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# Another Sky (album)
***Another Sky*** is the seventh studio album by Irish traditional band Altan. It was released in February 2000 on the Narada Productions label.
## Overview
The album title \"Another Sky\" derives from a line in Steve Cooney\'s song \"Island Girl\", which Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh sings on the album with Cooney himself as accompanist. This album is a slight departure from previous Altan albums, in that there is a Bob Dylan song. The album also features the Scots language song, \"Green Grow The Rushes\" by Robert Burns. A video was released for the Irish track \"Beidh Aonach Amárach\".
*Another Sky* was also mixed by nine-time Grammy Award-winner Gary Paczosa.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Beidh Aonach Amárach (There\'s a Fair Tomorrow)\" (Trad. Irish) -- 4:20
2. \"Green Grow the Rushes\" (Trad. arr. Robert Burns) -- 3:57
3. \"The King of Meenasillagh/Lamey\'s/The High Fiddle Reel\" (Trad./Mairéad Ni Mhaonaigh) -- 2:49
4. \"Island Girl\" (Steve Cooney) -- 4:09
5. \"Eoghainín Ó Ragadáin\" (Trad. Irish) -- 3:48
6. \"Ten Thousand Miles\" (Trad.) -- 3:05
7. \"Gusty\'s Frolics/Con\'s Slip Jig/The Pretty Young Girls of Carrick/The Humours of Whiskey\" (Trad.) -- 5:07
8. Girl From The North Country (Bob Dylan) -- 3:28
9. The Verdant Braes of Screen (Trad.) -- 3:25
10. \"The Dispute at the Crossroads/Columba Ward\'s/ Siuns Reel\" (Trad/Ciaran Tourish) -- 3:18
11. \"Tiocfaidh an Samhradh (Summer Will Come)\" (Trad. Irish) -- 3:36
12. \"The Ookpik Waltz\" (Trad.) -- 4:47
13. \"The Waves of Gola\" (Mark Kelly) -- 3:44
See [tune identifications for this album at irishtune.info](https://www.irishtune.info/album/A+AS/)
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# Endview Plantation
**Endview Plantation** (Harwood Plantation) is an 18th-century plantation, including a park and historic home now operated by the independent city of Newport News, Virginia, located on Virginia State Route 238 in the Lee Hall community.
## History
Earlier known as the Harwood Plantation, the house was built in 1769 by William Harwood along the Great Warwick Road, which linked the colonial capital of Williamsburg with the town of Hampton (the county seat of what was then Elizabeth City County) and the great natural harbor of Hampton Roads. The house and grounds were used by military forces during the Revolutionary War, since Harwood was a patriot and political leader, as well as farmed using enslaved labor. General Thomas Nelson, Jr.\'s Virginia militia used it as a resting place on September 28, 1781, en route to Yorktown shortly before the surrender of the British troops under Lord Cornwallis. Harwood served many terms in the House of Burgesses representing what was then known as Warwick County, as had his father William Harwood, and he also served as its representative in the Virginia Revolutionary Conventions, and the Virginia House of Delegates as would his second son Edward Harwood. However, the devastations of war and poor farming practices led to Warwick County\'s depopulation after the conflict (as Harwood\'s eldest son William took his family and one of his sisters to what became Shelbyville, Kentucky), and reduced political activity by Harwood family members.
Dr. Humphrey Harwood Curtis, Jr. acquired the property before the American Civil War and was one of two doctors in Warwick County. In 1861, he organized a volunteer infantry company of 80 members known as the Warwick Beauregards to protect local interests, and served as its captain. That unit ultimately saw action in 13 battles of that war as part of the 32nd Virginia Infantry Regiment. Also a slaveowner, he allowed Confederate troops to use the property as a field hospital during the April 1862 Battle of Dam Number One (part of the Peninsula Campaign, and a month before the inconclusive Battle of Williamsburg).
Warwick County was acquired by the City of Newport News in the 1950s, and the city acquired this property in 1995. The post Civil War addition to the house was torn down, and the lost chimney rebuilt so as to make the building reach its 1860 appearance. Although it also now hosts some living history re-enactments about the American Revolutionary War, the site is now officially known as \"The Civil War at Endview: A Living History Museum\". Visitors to the house museum can tour the four interior rooms, which portray a collection of medical supplies, a standard parlor, Union soldier gear, and a bedroom, although re-enactors are only present at special events.
The property has been used for once-a-year Civil War Reenactments, and has recently restarted reenactments of the Siege of Yorktown on a bi-annual basis. As of Spring 2023, operating hours have been cut back so that the site is open to the public Thursday through Saturday, with additional closings during the Winter.
## Media
Endview Plantation was featured on *Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy* in the episode \"America After Dark\". Self-proclaimed \"redneck\" comedian Larry the Cable Guy visited the plantation with *Southeast Virginia Paranormal Investigations*, a local paranormal team and joined them in investigating the house. The group could not declare the house haunted however, they did gather evidence of possible paranormal activity, such as EVP\'s of several strange noises and ghost voices on their digital recorders
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# Dialogue Between a Priest and a Dying Man
***Dialogue Between a Priest and a Dying Man*** (original French: *Dialogue entre un prêtre et un moribond*) is a dialogue written by the Marquis de Sade while incarcerated at the Château de Vincennes in 1782. It is one of the earliest known written works from de Sade to be dated with certainty, and was first published in 1926 together with an edition of *Historiettes, Contes et Fabliaux* (written originally in 1788). It was subsequently published in English in 1927 by Pascal Covici in a limited, hand-numbered edition of 650 copies.
## Plot
The work expresses the author\'s atheism by having a dying man (a libertine) tell a priest about what he views as the mistakes of a pious life.
According to John Phillips, Emeritus Professor of French Literature and Culture at London Metropolitan University:
> Of all the direct expressions of atheism in Sade\'s work, the *Dialogue*\... is probably the most incisive and, at the same time, the most artistically satisfying\... The influence of Sade\'s Jesuit training in rhetorical debate is the mainspring of this brilliant dramatic essay, which, as the title suggests, is not so much theatre as philosophical dialogue. But what makes the work charming as well as persuasive is the impish humour that lies behind its characters and situation.
However, Steven Barbone, of San Diego State University notes that:
> We can postulate one of two things: Sade was entirely pleased with this manuscript and saw no reason to make any changes to it or Sade completely gave up on the dialogue and had decided to abandon it. The reason for either of these hypotheses is that the manuscript itself contains almost no trace of Sade\'s editing. It is up to the reader to divine whether the \"Dialogue between the Priest and a Dying Man\" is Sade\'s position or not. Either way, it is worth reading even in the very unlikely event that it presents a position Sade would have repudiated. (This may be the case: near the beginning of October 1788, Sade himself made a catalogue of his works, and the \"Dialogue\" is omitted.)
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# Dialogue Between a Priest and a Dying Man
## Publication history {#publication_history}
Sade completed the notebook which contains the Dialogue on 12 July 1782, while imprisoned at Château de Vincennes. He took the manuscript with him when he was transferred to the Bastille in 1784.
Following the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, Sade\'s prison writings disappeared (Sade had been moved to Charenton on 4 July), the manuscript of the Dialogue among them. However, it survived in private collections and was sold on at auction a number of times during the nineteenth century. On 6 November 1920, it was bought by Maurice Heine at an auction at the Hôtel Drouot, Paris, and he oversaw its publication in France for the first time in 1926 in a limited edition of 500 copies for which he wrote an introduction.
The Dialogue has been republished in French several times since the 1950s, including in scholarly editions of the works of Sade edited by Gilbert Lely, Le Brun and Pauvert, and Michel Delon.
### English translations {#english_translations}
The first English translation was published in the United States by Pascal Covici in 1927, again in a limited edition of 650 numbered copies. The translator was Samuel Putnam. This edition was based on the first French edition and included a translation of Heine\'s introduction.
In 1929, Haldeman-Julius published the Putnam translation as Little Blue Book #1405, under the title *Dialogue between a priest and a dying atheist*. A version of this edition (with a short extract from Heine\'s introduction) was republished in 1997 by Chaz Bufe\'s See Sharp Press.
Further original English translations have been produced by Leonard de Saint-Yves (1953 ), Paul Dinnage (1953, incomplete), Richard Seaver and Austryn Wainhouse (1965. For more on the Seaver/Wainhouse translations of de Sade, see Wyngaard (2013) ), Paul J. Gillett (1966 ), Nicolas Walter (1982, reprinted 2001), Margaret Crosland (1991 ), David Coward (1992 ) and Steven Barbone (2000).
## Legacy
The dialogue inspired a similar scene in Luis Buñuel\'s film *Nazarín* (1959), wherein a dying woman wards off a priest while on her deathbed. Buñuel had previously adapted *The 120 Days of Sodom* into a scene in his earlier *L\'Age d\'Or* (1930) and would go on to feature the Marquis himself as a character in *La Voie Lactée* (1969)
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# Holcombe Manor
**Holcombe Manor** was built in 1887 as a house by the first mayor of Chatham, George Winch (September 20, 1842 -- February 22, 1914), for him and his wife Mary Clarke Bluette to live in. Mary was brought up in the village of Holcombe Rogus, Devon. Winch built the new family house in a near-identical style to that of her childhood home, Holcombe Court in Devon, calling it Holcombe. There was a lake in the grounds, and a sunken Italian garden. The original building was later extended past the conservatories.
In 1909 Holcombe Manor was put up for auction. The lots were the house itself, the local football ground, Chatham Town F.C., and the surrounding woodland. This area is now occupied by houses, shops and so on.
In 1920 the house became home to Chatham Grammar School for Boys, after which more buildings were built to accommodate students. After 1945 it became a specialist technical school (Chatham Technical School for Boys) and in 1982 it became a grammar school, Chatham Grammar School for Boys.\[4\] In 2016 the school name was changed in preparation for the planned admission of girls throughout the school. After a consultation with pupils, staff and parents the name \"Holcombe Grammar School\" was selected. The local authority is now using this name. During the late fifties, pre-fabricated buildings were erected in the grounds to serve as classrooms. These temporary buildings remained on the site for many years. In 2000, construction of the Performing Arts block was started. The last remnants of the sunken garden were destroyed, steps leading out from the Manor\'s library down to the garden were demolished and the area bricked over. Today the English and Science (\"B\" Block\") stands on the site of the lake.
The parent-teacher association of Chatham Grammar School for Boys is called the Holcombe Association - it is believed to be the oldest PTA in England. Students are known as \"Holcombians\"
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# 1948 Italian general election
General elections were held in Italy on 18 April 1948 to elect the first Parliament of the Italian Republic.
After the Soviet-backed coup in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, the U.S. became alarmed about Soviet intentions in Central Europe and feared that Italy would be drawn into the Soviet sphere of influence if the leftist Popular Democratic Front (Italian abbr.: FDP), which consisted of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), were to win the 1948 general election. As the last month of the election campaign began, *Time* magazine published an article which argued that an FDP victory would push Italy to \"the brink of catastrophe\".
The U.S. consequently intervened in the election by heavily funding the centrist coalition led by Christian Democracy (DC) and launching an anti-communist propaganda campaign in Italy. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) claims that the Soviet Union responded by sending exorbitant funds to the FDP coalition. However, the PCI disputed this claim and, in contrast, expressed its discontent with what it perceived as a lack of support from the Soviets.
The DC coalition won the election by a comfortable margin and defeated the FDP coalition. The DC coalition went on to form a government without the leftists, who had been expelled from the government coalition in the May 1947 crises and remained frozen out.
## Electoral system {#electoral_system}
The pure party-list proportional representation chosen two years before for the election of the Constituent Assembly was adopted for the Chamber of Deputies. Italian provinces were divided into 31 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates. In each constituency, seats were divided between open lists using the largest remainder method with the Imperiali quota. Remaining votes and seats transferred to the national level, where special closed lists of national leaders received the last seats using the Hare quota.
For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were created. The candidates needed a two-thirds majority to be elected, but only 15 aspiring senators were elected this way. All remaining votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where the D\'Hondt method was used: Inside the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected.
This electoral system became standard in Italy, and was used until 1993.
## Parties and leaders {#parties_and_leaders}
Party Ideology
------- --------------------------------- --------------------------
Christian Democracy (DC) Christian democracy
Popular Democratic Front (FDP) Socialism, communism
Socialist Unity (US) Social democracy
National Bloc (BN) Conservative liberalism
Monarchist National Party (PNM) Monarchism
Italian Republican Party (PRI) Republicanism, reformism
Italian Social Movement (MSI) Neo-fascism
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# 1948 Italian general election
## Campaign
The election remain unmatched in verbal aggression and fanaticism in Italy\'s period of democracy. According to the historian Gianni Corbi the 1948 election was \"the most passionate, the most important, the longest, the dirtiest, and the most uncertain electoral campaign in Italian history\". The election was between two competing visions of the future of Italian society. On the right, a Roman Catholic, conservative and capitalist Italy, represented by the governing Christian Democrats of De Gasperi. On the left a secular, revolutionary and socialist society, linked to the Soviet Union and represented by the FDP coalition led by the PCI.
The Christian Democrat campaign pointed to the recent communist coup in Czechoslovakia. It warned that in Communist countries, \"children send parents to jail\", \"children are owned by the state\", and told voters that disaster would strike Italy if the Communists were to take power. Another slogan was \"In the secrecy of the polling booth, God sees you -- Stalin doesn\'t.\"
The FDP campaign focused on living standards and avoided embarrassing questions of foreign policy, such as UN membership (vetoed by the Soviet Union) and Yugoslav control of Trieste, or losing American financial and food aid. The PCI led the FDP coalition and had effectively marginalised the PSI, which suffered loss in terms of parliamentary seats and political power. The PSI had also been hurt by the secession of a social-democratic faction led by Giuseppe Saragat, which contested the election with the concurrent list of Socialist Unity.
The PCI had difficulties in restraining its more militant members, who, in the period immediately after the war, had engaged in violent acts of reprisals. The areas affected by the violence (the so-called \"Red Triangle\" of Emilia, or parts of Liguria around Genoa and Savona, for instance) had previously seen episodes of brutality committed by the Fascists during Benito Mussolini\'s regime and the Italian Resistance during the Allied advance through Italy.
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# 1948 Italian general election
## Conduct
The 1948 general election was greatly influenced by the Cold War that was underway between the Soviet Union and the United States. After his defeat in the election, PCI leader Palmiro Togliatti stated on 22 April that: \"The elections were not free \... Brutal foreign intervention was used consisting of a threat to starve the country by withholding ERP aid if it voted for the Democratic Front \... The menace to use the atom bomb against towns or regions\" that voted pro-communist. The U.S. government\'s *Voice of America* radio began broadcasting anti-Communist propaganda to Italy on 24 March 1948. The CIA, by its own admission, gave US\$1 million (equivalent to \$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|US|1000000|1948|r=-6}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}) to what they referred to as \"center parties\" and was accused of publishing forged letters to discredit the leaders of the PCI. The National Security Act of 1947, that made foreign covert operations possible, had been signed into law about six months earlier by the American President Harry S. Truman.
U.S. agencies also sent ten million letters, made numerous short-wave radio broadcasts, and funded the publishing of books and articles, all of which warned Italians of the \"consequences\" of a communist victory. Overall, the U.S. funnelled \$10 million to \$20 million (equivalent to \$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|US|10000000|1948|r=-7}}}}`{=mediawiki} to \$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|US|20000000|1948|r=-7}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}) into the country for specifically anti-PCI purposes. The CIA also made use of off-the-books sources of financing to interfere in the election: millions of dollars from the Economic Cooperation Administration affiliated with the Marshall Plan and more than \$10 million in captured Nazi money were steered to anti-communist propaganda. In this regard, CIA operative F. Mark Wyatt claimed: \"We had bags of money that we delivered to selected politicians, to defray their political expenses, their campaign expenses, for posters, for pamphlets.\"
Wyatt also claimed that, in the lead up to the election, the PCI received exorbitant funds of up to \$10 million per month from the Soviet Union and that Italian authorities were aware of the Soviets\' activities. This was disputed by the PCI, which voiced its frustration at the Soviets\' lack of support for the FDP\'s campaign. Italian historian Alessandro Brogi dismisses the CIA\'s claims as \"overexaggerated\" and notes that the Soviets only undertook \"ad hoc last minute diplomatic \[and\] financial action\" because it feared that inaction in Italy would set a precedent for U.S. intervention in Eastern Europe. Despite amicable meetings in the postwar years between top PCI official Pietro Secchia and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, the Soviets were apprehensive about committing to Italy financially and only provided \"occasional and modest\" funds to the PCI.
The Christian Democrats eventually won the 1948 election with 48 per cent of the vote, and the FDP received 31 per cent. The CIA\'s practice of influencing the political situation was repeated in every Italian election for at least the next 24 years. No leftist coalition won a general election until 1996. That was partly because of Italians\' traditional bent for conservatism and, even more importantly, the Cold War, with the U.S. closely watching Italy, in their determination to maintain a vital NATO presence amidst the Mediterranean and retain the Yalta-agreed status quo in western Europe.
The Irish government, motivated by the country\'s devout Catholicism, also interfered in the election by funnelling the modern day equivalent of €2 million through the Irish Embassy to the Vatican, which then distributed it to Catholic politicians. Joseph Walshe, Ireland\'s ambassador to the Vatican, had privately suggested secretly funding Azione Cattolica.
## Results
Christian Democracy won a sweeping victory, taking 48.5 per cent of the vote and 305 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 131 seats in the Senate. With an absolute majority in both chambers, DC leader and premier Alcide De Gasperi could have formed an exclusively DC government. Instead, he formed a \"centrist\" coalition with Liberals, Republicans and Social Democrats. De Gasperi formed three ministries during the parliamentary term, the second one in 1950 after the defection of the Liberals, who hoped for more rightist politics, and the third one in 1951 after the defection of the Social-democrats, who hoped for more leftist politics.
Following a provision of the new republican constitution, all living democratic deputies elected during the 1924 general election and deposed by the National Fascist Party in 1926, automatically became members of the first republican Senate
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# Thomas Telford School
**Thomas Telford School** is a City Technology College in Telford, Shropshire and is sponsored by The Mercers Company and Tarmac Holdings Limited.
## History
The school was founded in 1991 as the eighth of fifteen specialist CTCs set up to raise educational standards in inner-city areas. The catchment area includes Telford, Wolverhampton and the villages and suburbs in between. One of the school\'s initial main aims was to help relieve the under-performing schools in the urban areas of Wolverhampton. Thomas Telford School previously generated significant funds through the sale of its online curriculum content and qualifications sold through a subsidiary company TTSOnline Limited (Thomas Telford School Online Limited).`{{Clarify|date=May 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2009, pupils from the school were chosen to construct Airfix models of planes and tanks, and to assist *Top Gear* co-host James May construct a life size model of a World War II Spitfire on the first episode of the series *James May\'s Toy Stories*.
## Information technology {#information_technology}
The school has used IT for education, making use of electronic whiteboards provided by Smart Technologies in all classrooms, learning bases and study rooms. The school provides an extranet, which is run using Virtual Office, allowing students and staff to access their files and e-mail from home.
The school has a CAD/CAM suite; which provides access to Roland CAM CNC milling and machining equipment and a set of 3D printers. The CAD/CAM suite also consists of an HP A1 Pantone printer, HP A3 colour laser printer and HP A3 inkjet laser printer as well as the school\'s network of other laser printers. The CAD/CAM suite also houses around fifty computers for students to produce work on the various CAD packages the school has which includes the latest version of AutoDesk Inventor.
The school hosts its online curriculum in-house, with a web server and Real Streaming Media Server housed in the computer services department of the school.
## Achievements and school life {#achievements_and_school_life}
The school caters for students from the age of 11 through to 18.
In the 2009-10 academic year the school won two national football finals and were finalists and semi-finalists in a further 3. Also, the Synchronised Swimming Teams are currently national champions and a former student won a gold medal in the European School Games in 2006. In recent years, the school choir has been invited to perform at the Royal Albert Hall.
The school\'s then headmaster, Kevin Satchwell, was knighted in 2001 for services to education and the community, and from 1998 to the present day, TTS has been named \'the most successful Comprehensive school in the UK\', after 100% of its pupils gained 5 or more GCSEs at A\*-C, being the first and only comprehensive school ever to do so in 1998.
## Ranking and Facilities {#ranking_and_facilities}
The school no longer uses the traditional yardstick of five or more GCSE passes at grades A\* to C since all students achieved at least 12 GCSE passes at grades A\* to C.
The school at one time in the first decade of the 21st century was the best-performing comprehensive school in England.
## Expansion
In 2004, Thomas Telford School partnered with a local school, Madeley Academy, placing members of its own senior leadership in charge. The academy was graded Outstanding by Ofsted in 2009.
The school has helped set up two other schools. These are in Walsall and Sandwell; both are now fully built and operational. These are headed by former Deputy Headteachers at Thomas Telford School. All four current academies compete in Inter-Academy competitions throughout the year in a variety of sports.
## Sponsoring
- The Bulwell Academy (with The Bulwell Academy Trust and Edge Academies Foundation from 2012 to 2018)
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# Thomas Telford School
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Sophie Bould - Understudy for \'Maria\' in London\'s West End Production of *The Sound of Music*.
- Sharmadean Reid - Stylist, Founder of Wah Nails.
- Danny Guthrie - Footballer who played for Reading and Newcastle.
- Connor Goldson - Footballer who plays for Aris Limassol.
- Morgan Gibbs-White - Footballer who plays for Nottingham Forest.
- Kim Hughes - British Army bomb disposal expert and George Cross recipient.
- Sam Morsy - Footballer who plays for Ipswich Town
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# Afif Ayyub
**Afif Ayyub** *(alternative spellings: Afif Ayoub, Afif Ayyoub)* (born August 30, 1953), a career diplomat, is currently the Director of International Organizations, Conferences and Cultural Relations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Lebanon. He has been in this position since February 2013.
He previously served in several diplomatic missions including Muscat, Sultanate of Oman; Doha, Qatar; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Paris, France; New York City, The United Nations; and Canberra, Australia.
Ayyub is a graduate of the American University of Beirut (AUB). He got his BSc in Chemistry in 1975, TD in Education in 1975, and MA in Political Studies in 1979.
He is author of *Resolutions and Decisions of the United Nations Security Council on Lebanon* published in 1991 in English, French, and Arabic
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# Workers' Aid for Bosnia
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}`{=mediawiki} **Workers\' Aid for Bosnia** (sometimes abbreviated to \"Workers\' Aid\") was founded in London, United Kingdom in 1993, after a call by the Campaign Against Fascism in Europe (CAFE). Sixty people -- socialists, trade unionists and Bosnian refugees -- met to discuss how to organise solidarity with those people in ex-Yugoslavia defending a united, multi-ethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina. Workers\' Aid was supported by the International Socialist Group, the USFI, and the Workers Revolutionary Party (Workers Press). However, there was rivalry between these groupings which did not help the solidarity project.
At the founding meeting a letter was read out from a Serbian opponent of Serb nationalism. It appealed for workers in Britain to take food to the mining communities of Tuzla, the multi-ethnic bastion of Bosnia and Herzegovina that had been under siege by nationalist forces for many months. This became its first major activity. Steve Myers of CAFE, one of the initiators of Workers\' Aid for Bosnia, was elected International Coordinator, and this later grew to involve liaising with workers organisations and convoys from Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, Hungary and Italy.
In Britain it began as an appeal for volunteers, money and food. Meetings were held throughout the country appealing for support from the trade unions and the working class movement. It bought its first lorry with money donated by the Muslim Solidarity Campaign. Once further lorries were available, they travelled in convoys. What distinguished Workers Aid from other humanitarian charities and NGOs was its explicit political stance. It advocated the raising of the UN imposed aid and arms embargo, which effectively left the Bosnians defenceless against the much better armed Serb nationalists. As part of this, whilst passing through Zagreb, Croatia, ten lorries of the convoy blockaded the UN military compound and appeared on national Croatian TV, demanding the lifting of the arms embargo.
Workers\' Aid did not see the war as a civil war between warring tribalisms, but a specific political project driven by western interference, Greater Serb nationalism and, to a lesser extent, Croatian nationalism. Workers Aid never saw itself as a charity, but as a campaigning organisation aiming to catalyse a response from the broader labour movement across Europe.
The group continued its work in the former Yugoslavia, first visiting Kosovo in January 1996. Under its new name, **Workers Aid for Kosova** (*Kosova* is the Albanian name of Kosovo), it was one of the first organisations to take aid to Kosovo during the NATO intervention of July 1999. During July and August of that year they supported miners in and around Kosovska Mitrovica and Pristina, and -- with support from the students\' representative council of the University of Aberdeen together with Aid Convoy -- supplied the students\' union of the University of Pristina. A film exists of this trip, entitled simply *Convoy*, and made by Rachel Robertson, a member of the convoy team.
Later, some of Workers\' Aid members went on to other political campaigns, such as Reclaim the Streets and the Liverpool Dockers\' Strike. Others became involved with mainstream charitable organisations, or ran other organisations such as Aid Convoy, which continues to work in neighbouring Albania as well as other countries. Many individual trade union branches and members also took practical solidarity action
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# Rohr, Inc.
**Rohr, Inc.** is an aerospace manufacturing company based in Chula Vista, California, south of San Diego. It is a wholly owned unit of the Collins Aerospace division of RTX Corporation; it was founded in 1940 by Frederick H. Rohr as **Rohr Aircraft**.
Rohr\'s main product line are aerostructures, such as engine-related components, including engine nacelles, thrust reversers, and mounting pylons for military and commercial aircraft. It also consults on integrating and managing its designs with the other aircraft systems.
Other products include auxiliary power units, flight control surfaces, and other aircraft parts.
## History
Frederick H. Rohr, creator of the fuel tanks for Charles Lindbergh\'s *Spirit of St. Louis*, founded **Rohr Aircraft Corporation** on August 6, 1940 with the help of Reuben H. Fleet after approaching him for a job. The company incorporated as **Rohr Corporation** in 1969, and changed its name to **Rohr Industries, Inc.** in 1971.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Rohr Industries made a foray into mass transit equipment manufacturing. It manufactured railcars for Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) in the San Francisco Bay Area, and the first 300 subway cars for the Washington Metro, among others. It was also the United States license holder of the Aérotrain. In 1970 it produced an experimental Aérotrain design, the TACV, and purchased the rights to the Monocab design and turned it into the ROMAG. In the same year it acquired the Flxible Company, a bus manufacturer, which would produce a Transbus design, which evolved into the Model 870 Advanced Design Bus, as well as the later Flxible Metro, which addressed all of the shortcomings of the Model 870. Rohr divested itself of, or discontinued those programs by the late 1970s.
Rohr Industries became **Rohr, Inc.** in 1992. It was listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol **RHR**, until it merged with the Goodrich Corporation in 1997 and remained a separately incorporated company as **Goodrich Aerostructures**. In August 2012, United Technologies Corporation (UTC) purchased Goodrich Corporation and all its divisions. After the acquisition, UTC created an aerospace systems division, United Technologies Aerospace Systems (UTAS), into which all divisions of Goodrich Corporation and UTC\'s Hamilton Sundstrand divisions were incorporated as one entity. On 26 November 2018, United Technologies announced the completion of its Rockwell Collins acquisition, after which it merged its newly acquired business with UTC Aerospace Systems to form Collins Aerospace.
UTC merged with the Raytheon Company in April 2020 to form Raytheon Technologies. Rohr is a wholly owned unit of the Collins Aerospace division of Raytheon Technologies.
## Sales and divestitures {#sales_and_divestitures}
UTC sold its UTC Power unit in early 2013 to Oregon-based ClearEdge Power. UTC sold the former Goodrich electric power systems to Safran for \$400 million. This was a divestiture that was a condition of UTC\'s 2012 acquisition of Goodrich. Pratt & Whitney\'s Rocketdyne operations were sold to jet engine maker GenCorp for \$550 million in mid-2013. Three former Hamilton Sundstrand businesses, Milton Roy, Sullair and Sundyne, were sold to private equity firms BC Partners and The Carlyle Group for \$3.46 billion
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# Derio
**Derio** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. It is part of Greater Bilbao and was part of the municipality of Bilbao until 1983 and hosts Bilbao\'s biggest municipal cemetery. It has a population of 5,107 (2006).
The flag of Derio is similar to Quebec\'s flag.
<File:Derio> - 09.JPG <File:Derio> 02
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# Dima, Spain
**Dima** is a town and municipality of the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, Spain. Dima is part of the *comarca* of Arratia-Nerbioi and had a population of 1,313 inhabitants in 2010 according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.
## Geography
Dima is located in the *comarca* of Arratia-Nerbioi, in the south of the province of Biscay, northern Spain. It limits at north with the municipalities of Igorre and Amorebieta-Etxano at north, Durango at northeast, Mañaria at east, Abadiño at southeast, Otxandio and Ubide at south and Zeanuri, Areatza, Artea and Arantzazu at west. Part of the municipality is located within the Urkiola Natural Park. The Axlor archaeological site is nearby.
## Transportation
The town is accessible only by road; the BI-3543 connects it with Igorre and Otxandio. The Bizkaibus line A3925 has several stops within the municipality and connects it with Otxandio, Lemoa, Galdakao and Bilbao (the capital city of the province), among others. There are buses in both directions (direction Otxandio and direction Bilbao) every hour
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# Paul Osborne
**Paul Anthony Osborne** (born 30 September 1966) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer, administrator and politician. He played first-grade rugby league for the St George Dragons and Canberra Raiders before serving as a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly from 1995 until 2001. He was the chief executive officer of the Parramatta Eels in the National Rugby League from 2009 to 2011.
## Early and personal life {#early_and_personal_life}
Osborne grew up in Hurlstone Park, New South Wales and was educated at Christian Brothers\' High School, Lewisham. He was formerly a police detective. He is married to Maria Giertta, with whom he has two children. He also has nine children with his first wife, Sally Behn.
Osborne was the Captain of the Australian Schoolboy Rugby League Team in 1984.
## Rugby league football career {#rugby_league_football_career}
He was a member of the St George Dragons between 1986--91 and the Canberra Raiders from 1992--94. His form during his tenure at St George was inconsistent; he was sometimes considered a future star for the club and a captaincy candidate, while at other times he was considered a liability. He did, however, star in the Dragons team that won the mid-week 1988 Panasonic Cup. Osborne left the club at the end of Brian Smith\'s first year as head coach in 1991 to join Canberra, whose forwards\' roster had been weakened after the 1991 salary cap investigation led to the Raiders having to shed several players.
In switching clubs, Osborne was unlucky in that Canberra had made the grand final in four of his last five years at St George, and then the Dragons made the grand final in each of the two seasons following his move to the nation's capital. Although he was a regular first-grader in his first two seasons with the Raiders, he injured his foot early in 1994 and thus did not play much first grade that season. Not expecting to be selected for any post-season matches, and unsigned for the following year, he had organised an immediate release from finals-bound Canberra, and had been ready to fly to England to finish his career there.
In the Raiders' 1994 preliminary final victory over North Sydney, John Lomax was sent off and subsequently suspended, meaning Lomax was unavailable for the grand final. Canberra coach Tim Sheens felt that the reserve forwards he had been using in the finals, Brett Hetherington and David Westley, would lose their impact if they started the match, so he literally called Osborne back from the airport for the opportunity to play one last game, in the grand final. In a career-best performance, Osborne laid on two offloads which led directly to tries in the early stages of the decider, playing an important role as Canberra claimed the 1994 Winfield Cup, and giving him a dream ending to his playing days.
Missing the flight to England had terminated his contractual agreements in the UK, so he was left without a club for 1995. Osborne consequently joined the local Canberra competition, and later got involved in local politics.
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# Paul Osborne
## Political career {#political_career}
Osborne was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly as an independent representative for the electorate of Brindabella in 1995 on a socially conservative platform. Prior to the 1998 general election, Osborne formed a group called the Osborne Independents Group and ran two candidates in each of the three seats. Osborne was re-elected and Dave Rugendyke, a former police officer, won a seat in the Assembly, representing Ginninderra. The Osborne Independent Group ran on a strong anti-abortion ticket with stated objectives of blocking efforts to legalise euthanasia and decriminalise abortion. However, on taking up his seat in the Assembly, Rugendyke chose not to sit with Osborne, opting instead to sit as an independent in the Assembly. Less than a year later, at the request of the party, the ACT Electoral Commission deregistered the Osborne Independent Group on 15 February 1999. Osborne and Rugendyke sat in the Assembly as independents from that date.
In 1995, with the support of Osborne and Michael Moore, another independent, Liberal leader, Kate Carnell, formed a minority government. Moore later went on to serve as an independent Minister for Health in the Carnell-led government. In 1998, with support of Rugendyke, Osborne introduced an anti-abortion bill, requiring that more information be provided to women considering the procedure and that there be a 72-hour cooling-off period between it being approved and carried out. His move was vehemently but unsuccessfully opposed by the Health Minister, Moore. The Bill, while consistent with Osborne\'s Catholic beliefs, damaged his popularity among the suburban voters who had been his chief supporters. (Abortion was decriminalised and the legislation repealed in 2002).
Osborne voted against the 2000 budget in a successful attempt to stop the opening of a supervised injecting room. Although the injecting room had the support of a majority of the Assembly members, Osborne\'s support was needed to approve the funding in the budget. A new budget without funding for the injecting room was presented to the Assembly soon after and it was passed with Osborne\'s support.
In late 2000, Labor gave notice of an intention to move a no confidence vote against Carnell over the controversial Bruce Stadium affair. The Assembly adjourned for seven days and, despite her attempts to secure support from Osborne, Carnell was forced to resign as Chief Minister before the vote was put to the Assembly. She was replaced by Gary Humphries. Osborne had a crucial role in determining Carnell\'s future, initially proposing an early election (which was outside the provisions of the ACT Constitution) to resolve the lack of confidence in Carnell.
In 2001, Osborne and Rugendyke defended their respective seats, but this time, on separate tickets. Neither man was re-elected.
In July 2004, the Canberra Times claimed that Osborne was considering running for that year\'s ACT election with the Liberal Party, but he did not end up running. Osborne later returned to the Canberra Raiders to work for the club as a community-relations officer for a time after leaving politics.
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# Paul Osborne
## Life after politics {#life_after_politics}
In 2005, he was appointed as the CEO of the National Rugby League\'s Player Manager Accreditation Program. He was also a match-day commentator on the ABC\'s rugby league coverage.
In October 2008, he took six NRL players, Todd Carney, Jarrad Hickey, Nathan Hindmarsh, Todd Payten, Justin Poore and Jared Waerea-Hargreaves, to Rwanda to work in the Village of Hope for Hope. They worked in the village building houses for widows and orphans. They also visited the famed mountain gorillas, with News Limited and Fox Sports providing extended coverage of the trip. All the players reported how much the trip had affected them and how far the country had come since the 1994 genocide. Osborne returned to Rwanda in 2009 with six Parramatta Eels players, Joe Galuvao, Matt Keating, Tim Mannah, Joseph Paulo, Justin Poore and Joel Reddy. They worked in the same village and also made the trip to the border of Rwanda and the Congo at the Volcanoes National Park to visit the mountain gorillas.
Midway through the 2009 NRL season, Parramatta Eels chief executive Denis Fitzgerald was replaced by Osborne. He then oversaw the troubled club\'s rise to the grand final, with the Eels winning seven regular-season matches in a row to make the finals and then winning three straight finals to appear in the decider against the Melbourne Storm. The Eels, under Osborne, broke the record for the biggest crowd at a match outside of a grand final when 75,000 people attended their preliminary final against the Canterbury Bulldogs. His friendship with rugby union convert Timana Tahu was later pivotal in Tahu returning to the Eels from the 15-man code for the 2010 NRL season.
On 15 November 2011, Osborne announced that he would no longer be Parramatta's chief executive after Christmas because \"a working relationship between \[him\] and the club\'s major naming rights sponsor Pirtek is no longer tenable\"
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# Ernie Tate
**Ernie Tate** (24 May 1934 -- 5 February 2021) was a long-standing supporter and leading member of Trotskyist groups in Canada and the United Kingdom, and a founder in the 1960s of the International Marxist Group and Vietnam Solidarity Campaign in Britain.
Born on Shankill Road, in Belfast, Northern Ireland to an Ulster Protestant family, he received little formal education, leaving school at 14 to work at the Belfast Flour Mills as an apprentice machine attendant.
Though Protestant, he became sympathetic to Irish Republicanism after befriending a Catholic co-worker and began thinking of himself as a communist after being on holiday in Paris and encountering and being inspired by left-wing demonstrations celebrating the French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
He worked in the mill until 1955, when he emigrated to Canada at the age of 21. Within a year, he was recruited by Ross Dowson into the Canadian section of the Fourth International, after dropping into the Socialist Education League\'s Toronto Labour Bookstore on Yonge Street (in 1961, the SEL became the League for Socialist Action). By 1962, he was joint editor of the *Socialist Caucus Bulletin*, the newspaper of the socialist caucus of the New Democratic Party.
In 1960, he was charged with public vandalism after spraypainting \"Ban the Bomb\" on the side of a plywood and cement fallout shelter at Queen\'s Park. Unrepentant, he was fined \$50.
Tate was sent to British Columbia in the early 1960s, tasked with consolidating the quarrelling factions of the LSA\'s Vancouver branch.
In 1965, Tate moved from North America to Great Britain on an assignment to work with supporters of the reunified Fourth International to solidify its British section, of which he became a leader, leading to the founding of the International Marxist Group in 1968. Tate and fellow Canadian Pat Brain worked alongside Bertrand Russell in the Russell Tribunal set up to investigate US war crimes in Vietnam.
Tate was hospitalized in 1966 after being allegedly beaten by supporters of Gerry Healy while selling a pamphlet critical of him outside a public meeting of Healy\'s group. Healy was allegedly present and \"essentially supervised\" the assault. The incident became a cause célèbre within the world Trotskyist movement. Healy\'s Socialist Labour League filed lawsuits against *Peace News* and *Socialist Leader* for repeating the allegations, threatening them with bankruptcy, prompting the two publications to issue retractions and a public apology. The incident resulted in Isaac Deutscher, who had previously been a contributor to Healy\'s publications, summoning both Healy and Tate to his home where he \"upbraided\" Healy for his alleged thuggery and broke off relations with him.
One of Tate\'s recruits to the IMG was Tariq Ali. Ali described Tate as working closely with Pat Jordan, the two being the leading supporters of Pierre Frank\'s ideas in the UK.
Tate was one of two members of the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign organising committee for the demonstration against the Vietnam war in London in October 1968 who successfully opposed a proposal to halt the march in Whitehall, which would have caused unnecessary confrontation with the police and a degeneration into violence. He was thus instrumental in ensuring that the 200,000 participants passed through London peacefully, despite dire prognostications in the press and on television (who reported the march but also gave coverage to a simultaneous 5,000-strong violent counter-protest by Maoists attacking the United States Embassy). As a result, opposition to the war grew enormously in Britain at the same time as in the United States. At the time of the demonstration, *The Guardian* described him as \"an able Ulsterman in his early thirties, with unmodishly short dark hair, the black-rimmed spectacles of an advertising executive, and a terse, direct, manner\".
Tate was a founder of the Leninist Trotskyist Tendency in 1973. He returned to Canada in 1969.
Tate\'s first job in Canada was at Eaton\'s department store in Toronto which he quit after receiving his first paycheque for only \$60. He went on to do factory work at Maple Leaf Milling, Radio Valve, and Amalgamated Electric. Returning to Canada, he was passed over for a paid position with the LSA, and instead found work as a stationary engineer with Canada Packers and became a union steward for the Packinghouse Workers Union.
Tate earned a diploma in Mechanical Engineering Technology from Ryerson Polytechnical Institute in 1975, winning academic prizes for his essays, and joined Domtar where he became chief engineer. He joined Toronto Hydro in 1977 as a stationary engineer, later working in positions in marketing, energy management and conservation positions at the electric utility. During the 1990s, the utility assigned him to Toronto City Hall where he was responsible for liaising between the utility and the municipal government. He was chief steward during a successful 1989 strike and then was vice-president of CUPE Local One for years before his retirement in 1995, but went on to organize a successful against the provincial government of Mike Harris\'s attempt to privatize Ontario Hydro.
In 2014, the first volume of his memoir, *Revolutionary Activism in the 1950s & 60s*, was published. After reading the book, David Horowitz, who had known Tate in the 1960s when both men were anti-war activists, struck up a dialogue with him, but noted that their strong political differences barred any friendship.
In 2019, Tate was the featured speaker at an international conference on the life and work of Leon Trotsky held in Havana, Cuba.
In November 2020, Tate provided witness testimony to the Undercover Policing Inquiry in London. Ailing, he was unable to attend in person and provided his testimony in writing. His answers to questions about police surveillance and infiltration of the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign and the anti-Vietnam War protests it organised in 1967 and 1968 were read into the inquiry\'s record.
He died from pancreatic cancer on 5 February 2021
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# Eye bank
**Eye banks** recover, prepare and deliver donated eyes for cornea transplants and research. The first successful cornea transplant was performed in 1905 and the first eye bank was founded in 1944. Currently, in the United States, eye banks provide tissue for over 80,000 cornea transplants each year to treat conditions such as keratoconus and corneal scarring. In some cases, the white of the eye (sclera) is used to surgically repair recipient eyes. Unlike other organs and tissues, corneas are in adequate supply for transplants in the United States, and excess tissue is exported internationally, where there are shortages in many countries, due to greater demand and a less-developed eye banking infrastructure.
## History
In 1905, when Eduard Konrad Zirm, MD, performed the first successful full thickness corneal transplant, a long line of corneal transplantation, research and techniques began. During its existence, Zirm\'s eye bank, located in a rural area of Austria, treated over 47,000 patients.
Ramón Castroviejo, a Spanish ophthalmologist, was an influential figure in both European and American developments in corneal transplantation, particularly from the 1920s through the 1940s. During his research fellowship at the Mayo Clinic, he developed a double-bladed knife for square grafts and conducted research that culminated in the development of new keratoplasty techniques.
The 1940s not only brought improvements to corneal transplantation, but also an incentive to mainstream those procedures into eye banking. R. Townley Paton, a renowned American ophthalmologist had become affiliated with Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital, where he began performing corneal transplants with privately acquired tissue. After performing many corneal transplants, Paton came to the conclusion that a formal system of eye collection needed to be developed -- thus, the eye bank was born. In 1944, Paton established the world\'s first eye bank, the Eye-Bank for Sight Restoration, in New York.
The establishment of the world\'s first eye bank was only the beginning of the great steps taken to improve corneal transplantation and to increase eye banking\'s influence in the transplantation community. In 1955, 27 ophthalmologists (representing 12 eye banks), met with four major medical groups under the auspices of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology (AAO&O). During that meeting, a Committee on Eye-Banks was formed and Paton was named chairman.
Between 1956 and 1960, the Committee met numerous times, discussing various challenges shared by eye-banks, such as methods for increasing eye donations, the need for central clearing houses and the urgent need for uniform legislation in the eye-bank field. In October 1961, the Committee of Eye-Banks formed the Association during an organizational meeting in Chicago and named it the Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA).
## Recovery of eye tissue {#recovery_of_eye_tissue}
\"Recovery\" refers to the retrieval of organs or tissues from a deceased organ donor. Recovery is currently the preferred term; although \"harvesting\" and \"procurement\" have been used in the past, they are considered inappropriate, harsh, and potentially inaccurate.
When an organ/tissue donor dies, consent for donation is obtained either from a donor registry or from the donor\'s next of kin. A recovery technician is then dispatched to the hospital, funeral home, or medical examiner\'s office to recover the donor\'s eyes. The recovery occurs within hours of the death of the donor. The entire eye, called the globe, may be surgically removed (enucleated), or only the cornea may be excised in-situ and placed in storage media. There is a wide variety of storage media used in eye banking. Commercial preparations as well as organ culture medium can preserve corneas. The eye tissue is then transported to the eye bank for examination and preparation.
## Laboratory processing {#laboratory_processing}
A sample of the donor\'s blood is also collected to test for infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and sometimes others. The blood type is also tested, although corneas do not receive any blood supply and type matching is not necessary for transplantation.
If the entire eye is enucleated during the original recovery, then the cornea and part of the sclera are removed and placed in a container with preservation medium, and the sclera is cleaned and then preserved in alcohol. The corneas are visually examined and evaluated underneath a slit-lamp, and the number of endothelial cells is counted underneath a specular microscope.
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# Eye bank
## Regulations
The Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) was established in 1961, and its members include eye banks that operate not only in the United States, but also in Canada, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. The EBAA has established comprehensive medical standards for eye banks, and the standardized the training and certification of eye bank technicians. These interventions are considered major contributions to the current safety of eye transplantation. The EBAA is the national accrediting agency for eye banks. Accreditation requires site visits at least once every three years by the EBAA to evaluate adherence to established standards and quality control. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses eye banks, and conducts their own inspections, typically on a two-to-three year cycle.
To avoid violating the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, eye banks must, through their legal anatomical authorizations, obtain consent for Eye Bank Association of America representatives to gain access to donor information for accreditation reviews
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# Adam Duce
**Adam Duce** (born April 14, 1972) is an American musician, best known as a founding member and former bassist of the heavy metal band Machine Head. He played in the band for over 21 years before his firing in 2013.
## Biography
While still a child, Duce was often sent to rehabilitation institutes by his parents; later in life he got involved with drugs, even spending periods in drug rehab because of drug overdoses. At the age of 11, he was sent to a reform school in Texas for two years. He explained the reason for this in an interview: \"I had too much energy for my body to contain.\" In that school, he lost touch with the outside world\'s art, especially music.
He was introduced to rock music with AC/DC\'s album *For Those About to Rock We Salute You*.
He has been a close friend with former Machine Head guitarist Logan Mader since childhood. After getting out of the reform school, Mader introduced him to metal music with bands such as Slayer, Metallica, Exodus, King Diamond, Celtic Frost and Sacrilege B.C.
Around 1987, Duce and Mader both decided to start playing the guitar, but after several unsuccessful attempts at forming a band, Mader persuaded him to play bass instead, since at the time they could not find a bassist. Duce accepted, and he became the bassist in what would become Machine Head.
Duce points out that his main influences come from bass players such as Cliff Burton, Geezer Butler, Steve Harris, although he plays bass using a pick rather than fingers.
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# Adam Duce
## Machine Head {#machine_head}
Duce met Robb Flynn through a common friend when he was 16, and they later became roommates. At the time, Flynn was playing in the Bay Area thrash metal band Vio-lence. thumb\|left\|upright=1.1\|Duce with Machine Head opening for Metallica at Rotterdam, 2009 Flynn left Vio-lence and formed a new band -- Machine Head, consisting of Duce, guitarist Logan Mader and drummer Tony Costanza.
Duce played bass and did the backing vocals for all the Machine Head albums between the first (1994\'s *Burn My Eyes*) and seventh albums (2011\'s *Unto the Locust*) and participated in all of the band\'s tours until 2012. He also has several appearances in live shows as a bassist for Roadrunner United.
Duce did not fully participate in the creative process for the songs for *Unto the Locust*. In an interview, he admitted that he wrote several riffs and lyrics that got rejected by Robb Flynn, which led to further disagreements between him and the band. These disagreements were later pointed out as the reason for the band to fire him.
On February 22, 2013, Machine Head announced that the band and Duce were parting ways. Flynn later explained in an emotional message on the band\'s website that the band had fired Duce.
On January 21, 2014, Duce filed a lawsuit against Machine Head\'s then-remaining members (Flynn, Phil Demmel and Dave McClain) and manager in Federal Court, alleging trademark infringement, breach of partnership agreement and defamation, among other things. On July 4, 2014, a post was published on Machine Head\'s official Facebook page that the lawsuit had been settled.
## Discography
With Machine Head
- *Burn My Eyes* (1994)
- *The More Things Change\..
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# Tanora
**Tanora** is a tangerine carbonated drink, sold in Ireland, predominantly in Munster. It was introduced by John Daly & Co, a mineral water bottler in Cork City. The brand is owned by Coca-Cola Bottlers Ireland, a subsidiary of Coca-Cola Hellenic. Tanora is packaged in 2-litre and 500ml plastic bottles. It was also available in 330ml cans, but these ceased production in June 2010; 200ml glass bottles (for the licensed trade) have already been withdrawn, both due to lack of demand.
In 1969, Stephen Barrett described his childhood liking for Tanora, \"then, as now, the modish choice among those on the threshold of life\". When Denis Irwin was playing for Manchester United, his mother would send him Tanora and Tayto crisps from Cork. In the play *Disco Pigs*, Pig orders \"Two Battur burgurs! Two Sauce! Two Chips! Two Peas! Two Tanora!\".
In April 2011, Tanora was reformulated with a new taste including carrot and blackcurrant flavourings, and new packaging with the subtitle \"A Cork legend\" was introduced. The new flavour proved unpopular, and a Facebook vote along with taste-tests in Cork retail stores was scheduled to take place during July 2011. The new flavour was later taken off the market and replaced with the old, it kept the same bottle as the new flavour but had \"original formula\" on the side so it could be distinguished from the new flavour.
In January 2018, ahead of the Irish government\'s planned introduction of a \"sugar tax\" later that year, Tanora was slightly reformulated again, to replace some of its sugar with artificial sweeteners
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# L&YR Class 27
The **Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Class 27** is a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotive designed for freight work on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR).
## Construction and operation {#construction_and_operation}
Class 27 locomotives were designed by John Aspinall and 490 were built between 1889 and 1918 at Horwich Works. Before the revision of the class designation by Hughes in 1919, these locomotives belonged to the 11, 41, 898 and 654 classes. It was the standard goods engine used by the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway. Aspinall opted for a two-cylinder format with a non superheated round-topped boiler. David Joy\'s configuration of valve gear was employed. By the time Aspinall became general manager of the L&YR on 1 July 1899, 340 of the simple but powerful engines of the 11 class had been built. A further sixty 11 class locomotives were on order, which were built under his successor, Henry Hoy during 1899--1901. A final ninety were built between 1906 and 1918 under Hoy\'s successor, George Hughes, albeit some with modifications belonging to the 41, 898 and 654 classes.
Like the Barton Wright 0-6-0s of 1876--87, their designed role was for use on goods trains, but with driving wheels 7 in larger (5 ft instead of 4 ft diameter), they were also suitable for passenger trains when required (on which they could reach 60 mph or more). On coal trains, they could handle about 27 loaded wagons, so as the demand for coal increased later in the century, the Aspinall 0-8-0s were introduced in 1900 to haul the longer coal trains that the traffic level required.
### Numbering
On the L&YR, new locomotives were only given numbers that had not previously been used if the total locomotive stock was to be increased. Many locomotives were built as nominal replacements for older locomotives that had been withdrawn from service, their numbers being re-used by the new locomotives. For example, the first lot of ten 0-6-0s comprised five built as replacements and five as additions to stock, and so were numbered 11, 130, 252, 367, 484 and 1018--22. Blocks of new numbers given to 185 of the 0-6-0s were: 1018--32, 1053--92, 1113--52, 1180--1209, 1233--57, 1276--85, 1291--1310, and 1599--1603. The 305 re-used numbers were scattered between 1 and 926, also 1363/4/6.
### Tenders
Only 260 of the 490 locomotives were built with new tenders. 230 of those built between 1891 and 1906 were ordered without tenders; for these locomotives, tenders were taken from the pool of spares, primarily those that had been made redundant by the conversion of the Barton Wright 0-6-0s to saddle tanks between 1891 and 1900, but others that had been released by the withdrawal of the Barton Wright 4-4-0s from 1892 onwards. These secondhand tenders had been built between 1876 and 1886; they had a wheelbase of 12 ft, equally divided, and carried 1875 or of water. The new Aspinall tenders were smaller, having a wheelbase of 10 ft, and carried 1800 impgal of water and 3 LT of coal.
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# L&YR Class 27
## Development and rebuilding {#development_and_rebuilding}
As built, there were three primary boiler versions. The majority (418 locomotives) of those built between 1889 and 1906 had round-top fireboxes when new, and operated on saturated steam. Their boilers were similar to those of the 1008 Class 2-4-2T introduced in early 1889, but with slightly shorter barrels (10 ft long as opposed to 10 ft for the 2-4-2T), and they operated at the same pressure: 160 lbf/in2, except for twenty built in 1901 (Lot 42), which worked at 180 lbf/in2. A further twenty of these were built in 1909 (Lot 62), and ten more in 1917--18 (Lot 75). By this time, several of the earlier locomotives had been rebuilt with Belpaire fireboxes, some also gaining superheaters. With the introduction of Hughes\' classification in 1919, the superheated locomotives were placed in Class 28, those retaining saturated steam becoming Class 27.
### Superheating
The L&YR was the first British railway to fit a locomotive with a superheater, this being no. 737 of the 1400 Class 4-4-2 in 1899, and experiments had been conducted with various superheater types since then. Two of the 0-6-0 locomotives built in 1906, nos. 898 and 900, were the first British locomotives to be provided with Schmidt superheaters when new, the purpose being to increase the temperature of steam produced in the boiler so the minimum of energy was lost. After months of trials, 20 further locomotives with the Schmidt superheater were authorised to be built and the first of these emerged from Horwich Works in 1909. This batch together with the two prototypes built the 898 class. These superheated locomotives had the same boiler pressure as the 11 class locomotives, 180 psi. All 898 class locomotives had round topped boilers. In 1914 locomotive no. 625 was rebuilt with a superheated Belpaire boiler, but no others were so treated -- between 1926 and 1931, most of the others were rebuilt with saturated round-top boilers, only the last four of the batch, nos. 830, 901/3/4 (by this time renumbered as LMS 12533--6) retaining their superheated round-top boilers until withdrawal in 1934--36.
### Belpaire fireboxes {#belpaire_fireboxes}
The L&YR had begun using the Belpaire firebox in 1897, with the 1351 Class 0-6-0T. From 1911 to 1916, 48 of the 0-6-0s were rebuilt with these fireboxes, continuing to use saturated steam. Unlike the 2-4-2T, no 0-6-0s were built new with saturated Belpaire boilers.
### Belpaire fireboxes with superheaters {#belpaire_fireboxes_with_superheaters}
In 1912 a batch of 20 new 0-6-0s was constructed with both Belpaire fireboxes and superheaters. These locomotives belonged to the 657 class. They used three different types of superheaters: the first fifteen used the Schmidt superheater, the next three used the Horwich \"top-and-bottom header\" (T&B) type, and the last two (nos. 243 and 920) used the Horwich \"twin plug\" type. These two were the only 0-6-0s with that type of superheater, which was primarily used in larger engines such as the 1546 Class 0-8-0. All twenty worked at a pressure of 180 lbf/in2 and belonged to the 657 class.
Between 1913 and 1916, 23 of the original 0-6-0s plus no. 625 of the 1909 series were rebuilt with Belpaire fireboxes and superheaters; the first nineteen such rebuilds were given the Schmidt type, but from mid-1915 the T&B type was used instead. A further forty were rebuilt with Belpaire fireboxes and T&B superheaters in 1919--22, two of which were among those previously rebuilt with saturated Belpaire boilers.
### Cylinders and valves {#cylinders_and_valves}
The first 160 locomotives, of 1889--93, had cylinders with a bore of 18 in and a stroke of 26 in, the same as those used on the 2-4-2s. The sixty built in 1894 and early 1895 had 17+1/2 in bore, like the 2-4-2s of the same period, and the next sixty of mid-1895 to early 1896 returned to the original size. All 280 had unbalanced D slide valves. From September 1896, locomotives built with saturated boilers had 18-inch cylinders and Richardson balanced slide valves. The locomotives built with superheaters had larger cylinders and piston valves, those of the 898 class built in 1906--09 having a cylinder bore of 20 in whilst those of the 657 class built in 1912 were further enlarged, to 20+1/2 in. Locomotives rebuilt with superheaters were provided with piston valves at the same time.
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# L&YR Class 27
## Development and rebuilding {#development_and_rebuilding}
### Brakes
The L&YR had standardised on the automatic vacuum brake in the 1880s, and since 1888 all L&YR passenger carriages had been fitted with this brake. Accordingly, it was necessary for all locomotives used on passenger trains to be equipped for operating this brake, and this included these 0-6-0 locomotives. The 400 locomotives of the 11 class, built down to 1901 under Aspinall and Hoy, created the necessary vacuum by means of vacuum pumps driven from the left-hand crosshead. The twenty 41 class locomotives built in 1906 under Hughes were equipped with combination vacuum ejectors instead of pumps, utilising exhaust steam from the blastpipe. Combination ejectors were already in use on L&YR passenger locomotives; in one unit they combined a large ejector used to release the train brakes when starting, and a small ejector used to maintain the vacuum when running. Successful trials of the ejector-equipped locomotives convinced Hughes not only to fit ejectors to all subsequent locomotives, but also to replace the pumps on all of the previous locomotives with ejectors.
Horwich Lots Class Years Quantity Cylinders Brakes Firebox Superheated CME
-------------------------------- ------- ------------ ---------- ---------------------- ----------------- ----------- ------------- ----------
2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13--15 11 1889--93 160 18 in, slide valves Vacuum pump Round-top No Aspinall
18, 19, 21 11 1894--95 60 in, slide valves Vacuum pump Round-top No Aspinall
23--25, 29, 31, 33, 39, 40, 42 11 1895--1901 180 18 in, slide valves Vacuum pump Round-top No Aspinall
53 (part) 41 1906 18 18 in, slide valves Vacuum ejectors Round-top No Hughes
53 (part), 61 898 1906, 1909 22 20 in, piston valves Vacuum ejectors Round-top Yes Hughes
62 41 1909 20 18 in, slide valves Vacuum ejectors Round-top No Hughes
68 657 1912 20 in, piston valves Vacuum ejectors Belpaire Yes Hughes
75 41 1917--18 10 18 in, slide valves Vacuum ejectors Round-top No Hughes
: Summary of variants as built
Horwich Lots 2, 3 and 75 comprised 10 locomotives each; the rest 20 each. Lot 53 was for 18 saturated and two superheated locomotives. Lots 61 and 62 were built together, in alternate batches of five.
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# L&YR Class 27
## Ownership changes {#ownership_changes}
In 1917, 32 locomotives (all with saturated round-top boilers) were loaned to the Railway Operating Division (ROD) during World War I, for which they were given numbers 1700--31: the ROD increased those numbers by 7000 to avoid duplication. 22 of them also exchanged their six-wheel tenders for eight-wheel tenders of Aspinall 0-8-0s All of them were eventually returned during 1919 once the war had ended, their tenders being re-exchanged and original numbers restored.
The whole class passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) at the beginning of 1923, and they were subsequently numbered in two blocks. Nos. 12083--12467 (385 locomotives) comprised those operating on saturated steam, including those rebuilt with Belpaire boilers as well as those retaining round-top boilers; the two types were numbered in order of age, regardless of the boiler type. Nos. 12515--12619 (105 locomotives) comprised those built with superheaters in 1906--12 (42 locomotives) in order of age, followed by those rebuilt from saturated locomotives in 1913--22 (63 locomotives) in approximate order of rebuilding. These 490 locomotives formed the bulk of the 540 0-6-0 tender locomotives (out of 1,651 L&YR steam locomotives in total) handed over by the L&YR to the LMS.
It is a tribute to the soundness, usefulness and simple practicality of Aspinall\'s design that 300 of the class passed into the ownership of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and around 50 were operating in British Railways (BR) service in summer 1960. British Railways took ownership of 235 of the class in 1948 and renumbered them 52088-52529 (with gaps) by the addition of 40000 to their LMS numbers.
Withdrawal of the saturated locomotives began in 1931, and of the superheated locomotives in 1934. By the end of 1940, 154 had been withdrawn, but there was a pause during the war with none being withdrawn during the years 1941--44. At the end of 1947, there were 245 saturated and 37 superheated locomotives left. Withdrawals recommenced in 1945 and continued until the last superheated locomotive was withdrawn in 1957 and the last saturated locomotive in 1962.
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# L&YR Class 27
## Preservation
One locomotive, 1895-built L&YR number 1300 (later LMS 12322 and BR 52322) has survived and is preserved at the East Lancashire Railway. It is owned by Andy Booth and its most recent overhaul was completed in 2021
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# Russian 460 metre radio mast
The **Russian 460 metres radio masts** are among the most secret supertall structures ever built. Three such masts, which were developed by [Stako](https://web.archive.org/web/20060519075419/http://www.stako.ru/HOME_RAr_V.htm), were erected in mid-1980s near Inta, Dudinka and Taymylyr as masts for the North Siberian Chayka Chain for transmitting navigation signals on 100 kHz with 1200 kW.
All these masts are grounded lattice structures of tubular steel elements with triangular cross section. The side length of the triangle of the mast body is 3.6 metres. Each of these masts is guyed in 6 levels.
These masts were at completion the tallest structures in Asia and are still the second-tallest in Russia.
In 2003 at Moscow Radio Centre 13 a guyed mast for FM-transmission of the same type was built, which is however just 300 metres and not 460 metres tall. It is guyed in 4 levels.
On September 24, 2009, the mast at Taymylyr was demolished by explosives, which was the tallest object ever demolished in this way
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# Bordertown, South Australia
**Bordertown**, formerly **Border Town**, is a town and locality in the Australian state of South Australia located in the state\'s east near the state border with Victoria about 250 km east of the state capital of Adelaide. It is where the Dukes Highway and the railway line cross the Tatiara Creek between Adelaide and Melbourne, the capital of Victoria.
Bordertown is the commercial and administrative centre of the Tatiara District Council. *Tatiara* is the local Aboriginal word for \"Good Country\".
## History
Bordertown was established in 1852 when a direct route across the Ninety Mile Desert was being planned for gold escorts from the Victorian goldfields to Adelaide. Police Inspector Alexander Tolmer was instructed to create a town as close as practical to the border. Tolmer was upset when the town was not named after him, but that was made up for by naming several sites around Bordertown after him, such as Tolmer Park and Tolmer Takeaway. Land was first offered for sale in the new government town on 28 August 1852.
It was officially known as *Border Town* until 5 April 1979 when its name was changed to *Bordertown*.
Boundaries for the locality were created on 16 March 2000 and give the long established name and include the Government Town of Bordertown.
Bordertown is also the birthplace of former Prime Minister of Australia, Bob Hawke.
## Governance
Bordertown is located in the state electoral district of MacKillop, the federal Division of Barker, the local government area of the Tatiara District Council and the South Australian government region of the Limestone Coast.
## Landmarks
Bordertown is home to the historic Clayton Farm Heritage Museum. It is also famous for its white Kangaroos which have been bred for zoos and animal shelters around Australia. The lightning clock on the main street marks the site of the first electricity source.
### Heritage listings {#heritage_listings}
Bordertown has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
- Clayton Farm Road: Clayton Farm Complex
- Hay Avenue: Bordertown railway station
- Woolshed Street: Bordertown Institute
## Economy
The district\'s economy is based primarily on agriculture, with cereal crops and livestock farming. The largest single employer is the JBS meatworks abattoir which processes up to 8000 animals per day and employs around 470 people. Almost two-thirds of the employees are migrants to Australia, including refugees and skilled migrants on 457 visas, from a total of at least 23 different home culture groups.
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# Bordertown, South Australia
## Media
### Newspapers
Bordertown\'s major newspaper, *The Border Chronicle*, is a local publication that was first printed on 13 June 1908. The newspaper\'s first building, at DeCourcey Street, was auctioned in November 2017, after Fairfax Media scaled back newspaper operations and closed the Chronicle\'s commercial printing business and office.
Prior to this, the other historical newspaper in the town was the *Tatiara Mail* which was founded in 1880 by Melbourne Mott (whose father owned *The Hamilton Spectator* in Victoria) and Michael Murphy. In 1888, the press moved to Nhill and was eventually sold to EJ Stephens of the Nhill Free Press, with the title evolving over time:
- *Tatiara Mail and West Wimmera Advertiser* (28 August 1880 -- 30 March 1888)
- *Nhill and Tatiara Mail and West Wimmera Advertiser* (7 April 1888 -- 2 February 1895)
- *Nhill Mail* (6 February 1895 -- 29 December 1900) -- before being absorbed into the *Nhill Free Press* (1882--1982) in Victoria
A later publication was the *Tatiara and Lawloit News* (13 June 1908 -- 15 June 1912). It was printed in Naracoorte, and was eventually absorbed by the *Narracoorte Herald*.
### Television
- The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) -- ABC TV, ABC TV Plus, ABC Me, ABC News (digital channels)
- The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) -- SBS, SBS Viceland, SBS Food, NITV, SBS WorldWatch, SBS World Movies (digital channels)
- WIN Television (7, 7two, 7mate, 9, 9Gem, 9Go!, 10, 10 Peach Comedy, 10 Bold Drama) as SES-8, SDS, MGS-- SES-8 relays the programming from Seven Network (Seven SA, 7two, 7mate), SDS relays the programming from Nine Network (Nine SA, 9Gem, 9Go!) & MGS relays the programming from Network 10 (10, 10 Peach Comedy, 10 Bold Drama).
- Foxtel -- Subscription Television service Foxtel is also available via satellite.
WIN Television broadcasts Nine Network programming, Channel Seven broadcasts Seven Network programming & Channel Ten broadcasts Network 10 programming. The programming schedules for these channels is the same as Channel Nine, Channel Seven and Channel Ten in Adelaide, with local commercials inserted and some variations for coverage of Australian Football League or National Rugby League matches, state and national news and current affairs programs, some lifestyle and light entertainment shows and infomercials.
### Radio
Community
- Connect FM (formerly 5TCB FM) (106.1 FM)
- Vision Christian Radio (88.0 FM)
Connect FM, formerly known as 5TCB FM is the local community station, broadcasting local programs, presented by radio announcers. The station is skewed towards the younger and older demographics and plays a lot of music. All programs are locally produced apart from the regular programming the station takes flagship music program *Melomania*, as well as hourly local, world, state and national news bulletins, *Matty\'s Hot 30 Countdown*, *Essential 80\'s Show* and *The Hype*. The community station officially became a fully licensed station on 17 March in 1986.
## Transport
Bordertown is on the Dukes Highway and the Melbourne--Adelaide railway, the main routes by road and rail between Adelaide and Melbourne. There are several bus services daily towards each of Adelaide, Melbourne, and Mount Gambier. *The Overland* train stops twice a week each way and is the only passenger train that still serves Bordertown after Australian National ceased country passenger rail services in South Australia in the 1980s. Most rail traffic is freight passing through, although the local grain silos are also served by rail. In 2012, the crossing loop at Bordertown railway station was lengthened to 1500 m
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# Tasmanian Wilderness Society
The **Tasmanian Wilderness Society** was a Tasmanian environmental group that started in 1976 in response to a proposal by the state\'s Hydro Electric Commission to construct a dam on the Gordon River, downstream from the Franklin River, that led to the Franklin Dam controversy. The group evolved from membership of the South West Tasmania Action Committee and members of the United Tasmania Group. It was active in public protest about the issues of Wilderness, the Franklin River and South West Tasmania.
After the Franklin Dam campaign the group changed its name in 1983 to The Wilderness Society (Australia)
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# Andrea Pozzo
**Andrea Pozzo** (`{{IPA|it|anˈdrɛːa ˈpottso|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; Latinized version: *Andreas Puteus*; 30 November 1642 -- 31 August 1709) was an Italian Jesuit brother, Baroque painter, architect, decorator, stage designer, and art theoretician.
Pozzo was best known for his grandiose frescoes using the technique of quadratura to create an illusion of three-dimensional space on flat surfaces. His masterpiece is the nave ceiling of the Church of Sant\'Ignazio in Rome. Through his techniques, he became one of the most noteworthy figures of the Baroque period. He is also noted for the architectural plans of Ljubljana Cathedral (1700), inspired by the designs of the Jesuit churches Il Gesù and S. Ignazio in Rome.
## Biography
### Early years {#early_years}
Born in Trento (then under Austrian rule), he studied Humanities at the local Jesuit High School. Showing artistic inclinations he was sent by his father to work with an artist; Pozzo was then 17 years old (in 1659). Judging by aspects of his early style this initial artistic training came probably from Palma il Giovane. After three years he came under the guidance of another unidentified painter from the workshop of Andrea Sacchi who appears to have taught him the techniques of Roman High Baroque. He would later travel to Como and Milan.
### As a Jesuit {#as_a_jesuit}
On 25 December 1665, he entered the Jesuit Order as a lay brother. In 1668, he was assigned to the *Casa Professa of San Fidele* in Milan, where his festival decorations in honour of Francis Borgia recently canonised (1671) met general approval. He continued artistic training in Genoa and Venice. His early paintings attest the influence of the Lombard School: rich colour, and graphic chiaroscuro. When he painted in Genoa the *Life of Jesus* for the *Congregazione de\' Mercanti*, he was undoubtedly inspired by Peter Paul Rubens.
### Early church decoration {#early_church_decoration}
Pozzo\'s artistic activity was related to the Jesuit Order\'s enormous artistic needs; many Jesuit churches had been built in recent decades and were devoid of painted decoration. He was frequently employed by the Jesuits to decorate churches and buildings such as their churches of Modena, Bologna and Arezzo. In 1676, he decorated the interior of San Francis Xavier church in Mondovì. In this church one can already see his later illusionistic techniques: fake gilding, bronze-coloured statues, marbled columns and a *trompe-l\'œil* dome on a flat ceiling, peopled with foreshortened figures in architectural settings. This was his first large fresco.
In Turin (1678) Pozzo painted the ceiling of the Jesuit church of SS. Martiri. The frescoes gradually deteriorated through water infiltration. They were replaced in 1844 by new paintings by Luigi Vacca. Only fragments of the original frescoes survive.
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# Andrea Pozzo
## Biography
### Call to Rome {#call_to_rome}
In 1681, Pozzo was called to Rome by Giovanni Paolo Oliva, Superior General of the Jesuits. Among others, Pozzo worked for Livio Odescalchi, the powerful nephew of the pope, Innocent XI. Initially he was used as a stage designer for biblical pageants, but his illusionistic paintings in perspective for these stages soon gave him a reputation as a virtuoso in wall and ceiling decorations.
#### The Gesù rooms {#the_gesù_rooms}
His first Roman frescoes were in the corridor linking the Church of the Gesù to the rooms where St. Ignatius had lived. His *trompe-l\'œil* architecture and paintings depicting the Saint\'s life for the *Camere di San Ignazio* (1681--1686), blended well with already existing paintings by Giacomo Borgognone.
#### The St Ignatius\' Church {#the_st_ignatius_church}
His masterpiece, the illusory perspectives in frescoes of the dome, the apse and the ceiling of Rome\'s Jesuit church of Sant\'Ignazio were painted between 1685--1694 and are emblematic of the dramatic conceits of High Roman Baroque. Pozzo was an unrivalled master of perspective; he used light, colour, and an architectural background as means of creating illusion. For several generations, Sant\'ignazio set the standard for the decoration of Late Baroque ceiling frescos throughout Catholic Europe. Compare this work to Gaulli\'s masterpiece in the other major Jesuit church in Rome, Il Gesù.
The church of Sant\'Ignazio had remained unfinished with bare ceilings even after its consecration in 1642. Disputes with the original donors, the Ludovisi, had prevented the completion of the planned dome. Pozzo proposed to resolve this by creating the illusion of a dome, when viewed from inside, by painting on canvas. It was impressive to viewers, but controversial; some feared the canvas would soon darken.
On the flat ceiling he painted an allegory of the *Apotheosis of S. Ignatius*, in breathtaking perspective. The painting, 17 m in diameter, is devised to make an observer, looking from a spot marked by a metal plate set into the floor of the nave, seem to see a lofty vaulted roof decorated by statues, while in fact the ceiling is flat. The painting celebrates the apostolic goals of Jesuit missionaries, eager to expand the reach of Roman Catholicism in other continents. The Counter-Reformation also encouraged a militant Catholicism. For example, rather than placing the usual evangelists or scholarly pillars of doctrine in the pendentives, Pozzo depicted the victorious warriors of the old testament: *Judith and Holofernes*; *David and Goliath*; *Jael and Sisera*; and *Samson and the Philistines*.
By the skilful use of linear perspective, light, and shade, he made the great barrel-vault of the nave of the church into an idealized aula from which is seen the reception of St. Ignatius into the opened heavens. Light comes from God the Father to the Son who transmits it to St. Ignatius, whence it breaks into four rays leading to the four continents. Pozzo explained that he illustrated the words of Christ in Luke: *I am come to send fire on the earth*, and the words of Ignatius: *Go and set everything aflame*. A further ray illuminates the name of Jesus. The attention to movement within a large canvas with deep perspective in the scene, including a heavenly assembly whirling above, and the presence space-enlarging illusory architecture offered an example which was copied in several Italian, Austrian, German and Central European churches of the Jesuit order.
The architecture of the *trompe-l\'œil* dome seems to erase and raise the ceiling with such a realistic impression that it is difficult to distinguish what is real or not. Andrea Pozzo painted this ceiling and trompe-l\'oeil dome on a canvas, 17 m wide. The paintings in the apse depict scenes from the life of St. Ignatius, St Francis Xavier and St Francis Borgia.
#### St Ignatius chapel (Gesù) {#st_ignatius_chapel_gesù}
In 1695 he was given the prestigious commission, after winning a competition against Sebastiano Cipriani and Giovanni Battista Origone, for an altar in the St. Ignatius chapel in the left transept of the Church of the Gesù. This grandiose altar above the tomb of the saint, built with rare marbles and precious metals, shows the Trinity, while four lapis lazuli columns (these are now copies) enclose the colossal statue of the saint by Pierre Legros. It was the coordinated work of more than 100 sculptors and craftsmen, among them Pierre Legros, Bernardino Ludovisi, Il Lorenzone and Jean-Baptiste Théodon. Andrea Pozzo also designed the altar in the Chapel of St Francesco Borgia in the same church.
#### Altars in St Ignatius church {#altars_in_st_ignatius_church}
In 1697 he was asked to build similar Baroque altars with scenes from the life of St Ignatius in the apse of the Sant\'Ignazio church in Rome. These altars house the relics of St. Aloysius Gonzaga and of St. John Berchmans.
#### Other works of art {#other_works_of_art}
Meanwhile he continued painting frescoes and illusory domes in Turin, Mondovì, Modena, Montepulciano and Arezzo. In 1681 he was asked by Cosimo III de\' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany to paint his self-portrait for the ducal collection (now in the Uffizi in Florence). This oil on canvas has become a most original self-portrait. It shows the painter in a diagonal pose, showing with his right index finger his illusionist easel painting (a trompe-l\'œil dome, perhaps of the Badia church in Arezzo) while his left hand rests on three books (probably alluding to his not-yet published treatises on perspective). The painting was sent to the duke in 1688. He also painted scenes from the life of St Stanislaus Kostka in the saint\'s rooms of the Jesuit novitiate of Sant\'Andrea al Quirinale in Rome. He also painted the high altar painting of the Parish Church of Saint Michael in Brixen (known for its *White Tower*) which depicts Michael's fight with Lucifer. In 1699 he delivered the plans for the Jesuit Collegium Ragusinum in the Republic of Ragusa, now Dubrovnik.
In 1702 Pozzo painted a cupola on canvas for the Badia delle Sante Flora e Lucilla in Arezzo.
### In Vienna {#in_vienna}
In 1694 Andrea Pozzo had explained his illusory techniques in a letter to Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein and ambassador of Emperor Leopold I to the Papal Court in Rome. Recommended by Prince Liechtenstein to the emperor, Andrea Pozzo, on the invitation of Leopold I, moved in 1702 (1703?) to Vienna. There he worked for the sovereign, the court, Prince Johann Adam von Liechtenstein, and various religious orders and churches, such as the frescoes and the trompe-l\'œil dome in the Jesuit Church. Some of his tasks were of a decorative, occasional character (church and theatre scenery), and these were soon destroyed.
His most significant surviving work in Vienna is the monumental ceiling fresco of the Hercules Hall of the Liechtenstein garden palace (1707), an *Admittance of Hercules to Olympus*, which, according to the sources, was very admired by contemporaries. Through illusionistic effects, the architectural painting starts unfolding at the border of the ceiling, while the ceiling seems to open up into a heavenly realm filled with Olympian gods.
Some of his Viennese altarpieces have also survived (Vienna\'s Jesuit church). His compositions of altarpieces and illusory ceiling frescoes had a strong influence on the Baroque art in Vienna. He also had many followers in Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Poland. His canvases show him to be a far less compelling a painter at close inspection.
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# Andrea Pozzo
## Biography
### Death
Pozzo died in Vienna in 1709 at a moment when he intended to return to Italy to design a new Jesuit church in Venice. He was buried with great honours in one of his best realisations, the Jesuit church in Vienna. Agostino Collaceroni was also a pupil.
## Family
Pozzo\'s brother, Giuseppe Pozzo, a Discalced Carmelite friar in Venice, was also a painter. He decorated the high altar of the church of the *Scalzi* in that city during the last years of the 17th century.
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# Andrea Pozzo
## Writing and architecture {#writing_and_architecture}
Pozzo published his artistic ideas in a noted theoretical work, entitled *Perspectiva pictorum et architectorum* (2 volumes, 1693, 1698) illustrated with 118 engravings, dedicated to emperor Leopold I. In it he offered instruction in painting architectural perspectives and stage-sets. The work was one of the earliest manuals on perspective for artists and architects and went into many editions, even into the 19th century, and has been translated from the original Latin and Italian into numerous languages such as French, German, English and, Chinese thanks to Pozzo\'s Jesuit connection.
There are a few architectural designs in Pozzo\'s book *Perspectiva pictorum et architectorum*, indicating that he did not make any designs before 1690. These designs were not realized, but the design for the S. Apollinare church in Rome was used for the Jesuit church of San Francesco Saverio (1700--1702) in Trento. The interior of this church was equally designed by Pozzo.
Between 1701 and 1702, Pozzo designed the Jesuit churches of San Bernardo and Chiesa del Gesù in Montepulciano, but his plans for the last church were only partly realized
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# Abadiño
**Abadiño** (*Abadiño*; *Abadiano*) is a town located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in the north of Spain, about 35 km from the provincial capital of Bilbao. The area of the municipality is about 36 km2 and according to the 2014 census, the population is 7504. The original name of the town was Abadiano Celayeta.
## Geography
Abadiño is located on the N-636 road a few kilometres to the southeast of Durango in the province of Biscay in northern Spain. The town is in a broad valley formed by the Ibaizabal and Urkiola Rivers. Livestock farming is practised here on the flat valley floor, and to the south the land rises to form the Urkiola mountain range. The lower slopes are clad in natural woodland of oak, beech and pine, and the higher parts consist of limestone peaks with gullies, cliffs and caves and are included in the Urkiola Natural Park.
## Tourism
The town of Abadiño has a number of historic buildings. The Muntsaratz Tower is a good example of ninth century Renaissance architecture. The Sanctuary of San Antonio is a church inside the Urkiola Natural Park. The Astola Manor House was one of the political and administrative centres of the Merindad de Durango region. It was purchased by the Merindad in 1576 and was subsequently used as a courthouse, as the residency of the local lieutenant, as the local gaol and as the district archive. The Gederiaga Complex is on a hill overlooking the town and includes the Chapel of San Salvador. This was an ancient \"oath chapel\" in which general assemblies of the authorities of Merindad de Durango valley were held; there are twelve stone seats arranged in a semicircle, and nearby is a sandstone cross in the Renaissance and Gothic style dating from 1633, part of a series of crosses in the district.
There are hiking trails, mountain bike riding and horse riding facilities near the town. There are several festivals, the main one being that of the patron saint, Santo Domingo. This takes place on 12 May and the succeeding days and there is much music and dancing in the town. The Festival of San Blas takes place on 3 February, and at this event there is a livestock fair. Another festival, that of San Antonio, is celebrated on 13 June near his sanctuary in Urkiola.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Athletic Bilbao players Ustaritz Aldekoaotalora and Ander Iturraspe were born in Abadiño
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# L&YR Class 23
The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) **Class 23** is a class of `{{whyte|0-6-0|ST}}`{=mediawiki} steam locomotive. Their main use was for shunting and for short-trip freight working.
## Construction
The Class 23 `{{whyte|0-6-0|ST}}`{=mediawiki} locomotives were initially built in 1876-87 by L&Y locomotive superintendent Barton Wright as a class of 280 0-6-0 tender engines. 230 of these were rebuilt as saddle tanks at Horwich Works by Aspinall between 1891 and 1900.
## Ownership changes {#ownership_changes}
The class was long-lived, with the first engine being withdrawn in 1926 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and the last surviving in use until 1964 with British Railways London Midland Region. 101 were in service at Nationalisation, 20 still in service in 1961.
## Preservation
One locomotive, L&YR 752 (LMS 11456 but sold into colliery service in 1937), is preserved by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust, having been acquired by the NCB for continued operation and as of October 2019 could move under its own steam despite overhaul being incomplete. This progressed at the East Lancashire Railway in Bury using primarily their resources in close cooperation with the current owners of 752. The locomotive was featured on an episode of the television programme \"Steam Train Britain\" which showed the locomotive under rebuild. Since January 2020 752 has temporarily carried the early British Railways livery as 51456 had it not been sold to industry, and featured in various events in steam before a complete public relaunch in the East Lancashire Railway Gala event on 6-8 March 2020.
A sister locomotive, L&YR Class 25 no. 957, an `{{whyte|0-6-0}}`{=mediawiki} as built-in original tender configuration, was also bought for preservation in 1959 and has been based at the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway since 1965
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# Edward Hudson (dentist)
**Edward Hudson** (1743 -- 4 October 1821) was an Irish dentist, born in Castlemartyr, County Cork, Ireland.
## Biography
Hudson was an eminent dentist, at a time when dentistry was still very much a fledgling practice. He created a \"Preservative and other Dentifrices\" for the bettering of dental hygiene during his time as a dentist.
Edward Hudson lived and practiced in Grafton Street, Dublin, and latterly lived at The Hermitage in Rathfarnham, Dublin (known in Edward\'s time as Fields of Odin, and subsequently as St. Enda\'s). This grand building on the outskirts of Dublin is now the home of the Pearse Museum, which celebrates the life of Patrick Pearse.
During his time at *The Hermitage*, Hudson built several ruins along the edge of the grounds, which remain to this day. The ruins were deliberately built as such from new, using rough stone to create the impression that they had existed for many years. These include a small Watchtower (fortification), a hermit\'s cave, a dolmen and a ruined abbey.
Amongst other vocations, Hudson was a director of the Grand Canal of Ireland, a scientific experimenter and philosopher, and a publisher of several anonymous scientific and political treatises.
Hudson was the uncle of Robert Blake, the first State Dentist of Ireland, who was inspired to become a Dentist by his uncle. Edward\'s son Henry Philerin Hudson subsequently succeeded Dr Blake as State Dentist.
In addition to his residences in Dublin, Hudson also owned *The Manor* in Glenville, County Cork, which he purchased sometime between 1776 and 1788. Edward Hudson is buried in the graveyard of St. Mary\'s Church in Glenville in County Cork, along with other members of the Hudson family including his son Henry Philerin Hudson, the composer and collector of ancient Irish music.
It was Hudson\'s wish that when buried, his grave in the small churchyard at Glenville would be covered by:
: \"a hollow cone or Pyramid \[\...\] for the purporse of performing therein my invented experiments on the Pendulum for elucidating the Phenomena and motions of Comets, Planets and Satellites; also my new theory of the Pendulum and that of falling bodies & many other things \[\...\]\"
Sadly, such a cone was never built, and the £500 left for this purpose must have gone to an alternative use.
## Published works {#published_works}
- Hudson, Edward (anonymous --- dedication signed \"A Patrician\"; (1788). *Ode on St Cecilia's Birthday*, J. Jones, Dublin
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# Bothey
**Bothey** (`{{IPA|fr|bɔtɛ}}`{=mediawiki}; *Bôtè*) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Gembloux, located in the province of Namur, Belgian.
Bothey was its own municipality until the fusion of the Belgian municipalities in 1977 when it merged with Gembloux.
## History
Along with the hamlet of Villeret, the village of Bothey and a stream that connected them, were on the extreme left wing of the Prussian army at the Battle of Ligny on 16 June 1815. Bothey remained in Prussian hands throughout the battle
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# Abraham Maimonides
**Abraham Maimonides** (*אברהם בן רמב\"ם*; also known as **Rabbeinu Avraham ben ha-Rambam**, and **Avraham Maimuni**, June 13, 1186 -- December 7, 1237) was the son of Maimonides and succeeded his father as nagid of the Egyptian Jewish community.
## Biography
Avraham was born in Fustat in the Ayyubid-ruled Egypt near Cairo when his father was fifty-one years old. The boy was \"modest, highly refined and unusually good natured\"; he was also noted for his brilliant intellect and even while a youth became known as a great scholar. When his father died in 1204 at the age of sixty-nine, Avraham was recognised as the greatest scholar in his community. Thus, he succeeded *Rambam* as *Nagid* (head of the Egyptian Jews), as well as in the office of court physician, at the age of only eighteen. (The office of *nagid* was held by the Maimonides family for four successive generations until the end of the 14th century). After his appointment, the family of Sar Shalom ben Moses (a bitter rival of Maimonides) attempted to undermine his power by falsely claiming that he attempted to Islamize the synagogue liturgy.
Avraham greatly honored the memory of his father, and defended his writings and works against all critics. Due to his influence, a large Egyptian Karaite community became Rabbinical Jews. Yemenite Jews are known to have maintained contact with Avraham while he served as head of the Jewish community in Egypt, sending to him some thirteen questions relating to halakha, to which questions he replied in his own succinct way.
## Works
Abraham\'s best-known work is his *Milhamoth ha-Shem* (\"The Book of the Wars for God\"), in which he answers the critics of his father\'s philosophical doctrines expressed in *The Guide for the Perplexed*. He had initially avoided entering the controversy over his father\'s writings, however, when he heard of the alleged burning of his father\'s books in Montpellier in 1235, he compiled the *Milhamot HaShem*, which he addressed to the Hachmei Provence. His principal work is entitled \"A Comprehensive Guide for the Servants of God\" (*translit=Kitāb Kifāyah al-\`Ābidīn*). From the extant surviving portion it is conjectured that Maimuni\'s treatise was three times as long as his father\'s *Guide for the Perplexed*. In the book, Maimuni evinces a great appreciation of and affinity for Sufism (Islamic mysticism). Followers of his path continued to foster a Jewish-Sufi form of pietism for at least a century, and he is rightly considered the founder of this pietistic school.
His other works include an exegesis on the Torah, of which only his commentaries on *Genesis* and *Exodus* are now extant, as well as commentaries on parts of his father\'s *Mishneh Torah* and on various tractates of the Talmud. He also wrote a work on *Halakha* (Jewish law), combined with philosophy and ethics (also in Judeo-Arabic, and arranged after his father\'s *Mishneh Torah*), as well as a book of *Questions & Responsa*, more commonly known as *Sefer Birkat Avraham*. His \"Discourse on the Sayings of the Rabbis\" - discussing *aggadah* - is often quoted.
He also authored various medical works
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# Elantxobe
**Elantxobe** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.
## History
The town emerged in 1524 as a fishing port. It gaining some importance in the 17th century as a defensive location on the Biscayan coast, which is currently used as a marina. Until 1858 it was a neighbourhood of the nearby municipality of Ibarrangelu. The town celebrates the festival of its patron, San Nicolás de Bari, on 6 December
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# Elorrio
**Elorrio** is a town and a municipality located in the eastern part of the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, in northern Spain. `{{As of|2017}}`{=mediawiki}, it has a population of 7,307 inhabitants. It covers an area of 37.20 square kilometers and it has a population density of 193.58 people per square kilometer. It holds the medieval title of Most Loyal and Noble Villa (*Muy Noble y Muy Leal Villa*).
Elorrio was founded in 1356 by the Infante Tello Alfonso of Castile, who was the 20th Lord of Biscay, near the elizate of Saint Agustín of Etxebarria (*San Agustin Etxebarria*; *San Agustín de Echevarría*). Historically, San Agustin Etxebarria was part of the medieval County of Durango, and Elorrio remains part of the comarca (local region) of Durangaldea. In 1630, Elorrio annexed Saint Agustín of Etxebarria, which today is a ward of Elorrio. Elorrio had municipal representation in the medieval Juntas Generales.
The town has been affected by its main economic activity: the industrial sector. It is also renowned for its rich architectural heritage, being listed as a Conjunto histórico by the Ministry of Culture.
## Toponymy
In the Basque language, *elorrio* is the word for the red fruit (haw) of the common hawthorn. The Basque word *elorri* means \"hawthorn\". The coat of arms of the town shows a hawthorn. Colloquially, the town was called *Elorrixo* in Basque.
## History
The Argiñeta tombs that today lie just outside the town of Elorrio are both pre-Christian and Christian (the earliest date of the latter is recorded as 893). In 1053, the San Agustín de Etxebarria monastery was founded, which in time was renovated and eventually became present-day church (an example of Gothic architecture). In 1356, Don Tello, Lord of Biscay, officially created Elorrio (through a foundational charter) on the land where the monastery stood, as a means of creating a town to defend his borders against invasion from neighboring Gipuzkoa. In 1468 the town was the site of a major battle between warring clan factions in the Basque Country (the Oñacinos and the Gamboinos). However, incidents of this type decreased, and between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries, the town\'s fortunes grew, gaining renown for its iron-forges, and especially the production of lances.
As a result of this economic expansion, a number of important buildings were constructed (mostly during the sixteenth century) that are today considered monuments of significant historical and architectural importance. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Elorrio, although it remained a predominantly rural town, became a tourist destination, as people visited the locality to attend one of its two well-known spas. After the Spanish Civil War, Elorrio went through a period of industrialization, with a number of small, family firms and worker cooperative enterprises emerging. In 1964, the whole town was the first one in Biscay to be declared a Centre of Historical and Artistic Importance. Its population, which grew from 3,500 in 1950 to 8,000 in 1981, currently (2004 records) numbers just over 7,000 people.
## Geography
Elorrio is located at the easternmost point of Biscay, in the *comarca* of Durangaldea, northern Spain. It limits at north with Berriz and Zaldibar at northwest with Abadiño, at west with Atxondo, at east with the province of Gipuzkoa and at south with the province of Álava.
The town is surrounded by various mountains, such as Intxorta (797m) and Udalatx (1092m), and is traversed by the Zumelegi river that, after joining the River Arrazola in Atxondo, goes on to form the Ibaizabal river.
The town is situated 39 km from the provincial capital of Bilbao.
## Demographics
The National Institute of Statistics estimates that the population of Elorrio was 7,372 in 2019.
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# Elorrio
## Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on the industrial activity. Nonetheless, the farming activities still have relevance in the area. Most of the rural exploitations are based on beef and milk production and, in less numbers, the exploitation of pines.
The most important economical activity in the area is the industry; Elorrio is home for several industries of metal processing.
## Transport
The only mean of transport is by road; the BI-634 road crosses the town and connects it with Durango, capital city of the *comarca*, and Arrasate-Mondragón in the province of Gipuzkoa. In Durango the road connects with the AP-8 highway to Bilbao and Donostia-San Sebastián while in Arrasate-Mondragón it connects to the AP-1 highway to Eibar and Vitoria-Gasteiz. From Elorrio starts the BI-2632 road to Bergara and Elgeta (both in Gipuzkoa) and the BI-3321 road to Berriz.
Two lines of the Bizkaibus network have stations in Elorrio; the lines A3923 and A3914. Elorrio then has buses to Bilbao every hour and to Durango and other lesser municipalities every 30 minutes.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Aniceto Sagastizabal, born in 1940 and using the name \'Gasti\', had a successful career as a professional player of the Basque sport Cesta Punta (known as Jai Alai in the U.S.) from the mid-1950s thru the early 1980s in Spain, Italy, Mexico and the United States.
- Saint Balendin Berrio-Otxoa (Valentín de Berrio-Ochoa in Spanish), one of the Vietnamese Martyrs, was born in Elorrio in 1827. Ordained in 1851, he became a Dominican and was later sent to Manila and Tonkin as a missionary. At the age of thirty-one, he was named a bishop, but was later killed in Tonkin in 1861. He was canonized by Pope John Paul II in 1988.
- José Antonio Ardanza, born in 1941, was lehendakari or president of the Basque Autonomous Community, 1985-1999. He was the CEO of Euskaltel, a Basque telecommunications company, until his retirement in 2011.
- Alejandro Goicoechea, born in 1895, was the engineer who developed with José Luis Oriol the Talgo railway vehicle. He died in 1984.
- Anne Igartiburu, born in 1969, is a Spanish TV presenter and actress.
- Victor Maria Bereicua, born in 1954, is a professional Jai-Alai player, who used the name \'Elorrio,\' in honor of his hometown. Elorrio is famous for being the Jai-Alai player shown in the opening credits of the television series Miami Vice
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# Leon Knight
**Leon Leroy Knight** (born 16 September 1982) is an English former footballer who plays as a striker. A journeyman player, he has played for fifteen different clubs spanning five countries; England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and Greece.
Having begun his career with Chelsea, he spent time on loan with Queens Park Rangers, Huddersfield Town, Sheffield Wednesday and Brighton & Hove Albion before joining the latter permanently in 2003. Knight spent three years with Brighton, scoring 30 goals in 106 league matches. He was transferred to Swansea City in 2006 and had a loan spell with Barnsley before joining Milton Keynes Dons and then Wycombe Wanderers.
Knight signed for Rushden & Diamonds in 2008, but left the club five months later when he was sacked for misconduct. Rushden retained his registration and would not release it to another English club unless they were compensated, which prevented Knight from playing in England for three years. He subsequently played in Greece for Thrasivoulos Fylis, Scotland for Hamilton Academical and Queen of the South and Northern Ireland for Coleraine, before joining Glentoran in January 2012. He was released by Glentoran in June 2012 after a probationary clause in his contract was invoked by the club.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Knight began his career as a trainee at Chelsea (where he made one appearance in the UEFA Cup against Levski Sofia), before spending loan periods at Queens Park Rangers, Huddersfield Town, Sheffield Wednesday and Brighton & Hove Albion before joining Brighton on a permanent contract in August 2003. During his spell at Huddersfield, he reignited the Terriers\' play-off push and formed an unlikely partnership with local hero Andy Booth, earning himself the nickname \'Neon Light\'. Unfortunately, he was sent off in the penultimate game of the season and was suspended for the play-off games. Although his transfer was initially free, £50,000 was to be paid if Brighton were promoted. It was Knight himself who secured Brighton\'s promotion with his penalty against Bristol City in the play-off final at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff in 2004.
Knight moved to Swansea City shortly afterwards and scored a hat-trick on his debut against Milton Keynes Dons. His stay at the Liberty Stadium was short-lived and he was placed on the transfer list in October 2006, due to a poor attitude. After a short spell on loan with Barnsley, he joined Milton Keynes Dons in January 2007. In January 2008, Knight signed for Wycombe Wanderers, just one year after joining MK Dons. On 19 August 2008, Knight\'s contract was \"terminated by mutual consent\", after he scored five goals in 20 appearances during his short stay with Wycombe.
Knight signed for Rushden & Diamonds on a three-year contract on 24 August 2008. but was transfer listed on 29 October, along with Lee Tomlin, Curtis Woodhouse, Andy Burgess, Phil Gulliver, Sagi Burton, Lee Phillips and Dean McDonald, after the club\'s poor start to the season. On 12 December, Rushden & Diamonds confirmed that Knight had been sacked after continual breaches of conduct between November and December 2008. Despite his contract having been terminated, Rushden & Diamonds retained the player\'s registration, preventing Knight from joining another English club until the term of his contract had expired, unless £30,000 in compensation was paid to the club. The FA confirmed and validated the retaining of the registration, meaning Knight could not play at any level of English football until the contract had expired. The contract had initially been due to expire following the 2009--10 season, but Rushden & Diamonds invoked a clause allowing them to extend the contract by a further year.
On 13 January 2009, Knight joined Greek club Thrasivoulos Filis on a six-month contract. He made his Super League debut on 25 January as a second half sub playing 20 minutes against Skoda Xanthi. Knight made only 2 subsequent appearances as a sub, his last appearance coming on 8 February 2009. Knight had not been involved in any game for the club in over 3 months and looked certain to leave Thrasivoulos when his contract expired at the end of the season. After his contract expired he went on trial with Major League Soccer side San Jose Earthquakes.
Knight joined Scottish side Hamilton Academical on 21 August 2009 and he made his SPL debut against Aberdeen as a second-half substitute the following day. He made one start and six substitute appearances for the Lanarkshire side. He was sent off for his role in a tunnel brawl after a win over Heart of Midlothian, having been an unused substitute during the game. Knight was later released by Hamilton on 14 January 2010. The next day, Knight joined Dumfries club Queen of the South until the end of the season. He made his debut in a 1--1 draw with Dundee on 23 January. He was released at the end of the 2009--10 season, having made six league appearances for the club. In September 2010, Knight was set to return to English football with Conference side Darlington after a successful trial, but his transfer was blocked by previous club Rushden, who had held onto his registration and demanded £30,000 for the deal to be completed. Knight responded by criticising Rushden & Diamonds on his Twitter account, saying that he has chosen not to buy-out his contract as a matter of principle. \"Rushden have said they don\'t want the money from Darlington, they want it from me -- I refuse to pay them out of principle. If I wanted I could raise the money and pay them but I don\'t want to give them the satisfaction.\"
The following month, Knight elected to continue his career outside England by signing for Northern Irish side Coleraine. He scored twice on his debut in a 2--1 win away to Glenavon on 16 October 2010. He agreed an 18-month contract extension with the club in January 2011, and finished the 2010--11 season with 15 goals from 25 matches. In June, he went on trial with Swindon Town, but was released after two days because of insufficient fitness levels. \"He\'s not the player for us. It\'s not his fault, we tried, but his fitness at the moment is not good,\" said Swindon manager Paolo Di Canio. \"We are not in a position where we can wait for a player to be fit, we need a player to be ready and fit in the next two weeks, to compete and challenge during the season.\" Two weeks later, Knight was transfer-listed and suspended by Coleraine for failing to appear for training and matches. He also breached club rules by stating his desire to return to England and play for another IFA Premiership club. However, a fortnight later, Knight signed a new two-year contract with the club. \"I said things about wanting to leave and at the time I felt it was right for me, but things change,\" he said. \"I\'ve spoken at great length with the manager over the last three or four days and I came back to him wanting to work something out. Agreeing a new two-year deal shows my commitment to the club and that I\'m eager to put the last few weeks behind me.\"
In January 2012 however, Coleraine asked Knight to either live in Northern Ireland or pay his own travel costs, as he was still living in London and had to travel over to Northern Ireland for each game, which was costing Coleraine £1,000--£1,500 per month. An agreement could not be reached, and Knight joined Glentoran on 30 January 2012. His stay at Glentoran was relatively short lived, as the club released him in June 2012 when they invoked a probationary clause in his contract after he allegedly made homophobic comments on Twitter.
On 21 August 2014, Knight sign for North West Counties League First Division side Barnton.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
On 18 March 2015, Knight was appointed Barnton\'s first team manager, also continuing to play for the club. On 15 February 2016, Knight resigned as manager of Barnton.
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# Leon Knight
## International career {#international_career}
Knight played for England at under 18, under 19 and under 20 level.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Knight was born in Hackney, London, to a Jamaican mother and St. Lucian father, and was educated at Raine\'s Foundation School, Bethnal Green, He has three sisters, and is the cousin of former Bolton Wanderers defender Zat Knight. He is the cousin of Grime MC Trim. Knight was a good all-around sportsman and a third dan black belt in karate as a child. He played schoolboy football for his school, the Hackney & Tower Hamlets District team and Senrab, and had trials with Charlton Athletic and Tottenham Hotspur before joining Chelsea as a trainee.
Knight\'s use of Twitter in May 2012 caused condemnation after he posted remarks opposing US President Barack Obama\'s support for same sex marriage. Knight was suspended by Glentoran on 10 May 2012, pending investigation into the aforementioned remarks. This later led to his release by the club in June 2012.
Knight\'s use of Twitter has also come under criticism, including in the national press, as he regularly engages in misogynistic tirades against women\'s football. In September 2018, he used several expletives while condemning the use of female pundits, thought to be in response to Alex Scott\'s appearance on Sky Sports during an England men\'s game against Switzerland, saying men and women were \"nowhere near equal\" and that female players \"can\'t kick a ball\". In June 2019, he came to public attention again for repeatedly making sexist tweets during the 2019 FIFA Women\'s World Cup. It provoked a response from West Ham midfielder Kate Longhurst whom he asked \"how many headers can you do?\" In response he then demanded a preseason friendly with a team made up of some his Twitter followers called Men United. Knight received no response from West Ham.
As of August 2014, Knight has appeared regularly via Facetime on the YouTube channel \"Filthy Fellas\" where he and fans of clubs Tottenham, Arsenal, Manchester United, and Liverpool discuss the events of the latest Premier League weekend.
Knight is engaged to his fiancé Natasha, with whom he has 4 children
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# Erandio
**Erandio** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.
## History
In 1415, during the War of the Bands, the *corregidor*, the royally-appointed governor of the Biscayan *hermandad*, acting on royal orders, siphoned off Biscayan wheat to the Asturias, inciting a rebellion. The Biscayans were defeated at Erandio with the loss of sixty men and the wheat transfers continued.
## Festivals
Several annual festivals are celebrated in Erandio.
### Patron saints\' festivities {#patron_saints_festivities}
The main festivals are Patronal festivals (*fiestas patronales*in Spanish) (patronage festivals, held in the days around the date dedicated to the patron saints under whose advocation churches and hermits are).
The local public holiday of the municipality rotates yearly on August 10, August 28 and the corpus Christi day.
- June 11, Saint Barnabas in Fano / Faoeta.
- June 13, Saint Anthony of Padua in Martiartu, Goierri.
- June 29, Saint Peter in Kukularra.
- July 3, Saint Tryphon in Arriaga.
- July 10, Saint Christopher in Goierri.
- Second half of July in Asua.
- August 10, Saint Lawrence in Astrabudua.
- August 15, *Andra Maria* (Our Lady Mary) in Erandio Goikoa (August 15, the day of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is a public holiday in Spain).
- August 17 and 18: Saint Mammes in Santimami (Saint Mammes\' hermit lies on the municipal border and most of the festival acts are held on Leioa\'s ground).
- August 29, Saint Augustine in Altzaga.
- First week of September in Enekuri.
- Third week of September in Lutxana.
### Other festivals {#other_festivals}
Erandio has also celebrated a street music festival called Musikale, with music bands marching and playing in the neighbourhoods of Altzaga and Astrabudua. Musikale had been originally conceived in the neighbouring municipality of Leioa. For some years it was held simultaneously in Leioa, Erandio, Basauri and Sestao, but the other municipalities dropped it, and in 2013 only Erandio organised it.
Other public festivals celebrated in September are the recreation of a traditional rural Basque wedding in Astrabudua, and *Erandio Magikoa* and open-air Festival of Magic held in different neighbourhoods.
## Transport
While Asua and Erandio Goikoa are just 3 Km away from Bilbao Airport, other parts of the municipality, like Astrabudua are more than 6 Km away. There is no direct public transport from Erandio to the passenger\'s terminal, though buses can be taken in the neighbouring municipalities of Loiu and Bilbao.
### Land transport {#land_transport}
Erandio is connected to other municipalities of Biscay (like Barakaldo, Bermeo, Bilbao, Derio, Getxo, Larrabetzu, Laukiz, Leioa, Mungia and Muskiz) by Bizkaibus bus services and by line 1 of the Bilbao metro, which has three stations in Erandio (Lutxana, Erandio, and Astrabudua), and by Euskotren trains.
### Fluvial transport {#fluvial_transport}
There are several bridges over the minor rivers, such as Asua, but there is currently only one bridge over the Estuary of Bilbao, formed by the Ibaizabal - Nervión river, the Rontegi bridge only for motorised vehicles.
There is a project for a pedestrian bridge, which will be called *All Iron Zubia* between Erandio and Barakaldo.
Erandio was also connected to Barakaldo by fluvial passenger transport over the Estuary, first by rowing boats, and since the 20th century in motorised boats, which were popularly known as *gasolino*. Regular fluvial transport service was interrupted in February 2024, due to economic difficulties caused by the rise of fuel prices and the competence of land public transport, though private boats are occasionally hired for leisure travel along the estuary.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Ramon Rubial (1906--1999), politician
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# Bukit Timah Hill
**Bukit Timah Hill** is the highest natural peak in Singapore. It is located in Bukit Panjang rather than its namesake district and its altitude is 164 m above sea level.
## Altitude
The hill\'s 164 m altitude makes it the highest natural peak in Singapore. The highest *point* in Singapore, however, is the 284 m Guoco Tower, one of scores of buildings taller than the hill.
## Location and accessibility {#location_and_accessibility}
The hill is located in the Nature Reserve subzone of Bukit Panjang rather than its namesake district of Bukit Timah, near the geographical centre of Singapore. It is accessible via Hillview MRT station on the Downtown MRT line. The hill is now protected as part of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, which has been classified as an ASEAN Heritage Park. The hill\'s paved maintenance road (leading to the hill\'s pair of 60 m VHF steel lattice radio masts built in the 1960s), is not open to the public. Public access is provided by several walking trails.
## Climate
Bukit Timah Hill features a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen *Af*) and has a mix of both wet and dry seasons.
Due to its low to moderate elevation, the weather is slightly cooler than the rest of Singapore and strong winds sometimes occur at the peak. The daily temperature range is between 21 --.
The dry season runs from April to August, during which, there is generally less rainfall and warmer temperatures. The wet season runs from September to March, during which, there is more frequent rainfall and cooler temperatures.
The average annual rainfall is 2810 mm. The average annual daily mean temperature is 26.4 °C. The coolest month is January, where the average daily mean temperature is 25.6 °C. The minimum temperature may dip below 20.8 °C during rainy days in January. The warmest month is July, with an average daily mean temperature of 28.3 °C
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# Crazy People Rock
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# Ermua
**Ermua** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. In 2019, Ermua had 15,880 inhabitants.
Ermua is a town in the Durangaldea comarca of the province of Biscay in northern Spain. It is situated in a steep-sided valley beside the Río Ego, a tributary of the Deba River. Because of the steep, irregular terrain, building space is limited, and Ermua is one of the most densely populated towns in the Basque country. To the north of Ermua lies the municipality of Mallabia, to the east lies Eibar and to the south lies Zaldibar.
Eibar is a larger town which lies just across the provincial border, in the province of Gipuzkoa, the two towns forming a single urban area. Ermua has grown greatly in size during the 1960s and 1970s and acts as a dormitory town to Eibar, both of them being industrial towns. Ermua and Eibar are linked by the N-634 and share a common exit from the Autopista AP-8 (AP-8), the toll road that crosses the Basque Country, and connects Bilbao with the French border. Ermua and Eibar are also connected by the narrow gauge railway that runs from Bilbao to San Sebastián. Historic buildings in Ermua include the Church of Santiago Apóstol, an unusual Renaissance building with a fine bell tower, the Baroque Valdespina Palace, which is now the Town Hall, and the sixteenth century Lobiano Palace.
## Foro de Ermua {#foro_de_ermua}
On 10 July 1997, Miguel Ángel Blanco, a town councillor in Ermua, was kidnapped by ETA, the Basque separatist organization. ETA demanded that the Spanish government transfer members of the organization imprisoned outside the Basque Country to prisons in the Basque Country, and when the Spanish government did not accede to their demands, their hostage was executed. His kidnapping and death had a great impact on both Spanish and Basque society and sparked the formation of an anti-terrorism organisation, a peace movement known as \"Foro de Ermua\". It aimed to promote political and civil liberties but was limited in popular appeal, being handicapped by being supported by the Basque elite and Spanish nationalists
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# Rugby ball
A **rugby ball** is an elongated ellipsoidal ball used in both codes of rugby football. Its measurements and weight are specified by World Rugby and the Rugby League International Federation, the governing bodies for both codes, rugby union and rugby league respectively.
The rugby ball has an oval shape, four panels and a weight of about 400 grams. It is often confused with some balls of similar dimensions used in American, Canadian and Australian football.
## History
William Gilbert started making footballs for the neighbouring Rugby School in 1823. The balls had an inner-tube made of a pig\'s bladder. In 1870, Richard Lindon introduced rubber inner-tubes, and, because of the pliability of rubber, the shape gradually changed from a sphere to an egg. Both men owned boot- and shoe-making businesses located close to Rugby School. Lindon and Bernardo Solano started making balls for Rugby School out of hand-stitched, leather casings and pigs\' bladders. The rugby ball\'s distinctive shape is supposedly due to the shape of the pig\'s bladder, although early balls were more plum-shaped`{{Clarification needed|reason=What is a plum shape? Spherical?|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} than oval. The balls varied in size in the beginning, depending upon how large the pig\'s bladder was.
Around 1862, Richard Lindon was desperate to find a replacement for the pig's bladder and used an India rubber bladder, instead. India rubber was too tough to inflate by mouth, so, having been inspired by air syringes, he created a large, brass air pump to inflate his rugby balls. Lindon also claimed to invent the rugby ball and its distinctive oval shape but didn\'t patent his design for either the ball, the bladder or the pump. By the 1880s there were several manufacturers of \'footballs\' in England, all using the same process.
The size and shape of the ball was not written into the rules until 1892, when it was determined as follows:
`- Length 11 to 11 1/4 inches`\
`- Circumference (end on) 30 to 31 inches`\
`- Circumference (in width) 25 1/2 to 26 inches`\
`- Weight: 12 to 13 ounces `\
`- Hand sewn with not fewer than 8 stitches to the inch`
In 1892 the RFU endorsed ovalness as the compulsory shape. The gradual flattening of the ball continued over the years.
The introduction of synthetic footballs over the traditional leather balls, in both rugby codes, was originally governed by weather conditions. If the playing surface was wet, the synthetic ball was used, as it didn\'t absorb water and become heavy. Eventually, the leather balls were phased out completely. Polyester is used as backing material to hold the ball\'s oval shape, along with additional material for grips to enhance performance. The ball is stitched with polyester thread and coated with wax to make it more water-resistant.
## Rugby union {#rugby_union}
The rugby ball used in rugby union is a prolate spheroid essentially elliptical in profile. Modern footballs are manufactured in a variety of colors and patterns. A regulation football is 28 - long and 58 - in circumference at its widest point. It weighs 410 - and is inflated to 65.7 -.
In 1980, traditional leather-encased balls, which were prone to water-logging, were replaced with balls encased in synthetic waterproof materials. The Gilbert Synergie was the match ball of the 2007 Rugby World Cup.
Most of the professional leagues use Adidas, Gilbert, Mitre or Webb Ellis manufactured balls.
## Rugby league {#rugby_league}
Rugby league is played with a prolate spheroid shaped football which is inflated with air. A referee will stop play immediately if the ball does not meet the requirements of size and shape. Traditionally made of brown leather, modern footballs are synthetic and manufactured in a variety of colours and patterns. Senior competitions should use light-coloured balls to allow spectators to see the ball more easily. The football used in rugby league is known as \"international size\" or \"size 5\" and is approximately 27 cm long and 60 cm in circumference at its widest point. Smaller-sized balls are used for junior versions of the game, such as \"Mini\" and \"Mod\". A full size ball weighs between 383 and. Rugby league footballs are slightly more pointed than rugby union footballs and larger than American footballs.
Both the Australian National Rugby League and the English Super League use balls made by Steeden. Steeden is also sometimes used as a noun to describe the ball itself
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# Errigoiti
**Errigoiti** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.
## Composition
Errigoitia municipality consists of several neighborhoods. It has the peculiarity that the parish church is located outside the urban core, near the cemetery. The old school and the shrine of San Antonio and some villages, form the Eleizalde neighborhood
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# Alexandra Carter
**Alexandra Carter** (born April 27, 1987) is a Canadian former actress who worked with Ocean Productions of Vancouver, British Columbia. Best known for her cute and nerdy characters, she was usually cast in the roles of children. Her last credited role was in 2012, doing a voice for the video game *Sins of a Solar Empire: Rebellion*. By 2013, if not earlier, she was working as a physician assistant.
Her roles include Aoi Housen in *Infinite Ryvius*, Sapphire in *Trollz*, Magma in *X-Men: Evolution*, Princess Graciella in *Barbie: A Fairy Secret*, Rosy in *Hamtaro*, Nana in *Meltylancer*, Nicole Candler in *Sabrina: Friends Forever*, Yagami in *Maison Ikkoku*, Paradice in *Ōban Star-Racers*, Momiji the Red Priestess in *InuYasha*, Kumomo in *Mirmo!*, and Twist in *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic*.
Carter was born in Alberta, and later moved to British Columbia. She graduated in 2005, as class valedictorian, in H.J. Cambie Secondary School in Richmond. Her sister, Adrienne Carter, is also an actress
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# Garuda Purana
thumb\|upright=1.2\|A page from a *Garuda Purana* manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari) `{{Hindu scriptures}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Vaishnavism}}`{=mediawiki} The Sanskrit text ***Garuda Purana*** (*Garuḍa Purāṇa*) is one of 18 Mahapuranas in Hinduism. The *Garuda Purana* was likely composed in the first millennium CE, with significant expansions and revisions occurring over several centuries. Scholars estimate that the earliest core might date back to between the 4th and 11th centuries CE, with substantial additions and modifications continuing into the 2nd millennium CE.
The *Garuda Purana* text, known in many versions, contains more than 15,000 verses.`{{Contradiction inline|reason=Article later claims (with the same source) that the verse count is 19,000 (traditional) or 8,000 (extant).|date=January 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Its chapters deal encyclopedically with a highly diverse collection of topics, including cosmology, mythology, the relationship between gods, ethics, good versus evil, various schools of Hindu philosophies, the theory of yoga, heaven and hell, karma and rebirth, ancestral rites and other soteriological topics; rivers and geography, types of minerals and stones, the testing of gems for their quality, lists of plants and herbs, various diseases and their symptoms, various medicines, aphrodisiacs, and prophylactics; astronomy, astrology, the moon and planets, and the Hindu calendar and its basis; architecture, home building, and the essential features of a Hindu temple; rites of passage, charity and gift making, economy, thrift, the duties of a king, politics, and state officials and their roles and how to appoint them; and genres of literature and rules of grammar. The final chapters discuss how to practice yoga (Samkhya and Advaita types), personal development, and the benefits of self-knowledge.
The *Padma Purana* categorizes the *Garuda Purana*---along with the *Bhagavata Purana*, the *Vishnu Purana* and itself---as a *sattva* Purana (a Purana that represents goodness and purity). The text, like all Mahapuranas, is attributed to the sage Vyasa in the Hindu tradition.
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# Garuda Purana
## History
According to Pintchman, the text was composed sometime in the first millennium CE, but likely compiled and changed over a long period of time. Gietz et al. place the first version of the text only between the fourth and eleventh centuries CE.
Leadbeater states that the text is likely from about 900 CE, given that it includes chapters on Yoga and Tantra techniques that likely developed later. Other scholars suggest that the earliest core of the text may be from the first centuries of the common era, and additional chapters were added thereafter through the sixth century or later.
The version of the *Garuda Purana* that survives into the modern era, states Dalal, is likely from 800 to 1000 CE, with sections added in the 2nd millennium. Pintchman suggests 850 to 1000 CE. Chaudhuri and Banerjee, as well as Hazra, on the other hand, state that it cannot be from before about the tenth or eleventh century CE.
The text exists in many versions, with varying numbers of chapters and considerably different content. Some *Garuda Purana* manuscripts have been known by the titles \"*Sauparna Purana*\" (mentioned in *Bhagavata Purana* section 12.13), \"*Tarksya Purana*\" (the Persian scholar Al-Biruni who visited India mentions this name), and \"*Vainateya Purana*\" (mentioned in *Vayu Purana* sections 2.42 and 104.8).
The book *Garudapuranasaroddhara*, translated by Ernest Wood and SV Subrahmanyam, appeared in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This, states Ludo Rocher, created major confusion because it was mistaken for the *Garuda Purana*, a misidentification first discovered by Albrecht Weber. *Garuda-purana-saroddhara* is actually the original bhasya work (commentary) of Naunidhirama, which cites a section of the now nonexistent version of *Garuda Purana* as well as other Indian texts. The earliest translation of one version of the *Garuda Purana*, by Manmatha Nath Dutt, was published in the early twentieth century.
## Structure
The *Garuda Purana* is a Vaishnava Purana and has, according to the tradition, 19,000 shlokas (verses). However, the manuscripts that have survived into the modern era have preserved about 8,000 verses. These are divided into two parts: a *Purvakhanda* (early section) and an *Uttarakhanda* (later section, more often known as *Pretakhanda* or *Pretakalpa*). The Purvakhanda contains about 229 chapters, but in some versions of the text this section has between 240--243 chapters. The Uttarakhanda varies between 34 and 49 chapters. The Venkatesvara Edition of the Purana has an additional Khanda named *Brahmakhanda*.
The *Garuda Purana* was likely fashioned after the *Agni Purana*, the other major medieval India encyclopedia that has survived. The text\'s structure is idiosyncratic, in that it is a medley, and does not follow the theoretical structure expected in a historic puranic genre of Indian literature. It is presented as information that Garuda (the man-bird vehicle of Vishnu) learned from Vishnu and then narrated to the sage Kashyapa, which then spread in the mythical forest of Naimisha to reach the sage Vyasa.
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# Garuda Purana
## Contents: Purvakhanda {#contents_purvakhanda}
The largest section (90%) of the text is Purvakhanda, which discusses a wide range of topics associated with life and living. The remaining is Pretakhanda, which deals primarily with rituals associated with death and cremation.
### Cosmology
The cosmology presented in *Garuda Purana* revolves around Vishnu and Lakshmi, and it is their union that created the universe. Vishnu is the unchanging reality called Brahman, while Lakshmi is the changing reality called Maya. The goddess is the material cause of the universe, the god acts to begin the process.
Like other Puranas, the cosmogenesis in *Garuda Purana* weaves the Samkhya theory of two realities---the Purusha (spirit) and Prakriti (matter), the masculine and feminine---presented as interdependent, each playing a different but essential role to create the observed universe. Goddess Lakshmi is the creative power of Prakriti, the cosmic seed and the source of creation. God Vishnu is the substance of Purusha, the soul and the constant. Pintchman states that the masculine and the feminine are presented by the *Garuda Purana* as inseparable aspects of the same divine, metaphysical truth Brahman.
Madan states that the *Garuda Purana* elaborates the repeatedly found theme in Hindu religious thought that the living body is a microcosm of the universe, governed by the same laws and made out of the same substances. All the gods are inside the human body; what is outside the body is present within it as well. Body and cosmos, states Madan, are equated in this theme. Vishnu is presented by the text as the supreme soul within the body.
### Deity worship {#deity_worship}
The text describes Vishnu, Vaishnava festivals and *puja* (worship), and offers *mahatmya* (a pilgrimage tour guide) to Vishnu-related sacred places. However, the *Garuda Purana* also includes significant sections with reverence for Shaiva, Shakti, and Smarta traditions, including the Panchayatana puja of Vishnu, Shiva, Durga, Surya (Sun), and Ganesha.
### Features of a temple {#features_of_a_temple}
The *Garuda Purana* includes chapters on the architecture and design of a temple. It describes recommended layouts and dimensional ratios for design and construction.
In the first design, it recommends that a plot of ground should be divided into a grid of 8×8 (64) squares, with the four innermost squares forming the *chatuskon* (adytum). The core of the temple, states the text, should be reachable through 12 entrances, and the walls of the temple raised touching the 48 of the squares. The height of the temple plinth should be based on the length of the platform, the vault in the inner sanctum should be co-extensive with adytum\'s length with the indents therein set at a third and a fifth ratio of the inner vault\'s chord. The arc should be half the height of pinnacle, and the text describes various ratios of the temple\'s exterior to the adytum, those within adytum and then that of the floor plan to the *vimana* (spire).
The second design details a 16 square grid, with four inner squares (*pada*) for the adytum. The text thereafter presents the various ratios for the temple design. The dimensions of the carvings and images on the walls, edifices, pillars and the murti are recommended by the text to be certain harmonic proportions of the layout (length of a *pada*), the adytum and the spire.
The text asserts that temples exist in many thematic forms. These include the *bairaja* (rectangle themed), *puspakaksa* (quadrilateral themed), *kailasha* (circular themed), *malikahvaya* (segments of sphere themed), and *tripistapam* (octagon themed). The text claims these five themes create 45 different styles of temples, from the Meru style to Shrivatsa style. Each thematic form of temple architecture permits nine styles of temples, and the Purana lists all 45 styles. It also states that within these various temple styles, the inner edifice is best in five shapes: triangle, lotus-shaped, crescent, rectangular, and octagonal. The text thereafter describes the design guidelines for the *Mandapa* and the *Garbha Griha*.
The temple design, states Jonathan Parry, follows the homology at the foundation of Hindu thought, that the cosmos and body are harmonious correspondence of each other; the temple is a model and reminder of this cosmic homology.
### Gemology
The *Garuda Purana* describes 14 gems, their varieties, and how to test their quality. The gems discussed include ruby, pearl, yellow sapphire, hessonite, emerald, diamond, cats eye, blue sapphire, coral, red garnet, jade, colorless quartz, and bloodstone. The technical discussion of gems in the text is woven with its theories on the mythical creation of each gem, astrological significance, and talisman benefits.
The text describes the characteristics of the gems, how to clean and make jewelry from them, and cautions that gem experts should be consulted before buying them. For example, it describes using *jamvera* fruit juice (contains lime) mixed with boiled rice starch in order to clean and soften pearls, then piercing them to make holes for jewelry. A sequential *vitanapatti* method of cleaning, states the text---wherein the pearls are cleaned with hot water, wine, and milk---gives the best results. It also describes a friction test by which pearls should be examined. Similar procedures and tests are described for emerald, jade, diamonds, and all other gems included in the text.
### Laws of virtue {#laws_of_virtue}
Chapter 93 of the *Garuda Purvakhanda* presents sage Yajnavalkya\'s theory on laws of virtue. The text asserts that knowledge is condensed in the Vedas, in texts of different schools of philosophy such as *Nyaya* and *Mimamsa*, in the *Shastras* on dharma, on making money and temporal sciences written by 14 holy sages. Thereafter, through Yajnavalkya, the text presents its laws of virtue. The first one it lists is *dāna* (charity), which it defines as:
The text similarly discusses the following virtues---right conduct, *damah* (self-restraint), *ahimsa* (non-killing, non-violence in actions, words, and thoughts), studying the Vedas, and performing rites of passage. The text presents different set of diet and rites of passage rules based on the class and stage of life of a person. . In one version of the *Garuda Purana*, these chapters on laws of virtue are borrowed from and duplicates of nearly 500 verses found in the *Yajnavalkya Smriti*. The various versions of *Garuda Purana* show significant variations.
The *Garuda Purana* asserts that the highest and most imperative religious duty is to introspect into one\'s own soul, seeking self-communion.
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# Garuda Purana
## Contents: Purvakhanda {#contents_purvakhanda}
### Ethics (*Nityaachaara*) {#ethics_nityaachaara}
The chapter 108 and thereafter, present *Garuda Purana*\'s theories on *Nityaachaara* (नित्याचार, `{{Lit|ethics and right conduct}}`{=mediawiki}) towards others.
The *Garuda Purana* asserts: save money for times of distress, but be willing to give it up all to save your wife. It is prudent to sacrifice oneself to save a family, and it is prudent to sacrifice one family to save a village. It is prudent to save a country if left with a choice to save the country or a village. Yet, in verses that follow, it says a man should renounce that country whose inhabitants champion prejudice, and forgo the friend who he discovers to be deceitful.
The text cautions against application of knowledge which is wedded to meanness, against pursuit of physical beauty without ennobling mind, and against making friends with those who abandon their dear ones in adversity. It is the nature of all living beings to pursue one\'s own self-interest. Yet, do not acquire wealth through vicious means or by bowing down to your enemies.
The text also asserts that: men of excellence live with honest means, are true to their wives, pass their time in intellectual pursuits and are hospitable to newcomers. Eternal are the rewards when one weds one\'s knowledge with noble nature, deep is the friendship roused by connection of the soul. The discussion on ethics is mixed in other chapters.
### Good government {#good_government}
Governance is part of the \'Neeti Shaastra\' section of the *Garuda Purana*, and this section influenced later Indian texts on politics and economy.
The Purvakhanda, from chapter 111 onwards, describes the characteristics of a good king and good government. Dharma should guide the king, the rule should be based on truth and justice, and he must protect the country from foreign invaders. Taxation should be bearable, never cause hardship on the merchants or taxpayers, and should be similar in style to one used by the florist who harvests a few flowers without uprooting the plants and while sustaining the future crops. A good government advances order and prosperity for all.
A stable king is one whose kingdom is prosperous, whose treasury is full, and who never chastises his ministers or servants. He secures services from the qualified, honest and virtuous, rejects the incapable, wicked and malicious, states chapter 113. A good government collects taxes like a bee collecting honey from all the flowers when ready and without draining any flower.
### Medicine (*Dhanvantari Samhita*) {#medicine_dhanvantari_samhita}
Chapters 146--218 of the Purvakhanda present the *Dhanvantari Samhita*, its treatise on medicine. The opening verses assert that the text describes the pathology, pathogeny, and symptoms of all diseases studied by ancient sages, in terms of its causes, incubation stage, manifestation in full form, amelioration, location, diagnosis, and treatment.
Parts of the pathology and medicine-related chapters of *Garuda Purana*, states Ludo Rocher, are similar to *Nidanasthana* of Vagbhata\'s *Astangahridaya*, and these two may be different manuscript recensions of the same underlying but now lost text. Susmita Pande states that other chapters of *Garuda Purana*, such as those on nutrition and diet to prevent diseases, are similar to those found in the more ancient Hindu text *Sushruta Samhita*.
The text includes various lists of diseases, agricultural products, herbs, and formulations with claims to medicinal value. For example, chapters 202 and 227 of the Purvakhanda list Sanskrit names of over 450 plants and herbs, along with claims to their nutritional or medicinal value.
Veterinary science
The chapter 201 of the text presents veterinary diseases of horses and their treatment. The verses describe various types of ulcers and cutaneous infections in horses, and 42 herbs for veterinary care formulations.
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# Garuda Purana
## Contents: Purvakhanda {#contents_purvakhanda}
### Yoga (*Brahma Gita*) {#yoga_brahma_gita}
The last ten chapters of the Purvakhanda are dedicated to Yoga, and are sometimes referred to as the *Brahma Gita*. This section is notable for references to Hindu deity Dattatreya as the guru of Ashtang (eight-limbed) Yoga.
The text describes a variety of asanas (postures), then adds that the postures are means, not the goal. The goal of Yoga is meditation, *samadhi*, and self-knowledge.
Ian Whicher states that the *Garuda Purana* in chapter 229 recommends using *saguna* Vishnu (with form like a murti) in the early stages of Yoga meditation to help concentration and draw in one\'s attention with the help of the gross form of the object. After this has been mastered, states the text, the meditation should shift from *saguna* to *nirguna*, unto the subtle, abstract formless Vishnu within, with the help of a guru (teacher). These ideas of *Garuda Purana* were influential, and were cited by later texts such as in verse 3.3 of the 17th-century *Arthabodhini*.
## Contents: Pretakhanda {#contents_pretakhanda}
The second section of the text, also known as *Uttarakhanda* and *Pretakalpa*, includes chapters on funeral rites and life after death. This section was commented upon by Navanidhirama in his publication *Garuda Purana Saroddhara*, which was translated by Wood and Subramanyam in 1911.
The text specifies the following for last rites:
The Pretakhanda is the second and minor part of *Garuda Purana*. Rocher states that it is \"entirely unsystematic work\" presented with motley confusion and many repetitions in the Purana, dealing with \"death, the dead and beyond\". Monier Monier-Williams wrote in 1891 that portions of verses recited at cremation funerals are perhaps based on this relatively modern section of the *Garuda Purana*, but added that Hindu funeral practices do not always agree with guidance in the *Garuda Purana*. Three quite different versions of the Pretakhanda of the *Garuda Purana* are known, and the variation between the chapters, states Jonathan Parry, is enormous.
The Pretakhanda also talks in details about the various types of hell and the sins that can lead one into them. It gives a detailed description of what a soul goes through after death, having met the yamaduta and the journey to naraka in the year following the death.
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# Garuda Purana
## Contents: Brahmakhanda {#contents_brahmakhanda}
Available only in the Venkateswara Edition of the *Garuda Purana*, the Brahmakhanda has 29 chapters in the form of an interlocution between Krishna and Garuda, on the supremacy of Vishnu, the nature and form of other gods, and the description of the shrine of Venkateshvara at Tirupati and other Tirthas there. While speaking about the supremacy of Vishnu and the nature of other gods, it criticises some of the Advaitic doctrines (like Upadhi, Maya, and Avidya) and upholds the doctrine of Madhvacharya\'s school; a distinctive feature which is scarcely observed in any other Purana.
The form and the contents of this section prove its later origin, a fact further substantiated by the absence of any reference to this section in other Puranas such as the *Narada Purana*
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# Leon Pryce
**Leon Pryce** (born 9 October 1981) is an English rugby league coach and footballer who played as a `{{rlp|so|wg|ce}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rlp|fb}}`{=mediawiki} in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s.
A Great Britain and England international back, he previously played for St Helens, with whom he had Challenge Cup, and Super League Championship success, the Catalans Dragons, Hull FC and the Bradford Bulls. He is a product of the Bradford Bulls Academy system.
## Early and personal life {#early_and_personal_life}
Pryce was born on 9 October 1981, in Bradford, to Jamaican parents. He is the older brother of Bradford Bulls player Karl Pryce. His son, Will, is also a rugby player. His cousin, Steve Pryce, has coached in Jamaica, and he is also the cousin of Featherstone Rovers player Waine Pryce.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Bradford Bulls {#bradford_bulls}
At age 16, Pryce captained the England schools side. Pryce came through the academy ranks at Bradford Bulls, after the club signed him from amateur side Queensbury in Bradford. Pryce played for Bradford on the wing in the 1999 Super League Grand Final which was lost to St. Helens. He made his full début for England against France in 1999, and has also represented his home county of Yorkshire.
Pryce played for Bradford on the wing in their 2001 Super League Grand Final victory against the Wigan. As Super League VI champions, Bradford played against 2001 NRL Premiers, the Newcastle Knights in the 2002 World Club Challenge. Pryce was selected for the substitutes bench in Bradford\'s victory. Later that year Pryce played for Bradford from the substitutes bench in their 2002 Super League Grand Final loss against St. Helens.
In 2003, Pryce received 120 hours community service for unlawful wounding, after attacking former Bulls\' fitness conditioner Eddie McGuinness with a glass. He played for Bradford from the substitutes bench in their 2003 Super League Grand Final victory against the Wigan. Having won Super League VIII, Bradford played against 2003 NRL Premiers, Penrith Panthers in the 2004 World Club Challenge. Pryce played at stand-off half back and scored a try in Bradford\'s 22--4 victory. He played for Bradford on the wing and scored a try in their 2005 Super League Grand Final victory against Leeds, winning the Harry Sunderland Award for a Man of the Match performance.
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# Leon Pryce
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### St Helens {#st_helens}
After Bradford did not renew his contract in 2005, in 2006 Pryce joined St. Helens. One of the key issues in the decision was that he would start at stand off, a position Pryce has long coveted.
Pryce won his first trophy with St Helens in August 2006, defeating Huddersfield in the Challenge Cup Final at Twickenham. St Helens reached the 2006 Super League Grand final to be contested against Hull FC, and Pryce played at stand-off half back, scoring a try in Saints\' 26--4 victory. As 2006 Super League champions, St Helens faced 2006 NRL Premiers Brisbane Broncos in the 2007 World Club Challenge. Pryce played at stand-off half back in the Saints\' 18--14 victory. He went on to win the Challenge Cup again in 2007 when Saints beat Catalans Dragons 30--8 at Wembley Stadium. He was a joint winner of the Lance Todd Trophy along with Paul Wellens.
In July 2007, Pryce was accused of squeezing Sam Burgess\' testicles. He was later found guilty of the incident and banned for three matches. That year he was voted rugby league\'s dirtiest player by *RL Weekly* readers. He was again found guilty of a similar misconduct, against Bradford forward Andy Lynch on 22 February 2008. However, he escaped a possible eight-match ban as the disciplinary panel ruled the contact \"minimal\".
His success at the club continued as he helped Saints to a 26--18 win over Hull in the 2008 Challenge Cup Final.
He was named in the England squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup.
He was named in the Super League Dream Team for the 2008\'s Super League XIII season.
He played in 2008\'s Super League XIII Grand Final defeat by Leeds.
Pryce went with the England squad to compete in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup tournament in Australia. In Group A\'s first match against Papua New Guinea he played at stand-off half back in England\'s victory.
In 2008 Pryce was charged and appeared in court alongside Stuart Reardon on charges of assault and violence following an alleged incident at Reardon\'s estranged wife\'s house in Queensbury, Bradford. They were charged with using violence to gain entry and common assault. The charge of using violence to gain entry against both defendants was dropped after the prosecution offered no evidence. In March 2009, having been found guilty of common assault, the pair were given a 12-week suspended sentence.
He played in the 2009 Super League Grand Final defeat by the Leeds Rhinos at Old Trafford.
### Catalans Dragons {#catalans_dragons}
After being released by St Helens in 2011, Pryce signed for the Perpignan based Catalans Dragons for the 2012 season. The Stand-off made his début against Castleford Tigers in a 28--20 victory and was named Man of the Match. He went on to play 80 times for the French side and scored a total of 20 tries in the three seasons he spent at the club.
### Hull FC {#hull_fc}
Pryce signed for Hull in 2015. In 2016 he was part of the team that won the Challenge Cup at Wembley for the first time. At the end of the 2016 season, Pryce announced his departure from Hull after two seasons and 38 appearances.
### Bradford Bulls {#bradford_bulls_1}
Pryce re-signed for his hometown club Bradford ahead of the 2017 season, however the Bulls were liquidated in January 2017, casting doubt over Pryce\'s playing future. A new club was formed, soon after the old club was liquidated, and which Pryce signed for. The new club was kept in the Championship, but started on −12 points. After just 11 games Pryce announced his immediate retirement after a poor start to the season.
## Post-playing career {#post_playing_career}
After Pryce retired he set up his own player agency. His son Will Pryce plays for the Newcastle Knights in the NRL
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# Leon Pryce
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
After retiring during the 2017 season, Leon accepted an offer to coach League 1 side Workington Town for the 2018 season
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# Etxebarri
Echevarria}} `{{Infobox settlement
| name = Etxebarri
| official_name = {{lang|eu|Etxebarriko Doneztebe Elizatea}}
| settlement_type = town and [[Municipalities of Spain|municipality]]
| image_skyline = San_Esteban_Wiki_copia.jpg
| image_caption = Doneztebeko Eleiza (The Church of Saint Stephen)
| image_flag = Bandera_Etxebarri.png
| flag_link =
| image_shield = Escudo_de_Etxebarri.svg
| shield_link =
| nicknames = Etxebarri, Sanan, La Avenida, Abenida, Doneztebe, San Esteban, Etxebarriko Elizatea, San Antonio
| motto = {{lang|eu|«Zelai urdinean, berde koloreko haritza, <br/>berdez jantzita eta otso bi enbor ondoan zutik<br/>eta bere kopan gurutze gorri bat»}}
| pushpin_map = Spain Basque Country
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Etxebarri within the Basque Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]
| coordinates = {{coord|43|14|50|N|2|53|30|W|region:ES|display=inline,title}}
| established_title = Independence from [[Galdakao]]
| established_date = 1509
| government_type = [[Mayor|Alkatea]]
| governing_body = Etxebarriko Udaletxea
| leader_party = La Voz del Pueblo (LVP)
| leader_title = [[Mayor|Alkatea]]
| leader_name = [[Loren Oliva]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3.26
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 35
| population_as_of = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
| population_total = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_note =
| population_demonym = {{ubl|Etxebarritarrak|{{lang|eu|etxebarritar}}|''etxebarrian''}}
| timezone = CET
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = CEST
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code = 48450
| area_code = 34 (Spain) + 94 (Bizkaia Province)
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Saint Stephen|Doneztebe]]
| website = [http://www.etxebarri.net/eu-ES/Orrialdeak/default.aspx etxebarri.net]
| footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Etxebarri, Doneztebeko Elizatea** (*Etxebarri, Anteiglesia de San Esteban*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Autonomous Basque Community, in the North of Spain.
Since 13 January 2005, the name of \"Etxebarri, Doneztebeko Elizatea\" has been changed officially to \"Etxebarri\" to simplify the name. It translates as \"new home/house\" (*etxe* \"home\", *barri* \"new\"). Prior to the introduction of Standard Basque, the town\'s name was spelled *Echevarri*.
Etxebarri has an area of 33.38 square kilometres and a population of 11,563 people (2019), with a density of 346 inhabitants/km^2^.
Being so close to Bilbao (1.5 kilometres) has had a direct effect on Etxebarri. Until a few decades ago, Etxebarri was a small nucleus in which its rural population worked in industrial areas. Both the population and the industrial land increased considerably because of the congestion of Bilbao and the need for space for the installation of industries. Therefore, there was a significant increase in new population in the locality. In addition, since 2004, the Metro Bilbao underground train has reached Etxebarri. In fact, the threshold stipulated for the town in 2012 is about 10,000 inhabitants. It has a metro station of the Bilbao metro rapid transit service and a train station of the commuter rail service Euskotren Trena
| 489 |
Etxebarri
| 0 |
2,882,483 |
# Banff and Buchan (Scottish Parliament constituency)
**Banff and Buchan** was a constituency of the Scottish Parliament (Holyrood) between 1999 and 2011 when it was substantially succeeded by Banffshire and Buchan Coast. It elected one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post method of election. Also, however, it was one of nine constituencies in the North East Scotland electoral region, which elects seven additional members, in addition to nine constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole.
## Electoral region {#electoral_region}
Until the 2011 election, the other eight constituencies of the North East Scotland region were: Aberdeen Central, Aberdeen North, Aberdeen South, Angus, Dundee East, Dundee West, Gordon and West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine
The region covers the Aberdeenshire council area, the Aberdeen City council area, the Dundee City council area, part of the Angus council area, a small part of the Moray council area and a small part of the Perth and Kinross council area.
## Constituency boundaries {#constituency_boundaries}
The Banff and Buchan constituency was created at the same time as the Scottish Parliament, in 1999, with the name and boundaries of an existing Westminster constituency. In 2005, however, the boundaries of the Westminster (House of Commons) constituency were subject to some alteration.
## Boundary review {#boundary_review}
Following the First Periodic review of constituencies for the Scottish Parliament, Banff and Buchan has become the newly drawn seat of Banffshire and Buchan Coast for the elections in 2011.
### Council area {#council_area}
The Holyrood constituency covered a northern portion of the Aberdeenshire council area. The rest of the Aberdeenshire area is covered by two other constituencies, both also in the North East Scotland electoral region: Gordon was the constituency to the south of the Banff and Buchan constituency, and the former West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine was further south. Gordon also covered a small eastern portion of the Moray council area.
## Members of the Scottish Parliament {#members_of_the_scottish_parliament}
+----------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Election | | Member |
+==========+======+==============================================================+
| | 1999 | Alex Salmond |
+----------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 2001 | Stewart Stevenson |
+----------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 2011 | *constituency abolished: replaced by Aberdeenshire East and\ |
| | | Banffshire and Buchan Coast* |
+----------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | |
+----------+------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
## Election results {#election_results}
`{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish National Party
|candidate = [[Stewart Stevenson]]
|votes = 16,031
|percentage = 58.8
|change = +5.9
}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Labour Party
|candidate = Kay Barnett
|votes = 3,136
|percentage = 11.5
|change = +0.5
}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Liberal Democrats
|candidate = Debra Storr
|votes = 2,227
|percentage = 8.5
|change = -8.3
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Alan Buchan
|votes = 907
|percentage = 3.5
|change = ''New''
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Socialist Party
|candidate = Alice Rowan
|votes = 840
|percentage = 3.2
|change = ''New''
}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Scottish National Party
|swing =
}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Liberal Democrats
|candidate = [[Kenyon Wright]]
|votes = 3,231
|percentage = 10.4
|change = -6.3
}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Scottish National Party
|swing =
}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Liberal Democrats
|candidate = Maitland Mackie
|votes = 5,315
|percentage = 16
| 581 |
Banff and Buchan (Scottish Parliament constituency)
| 0 |
2,882,485 |
# Arcanacon
**Arcanacon** is a role-playing convention held in Melbourne annually. It is one of several Role-playing conventions of Victoria, Australia run through the year.
Arcanacon is the longest running role-playing convention in Victoria.
In 1983 the convention was held at Melbourne University. As well as a Dungeons and Dragons major, it also included the second ever freeform to be run in Australia, as well as Traveller, DragonQuest, RuneQuest and Call of Cthulhu tournaments.
1984 saw the convention at University High School and the major appearance of Syd the Arcanasaur, the convention\'s mascot. In 1985 the convention moved to Melbourne College of Advanced Education, in 1988 it moved to Collingwood Education Centre where it remained until 2013. In 2014 it moved to Melbourne High School, joining Conquest www.conquest.asn.au and Unicon www.unicon.asn.au at that venue.
Initially the convention was held in September, but it later moved to August and then to July, where it was run during the Victorian School holiday period. In 2001, the convention moved to the Australia Day Weekend (the weekend closest to 26 January). The move was in part due to a perceived change in the focus of CanCon (which is run in Canberra on the same weekend) from mixed roleplaying and wargaming to solely wargaming.
Although sections of the convention had been run with various theme over the years, at Arcanacon XII the convention itself started running an overall theme. In 2000 this theme became a part of the events run at the convention, and games in the theme were sought out to give each year a different feel.
In 2007, a short documentary about roleplaying was filmed at Arcanacan XXI for the Channel 31 television programme *Planet Nerd*.
## List of conventions {#list_of_conventions}
- 1983 Arcanacon I
- 1984 Arcanacon II
- 1985 Arcanacon III
- 1986 Arcanacon IV
- 1987 Arcanacon V
- 1988 Arcanacon VI
- 1989 Arcanacon VII
- 1990 Arcanacon VIII
- 1991 Arcanacon IX
- 1992 Arcanacon X
- 1993 Arcanacon XI - First Eleven
- 1994 Arcanacon XII - The Dirty Dozen
- 1995 Arcanacon XIII - Unlucky for Some
- 1996 Arcanacon XIV
- 1997 Arcanacon XV
- 1998 Arcanacon XVI - Sweet Sixteen
- 1999 Arcanacon XVII - Summer of the 17th Troll
- 2000 Arcanacon XVIII - Arcanacon 1800s: A Victorian Roleplaying Convention
- 2001 Arcanacon XIX - Arcanacon 2001: a roleplaying convention
- 2002 Arcanacon XX - Akenaken: Secrets of the ancient world
- 2003 Arcanacon XXI - anniversaries, birthdays and celebrations
Image:Arcanasour DSC00938.JPG\|Syd the Arcanasour Image:Arcanasour DSC00995
| 423 |
Arcanacon
| 0 |
2,882,491 |
# Octafluorocyclobutane
**Octafluorocyclobutane**, or **perfluorocyclobutane**, C~4~F~8~, is an organofluorine compound which enjoys several niche applications. Octafluorocyclobutane is a colourless gas and shipped as a liquefied gas. It is the perfluorinated analogue of cyclobutane whereby all C--H bonds are replaced with C--F bonds.
## Production
Octafluorocyclobutane is produced by the dimerization of tetrafluoroethylene and the reductive coupling of 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
## Applications
In the production of semiconductor materials and devices, octafluorocyclobutane serves as a etchant. It has also been investigated as a refrigerant in specialised applications, as a replacement for ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Exploiting its volatility and chemical inertness, octafluorocyclobutane may be found in some aerosolized foods. It is listed by the Codex Alimentarius under number 946 (E946 for EU). It is investigated as a possible replacement for sulfur hexafluoride as a dielectric gas.
## Gallery
<File:PFC-c-318> mm.png\|PFC-318 measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment ([AGAGE](http://agage.mit.edu/)) in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in parts-per-trillion.
## Appendix
Its critical point is at 115.3 °C and 2.79 MPa
| 180 |
Octafluorocyclobutane
| 0 |
2,882,492 |
# How to Name It?
***How to Name It?*** (1986) is an instrumental Indian-Western fusion album by Ilaiyaraaja. This was Ilayaraaja\'s first fusion music album. The album has musical movements that are dedicated to Tyagaraja, a religious musician and composer from South India (1767-1847) and the Western baroque music composer, J. S. Bach (1685-1750) of Germany.
One of the tracks is based on *Preludium in E* by Johann Sebastian Bach.
The song \"Chamber Welcomes Thiyagaraja\" was composed in classical guitar based on Kamavardhini Raga. This piece is considered one of the difficult pieces composed for classical guitar based on Indian raga.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"How to Name It?\" (7:22)
2. \"Mad Mod Mood Fugue\" (2:01)
3. \"You Cannot Be Free\" (5:31)
4. \"Study for Violin\" (1:38)
5. \"It Is Fixed\" (5:04)
6. \"Chamber Welcomes Thiyagaraja\" (5:49)
7. \"I Met Bach in My House\" (7:16)
8. \"And We Had a Talk\" (1:34)
9. \"Don\'t Compare\" (8:08)
10
| 158 |
How to Name It?
| 0 |
2,882,496 |
# Langeais
**Langeais** (`{{IPA|fr|lɑ̃ʒɛ|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Seshiru (Ltrlg)-Langeais.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. On 1 January 2017, the former commune of Les Essards was merged into Langeais.
## Population
## Sights
Langeais has a church of the 11th, 12th and 15th centuries, but is chiefly interesting for its large and historic château built soon after the middle of the 15th century by Jean Bourré, minister of Louis XI. Here the marriage of Charles VIII and Anne of Brittany took place in 1491. In the park, are the ruins of a keep of late 10th century architecture, built by Fulk Nerra (*Black Hawk* in old French), count of Anjou.
## Transportation
Langeais is served by the A85 autoroute
| 120 |
Langeais
| 0 |
2,882,506 |
# Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley (Scottish Parliament constituency)
**Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley** (Gaelic: *Carraig, Cumnaig agus Srath Dhùn*) is a county constituency of the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood, covering parts of the council areas of South Ayrshire and East Ayrshire. It elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the plurality (first past the post) method of election. Also, it is one of nine constituencies in the South Scotland electoral region, which elects seven additional members, in addition to the nine constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole.
The seat has been held by Elena Whitham of the Scottish National Party since the 2021 Scottish Parliament election.
## Electoral region {#electoral_region}
The other eight constituencies of the South Scotland region are: Ayr; Clydesdale; Dumfriesshire; East Lothian; Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire; Galloway and West Dumfries; Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley and Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale.
The region covers the Dumfries and Galloway council area, the East Ayrshire council area, part of the East Lothian council area, part of the Midlothian council area, the Scottish Borders council area, the South Ayrshire council area and part of the South Lanarkshire council area.
## Constituency boundaries and council areas {#constituency_boundaries_and_council_areas}
The Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley constituency was created at the same time as the Scottish Parliament, in 1999, with the name and boundaries of an existing Westminster constituency. In 2005, however, Scottish Westminster (House of Commons) constituencies were mostly replaced with new constituencies.
The rest of East Ayrshire is covered by the Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley constituency, whilst the rest of the South Ayrshire is covered by Ayr constituency.
Following their First Periodic review into constituencies to the Scottish Parliament in time for the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, the Boundary Commission for Scotland recommended redrawing the Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley constituency. The electoral wards used in the current creation of Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley are:
- Kyle (South Ayrshire)
- Maybole, North Carrick and Coylton (South Ayrshire)
- Girvan and South Carrick (South Ayrshire)
- Ballochmyle (East Ayrshire)
- Cumnock and New Cumnock (East Ayrshire)
- Doon Valley (East Ayrshire)
| 360 |
Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley (Scottish Parliament constituency)
| 0 |
2,882,506 |
# Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley (Scottish Parliament constituency)
## Constituency profile and voting patterns {#constituency_profile_and_voting_patterns}
### Constituency profile {#constituency_profile}
The rural constituency of Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley is a diverse and sparsely populated area made up of former mining communities, outlying suburban villages, fertile farmlands and coastal resorts. Carrick stretches along the rugged and idyllic Ayrshire coast between Ayr and Galloway, taking in Culzean Castle and the resorts of Turnberry, home to the renowned Turnberry hotel and golf course, and Maidens. The main population centres within Carrick are Girvan, which serves as the area\'s main harbour and the main town of the Carrick area, and Maybole, the historic capital of the kingdom of Carrick. To the north west of the constituency, are the former mining villages of Tarbolton, Annbank and Mossblown. The more affluent suburban villages of Dundoald, Loans, Coylton and Symington serve as commuter villages to Ayr, Prestwick and Troon. Cumnock, Doon Valley and Ballochmyle in the East Ayrshire section of the constituency housed the central headquarters of coal mining operations in the Ayrshire area prior to the industry\'s collapse in the 1980s. The area is predominantly composed of dispersed and deprived former mining communities such as Cumnock, New Cunmock, Dalmellington, Bellsbank and Patna. The Trade Union movement was particularly strong in the area during the 1980s and 1990s. Keir Hardie, who is regarded as one of the primary founders of the Labour Party, was active in organising a local trade union for miners in the area during the late 1800s,
### Voting patterns {#voting_patterns}
At Westminster, the equivalent South Ayrshire and later Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley constituencies consistently returned Labour MP\'s since the 1930s. The area was among the most reliable and safest Labour areas in Scotland and the UK as a whole, with Labour continually gaining the majority of the vote in most electoral wards in the constituency. On a local level, Cumnock, Ballochmyle, Doon Valley, Maybole, Annbank, Tarbolton, Mossblown and parts of Girvan consistently supported Labour, with these areas making up the majority of the constituency. Rural and suburban areas in Kyle and Carrick have been more supportive of Conservative candidates in the past - including Coylton, Dundoald, Loans, Monkton, Symington, Dunure, Minishant and Girvan Ailsa at the 2003 local election for South Ayrshire. At the 1979 UK general election the Scottish Labour Party - a pro-independence breakaway group from the UK Labour Party - polled second place in the constituency at just 1,521 votes behind Labour\'s George Foulkes.
Although the SNP have traditionally performed poorly in Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley they were able to secure the Scottish Parliamentary constituency in 2011 with a majority of 2,581 votes. In 2016 Labour\'s support in the constituency slumped, with the Conservatives increasing their vote share by 9.7% to take 24.2% of the vote, narrowly behind Labour\'s 27.4%, allowing Jeane Freeman of the SNP to increase Adam Ingram\'s initial majority of 2,581 in 2011 to 6,006 in 2016 despite seeing little change in the SNP\'s vote share in the constituency, however the SNP have performed very well in recent elections
At the 2017 council elections, the Conservatives formed the largest party across the South Ayrshire section of the constituency through Kyle and Carrick, with the Labour Party remaining the largest party in Cumnock and Doon Valley in East Ayrshire. Conservative Bill Grant went on to gain the overlapping UK Parliament constituency of Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock with a 6% majority at the 2017 UK general election. The SNP regained this seat at the 2019 UK general election.
In 2021, the area returned the third largest swing towards the Conservatives in Scotland, who overtook Labour into second place in the constituency. The SNP\'s majority in the constituency was reduced from 6,006 to 4,337 votes.
## Member of the Scottish Parliament {#member_of_the_scottish_parliament}
Election Member
---------- ------ ------------------
1999 \|Cathy Jamieson
2011 Adam Ingram
2016 Jeane Freeman
2021 Elena Whitham
| 652 |
Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley (Scottish Parliament constituency)
| 1 |
2,882,506 |
# Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley (Scottish Parliament constituency)
## Election results {#election_results}
### 2020s
### 2010s {#s_1}
### 2000s {#s_2}
`{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Labour
|candidate = [[Cathy Jamieson]]
|votes = 14,350
|percentage = 42.5
|change = -5.5
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish National Party
|candidate = [[Adam Ingram (SNP politician)|Adam Ingram]]
|votes = 10,364
|percentage = 30.7
|change = +13.8
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Conservatives
|candidate = Tony Lewis
|votes = 6,729
|percentage = 19.9
|change = -6.4
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Liberal Democrats
|candidate = Paul McGreal
|votes = 1,409
|percentage = 4.2
|change = +0.4
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Hugh Hill
|votes = 809
|percentage = 2.4
|change = ''New''
}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Labour
|candidate = [[Cathy Jamieson]]
|votes = 16484
|percentage = 48.0
|change = +0.1
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Conservatives
|candidate = [[Phil Gallie]]
|votes = 9,030
|percentage = 26.3
|change = +6.5
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish National Party
|candidate = [[Adam Ingram (SNP politician)|Adam Ingram]]
|votes = 5,822
|percentage = 16.9
|change = -9.5
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Socialist Party
|candidate = Murray Steele
|votes = 1,715
|percentage = 5.0
|change = ''New''
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Liberal Democrats
|candidate = Caron Howden
|votes = 1,315
|percentage = 3.8
|change = -2.1
}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Scottish Labour
|swing =
}}`{=mediawiki}
### 1990s {#s_3}
`{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Labour
|candidate = [[Cathy Jamieson]]
|votes = 19,667
|percentage = 47.9
|change = ''N/A''
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish National Party
|candidate = [[Adam Ingram (SNP politician)|Adam Ingram]]
|votes = 10,864
|percentage = 26.4
|change = ''N/A''
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Conservatives
|candidate = [[John Scott (MSP)|John Scott]]
|votes = 8,123
|percentage = 19.8
|change = ''N/A''
}}`{=mediawiki}
`{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Scottish Liberal Democrats
|candidate = David Hannay
|votes = 2,441
|percentage = 5
| 390 |
Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley (Scottish Parliament constituency)
| 2 |
2,882,524 |
# Duval High School
**Duval High School** was a government-funded co-educational bi-modal partially academically selective and comprehensive secondary day school, located in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
Founded in 1974, the school enrolled approximately 600 students in 2018, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom 17 percent identified as Indigenous Australians and 15 percent were from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; and the school\'s motto is Learning to Live.
In 2018 it was announced that Duval High would merge with Armidale High School to form the newly established Armidale Secondary College that will cater for approximately 1,500 students from Year 7 to Year 12. The installation of a temporary additional school at Duval High School started, in readiness for students during the transition period from January 2019. Construction of Armidale Secondary College commenced in 2019 and continue in 2020. Armidale Secondary College commenced in the new buildings in Term 1, 2021.
## History
The school sits at the foot of Duval Mountain, which was named after stockman John Duval, a farmer from Staffordshire, England who, following the break and enter of a property, was sentenced to death in 1825. Duval was transported to New South Wales and worked for Captain William Dumaresq guiding squatters to the north.
## The arts {#the_arts}
Duval High School is also recognised for the talent of students in the field of arts, particularly drama and public speaking
| 244 |
Duval High School
| 0 |
2,882,528 |
# Fiction (Yuki Kajiura album)
***Fiction*** is Yuki Kajiura\'s first solo album, containing remixes of her previous anime work as well as original songs. The Japanese edition features three bonus songs.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Key of the Twilight\" (*.hack//SIGN*)
2. \"Cynical World\"
3. \"Fake Wings\" (*.hack//SIGN*)
4. \"Fiction\"
5. \"Vanity\"
6. \"Red Rose\"
7. \"Canta per me\" (*Noir*)
8. \"Zodiacal Sign\" (*Aquarian Age*)
9. \"Awaking\" (*Aquarian Age*)
10. \"Open Your Heart\" (*.hack//SIGN*)
11. \"Winter\"
12. \"Salva Nos\" (*Noir*)
13. \"Lullaby\" (*Noir*)
14
| 84 |
Fiction (Yuki Kajiura album)
| 0 |
2,882,536 |
# König's theorem (kinetics)
In kinetics, **König\'s theorem** or **König\'s decomposition** is a mathematical relation derived by Johann Samuel König that assists with the calculations of angular momentum and kinetic energy of bodies and systems of particles.
## For a system of particles {#for_a_system_of_particles}
The theorem is divided in two parts.
### First part of König\'s theorem {#first_part_of_königs_theorem}
The first part expresses the angular momentum of a system as the sum of the angular momentum of the centre of mass and the angular momentum applied to the particles relative to the center of mass.
$\displaystyle \vec{L} = \vec{r}_{CoM} \times \sum\limits_{i} m_{i} \vec{v}_{CoM} + \vec{L}'= \vec{L}_{CoM} + \vec{L}'$
#### Proof
Considering an inertial reference frame with origin O, the angular momentum of the system can be defined as:
$\vec{L} = \sum\limits_{i} (\vec{r}_{i} \times m_{i} \vec{v}_{i} )$
The position of a single particle can be expressed as:
$\vec{r}_{i} = \vec{r}_{CoM} + \vec{r}'_{i}$
And so we can define the velocity of a single particle:
$\vec{v}_{i} = \vec{v}_{CoM} + \vec{v}'_{i}$
The first equation becomes:
$$\vec{L} = \sum\limits_{i} (\vec{r}_{CoM} + \vec{r}'_{i}) \times m_{i} (\vec{v}_{CoM} + \vec{v}'_{i})$$
$$\vec{L} = \sum\limits_{i} \vec{r}'_{i} \times m_{i} \vec{v}'_{i} + \left( \sum\limits_{i} m_{i}\vec{r}'_{i}\right) \times \vec{v}_{CoM} + \vec{r}_{CoM} \times \sum\limits_{i} m_{i} \vec{v}'_{i} + \sum\limits_{i} \vec{r}_{CoM} \times m_{i} \vec{v}_{CoM}$$
But the following terms are equal to zero:
$\sum\limits_{i} m_{i} \vec{r}'_{i} = 0$
$\sum\limits_{i} m_{i} \vec{v}'_{i} = 0$
So we prove that:
$\vec{L} = \sum\limits_{i} \vec{r}'_{i} \times m_{i} \vec{v}'_{i}+M \vec{r}_{CoM} \times \vec{v}_{CoM}$
where M is the total mass of the system.
### Second part of König\'s theorem {#second_part_of_königs_theorem}
The second part expresses the kinetic energy of a system of particles in terms of the velocities of the individual particles and the centre of mass.
Specifically, it states that the kinetic energy of a system of particles is the sum of the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the center of mass and the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the particles relative to the center of mass.
$K = K' + K_{\text{CoM}}$
#### Proof {#proof_1}
The total kinetic energy of the system is:
$K = \sum_i \frac{1}{2} m_i v_i^2$
Like we did in the first part, we substitute the velocity:
$$K = \sum_i \frac{1}{2} m_i |\bar v'_i + \bar v_\text{CoM}|^2$$
$$K = \sum_i \frac{1}{2} m_i (\bar v'_i + \bar v_\text{CoM})\cdot(\bar v'_i + \bar v_\text{CoM}) = \sum_i \frac{1}{2} m_i {v'_i}^2 + \bar v_\text{CoM} \cdot \sum_i m_i \bar v'_i + \sum_i \frac{1}{2} m_i v_\text{CoM}^2$$
We know that $\bar v_{CoM}\cdot\sum_im_i \bar v'_i = 0,$ so if we define:
$K' = \sum_i \frac{1}{2} m_i {v'_i}^2$
$K_\text{CoM} = \sum_i \frac{1}{2} m_i v_\text{CoM}^2 = \frac 12 M v_\text{CoM}^2$
we\'re left with:
$K = K' + K_\text{CoM}$
## For a rigid body {#for_a_rigid_body}
The theorem can also be applied to rigid bodies, stating that the kinetic energy K of a rigid body, as viewed by an observer fixed in some inertial reference frame N, can be written as:
$^{N}K = \frac{1}{2} m \cdot {^N\mathbf{\bar{v}}} \cdot {^N\mathbf{\bar{v}}} + \frac{1}{2} {^N\!\mathbf{\bar{H}}} \cdot ^{N}{\!\!\mathbf{\omega}}^R$
where ${m}$ is the mass of the rigid body; ${^N\mathbf{\bar{v}}}$ is the velocity of the center of mass of the rigid body, as viewed by an observer fixed in an inertial frame N; ${^N\!\mathbf{\bar{H}}}$ is the angular momentum of the rigid body about the center of mass, also taken in the inertial frame N; and $^{N}{\!\!\mathbf{\omega}}^R$ is the angular velocity of the rigid body R relative to the inertial frame N
| 563 |
König's theorem (kinetics)
| 0 |
2,882,546 |
# Etxebarria
Echevarria}} `{{Infobox settlement
| name = Etxebarria
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
| official_name = <!-- if different from name -->
| native_name = <!-- if different from name -->
| image_skyline = Etxebarria, casa consistorial.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Etxebarria town hall
| image_shield = Escudo de Etxebarria.svg
| image_flag = Etxebarria bandera.svg
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Spain Basque Country
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Etxebarria within the Basque Country
| pushpin_map1 = Spain
| pushpin_label_position1 =
| pushpin_map_alt1 =
| pushpin_map_caption1 = Location of Etxebarria within Spain
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Biscay]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Comarcas of Spain|Comarca]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Lea-Artibai]]
| seat_type = <!-- [[Capital (political)|Capital]] -->
| seat =
| coordinates = {{coord|43|15|15|N|2|28|38|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 105
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 18.1
| established_title =
| established_date =
| population_as_of = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
| population_total = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_demonym = {{langx|eu|etxebarritarra}}
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Spain|Official language(s)]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Basque language|Basque]]<br>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Spain|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 48277
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Spain|Dialing code]]
| area_code =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Jesús Iriondo
| leader_party = [[EAJ-PNV]]
| website = {{official website|http://www.etxebarria.biz/}}
| footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki} **Etxebarria** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 323 |
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| 0 |
2,882,551 |
# Infernäl Mäjesty
**Infernäl Mäjesty** is a Canadian thrash metal band, formed in 1986 and now based in Vancouver. They are best known for their debut album *None Shall Defy*, released in 1987. However, the 1998 re-issue by Displeased Records inspired them to get back together and they recorded a new album, followed by a European tour. They are still active
| 61 |
Infernäl Mäjesty
| 0 |
2,882,558 |
# Forua
**Forua** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, Basque Country, Spain
| 17 |
Forua
| 0 |
2,882,564 |
# Fruiz
**Fruiz** also known as Fruniz is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain.
## Place name {#place_name}
Fruiz is one of the place names of the Basque Country finished in -iz. Julio Caro Baroja defended that the names came from a proper name + the Latin suffix \`\`-icus\`\`
In the Basque area called vasconavarra Caro Baroja considered that -oz,-ez and-iz suffixes applied to the place names in antiquity indicated that the site had been owned by the person whose name was attached to one of those suffixes, being able to trace their origin from the Middle Ages until the time of the Roman Empire.
In the case of Frúniz, Julio Caro Baroja proposed that the name could come from a hypothetical *Furius* - a Latin word. If it is added the -icus suffix to the Latin word we get the word *Furicus*. From a very similar latin *Furunicus* we could reconstruct the origin of the place-name Frúniz. Furunicus might also be a son of Furious.
Fruniz was established as the proper name of the village, and in the early nineteenth century it was changed to Frúniz, after establishing the Royal Spanish Academy in 1763 which forced to use the Spanish accent. However, the name continued developing in the Basque language, losing the intervocalic -n-, a common phenomenon from ancient Basque, which makes the name end up like *Fruiz*. The current name of the town in Basque is **Fruiz** while the known name in Spain is Frúniz.
In 1994 the city council decided to formalize the Basque form of the name, and since then it has officially been called Fruiz.
## History
The origin of Fruniz dates back to the late eighth century, when Fortunio Fruniz won a battle against the Asturian in Asturiazaga, there he ordered to build a solar house. Their lands produced wheat, corn and beans. In 1781 it was established an annual cattle fair, which was held in the chapel of San Lorenzo. Nowadays it is celebrated on the second Sunday of August in the neighborhood of Aldai. The woods afforded good pasture for cattle fattening and abundant timber for the construction.
## Festivities
In Fruniz there are four main festivities that are celebrated:
- Festivitie - San Salvador
On 6 August the \"Big Day\" of Fruniz is celebrated, \"San Salvador\". A meal typically called \"Herry Bazkari\" is typically organized for all the people who want to join whether they are from the village or not.
- Agricultural-Livestock Fair
Agricultural-Livestock Fair is held the second Sunday of August.
- Sallebante / San Lorenzo
On 10 August it is celebrated the feast of San Lorenzo in the chapel located in the Barrio Andeko.
- San Miguel
On 29 September it is celebrated in Barrio Botiola the feast of St. Michael.
## 2011 municipal elections {#municipal_elections}
Four political parties presented to the candidacy to access the mayor: BILDU, EAJ-PNV, PSE-EE and PP. These were the results obtained:
- EAJ-PNV: 165 votes (5 councilors)
- Bildu: 98 votes (two councilors)
- PSE-EE: 5 votes (0 councilors)
- People\'s Party (PP): 5 votes (0 councilors)
These results showed that the PNV was the winner
| 537 |
Fruiz
| 0 |
2,882,577 |
# Galdames
**Galdames** (`{{IPA|eu|ɡaldames̺}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town, valley, and municipality located in the Biscay province of the autonomous community of Basque Country, Spain.
Main sights are Santa Maria Magdalena and Arenaza caves, both situated in Triano mountain range and the latter containing stalactites and rest of mining operations. The medieval Torre Loizaga is located in Concejuelo, which is now the site of a classic car museum.
## History
The town of Galdames was first mentioned in a document dating to 1214. During the Middle Ages, Galdames was the home of various important lords and their families. The towers of the local Loizaga, Atxurriaga and Larrea people bear witness to this.
The Council of Galdames claimed the right to be a member of the Lordship of Biscay, which it received in 1672. In 1740 the council separated from the Lordship of Biscay before rejoining in 1800.
During the First Carlist War, the followers of Baldomero Espartero burned the forests surrounding San Pedro Galdames. From the 19th to mid-20th centuries, the town prospered due to the mineral wealth located beneath the valley.
In 1946, a group of Maquis returned from the Cantabrian mountains to Bizkaia and constructed a sheltered in the cave of Uraiaga and the surrounding mines.
## Geography
The municipality of Galdames is located in the northeastern corner of the comarca of Enkarterri. It borders the municipalities of Sopuerta, Zalla, and Gueñes in Enkarterri; and the municipalities of Muskiz, Abanto y Ciérvana-Abanto Zierbena, Ortuella, Valle de Trápaga-Trapagaran, and Barakaldo in Gran Bilbao.
The municipality of Galdames is centred around the valley of Galdames, a WNW-ESE oriented valley which lies within the Basque Mountains. Notable peaks overlooking the valley include Pico Mayor to the northeast, Ganeran to the east, Luxar to the south, and Larrea to the southwest.
Galdames Creek flows north-westward through the valley before meeting the Barbadun River in Montellano. From there, the Barbadun River flows northward into Muskiz.
## Demography
Despite being located in the west of Biscay near Bilbao, Galdames didn\'t experience the same population growth that other municipalities in the area -- such as Barakaldo, Sestao, and Portugalete -- had during the second half of the 20th century. Contrary to regional trends, the population of Galdames declined significantly between 1920 and 1981 before stabilizing.
As of 2021, Galdames has a population of 831, which is only about 21.6% of its population in 1920
| 397 |
Galdames
| 0 |
2,882,582 |
# Gamiz-Fika
**Gamiz-Fika** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Gamiz-Fika
| 0 |
2,882,596 |
# Gatika
**Gatika** (*Gatica*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. As of 2009, it has 1,559 inhabitants. The historic Butrón castle is located in Gatika
| 39 |
Gatika
| 0 |
2,882,599 |
# Owen McCann
**Owen McCann** (26 June 1907 -- 26 March 1994) was a South African cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and journalist. He served as Archbishop of Cape Town from 1950 to 1984 (the first year as Apostolic Vicar) and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.
## Biography
Owen McCann was born in Woodstock in Cape Town, and studied at Saint Joseph College in Rondebosch, University of Cape Town, and Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome. He was ordained to the priesthood on 21 December 1935. In 1941, he became editor of \"The Southern Cross\", South Africa\'s national Catholic newspaper, and held this post until 1948; he again became editor in 1986, this time for a five-year period. He did pastoral work in Cape Town from 1948 to 1950.
On 12 March 1950, McCann was appointed apostolic vicariate of Cape Town and titular bishop of Stectorium. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 18 May from Archbishop Martin Lucas, SVD, nuncio to South Africa. Upon Cape Town\'s elevation to a diocese on 11 January 1951, McCann was appointed Archbishop of Cape Town, the first of metropolitan rank. Between 1961 and 1974, he served as President of the Southern African Catholic Bishops Conference (SACBC). McCann attended the Second Vatican Council, at which he was elected to the Commission for Bishops and made four written and four oral submissions in his own name and five written ones as president of the SACBC.
McCann was created cardinal priest of Santa Prassede by Pope Paul VI in the consistory of 22 February 1965, becoming the first South African to receive the red hat. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the August 1978 papal conclave, which selected Albino Luciani as Pope John Paul I, and the October 1978 papal conclave, which selected Cardinal Karol Wojtyla as Pope John Paul II. McCann was reportedly a supporter of Giovanni Benelli at the latter conclave, but still gave his praise to the newly elected Wojtyla. Cardinal McCann retired as Archbishop of Cape Town on 20 October 1984.
He died on 26 March 1994 at age 86, and is buried in the archdiocesan cathedral. President Nelson Mandela, in an official condolence statement on the following 28 March, described Cardinal McCann as \"one of South Africa\'s great sons\" and \"a man of great ability and wisdom\"
| 393 |
Owen McCann
| 0 |
2,882,606 |
# Journal of Molecular Biology
The ***Journal of Molecular Biology*** is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of molecular biology. It was established in 1959 by Academic Press in London. It is currently published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief was Peter Wright (The Scripps Research Institute) for the last 33 years. He has been succeeded by Michael F. Summers (University of Maryland Baltimore County).
## Abstracting and indexing {#abstracting_and_indexing}
The journal is abstracted and indexed in: `{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Biological Abstracts]]<ref name=BA>{{cite web |url=http://mjl.clarivate.com/cgi-bin/jrnlst/jlresults.cgi?PC=BA |title=Biological Abstracts - Journal List |publisher=[[Clarivate Analytics]] |work=Intellectual Property & Science |access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref>
*[[BIOSIS Previews]]<ref name=ISI>{{cite web |url=http://mjl.clarivate.com/ |title=Master Journal List |publisher=[[Clarivate Analytics]] |work=Intellectual Property & Science |access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref>
*[[Chemical Abstracts Service]]<ref name=CASSI>{{cite web |url=http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp |title=CAS Source Index |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |work=[[Chemical Abstracts Service]] |access-date=2018-07-25 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100310080057/http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp |archive-date=2010-03-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Current Contents]]/Life Sciences<ref name=ISI/>
*[[Embase]]<ref name=Embase>{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/solutions/embase/coverage |title=Embase Coverage |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Embase |access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref>
*[[EMBiology]]
*[[Index Medicus]]/[[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]]<ref name=MEDLINE>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/248023 |title=Journal of Molecular Biology |work=NLM Catalog |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] |access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref>
*[[Science Citation Index]]<ref name=ISI/>
*[[Scopus]]<ref name=Scopus>{{cite web |url=https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/17618 |title=Source details: Journal of Molecular Biology |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Scopus preview |access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki} According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 4.7.
## Notable articles {#notable_articles}
Some of the most highly cited articles that have appeared in the journal are:
- , in which Jacques Monod, Jeffries Wyman, and Jean-Pierre Changeux presented the MWC model, that explained the cooperativity exhibited by allosteric proteins, such as hemoglobin.
- , in which Edwin Southern presented the first description of nucleic acid blotting, a technique that revolutionized the field of molecular biology.
- , in which the Smith--Waterman algorithm for determining the degree of homology of DNA, RNA, or protein sequences was first described.
- , in which the nucleic acid and protein homology search algorithm known as BLAST was originally described
| 302 |
Journal of Molecular Biology
| 0 |
2,882,607 |
# Gautegiz Arteaga
**Gautegiz Arteaga** (*Gautéguiz de Arteaga*) is a town in Biscay, in the northern Spanish autonomous community of the Basque Country.
It is located on the right bank of the Urdaibai estuary.
Its most emblematic building is the Arteaga Tower, a medieval castle rebuilt in the 19th century for the French empress Eugénie de Montijo
| 57 |
Gautegiz Arteaga
| 0 |
2,882,627 |
# NetFlights
**Netflights.com** is an internet based travel company and part of Gold Medal Travel Group in the United Kingdom supplying flights, hotels, holidays and car hires. Established in 1992 as Airline Network, the company was privately owned 100% by Ken Townsley. In February 2014 the company was acquired by Dubai-based air service provider dnata, that is part of the Emirates Group.
Netflights.com won the Best Digital Experience in the Leisure, Entertainment, Events & Travel sector at the UK Digital Experience Awards 2014 and were commended in the Large Size Online Retailer Site of the Year category at the Online Retail Awards 2014
| 103 |
NetFlights
| 0 |
2,882,635 |
# Getxo
**Getxo** (`{{IPA|eu|getʃo|lang}}`{=mediawiki}) (Spanish: *Guecho*) is a town located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, in Spain. It is part of Greater Bilbao, and has 75,430 inhabitants (2023). Getxo is mostly an affluent residential area, as well as being the third largest municipality of Biscay.
## History
Getxo (formerly spelt *Guecho*) was a parish (*elizatea,*anteiglesia\'), originally a rural area, including a large beach at the mouth of the Estuary of Bilbao, centered on the little fishing village of Algorta. The parish council met at the church of *Getxoko Andra Mari* (Basque) or *Santa María de Guecho* (Spanish) (both mean Saint Mary of Getxo), not far from the headland called Punta Galea.
The town\'s coat of arms has an oak with two cauldrons chained to its branches and the motto *Kaltea Dagianak Bizarra Lepoan* (Basque for \"Who makes evil, the beard at the back\"). It is a proverb meaning that the evil doers look back, fearing revenge.
With industrialisation in the 19th century, some parts of Getxo evolved into residential areas for the rich bourgeois class. A residential area called Neguri (Basque for \"Winter Town\") came into being. The village of Algorta grew around the church of Saint Nicholas (San Nicolás) and the canalisation of the firth, provided for the colonisation of the beach, where a district called Areeta in Basque and Las Arenas (Spanish for \"The Sands\") was built. Near *Areeta / Las Arenas*, on the other side of the road to Bilbao, there grew a working-class district called *Erromo*, similar to the one that grew near Neguri: Neguri Langile. Finally, in the 20th century, urban development reached the rural areas of Getxoko Andra Mari.
Getxo, as well as the surrounding area known as Uribe-Kosta, grew rapidly in the last decades of the 20th century. While in the early 1980s the town had only 50,000 inhabitants, it has now more than 83,000. The surrounding towns of Leioa, Berango and Sopelana have also multiplied their population in the same period.
Getxo was hit by the Basque Conflict several times, with the town being the location of many ETA attacks. The deadliest of these was an ambush in October 1978 when three civil guards were killed and the most recent the car bomb attack on May 19, 2008. Many activists of the organisation have been born in Getxo, such as Arkaitz Goikoetxea.
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# Getxo
## Geography
It is located 14 km (\~8 miles) north of Bilbao, in the province and historical Territory of Biscay, in the community of the Basque Country, in the north of Spain. It has an area of 11.64 km2. It borders in the north with Sopelana, in the east with Berango and Leioa, in the south with Portugalete and in the west with the Bay of the Cove.
### Neighborhoods
The municipality officially encompasses the neighborhoods of Las Arenas, Algorta, Romo, Neguri, and Santa María de Getxo. But for the inhabitants of Getxo there is a more thorough division:
- Las Arenas: Las Mercedes, Santa Ana, Zugazarte y Antiguo Golf.
- Neguri: Neguri, San Ignacio.
- Algorta: Algorta centre, Alango, María Cristina, Sarrikobaso, Arrigunaga, Villamonte, La Humedad, Aldapas, Fadura, Ereaga, Usategui, Portu Zaharra / Puerto Viejo (the Old Port, the original core of Algorta) and Bidezábal.
- Aiboa
- Santa María de Guecho / Getxoko Andra Mari: Aixerrota, Malakate, Punta Galea, Avenida del Ángel, La Venta y Azkorri.
- Romo
The founding nucleus of the town of Getxo, the *\[\[elizate\|elizate or*anteiglesia\]\]\'\' is what currently is known as Santa María or Andra Mari, which was originally a group of country houses or \"baserris\" around Saint Mary\'s church.
Las Arenas and Neguri arose in the late nineteenth century as residential areas for the Basque industrial bourgeoisie. Neguri neighborhood is characterized by the palaces in which lived the elite of the bourgeoisie and where nowadays many of the people with more resources of Getxo live. The name of Neguri was coined by Resurrección María de Azkue, since previously it was called Aretxetaurre (before Aretxete). Neguri comes from the merger of two Basque words: *negu* and *uri* (winter and city respectively): *Neguko hiri*, *Neguri*, the winter city designed, as has been noted, for the Basque bourgeoisie.
The neighborhood of Algorta is the district of largest population of Getxo. The greatest expansion was in the 70s when middle-class families decided to find a more comfortable place to live rather than in the neighborhoods of the left bank of the Nervion.
Romo neighborhood was built in the beginning to house the working class, formerly separated by the train barriers from Las Arenas. Nowadyas is separated by Gobelas river from one side and reaches the traffic circle of Romo. Originally the district was shaped like a horseshoe. It borders the neighbourhood of Ibaiondo (which belongs to the municipality of Leioa), so much so that the road from the roundabout Romo until the bank of the estuary of Bilbao is the municipal border between Getxo and Leioa. One sidewalk belongs to each municipality.
The neighborhood of Santa María de Getxo stood longer as a mostly rural area until the last third of the 20th century. It still has several farmhouses, arable fields and pastures and but there are also many villas and houses built in the 1990s.
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# Getxo
## Historic monuments {#historic_monuments}
### Andra Mari Church {#andra_mari_church}
This romanesque church built in the 12th century took in the first inhabitants. This church suffered diverse reformations and the church that nowadays we can admire is mostly from the 17th century based on the Baroque period. Inside the church is a sculpture of the Virgin and her son.
### Aixerrota Windmill {#aixerrota_windmill}
This monument is the only antique windmill that nowadays still stands. The construction of the windmill was undertaken between 1726 and 1727 due to a huge drought and was focused on corn and feed production. The windmill, ones in lack of use, was set up as a home during all the 19th century. The name of Aixerrota comes from basque *Aixe* \"wind\" and *errota* \"mill\". The construction of this windmill was motivated due to the drought that was originated in Biscay at the beginning of the 18th century. It produces two types of flour: fine and ordinary. The first historic date make reference to the windmill property is in 1725. This land belongs to the small village Subyaga-Etxebarria. Nowadays belongs to a catering company and has been completely restored. Also, has a restaurant and an art gallery.
### Prince\'s castle or La Galea Fort {#princes_castle_or_la_galea_fort}
This military building was constructed in the 18th century to protect the commercial traffic in Bilbao. Situated in a strategic place, this fort is located along the bay. \"Galea\" derives from the French word *gale* which means \"cliff\". This fort also was named *\"Prince´s Castle\"*; it is an interesting example of fortification, being a unique model of military construction in Biscay. The situation in which it is located in the past was privileged, thanks to the cliff, people could guard enemy fleets and could see the fleets that approached. In 1740, the council ordered Jaime Sycre to create the fort as a measurement to reinforce the coast. The historic datum holds that this fort was never attacked. When the military fort was abandoned, lighthouse construction started in 1782. Nowadays the fort is a municipal property.
### Saint Anne\'s Chapel (*Santa Ana*) {#saint_annes_chapel_santa_ana}
In Las Arenas there are a number of buildings of the neogothic style in Biscay. By order of the Agirre family the chapel was built by Modesto de Echániz y Zavalla in 1864. Maximo Aguirre was a well-known business man that obtained lands in Las Arenas. Nowadays this chapel, is one of the best examples of neogotic in Biscay. It is located in an urban area, surrounded of little green spaces and in a peaceful place. In the construction of the chapel bishop demanded build a bell. The chapel is rectangular. Since 1864 to 1876 was the unique worship place in Las Arenas and nowadays belongs to Maximo Aguirre\'s family. Concretely it belongs to MS. Carmen Jauregui. Nowadays is not usually open and this chapel is used for weddings.
### Vizcaya Bridge o El puente colgante {#vizcaya_bridge_o_el_puente_colgante}
Located in Las Arenas it is the oldest bridge of its kind and it was designed by the architect Alberto Palacios y Elissague. It was built in 1893 with the purpose of communicating between both sides of the river and the municipalities of Getxo and Portugalete. It was made with the iron extracted from the mountains in the area and it is one of the main monuments from the industrial revolution, it is the main symbol of the region.
### Galerias de Punta Begoña {#galerias_de_punta_begoña}
This massive stone structure was built in 1919 as a continuation of Getxo\'s defensive wall. It\'s an impressive sight, though it\'s in a bad state of decay. Long-term restoration, however, is underway. And while it\'s not open to the public, free one-hour guided visits in Basque and Spanish are offered throughout the year, with some English-language tours in August.
These galleries and viewing balconies are of extraordinary architectural, visual and environmental interest. Their floor plan is irregular, following the outline of the Punta Begoña promontory on which they stand. A fort defending the bay stood on this same spot from the 17th century to the 19th.
The galleries were designed by architect Ricardo Bastida in 1918 in an eclectic but mainly classical style. They were commissioned by Horacio Echevarrieta, a renowned businessman, and their main function was complete the containing wall holding back the cliff below Atxekolandeta, the area on which the mansion of Echavarrieta family stood (this English-style mansion designed by architect Gregorio lbarreche in 1910, is no longer standing). The owner fitted out the galleries with various rooms and passages designed as a leisure area.
They are built in a blend of masonry, ashlars and concrete on a high sloping masonry base, and comprise three gallery sections at different heights, ending in terraces and balustraded viewing balconies.
## Administration
Getxo\'s office of mayor has been continuously in the hands of the Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ-PNV) since democracy was restored in 1978 ([Local Elections](http://www.getxo.net/castellano/udala/elecciones/getxo_elecciones_inicio.asp?MNU_Id=152)). Since 1991, the major opposition party has been the Partido Popular(PP). As of the 2019 local elections other parties represented on the Town Council are EH Bildu, the Socialist Party of Euskadi (PSE-EE), and the Elkarrekin Podemos alliance (EP).
Political party Votes \% votes town councillors
----------------------- -------- ---------- ------------------
EAJ-PNV 16 344 39,06% 11
PP 6 881 16,45% 5
EH Bildu 6 311 15,08% 4
PSE-EE 4 420 10,56% 3
UP-EA-IU-EQUO-Berdeak 3 334 7,94% 2
Getxo has five different districts, which serve administrative and electoral purposes: Algorta, Las Arenas, Romo, Santa María de Getxo and Neguri.
| 915 |
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| 2 |
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# Getxo
## Transport and tourism {#transport_and_tourism}
It is possible to travel to Getxo from Bilbao using the city\'s modern underground Bilbao metro, which has 6 stations along the neighborhoods (Areeta, Gobela, Neguri, Aiboa, Algorta, Bideazabal and Ibarbengoa). Getxo is also accessible from Portugalete, by means of both the *Vizcaya Bridge* transporter bridge and the regular fluvial transport over the Estuary of Bilbao. The Bilbao Airport in Loiu is twenty minutes away from Getxo\'s town centre.
Getxo has some tourist appeal with easy access to four beaches and to the regional economic capital of Bilbao. It has a yacht harbour, a golf course, and several sports complexes (both public and private). A dynamic, semi-autonomous Department of Culture organises many events on a regular basis, including several international music festivals given over to jazz, the blues and folk.
The town has many houses of architectural interest, including the Town Hall and several churches, as well as private dwellings belonging to members of the wealthy industrialist class of Biscay. The Old Harbour district of Algorta and several parks with views across to the bay called the Bilbao Abra are also worth a visit.
## Festivals
Several annual festivals are celebrated in Getxo. Some of them are *fiestas patronales* (patronage festivals, held in the days around the date dedicated to the patron saints under whose advocation churches and hermits are).
- Around May 15 (from May 14 to 18, in 2014), Saint Isidore the Laborer, in Andra Mari.
- From June 20 to 23, in Zubilleta
- June 24, Saint John the Baptist
- Near July 16 (from July 11 to 13 in 2014), Our Lady of Mount Carmel, in Neguri Langile.
- July 25 (Saint Jacques\' day, a public holyday in the autonomous community of the Basque Country), contest of paellas (a Valencian rice dish) in the fields of Aixerrota.
- From July 25 to 27, Saint Anne, in Santa Ana
- Around July 31 (from July 30 to August 2 in 2014), Saint Ignatius of Loyola, in Algorta
- From August 6 to 10, in Romo / Itzubaltzeta
- From August 12 to 17, in the Old Port of Algorta.
- Around September 24 (19, 20 and 21 in 2014), Our Lady of Mercy, in Areeta / Las Arenas.
- Around November 9, Saint Martin of Tours, in La Humedad, Algorta.
Getxo also has festivals for Christmas season. Several neighbourhoods of Getxo celebrate marches with Olentzaros (in Christmas Eve, December 24). And there is a longer Cavalcade of Magi through Algorta and then Las Arenas on January 5.
## Sport
Since 1924, the *Circuito de Getxo* (Getxo Circuit), a single-day road bicycle race, is held annually in July. Since 2005, the race has been organised as a 1.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour.
Every year one of the rowing clubs of Getxo organises a regatta of traineras called Flag of Getxo. Besides, other annual trainera competitions, like the Flag of Santurtzi, the Flag of Getxo and the Grand Prix of Nervión ara also held partly in waters of Getxo.
There are several association football clubs in Getxo. The most successful is the Arenas Club de Getxo football, which took part in the first ever national Spanish football league season, stood seven seasons in its First Division and won the 1919 Copa del Rey.
Getxo Rugby Taldea is the local rugby team and play in the División de Honor B, former players include a Danish rugby international.
Getxo also has other clubs for golf, Basque traditional sports, Basque pelota, skating, hitch-hiking, cycling, sailing, basketball, surfing, fishing, athletics, triathlon, rhythmic gymnastics, handball, futsal, chess, tennis, paddle tennis, horse riding, hockey, boxing, and other sports
| 612 |
Getxo
| 3 |
2,882,638 |
# Gizaburuaga
**Gizaburuaga** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Gizaburuaga
| 0 |
2,882,641 |
# Goierria-Ziortza
**Goierria-Ziortza** is a Spanish town in the municipality of Markina-Xemein, in the province of Biscay in the autonomous Basque Country
| 22 |
Goierria-Ziortza
| 0 |
2,882,645 |
# Gordexola
**Gordexola** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Gordexola
| 0 |
2,882,663 |
# Ibarrangelu
**Ibarrangelu** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. According to the 2019 census, it has 632 inhabitants
| 32 |
Ibarrangelu
| 0 |
2,882,667 |
# Sound as Ever
***Sound as Ever*** is the debut album by Australian band You Am I, released in October 1993 via rooArt Records. It was recorded at Pachyderm Studio in rural Cannon Falls, Minnesota, over eight days from July to August 1993 and was produced by Lee Ranaldo, (Sonic Youth) with Wayne Connolly as mixer and audio engineer. It provided three singles, \"Adam\'s Ribs\" (October 1993), \"Berlin Chair\" (February 1994) and \"Jaimme\'s Got a Gal\" (May).
*Sound as Ever* was a departure for Tim Rogers on lead vocals, lead guitar and organ; Andy Kent on bass guitar and backing vocals; and Mark Tunaley on drums, percussion and vocals. They are a back to basics, punk-influenced Australian rock band. Rogers described recording the album, \"Lee was the sweetest man in the world and continues to be so. Nirvana had just packed up after *In Utero* and we were the next ones in, this bunch of little yokels from Australia.\" Before the album appeared Tunaley was \"ousted from the band\"; he was eventually replaced by Rusty Hopkinson on drums.
## Reception
## Track listing {#track_listing}
The Australian track listing is as follows:
All songs: Rogers/You Am I (except where noted)
1. \"Coprolalia\"
2. \"Berlin Chair\"
3. \"Trainspottin\'\"
4. \"Adam\'s Ribs\"
5. \"Rosedale\"
6. \"Forever and Easy\"
7. \"Everyone\'s to Blame\"
8. \"Jaimme\'s Got a Gal\"
9. \"Who\'s Leaving You Now?\" (Kent, Rogers, You Am I)
10. \"Ordinary\"
11. \"You Scare Me\"
12. \"Off the Field\" (Tunaley, You Am I)
13. \"Sound As Ever\"
When the album was released in America, \"Off the Field\" was omitted; while \"Coprolalia\", \"Berlin Chair\", \"Trainspottin\'\" and \"Jaimme\'s Got a Gal\" were remixed by David Bianco.
## 2013 reissue
In 2013, You Am I reissued a remastered version of *Sound as Ever*, with a bonus disc featuring B-sides, out-takes and live recordings. The band also released the album on vinyl for the first time.
This 2013 reissue coincided with reissues for You Am I\'s subsequent albums *Hi Fi Way* and *Hourly, Daily*, which was accompanied by an Australian tour titled the *Hi Fi Daily Double Tour*
| 349 |
Sound as Ever
| 0 |
2,882,674 |
# Igorre
**Igorre** is a municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 21 |
Igorre
| 0 |
2,882,677 |
# Ispaster
**Ispaster** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. According to the 2019 census, it has 735 inhabitants.
## Prehistory
The first archaeological artifacts were found in the caves of Kobeaga II and Kobeaga I. The first, located a few kilometers away from the sea, a small group in Mesolithic dedicated to important activity settled as fishing. This settlement, formed by a population of men who fished Mollusca, was founded around 3500 BCE, according to the investigations made by Apellaniz in 1973. The second cave, Kobeaga I, located in the same area as the first, were used as a funeral enclosure during the Bronze Age. In this locality are in addition other deposits without excavating, such as *Otoyo\'ko Jentilkoba, Jentilkoba de Iparretxe* and *Urtiaga*. The first documented mentions of the municipality of Ispaster date from year *1334*, in an order of Alfonso XI.
## History
Ispaster is located in a coastal hill, alternating between low and sandy areas to cliffs. The first signs of human occupation are in diverse cavities where a small group lived on fishermen-recolectores during the Mesolithic. Others served like funeral enclosures from the Neolithic. At the beginning of the early modern period, a constructive explosion takes place that turns the municipality in Biscay\'s best equipped one in gothic-Renaissance popular architecture.
## Events
The Grand Prix Ayuntamiento de Ispaster is held in Ispaster
| 240 |
Ispaster
| 0 |
2,882,679 |
# Iurreta
**Iurreta** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Autonomous Community, northern Spain. Incorporated into the municipality of Durango in 1926, Iurreta regained its independent status in 1990. The traditional *anteiglesia* or town meeting system of local government was revived
| 51 |
Iurreta
| 0 |
2,882,684 |
# Izurtza
**Izurtza** (in Basque and officially, in Spanish *Izurza*) is an elizate, town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, Spain. Izurtza is part of the *comarca* of Durangaldea and has a population of 270 inhabitants as of 2010 and according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.
## History
As happens with most of the elizates, the origins and date of foundation of the town are unknown. According to the local tales, the tower of Etxaburu, which is located on a hill above the town, was built following the orders of the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius. The tower was afterwards destroyed by Henry IV of Castile and built again in the 16th century by Sancho López de Ibargüen. Also on this century the church of the town, named *San Nicolás Obispo* was built. Izurtza was part of the *merindad* of Durango, and it had voice and right to vote in the Juntas of Guerendiaga, where it occupied the seat number eleven.
## Geography
### Location
Izurtza is located in the southeastern part of the province of Biscay, northern Spain. It is one of the smallest municipalities of the province by extension. It limits at north and west with Durango, at south with Mañaria and at east with Abadiño.
Izurtza is situated between the Mugarra and Untxillaitz mountains and the Mañaria River runs through it. The road BI-623 that connects Durango with Vitoria-Gasteiz crosses the town from north to south. Izurtza is made by a small urban core surrounding the BI-623 road and farming houses scattered through the hillsides.
### Hydrography
Izurtza is located in a valley formed by the Mañaria river that originates in the hillsides of the mountains and later joins the Ibaizabal river.
## Economy
Historically, the economy of the municipality has been linked to the farming exploitations. Since the 20th century, the industrial expansion has caused the primary sector to lose its range as the main economical activity.
## Transportation
The transportation is based on road transportation by the BI-623 road, which connects the town with Durango, the capital city of the *comarca* of Durangaldea and only 1,5 km away. The same road by south connects the town with Mañaria and Urkiola and from there to Otxandio, Dima and the province of Álava. In Durango, the road is connected to the National Road N-634 and the highway AP-8 to Bilbao and Donostia-San Sebastián
| 402 |
Izurtza
| 0 |
2,882,687 |
# Kortezubi
**Kortezubi** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Autonomous Community, northern Spain. It has 444 inhabitants
| 25 |
Kortezubi
| 0 |
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