 which saw 2 of the 3 theatres repurposed for other uses. It often runs independent films not screened elsewhere in Bangkok. Concerts and other events are occasionally held here. It now operates a small-scale shopping center under the name Lido Connect.
```{=html}
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```
- Scala Cinema -- The 900-seat single-screen cinema opened in 1969, and was considered one of the finest movie houses in Asia. It was the final standalone movie theater in operation before closing in mid-2020 and was demolished by 2021 by its landowner, Chulalongkorn University to make way for re-development. The site, along with the adjacent buildings which were also demolished is still empty as of 2023
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# Sport touring motorcycle
A **sport touring motorcycle** (sometimes a \"sports tourer\") is a type of motorcycle that combines the performance of a sport bike with the long-distance capabilities and comfort of a touring motorcycle.
The first sport tourer is said to be the fully faired 1977 BMW R100RS. Journalist Peter Egan defines the sport tourer as a \"café racer that doesn\'t hurt your wrists and a touring bike that doesn\'t feel like a tank,\" and identified the R100RS as the first example he owned.
Unlike a sport model, a sport touring model will typically have more wind protection with larger fairings and an adjustable windscreen, a transmission with lower gearing, a shaft drive instead of chain drive, side and/or rear pannier storage systems, a larger alternator for more accessories, heated handlebar grips, remotely adjustable headlights, a larger fuel tank for increased range, and a more upright seating position. Unlike a full touring model, a sport tourer will typically have more ride height ground clearance for better cornering, less stowage, lower weight, a less relaxed seating position, less room for the rear passenger, and higher overall performance.
When designing a sport tourer, some manufacturers make economies by using an existing engine, technology and tooling from their recent sport bikes, rather than creating a dedicated engine design from scratch. Sport tourer engines could be differently-tuned versions of their sport bike siblings, the emphasis becoming mid-range torque rather than peak horsepower. This often includes a different cylinder head and exhaust system. For example, the Triumph Sprint motorcycle shared its engine with the Daytona, Speed Triple, and Tiger models; the Kawasaki 1400GTR/Concours 14 shares the basic engine with the Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14; and Ducati\'s ST4 sport tourer used the 916\'s engine; the Aprilia RST1000 Futura used a differently-tuned engine from the Aprilia RSV Mille sport bike. As consumer expectations changed, some sport bikes were redefined (for marketing purposes) as sport touring bikes, for example, the 2000 Kawasaki ZX-6R sportbike became the 2004 ZZR600 with just a change to a fairing bracket.
*Rider* magazine noted in 2013 that the line between sportbikes and touring motorcycles was becoming blurred \"with \[touring\] horsepower rising higher and higher and lists of standard \[sportbike\] features growing longer and longer\"
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# Cabbage palm
**Cabbage palm** is a common name for several species of palms or palm-like plants:
- *Cordyline fruticosa*, a tropical tree native to Asia and Polynesia
- *Corypha utan*, an East Asian fan palm (including Northern Australia)
- *Euterpe oleracea*, a Brazilian palm tree
- *Livistona australis*, an Australian palm
- *Roystonea oleracea*, a Caribbean palm
- *Sabal palmetto*, native to the south-eastern USA, Cuba and the Bahamas
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# Abanto y Ciérvana-Abanto Zierbena
**Abanto y Ciérvana-Abanto Zierbena** is a municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the north of Spain.
Administratively it has been separate from its neighbour Zierbena, about 5 km to the north, since 1995; however, its name has never been officially shortened to Abanto due to there being a small village of that name in the Aragón region. The vast majority of the municipality\'s population do not reside in the tiny hamlet of Abanto but in the former mining settlement of Gallarta, nowadays a commuter town for Bilbao with motorway connection (Autovía A-8), train station (Cercanías Bilbao C2 line) and a large industrial estate.
## Neighborhoods
Abanto was originally divided into *concejo*s, Susoko Abanto or Abanto de Suso and Yusoko Abanto or Abanto de Yuso, nowadays administratively divided into neighborhoods or wards:
- Susoko Abanto
- Abanto (pop. 59)
- Campillo (pop. 32)
- Gallarta (town center, pop. 5,107)
- Balastera (pop. 68)
- Florida (pop. 9)
- Las Calizas (Pop. 44)
- Picón (pop. 21)
- Santa Juliana (pop. 146)
- Triano (pop. 52)
- Yusoko Abanto
- Cotorrio (pop. 154)
- Las Carreras (pop. 1,814)
- Las Cortes (pop. 7)
- El Once (pop. 3)
- Olabarrieta (Pop. 55)
- Murrieta (pop. 51)
- Putxeta (pop. 269)
- San Pedro Abanto (pop. 46)
- Sanfuentes (pop. 1,675)
## List of mayors of Abanto y Ciérvana-Abanto Zierbena, since 1842 {#list_of_mayors_of_abanto_y_ciérvana_abanto_zierbena_since_1842}
- January 1842 -- January 1843 Andrés José de San Martín
- January 1843 - July 1843 Emeterio del Alisal
- July 1843 - March 1844 Benigno Ruiz de Murga
- March 1844 -- 1 January 1846 José María de Arechabaleta
- 1 January 1846 -- 3 January 1847 Juan Francisco del Merro
- 3 January 1847 -- 1 January 1850 Miguel de Escuza
- 1 January 1850 -- 1 January 1854 Pablo de los Heros
- 1 January 1854 -- 2 October 1854 Francisco de Robledo
- 2 October 1854 -- 12 March 1857 José González y El Cerro
- 12 March 1857 -- 1 January 1859 Cosme de Allende
- 1 January 1859 -- 1 January 1861 Miguel de Escuza
- 1 January 1861 -- 1 January 1865 José de Aranguren
- 1 January 1865 -- 1 January 1867 Ruperto de Lejarza
- 1 January 1867 -- 1 January 1869 Manuel de Garay y Laza
- 1 January 1869 - March 1872 Agapito de Sasia
- March 1872 -- September 1873 Antonio Hurtado
- September 1873 -- January 1874 Agustín Yarto
- January 1874 -- 1 January 1875 Antonio de Escuza (dean)
- 1 January 1875 -- 1 January 1876 Maximino de Uriarte
- 1 January 1876 -- 7 March 1876 Manuel Chave (accidental)
- 7 March 1876 -- 11 April 1876 Juan Ángel de Allende
- 11 April 1876 -- 1 April 1877 José Antonio Escuza
- 1 April 1877 -- 1 July 1879 Mamerto Bermeosolo
- 1 July 1879 -- 1 July 1881 Juan Ángel de Allende
- 1 July 1881 -- 1 July 1885 Mariano de Olabarría
- 1 July 1885 -- 1 January 1890 Calisto López Sáez
- 1 January 1890 -- 1 July 1891 Eugenio Solano
- 1 July 1891 -- 1 January 1894 Agustín Iza Rementería
- 1 January 1894 - October 1900 Calisto López Sáez
- 3 November 1900 -- 1 January 1904 Agustín Iza Rementería
- 1 January 1904 -- 1 January 1906 Agustín Garmendia
- 1 January 1906 -- 1 January 1910 Bernardo Ruiz Elizondo
- 1 January 1910 - January 1912 Alejo Egusquizaga Bilbao
- Urtarrila 1912 - January 1914 Manuel Asla
- January 1914 -- 1 January 1916 José Salcedo Zubaran
- 1 January 1916 -- 1 January 1918 Luis Sanjinés
- 1 January 1918 -- 1 January 1920 Fabriciano Torróntegui
- 1 January 1920 -- 1 October 1923 Antonio Pujana Meave
- 1 October 1923 -- 26 March 1924 Dionisio Ureta Balparda
- 26 March 1924 -- 12 March 1930 Tomás Quintana Martín
- 12 March 1930 -- 31 January 1931 Dionisio Ureta Balparda
- 31 January 1931 -- 15 April 1931 Francisco de Uribe Urioste
- 15 April 1931 -- 28 April 1931 Nemesio Merodio Ramos (provisional)
- 28 April 1931 -- 14 November 1934 Antonio Pujana Meave
- 14 November 1934 -- 23 February 1936 José Colón Laza
- 23 February 1936 -- 2 July 1937 Antonio Pujana Meave
- 2 July 1937 -- 9 February 1938 Luis Sanjinés Renovales
- 9 February 1938 -- 3 May 1952 José Colón Laza
- 3 May 1952 -- 29 August 1955 Eugenio Mendicote Mardones
- 29 August 1955 -- 5 December 1959 Juan Ramón Sánchez-Serrano Múgica
- 5 December 1959 -- 26 August 1964 Francisco Garaygordobil Barrutia
- 26 August 1964 -- 14 December 1969 Tomás Alonso García
- 14 December 1969 -- 10 September 1974 José Antonio Romero Onaindia
- 10 September 1974 -- 19 April 1979 Luis Andrés Merodio García
- 19 April 1979 -- 23 May 1983 Francisco Puerto Balmisa
- 23 May 1983 -- July 1987 Luis María Vallejo López
- July 1987 -- 15 June 1991 Francisco Puerto Balmisa
- 15 June 1991 - 1995 Luis María Vallejo López
- 1995 -- 2003 Juan José Mezcorta Puertollano
- 2003 -- 2013 Manuel Tejada Lanbarri
- 2013 -- in charge Maite Etxebarria Azpiolea
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Dolores Ibárruri (1895--1989), Spanish Republican communist politician
- Nélida Zaitegi (b
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# Calla
***Calla*** is a genus of flowering plant in the family Araceae, containing the single species ***Calla palustris*** (**bog arum**, **marsh calla**, **wild calla**, **squaw claw**, and **water-arum**).
## Description
It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant growing in bogs and ponds. The leaves are rounded to heart-shaped, 6 -- long on a 10 -- petiole, and 4 -- broad. The greenish-yellow inflorescence is produced on a spadix about 4 -- long, enclosed in a white spathe. The fruit is a cluster of red berries, each berry containing several seeds.
The plant is very poisonous when fresh due to its high oxalic acid content, but the rhizome (like that of *Caladium*, *Colocasia*, and *Arum*) is edible after drying, grinding, leaching and boiling.
## Taxonomy
The genus formerly also included a number of other species, which have now been transferred to the separate genus *Zantedeschia*. These plants from tropical Africa, however, are still often termed \"calla lilies\" but should not be confused with *C. palustris*.
## Distribution
It is native to cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, in central, eastern and northern Europe (France and Norway eastward), northern Asia and northern North America (Alaska, Canada, and northeastern contiguous United States)
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# Cabrerite
**Cabrerite** is an arsenate mineral bearing magnesium and nickel. It is a member of the hörnesite-annabergite series in the vivianite group.
The name *Cabrerite* has been in use for any annabergite with notable incorporation of magnesium, typically nickel remaining the dominant ion. It was specified to refer to specimens with a <Ni:Mg> ratio of 1:2 in 2024
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# 1995 United Kingdom local elections
The **1995 United Kingdom local elections** took place on Thursday 6 April 1995 in Scotland, and Thursday 4 May 1995 in England and Wales. The Conservative Party lost over 2,000 councillors in the election, while the Labour Party won 48% of the vote, a record high for the party in local elections.
The elections were the first to be contested under Labour\'s new leadership of Tony Blair, who had been elected the previous year following the sudden death of his predecessor John Smith.
This was also the first election of 22 Welsh and 14 English unitary authorities, creating shadow authorities which ran in parallel with existing councils until taking power in April 1996, except for the new Isle of Wight Council which took power immediately.
## England
### Metropolitan boroughs {#metropolitan_boroughs}
All 36 metropolitan borough councils had one third of their seats up for election.
Council Previous control Result
--------------------- ------------------ ------ ---------
Barnsley hold Details
Birmingham hold Details
Bolton hold Details
Bradford hold Details
Bury gain Details
Calderdale gain Details
Coventry hold Details
Doncaster hold Details
Dudley hold Details
Gateshead hold Details
Kirklees gain Details
Knowsley hold Details
Leeds hold Details
Liverpool hold Details
Manchester hold Details
Newcastle upon Tyne hold Details
North Tyneside hold Details
Oldham gain Details
Rochdale hold Details
Rotherham hold Details
Salford hold Details
Sandwell hold Details
Sefton hold Details
Sheffield hold Details
Solihull hold Details
South Tyneside hold Details
St Helens hold Details
Stockport hold Details
Sunderland hold Details
Tameside hold Details
Trafford gain Details
Wakefield hold Details
Walsall gain Details
Wigan hold Details
Wirral gain Details
Wolverhampton hold Details
### Unitary authorities {#unitary_authorities}
These were the first elections to the first 14 unitary authorities established by the Local Government Commission for England (1992). They acted as \"shadow authorities\" until 1 April 1996.
Council Previous control Result
-------------------------------- ------------------ --------------- --------
Bath and North East Somerset ‡ *New Council*
Bristol *New Council*
East Riding of Yorkshire ‡ *New Council*
Hartlepool *New Council*
Isle of Wight ‡ *New Council*
Kingston upon Hull *New Council*
Middlesbrough *New Council*
North East Lincolnshire ‡ *New Council*
North Lincolnshire ‡ *New Council*
North Somerset *New Council*
Redcar and Cleveland *New Council*
South Gloucestershire ‡ *New Council*
Stockton-on-Tees *New Council*
York ‡ *New Council*
‡ New ward boundaries from predecessor authorities
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# 1995 United Kingdom local elections
## England
### District councils {#district_councils}
#### Whole council {#whole_council}
In 167 districts the whole council was up for election.
These were the last elections to the district councils of Blackpool, Bournemouth, Bracknell Forest, Darlington, Leicester, Luton, Newbury, Nottingham, Plymouth, Poole, Rutland, The Wrekin, Torbay, Warrington and Windsor and Maidenhead before they were made unitary authorities by the Local Government Commission for England (1992).
These were also the last elections to the district councils of Hove and Rochester-upon-Medway before they were abolished and replaced by unitary authorities by the Local Government Commission for England (1992).
Council Previous control Result
------------------------------- ------------------ ------ ---------
Allerdale hold Details
Alnwick gain Details
Arun hold Details
Ashfield hold Details
Ashford gain Details
Aylesbury Vale gain Details
Babergh hold Details
Berwick-upon-Tweed hold Details
Blaby gain Details
Blackpool hold Details
Blyth Valley hold Details
Bolsover hold Details
Boston hold Details
Bournemouth hold Details
Bracknell Forest gain Details
Braintree gain Details
Breckland gain Details
Bridgnorth hold Details
Bromsgrove gain Details
Broxtowe gain Details
Canterbury hold Details
Caradon gain Details
Carrick gain Details
Castle Morpeth hold Details
Castle Point gain Details
Charnwood gain Details
Chelmsford gain Details
Chesterfield hold Details
Chester-le-Street hold Details
Chichester gain Details
Chiltern gain Details
Christchurch gain Details
Copeland hold Details
Corby hold Details
Cotswold hold Details
Dacorum gain Details
Darlington hold Details
Dartford gain Details
Derbyshire Dales gain Details
Derwentside hold Details
Dover gain Details
Durham hold Details
Easington hold Details
East Cambridgeshire hold Details
East Devon gain Details
East Dorset gain Details
East Hampshire gain Details
East Hertfordshire gain Details
East Lindsey hold Details
East Northamptonshire gain Details
East Staffordshire gain Details
Eden hold Details
Epsom and Ewell hold Details
Erewash hold Details
Fenland gain Details
Forest Heath gain Details
Forest of Dean hold Details
Fylde hold Details
Gedling gain Details
Gravesham gain Details
Guildford gain Details
Hambleton gain Details
Harborough gain Details
High Peak gain Details
Hinckley and Bosworth gain Details
Horsham gain Details
Hove gain Details
Kennet hold Details
Kerrier hold Details
Kettering gain Details
King\'s Lynn and West Norfolk gain Details
Lancaster gain Details
Leicester hold Details
Lewes hold Details
Lichfield gain Details
Luton hold Details
Maldon hold Details
Malvern Hills gain Details
Mansfield hold Details
Melton gain Details
Mendip hold Details
Mid Bedfordshire gain Details
Mid Devon gain Details
Mid Suffolk hold Details
Mid Sussex gain Details
New Forest gain Details
Newark and Sherwood hold Details
Newbury hold Details
North Cornwall hold Details
North Devon hold Details
North Dorset gain Details
North East Derbyshire hold Details
North Kesteven hold Details
North Norfolk hold Details
North Shropshire hold Details
North Warwickshire hold Details
North West Leicestershire hold Details
North Wiltshire hold Details
Northampton gain Details
Nottingham hold Details
Oadby and Wigston hold Details
Oswestry hold Details
Plymouth hold Details
Poole hold Details
Restormel hold Details
Ribble Valley gain Details
Richmondshire hold Details
Rochester-upon-Medway gain Details
Rother hold Details
Rushcliffe gain Details
Rutland gain Details
Ryedale gain Details
Salisbury gain Details
Scarborough hold Details
Sedgefield hold Details
Sedgemoor gain Details
Selby gain Details
Sevenoaks gain Details
Shepway gain Details
South Bucks gain Details
South Derbyshire hold Details
South Hams gain Details
South Holland hold Details
South Kesteven hold Details
South Norfolk gain Details
South Northamptonshire gain Details
South Oxfordshire gain Details
South Ribble gain Details
South Shropshire hold Details
South Somerset hold Details
South Staffordshire hold Details
Spelthorne hold Details
St Edmundsbury gain Details
Stafford gain Details
Staffordshire Moorlands gain Details
Suffolk Coastal gain Details
Surrey Heath hold Details
Taunton Deane hold Details
Teesdale hold Details
Teignbridge hold Details
Tendring gain Details
Test Valley gain Details
Tewkesbury gain Details
Thanet gain Details
The Wrekin hold Details
Tonbridge and Malling gain Details
Torbay hold Details
Torridge gain Details
Tynedale hold Details
Uttlesford gain Details
Vale of White Horse gain Details
Vale Royal hold Details
Wansbeck hold Details
Warrington hold Details
Warwick gain Details
Waverley gain Details
Wealden gain Details
Wear Valley gain Details
Wellingborough gain Details
West Devon gain Details
West Dorset hold Details
West Somerset gain Details
West Wiltshire hold Details
Windsor and Maidenhead gain Details
Wychavon gain Details
Wycombe gain Details
Wyre gain Details
#### Third of council {#third_of_council}
In 107 districts one third of the council was up for election.
These were the last elections to the district councils of Derby, Milton Keynes, Portsmouth, Southampton, Stoke-on-Trent and Thamesdown before they were made unitary authorities by the Local Government Commission for England (1992).
These were also the last elections to the district council of Brighton before it was abolished and replaced by a unitary authority by the Local Government Commission for England (1992).
Council Previous control Result
--------------------------- ------------------ ------ ---------
Adur hold Details
Amber Valley hold Details
Barrow-in-Furness hold Details
Basildon hold Details
Basingstoke and Deane gain Details
Bassetlaw hold Details
Bedford hold Details
Blackburn hold Details
Brentwood hold Details
Brighton hold Details
Broadland hold Details
Broxbourne hold Details
Burnley hold Details
Cambridge hold Details
Cannock Chase hold Details
Carlisle hold Details
Cheltenham hold Details
Cherwell gain Details
Chester hold Details
Chorley gain Details
Colchester hold Details
Congleton hold Details
Craven hold Details
Crawley hold Details
Crewe and Nantwich hold Details
Daventry gain Details
Derby hold Details
Eastbourne hold Details
Eastleigh hold Details
Ellesmere Port and Neston hold Details
Elmbridge hold Details
Epping Forest hold Details
Exeter gain Details
Fareham hold Details
Gillingham gain Details
Gloucester gain Details
Gosport hold Details
Great Yarmouth hold Details
Halton hold Details
Harlow hold Details
Harrogate hold Details
Hart hold Details
Hastings hold Details
Havant hold Details
Hereford hold Details
Hertsmere hold Details
Huntingdonshire hold Details
Hyndburn hold Details
Ipswich hold Details
Leominster gain Details
Lincoln hold Details
Macclesfield hold Details
Maidstone hold Details
Milton Keynes hold Details
Mole Valley gain Details
Newcastle-under-Lyme hold Details
North Hertfordshire hold Details
Norwich hold Details
Nuneaton and Bedworth hold Details
Oxford hold Details
Pendle gain Details
Penwith hold Details
Peterborough hold Details
Portsmouth gain Details
Preston hold Details
Purbeck hold Details
Reading hold Details
Redditch hold Details
Reigate and Banstead hold Details
Rochford hold Details
Rossendale hold Details
Rugby hold Details
Runnymede hold Details
Rushmoor gain Details
Shrewsbury and Atcham hold Details
Slough hold Details
South Bedfordshire gain Details
South Cambridgeshire hold Details
South Herefordshire hold Details
South Lakeland hold Details
Southampton gain Details
Southend-on-Sea hold Details
St Albans hold Details
Stevenage hold Details
Stoke-on-Trent hold Details
Stratford-on-Avon hold Details
Stroud hold Details
Swale hold Details
Tamworth hold Details
Tandridge gain Details
Thamesdown hold Details
Three Rivers hold Details
Thurrock hold Details
Tunbridge Wells hold Details
Watford hold Details
Waveney hold Details
Welwyn Hatfield hold Details
West Lancashire hold Details
West Lindsey hold Details
West Oxfordshire hold Details
Weymouth and Portland hold Details
Winchester gain Details
Woking hold Details
Wokingham gain Details
Worcester hold Details
Worthing hold Details
Wyre Forest hold Details
## Scotland
These were the first elections to the 29 council areas established by the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994.
Council Previous control Result
-------------------------- ------------------ --------------- --------
Aberdeen *New Council*
Aberdeenshire *New Council*
Angus *New Council*
Argyll and Bute *New Council*
Borders† *New Council*
Clackmannan† *New Council*
Dumbarton and Clydebank† *New Council*
Dumfries and Galloway *New Council*
Dundee *New Council*
East Ayrshire *New Council*
East Dunbartonshire *New Council*
East Lothian *New Council*
East Renfrewshire *New Council*
Edinburgh *New Council*
Falkirk *New Council*
Fife *New Council*
Glasgow *New Council*
Highland *New Council*
Inverclyde *New Council*
Midlothian *New Council*
Moray *New Council*
North Ayrshire *New Council*
North Lanarkshire *New Council*
Perth and Kinross *New Council*
Renfrewshire *New Council*
South Ayrshire *New Council*
South Lanarkshire *New Council*
Stirling *New Council*
West Lothian *New Council*
†Council was renamed shortly after election.
| 1,272 |
1995 United Kingdom local elections
| 1 |
2,881,825 |
# 1995 United Kingdom local elections
## Wales
These were the first elections to the 22 principal areas established by the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994.
Council Previous control Result
------------------------------------- ------------------ --------------- --------
Aberconwy and Colwyn† *New Council*
Anglesey† *New Council*
Blaenau Gwent *New Council*
Bridgend *New Council*
Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire† *New Council*
Caerphilly *New Council*
Cardiff *New Council*
Cardiganshire† *New Council*
Carmarthenshire *New Council*
Denbighshire *New Council*
Flintshire *New Council*
Merthyr Tydfil *New Council*
Monmouthshire *New Council*
Neath and Port Talbot† *New Council*
Newport *New Council*
Pembrokeshire *New Council*
Powys *New Council*
Rhondda Cynon Taf *New Council*
Swansea *New Council*
Torfaen *New Council*
Vale of Glamorgan *New Council*
Wrexham *New Council*
†Council was renamed shortly after election
| 119 |
1995 United Kingdom local elections
| 2 |
2,881,835 |
# Sony Ericsson P990
The **Sony Ericsson P990** is a mobile phone and the successor of the Sony Ericsson P910. The phone uses the UIQ 3 software platform, which is based on Symbian OS 9.1. During development, the phone was codenamed *Hermione*, after the Harry Potter character of the same name. It was introduced on 11 October 2005, but had a long delayed market release only in August 2006.
The P990 has a numeric keypad that flips open to reveal a full QWERTY keyboard below the display on the phone itself. This is a change from the P910, where the keyboard is on the flip. The flip itself can be attached or detached using the screw and screwdriver found in the box. The phone is a UMTS (3G) and tri-band GSM phone supporting video calls through its front VGA camera. The touchscreen displays 262,114 colours (18-bit colour depth) with a resolution of 240x320 pixels. It also comes with a 2.0 megapixel camera featuring autofocus and an FM/RDS radio. The P990 runs the Nexperia PNX4008 ARM9 208 MHz processor from Philips, which also includes a PowerVR MBX GPU. The screen, despite having a smaller length (2.8 inch) than its predecessors, is actually larger in area because of the increased resolution. The phone also improves over the P910 by including support for Wi-Fi, allowing users to connect to 802.11b wireless networks. Users can browse the Web using the built-in Opera browser. Additional features include RSS feeds, online video streaming, Java ME support, and handwriting recognition
| 253 |
Sony Ericsson P990
| 0 |
2,881,841 |
# Jens Kruppa
**Jens Kruppa** (born 3 June 1976 in Freital) is an international breaststroke swimmer from Germany, who won the silver medal in the 4×100 metres medley relay at the 2004 Summer Olympics
| 34 |
Jens Kruppa
| 0 |
2,881,852 |
# Snowcap
Snow cap}} `{{Use American English|date=August 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
\| genus = Microchera \| species = albocoronata \| authority = (Lawrence, 1855) \| range_map = \| range_map_caption = \| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies \| subdivision = `{{specieslist
|M. a. albocoronata|(Lawrence, 1855)
|M. a. parvirostris|(Lawrence, 1865)<ref name=IOC12.2>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/hummingbirds/ |title=Hummingbirds |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 12.2 |editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1= F. |editor-last2=Donsker|editor-first2=D.|editor-last3=Rasmussen |editor-first3=P. |date=August 2022 |access-date=August 9, 2022 }}</ref>
| synonyms =
}}`{=mediawiki} }}
The **snowcap** (***Microchera albocoronata***) is a species of hummingbird in the \"emeralds\", tribe Trochilini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.
## Taxonomy and systematics {#taxonomy_and_systematics}
The snowcap has two subspecies, the nominate *M. a. albocoronata* and *M. a. parvirostris*. The nominate was originally described as *Mellisuga albo-coronata* and the other as *Panychlora parvirostris*.
## Description
The snowcap is 6.5 to long and weighs about 2.7 g. Both sexes of both subspecies have a short black bill and black legs. Adult males of both subspecies have the white forehead and crown that give this species its English and scientific names. Males of the nominate subspecies have dark purple upperparts with a purplish black nape and a reddish gloss on the back, rump, and uppertail coverts. Their face and underparts are black with a reddish purple gloss. Their central tail feathers are metallic bronze and the rest have white bases and black ends. Males of *M. a. parvirostris* differ by having less white on the tail feathers and a brighter coppery purple gloss to their upper- and underparts. Adult females of both subspecies have a metallic green back with bronze uppertail coverts. Their underparts are pale grayish white. Their central tail feathers are bronze and the outer ones mostly black with white at the base and on the tips. Immature males are like the adult female with the addition of a narrow white line above the eye and a gradual change of the whitish underparts to purplish black.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
Subspecies *M. a. parvirostris* is the more northerly and widely distributed of the two. It is found on the Caribbean slope of Central America from southern Honduras through Nicaragua and Costa Rica and possibly into western Panama; it also occurs locally on Costa Rica\'s Pacific slope. The nominate *M. a. albocoronata* is found on the Caribbean and Pacific slopes of western Panama. The species inhabits humid lowland and montane forest, semi-open woodlands, and secondary forest. It is more common at openings in the forest and more open landscapes such as plantations than deep in the forest. In Costa Rica it breeds mostly at elevations between 300 and but locally as high as 1000 m. In Panama it is found between 600 and.
## Behavior
### Movement
In Costa Rica, snowcaps mostly descend to lower elevations after breeding but a few individuals wander higher than their breeding zone to about 1400 m.
### Feeding
Snowcaps forage for nectar at all heights of their habitat, from the understory to the canopy. Males defend feeding territories from other snowcaps but defer to larger hummingbirds. They typically take nectar from small flowers of epiphytes, shrubs, vines, and trees. In addition to feeding on nectar, snowcaps glean arthropods from foliage, and males take small insects by hawking from a perch.
### Breeding
In Costa Rica snowcaps breed between January and May; their season elsewhere has not been defined. Males court females at leks in loose groups of up to six, singing from a perch and chasing other males. Females build a small cup nest of tree fern scales and plant down bound with spiderweb, with some moss and lichen on the outside. It is typically placed on a twig or dangling vine between 1.7 and above the ground. The clutch size is two eggs; the incubation period and time to fledging are not known.
### Vocalization
The male snowcap\'s song is \"a soft, sputtering, warbling melody: *tsitsup tsitsup tsitsup tsew ttttt-tsew or tsip-tsee tsippy tsippy tsippy tsip-tick tsew*.\" One call is \"a soft, high-pitched, dry *tsip*\", and it makes \"buzzy notes and chatters in aggressive interactions\".
## Status
The IUCN has assessed the snowcap as being of Least Concern, though its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified by the IUCN. In Costa Rica it is locally common, but \"severe deforestation threatens many parts of its range\"
| 730 |
Snowcap
| 0 |
2,881,858 |
# Microchera
***Microchera*** is a genus of hummingbirds.
## Species
The genus includes three species:
The white-tailed emerald and the coppery-headed emerald were formerly placed in the genus *Elvira*. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that these two species were closely related to the snowcap in the genus *Microchera*. The three species were therefore placed together in *Microchera* which has priority
| 63 |
Microchera
| 0 |
2,881,862 |
# Stev Theloke
**Stev Theloke** (born 18 January 1978, in Karl-Marx-Stadt) is a professional swimmer from Germany, who won two bronze medals at the 2000 Summer Olympics. He did so in the 4×100 metres medley relay and in the 100 metres backstroke.
Theloke missed the 2004 Summer Olympics due to injury, and he was expelled from the German team for the 2005 World Aquatics Championships after he criticised his own swimming federation in an interview
| 75 |
Stev Theloke
| 0 |
2,881,874 |
# Somebody Put Something in My Drink
\"**Somebody Put Something in My Drink**\" is a song by the Ramones from their 1986 album *Animal Boy*. The song also appears on the Ramones compilation album *Ramones Mania*. Written by Ramones drummer Richie Ramone, who had joined the band in 1983, \"Somebody Put Something in My Drink\" was based on an actual incident in which he was given a drink spiked with LSD.
This song has been covered by Children of Bodom, The Meteors, Plan 4, Nosferatu, Mortifer, Farben Lehre, Acid Drinkers, Reincidentes, The Gobshites and The Beasts. Australian band Tequila Mockingbyrd included a cover on their album *Fight And Flight.* Pop-punk band Spazboy recorded the song for the 2001 tribute album, *Ramones Maniacs*. Greek punk group Panx Romana recorded the song with altered lyrics in their native language. The song is also a staple in performances of the Raleigh area band "Shaken & Stirred".
A music video for this song was filmed, but for financial reasons, never completed and released. However, a rough cut of the track can be found on the *Ramones: It\'s Alive! 1974--1996* DVD. This version was performed without Richie Ramone. The song was featured in the 1987 movie *Like Father Like Son* with Dudley Moore, Kirk Cameron, and Sean Astin as well as *Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever*.
Richie Ramone recorded a version of the song for his 2013 solo album *Entitled*, which only appeared on the vinyl version of the album
| 245 |
Somebody Put Something in My Drink
| 0 |
2,881,875 |
# Matthew Emmons
**Matthew D. Emmons** (born April 5, 1981) is an American rifle shooter. He competed in various events at the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympics and won a gold, a silver, and a bronze medal.
Since 2020 he has been the shooting coach of the Czech biathlon team.
## Career
Emmons started out as a successful junior and has been a holder of the junior world record in 50 metre rifle three positions. He won both the 2002 ISSF World Cup Final and the 2004 ISSF World Cup Final in this event.
He was also successful in the 50 metre rifle prone, winning both the 2002 ISSF World Shooting Championships and the 2004 Summer Olympics in this event. In Athens, he was very close to winning a historic double, but in the three positions competition, he accidentally cross-fired his last shot and finished eighth.
Emmons\'s gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the prone position came while using a borrowed rifle. In April 2004, just prior to the Olympic Team Trials, Emmons discovered his rifle had been severely sabotaged in the supposedly secure locker room at the United States Olympic Training Center. The precisely tuned barrel and action were heavily damaged by what appeared to be a screwdriver. \"I unpacked my gun and I noticed that something wasn\'t right,\" Emmons said. \"Sure enough, somebody had done something to it. I shot it and I couldn\'t get the shell out. I said, \'Something\'s wrong here\'.\" Emmons said it could not have been an accident: \"Oh no, no,\" Emmons said. \"Somebody took a screwdriver and went in.\" Emmons went on to the 2004 Summer Olympics, and his gold medal in the prone position event, using his former University of Alaska Fairbanks teammate, Amber Darland\'s .22 rifle. He never found out who the saboteur was, but said \"I\'d like to know so I could shake their hand and say thanks.\"
At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Emmons won the silver medal in the prone competition. In his second event, 50 metre rifle three positions, Emmons finished the qualification round in second place, 1 point behind the leader. In the ten-shot final, Emmons overtook the leader after just the first shot. Over the next eight shots, Emmons extended his lead to 3.3 points. Then his 3.3 point lead vanished when he posted a 4.4 on his final shot. He finished off the podium in 4th place.
Emmons called the last shot a \"freak of nature\". \"The way I come into a target is I start above the target and come down from 12 o\'clock and get into the bullseye\", he told reporters. \"And as I get down into the bullseye is when I start to get on the trigger (with my finger) and as I was starting to get on the trigger, the gun just went off. I guess I just set it off. I got on the trigger a little too hard. I didn\'t feel my trigger finger shaking but I guess it was. It just hit the trigger, the gun went off and I was like \'uh, that\'s not going to be good -- I hope it hit the black\'. It hit the black, but a little high\".
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Emmons won the bronze medal in the three positions. He placed 19th in this event at the 2016 Games.
Current world records held in 50 m Rifle Prone
------------------------------------------------------------
Men `{{Shooting WR FR60PR Men Qualification}}`{=mediawiki}
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Emmons has been a resident of Pemberton Township, New Jersey. He is a graduate of Pemberton Township High School. He holds a degree in management and finance from the University of Alaska Fairbanks and is a graduate at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs.
Emmons married Czech sport shooter and Olympic champion Kateřina Kůrková in Plzeň, Czech Republic, on June 30, 2007. They met at the 2004 Olympics in Athens when Kateřina came to console Matt after his gold medal blunder. They both live and train in Plzeň. They have four children, Julie (born 2009), Emma (born 2015), Martin and Gabriela. Emmons was diagnosed with thyroid cancer in 2010
| 695 |
Matthew Emmons
| 0 |
2,881,879 |
# Post horn
The **post horn** is a valveless cylindrical brass instrument with a cupped mouthpiece. The instrument was used to signal the arrival or departure of a post rider or mail coach. It was used by postilions of the 18th and 19th centuries.
## Use and construction {#use_and_construction}
The post horn is sometimes confused with the **coach horn**, and even though the two types of horn served the same principal purpose, they differ in their physical appearance. The post horn has a cylindrical bore and was generally used on a coach pulled by two horses (technically referred to as \"Tonga\"); hence, it is sometimes also called the **Tonga horn**. The coach horn, on the other hand, has a conical bore and was used on a coach pulled by four horses (referred to as a \"four-in-hand\"). The post horn is no more than 32 in in length, whereas the coach horn can be up to 36 in long. The latter has more of a funnel-shaped bell, while the former\'s bell is trumpet-shaped. Post horns need not be straight but can be coiled---they have a smaller bore---and they are made entirely of brass. A post horn will have a slide for tuning if intended for orchestral settings.
The instrument is an example of a buisine, a precursor to the \"natural\" trumpet. The cornet was developed from the cone-shaped coach horn through the addition of valves, while the cylinder-shaped trumpets remained predominantly valveless for several decades.
## Compositions with/for the post horn {#compositions_withfor_the_post_horn}
### Beer\'s Concerto {#beers_concerto}
In the late 17th century, Johann Beer composed a Concerto à 4 in B`{{Music|flat}}`{=mediawiki}, which paired a post horn with a *corne de chasse* as the two solo instruments, accompanied by violins and basso continuo.
### Mozart\'s Posthorn Serenade {#mozarts_posthorn_serenade}
Mozart composed his Serenade No. 9, the \"Post horn Serenade\", in 1779. The second trio of the 6th movement, the Menuetto, features a solo of the posthorn.
### Mahler and others {#mahler_and_others}
Mahler and others incorporated the post horn into their orchestras for certain pieces. On such occasions, the orchestra\'s trumpet player usually performs with the instrument. One example of post horn use in modern classical music is the famous off-stage solo in Mahler\'s Third Symphony. Due to the scarcity of this instrument, however, music written for it is usually played on a trumpet, cornet or flugelhorn.
### Post Horn Galop`{{anchor|name="Post Horn Galop"}}`{=mediawiki} {#post_horn_galop}
In 1844, the German cornet player Hermann Koenig wrote *Post Horn Galop* as a solo for post horn with an orchestral accompaniment. In the 20th century it became a popular piece for brass bands. It has been the walk-on music for the Leicester City Football Club since 1935.
### Compositions for other instruments imitating a post horn {#compositions_for_other_instruments_imitating_a_post_horn}
An imitation of the post horn\'s fanfare was a commonly used in music describing, or referring to, the post coach or travel in general. Notable musical examples include *Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother* by Bach, which includes an \"*Aria di postiglione*\" and a \"*Fuga all\'imitazione della cornetta di postiglione*\", both containing an octave jump similar to that of the postal horn.
Handel\'s *Belshazzar* includes in the second act a \"*Sinofonia*\" that uses a similar motif (subtitled *Allegro postilions*) depicting Belshazzar\'s messengers leaving on a mission. A very similar movement is included in the third \"Production\" of Telemann\'s *Tafelmusik*. Beethoven\'s *Les adieux* piano sonata is centered on a horn-like motif, again signifying the departure of a loved-one. Schubert\'s *Winterreise* includes the song \"*Die Post*\", of which the piano part prominently features a horn signal motif.
## Other uses {#other_uses}
During World War I, in Austria-Hungary and Germany, wooden post horns were used as a means of collecting war donations via a method called the Nail Men. People would donate money, and in exchange be allowed to hammer a nail into the horn until the horn was completely covered.
| 647 |
Post horn
| 0 |
2,881,879 |
# Post horn
## The post horn as graphical symbol {#the_post_horn_as_graphical_symbol}
The post horn is used in the logo of national post services of many countries. The post horn is included in Unicode as `{{unichar|1F4EF}}`{=mediawiki}.
### List of postal services that include the post horn in their logos {#list_of_postal_services_that_include_the_post_horn_in_their_logos}
- Correo Argentino (Argentina)
- Australia Post (Australia)
- Bâlgarski poshti (Bulgaria)
- Belposhta (Belarus)
- Bpost (Belgium) -- features a stylistic postal horn
- Česká pošta (Czech Republic)
- Correos (Spain)
- CTT (Portugal) -- features a rider on horseback carrying a straight horn
- Cyprus Postal Services (Cyprus)
- Deutsche Post (Germany)
- Omniva (formerly *Eesti Post*, Estonia)
- Hrvatska pošta (Croatia)
- Íslandspóstur (Iceland)
- Jersey Post (Jersey)
- Lietuvos paštas (Lithuania)
- Magyar Posta (Hungary)
- MaltaPost (Malta) -- features a horn with a Maltese cross in the middle
- North Macedonia Post (North Macedonia)
- Österreichische Post (Austria)
- P&T Luxembourg (Luxembourg)
- Poczta Polska (Poland)
- Poșta Moldovei (Moldova)
- Poșta Română (Romania)
- Pochta Rossii (Russia)
- Posta Shqiptare (Albania)
- Pošta Slovenije (Slovenia)
- Post Danmark (Denmark)
- PostBus Switzerland (Switzerland)
- PTT (Turkey)
- Slovenská pošta (Slovakia)
- Tajikistan Post (Tajikistan)
- Ukrposhta (Ukraine)
Until 2002, the Finnish Postal and Telegraph Administration (*Posti- ja lennätinhallitus*) and its successors also featured a postal horn in their logos. The logo from 1987 onwards had a single symbol combining the postal horn and telegraph symbols.
### Post horns in road signs {#post_horns_in_road_signs}
In Italy the post horn was featured on a sign called *Obbligo di arresto all\'incrocio con autobus di linea su strade di montagna (\"Stop when encountering coaches on mountain roads\")*. Installed along winding, narrow mountain roads, the sign indicated that motorists should yield to incoming coaches, and let them pass safely. This sign was removed from the Italian Road Code in 1992.
### Examples of post horns as graphics {#examples_of_post_horns_as_graphics}
<File:Post-horns.jpg%7CGerman> sign and postbox with post horn logos <File:Swedish> Royal Posthorn.jpg\|Post horn logo from Sweden <File:MutedPosthorn.png%7CMuted> post horn from *The Crying of Lot 49* <File:Emoji> u1f4ef.svg\|Postal Horn Emoji from Google Noto, U+1F4EF <File:Fig>. 51 - Obbligo di arresto all\'incrocio su strade di montagna con autobus di linea - 1959
| 366 |
Post horn
| 1 |
2,881,888 |
# Forget Magazine
***Forget Magazine*** is an online Canadian literary magazine founded on Valentine\'s Day, 2001, first based in Charlottetown, now based in Vancouver. It has featured original works of poetry, fiction and journalism by first-time authors and well-known Canadian writers.
In an April 2002 on *Forget Magazine*, *Quill & Quire* described editor and founder Kent Bruyneel as \"a Jack McClelland in the making
| 64 |
Forget Magazine
| 0 |
2,881,889 |
# List of airports by ICAO code: C
This is a list of all Nav Canada certified and registered water and land airports, aerodromes and heliports in the provinces and territories of Canada sorted by location identifier. Airport names in `{{em|italics}}`{=mediawiki} are part of the National Airports System.
They are listed in the format:
- Location indicator -- IATA -- Airport name (alternative name) -- Airport location
## CY -- Canada - CAN {#cy_canada___can}
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| ICAO | IATA | Airport name | Community | Province or\ |
| | | | | territory |
+========+========+=========================================================================================================+===========================================+==============+
| CYAB | YAB | Arctic Bay Airport | Arctic Bay | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAC | YAC | Cat Lake Airport | Cat Lake First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAD | YAR | La Grande-3 Airport | La Grande-3 generating station | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAG | YAG | Fort Frances Municipal Airport | Fort Frances | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAH | YAH | La Grande-4 Airport | La Grande-4 generating station | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAL | YAL | Alert Bay Airport | Alert Bay | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAM | YAM | Sault Ste. Marie Airport | Sault Ste. Marie | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAQ | XKS | Kasabonika Airport | Kasabonika Lake First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAS | YKG | Kangirsuk Airport | Kangirsuk | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAT | YAT | Attawapiskat Airport | Attawapiskat First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAU | | South Shore Regional Airport (Liverpool/South Shore Regional Airport) | Liverpool | NS |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAV | | St. Andrews Airport (Winnipeg/St. Andrews Airport) | Rural Municipality of St. Andrews | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAW | YAW | CFB Shearwater (Halifax/Shearwater Heliport) | Shearwater | NS |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAX | | Lac du Bonnet Airport | Lac du Bonnet | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAY | YAY | St. Anthony Airport | St. Anthony | NL |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYAZ | YAZ | Tofino-Long Beach Airport | Tofino | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYB3 | | Nelson/Baylock Estate Heliport | Nelson, British Columbia | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBA | | Banff Airport | Banff | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBB | YBB | Kugaaruk Airport | Kugaaruk | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBC | YBC | Baie-Comeau Airport | Baie-Comeau | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBD | QBC | Bella Coola Airport | Bella Coola | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBE | YBE | Uranium City Airport | Uranium City | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBF | | Bonnyville Airport | Bonnyville | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBG | YBG | CFB Bagotville (Bagotville Airport) | La Baie | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBK | YBK | Baker Lake Airport | Baker Lake | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBL | YBL | Campbell River Airport | Campbell River | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBN | | CFB Borden (Borden Heliport) | | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBP | | Brooks Regional Aerodrome | Brooks | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBQ | XTL | Tadoule Lake Airport | Tadoule Lake | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBR | YBR | Brandon Municipal Airport (McGill Field) | Brandon | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBT | YBT | Brochet Airport | Brochet | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBU | YBU | Nipawin Airport | Nipawin | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBV | YBV | Berens River Airport | Berens River | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBW | YBW | Calgary/Springbank Airport (Springbank Airport) | Springbank | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYBX | YBX | Lourdes-de-Blanc-Sablon Airport | Blanc-Sablon | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCB | YCB | Cambridge Bay Airport | Cambridge Bay | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCC | YCC | Cornwall Regional Airport | Cornwall | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCD | YCD | Nanaimo Airport | Nanaimo | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCE | YCE | Centralia/James T. Field Memorial Aerodrome | Centralia | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCG | YCG | West Kootenay Regional Airport (Castlegar/West Kootenay Regional Airport) | Castlegar | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCH | YCH | Miramichi Airport | Miramichi | NB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCK | XCM | Chatham-Kent Airport | Chatham-Kent | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCL | YCL | Charlo Airport | Charlo | NB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCN | YCN | Cochrane Aerodrome | Cochrane | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCO | YCO | Kugluktuk Airport | Kugluktuk | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCP | YCP | Blue River Airport | Blue River | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCQ | YCQ | Chetwynd Airport | Chetwynd | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCR | YCR | Cross Lake (Charlie Sinclair Memorial) Airport | Cross Lake | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCS | YCS | Chesterfield Inlet Airport | Chesterfield Inlet | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCT | | Coronation Airport | Coronation | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCW | YCW | Chilliwack Airport | Chilliwack | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCX | YCX | CFB Gagetown (Gagetown Heliport) | Oromocto | NB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCY | YCY | Clyde River Airport | Clyde River | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYCZ | YCZ | Fairmont Hot Springs Airport | Fairmont Hot Springs | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYD2 | | Graham Lake (Yellow Dog Lodge) Water Aerodrome | Graham Lake | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYDA | YDA | Dawson City Airport | Dawson City | YT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYDB | YDB | Burwash Airport | Burwash Landing | YT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYDC | | Princeton Aerodrome | Princeton | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYDF | YDF | Deer Lake Regional Airport | Deer Lake | NL |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYDH | | Ottawa/Dwyer Hill Heliport | Ottawa | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYDL | YDL | Dease Lake Airport | Dease Lake | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYDM | XRR | Ross River Airport | Ross River | YT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYDN | YDN | Lt. Col W.G. (Billy) Barker VC Airport (Dauphin (Lt. Col W.G. (Billy) Barker VC) Airport) | Dauphin | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYDO | YDO | Dolbeau-Saint-Félicien Airport | Dolbeau-Mistassini | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYDP | YDP | Nain Airport | Nain | NL |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYDQ | YDQ | Dawson Creek Airport | Dawson Creek | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYEA | | Empress Airport | Empress | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYED | YED | CFB Edmonton (Edmonton/Namao Heliport) | Edmonton | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYEE | YEE | Midland/Huronia Airport | Midland | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYEG | YEG | | Nisku | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYEK | YEK | Arviat Airport | Arviat | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYEL | YEL | Elliot Lake Municipal Airport | Elliot Lake | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYEM | YEM | Manitowaning/Manitoulin East Municipal Airport | Manitowaning | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYEN | YEN | Estevan Regional Aerodrome | Estevan | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYER | YER | Fort Severn Airport | Fort Severn First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYES | | Edmundston Airport | Edmundston | NB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYET | YET | Edson Airport | Edson | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYEU | YEU | Eureka Aerodrome | Eureka | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYEV | YEV | Inuvik (Mike Zubko) Airport | Inuvik | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYEY | YEY | Amos/Magny Airport | Amos | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFA | YFA | Fort Albany Airport | Fort Albany First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFB | YFB | | Iqaluit | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFC | YFC | (Greater Fredericton International Airport) | Fredericton | NB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFD | YFD | Brantford Airport | Brantford | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFE | YFE | Forestville Airport | Forestville | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFH | YFH | Fort Hope Airport | Eabametoong First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFI | YFI | Fort MacKay/Firebag Aerodrome | Fort McKay | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFJ | | Mont Tremblant International Airport (La Mazaca/Mont Tremblant International Airport) | Mont-Tremblant | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFO | YFO | Flin Flon Airport | Flin Flon | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFR | YFR | Fort Resolution Airport | Fort Resolution | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFS | YFS | Fort Simpson Airport | Fort Simpson | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYFT | YMN | Makkovik Airport | Makkovik | NL |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYG2 | | Parkhill (Yellow Gold) Aerodrome | Parkhill | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGB | YGB | Texada/Gillies Bay Airport | Texada Island | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGD | YGD | Goderich Airport | Goderich | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGE | YGE | Golden Airport | Golden | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGH | YGH | Fort Good Hope Airport | Fort Good Hope | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGK | YGK | Kingston Norman Rogers Airport (Kingston Airport) | Kingston | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGL | YGL | La Grande Rivière Airport | Radisson | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGM | YGM | Gimli Industrial Park Airport | Gimli | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGO | YGO | Gods Lake Narrows Airport | Gods Lake Narrows | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGP | YGP | Michel-Pouliot Gaspé Airport (Gaspé (Michel-Pouliot) Airport) | Gaspé | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGQ | YGQ | Geraldton (Greenstone Regional) Airport | Greenstone | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGR | YGR | Îles-de-la-Madeleine Airport | Magdalen Islands | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGT | YGT | Igloolik Airport | Igloolik | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGV | YGV | Havre Saint-Pierre Airport | Havre-Saint-Pierre | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGW | YGW | Kuujjuarapik Airport | Kuujjuarapik | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGX | YGX | Gillam Airport | Gillam | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYGZ | YGZ | Grise Fiord Airport | Grise Fiord | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHA | YQC | Quaqtaq Airport | Quaqtaq | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHB | YHB | Hudson Bay Airport | Hudson Bay | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHC | CXH | Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre (Vancouver Harbour Water Airport, Vancouver Coal Harbour Seaplane Base) | Vancouver | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHD | YHD | Dryden Regional Airport | Dryden | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHE | YHE | Hope Aerodrome | Hope | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHF | YHF | Hearst (René Fontaine) Municipal Airport | Hearst | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHH | YNS | Nemiscau Airport | Nemaska | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHI | YHI | Ulukhaktok/Holman Airport | Ulukhaktok | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHK | YHK | Gjoa Haven Airport | Gjoa Haven | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHM | YHM | John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport (Hamilton Airport) | Hamilton | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHN | YHN | Hornepayne Municipal Airport | Hornepayne | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHO | YHO | Hopedale Airport | Hopedale | NL |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHP | YHP | Poplar Hill Airport | Poplar Hill | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHR | YHR | Chevery Airport | Chevery | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHS | | Hanover Saugeen Airport | Hanover | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHT | YHT | Haines Junction Airport | Haines Junction | YT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHU | YHU | Montreal Saint-Hubert Longueuil Airport | Longueuil | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHY | YHY | Hay River/Merlyn Carter Airport | Hay River | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYHZ | YHZ | | Halifax | NS |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYIB | YIB | Atikokan Municipal Airport | Atikokan | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYID | YDG | Digby/Annapolis Regional Airport | Digby | NS |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYIF | YIF | Saint-Augustin Airport | Saint-Augustin | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYIK | YIK | Ivujivik Airport | Ivujivik | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYIO | YIO | Pond Inlet Airport | Pond Inlet | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYIV | YIV | Island Lake Airport | Island Lake | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYJA | | Jasper Airport | Jasper | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYJF | YJF | Fort Liard Airport | Fort Liard | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYJM | YJM | Fort St. James (Perison) Airport | Fort St. James | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYJN | YJN | Saint-Jean Airport (Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Airport) | Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYJP | | Fort Providence Airport | Fort Providence | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYJQ | ZEL | Denny Island Aerodrome | Bella Bella | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYJT | YJT | Stephenville International Airport | Stephenville | NL |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKA | YKA | Kamloops Airport | Kamloops | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKC | | Collins Bay Airport | Collins Bay | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKD | LAK | Aklavik/Freddie Carmichael Airport | Aklavik | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKF | YKF | Region of Waterloo International Airport (Kitchener/Waterloo Regional Airport) | Regional Municipality of Waterloo | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKG | | Kangiqsujuaq (Wakeham Bay) Airport | Kangiqsujuaq | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKJ | YKJ | Key Lake Airport | Key Lake mine | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKL | YKL | Schefferville Airport | Schefferville | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKM | YKD | Kincardine Municipal Airport | Kincardine | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKO | AKV | Akulivik Airport | Akulivik | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKP | YOG | Ogoki Post Airport | Marten Falls First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKQ | YKQ | Waskaganish Airport | Waskaganish | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKX | YKX | Kirkland Lake Airport | Kirkland Lake | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKY | YKY | Kindersley Regional Airport | Kindersley | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYKZ | YKZ | Buttonville Municipal Airport (Toronto/Buttonville Municipal Airport) | Buttonville | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLA | YPJ | Aupaluk Airport | Aupaluk | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLB | | Lac La Biche Airport | Lac La Biche | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLC | YLC | Kimmirut Airport | Kimmirut | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLD | YLD | Chapleau Airport | Chapleau | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLH | YLH | Lansdowne House Airport | Neskantaga First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLI | | Lillooet Airport | Lillooet | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLJ | YLJ | Meadow Lake Airport | Meadow Lake | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLK | | Lutselk\'e Airport | Łutselk\'e | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLL | YLL | Lloydminster Airport | Lloydminster | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLQ | YLQ | La Tuque Airport | La Tuque | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLR | YLR | Leaf Rapids Airport | Leaf Rapids | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLS | | Lake Simcoe Regional Airport (Barrie-Orillia (Lake Simcoe Regional) Airport) | Barrie | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLT | YLT | Alert Airport | Alert | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLU | XGR | Kangiqsualujjuaq (Georges River) Airport | Kangiqsualujjuaq | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYLW | YLW | | Kelowna | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYMA | YMA | Mayo Airport | Mayo | YT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYME | YME | Matane/Russell-Burnett Airport | Matane | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYMG | YMG | Manitouwadge Airport | Manitouwadge | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYMH | YMH | Mary\'s Harbour Airport | Mary\'s Harbour | NL |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYMJ | YMJ | CFB Moose Jaw (Moose Jaw/Air Vice Marshal C.M. McEwen Airport) | Moose Jaw | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYML | YML | Charlevoix Airport | Charlevoix | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYMM | YMM | Fort McMurray International Airport | Fort McMurray | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYMO | YMO | Moosonee Airport | Moosonee | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYMT | YMT | Chibougamau/Chapais Airport | Chibougamau | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYMU | YUD | Umiujaq Airport | Umiujaq | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYMW | YMW | Maniwaki Airport | Maniwaki | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYMX | YMX | | Montreal | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYN6 | | Gravenhurst/Muskoka Bay Water Aerodrome | Gravenhurst | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYNA | YNA | Natashquan Airport | Natashquan | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYNC | YNC | Wemindji Airport | Wemindji | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYND | YND | Gatineau-Ottawa Executive Airport (Ottawa/Gatineau Airport) | Gatineau | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYNE | YNE | Norway House Airport | Norway House | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYNH | YNH | Hudson\'s Hope Airport | Hudson\'s Hope | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYNJ | YNJ | Langley Regional Airport | Langley | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYNL | YNL | Points North Landing Airport | Points North Landing | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYNM | YNM | Matagami Airport | Matagami | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYNN | | Nejanilini Lake Airport | Nejanilini Lake | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYNR | | Fort MacKay/Horizon Airport | Fort McKay | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYOA | YOA | Ekati Airport | Ekati Diamond Mine | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYOC | YOC | Old Crow Airport | Old Crow | YT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYOD | YOD | CFB Cold Lake (Cold Lake/Group Captain R.W. McNair Airport) | Cold Lake | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYOH | YOH | Oxford House Airport | Oxford House | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYOJ | YOJ | High Level Airport | High Level | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYOO | YOO | Oshawa Executive Airport (Toronto/Oshawa Executive Airport) | Oshawa | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYOP | | Rainbow Lake Airport | Rainbow Lake | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYOS | YOS | Owen Sound Billy Bishop Regional Airport (Billy Bishop Regional Airport) | Owen Sound | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYOW | YOW | (Macdonald-Cartier International Airport) | Ottawa | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYOY | YOY | CFB Valcartier (Valcartier (W/C J.H.L. (Joe) Lecomte) Heliport) | Saint-Gabriel-de-Valcartier | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPA | YPA | Prince Albert (Glass Field) Airport | Prince Albert | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPC | YPC | Paulatuk (Nora Aliqatchialuk Ruben) Airport | Paulatuk | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPD | YPS | Allan J. MacEachen Port Hawkesbury Airport (Port Hawkesbury Airport) | Port Hawkesbury | NS |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPE | YPE | Peace River Airport | Peace River | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPG | YPG | Portage la Prairie/Southport Airport | Portage la Prairie | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPH | YPH | Inukjuak Airport | Inukjuak | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPK | YPK | Pitt Meadows Regional Airport | Pitt Meadows | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPL | YPL | Pickle Lake Airport | Pickle Lake | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPM | YPM | Pikangikum Airport | Pikangikum First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPN | YPN | Port-Menier Airport | Port-Menier | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPO | YPO | Peawanuck Airport | Peawanuck | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPP | | Parent Airport | Parent | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPQ | YPQ | Peterborough Airport | Peterborough | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPR | YPR | Prince Rupert Airport | Prince Rupert | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPS | | Pemberton Regional Airport | Pemberton | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPT | | Pelee Island Airport | Pelee | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPU | YPU | Puntzi Mountain Airport | Puntzi Mountain | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPW | YPW | Powell River Airport | Powell River | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPX | | Puvirnituq Airport | Puvirnituq | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPY | YPY | Fort Chipewyan Airport | Fort Chipewyan | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYPZ | YPZ | Burns Lake Airport | Burns Lake | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQA | YQA | Muskoka Airport | District Municipality of Muskoka | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQB | YQB | | Quebec City | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQD | YQD | The Pas Airport | The Pas | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQF | YQF | Red Deer Regional Airport | Red Deer | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQG | YQG | Windsor International Airport | Windsor | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQH | YQH | Watson Lake Airport | Watson Lake | YT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQI | YQI | Yarmouth Airport | Yarmouth | NS |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQK | YQK | Kenora Airport | Kenora | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQL | YQL | Lethbridge Airport | Lethbridge | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQM | YQM | (Moncton/Greater Moncton Roméo LeBlanc International Airport) | Moncton | NB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQN | YQN | Nakina Airport | Nakina | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQQ | YQQ | CFB Comox (Comox Airport) | Comox | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQR | YQR | | Regina | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQS | YQS | St. Thomas Municipal Airport | St. Thomas | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQT | YQT | Thunder Bay International Airport | Thunder Bay | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQU | YQU | Grande Prairie Airport | Grande Prairie | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQV | YQV | Yorkton Municipal Airport | Yorkton | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQW | YQW | North Battleford Airport | North Battleford | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQX | YQX | | Gander | NL |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQY | YQY | JA Douglas McCurdy Sydney Airport (Sydney/J.A. Douglas McCurdy Airport) | Sydney | NS |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYQZ | YQZ | Quesnel Airport | Quesnel | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRA | YRA | Gamètì/Rae Lakes Airport | Gamèti | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRB | YRB | Resolute Bay Airport | Resolute | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRC | | Chicoutimi/Saint-Honoré Aerodrome | Chicoutimi | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRI | YRI | Rivière-du-Loup Airport | Rivière-du-Loup | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRJ | YRJ | Roberval Airport | Roberval | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRL | YRL | Red Lake Airport | Red Lake | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRM | YRM | Rocky Mountain House Airport | Rocky Mountain House | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRO | YRO | Ottawa/Rockcliffe Airport (Rockcliffe Airport) | Ottawa | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRP | YRP | Carp Airport (Ottawa/Carp Airport) | Carp | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRQ | YRQ | Trois-Rivières Airport | Trois-Rivières | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRS | YRS | Red Sucker Lake Airport | Red Sucker Lake | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRT | YRT | Rankin Inlet Airport | Rankin Inlet | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYRV | YRV | Revelstoke Airport | Revelstoke | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSA | | Stratford Municipal Airport | Stratford | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSB | YSB | Sudbury Airport (Greater Sudbury Airport) | Greater Sudbury | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSC | YSC | Sherbrooke Airport | Sherbrooke | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSD | YSD | CFB Suffield (Suffield Heliport) | Suffield | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSE | YSE | Squamish Airport | Squamish | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSF | YSF | Stony Rapids Airport | Stony Rapids | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSG | | Saint-Georges Aerodrome | Saint-Georges | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSH | YSH | Smiths Falls-Montague Airport (Smiths Falls-Montague (Russ Beach) Airport) | Smiths Falls | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSJ | YSJ | | Saint John | NB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSK | YSK | Sanikiluaq Airport | Sanikiluaq | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSL | YSL | Saint-Léonard Aerodrome | Saint-Léonard | NB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSM | YSM | Fort Smith Airport | Fort Smith | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSN | YCM | St. Catharines/Niagara District Airport | St. Catharines | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSP | YSP | Marathon Aerodrome | Marathon | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSQ | | Atlin Airport | Atlin | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYST | YST | St. Theresa Point Airport | St. Theresa Point First Nation | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSU | YSU | Summerside Airport | Summerside | PE |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSW | | Sparwood/Elk Valley Airport | Sparwood | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSY | YSY | Sachs Harbour (David Nasogaluak Jr. Saaryuaq) Airport | Sachs Harbour | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYSZ | | Sainte-Anne-des-Monts Aerodrome | Sainte-Anne-Des-Monts | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYTA | YTA | Pembroke Airport | Pembroke | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYTB | | Tillsonburg Airport | Tillsonburg | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYTE | YTE | Kinngait Airport | Kinngait | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYTF | YTF | Alma Airport | Alma | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYTH | YTH | Thompson Airport | Thompson | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYTL | YTL | Big Trout Lake Airport | Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYTN | | Trenton Aerodrome | Trenton | NS |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYTQ | YTQ | Tasiujaq Airport | Tasiujaq | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYTR | YTR | CFB Trenton (Trenton Airport) | Trenton | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYTS | YTS | Timmins/Victor M. Power Airport | Timmins | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYTZ | YTZ | Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (Toronto City Centre Airport, Toronto Island Airport) | Toronto | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYUB | YUB | Tuktoyaktuk/James Gruben Airport | Tuktoyaktuk | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYUL | YUL | | Montreal | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYUT | YUT | Naujaat Airport | Naujaat | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYUX | YUX | Sanirajak Airport | Sanirajak | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYUY | YUY | Rouyn-Noranda Airport | Rouyn-Noranda | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVB | YVB | Bonaventure Airport | Bonaventure | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVC | YVC | La Ronge (Barber Field) Airport | La Ronge | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVD | | Virden/R.J. (Bob) Andrew Field Regional Aerodrome | Virden | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVG | | Vermilion Airport | Vermilion | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVK | YVE | Vernon Regional Airport | Vernon | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVL | YCK | Colville Lake/Tommy Kochon Aerodrome | Colville Lake | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVM | YVM | Qikiqtarjuaq Airport | Qikiqtarjuaq | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVO | YVO | Val-d\'Or Airport | Val-d\'Or | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVP | YVP | Kuujjuaq Airport | Kuujjuaq | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVQ | YVQ | Norman Wells Airport | Norman Wells | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVR | YVR | | Vancouver | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVT | YVT | Buffalo Narrows Airport | Buffalo Narrows | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVV | YVV | Wiarton Airport | Wiarton | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYVZ | YVZ | Deer Lake Airport | Deer Lake First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWA | YWA | Petawawa Heliport | Garrison Petawawa (Petawawa) | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWE | | Wekweètì Airport | Wekweeti | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWG | YWG | | Winnipeg | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWH | YWH | Victoria Inner Harbour Airport (Victoria Harbour Water Airport) | Victoria | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWJ | YWJ | Déline Airport | Délı̨nę | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWK | YWK | Wabush Airport | Wabush | NL |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWL | YWL | Williams Lake Airport | Williams Lake | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWM | | Athabasca Regional Airport | Athabasca | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWN | | Wainwright/Wainwright (Field 21) Airport (CFB Wainwright) | Wainwright | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWP | YWP | Webequie Airport | Webequie First Nation | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWV | YWV | Wainwright Aerodrome | Wainwright | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYWY | YWY | Wrigley Airport | Wrigley | NT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXC | YXC | Cranbrook/Canadian Rockies International Airport | Cranbrook | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXE | YXE | (Saskatoon International Airport) | Saskatoon | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXH | YXH | Medicine Hat Airport | Medicine Hat | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXJ | YXJ | Fort St. John Airport (North Peace Airport) | Fort St. John | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXK | YXK | Rimouski Aerodrome | Rimouski | QC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXL | YXL | Sioux Lookout Airport | Sioux Lookout | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXN | YXN | Whale Cove Airport | Whale Cove | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXP | YXP | Pangnirtung Airport | Pangnirtung | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXQ | YXQ | Beaver Creek Airport | Beaver Creek | YT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXR | YXR | Earlton (Timiskaming Regional) Airport | Earlton | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXS | YXS | | Prince George | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXT | YXT | Northwest Regional Airport Terrace-Kitimat (Terrace Airport) | Terrace and Kitimat | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXU | YXU | | London | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXX | YXX | Abbotsford International Airport | Abbotsford | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXY | YXY | | Whitehorse | YT |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYXZ | YXZ | Wawa Airport | Wawa | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYB | YYB | North Bay/Jack Garland Airport (North Bay Airport) | North Bay | ON |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYC | YYC | | Calgary | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYD | YYD | Smithers Airport | Smithers | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYE | YYE | Fort Nelson Airport | Fort Nelson | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYF | YYF | Penticton Regional Airport | Penticton | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYG | YYG | | Charlottetown | PE |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYH | YYH | Taloyoak Airport | Taloyoak | NU |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYJ | YYJ | | Victoria | BC |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYL | YYL | Lynn Lake Airport | Lynn Lake | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYM | | Cowley Airport | Cowley | AB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYN | YYN | Swift Current Airport | Swift Current | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYO | | Wynyard/W. B. Needham Field Aerodrome | Wynyard | SK |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYQ | YYQ | Churchill Airport | Churchill | MB |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYR | YYR | CFB Goose Bay (Goose Bay Airport) | Happy Valley-Goose Bay | NL |
+--------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| CYYT | YYT | | St
| 5,187 |
List of airports by ICAO code: C
| 0 |
2,881,890 |
# Shoshenq IV
**Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq IV** was an ancient Egyptian ruler of the 22nd Dynasty, between the reigns of Shoshenq III and Pami. In 1986, David Rohl proposed that there were two king Shoshenqs bearing the prenomen Hedjkheperre -- (i) the well-known founder of the dynasty, Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I, and (ii) a later pharaoh from the second half of the dynasty, whom Rohl called Hedjkheperre Shoshenq (b) due to his exact position in the dynasty being unknown. Following a proposal (first suggested to him by Pieter Gert van der Veen in 1984), the British Egyptologist Aidan Dodson in 1993 supported the new king\'s existence by demonstrating that the earlier Hedjkheperre Shoshenq bore simple epithets in his titulary, whereas the later Hedjkheperre Shoshenq\'s epithets were more complex.
Dodson suggested that the ruler that Kenneth Kitchen, in his standard work on Third Intermediate Period chronology, had numbered Shoshenq IV -- bearing the prenomen Usermaatre -- should be removed from the 22nd Dynasty and replaced by Rohl\'s Hedjkheperre Shoshenq (b), renumbering the latter as Shoshenq IV. At the same time the old Usermaatre Shoshenq IV was renumbered as Shoshenq VI. Dodson\'s historical summary of the new King Shoshenq IV\'s discovery and his supportive evidence for that king\'s independent existence from Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I appeared in an article entitled 'A New King Shoshenq Confirmed?' in 1993.
Rohl and Dodson\'s combined arguments for the existence of a new 22nd Dynasty Tanite king called Hedjkheperre Shoshenq IV are accepted by Egyptologists today, including Jurgen von Beckerath and Kitchen -- the latter in the preface to the third edition of his book on The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt.
As Dodson pointed out, while Shoshenq IV shared the same prenomen as his illustrious ancestor Shoshenq I, he is distinguished from Shoshenq I by his use of an especially long nomen -- Shoshenq-meryamun-sibast-netjerheqaon which featured both the sibast (\'son of Bast\') and netjerheqaon (\'god-ruler of Heliopolis\') epithets. These two epithets were only gradually employed by the 22nd Dynasty pharaohs, starting from the reign of Osorkon II. By contrast, Shoshenq I\'s nomen simply reads 'Shoshenq-meryamun'. Shoshenq I\'s immediate successors, Osorkon I and Takelot I also never used epithets beyond the standard 'meryamun' (beloved of Amun). In his 1994 book on the Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt, Dodson observes that when the sibast epithet 'appears during the dynasty of Osorkon II', it is rather infrequent, while the netjerheqawaset (\'god-ruler of Thebes\') and netjerheqaon epithets are only exclusively attested 'in the reigns of that monarch's successors' -- that is Shoshenq III, Pami and Shoshenq V. This suggests that the newly identified Hedjkhperre Shoshenq IV was a late Tanite-era king who ruled in Egypt either during or after the reign of Shoshenq III.
Rohl had already pointed out in 1989 that the cartouches of a Hedjkheperre Shoshenq appear on a stela (St. Petersburg Hermitage 5630) dated to Year 10 of the king. This stela mentions a Great Chief of the Libu, Niumateped, who is also attested in a Year 8, usually attributed to Shoshenq V. Since the title 'Chief of the Libu' is only documented from Year 31 of Shoshenq III onwards, it seems this new king must have ruled contemporary with or after Shoshenq III. Dodson noted that the Hedjkheperre Shoshenq on the stela bore the long form titulary, now attributed to Hedjkhperre Shoshenq IV, thus confirming that the stela cannot be dated to Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I.
In his 1993 paper, Dodson proposed to place Shoshenq IV\'s reign after the last attested regnal date for Shoshenq III in Year 39, arguing that the discovery of Shoshenq IV\'s burial in the tomb of Shoshenq III at Tanis makes it likely that he was part of the 22nd Dynasty Tanite line. Dodson would therefore place Hedjkheperre Shoshenq IV between Shoshenq III and Pami.
## Burial
Excavation work in the looted NRT V Tanite tomb of Shoshenq III revealed the presence of two sarcophagi: one inscribed for Usermaatre-setepenre Shoshenq III and the other being an anonymous sarcophagus. The unmarked sarcophagus, however, 'was clearly a secondary introduction' according to its position in the tomb. In the Tanite tomb\'s debris, several fragments were found from one or two canopic jars bearing the cartouches of a Hedjkheperre Shoshenq. Rohl had pointed out that the Staatliche Museum in Berlin possessed a canopic chest for Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I and that these jars from the tomb of Shoshenq III were too large to fit inside the Berlin canopic chest. Rohl 'used the evidence of the jars as the key element of his theory that there were indeed two Hedjkheperre Shoshenqs'. Dodson noted that the Tanite canopic vessels bear the name 'Hedjkheperre-Setpenre-meryamun-sibast-netjerheqaon' and, since the epithet netjerheqaon (\'god ruler of Heliopolis\') was never employed by the 22nd Dynasty kings until the reign of Shoshenq III, this is clear evidence that the new Shoshenq IV was buried in Shoshenq III\'s Tanite tomb and must have succeeded this king. It also establishes that the king buried in the second sarcophagus in Shoshenq III\'s tomb was certainly not Shoshenq I. Dodson was initially reluctant to accept Rohl\'s proposal for a second Hedjkheperre Shoshenq but his own research into the archaeological evidence led him to revise his opinion:
This is now the mainstream consensus view within Egyptology
| 875 |
Shoshenq IV
| 0 |
2,881,900 |
# Nishi-Hiranai Station
is a railway station located in the western part of the town of Hiranai in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. The station has been operating since 1939. Since 2010, the station has been operated by the Aoimori Railway Company, a third sector, regional rail operator. It is the third busiest railway station in Hiranai. Passenger trains serve the station just under 17 hours a day; the departure time between trains is roughly 30 minutes during the morning peak with reduced frequency at other times. The station also serves as a bus station for Shimokita Kōtsu, with local bus routes connecting the station and the community in its vicinity to communities throughout the town.
## Location
Nishi-Hiranai Station is located at the northern terminus of Aomori Prefecture Route 206, a 538 m road that provides access to the station from Japan National Route 4 in the west side of Hiranai. The station is situated between two populated areas located in the western side of Hiranai. The station is 98.3 kilometers from the terminus of the Aoimori Railway Line at Metoki Station. It is 715.6 kilometers from `{{STN|Tokyo|x}}`{=mediawiki}. The stations adjacent to Nishi-Hiranai Station along the Aoimori Railway Line are Kominato Station and Asamushi-Onsen Station.
## Station layout {#station_layout}
Nishi-Hiranai Station has two unnumbered opposed side platforms, connected the station building by a footbridge. The station is unattended.
### Platforms
## History
Nishi-Hiranai Station was opened on 1 October 1939 as a station on the Tōhoku Main Line of the Japanese Government Railways (JGR), the pre-war predecessor to the Japan National Railways (JNR). The station was installed to provide access to a nearby sanatorium for disabled veterans. Regularly scheduled freight services were discontinued in November 1961. The concrete elevated footbridge at the station was installed on 1 January 1969. The station has been unattended since August 1970. With the privatization of the JNR on 1 April 1987, it came under the operational control of East Japan Railway Company (JR East). The section of the Tōhoku Main Line including this station was transferred to Aoimori Railway on 4 December 2010.
## Services
The station is only served by trains operating on a local services between Aomori and Hachinohe operated by the Aoimori Railway. Passenger trains serve Nishi-Hiranai Station just under 17 hours a day from 6:38 am to 11:25 pm. At peak hours between the first train and 9:10 am trains depart from the station roughly every 30 minutes; otherwise trains depart at an approximate hourly basis. In 2018, a daily average of 142 passengers boarded trains at Nishi-Hiranai Station, an increase from the daily average of 109 passengers the station served in 2011. In 2018 the station was the seventeenth busiest on the Aoimori Railway Line, excluding Aomori and Hachinohe stations, and the third busiest along the rail line in Hiranai.
### Bus services {#bus_services}
Nishi-Hiranai Station also functions as a bus station, with three municipal bus lines stopping at the station. Shimokita Kōtsu operates the bus routes that stop at the station, traveling to points within Hiranai including Moura, Inaoi, Hiranai Town Hall, Shimizugawa, and Karibasawa, as well as providing a connection to the Aomori City Bus at Asamushi Onsen
| 530 |
Nishi-Hiranai Station
| 0 |
2,881,909 |
# Directorate-General for Research and Innovation
The **Directorate-General for Research and Innovation** (**DG RTD**) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission, located in Brussels, and responsible for the European Union\'s research and innovation policy and coordination of research and innovation activities. Since September 2023, it is headed by Commissioner **Iliana Ivanova** and Director-General Marc Lemaître.
## Mission
The Directorate-General for Research and Innovation defines and implements European Research and Innovation (R&I) policy with a view to achieving the goals of the Europe 2020 strategy and its key flagship initiative, the Innovation Union.
To do so, DG RTD contributes to the European Semester by analysing national R&I policies, by assessing their strengths and weaknesses, and by formulating country specific recommendations where necessary. It monitors and contributes to the realisation of the Innovation Union flagship initiative and the completion of the European Research Area. It funds Research and Innovation through Framework Programmes (currently Horizon 2020) taking a strategic programming approach.
### Long-term Objective (2020) {#long_term_objective_2020}
To make Europe a better place to live and work, by developing and implementing R&I policy to improve Europe\'s competitiveness, boost its growth, create jobs, and tackle the main current and future societal challenges.
## Management
- Commissioner: **Iliana Ivanova**
- Director General: Marc Lemaître
- Director Bioeconomy and Food System: Peter Wehrheim
## Structure
To fulfil its mission, the Directorate General works closely with several other Commission departments (DGs) and executive agencies
| 236 |
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation
| 0 |
2,881,916 |
# H Street (Washington, D.C.)
**H Street** is a set of east--west streets in several of the quadrants of Washington, D.C. It is also used as an alternate name for the Near Northeast neighborhood, as H Street NW/NE is the neighborhood\'s main commercial strip.
## History
In the 19th century, H Street around North Capitol was the center of a small settlement called Swampoodle which became an entire neighborhood by the 1850s. It played an important role in the construction of Washington, D.C. by providing the workforce needed to build projects such as Union Station.
H Street was separated in two with the railway track where it intersected with Delaware Avenue when Union Station started to be built in 1907. This split created distinct neighborhoods east and west of the railway which have grown independently. In 1902, it was originally planned that H street NE would be cut for 600 ft at Delaware Avenue. Thanks to involvement of the Northeast Washington Citizens\' Association, the plan was changed to having a 750 ft tunnel built to retain the connection between the two sides of the track.
The H Street NE/NW neighborhood was one of Washington\'s earliest and busiest commercial districts, and was the location of the first Sears Roebuck store in Washington. H Street NE went into decline after World War II and businesses in the corridor were severely damaged during the 1968 riots. This part of the street did not start to recover until the 21st century.
In 2002, the District of Columbia Office of Planning initiated a community-based planning effort to help revitalize the H Street NE corridor. Because it is nearly 1.5 mi long, the resulting H Street NE Strategic Strategic Development Plan divided H Street into three districts: the Urban Living district (between 2nd and 7th Streets NE), the Central Retail District (between 7th and 12th Streets NE), and the Arts and Entertainment District (between 12th and 15th Streets NE).
In the mid-2000s, the Arts and Entertainment District began to revitalize as a nightlife district. The Atlas Theater, a Moderne-style 1930s movie theater that had languished since the 1968 riots---was refurbished as a dance studio and performance space where Mosaic Theater Company of DC and Step Afrika! are in residence, and is now the anchor of what is now being called the Atlas District.
H Street NE rapidly re-developed after 2007. The same forces that led to the redevelopment of the neighboring NoMa neighborhood acted on the H St NE neighborhood The median sales price of houses on or near H Street NW from July to September 2009 was \$417,000. H Street NE was voted the sixth-most hipster place in America by *Forbes* magazine in September 2012. This process of gentrification led to tensions with some previous residents, who felt that they were becoming less welcome as the neighborhood changed and worried about being priced out.
As H Street NE continued to develop, its annual neighborhood festival, the H St Festival has grown into the largest neighborhood celebration in the city. It is often chronicled in DC news outlets such as these articles from 2008 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019.
H Street NE is also home to the country\'s first American Sign Language friendly Starbucks location on the 600 block of H St NE due to its location in the vicinity of Gallaudet University.
| 557 |
H Street (Washington, D.C.)
| 0 |
2,881,916 |
# H Street (Washington, D.C.)
## Route
### H Street NW {#h_street_nw}
In Northwest Washington, H Street is the main street in Chinatown and one of the major east-west streets downtown. When Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House was closed to vehicular traffic in the 1990s, crosstown traffic that had formerly used Pennsylvania Avenue was rerouted to H and I streets. The street also passes Lafayette Park and through the George Washington University campus and the Foggy Bottom neighborhood before terminating at Rock Creek.
### H Street NE {#h_street_ne}
In Northeast Washington, H Street continues uninterrupted from North Capitol Street (crossing over train tracks just north of Union Station on the \"Hopscotch Bridge\") to 15th Street NE, where it terminates in what is known as the \"starburst intersection\", where it meets Bladensburg Road, 15th Street, Benning Road, Maryland Avenue, and Florida Avenue.
After this intersection, there is a gap of two blocks where the street is interrupted by Hechinger Mall. H Street continues for a short segment between 17th and 24th Streets NE as part of the Carver Langston neighborhood. The road does not continue east of the Anacostia River.
The **H Street Corridor** is the part running from 2nd Street NE to Starburst Plaza and is also known as the **Atlas District** and Near Northeast. It includes the part north of H Street NE to Florida Ave NE and south to F Street NE. The second portion of H Street (after Starburst Plaza) is not considered part of the H Street Corridor.
Some of the significant buildings included:
- 1872: the Home for the Aged Men and Women on H Street NE between 2nd and 3rd Street NE.
- 1897: the Northeast Temple and Market at 1119-1123 H Street NE, an indoor marketplace and a Masonic Temple. The first buildings electrified on H Street NE. It was demolished and replaced by another smaller building.
- 1913: the Apollo Theater at 624-634 H Street NE. It was replaced by the Ourisman Chevrolet Service Center. Today, the \"Apollo\" building stands there.
- 1938: the Atlas Theater at 1313-33 H Street NE. A former movie theater repurposed as a Performing Art Center. This building was an important part in the revitalization of the neighborhood.
### H Streets SW and SE {#h_streets_sw_and_se}
The city plan on which D.C. was laid out provides for a parallel H Street in the southwest and southeast quadrants of the city. Subsequent government actions, most notably the construction of I-395/I-295, disconnected the southern H Street in several places. In its current form, it does not run consecutively for more than two blocks at any point except for its easternmost extremity, near Fort Dupont Park.
| 448 |
H Street (Washington, D.C.)
| 1 |
2,881,916 |
# H Street (Washington, D.C.)
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
Notable residents who lived on H Street include:
- George B. McClellan, on the south side, between 4th and 5th Streets NW (now occupied by the Government Accountability Office)
- Phil Radford, Greenpeace Executive Director
- Mary Surratt, near the southwest corner of Sixth Street NW
- Anthony A. Williams, D.C
| 60 |
H Street (Washington, D.C.)
| 2 |
2,881,918 |
# Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974
The **Joint Sitting of the Parliament of Australia** **of 1974** remains the only time that members of both houses of the federal parliament of Australia, the Senate and House of Representatives, have sat together as a single legislative body pursuant to section 57 of the Constitution. The joint sitting was held on 6 and 7 August 1974, following the double dissolution 1974 federal election.
This sitting deliberated and voted upon the following bills:
- *Commonwealth Electoral Bill (No. 2) 1973*, which sought to make Commonwealth electorates more even in size by reducing the allowable quota variation from 20 per cent to 10 per cent.
- *Senate (Representation of Territories) Bill 1973*, which gave the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory two senators each.
- *Representation Bill 1973*, which stated that neither the people of the territories nor the territory senators could be included in the formula for determining the number of House seats for each state
- *Health Insurance Bill 1973*, which was the main bill that established Medibank (now known as Medicare).
- *Health Insurance Commission Bill 1973*, which established the Medibank administrative agency, the Health Insurance Commission (now known as Medicare Australia).
- *Petroleum and Minerals Authority Bill 1973*, which was included despite some uncertainty as to whether the provisions of Section 57 had been met. This established a statutory body to control the exploration for, and development of, petroleum and mining resources.
All six bills were affirmed by an absolute majority of the total number of members and senators, a requirement under the Constitution for the bills to pass. All proceedings of the joint sitting were broadcast on radio and television by the Australian Broadcasting Commission and a complete sound record was made for archival purposes. This was the first Australian television coverage of parliamentary debates.
| 309 |
Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974
| 0 |
2,881,918 |
# Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974
## Political background {#political_background}
In early 1974, the conservative parties led by Billy Snedden had chosen to use their majority in the Senate to oppose key government legislation. As the Senate had rejected the bills twice, Prime Minister Gough Whitlam advised a double dissolution under section 57 of the Constitution. The Governor-General Sir Paul Hasluck agreed, and on 18 May an election for both houses of parliament was held.
Campaigning for the Labor Party, Whitlam asked the electorate to let him \"finish the job\" and used the slogan \"Give Gough a Go\". The Liberal and Country parties focused their campaign on government mismanagement and the state of the economy. The Labor Party was returned with a slightly reduced majority in the House of Representatives and, crucially, still without the Senate majority it required to pass the legislation in question.
The new parliament convened on 9 July. On 11 July, Sir Paul Hasluck\'s term as Governor-General ended, and Sir John Kerr was sworn in. The legislation was reintroduced, but, as expected, it again failed to pass the Senate. Now, all the constitutional requirements for a joint sitting had been met. At Whitlam\'s request, on 30 July Sir John Kerr issued a proclamation convening the joint sitting.
The coalition parties sought to prevent the joint sitting by challenging its constitutional validity in the High Court. The writs were issued by Senator Sir Magnus Cormack (Lib) and Senator Jim Webster (CP) on 1 August. The Queensland government also brought an action, although it sought a narrower declaration. The court delivered a unanimous decision on 5 August 1974 and ruled that the sitting was constitutionally valid.
| 281 |
Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974
| 1 |
2,881,918 |
# Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974
## The sitting {#the_sitting}
The joint sitting of all 187 members of Parliament (127 from the House of Representatives and 60 from the Senate) was held over two days, on 6 and 7 August 1974. The House of Representatives chamber was chosen as the venue for the sitting, and the event was covered by both radio and television. As well as the lower house holding a bigger seating capacity than the Senate, Whitlam said it was \"the people\'s House, the House where alone governments are made and unmade\".
Speaker Jim Cope assumed the chair; his had been the only nomination. Whitlam further commented that \"at long last, after sustained stonewalling and filibustering, the parliament can proceed to enact these essential parts of the government\'s program.\" Snedden, on the other hand, was more cynical, stating \"this is indeed an historic occasion. So many people have described it as such that one is convinced it must be.\"
Given the importance of the occasion, both sides showed behaviour and restraint. The Coalition continued to oppose the legislation but the Labor majority in the House was such that it had an overall majority in the Parliament, and all the legislation was able to pass easily. A vote of 94 was required, so that if at least 94 of the 95 Labor parliamentarians supported the bills, each would be passed.
Special rules were drafted for the conduct of business. These included the hours of sittings, a 20-minute limit on speeches, and a requirement that there be at least 4 hours of debate (or 12 speakers) before debate on any bill could be ended.
For the most part, the proceedings moved smoothly and all of the bills were approved along party lines.
- *Commonwealth Electoral Bill (No. 2) 1973*, 96 votes to 91. Liberal Movement Senator Steele Hall supported the three electoral Bills, citing his experience as Liberal Premier of South Australia, where he had fought his own party to improve unequal electoral arrangements known as the Playmander.
- *Senate (Representation of Territories) Bill 1973*, 97 votes to 90. Northern Territory Country Party member Sam Calder supported the Territory Senators legislation, though he opposed the ACT being given added representation.
- *Representation Bill 1973* 96 votes to 91.
- *Health Insurance Commission Bill 1973* 95 votes to 92.
- *Health Insurance Bill 1973* 95 votes to 92.
- *Petroleum and Minerals Authority Bill 1973* 95 votes to 91, with Liberal Party member John Gorton absent.
The proceedings concluded at 11 p.m. on 7 August, to mixed reviews. Labor saw it as an \'historic event\'; their opponents saw it as \'a waste of time\'. On 7 and 8 August 1974, the Governor-General gave Royal Assent to all the bills.
| 461 |
Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974
| 2 |
2,881,918 |
# Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974
## Subsequent legal challenges {#subsequent_legal_challenges}
Thirteen months later, four state litigants, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia took legal action against the Commonwealth Government and the Minister for Minerals and Energy Rex Connor, challenging the *Petroleum and Minerals Authority Act* 1973.`{{r|Petrol}}`{=mediawiki} The issue was when the Senate had \'failed to pass\' the *Petroleum and Minerals Authority Bill 1973*, whether that was on 13 December 1973 which was the day of the Bill\'s first reading in the Senate and the last sitting day of 1973, or some time after the resumption of the Senate on 28 February 1974. In separate judgments, the majority of the High Court, Barwick CJ, McTiernan, Gibbs, Stephen and Mason JJ, held that the Senate had not \'failed to pass\' the bill on 13 December 1973 and that there had not been an interval of three months between the Senate \'failing to pass\' the Bill and 8 April 1974 which was when the House of Representatives again passed the Bill. Because the Bill had not been one of the \'proposed laws\' in dispute when the double dissolution was called it could not therefore be voted on by the joint session and was not a valid law of the Commonwealth. In his dissenting judgment Jacobs J concluded that the Senate had failed to pass the Bill on 13 December 1973 because it had adjourned further consideration of the Bill until February 1974. Although the law remains on the statute books as No. 43 of 1974, it was invalidated by the declaration of the High Court.
Western Australia, New South Wales and Queensland also sought to separately challenge the *Senate (Representation of Territories) Act* 1973, the *Commonwealth Electoral Act (No. 2)* 1973, and the *Representation Act* 1973. The primary challenge was that the States alleged that too much time had elapsed from the second rejection of the Bills by the Senate and the double dissolution. In separate judgments, all of the judges Barwick CJ, McTiernan, Gibbs, Stephen, Mason, Jacobs and Murphy JJ, held that once the trigger conditions had been satisfied, the Governor-General could exercise the power at any time prior to \'six months before the date of the expiry of the House of Representatives by effluxion of time\'.
## Other proposed joint sittings {#other_proposed_joint_sittings}
### 1987
In 1987, the Hawke government\'s legislation for an Australia Card was twice rejected by the Senate, before and again after the 1987 double dissolution election. A joint sitting was planned, but the bill was abandoned when it was realised its implementation would still have been subject to the whim of the Senate, which was hostile to the proposal.
### 2016 {#section_1}
Following the 2016 federal election, which was a double dissolution, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said that his government would re-present the bills to reinstate the Australian Building and Construction Commission (ABCC) to a joint sitting of parliament, despite a cabinet minister having declared the bills\' prospects as dead because the government did not have the numbers to pass either of the bills, and news media outlets decrying the likelihood of the government having the numbers to pass the relevant pieces of legislation in a joint sitting due to \"a Senate that looks even more difficult and unwieldy than before the election and fewer government members in the House of Representatives.\" However, a joint sitting was made unnecessary when the trigger bills were reintroduced to parliament after the election and all were passed with amendments
| 584 |
Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974
| 3 |
2,881,920 |
# Ajangiz
**Ajangiz** (*Ajanguiz*) is a town and municipality in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country. It is located in the Busturialdea comarca, and was part of the municipality of Gernika-Lumo between 1940 and 1991.
## Etymology
*Ajangiz* is one of the Basque toponyms with an *-iz* suffix. Julio Caro Baroja argued that most of these toponyms come from the Latin suffix *-icus*. According to Baroja, Ajangiz might come from a patronymic form of *Allianus*, a documented Latin name, which would become *Allianicus* with the -icus suffix and *Allianici* when referring to the descendants of Allianus. The oldest reference to the town is *Axanguiz*, which might have evolved from Allianici; *Allianici* → *Axianici* → *Axanguici* → *Axanguiz*.
## History
The Busturialdea region was heavily inhabited during the prehistory by groups of farmers and livestock farmers during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age (between 5500 and 2800 BC), proved by the archeological sites found across the town. The first reference of the town comes from a document by Friar Martín de Coscojales, who mentions how the \"Lord of the High Asturias of Oviedo\" escaped from the King of Asturias, reaching Biscay and founding a house with his own name in the town of Axangiz, in the year 788. The town is further mentioned in several records of the War of the Bands.
As it is recorded in the documents from the 16th century, Ajangiz held the eleventh position at the Juntas of Gernika, with the legal status of \"ledanía\". Ajangiz would become an elizate in the 18th century. A small hermitage held the ecclesiastical archives until the year 1844, when the parish church was finished. In 1943, the town was annexed to the municipality of Gernika. It regained its autonomy in 1991.
## Geography
Ajangiz is located in the northern half of the Biscay province, in the northwestern Basque Country. The town is located on a hillside less than 4 km away from Gernika-Lumo, the capital of the Busturialdea comarca. The boundary between Ajangiz and Gernika-Lumo is the River Oka. Ajangiz is divided into two neighborhoods, Mendieta, where is located the town hall, and Kanpantxu
| 356 |
Ajangiz
| 0 |
2,881,929 |
# Christian Klees
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| 21 |
Christian Klees
| 0 |
2,881,930 |
# Peruvian Inquisition
The **Peruvian Inquisition** was established on January 9, 1570 and ended in 1820. The Holy Office and tribunal of the Inquisition were located in Lima, the administrative center of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
## History
Unlike the Spanish Inquisition and the Medieval Inquisition, in the Peruvian Inquisition both the authorities and the church were dependent of the Crown\'s approval to carry out jurisdiction.
Office documents show that various tests were created to identify Jews, Lutherans and Muslims, with members of those groups punished, tortured or killed for their beliefs.
In 1813 it was first abolished by virtue of a Cortes decree. In 1815 it was reconstituted but their target was now the ideas from the French Encyclopédistes and similar texts, and most people who were accused of crimes were only given probation. With the promotion of Freemason José de la Serna to the viceroyship, which coincided with the rise of the nationalist faction (as both factions prepared to fight each other in the Peruvian War of Independence), the Inquisition fell apart of its own volition.
## Statistics
A review of the figures given by Escandell indicates that in its beginnings the Court was dedicated to supervising the European population. It includes both the so-called \"old Christians\" and some descendants of converts, mainly those of Jewish descent, who, evading express royal prohibitions, arrived in the Hispano-American provinces. It must be reiterated that the great majority of the Peruvian population was made up of indigenous people, who, as neophytes in Christianity, remained outside the sphere of jurisdiction of the Court, in accordance with the provisions of the kings of Spain. Also striking is the high percentage of foreign defendants, which exceeds their corresponding demographic participation. This has been calculated for the period 1532-1560 between 8% and 12%. This is explained by reasons of State that made it essential to control possible spies of the enemy powers of Spain.
ETHNIC GROUPS PROCESS PERCENTAGE
----------------------------------- --------- -------------
Spaniards 391 78.57%
Foreigners 86 17.30%
Mestizo, black and mulatto people 21 4.13%
**Total** **498** **100.00%**
Regarding the type of sentences, most of them are abjurations that total 173 and are equivalent to 67%. Thus, two thirds of those sentenced abjured their errors, to which were added, mostly, some spiritual penalties and the payment of the costs of the processes or some fines. The reconciled and the acquitted reached 30 and 29 respectively, while the suspended processes were 8. 6 were sentenced to death and 9 effigies were burned. Of those sentenced to burning, 5 were Portuguese Judaizers: Lucena de Baltasar, Duarte Núñez de Cea -both left in the car of 1600- Duarte Enríquez, Diego López de Vargas and Gregorio Díaz Tavares left in the car of 1605. The bachelor Juan Bautista del Castillo was the only person from Lima sentenced to death at the stake -in the entire history of this Court- for propositions contrary to faith, which he spread throughout the city in the midst of public scandal.
### Sentenced to death by the Court of Lima (1569-1820) {#sentenced_to_death_by_the_court_of_lima_1569_1820}
CAUSE NUMBERS PERCENTAGE
----------------------- --------- ------------
Judaizers 23 71.88%
Protestants 6 18.75%
*\"Proposiciciones\"* 2 6.25%
*\"Alumbrados\"* 1 3.12%
**Total** **32** **100
| 528 |
Peruvian Inquisition
| 0 |
2,881,950 |
# Arakaldo
**Arakaldo** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Arakaldo
| 0 |
2,881,955 |
# Arantzazu
**Arantzazu** (Spanish *Aránzazu*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Bizkaia, in the Autonomous Community of Basque Country, northern Spain.
## Toponym
- Etymologically **Arantzazu** means \'place of hawthorn\' in the Basque language. In addition, this municipality of Biscay has the same name as another district in Oñati (Gipuzkoa), famous for being the location of the Sanctuary of Arantzazu.
## Architecture
- *San Pedro de Arantzazu* is the church of the municipality, finished in 1828.
## Population
- 305 inhabitants. (INE 2007).
## Geography
- Elevation: 135 metres
| 93 |
Arantzazu
| 0 |
2,881,961 |
# Artzentales
**Artzentales** is a municipality in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 20 |
Artzentales
| 0 |
2,881,966 |
# Areatza
**Areatza** (in Basque and officially; in Spanish, **Villaro**) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 30 |
Areatza
| 0 |
2,881,971 |
# Arrankudiaga
**Arrankudiaga** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Arrankudiaga
| 0 |
2,881,974 |
# Demaratus of Corinth
**Demaratus** (*Δημάρατος*), frequently called **Demaratus of Corinth**, was the father of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth King of Rome, the grandfather or great-grandfather of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last Roman king, and an ancestor of Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, the first consuls of the Roman Republic.
## Life
Demaratus was a Dorian nobleman and a member of the Corinthian house of the Bacchiadae. Facing charges of sedition, in 655 BC he fled to Italy, according to tradition settling in the Etruscan city of Tarquinii, where he married an Etruscan noblewoman. They had two sons, Lucius and Arruns.
According to tradition, Demaratus introduced Greek culture to mainland Italy, and brought potters from Corinth; Greek potters worked at Tarquinii and its port, Gravisca. Pliny the Elder and Tacitus reported that Demaratus brought literacy to the Etruscans. Strabo reported that he became the ruler of Tarquinii, but this is not stated by other sources, and seems improbable given that his son, Lucius, as the son of a foreigner, had to migrate to Rome to obtain political power. According to Pausanias, Demaratus\' son or grandson was the first foreigner to visit Olympia, and make a dedication there.
## Descendants
Through his sons, Demaratus was the ancestor of the Roman gens Tarquinia, and a forebear of several other notable Roman families. By blood or marriage, his descendants included the last three kings of Rome, as well as the first two Roman consuls.
Demaratus had two sons, Lucius and Arruns Tarquinius. Arruns died shortly before his father, who accordingly bequeathed all of his wealth to his remaining son, Lucius, unaware that Arruns\' wife was pregnant with Demaratus\' grandson. Thus, in spite of his grandfather\'s wealth, the child, who was named Arruns after his father, was born into poverty. For this reason, he came to be called *Egerius*, meaning \"the needy one.\"
Like his father, Lucius Tarquinius married an Etruscan noblewoman, but as the son of a foreigner he was unable to attain high station at Tarquinii. At the urging of his wife, Tanaquil, Tarquin migrated to Rome, where even a foreigner might hope to gain rank and influence. There he won the favour of the king, Ancus Marcius, and when the king died, Tarquin was chosen to succeed him. After subduing the Latin town of Collatia, the king placed his nephew, Arruns, in charge of the Roman garrison there.
Tarquin\'s daughter married Servius Tullius, who succeeded him as the sixth king of Rome. After a long and prosperous reign, Tullius was deposed by his own son-in-law, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the son or grandson of the elder Tarquin. An Etruscan legend told of how Servius, aided by the heroes Aulus and Caelius Vibenna, had defeated and killed a group of enemies, including a certain Gnaeus Tarquinius of Rome, perhaps the son of Tarquin the Elder and father of Tarquin the Proud.
Many of the leading figures on both sides in the establishment of the Roman Republic were descendants of Demaratus. In addition to the king, the king\'s wife was also a descendant of Demaratus, as her mother is said to have been the daughter of the elder Tarquin; and their three sons played prominent roles in the unfolding of events. It was the rape of Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius that inspired the Roman nobles to rebel against the king; Arruns Tarquinius and the Roman consul Lucius Junius Brutus slew one another in the first great battle of the Roman Republic; and Titus Tarquinius was wounded, and perhaps perished at the Battle of Lake Regillus. The Latin army that marched against the Romans on that occasion was commanded by Octavius Mamilius, the dictator of Tusculum, and a son-in-law of Tarquin\'s.
Meanwhile, the first two consuls were each descendants of Demaratus; Brutus\' mother was the king\'s sister, while his colleague was Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, the son of Egerius, and husband of Lucretia. Before his death at the hands of Arruns Tarquinius, Brutus compelled his colleague to resign and go into exile, arguing that none of the Tarquinian gens should hold power at Rome.
Three important Roman gentes claimed descent from Demaratus; the Junii, through the first consul; the Mamilii, who came to Rome from Tusculum in the fifth century BC; and the Tullii, through Servius Tullius
| 716 |
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| 0 |
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# Arratzu
**Arratzu** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, northern Spain
| 24 |
Arratzu
| 0 |
2,881,980 |
# Arrieta
**Arrieta** (both in Basque and Spanish) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, Spain. Arrieta is part of the *comarca* of Mungialdea. It had a population of 552 inhabitants as of 2007, and a population of 564 inhabitants as of 2017.
## Toponym
This municipality has its origin in the elizate *Líbano de Arrieta*, which became a municipality in the 19th century. The toponym *Arrieta* comes from the Basque word *harrieta*, which means \"stony place\".
## Celebrities
- **Santiago Arriaga y Arrien, *Santiago de Jesús*** (1903--1936): was a priest of the Trinitarian Order. He was assassinated during the Spanish Civil war and beautified in 2007 by the Catholic Church.
- **José Ramón Goyeneche Bilbao** (1940): cyclist who participated in Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964
| 134 |
Arrieta
| 0 |
2,881,983 |
# Arrigorriaga
**Arrigorriaga** is a town and municipality located in the province of Bizkaia, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. Arrigorriaga is located 7 km south of Bilbao and is part of Bilbao\'s metropolitan area. Its official population at the 2019 census was 12,160 inhabitants living on a land area of 16.36 km2.
It is conterminous with Bilbao and Basauri in the north, with Ugao-Miraballes and Zeberio in the south, with Zaratamo in the east and with Arrankudiaga and Alonsotegi in the west.
## Place name {#place_name}
**Arrigorriaga** may be translated from Basque language as \'Place of red stones\'. \"Harri\" (\'stone\'), \"gorri\" (\'red\') and the locative suffix \"-aga\" or also \'Place of naked stones\', as \"gorri\" is a polysemic term that also means \"naked, bare, incarnated\". There exists a well-known legend that explains the origins of this name as \"Place of red stones\". This story begins in the 15th century, because it was written for the first time by the Basque chronicler Lope García de Salazar in his book Las Bienandanzas e Fortunas. As the tale says, Arrigorriaga was called Padura in the ancient times (marsh in Basque) and the legendary Battle of Padura in which people from Biscay and people from León fought each other took place. When the battle finished, won by people from Biscay, Padura was renamed as Arrigorriaga, because so much blood was spilled, that the stones were painted red. The story was recovered and used by Sabino Arana in the 19th century as an instrument of Basque people\'s exaltation. Apart from `{{Clarify|date=June 2016}}`{=mediawiki} this \"romantic\" thesis, there exist other, more prosaic theses, that confirm that the name has its origins in the iron mines that were in the locality. According to these theses, the name of the town could have been because of the iron ores that painted red the mount Ollargan or also, to the surface without any vegetation that was surrounded by, because of the mining operations nearby, \"Place of naked stones\".
| 332 |
Arrigorriaga
| 0 |
2,881,983 |
# Arrigorriaga
## History
Anteiglesia de la Merindad de Uribe, occupied the seat number 39 in the Juntas Generales de Guernica. Until 1876 the Church of Arrigorriaga had great importance in the region, taking on account inside it the municipalities of Arrancudiaga, Basauri, Zarátamo and Alonsótegi. By this year, with the abolition of the jurisdictions and after diverse lawsuits, ended up disengaging. Alonsótegi self constituted as an independent church in the 16th century. Basauri separated from Arrigorriaga in 1510 or, at least, that is the date taken as the most official one, when the parish of San Miguel Arcángel was built, because there does not exist any document to verify that a meeting between two localities\' mayors took place that day. Since then, the community was denominated as church of San Miguel of Basauri. The independence of Basauri was unilateral; it didn\'t have the approval of Arrigorriaga and neither had the permission of the General Juntas of Guernica to take their corresponding seat in them, they didn\'t manage to achieve it until 1858.
The incoming origins from the legend and the myth, without letting even the name free (\"Place of red stones\") of this \"fable\". This legend has many different versions reaffirmed by some and refuted by others. But which is true, is that the myth, legend or story, as you want to call it, of the \"Battle of Padura\" has produced hundreds of pages in Basque Country\'s history and literature. The central core of this tale says that by the year 870 or 888 of our age, in that place named Padura (where Arrigorriaga would be located), the armies of the Lord of Biscay, the first according to the history, defeated in a bloody battle the people from León, led by the prince Ordoño, successor to the crown of León and son of the king Alfonso \"El Magno\". Arrigorriaga would have its origins in the spilt blood that covered the fighting ground.
Other interpretations say that the origin of this term is in the iron veins that could be found in Ollargan mount, and that had given a generic name to the entire municipality. In any case, the first historical news referring to Arrigorriaga are dated in the 12th century, and relate to the incorporation of Arrigorriaga\'s parish, Santa María Magdalena, to the Monasterio de San Salvador de Oña in 1107 (gathered by the historian Iturriza in his work).
In 1300, mount Ollargan with its iron mines was given to the villa of Bilbao in the town charter granted by D. Diego López de Haro. Few years after, in 1375, the parishioners of this church managed to get from the infant D. Juan, to the Lord of Biscay, the belonging to the jurisdiction of the villa. This measure allowed their inhabitants to be protected from the arbitrariness and abuses of the bigger relatives.
In 1783, led by the mayor José de Arana, the square we know nowadays was inaugurated. In former days, it was located where nowadays Bar padura is located, in front of the town hall. The reason for this placement change was the building of the new Royal Way from Bilbao to Castilla which halved the former public square, preventing, because of its narrowness, the neighbours performing the common unfolding of threshing.
During the two Carlists Wars last century, Arrigorriaga hold some important battles, both occurred at the Moyordín bridge, which linked the town with Zarátamo. The first happened 11 September 1835 and the second, in May 1872.
In 1907, the bridge of Ugertza was built to facilitate communication between Arrigorriaga and the central core. In 1920, the east side of the church, occupied with the old cemetery, was transformed into a cinematographic room called Salón Festivo; this name still lasts today. In 1928 schools were built in the square, before that. there were in Paseo Urgoiti street in 1915, in the context of buildings that the municipality knew in the early century (bridge of Ugarza, public fountains, Ateneo Cultural, \...). Until then, entering the school was managed by the church and it was carried out in specific particular buildings hired with that goal.
Municipal elections in 1931 were won by the anti-monarchy party formed by different left political parties with numerous affiliated people in the municipality because of its industrial and mining condition, with hundreds of workers. The corporatism in the region took place before war with the creation of many different associations of every kind, political and social. The war had as main stage mount Malmasín nearby, that hold many fights between gudaris brigades or soldiers led by the Basque Government and Franco\'s armies, these entered in the location 16 June 1937. Half of the population (2.000 people) run away, being able to return after.
2 November 1940, town hall suffered a fire, losing a great part of the Municipal Archives. It was built in 1777.
Since the floods in 1983, the principal core of the old town has a newer aspect. The respect for old buildings and entertainment places has allowed to rebuild areas sentimentally attached to local history and the old paper mill, nowadays Lonbo (Lonbo Aretoa, sport zone, entertainment zone and children\'s playground), access to Santo Cristo, Mendikosolobarrena natural park and Mintegi (the old Dinamita park).
Land balance has been based on the wish of giving the neighbors a maximum level of habitability, life standards and environmental respect.
## General data {#general_data}
This industrial population has a lot of value due to its situation, because it is only 9 km from the capital city and it is one of the main transit points of the principal communication ways between Bilbao and Vitoria and the Spanish plateau.
Its geographical situation also had a big influence in the increase of the population and that way, it has reached more than 12,000 inhabitants nowadays.
| 969 |
Arrigorriaga
| 1 |
2,881,983 |
# Arrigorriaga
## Geography
Arrigorriaga is a locality physically divided in two important and distant cores. On the one hand, there is the central part of the city on the bank of river Nervión. On the other hand, there is the neighbourhood of Abusu-La Peña, also on the river bank, but between the municipalities of Basauri and Bilbao. Near the park of Malmasin.
### Climate
**Parámetros climáticos promedio de Arrigorriaga**
-----------------------------------------------------
Month
Average maximum temperature (°C)
Average minimum temperature (°C)
Precipitations (mm)
## Artistic heritage {#artistic_heritage}
### Parish of Santa María Magdalena {#parish_of_santa_maría_magdalena}
Its foundation dates back to the 9th century, besides actually it is nothing left from its primitive building. It is 106 feet long and 42 tall and it is covered by a single wooden dome. The image taking place in the altar has a great quality.
### Hermitages
- **San Pedro de Abrisqueta**. It shows some pre-Romanesque styles and is the oldest in Biscay (early 12th century). It has a rectangular nave which is 7,34 x 5,25 m, and an apse of barrel vault. The access gates, oriented to the west, has a rounded arch, and in the right jamb we can find a possibly Visigoth design. There is a rounded arch in the southern wall half covered, that could have been the main access before. Over this arch is possible to see two handmade medallions that represent human figures. Reused as building materials, inside it have been found remains of Roman funeral steles and a block of sandstone with pre-Romanic signs. Also presented at the apse\'s window.
- **Santo Cristo de Landaederraga**. The first building dates back to 1655, however, it has suffered diverse reconstructions. Its floor has an irregular figure, forming an amputated cross. It has great sobriety and its big dimensions must be highlighted.
### Imagery
- **Talla de Sta. M.ª Magdalena**. Created by Nicolás Teite in 1705. It is a wooden carve with a highly artistic value. Its expressiveness must be highlighted.
- **Tallas de San Francisco Javier y San Ignacio de Loiola**. They are two wooden carves located in the high altar of the Parish of María Magdalena. Created around 1693.
- **Talla de Cristo Crucificado**. Located in the hermitage of Santo Cristo, it was made by 1655
| 376 |
Arrigorriaga
| 2 |
2,881,986 |
# Hikayat Bayan Budiman
**Hikayat Bayan Budiman** (Jawi script: حكايت بيان بوديمان ) is the Malay version of a tradition that begins with the Sanskrit Śukasaptati, The Parrot\'s Seventy Tales, an Indian work, in which a parrot tells 70 stories in order to prevent a woman from going on the wrong path. These chain stories, like the Arabian Nights, form the crux of the Indian storytelling tradition. An unknown author compiled it in the 6th century AD.
It was later translated into Persian during 'Ala-ud-din Khilji's time (1296--1316) and titled *Tuti Nameh*. In this process, Muslim characters replaced the Hindu ones. Versions of this fine collection of popular tales were transported from Persian adaptations that the Malay text was translated. According to the Malay text, this translation was done by a certain Kadi Hassan in 773 AH (1371 AD).
The texts, which originally are written in classical Malay in Jawi script, has been transcribed to Rumi (Latin) alphabet which is the standard alphabet for the modern Malay (Malay and Indonesian). The text is the oldest text in the corpus dated 1371, which, according to Malay Concordance Project (MCP) by Ian Proudfoot, contains 69761 words.
A. Jehgoh, University of Lund, Sweden in his work *Arabic Elements in Hikayat Bayan Budiman* has analysed the Arabic loanwords in Hikayat Bayan Budiman
| 218 |
Hikayat Bayan Budiman
| 0 |
2,881,991 |
# Artea
**Artea** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Artea
| 0 |
2,881,993 |
# Atxondo
**Atxondo** (*Achondo*) is a municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, Spain. Atxondo is part of the *comarca* of Durangaldea and has a population of 1,447 inhabitants as of 2007 according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.
Atxondo was formed by the fusion of the former municipalities of the elizates of Apatamonasterio, Arrazola and Axpe in 1962.
## Toponymy
The name *Atxondo* comes from the fusion of the Basque words *(h)A(i)tz*, which means \"rock\", and *ondo*, which means *at the side of*, then \"at the side of the rock\". *Axpe* means \"under the rock\".
## History
Until 1962, Achondo was the name for a valley where three different municipalities formed by three elizates where located; Apatamonasterio, Arrazola and Axpe, each of them with history of its own.
### Apatamonasterio
The name *Apatamonasterio* means \"clergy monastery\" and was chosen to differentiate the monastery opened here to the one in the elizate of Etxebarria. It took part on the War of the Bands. As a member of the ancient *merindad* of Durango, it had voice and right to vote in the Juntas of Guerendiaga, where it occupied the seat number eight. Until 1857 it did not have a church of its own, depending on the one of Abadiño. Historically, its economy has depended on farming.
### Arrazola
It also took part on the War of the Bands and had voice and right to vote in the Juntas of Guerendiaga, where it occupied the seat number eight. In Arrazola was born Esteban de Urizar, governor of Peru during the reign of Philip II and Juan Alexandro Arrazola de Oñate who was Chamberlain of Archduke Albert and Archduchess Isabella in the Spanish Netherlands. In 1510 the church was built with the approval of the Catholic Monarchs.
### Axpe
As the two others, Axpe also took part on the War of the Bands. It had voice and right to vote in the Juntas of Guerendiaga, where it occupied the seat number nine. In 1550 the church was built.
## Geography
It is located in the southeasternmost part of the province of Biscay and limits at west with Abadiño, at east with Elorrio and at south with the province of Álava. The Ibaizabal river forms here, when it joins the Zumalegi river, which itself originates in the Anboto mountain.
Atxondo may be divided into two zones; the industrial area formed by Apatamonasterio and the farming and residential areas formed by Axpe, Arrazola and the neighborhoods of Marzana and Santiago. It is located 6 km away from Durango, capital city of the comarca and 36 km away from Bilbao, capital city of the province.
## Transport
Transport by road is the only mean of transportation in the area. The road BI-634 runs through the valley crossing the neighborhood of Apatamonasterio. That road is part of the Durango-Beasain axis, and connects Durango with Arrasate-Mondragón (in the province of Gipuzkoa). The BI-634 connects in Durango with the N-634 road and the AP-8 highway which connect Bilbao, the capital city of Biscay, with Donostia-San Sebastián, the capital city of Gipuzkoa.
In Arrasate-Mondragón the BI-634 road connects with the AP-1 highway, to Eibar (and from there to Donostia-San Sebastián and France) and to Vitoria-Gasteiz, the capital city of the province of Álava.
Three Bizkaibus lines stop in Atxondo; the A3923 line, which stops only at Apatamonasterio and connects it with the municipalities of Arrasate-Mondragón, Elorrio, Abadiño, Durango, Iurreta and Bilbao; the A3914 line which connects Elorrio with Durango stopping only at Apatamonasterio and the A3913 line that connects Durango with Arrazola with twelve stops in the municipality
| 602 |
Atxondo
| 0 |
2,882,003 |
# Aulesti
**Aulesti** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country in northern Spain. Aulesti is located in the region of Lea-Artibai, 44 km from Bilbao, the capital of Biscay.
## Chapels
Nine small chapels are located in Aulesti and its surrounding mountains. These chapels date back to the time of the Roman Empire and were rebuilt in the 19th century.
## Mountains
The mountains around Aulesti contain a characteristic black marble known as Nero Marquino Marble, which is quarried and shipped worldwide for use as a construction material.
## Traditional events {#traditional_events}
Aulesti is known for several traditional gatherings. One strength-related competition involves farm animals transporting heavy loads of stones. It hosts strength competitions for humans as well. The origin of these traditional events can be traced to the daily work of the Basque farmers.
On September 16 of every year, the town council organizes villagers from Aulesti and other nearby villages go to the Santa Eufemi Chapel in Urregarai
| 172 |
Aulesti
| 0 |
2,882,004 |
# Bakio
**Bakio** (*Baquio*) is a municipality in the province of Biscay, Basque Country, Spain.
## Location and characteristics {#location_and_characteristics}
It is a small valley which is drained inland by the River Estepona. This valley is surrounded by mountains to the east, south, and west; it is open to the north to the Cantabrian Sea. The municipality adjoins the sea to the north, the town of Bermeo to the east, the town of Mungia to the south, and the towns of Maruri-Jatabe and Lemoiz to the west. The town is well connected to the regional capital, Bilbao, with regular Bizkaibus services.
The town was formerly known as **Básigo de Baquio**, this being the name of its main neighbourhood.
In 1927, two neighbourhoods that until then had belonged to Bermeo, San Pelayo (San Pelaio) and Zubiaur, were added to the municipality. Despite its coastal location and its origin as a fishing village, Bakio does not have a seafaring tradition anymore and, in contrast, it has turned into a more traditional agricultural town. Nonetheless, the town has recently undergone significant urban renewal with the construction of new blocks of flats.
It has a special microclimate, with abundant rainfall and a warm climate with barely any snow or frost, which favours the cultivation of grapevines and the production of a wine called Txacoli.
## Municipal elections of 2015 {#municipal_elections_of_2015}
- EAJ-PNV: 5 councillors
- Bildu: 4 councillors
- BakioBai: (2 councillors)
## Architecture
Bakio\'s buildings have a distinctive, typically northern, architectural style.
### Religious
The Parish Church of Andra Mari of Gothic style (16th century), which is located in the neighborhood of Básigo must be mentioned as well as the chapels of St. Martin, Saint Úrsula, St. Esteban, St. Cristóbal and Saint Catalina, all located in rural areas and built in a popular style.
### Civil
Regarding civil architecture, Bakio has a set of interesting architectural elements, constructed from the 17th century onwards, which can be known through some paths signposted by the Town Council. From the Baroque Period it has to be enhanced the stately mansions of Elexpuru and Ormatza, rural palaces belonging to important local families reflecting the transition between the rural and the residential styles of those times.
At the beginning of the 20th century, new architectural forms were introduced in the locality. The rise of the coast as a holiday town for the privileged classes of Bilbao favoured the building of mansions on the road connecting the church and the sea. The key feature of these residential houses is the wide variety of styles, whose aim was to highlight the economic and social position of their owners by means of using different aesthetic options. The oldest were replicas of French models, such as Feliena and Quintatorre (1896). Others, built a bit later, took as reference baroque constructions like the Itxas-Ondo Palace, dated in 1930.
Subsequently, other models were applied: neo-Cantabrian buildings such as Rosario Enea, neo-Basque buildings such as Loraldia or Isabela, etc. Nowadays, innovative single-family houses have been built in Baquio with the architectural style of the 1960s, such as Aretaetxekosolo or Aristondo.
## Economy
Traditionally the main sources of revenue for Bakio have been farming and stockbreeding activities, being those enterprises related to the sea a secondary matter. The core of the old economic model was the \"caserío\" (or baserri), a hamlet dedicated to the housing of families and their livestock. A wide range of farmhouses can be visited, dating from different eras and styles: with a trabeated porch (Gorrondona and Artetxe), with an arcuated porch (Bidetxe), and with a cubic structure (Gabantxo). Agriculture remains today being an important sector in Bakio, where high quality and traditional products are grown, epitomized in the famous \"txakoli\".
Many buildings from Bakio retain structures and facilities that reflect the traditional grape growing on trellises.
## Mills and foundries {#mills_and_foundries}
They represent the oldest evidence of the usage/exploitation of hydropower in rural areas. In Bakio\'s basin there proliferated from the 18th century many establishments around its river, mounting up to eight mills and three forges. Forges transformed iron ore arriving by barges to the shore of Bakio from the neighbouring county of Encartaciones. Its property was in the hands of the great local families that leased mills and foundries for generations. The mills of Bakio remained active until some decades ago. Some of them still retain their facilities and characteristics, and even some of them have been turned into running restaurants that can be visited.
| 744 |
Bakio
| 0 |
2,882,004 |
# Bakio
## Events
During the summer many events are often organized in the municipality, helping to make more enjoyable vacationers\' stay and provide the little town with an interesting cultural life. Amongst these events we have to remark the following: the Bakio Music Week, the International Folklore Festival, the outdoor cinema, the Jai alai Championship, the handicraft market, a photography contest, the farmers\' market, the different patron saint\'s days (e.g., San Pelaio Day, June 6 or \"Andra Mari\" Day, August 15), the Surfing Championship, etc
| 86 |
Bakio
| 1 |
2,882,008 |
# Patrick Tufts
**Patrick Tufts** is a computer scientist and inventor. He created Alexa Internet\'s collaborative filter for creating related web site recommendations and later, one of Amazon.com\'s most successful product recommendation systems
| 33 |
Patrick Tufts
| 0 |
2,882,015 |
# Barrika
**Barrika** (*\'\'\'Barrica\'\'\'*) (Ibarrika in euskera) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, Spain, in the autonomous community of Basque Country.
It is considered one of the oldest municipalities of Biscay. It was founded by Sancho Vela. As it is placed next to the sea and near Bilbao, its population has grown a lot in the last part of the 20th century.
Barrika belongs to the comarca of Mungialdea. There are about 1,541 inhabitants in the municipality and it covers 7.77 km^2^.
## History
The findings of the archaeological site of Kurtzio testify of human presence in the municipal territory at the period of the prehistoric Asturian culture.
The organization as a parish church can trace its origins to the political structure of the Flat Earth of the Middle Ages. Sancho Vela founded its solar Barrika house in the year 496,`{{dubious|date=April 2018}}`{=mediawiki} this being the origin of the later church.
In addition to the agricultural and livestock activities, its inhabitants worked from old in whaling, as attested by the *Carta Puebla* granted by Lope Díaz de Haro, Lord of Biscay, in the 13th century.
Barrika had a seat and vote at the General meetings of Guernica, its number was the 51st.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Jon Rahm (born 1994), professional golfer, winner of the U.S
| 221 |
Barrika
| 0 |
2,882,024 |
# Bedia, Spain
**Bedia** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 24 |
Bedia, Spain
| 0 |
2,882,027 |
# Berango
**Berango** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the region known as \"Greater Bilbao\" in the autonomous community of Basque Country, Spain with 8,9 km² of extension and a population of 7,195 inhabitants according to the census of the 2019. Its density reaches 174,81 inhabitants per square kilometre.
## Geography
Berango is confined by Sopelana in the north, with Urduliz in the northeast, with Erandio in southeast, and with Guetxo to the western. In this region there are some cholines that stand out such as Munarrikolanda, Saiherri and Agirremendi mountains. The Gobela river passes through the municipality and disgorges in the Bahía de El Abra. Moreover, Berango receives Larrañazubi\'s streams and several natural fountains
| 121 |
Berango
| 0 |
2,882,029 |
# Bermeo
**Bermeo** is a town and municipality in the *comarca* of Busturialdea. It is in the province of Biscay, which is part of the autonomous region of the Basque Country in northern Spain.
With a population of 16,765, it is the most important fishing port in the Basque Country. The town was founded in 1236, and is the largest in Busturialdea. Bermeo was the provincial capital of Biscay from 1476 to 1602.
Tourist attractions include the island of Gaztelugatxe, the Ercilla Tower (a fishing museum), San Juan Gate and the port. Bermeo is connected by Euskotren Trena and BizkaiBus to Bilbao. It has a number of neighbourhoods: Arana, Artike, Agirre, San Andres, Almike, Arronategi, San Migel, Demiku, Mañu and San Pelaio.
## History
Bermeo\'s history dates back to the monastery of San Juan of Gaztelugatxe in 1051. In 1082, it is mentioned by Don Lope lñiguez as \"Sancti Michaelis Arcangeli in Portu of Vermelio\". Ferdinand II of Aragon named the town the capital of Biscay on 31 July 1476, a position it held until 1602. Many documents have been destroyed by fire; notable fires occurred in 1297, 1347, 1360, 1422 and 1504. The founding of Bilbao in 1300 also coincided with decline in Bermeo.
## Climate
The town has an oceanic climate, with heavy rains in spring and late fall. The average annual minimum temperature is about 9 °C (48 °F), and the maximum is about 19 °C (66 °F). The record maximum temperature is 45 °C (113 °F), and the record minimum is -9 °C (16 °F).
+-------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| *Northwest:* Bay of Biscay | *North:* Bay of Biscay | *Northeast:* Bay of Biscay |
+-------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| *West:* Bakio | | *East:* Elantxobe |
+-------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| *Southwest* Mungia and Meñaka | *South:* Arrieta | *Southeast:* Busturia and Mundaka |
+-------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------+
## Population
As a result of increased immigration due to industrialisation during the 1960s, the population grew rapidly. Although it began to decline during the 1990s, the population has increased again since 2000.
1704 1784 1850 1900 1925 1960 1965 1970 1975 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2004
------- ------- ------- ------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1,408 3,711 5,377 9,636 13,556 15,846 17,384 17,485 18,312 18,333 17,923 17,176 16,938 16,901 17,429
: Bermeo population, 1704--2013
2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
17,069 17,026 17,078 17,144 17,159 17,057
## Economy
Bermeo\'s economy is based on fishing, and its port is the town\'s chief source of revenue. It has a fleet of deep-sea vessels, and Bermeo\'s coastal fisheries are among the region\'s most important. In addition to fishing, diesel engines and generators are manufactured and the commercial port receives raw materials. Bermeo also has connections with the timber and undersea-gas industries.
## `{{anchor|Bizkaibus (bus service)|Euskotren (train service)|Taxi|Bermibusa (urban bus)}}`{=mediawiki}Transportation
Bermeo is connected by road to Mungia (18 km away) by the BI-631 road and to Gernika-Lumo (14 km away) by the BI-2235. The BI-3101 connects the town with Bakio, 12 km away. The capital, Bilbao (33 km away), is reached by the BI-631 and the BI-2235.
BizkaiBus connects Bermeo with Guernica, Amorebieta-Etxano, Bilbao, Derio and Bakio. Euskotren Trena connects the town directly with Bilbao, Guernica, Amorebieta-Etxano, Biscay and Gipuzkoa. Bermeo also has taxi and Bermibusa (urban bus) service.
| 550 |
Bermeo
| 0 |
2,882,029 |
# Bermeo
## `{{anchor|San Juan de Gaztelugatxe|The Akatz Isle|Matxitxako Cape|The Izaro isle|The Old Town|Aritzatxu Beach|Ercilla Tower (Fisherman's Museum)|The Casine (club)|Kikunbera house|[[Town Hall]]|Batzoki}}`{=mediawiki}Attractions
On the road to Bakio is the lighthouse of Matxitxako, on the cape of the same name. Further along is Akatz Island, next to Gaztelugatxe (an island with the San Juan de Gaztelugatxe monastery). During the 14th century a castle topped the island, which was replaced by the monastery. On 29 August a mass celebrates the feast of San Juan. The island is a protected area.
Akatz Island, a small island next to Gaztelugatxe, has little vegetation but a significant nesting-bird population. On its cape is the Matxitxako lighthouse, which has good views of the coast and from which cetaceans may be seen. Izaro Island is part of the Urdaibai Reserve.
Bermeo\'s old town has many houses painted in different colours and narrow streets with squares. Aritzatxu is a small beach.
Ercilla Tower is the only remaining tower of 30 towers which defended Bermeo during the Middle Ages. In the old port, it was built at the end of the 15th century and housed the Ercilla family (including Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, author of *The Araucana*). In addition to its military use, it housed fishermen and warehoused fish. It was renovated in 1948 with Gothic arches as the Fisherman\'s Museum; additional renovation was done in 1984 and 1985.
Bermeo\'s town hall, in Sabino Arana Goiri Square, was built in 1732. With two clocks on its facade, it is one of the town\'s Artistic Historical Monuments.
The Kikunbera house, in Basque Rationalist style, was designed to resemble a ship and has been an Artistic Historical Monument since 1995. Batzoki is a modernist building by Pedro Ispizua.
| 288 |
Bermeo
| 1 |
2,882,029 |
# Bermeo
## `{{anchor|Photo Gallery}}`{=mediawiki}Gallery
Image: Bermeo port 01.jpg\|Old port Image: Puerto de Bermeo.jpg\|Marina Image: Gaztelugatxe doniene eskailarak.jpg\|San Juan de Gaztelugatxe Image: Santa Maria eliza - Bermeo.jpg\|Santa María Church Image: Aitaguriaweb.jpg\|*Aita Guria* whaleboat Image: Puerta de San Juan (cara exterior).jpg\|San Juan Gate Image: Aritzatxu Beach1.jpg\|Aritzatxu Beach Image: Bermeo Torre de Ercilla.jpg\|Ercilla Tower Image: Bermeo 4.jpg\| Aerial view Image: Gaztelugatxe pano ezkerra
| 61 |
Bermeo
| 2 |
2,882,033 |
# Berriatua
**Berriatua** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, in the north of Spain. Its neighbors are Ondarroa and the Bay of Biscay to the north, Markina-Xemein to the south, Mutriku to the east, Amoroto and Mendexa to the west. Historically Berriatua was a town of farmers with little industry. Recently the town has seen significant industrial growth as well as a great deal of construction
| 79 |
Berriatua
| 0 |
2,882,035 |
# Berriz
**Berriz** (in Basque and officially, in Spanish: *Bérriz*) is an elizate, town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Berriz is part of the *comarca* of Durangaldea and has a population of 4.623 inhabitants as of 2019 and according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.
## Toponymy
*Berriz* belongs to a series of Basque toponyms with an *-iz* ending. Julio Caro Baroja defended that most of these toponyms came from an original Basque toponym plus the Latin suffix *-icus*. Caro Baroja considered that on toponymy, the suffixes *-oz*, *-ez* and *-iz* used to be combined with the name of the owner of the lands, with its origin being in some place between the Middle Ages and the Roman Empire.
In the case of *Berriz*, Caro Baroja suggested that the name might come from *Verrius*, the documented Latin name. Then, to the name *Verrius* it was added the suffix *-icus* (indicating that the lands were owned by Verrius) and became *Verricus*. From then, the name evolved to *Verrici* and from there to *Verriz*. The name of the town in Spanish used to be *Vérriz*.
Another theory about is origin negates the Latin origin and proposes a Basque origin. *Berriz* might come from *Be(h)e* (\"under\") and *Oiz* in reference to the Oiz mountain, and then \"under Oiz\" as of \"in the or at the bottom of Oiz\"
| 234 |
Berriz
| 0 |
2,882,058 |
# Julie; or, The New Heloise
***Julie or the New Heloise*** (*Julie ou la nouvelle Héloïse*), originally entitled *Lettres de Deux Amans, Habitans d\'une petite Ville au pied des Alpes* (Letters from two lovers, living in a small town at the foot of the Alps), is an epistolary novel by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, published in 1761 by Marc-Michel Rey in Amsterdam. The novel\'s subtitle points to the history of Héloïse d\'Argenteuil and Peter Abélard, a medieval story of passion and Christian renunciation.
## Overview
The plot, entirely related through letters, turns on the spontaneous love between Julie d\'Étanges, an aristocratic Swiss maiden living in Vevey on Lac Léman, and her tutor, a commoner who has no name but is given the pseudo-saint\'s name of St. Preux by Julie and her principal confidante, her cousin Claire. Although Rousseau wrote the work as a novel, a philosophical theory about virtue and authenticity permeates it. A common interpretation is that Rousseau valued the ethics of authenticity over rational moral principles, as he illustrates the principle that one should do what is imposed upon oneself by society only insofar as it would seem congruent with one\'s inner principles and feelings, being constituent of one\'s core identity. As this stood in conflict with the Church\'s authority, the book was listed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, prohibiting its distribution to Catholics.
Julie\'s eventual husband, the virtuous atheist Baron de Wolmar, is assumed to be based largely on Baron d\'Holbach, given his friendship and generous sponsorship of Rousseau.
## Reception
Arthur Schopenhauer called *Julie* one of the four greatest novels ever written, along with *Tristram Shandy*, *Wilhelm Meister\'s Apprenticeship* and *Don Quixote*. *Julie* was perhaps the best-selling novel of the 18th century. Some readers were so overcome that they wrote to Rousseau in droves, creating the first celebrity author. One reader claimed that the novel nearly drove him mad from excess of feeling while another claimed that the violent sobbing he underwent cured his cold. Reader after reader describes their \"tears\", \"sighs\", \"torments\" and \"ecstasies\" to Rousseau. Diane de Polignac wrote to Marie Madeleine de Brémond d'Ars after finishing the novel:
> I dare not tell you the effect it had on me; no, I was past weeping; an intense pain took possession of me, my heart seized up; the dying Julie was no longer someone unknown to me, I became her sister, her friend, her Claire; I was so convulsed that had I not put the book down I would have been as overcome as all those who attended that virtuous woman in her last moments.
Some readers simply could not accept that the book was fiction. Madame Duverger wrote to Rousseau asking:
> Many persons who have read your book, to whom I have spoken, have assured me that you thought it all up. This I cannot believe. Could a false reading n sensation comparable to what I felt in reading it? Once more, Monsieur, did Julie exist? Is St Preux still alive? In what part of this earth does he live? Did Claire, that tender Claire, follow her other half? Are M. de Wolmar, Mylord Edward, all those persons, only imaginary, as some try to persuade me? What is then the world where we live, where virtue is but an idea? Happy mortal, you alone perhaps know and practice it.
Others identified less with the individual characters and more with the nature of their struggles, seeing in *Julie* a story of temptation, sin and redemption that resembled their own lives.
Rousseau liked to tell of how one lady ordered her carriage to take her to the Opera, and then picked up *Julie* only to continue reading it until the next morning. So many women wrote to him offering their love that he speculated there was not a single high society woman whom he could not have bedded if he had wanted.
The novel made a strong impression on Napoleon in his youth, and he would often read either it or the Bible aloud to guests while he was a prisoner on St. Helena after dinner
| 680 |
Julie; or, The New Heloise
| 0 |
2,882,061 |
# Jewish Federations of North America
The **Jewish Federations of North America** (**JFNA**), formerly the **United Jewish Communities** (**UJC**), is an American Jewish umbrella organization for the Jewish Federations system, representing over 350 independent Jewish communities across North America that raise and distribute over \$2 billion annually, including through planned giving and endowment programs, to support social welfare, social services and educational needs. Jewish Federations also provides fundraising, organization assistance, training, and overall leadership to the Jewish Federations and communities throughout the United States and Canada. The Federation movement protects and enhances the well-being of Jews worldwide through the values of tikkun olam, tzedakah and Torah.
JFNA was formed from the merger of the United Jewish Appeal (UJA), Council of Jewish Federations, and the United Israel Appeal. The organization hosts an annual General Assembly event for the broad North American Jewish community.
## History
### Council of Jewish Federations {#council_of_jewish_federations}
The original umbrella organization for the federations was the National Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds formed in 1932. \"National\" was dropped from the name in 1935 and \"Welfare Funds\" was removed in 1979. In 1986, CJF established the North American Jewish Data Bank in conjunction with City University of New York\'s Center for Jewish Studies. Renamed the Berman Jewish DataBank, the purpose of the organization was to conduct sociological studies of North American Jewish communities.
### United Jewish Appeal {#united_jewish_appeal}
The **United Jewish Appeal** (**UJA**) was a Jewish philanthropic umbrella organization that existed from its creation in 1939 until it was folded into the current organization. In January 1939, the **United Jewish Appeal for Refugees and Overseas Needs** was established, combining the efforts of American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, led by Rabbi Jonah Wise; the United Israel Appeal, led by Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver; and the National Coordinating Committee Fund led by William Rosenwald. The three founders emphasized that the funds needed to support Jews in Europe and Israel would be triple to quadruple the amount raised in the previous year. While the organizations would raise funds together, the Joint Distribution Committee would assist Jews in Europe, the United Israel Appeal would aid the Jewish community in Israel, including refugees from Europe arriving there and the National Coordinating Committee Fund would assist refugees arriving in the United States.
### United Jewish Communities {#united_jewish_communities}
In 1999, the UJA merged with the Council of Jewish Federations and United Israel Appeal, Inc. to form a combined entity that would be called the **United Jewish Communities**. While the organizations had been raising more than \$1 billion annually, they had faced concerns that the individual organizations were not as relevant as during the Holocaust and the creation of the State of Israel, with many major donors seeking to direct their philanthropy through their own foundations rather than through the umbrella organizations. The balance of power would shift to the federations, which would select about two-thirds of the 120 members on the board of trustees of the new organization. Businessman and philanthropist Charles Bronfman was chosen as the volunteer chairman of the combined entity, responsible for planning the group\'s strategic direction.
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# Jewish Federations of North America
## History
### Jewish Federations of North America {#jewish_federations_of_north_america}
In October 2009, the UJC was renamed the Jewish Federations of North America.
After the 2009 launch of the new logo for The Jewish Federations of North America, increasing numbers of local Federations are switching to some variant of that logo. An example is the Jewish Federation of Greater Washington.
After a couple of years of lower staff layoffs in February 2010, new CEO Jerry Silverman laid off three senior vice presidents that made an estimated \$750,000 to \$1 million combined. JFNA declined to run the decennial National Jewish Population Survey in 2010 due to re-prioritizing.
In 2021, it announced the \$54 million LiveSecure campaign, which it described as the largest campaign to secure North America\'s Jewish communities in history.
The aftermath of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting in 2018 included arguably the most ambitious and comprehensive effort, led by JFNA, ever taken to protect Jewish life in the United States, according to the *New York Times*. In addition to bringing in \$100 million in federal grants through the Nonprofit Security Grant Program (NGSP), JFNA raised \$62 million to secure every Jewish community in North America, overseen by the JFNA\'s Secure Community Network. By 2023, 93 Jewish federations had full-time security directors, a more than four-fold increase over the previous 5 years.
In 2022, the JFNA pressured the Jewish Council for Public Affairs to fold their organization into a larger organization and mute its progressive politics or to break away and lose funding from dozens of Jewish federations across the United States. The organization refused to mute or repudiate their progressive politics, choosing independence and losing their ability to speak for 16 Jewish national organizations and 125 Jewish \"community relations councils\", almost all of which are part of local federations.
In 11 months after the October 7 attacks, local Jewish federations raised more than \$850 million for Israel, with JFNA to allocate \$235 million of it. The largest share of donations went to the Jewish Agency, the Joint Distribution Committee, and non-profits in the Gaza Envelope.
## Positions
During the Gaza war, JFNA and other major American Jewish groups such as the ADL and AJC announced it opposed the reestablishment of Israeli settlements in Gaza.
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# Jewish Federations of North America
## Activities
JFNA administered the National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS), a decennial census of the Jewish community in the United States. The 1990 survey indicated that the intermarriage rate was 52 percent, a claim questioned by demographers. The 2000-2001 edition of the NJPS used a different survey method, cost \$6 million, and the data was lost. JFNA did not fund the 2010 survey due to re-prioritizing given decreased revenue given its limited direct benefits to local federations.
## Cultural allusions {#cultural_allusions}
In the Woody Allen film *Bananas*, the dictatorial president of the fictional country of San Marcos accidentally calls upon the UJA, instead of the CIA, to help prevent a coup. The result is that as fighting swirls in the streets around him, at least one rabbi can be seen soliciting donations from combat troops
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# Busturia
**Busturia** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
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# Liaocheng
**Liaocheng** (`{{lang-zh|s={{linktext|聊|城}}|p=Liáochéng}}`{=mediawiki}), is a prefecture-level city in western Shandong province, China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the southeast, Dezhou to the northeast, Tai\'an to the south, and the provinces of Hebei and Henan to the west. The Grand Canal flows through the city center. Its population was 5,789,863 at the 2010 census whom 1,229,768 lived in the built-up area made up of Donchangfu district, even though large parts remain rural.
During the Song dynasty, the area of present-day Liaocheng included the prefectures of Bo and Ji. In 2007, the city is named China\'s top ten livable cities by Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.
## Administration
The prefecture-level city of Liaocheng administers eight county-level divisions, including two districts, one county-level city, and five counties.
- Dongchangfu District (*东昌府区*)
- Chiping District (*茌平区*)
- Linqing City (*临清市*)
- Yanggu County (*阳谷县*)
- Dong\'e County (*东阿县*)
- Gaotang County (*高唐县*)
- Guan County (*冠县*)
- Shen County (*莘县*)
These are further divided into 134 township-level divisions.
Map
-----
## Climate
## Education
- Liaocheng University (*聊城大学*)
- Liaocheng NO.1 high school (*聊城一中*)
## History
### People\'s Republic of China {#peoples_republic_of_china}
In August 1949, Liaocheng was detached from Shandong and attached to Pingyuan. In November 1952, Pingyuan was dissolved and Liaocheng returned to Shandong.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Fu Sinian (*傅斯年*; 1896--1950)
- Ji Xianlin (*季羡林*; 1911--2009)
- Kong Fansen (*孔繁森*; 1944--1994)
- Wei Fenghe (*魏凤和*; b.1954)
- Chen Xu (*陳旭*; b. 1962)
## Attractions
- Shanxi-Shaanxi Assembly Hall (short Shanshan Hall, `{{lang-zh|s={{linktext|山|陕|会|馆}}|p=Shān–Shǎn Huìguǎn}}`{=mediawiki})
- Guangyue Tower (`{{lang-zh|labels=no|s={{linktext|光|岳|楼}}|p=Guāngyuè Lóu}}`{=mediawiki})
- Iron Tower
- Lion Building (site where - according to legend - Wu Song fought and killed Ximen Qing)
- Linqing Mosque
- Liaocheng Sports Park Stadium
## Transportation
The town is served by Liaocheng railway station as well as a station on the high-speed network, Liaocheng West railway station.
## Sister cities {#sister_cities}
Liaocheng is a sister city of the following cities:
- Uiryeong County, South Gyeongsang, South Korea (since June 7, 2001)
- Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia (October 14, 2003)
- Gwangmyeong, Gyeonggi, South Korea (May 3, 2005)
- Naberezhnye Chelny, Tatarstan, Russia (since 2009)
Furthermore, there is a partnership with the district Offenbach in Germany
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2,882,090 |
# An Sgùrr (Eigg)
**An Sgùrr** is the highest point on the island of Eigg in Scotland\'s Small Isles. It was formed 59 million years ago; the result of one of the last eruptions of a volcano, the core of which now forms the Isle of Rùm. Thick viscous pitchstone lava of rhyodacitic composition flowed out, filling a river valley. The lava cooled and formed column-like structures, similar to those at Giant\'s Causeway.
The surrounding basalt was softer than the pitchstone, and hence the valley became inverted, with the pitchstone withstanding the erosion far better than the surrounding rock. An Sgùrr is thus an inselberg. The mountain appears most strikingly in the view of the eastern end, known as the Nose of Sgùrr.
The peak is most frequently climbed from the ferry terminal at Galmisdale on the southeast corner of Eigg. A rough track heads west, passing between the northern side of An Sgùrr and the shoreline. About three-quarters of the way along the side of the ridge there is a gully; a fairly easy scramble allows access to the summit ridge. The route now almost doubles back on itself, heading east to reach the summit, which is crowned by a trig point. The climb, from ferry terminal to the Nose of An Sgùrr and back, takes at least four hours.
An Sgùrr is also known as the Sgurr of Eigg
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2,882,098 |
# Lee Hall, Virginia
**Lee Hall** is a community located in the extreme northern portion of the independent city of Newport News in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.
## History
Lee Hall, located in the former Warwick County, was named for nearby Lee Hall Mansion which was built in 1859 as the home of Richard Decatur Lee, a prominent local farmer who was not directly related to the famous Confederate General Robert E. Lee. The mansion was used as headquarters for Confederate generals Joseph E. Johnston and John B. Magruder during the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War in 1862. Nearby is Endview Plantation, a 238-year-old house. Endview was used as a hospital during the Civil War and as a campground during the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the Civil War.
Lee Hall Depot was a railroad station on the Peninsula Extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O), which was built through the area of Warwick County in 1881 to reach the new coal export facilities at Newport News on the port of Hampton Roads. On October 19, 1881, the first passenger train from Newport News took local residents and national officials to the Cornwallis Surrender Centennial Celebration at Yorktown on temporary tracks which were laid from Lee Hall Depot. The Boxwood Inn was built in 1897.
Lee Hall Depot became a very busy railroad station after the establishment nearby of Fort Eustis (originally named Camp Abraham Eustis) in 1918, with freight and heavy troop movements. the busy activity resumed during World War II. It was expanded to accommodate this role. East of Lee Hall, a rail spur leads to the base, where the Fort Eustis Military Railroad operated.
With the coming of the automobile as a common form of travel in the early 20th century, attention was directed to improving roads. As part of the Good Roads Movement, the new road which became U.S. Route 60 was routed from Williamsburg through Grove, bridging Skiffe\'s Creek as it entered Warwick County to reach Lee Hall. This routing was chosen rather than following a competing route via Halstead\'s Point in York County (now on the base of the US Naval Weapons Station Yorktown just northeast of the gate on VA-143).
Earlier, the east--west road which became U.S. 60 was State Route 9. SR 9 was renumbered as State Route 39 in 1923, and became U.S. 60 in the mid-1920s when it was routed through Grove. A large ceremony hosted by Warwick County treasurer and civic leader Simon Curtis was held at the Lee Hall Depot in 1924 to celebrate the completion of first hard-surfaced roadway (concrete) between Newport News and Williamsburg.
Two-laned U.S. 60 continues to form the main thoroughfare through the largely residential and neighborhood business section of Grove and Lee Hall, paralleling four-laned State Route 143 and Interstate 64. The village portion of Lee Hall is connected to I-64 via State Route 238 (Yorktown Road).
Although Warwick County became a city in 1952 and then was consolidated with Newport News in 1958, in the half century since, the Lee Hall area has retained a rural atmosphere, partially due to the proximity of the expansive Newport News Park and Newport News Reservoir along the former Warwick River and nearby Skiffe\'s Creek.
The 26th Balloon Company of the US Army Air Corps had a training school at Lee Hall at least during the summer of 1920 training soldiers for deployment to central and South America service.
### Lee Hall preservation {#lee_hall_preservation}
In the 21st century, Lee Hall Depot (no longer in use) is the only surviving C&O structure of its type on the Lower Peninsula. It is the only survivor among five stations which were located in Warwick County, the others formerly located at Oriana, Oyster Point, Morrison, and Newport News. The historic 2-story depot was relocated 165 feet to the north of the busy CSX Transportation railroad tracks in 2009, and reopened as a museum in 2021. The adjacent historic area as has been restored and developed as Lee Hall Village. Across the street from the Depot, the Boxwood Inn, a bed and breakfast establishment in an 1896 house, is open and available for overnight visitors and some meals. The city\'s tourism agency operates several other attractions at Lee Hall Mansion and Endview Plantation, as well as nearby civil war historical sites.
## Transportation
The Lee Hall community is served by exit 247 of Interstate 64. About 1 block from the historic railroad station, U.S. Route 60 and State Route 238 intersect.
Lee Hall is served by both Hampton Roads Transit (HRT) and Williamsburg Area Transit Authority (WATA).
- HRT operates Route 108 and Route 116 between Patrick Henry Mall and Warwick Blvd (US 60) @ Elmhurst St about every 60 minutes [1](http://gohrt.com/routes/route-108.pdf) [2](http://gohrt.com/routes/route-116.pdf)
- WATA operates the Grey Line into Lee Hall hourly, with 30 minute service during peak weekday hours. [3](http://gowata.org/Pages/busroutes.html)
<File:Lee> Hall.jpg\|Lee Hall Mansion. <File:Lee> Hall Mansion.jpg\|Lee Hall Mansion. <File:Lee> Hall Station, Newport News, VA.JPG\| C&O Depot at Lee Hall, VA
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# Jewish Federation
The **Jewish Federation** (**JFED**) is a secular Jewish non-profit organization found within many metropolitan areas across the United States with a significant Jewish community. They provide supportive and human services, philanthropy, financial grants to refugees around the world, humanitarian and disaster relief, host leadership conferences and fellowship opportunities for women and youth, charitable drives, help those in need navigate comprehensive resources, and provide outreach to at-risk Jewish populations in 70 countries worldwide, and more. While the Jewish Federation was created to primarily service Jewish communities, they also provide for other communities. All federations in North America operate an annual central campaign, then allocate the proceeds to affiliated local agencies. There are currently 146 Jewish Federations, the national umbrella organization for the federations is the Jewish Federations of North America, in the United States.
## Background
Starting in 1654, when the first Jewish communal settlement in New Amsterdam (modern-day New York) began despite Governor Peter Stuyvesant\'s attempts to ban the first Jewish people in North America from the settlement (until he would be overruled), and for the next 250 years; the Jewish community promised local governments they would not become a burden, by taking care of their own community. Throughout this period, as the Jewish community continued to grow in what would become the United States, they \"established synagogues, burial societies, credit unions, and Hebrew youth societies in dozens of cities before there was a single federation.\"
According to Historian, Donald Feldstein in *The Jewish Federation: The First Hundred Years*:
> ″There is no single source where one can find a comprehensive history of the Jewish Federation in North America\...The first Jewish Federation in the United States was founded in Boston in 1895, another was organized in Cincinnati, Ohio, and within several years federations sprung up around the country wherever there were significant Jewish communities.\"
The founding philosophies of the first Jewish Federations in America were based in secularism, but deeply influenced by Jewish tradition, like *Hesed* (loving kindness); and organized like the *Kehilla*, a communal organization found in diverse regions throughout Eastern Europe at the time; created to meet the welfare needs of Jewish communities in an inclusive and comprehensive way. However, unlike the *Kehilla*, which were usually formed under the authority of local governments to collect taxes from the Jewish community in support of services, the Jewish Federation in the United States has always been fully autonomous.^61-62^
## History
The first Jewish federation was founded in Boston in 1895 as Associated Jewish Philanthropies. Cincinnati formed its federation, United Jewish Social Agencies, the next year. Chicago founded its federation in 1900 followed by St. Louis. Federations were soon formed in many other cities with large Jewish populations. Initially (1895-1945) the federation system was focused on welfare needs of individual Jews with the goal of integrating them into the US. The Jewish federations inspired the 1913 formation of the forerunner of the United Way, the community chest in Cleveland, Ohio.
In 1932, an umbrella organization for the federations was formed called the National Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds.
The United Jewish Appeal (UJA) national campaign and organization was started in 1939. With the foundation of the Israel state in 1948, the UJA increased in importance.
Until the 1960s with the start of Medicaid and Medicare, federations allocated large portions of the campaign funds to Jewish hospitals.
## Structure
Each federation is autonomous from federations of other cities and they tend to focus on local concerns. The federations typically have elected boards or trustees that are accountable to the community, paid staff, and volunteer leadership. Originally, the federations operated on volunteer only basis, but quickly turned to professional staffs. They engage in centralized planning for the needs of the local community, and may provide centralized administrative services for their constituent agencies.
Depending on the size of the community, the federation may provide services directly or fund another agency to provide that function. For example, the federation may have a local as an arm or function, if not provided by a separate federation funded agency.
### Community Relations Council {#community_relations_council}
Most local federations are either affiliated with or host a local Jewish Community Relations Council, which deals with local antisemitism, Holocaust education support, and inter-religious or interracial community functions and organizations.~70-71~ Depending on local preferences, the JCRC may be volunteer or professionally-staffed, and may have varying degrees of structural separateness from the federation itself.
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# Jewish Federation
## Fundraising and spending {#fundraising_and_spending}
Federations raise money for central, local campaigns that support the organizations of the entire local Jewish community. Historically, with a number of Jewish institutions running their own fundraising campaigns, Jewish communities leadership felt it could be more efficient to instead have a single campaign that could centralize gift-making.
Between 30 and 50 percent of Jewish households in the United States typically contribute to their local federation. Jfeds also raise money for the national United Jewish Appeal campaign that sends funding overseas and may combine the Federation annual and United Jewish Appeal into one campaign. The federations or the federation system may hold special campaigns in addition to the annual campaign.
Federation spending and efforts have adapted as the need for particular social services has changed---for example, from Jewish orphanage work in the early twentieth century to retirement homes in the late twentieth century.
A significant feature of the annual federation campaign is \"Super Sunday\", a day designated for community-wide phone banking, seeking contributions from members of the community.
More than half of all funds raised by federations are earmarked for various local Jewish social service agencies, with the largest single allocation to Jewish education, typically constituting 25 percent. After education, Jewish community centers, the local Jewish family and child services, homes for the aged, and campus Hillels are the next largest recipients of financial support. In some communities were the federation does not provide the service, a Jewish vocational service agency is usually funded to provide job related services.
As an example, in 2008, the Overnight Camp Incentive Program provided grant money to 18 campers to attend Pinemere Camp. The program is a joint project of the Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia, the Foundation for Jewish Camp, and the Neubauer Family Foundation. The program provided grants of \$750 to \$1,250. The majority of the Pinemere campers who received grants chose to return the following summer.
## Role in community {#role_in_community}
Jewish federations can wield a sizable degree of influence in the Jewish communities in which they are located. Many of the local federations hold annual fundraising drives that are expected to raise most of the next year\'s budgeting for many community programs. In return, in many communities the agencies which receive funding from the federation agree not to engage in major fundraising for themselves for a number of months often called the \"primacy period\" when the local federation\'s fundraising has primacy. Decisions made by the local federations can have a great impact on the community, including the opening or closing of programs, staff hirings and firings, and land purchases and sales.
## Jewish family and child services {#jewish_family_and_child_services}
Jewish Family and Child Services (JFCS) is usually the general social service agency supported by the local federation. A JFCS may have other names like Jewish Family Services, Jewish Family & Children\'s Service, Jewish Family & Community Services, Jewish Community Services, or other derivatives. Similar to the federation, a JFCS may be a part of the federation, the only Jewish service agency in a community, or may be several separate agencies
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# Us and Them (Shinedown album)
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{{album chart|Billboard200|23|artist=Shinedown|rowheader=true|access-date=September 13, 2021}}
^
``
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Us and Them (Shinedown album)
| 0 |
2,882,135 |
# Super Sunday (phone-a-thon)
The **Super Sunday** phone-a-thon is an annual fundraising event held by many of the 155 Jewish federations located in North America. The phone-a-thons are typically expected to raise most of the budget for the federation and its constituent agencies and organizations.
The name \"Super Sunday\" is borrowed from the American football usage for the day on which the Super Bowl is played. Impliedly, the Super Sunday phone-a-thon is also the major annual event for the federation, as Super Sundays play a large role in the life of the local Jewish community. The results of a Super Sunday can have a major impact on the contribution intake of any particular federation, and thus can have a domino effect on the various entities that receive federation funding, such as social service organization, classes, scholarships, and family care. The success of Super Sunday holds substantial weight, as it directly influences the contribution intake for the federation.
Some of the largest and most visible Super Sundays occur in the major urban areas with large Jewish concentrations, such as Los Angeles and New York, but also through smaller federations, such as Seattle and Minneapolis. Super Sunday was created by Jerry Dick of the Jewish Federation of Greater Washington in 1980
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| 0 |
2,882,157 |
# Tsay Keh Airport
**Tsay Keh Airport** `{{Airport codes||||CBN9}}`{=mediawiki} is a registered aerodrome located on the banks of the Finlay River in British Columbia, Canada. The older Ingenika Airport nearby is no longer in regular use, but is maintained as an alternative, since visibility is sometimes acceptable there when it is not at Tsay Keh Airport. Neither is equipped for instrument landings
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Tsay Keh Airport
| 0 |
2,882,168 |
# I'm Moving On (Scott Cain song)
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{{single chart|Australia|1|artist=Scott Cain|song= I'm Moving On|access-date=21 March 2021|rowheader=true|refname="aus"}}
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``
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| 0 |
2,882,171 |
# Bengtsson
**Bengtsson** is Swedish surname originating in a patronymic, meaning \"son of Bengt\" (Benedict), Bengt meaning \"Blessed\". The name is sometimes written **Bengtson** (a form frequently adopted by migrants to the United States). Other forms occur, such as *Bengtzon*, Bankson, Bankston, Benson, Bengston or *Benktsson*.
Bengtsson is the 15th most common surname in Sweden.`{{when|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
Notable people with the surname include:
- Anders Bengtsson (born 1968), Swedish politician and member of parliament
- Angelica Bengtsson (born 1993), Swedish pole vaulter
- Bengt Bengtsson (1897--1977), Swedish gymnast
- Bengt-Åke Bengtsson (born 1938), Swedish rower
- Birgitta Bengtsson (born 1965), Swedish sailor
- Björn Bengtsson (born 1973), Swedish actor
- Catrine Bengtsson (born 1969), Swedish badminton player
- Christopher Bengtsson (born 1993), Swedish professional ice hockey player
- Emma Bengtsson, Swedish chef
- Erik G. Bengtsson (born 1928), Swedish Army lieutenant general
- Erling Blöndal Bengtsson (1932--2013), Danish cellist
- Frans G. Bengtsson (1894--1954), Swedish author
- Gabriel Bengtsson (born 1977), Swedish judoka
- Göran Bengtsson (born 1956), Swedish handball player
- Gösta Bengtsson (1897--1984), Swedish sailor
- Gunder Bengtsson (1946--2019), Swedish football coach
- Håkan Bengtsson (born 1942), former Swedish swimmer
- Håkan Bengtsson (actor), Swedish actor, in the 2023 TV series *Fallen*
- Ingemund Bengtsson (1919--2000), Swedish politician and Speaker of the Riksdag 1979--1988
- Jan-Olof Bengtsson (born 1952), Swedish journalist
- Johan Bengtsson (born 1979), Swedish bassist
- Kristin Bengtsson (born 1970), Swedish female footballer
- Lennart Bengtsson (born 1935), Swedish meteorologist
- Margot Bengtsson (born 1943), Swedish psychologist and feminist scholar
- Maria Bengtsson (badminton) (born 1964), Swedish badminton player
- Maria Bengtsson (soprano) (born 1975)
- Martin Bengtsson (musician), Swedish heavy metal musician
- Martin Bengtsson (footballer)
- Mikael Bengtsson (born 1981), Swedish footballer
- Per Bengtsson (born 1967), Swedish speed skater
- Per-Inge Bengtsson (born 1961), Swedish sprint canoer
- Pierre Bengtsson (born 1988), Swedish footballer
- Rasmus Bengtsson (born 1986), Swedish footballer
- Robin Bengtsson (born 1990), Swedish singer
- Rolf-Göran Bengtsson (born 1962), Swedish horse rider and silver medalist in Individual Jumping at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games
- Stellan Bengtsson (born 1952), Swedish table tennis player
- Sylve Bengtsson (1930--2005), Swedish footballer
- Thomas Bengtsson, Swedish magician better known under his stage name Tom Stone
Similar spellings:
- Jerry Bengtson (born 1987), Honduran footballer
- John Bengtson (born 1948), U.S. linguist
- Phil Bengtson (1913--1994), U.S
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| 0 |
2,882,173 |
# Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Harrow
The London Borough of Harrow is one of the northern outer London boroughs: as such much of the Metropolitan Green Belt land is within the Borough boundaries. **Parks and open spaces** range from the large area around Harrow-on-the-Hill to the smaller gardens and recreation grounds; there are also a number of spaces taken up with golf courses. It has been suggested that Harrow is continuously losing its green space and trees.
Areas of open space include:
- *Alexandra Park*, South Harrow
- *Bentley Priory*, Stanmore: 165 acres (66ha) open space; Site of Special Scientific Interest and Local Nature Reserve
- *Byron Park*, Wealdstone
- *Canons Park*: 45 acres (18ha) 18th century parkland
- *Chandos Recreational Ground*, Edgware
- *Grim\'s Dyke Open Space*, Harrow Weald
- *Harrow Park*, Harrow on the Hill
- *Harrow Weald Common*, Harrow Weald
- *Headstone Manor Recreation Park*: 57 acre including the Museum and Headstone Manor & Bessborough Cricket Club
- *Newton Park*, Rayners Lane
- *Pinner Memorial Park*, Pinner
- *Pinner Park Farm* tenant dairy farmers Hall & Sons: total 230 acre
- *Pinner Village Gardens*, Pinner
- *Roxbourne Park*, Rayners Lane
- *Stanmore Common*: 120 acres (48ha); Local Nature Reserve
- *Stanmore Country Park*: 77
| 212 |
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| 0 |
2,882,179 |
# Riesling Trail
The **Riesling Trail** is a 35 km long walking and cycling track located in the Clare Valley, South Australia. Established for recreational purposes, it runs between Auburn and Clare, passing through several towns and villages along the way, including Leasingham, Watervale, Penwortham and Sevenhill. The trail is named after Riesling, the most important white grape variety in the Clare Valley wine region. It continues 8 km north of Clare to the area known as Barinia.
The Riesling Trail route is part of the former Spalding railway line branch line which ran between Riverton in the south to a northern terminus at Spalding. The section of railway from Riverton to Clare was opened in 1918. Railway stations and sidings along the line were: Rhynie, Undalya, Auburn, Mulkirri (siding), Watervale, Penwortham, Tatkana (siding), Sevenhill, Clare, Kooramo, Barinia, Hilltown, Andrews, and Spalding.
Rail services ceased after the 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires burnt through the valley and damaged a lot of the trackwork. In 1989 the rails and steel bridges were removed and in 1993, this part of the route was converted into its present use as a walking and cycle trail.
The Riesling Trail passes through vineyard and farming country. There are various side loops as well as access to wineries, coffee shops, and pubs. Bike hire is available at several locations including Auburn, Clare and the Clare Caravan Park. It is possible to hire bikes and ride one-way with pick-up at the other end. The trail has a gentle up-grade from Auburn to just north of Penwortham, from where it gradually descends into Clare.
The *Rattler Rail Trail* extends a further 19 km south of Auburn to Riverton, creating further opportunity for cycling and walking in the region
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2,882,206 |
# Cushing Lake Water Aerodrome
**Cushing Lake Water Aerodrome** `{{Airport codes||||CJT7}}`{=mediawiki} was located 9 NM south southwest of Upsala, Ontario, Canada
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Cushing Lake Water Aerodrome
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2,882,217 |
# New England Yearly Meeting
**New England Yearly Meeting** (officially the New England Yearly Meeting of Friends) is a body of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) founded in 1661 and headquartered in Worcester, Massachusetts. It includes Friends from the New England region of the United States.
New England Yearly Meeting (NEYM) is part of both Friends General Conference and Friends United Meeting---two broader bodies of Friends---as well as Friends World Committee for Consultation and the Friends Peace Teams.
Sixty-eight monthly meetings are associated with NEYM. Most of the constituent monthly meetings are in the unprogrammed tradition, which means that they meet for silent worship in which any participant may share whatever they believe the Spirit of God leads them to say. Others are in the programmed tradition, which means that they have a pastor who leads the meeting and plans ahead of time what will be said and done.
Yearly meeting sessions are held once a year, usually in the first week of August. The 355th annual sessions were held during August 1--6, 2015 at Castleton University in Castleton, Vermont. Other past locations include Bryant University in Smithfield, Rhode Island; Stonehill College in North Easton, Massachusetts; Wheaton College in Norton, Massachusetts; Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine; and Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts.
NEYM publishes a quarterly newsletter entitled *The New England Friend.* For many years, the archives for NEYM were housed in the Rhode Island Historical Society Library in Providence, Rhode Island. In 2016, they were moved to the Special Collections and University Archives in the W. E. B. Du Bois Library at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Starting in 1953, NEYM has run a summer camp in South China, Maine called Friends Camp.
2020 saw a virtual meeting, but no summer camp
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2,882,219 |
# Windpark Holtriem
The **Windpark Holtreim** wind farm is a wind farm in Lower Saxony, Germany Constructed in 1998, Windpark Holtriem is one of the largest European windfarms, comprising thirty-three Enercon E-66 wind turbines. Holtriem is a low-lying area adjacent to the North Sea in East Frisia (Lower Saxony, Germany).
One wind turbine, situated at 53 34 52 N 7 28 31 E type:landmark is equipped with an Observation deck open to visitors, at a height of 63 metres. It can be reached by 297 stairs
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Windpark Holtriem
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2,882,227 |
# Charlton, Hampshire
**Charlton** is a suburb of Andover. Due to the expansion of Andover in recent years the two settlements are now effectively contiguous. Charlton is separated from Andover by way of Charlton Park and Anton Lakes. This provides an effective natural gap. As of 2005, the village has a population of 2,053 people.
## History
Strips of land held on copyright tenure in Charlton formed part of the manor of Foxcotte, and are documented its estate maps from 1614 onwards. In 1892 Charlton was a moderately sized rural settlement, with a school, smithy, two farms, a Methodist chapel, and two pubs.
By 1969 the Village had undergone some expansion, St Thomas\' Church was built and in-fill houses had been added. Andover had expanded past the railway line and the gap between Charlton and it was now almost non-existent.
For Charlton itself, the greatest growth in its history came in the late 1970s and 80s, with very large development primarily to the west of Hatherden Road. The new houses were in a suburban style, extinguishing most of the remaining rural character.
More development took place after 2017, to the east of the historic centre. Today there are some reminders of Charlton\'s rural past; there are at-least eight thatched buildings (including part of the Royal Oak) and several other historic buildings.
## Charlton Lakeside {#charlton_lakeside}
There are also a number of other sporting venues to suit everyone of all ages provided by Charlton Leisure centre. These include:
- 6 Football pitches (1 floodlit)
- 2 Cricket pitches
- 6 Lane all weather floodlit running track
- 1 Artificial turf pitch (floodlit)
- 18 hole pitch and putt course
- 18 hole adventure golf course
- Children\'s playground
- Boating lake
- Fishing lake
- BMX Track
## Sporting events {#sporting_events}
- Test Valley Cycle Tour
- The RPM Challenge Bike Ride Of The Day
- Andover RFC
- Andover Parkrun - a weekly, free 5k run around Charlton Playing Fields
## St. Thomas\' Community Hall {#st._thomas_community_hall}
Along with all the sporting facilities in the village, the local church also provides many services to the community.
## The Royal Oak {#the_royal_oak}
Like any traditional English village, the Royal Oak is Charlton\'s local pub, providing a valuable service to many of the locals. The pub also has various pool, dart and football teams as well as a very popular weekly quiz night.
## Shops in Charlton {#shops_in_charlton}
There is a Tesco mini-market which took over from the One Stop chain in 2007. This unit was historically an independent newsagent and convenience store known as Charlton News, owned by the Patel family during the 1970s and 80s.
The other shop in the village is Charlton Premier Shop - a local produce and mini-market. Previously Behind The Bikeshed - and originally the village Post Office and Spar Shop
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