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# Lanestosa
**Lanestosa** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. It is a little municipality in the very west of Basque Country
| 35 |
Lanestosa
| 0 |
2,882,697 |
# Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
**Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra** (**BIT, Mesra**) is a government funded technical institute (GFTI) situated at Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. It was declared as a deemed university under Section 3 of the UGC Act. The institute was included under Section 12B of the UGC Act, 1956, in November 2023.
## History
The Birla Institute of Technology was established in 1955 at Mesra by industrialist and philanthropist B. M. Birla. The institute was affiliated with Patna University until 1960, and then with Ranchi University. In 1986 BIT was elevated to the status of a deemed university under section 3 of the *University Grants Commission Act, 1956*.
BIT was the first institute in India to set up a department of space engineering and rocketry, in 1964.
The Small Industries Research and Development Organization (SIRDO) was set up in 1970 to support small manufacturing enterprises managed by graduates of BIT. Companies created from this concept include Meditron and Alcast. This idea was recognized by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, which spread the concept to other institutes such as IITs, under the concept name Science and Technological Entrepreneurs Park (STEP). The first STEP was approved and located in BIT Mesra. The entrepreneurship development cell was founded in 2007 and is run by the students. For financial support, BIT set up the SIDBI Centre for Innovation and Incubation (SCII) by an arrangement with Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) to provide funds for a limited period of time to select new entrepreneurs, start up companies, and technology based organisations. BIT Mesra has a PARAM 10000 supercomputer at the core of its IT infrastructure.
## Campus
- Built up covered area exceeding 840000 sqft
- Golden Jubilee auditorium as well as a Mini auditorium
- PARAM 10000 super computer
- 100 Mbit/s LAN Connection in all BIT hostels rooms(1Gbit/s in newly built floors)
- R&D building housing computer and scientific labs.
- A three storied library. There is a separate internet facility inside the library in order to let students read IEEE and other journals
- Lord Shiva temple
### Central facilities {#central_facilities}
**Central Library** The Central Library was established in 1955. It has print and electronic resources in the fields of science and technology. The collection includes 10,000 online journals, 100 print journals, 113,000 books, 2500 CDs, 60 audiocassettes and 4000 project reports.
| 398 |
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
| 0 |
2,882,697 |
# Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
## Organisation and administration {#organisation_and_administration}
### Governance
BIT functions under the control of a Board of Governors, comprising representatives of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, the UGC, the State Government, the Chancellor, the A.I.C.T.E., the Hindustan Charity Trust and the Institute Faculty. CK Birla is the chairman of the board of governors. The governor of the state of Jharkhand is the chancellor of the institute. The Technical Council headed by vice chancellor decides the academic policy of the institute.
### Departments
BIT Mesra has the following departments
- Architecture and Planning
- Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- Centre for Food Engineering and Technology
- Centre for Quantitative Economics and Data Science
- Chemical Engineering
- Chemistry
- Civil Engineering
- Computer Science and Engineering
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- Electronics and Communication Engineering
- Humanities and Social Sciences
- Management
- Mathematics
- Mechanical Engineering
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
- Physics
- Production and Industrial Engineering
- Remote Sensing
- Space Engineering and Rocketry
### University Polytechnic {#university_polytechnic}
The University Polytechnic was established in 2001, as a joint venture of the Department of Welfare, Government of Jharkhand and BIT, Mesra, to impart Diploma level technical education amongst the youths of Jharkhand. Its campus is located close to the National Highway 33 in the vicinity of the BIT Main campus on the outskirts of Ranchi.
#### Deoghar Extension Centre {#deoghar_extension_centre}
In order to expand BIT further across the state, the Jharkhand government asked the institute to establish an Extension Centre at Deoghar, Jharkhand. A MoU was signed between the Institute and the Government of Jharkhand. In October 2007, Birla Institute of Technology extension Deoghar began to operate. As per the provisions of the MoU it was decided that 50% of spaces would be for students acquiring eligible qualifications from Institutions located in Jharkhand while the remaining 50% would be for students from other states of the country. Admission has been through JEE Main with Central Counseling conducted by the Central Counseling Board.
#### Patna Extension Centre {#patna_extension_centre}
Birla Institute of Technology, Patna Campus was established in 2006, on the initiative of Govt. of Bihar. The institute came into existence by Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode under flagship management of BIT Mesra. The Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar, laid the foundation stone of the institute in December 2005. The institute started its academic programme during the 2006--07 academic year.
### Birla Institute of Scientific Research {#birla_institute_of_scientific_research}
The Birla Institute of Scientific Research (BISR) is a sister concern of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi which hosts an auditorium and a planetarium in its campus in Jaipur. The institute was established for promoting science education through its museum and planetarium.
This institute has a state of the art Bioinformatics Centre in Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics and a Remote Sensing Department.
## Academics
### Rankings
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra was ranked at 401-450 band in the recent 2024 QS World Rankings (Asian Category). Among engineering colleges, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra ranked 16th by *India Today* in **National Institutional Ranking Framework** and fourth among private engineering colleges by *Outlook India* in 2024.
The Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra was ranked 48th among Engineering Colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in the 2024 rankings.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Ajit Kumar Mehta, former Member of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) from Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency.
- Madhavan Chandradathan, Director, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)
- Shree K. Nayar, T. C. Chang Professor, Computer Science, Columbia University
- Ashish Vaswani, AI researcher, co-author of \"Attention Is All You Need\"
- Amit Chaudhary, COO, Lenskart
- Sanjay Nayak, CEO, Tejas Networks
- Deven Sharma, Indian Businessman, President of Standard and Poors
- Hemant Soren, Jharkhand CM from 2019 to 2024 and from 2013 to 2014.
- Karan Bajaj, Indian technology entrepreneur, founder of WhiteHat Junior.
- V
| 655 |
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
| 1 |
2,882,698 |
# Larrabetzu
**Larrabetzu** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Larrabetzu
| 0 |
2,882,699 |
# Bermudo III of León
**Bermudo III** or **Vermudo III** (c. 1015-- 4 September 1037) was the king of León from 1028 until his death. He was a son of Alfonso V of León by his first wife Elvira Menéndez, and was the last scion of Peter of Cantabria to rule in the Leonese kingdom. Like several of his predecessors, he sometimes carried the imperial title: in 1030 he appears as *regni imperii Ueremundo principis*; in 1029/1032 as *imperator domnus Veremudius in Gallecia*; and in 1034 as *regni imperii Veremundus rex Legionensis*. He was a child when he succeeded his father. In 1034 he was chased from his throne by King Sancho III of Pamplona and forced to take refuge in Galicia. He returned to power, but was defeated and killed fighting against his brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Castile, in the battle of Tamarón.
## History
Bermudo III was the son of Alfonso V of León by his first wife Elvira Menéndez. He succeeded to the throne of León in 1027. Bermudo married Jimena Sánchez, who was a daughter of King Sancho III of Pamplona.
In 1029, Count García Sánchez of Castile was about to be married to Sancha of León, the elder sister of Bermudo, an arrangement apparently sanctioned by the king of Navarre, when the count was murdered in the city of León by the Velas, a party of Castilian nobles exiled from their own country, who had taken refuge in León. León and Navarre disputed the succession to the Countship of Castile thus left vacant.
Sancho III of Pamplona was married to Muniadona, daughter of Sancho García of Castile, and sister to the murdered count. Sancho claimed the county of Castile in his wife\'s name and installed in it their son, Ferdinand, as the new count of Castile. He seized the borderlands between the Cea and the Pisuerga rivers, right above León\'s capital, long a bone of contention between León and Castile. In 1032 Sancho of Pamplona forced a marriage between his son, Fernando of Castile, and Sancha of León, and those lands went to Castile as part of her dowry.
In 1034, Sancho wrested the city of León itself from his son-in-law, Bermudo, who retreated into Galicia. By the time Sancho died in 1035, the *meseta* north of the Duero was dominated by the Pyrenean pocket kingdom of Navarre. After Sancho\'s death, Bermudo III was immediately received back into León and soon began a campaign to recover the disputed territory between the Cea and Pisuerga from Castile and his brother-in-law Ferdinand. Bermudo III was killed at the Battle of Tamarón on 4 September 1037. Autopsy of his remains shows that he may have suffered death from infantry spears or pikes, after falling from his horse.
Since the latter died without an heir, the kingdom of León now recognized Sancha and her husband as its rulers, and Ferdinand was anointed king in the royal city on 22 June 1038. The united realm of León and Castile, with its rimlands of Asturias and Galicia, would become the political center of the north Iberian Christian society.
## Marriage
By his wife Jimena, daughter of Sancho III of Pamplona, Bermudo had one child, a son named Alfonso, who was born and died in 1030
| 543 |
Bermudo III of León
| 0 |
2,882,701 |
# Laukiz
**Laukiz** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Laukiz
| 0 |
2,882,702 |
# Francie Bellew
**Francis \"Francie\" Bellew** (born 25 March 1976) is a Gaelic footballer who played for the Armagh county team. He has won an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship medal, five Ulster Championships and a National League title with the county. He was also awarded an All Star for his performances in 2003.
Bellew plays club football for Crossmaglen Rangers and has won four All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championships, seven Ulster Senior Club Football Championships and 13 Armagh Senior Football Championships with the club.
Bellew usually plays as full back for both club and county. He is known as a hard-hitting and tough old-fashioned full back and these attributes along with his quiet demeanor and reluctance to talk to the media has resulted in him having a cult following among Armagh and Crossmaglen fans. He features in 24 reasons \"Why GAA is better than soccer\" under #6: John Terry would run a mile if he came up against Francie Bellew.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Inter-county {#inter_county}
Bellew made his Senior inter-county debut for Armagh against Louth in early 2002, and subsequently made his Championship debut against Tyrone later that year. That year he helped Armagh win the Ulster Senior Football Championship as well as the county\'s first ever All-Ireland Senior Football Championship.`{{fact|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2003 Armagh once again reached the All-Ireland final, but were defeated by neighbours Tyrone. He received an All Star award for his performances that year. 2004 saw Bellew and Armagh again win the Ulster Championship.
In 2005 Bellew helped Armagh win the National League, beating Wexford in the final. Later that year he helped Armagh win another Ulster Championship.
Armagh completed a three-in-a-row of Ulster Championships in 2006. Bellew won another Ulster Championship medal with Armagh in 2008, his fifth in all.
Bellew retired from inter-county football in April 2009.
### Club
Bellew is part of the Crossmaglen team that has won 13 Armagh Senior Football Championships in a row between 1996 and 2008. This equals the national record for consecutive county football championships set by Ballina Stephenites of Mayo between 1904 and 1916. He has also won the Ulster Senior Club Football Championship eight times (1996, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010 and the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship five times (1997, 1999, 2000, 2007 and 2011) with the club. Bellew, along with Paul Hearty, John McEntee, Tony McEntee, Oisín McConville is one of six Cross players to have shared in all these successes since 1996
| 414 |
Francie Bellew
| 0 |
2,882,703 |
# Payzac, Dordogne
**Payzac** (`{{IPA|fr|pɛzak}}`{=mediawiki}; *Paisac de la Noalha*) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
## Population
## History
The commune was written as *Peisac*, *Peyzac*, *Paysac* and since the late-19th century: *Payzac*. The official name Payzac replaced the older name ***Payzac-de-Lanouaille*** in 1961.
During the French Revolution on Friday 23 August 1793, the communes of Boisseuilh, Coubjours, Génis, Payzac, Saint-Cyr-les-Champagnes, Saint Mesmin, Salagnac, Savignac, Saint-Trié (Sainte-Trie) and Teillots were detached from the Corrèze department, and reunited to the Dordogne department.
The commune is well known for its Rugby team \"l\'USPS\" (lit. Payzac-Savignac Sporting Union), champion of France 3 in 2000 and in the Périgord-Agenais \"regional honor promotion league\" in 2007/2008.
## Mayors
A partial list of lords and mayors of Payzac:
- 1345-6 Charles de Blois and Jeanne de Penthievre, duke and duchess of Brittany, viscount and viscountess of Limoges
- , count of Penthièvre, viscount of Limoges, lord of Payzac
- -1453: `{{Interlanguage link|Jean de l'Aigle|fr|3=Jean de L'Aigle}}`{=mediawiki}, viscount of Limoges, lord of Payzac
- 1453-1455: `{{Interlanguage link|Guillaume de Châtillon|fr|3=Guillaume de Châtillon-Blois}}`{=mediawiki}, count of, viscount of Limoges, lord of Payzac
- 1455-1481: `{{Interlanguage link|Françoise de Châtillon|fr|3=Françoise de Châtillon}}`{=mediawiki}, countess of Périgord, viscountess of Limoges, dame (lady) of Paysac
- 1481-1516: Jean d\'Albret, king of Navarre, count of Périgord, viscount of Limoges, lord of Payzac
- 1516-1555 - Henri d\'Albret, king of Navarre, count of Périgord, viscount of Limoges, lord of Payzac
- 1555-?: Jeanne d\'Albret, queen of Navarre, countess of Périgord, viscountess of Limoges, lady of Paysac
- ?-1609: Henry IV, king of France and Navarre, count of Périgord, viscount of Limoges, lord of Paysac
- 1713-1741: François du Mas de Paysac, lord marquess of Paysac
- 1741-?: Joseph-François du Mas de Paysac, lord marquess of Paysac
- ?-1789: Charles-Odet du Mas de Paysac, lord marquess of Paysac
- 1790s: Coustillas, mayor
- February 1800: Degrassat
- 6 June 1811: Jean-Baptiste Eyssartier
- 30 September 1815: Lajugie-Larnaudie
- April 1817: Leonard Rupin
- 9 August 1832: Pierre Coustillas
- 15 May 1852: Piere Joussein
- February, 1875-?: Pierre Joussein
- July 1899 -- 1911: Gustave le Clare
- 1908-: Dr
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| 0 |
2,882,710 |
# Lekeitio
**Lekeitio** (`{{IPA|eu|lekeiti.o|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; *Lequeitio*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Spanish Autonomous Community of Basque Country, 53 km northeast from Bilbao. The municipality has 7,307 inhabitants (2019) and is one of the most important fishing ports of the Basque coast. Tourism has an important role during the summer seasons, when the town is a resort with one beach called *Isuntza* and the nearby *Karraspio* beach in the town of Mendexa.
The most important monument is the church of *Santa María*, a gothic basilica from the 15th century. Lekeitio is also the birthplace of Resurrección María de Azkue, one of the most important Basque scholars of the 19th century.
## Festivals
### San Pedroak {#san_pedroak}
The celebration of San Pedro takes place from 29 June, saints day, to 1 July. It begins with a mass in honor of the saint and a procession with his image. The mass is celebrated in the church of Santa Maria, and from there the procession starts to walk the streets of the town.
### San Antolinak {#san_antolinak}
The festivities are in honor of the patron of the town, San Antolin, and are celebrated from 1 to 8 September. One of the most popular parts of the festival is the goose pulling event.
This is held on 5 September, the aim being to hold on for as long as possible to a goose that is hanging from a rope that crosses the harbor from one dock to the other. The rope has one side fixed and on the other side there is a group of men pulling the rope to raise and lower it. In the middle of the rope there is a goose drenched in oil (in previous times the bird was alive). There are a lot of boats that take part and all of them have to go, in the order assigned through a random lottery in the morning, to the place the goose is and one participant from each boat has to grab the goose by the neck as strongly as possible. Once the boat has advanced to the front, the men at the end of the rope start pulling it, lifting the goose with the member holding it. Once the participants reach the top, the men let him drop from there, before rapidly pulling him up again. They continue like that until the participant lets the goose go or until the neck of the goose breaks. The one who makes most elevations wins the competition.
This day has been documented since the 5th century and it is said that its origins are older. This act has been celebrated since 1877.
The goose pulling event was also played on dry land, (and today is still held in Markina-Xemein). Several changes have taken place in this festival because in the past all the boats were sailed by 13 sailors. Only sailors were allowed to participate and there were strict regulations governing the speed and size of the boat, which had to be manned by 12 oarsmen and the captain. If there was any doubt about the winner they arranged a race that went to the island near Lekeitio.
The festival is controversial, especially among animal rights activists, who have called for it to be stopped. During the festival people wear denim work clothes, often combined with a white shirt.
## Cave art {#cave_art}
A 15 m-long panel of etchings was discovered in the Armintxe Cave in 2016. Two of the etchings were of lions - the first seen in Basque Country. The art dates from 12,000 to 14,500 years ago.
| 604 |
Lekeitio
| 0 |
2,882,710 |
# Lekeitio
## Notable people from Lekeitio {#notable_people_from_lekeitio}
- Resurrección María de Azkue (1864--1951): Priest, writer, linguist and culture promoter. One of the creators of Euskaltzaindia and the first Euskaltzailburu, or head of Euskaltzaindia.
- Santiago Brouard (1919--1984): Doctor and politician, member of Herri Batasuna. Member of the Spanish senate and deputy mayor of Bilbao.
- Buenaventura Zapirain (1873--1937): Composer and organist.
- Eusebio Erkiaga (1912--1993): Writer.
- Miren Agur Meabe (1962): Writer.
- Josu Urrutia (1968): Former footballer and Athletic Bilbao\'s former president
| 84 |
Lekeitio
| 1 |
2,882,715 |
# Lemoa
**Lemoa** (*Lemona*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 24 |
Lemoa
| 0 |
2,882,718 |
# Lemoiz
**Lemoiz** (*Lemóniz*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. It has a population of about 1243.
It was chosen as the site of the Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant, but the construction was left unfinished after ecologist opposition and ETA attacks
| 55 |
Lemoiz
| 0 |
2,882,720 |
# Lezama
**Lezama** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. It is home to the training headquarters of the football team Athletic Bilbao, and is accessible by bus - BizkaiBus (A3223) - from Bilbao
| 47 |
Lezama
| 0 |
2,882,723 |
# Loiu
**Loiu** (*Lujua*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. The Bilbao Airport terminal lies within the municipality limits.
## Geography
Loiu is located in the Asua Valley, with Derio lying to the East and Erandio to the West.
## Composition
A big part of the population is dispersed around country farmhouses (called *baserri* or *caseríos*). The main neighbourhood is *Zabaloetxe*, where the church is located. Other urban areas are Elochelerri (in Basque *Elotxelerri*), on the way to Asua Valley (BI-637), next to the airport, and Lauros (*Lauro*).
## Airport
Since the most recent expansion of Bilbao Airport, many of its facilities including the passenger terminal are located within the municipality.
## Toponym
In Euskera, the town is officially called **Loiu**. In Spanish, the town is called **Lujua**.
The old name of the town was *Luxua*, but it was converted into Spanish after the phonetic evolution of x/j (around 17th century) in *Lujua* (paralleling the change *Xerez* -\> *Jerez*).
In Euskera, the phonetic evolution of the toponym was different: when the *-a* ending was lost, phoneme *x* evolved in a different way to the Spanish language *y*, and the variation of the tonic syllable *lu* for *lo*. That is *Luxu(a)* -\> *Lu(x)u* -\> *L(u)iu* -\> *Loiu*. Euskaltzaindia adopted *Loiu* as the official form of the name.. Loiu adopted its official name in 1983
| 237 |
Loiu
| 0 |
2,882,728 |
# Mallabia
**Mallabia** (in Basque and officially, in Spanish: *Mallavia*) is an elizate, town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Mallabia is part of the *comarca* of Durangaldea and has a population of 1.135 inhabitants as of 2006 and according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.
## Etymology
The etymology of the word *Mallabia* may come from the Basque word *malla* (\"step\", \"level\" or \"height\") and *bi(a)* (\"two\" or \"the one with two\"), then refers to the place with \"two levels\" or \"two heights\".
## History
As it is common with the elizates, the date of foundation of Mallabia is unknown. Its origin is linked with the old *Tierra Llana* (Spanish for \"flat lands\") of the ancient *merindad of Durango*. At some point, it possibly split from the elizate of Zenarruza (in which lands the elizate of Ermua was founded). Since 1635, Mallabia had voice and right to vote in the *Juntas of Guerediaga*, where it occupied the seat number three. The local church was opened in the 11th century, it was reconstructed in the 16th century and finally finished in 1750.
## Geography
The municipality of Mallabia is located in the eastern part of Biscay. It limits at north with the municipalities of Markina-Xemein and Etxebarria, at south with Zaldibar at east with Eibar (province of Gipuzkoa) and Ermua and at west with Berriz.
## Transportation
The town is crossed by the roads BI-3301 (Ermua-Trabakua), BI-633 (Durango-Ondarroa) and the N-634, which connects the town with Bilbao, Donostia, Durango and Eibar, among others. The nearest highway is the AP-8, which cannot be accessed from the town; the closest access is located in Ermua.
The narrow-gauge regional railways Euskotren Trena does not have a station in the town, despite crossing near to it.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Gorka Arrizabalaga, cyclist.
- Francisco de Longa, lieutenant general who fought in the Peninsular War.
- Andoni Monforte (born 1946), politician.
- Mikel Pradera, cyclist
| 330 |
Mallabia
| 0 |
2,882,731 |
# Mañaria
**Mañaria** (both in Basque and Spanish) is an elizate, town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country, Spain. Mañaria is part of the *comarca* of Durangaldea and has a population of 459 inhabitants as of 2006 according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute.
## History
As happens with most of the elizates, little is known about the early history of the town and its foundation. Prehistoric deposits of Magdalenian and Neolithic origin have been found in the caves of Silibranka, Kobazar and Atxuri, among others. A Visigoth liturgical vase of the 7th Century has also been found.
Mañaria was part of the *merindad* of Durango, and it had voice and right to vote in the Juntas of Guerendiaga, where it occupied the seat number four. On the 18th Century the construction of the Royal Road connecting the city of Vitoria with the coast of Biscay going through Urkiola meant the realignment of the town\'s location, making it the central axis of the municipality. Since mid 18th Century and during the entire 19th Century, Mañaria lived a period of splendor because of the exploitation of its quarries. The church is extended, and the school, the Basque pelota fronton, the tower of the clock and the cemetery are built.
## Geography
### Location
Mañaria is located in the southeastern part of the province of Biscay, which is located in northern Spain. It limits at north with the municipalities of Izurtza and Durango, at west with Dima and at east and south with Abadiño.
Mañaria is situated on a valley within the course of the Mañaria River and surrounded by mountains; the Mugarra and Untxillaitz the most significant ones. Other important mountains that surround the municipality are the Arrietabaso and Saibi. The road BI-623 that connects Durango with Vitoria-Gasteiz crosses the city from north to south before ascending to Urkiola. More than 70% of the territory of the municipality is part of the Urkiola Natural Park.
### Hydrography
The valley is formed by the Mañaria River that originates in the hillsides of the mountains that surround it. This river later joins the Ibaizabal river.
## Economy
The economy of the municipality is based on mining and industry.
### Primary Sector {#primary_sector}
The primary sector is based on the exploitation of resources as limestone and marble in quarries, being this the main economical activity of the municipality. Some small farming activities are also present.
### Secondary Sector {#secondary_sector}
The secondary sector is based on the metallurgical transformation. Most of the industries are located in the deeper area of the valley.
### Tertiary Sector {#tertiary_sector}
It is almost non-existent due to the proximity of bigger cities, as Durango or Bilbao, where most of the services are located.
## Transportation
The transportation is based on road transportation by the BI-623 road, which connects the town with Durango, the capital city of the *comarca* of Durangaldea and 5 km away. The same road by south connects the town with Urkiola and from there to Otxandio, Dima and the province of Álava. In Durango, the road is connected to the National Road N-634 and the highway AP-8 to Bilbao and Donostia-San Sebastián
| 531 |
Mañaria
| 0 |
2,882,732 |
# Mefo bills
A **Mefo bill** (sometimes written as **MEFO bill**) was a six-month promissory note, drawn upon the dummy company Metallurgische Forschungsgesellschaft (Metallurgical Research Corporation), devised by the German Central Bank President, Hjalmar Schacht, in 1934. These bills could be discounted by any German bank at any time, and these banks, in turn, could rediscount the bills at the Reichsbank at any time within the last three months of their earliest maturity. They therefore acted as a highly liquid means of payment to finance the Nazi German government\'s programme of rearmament, allowing them to rearm under the Versailles Treaty.
Mefo bills followed the scheme for which the Öffa bills were the blueprint.
As Germany was rearming against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the Nazi government needed a form of money that did not leave a paper trail and allowed them to spend past the treaty terms on military rearmament. It is assumed that billions of MEFO bills were issued throughout the regime\'s time in power, though the records are not precise.
## Funding rearmament {#funding_rearmament}
The German government needed to spend a large amount of money to fund the Depression-era reconstruction of its heavy industry based economy and, ultimately, its re-armament industry. However, it faced two problems. First, rearmament was illegal under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and secondly there was a legal interest-rate limit of 4.5%.
The government would normally borrow extra funds on the money market by offering a higher interest rate. However, because of the limit it was unable to do so. Additionally, a large, visible government deficit would have attracted attention. MEFO bills could be traded between companies, allowing for increased circulation of currency.
## An imaginary company {#an_imaginary_company}
Hjalmar Schacht formed the limited liability company Metallurgische Forschungsgesellschaft, m.b.H., or \"MEFO\" for short. The company\'s \"Mefo bills\" served as bills of exchange, convertible into Reichsmark upon request. \"MEFO\" had no product, service or operation. It was solely a balance sheet entity.
Mefo bills were issued to mature in six months, but with a provision for indefinite 90-day extensions at the government\'s behest. To further entice investors, Mefo bills carried an annual interest rate of 4%, higher than that of other trade bills at the time.
To make sure that the bills were never exchanged for Reichsmarks, which would lead to inflation, the 90-day maturation period was continually extended until the maturation was changed to a period of five years by 1939. The exact total volume of Mefo bills issued was kept secret. However, as previously stated, it is assumed billions were printed.
Essentially, Mefo bills enabled the German Reich to run a greater deficit than it would otherwise have been able to. By 1938, there were 12 billion Reichsmarks of Mefo bills, compared with 19 billion of standard government bonds. This enabled the German government to increase war production while delaying the economic problems associated with draining government funds.
## Economic consequences {#economic_consequences}
The Nazi government\'s continued use of debt funding created a large financial deficit. However, MEFO bills were very effective in providing funds. Previous to the MEFO program, the Reichsbank was not allowed to loan more than 100 million reichsmarks to the government. MEFO bills allowed billions in military and public-works funding. Germany through MEFO bills, began printing money. However, inflation did not increase. This is because the Nazi government rarely redeemed MEFO bills. In addition, the interest rate and supposed security of the MEFO bills meant most were kept in circulation and rarely cashed.
MEFO bills concealed military spending forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles
| 597 |
Mefo bills
| 0 |
2,882,735 |
# Harvard Business Publishing
**Harvard Business Publishing** (**HBP**) is a publisher founded in 1994 as a not-for-profit, independent corporation and an affiliate of Harvard Business School (distinct from Harvard University Press), with a focus on improving business management practices. The company offers articles, books, case studies, simulations, videos, learning programs, and digital tools to organizations and subscribers.
HBP consists of three market units: Education and Corporate Learning (under the Harvard Business Impact brand) and Harvard Business Review Group. Their offering consists of print and digital media (*Harvard Business Review*, Harvard Business Review Press books, Harvard Business School and other licensed cases), events, digital learning (Harvard ManageMentor, HMM Spark), blended learning, and campus experiences
| 113 |
Harvard Business Publishing
| 0 |
2,882,747 |
# Richard Ainley
**Richard Ainley** (22 December 1910 -- 18 May 1967) was a British stage and film actor.
## Biography
He was born in Middlesex, England, the son of Henry Ainley and a half-brother of Anthony Ainley.
Ainley made his stage debut in 1928, initially using the stage name Richard Riddle, taking his mother\'s maiden name. His American debut came in *Foreigners* at the Belasco Theater in 1939.
His first motion picture appearance was in 1936 as Sylvius in *As You Like It*, in which his father also appeared. Other roles included Ferdinand in the television movie of *The Tempest* (1939), Dr. Hale in *Shining Victory* (1941), and a Foreign Office official in the thriller *Above Suspicion* (1943).
Ainley married three times, firstly to actress Ethel Glendinning. He was divorced from his first two wives; his third wife Rowena Woolf died in 1968.
He retired from film work following a disabling wound received while he was serving in the army`{{which|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki} during World War II to return to the stage. He was briefly principal of the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in the early 1960s.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------
1936 *As You Like It* Sylvius
1937 *The Frog* Ray Bennett
*Our Fighting Navy* Lieutenant Uncredited
*The Gang Show*, aka *The Gang* Whipple
1938 *Old Iron* Harry Woodstock
*Lily of Laguna* Roger Fielding
1939 *Stolen Life* Morgan
*There Ain\'t No Justice* Billy Frist
1940 *An Englishman\'s Home* Geoffrey Brown
*Lady with Red Hair* Lou Payne
1941 *Here Comes Happiness* Jelliffe Blaine
*Knockout* Allison
*Singapore Woman* John Wetherby
*Shining Victory* Dr. Hale
*Bullets for O\'Hara* McKay Standish
*The Smiling Ghost* Cousin Tennant Bentley
*Passage from Hong Kong* Lt. Norman MacNeil-Fraser
1942 *White Cargo* Mr
| 289 |
Richard Ainley
| 0 |
2,882,749 |
# North Gower
**North Gower** (`{{IPAc-en|ɡ|ɔːr}}`{=mediawiki}) is a small village in eastern Ontario, originally part of North Gower Township, now part of the city of Ottawa. Surrounding communities include Richmond, Kemptville, Kars and Manotick. Public high school students in this area go to South Carleton High School in Richmond. Elementary school students go to Marlborough Public School in North Gower.
The village took its name from Admiral John Leveson-Gower, Lord of the Admiralty from 1783 to 1789.
## History
By 1866, North Gower was a post village of the township of North Gower 6 miles from Osgoode Station, on the Ottawa and Prescott Railway, and 22 miles from Ottawa. It was situated on Stevens Creek. The village contained four general stores, two wagon shops, five boot and shoe shops, and other mechanical trades. There were three churches, the Church of England, Rev. Mr. Merritt, rector; the Wesleyan Methodist, Rev. W m. M. Pattyson, minister; and the Canada Presbyterian Church, Rev. Wm: Lochead minister. There was a school, with an average attendance of forty-eight pupils. The 5th Division Courts were held here.
In 2001, North Gower was amalgamated into Ottawa along with the remainder of Carleton County.
## Historical buildings {#historical_buildings}
- City of Ottawa Archives, Rideau Branch (1876) - 6581 Fourth Line Road. The former North Gower Township town hall was restored in 1980s and opened as the Rideau Township Archive in 1990. The one-storey, brick-faced building features fine proportions, careful detailing, and a cupola. The archives photo displays highlight the postal history of Rideau and the stories of home children in the area. The archives was included amongst other architecturally interesting and historically significant buildings in Doors Open Ottawa, held June 2 and 3, 2012.
- Former Marlborough Township Hall (1855) - 3048 Pierce Rd, Pierces Corners. Constructed by Robert Mackey as a community centre, the one-story frame building was moved to its present site in 1934. The framing uses a series of posts and trusses that allows a clear ceiling.
- Holy Trinity Anglican Church (1879) - 2372 Church St. A single-story stone church supported by heavy stone buttresses and fronted with an imposing bell tower, it sites on land originally deeded to the Synod of the Diocese of Ontario in 1867. Tall stained glass windows dominate the Sanctuary while commemorative ones are displayed throughout the church. The Church also has its own Churchyard Cemetery - a beautiful example of a rural churchyard cemetery, still with lots available to the parishioners and the general community.
- North Gower United Church (1870) - 2332 Church Street. A traditional white-painted wood-frame church, North Gower United Church was originally built in 1870 as the North Gower Presbyterian Church. When the United Church of Canada was formed in 1925 from elements of the Presbyterian, Methodist and Congregational Union faiths, it became North Gower United Church. Its steeple makes it the tallest occupied building in North Gower (i.e., excluding farm structures such as silos).
- St. John the Baptist Anglican Church (1892) - 3027 Pierce Rd., Pierces Corners. This solid timber-frame church designed by Amaldi and Caldeson, Architects, has stone foundation and central bell tower. All original pews and stained glass windows. Church stable, once used for the congregation\'s horses, still stands. This church was decommissioned in 2008 (approximately).
- The Old Co-op
| 550 |
North Gower
| 0 |
2,882,751 |
# Kamppi Center
**Kamppi Centre** (*Kampin keskus*, *Kampens centrum*) is a complex in the Kamppi district in the centre of Helsinki, Finland, designed by various architects, the main designer, however, being Juhani Pallasmaa. It is said to be Helsinki\'s new downtown commercial and residential centre. As a four-year construction project, it was the largest singular construction site in the history of Finland, involving the extensive and difficult redevelopment of the Kamppi district in downtown Helsinki.
The Kamppi Centre combines the commercial need for streamlined, optimized shopping environment with the necessary supply of customers by maximum accessibility and mobility. One of the first of its kind in Europe, the centre consists of:
- Central bus terminal for local buses
- Long-distance coach terminal (underground)
- Kamppi metro station (underground)
- A freight depot (underground)
- Internal parking area (underground)
- 6 floor shopping centre with a supermarket, shops, restaurants, night clubs and service points
- High-class offices and residential apartments
The entire complex was opened in stages, with the new metro station entrance opened on 2 June 2005, the central bus terminal on 5 June, the long-distance bus terminal on 6 June and the shopping centre opened on 2 March 2006.
The appearance of the building is a reflection of the main architect Juhani Pallasmaa\'s ongoing interest in Constructivist architecture and Structuralist architecture, as if the building functions as a machine.
## Transport
### City bus terminal {#city_bus_terminal}
It is located on level E (ground level). About 900 buses pass through it daily, and during peak hours more than 100 buses per hour. The terminal has 17 platforms.
Image:Kamppi-Espoon bussiterminaali.jpg Image:Kamppi-Espoon bussiterminaali2.jpg Image:Espoon bussiterminaali-Kamppi-Helsinki.JPG Image:Kampin terminaali, läntinen sisäänkäynti.jpg
### Intercity bus terminal {#intercity_bus_terminal}
Located on level C (-1 floor) at about 6 meters underground. The size of the hall is 14x125 meters. About 700 intercity buses depart from here daily. The terminal has 32 platforms.
Image:Kamppi-Kaukoliikenteen bussiterminaali.JPG Image:Kamppi-Kaukoliikenne terminaali.jpg Image:Kamppi Kaukoliikenteen bussiterminaali.JPG Image:Kampinterminaali2.JPG
### Subway station {#subway_station}
It is located 30 meters from the surface of the ground.
Gekko is the entrance to the subway, located at ground level, in the center of the lobby. It is designed as a capsule about 4 meters in diameter, lined with ceramic tiles (surface area of about 275 m²).
Image:Kampin terminaali, gekko1.jpg Image:Kampin_terminaali-gekko2.jpg Image:Kampinterminaali8.JPG Image:Kampin metroasema4
| 382 |
Kamppi Center
| 0 |
2,882,753 |
# Markina-Xemein
**Markina-Xemein** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, Bizkaia, in the Basque Autonomous Community, also known as the Basque Country, located in northern Spain. The origin of the town\'s name lies in its geographic location. The last town in the province of Bizkaia, Markina-Xemein lies between Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia. Coming from the Spanish word \"marca\" meaning \"mark\", Markina-Xemein marks the location where the Gipuzkoanos (the people of Guipuzcoa province) often battled the Bizkainos (the people of Biscay province).
The local economy is mostly based on the primary and secondary sectors, with particular relevance for agriculture and cattle herding, timber research and metal industry. The metal industry has in fact played an important role in the past, through the development of important weapons in the defense industry. Extraction of black marble, known as Nero Marquina (Marmol Negro), also plays an important role in the local economy. The high quality of the stone has gained international recognition; it is one of the most important marbles from Spain.
Markina-Xemein keeps a tight connection with Basque pelota sport; in fact its two walled court or frontón is known as \"University of the Pelota\", since it is the place where great Basket or Jai Alai pelotaris learnt to play.
Markina-Xemein\'s patron saint festival, consecrated to the Virgen del Carmen, takes place in the middle of July. Besides, the municipality hosts many fairs and markets all through the year.
## Geography
Markina-Xemein is located in the north east of Biscay, and it is next to the border with Gipuzkoa. Although the village centre is plain, it is surrounded by hills and mountains, most of them 400 to 700 metres high. Oiz, located to the southwest, is 1,026 metres high.
The main river is Artibai, which passes through Markina-Xemein from southwest to northeast. Near the village centre, it is joined by another river from the southeast, Urko.
Markina-Xemein enjoys a mild climate throughout the year, thanks to being located only 10 kilometers from the coast. Winters tend to be a little bit cool and wet, but not snowy. Although summers are relatively hot, temperatures hardly ever go above 35 °C. Apart from that, all the seasons are wet and rainy, so yearly rainfall is above 1550 mm.
## History
The village of Markina (called, in that time, *Villaviciosa de Marquina* in Spanish) was founded by Don Tello, Lord of Biscay (Bizkaia), on May 6, 1355. Don Tello gave permission to the local nobility (*jauntxoak* in Basque or *hidalgos* in Spanish) to create and defend the new village from the attacks of the Gipuzkoan nobility.
One of the most astonishing aspects of that foundation was that Markina was not given a parish church for itself. Moreover, it has had to use the existing church of Xemein, which, at that time, was an independent town (an elizate). The patronage of that church was a hot point in their relations, especially in the Middle Ages, and several disputes took places between local nobility. Last century, (September 29, 1952) Markina and Xemein joined each other to found what we know today as the town of Markina-Xemein.
A further enlargement took place on 1969, when Ziortza-Bolibar (a smaller town located to the southwest of Markina-Xemein) joined the village. That union lasted until January 1, 2005, when all the parts concerned reached an agreement by which Ziortza-Bolibar become an independent town
| 564 |
Markina-Xemein
| 0 |
2,882,777 |
# Kota Rani
**Kota Rani** (died 1344) was the last ruler of the Hindu Lohara dynasty in Kashmir. She was also the last female ruler of Kashmir. She was regent for her new husband because of the minority of her son in 1323−1338, and ruled as monarch in 1338−1339. She was deposed by Shah Mir, who became the second Muslim ruler of Kashmir after Rinchan who converted to Islam and ruled as Sultan Sadr-ud-din.
## Life
Kota Rani was the daughter of Ramachandra, the commander-in-chief of Suhadeva, the king of Lohara dynasty in Kashmir. Ramachandra had appointed an administrator, Rinchan, a Ladakhi. Rinchan became ambitious. He sent a force in the fort, in the guise of merchants, who took Ramachandra\'s men by surprise. Ramachandra was killed and his family was taken prisoner.
To earn local support, Rinchan appointed Rawanchandra, the son of Ramachandra, as administrator of Lar and Ladakh, and married his sister Kota Rani. He employed Shah Mir as a trusted courtier, who had entered Kashmir earlier and had been given an appointment in the government. Rinchan converted to Islam and adopted the name of Sultan Sadruddin. He died as a result of an assassination after ruling for three years.
### Rule
Kota Rani was first appointed as a regent for Rinchan\'s young son. Later she was persuaded to marry Udayanadeva by the elders.
Udayanadeva became the ruler of Kashmir, but Kota Rani practically ruled the kingdom. After Udayanadeva died in 1338, Kota Rani became the ruler of Kashmir in her own right.
Kota Rani had two sons. Rinchan\'s son was under the charge of Shah Mir and Udayanadeva\'s son was taught by Bhatta Bhikshana. Kota Rani appointed Bhatta Bhikshana as her prime minister.
Shah Mir pretended to be sick, and when Bhatta Bhikshana visited him, Shah Mir jumped out of his bed and killed him. According to the historian Jonaraja, she committed suicide and offered her intestines to him as a wedding gift. According to the Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, Shah Mir killed both of her sons.
## Legacy
She was very intelligent and a great thinker. She saved the city of Srinagar from frequent floods by getting a canal constructed, named after her and called \"Kute Kol\". This canal gets water from Jhelum River at the entry point of city and again merges with Jhelum river beyond the city limits.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- Rakesh Kaul\'s historical novel *The Last Queen of Kashmir* is based on Kota Rani\'s life and legend.
- In August 2019, Reliance Entertainment and Phantom Films announced that they would be making a movie on Kota Rani
| 435 |
Kota Rani
| 0 |
2,882,782 |
# Premium-Cola
**Premium-Cola** is a soft drink brand founded on November 23, 2001, in Hamburg, Germany, by a collective of fans of the German brand Afri-Cola, at the time reduced in caffeine.
The collective (which named itself \"Interessengruppe Premium\") started by running a protest campaign for more than two years against recipe changes in Afri-Cola.
The brand, founded in 1931, was bought by Mineralbrunnen Überkingen-Teinach AG in 1999, who would then change the recipe. The new Afri-cola contained a reduced amount of caffeine (the original Afri-cola contained 250 mg/L) and its original taste was subdued, in order to appeal to a wider variety of customers.
The protests of the \"Interessengruppe Premium\" began to produce the original recipe cola on their own and named it Premium-Cola.
To avoid legal issues with the Mineralbrunnen AG, one ingredient was changed, malic acid, which was replaced with phosphoric acid
| 145 |
Premium-Cola
| 0 |
2,882,790 |
# Condoto
**Condoto** is the third most important municipality in the Chocó Department, after Quibdó and Istmina. It is situated in the south of the department and its main economical activity is mining (it is rich in gold and platinum) and agriculture. Condoto is also known as the \"Platinum Capital of Colombia\".
## Climate
Condoto has an extremely wet tropical rainforest climate (Af)
| 63 |
Condoto
| 0 |
2,882,793 |
# Murree Road
**Murree Road** (*translit= marī roḍ*), is a major road that runs from Islamabad and Rawalpindi to Murree in Pakistan. It passes through Rawalpindi\'s downtown area, and has been a hotspot for various political and social events.
## Names
It was originally named Raza Shah Pehlavi Road in the 1960s, after Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, who was the first head of state to visit Pakistan. However, it has always been known as Murree Road since it eventually led to the nearby hill station of Murree.
On 20 May 2008, Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani announced that the federal government had decided to rename the road after Benazir Bhutto, who was assassinated at the nearby Liaqat National Bagh on 27 December 2007. However, the city officials claimed that the change of name had not been notified, and was, therefore, not official. In spite of this, residents and shopkeepers started referring it with its new name.
## Route
Nala Lai is located along the road in Rawalpindi. History describes that Nala Lai\'s water was pure enough to wash clothes, but now it has become polluted with waste water from all sources including factories and houses. Liaquat National Bagh, famous place for political gatherings as well as being the site of the assassinations of two former prime ministers and bystanders, is also located along the Murree Road.
Nine Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus stations also lie along Murree Road.
## Gallery
<File:Murree> road rawalp galleryfull.jpeg\|The Murree Road in Rawalpindi, as viewed from a footbridge while the construction work on Committee Chowk Underpass is being carried out in the background <File:Committee> chowk underpass, Murree Road, Rawalpindi.png\|alt=Committee Chowk Underpass\|Committee Chowk Underpass with the elevated track of Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus visible above <File:Chandni> Chowk Flyover 2
| 292 |
Murree Road
| 0 |
2,882,795 |
# Suomalainen Kirjakauppa
**Suomalainen Kirjakauppa** (meaning \'Finnish bookshop\') is the largest bookshop chain in Finland, with its flagship branch in Helsinki being Finland\'s largest bookshop. It was founded in 1912 and expanded to become Finland\'s largest bookshop chain in the 1990s. In May 2017 it consists of 55 shops selling books, office supplies and art materials. It is owned by Otava Group
| 62 |
Suomalainen Kirjakauppa
| 0 |
2,882,798 |
# Peter Mankoč
**Peter Mankoč** (born 4 July 1978 in Ljubljana, Slovenia) is a Slovenian swimmer. He is one of the most successful short course European Championship swimmers in the history of the event. Mankoč is the former world record holder in the 100 meter individual medley (short course).
## Personal
Mankoč was born in Ljubljana, where he has lived most of his life. He began swimming competitively at the age of eight. During his swimming career, he was employed as a police officer by the Slovenian government.
He is married to an Estonian swimmer Triin Aljand. They have two daughters Brina and Elise and one son Erik.
## Swimming
With height of 1.92 m and weight of 87 kg, Mankoč has always been a short distance swimmer. His strength and explosiveness led to short courses sprint preference, where he has achieved his best results.
Mankoč is a member of Ilirija Ljubljana swimming club, where he developed under coach Dimitrij Mancevič.
## Swimming career overview {#swimming_career_overview}
Mankoč participated in five Olympic Games, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012. His best result is a 10th place in the 100 metre butterfly at the 2008 Olympic Games.
He also participated in four long course World Championships, from 2001 to 2007.
He was swimming in 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002 and 2004 European Championship competitions with 4 finals appearances.
Apart from 5 short course World Championships medals, he also has 7 other finals finishes from 1997 to 2006.
Mankoč participated in 11 European Championship short course events, where he collected 17 medals in 26 finals appearances. He is the only swimmer with nine consecutive gold medals in one discipline, the 100 meter individual medley. In this event, he won 14 consecutive medals, from 1999 to 2012.
## Personal best times {#personal_best_times}
Mankoč's best times are sorted by FINA points calculation, a scoring system of the world swimming federation, which allows comparisons amongst different events. The points are correct in 2004--2008 Olympic game cycle. The ranking is correct `{{As of|2007|12|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki} and represents European all-time ranking of personal records.
**25 m course**
Stroke Points Ranked Time Year
----------------- -------- -------- --------- ------
100 m medley 1039 #1 0:50.76 2009
100 m butterfly 996 #4 0:50.60 2007
200 m medley 976 #10 1:56.13 2002
50 m freestyle 929 #27 0:21.81 2002
50 m butterfly 924 #28 0:23,56 2006
100 m freestyle 916 #48 0:48.18 2003
50 m backstroke 904 #31 0:24.54 2001
**50 m course**
Stroke Points Ranked Time Year
----------------- -------- -------- --------- ------
50 m butterfly 975 #12 0:23.74 2007
100 m butterfly 968 #8 0:52.30 2007
100 m freestyle 945 #26 0:49.22 2005
200 m medley 932 #29 2:01.57 2002
200 m freestyle 920 #50 1:48.92 2003
50 m freestyle 918 #30 0:22
| 459 |
Peter Mankoč
| 0 |
2,882,802 |
# Maruri-Jatabe
**Maruri-Jatabe** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Maruri-Jatabe
| 0 |
2,882,807 |
# Mendata
**Mendata** is a village and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Mendata
| 0 |
2,882,811 |
# Mendexa
**Mendexa** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Mendexa
| 0 |
2,882,815 |
# Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois
**Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois** (4 January 1776 -- 24 June 1842) was a French engineer who together with Édouard de Villiers du Terrage journeyed with Napoleon to Egypt, and prepared the *Description de l\'Égypte*.
## Biography
Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois began his studies as a boarder in 1787 at the Collège de Joigny in Yonne, then at Sens. In 1794, he entered the École polytechnique alongside Louis Didier Jousselin and Louis Poinsot, where he stayed for three years. After graduating, he became a civil engineer (ingénieur des École des ponts ParisTech). His examination to become an engineer was held before Gaspard Monge
| 104 |
Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois
| 0 |
2,882,816 |
# Trevor Dann
**Trevor John Dann** (born 6 November 1951) is an English writer and broadcaster best known for his radio and print journalism with BBC Radio, *Q magazine*, *Mojo*, and *The Guardian*, and his critically praised 2006 \"Darker Than the Deepest Sea\" biography of Nick Drake.
## Early career {#early_career}
Dann was educated at Nottingham High School and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. Dann\'s radio career began at BBC Radio Nottingham in 1974. He was a producer at BBC Radio 1 from 1979 to 1983, working principally with Noel Edmonds, Tommy Vance, Dave Lee Travis and John Peel as well as developing the *25 Years of Rock* series, which later transferred to TV as *The Rock \'n\' Roll Years*.
In the 1980s he was a producer on BBC2's *Old Grey Whistle Test* for four years and presented his own weekly show for BBC Radio Cambridgeshire. In 1988 he was the founding programme director of GLR, the station which launched the radio careers of Chris Morris and Danny Baker among others.
## Recent career {#recent_career}
After a spell as an independent producer with his own company, Confederate Broadcasting, Dann became Head of Radio 1 Production with responsibility for the revamping the network's music policy in 1995. The *Daily Star* dubbed him \'Dann Dann the Hatchetman\'. He became involved in a dispute with Status Quo after banning their music from the station in a bid to improve its \"youth\" credentials. In 1996 he was appointed Head Of BBC Music Entertainment running all the BBC\'s pop music production including Radio 1, Radio 2, *Top of the Pops*, *Later* and *Glastonbury*.
He left the BBC in 2000 to join EMAP as MD of Pop where he launched the Smash Hits Radio Show and the Smash Hits TV channel and was executive producer of the *Smash Hits Poll Winners Party* for Channel 4. Between 2002 and 2004 he presented BBC Radio Cambridgeshire\'s breakfast show. He presented a weekly radio show called \'It\'s Amazing\' on national DAB station *Amazing Radio* in 2010.
Dann was appointed director of the UK Radio Academy in September 2006. His first book, *Darker Than The Deepest Sea*, a biography of Nick Drake, was published in February 2006. He has written for *The Times*, *The Guardian*, \'*Q* magazine, *Mojo* and *The Evening Standard*. He runs the Trevor Dann Production Company which produces a number of radio programmes for UK and Irish radio, and he presents a weekly podcast about the radio industry for Radio Today. He is a director of community radio station Cambridge 105.
## Awards
He won a BAFTA for his production work on Live Aid, and has several Sony Radio Awards for production and presentation. He is a Fellow of both the Royal Society of Arts and The Radio Academy
| 460 |
Trevor Dann
| 0 |
2,882,818 |
# Meñaka
**Meñaka** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Meñaka
| 0 |
2,882,820 |
# Burwood railway station, Sydney
**Burwood railway station** is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Suburban line in the Sydney suburb of Burwood, New South Wales, Australia. The station is served by Sydney Trains T9 Northern line, T2 Leppington & Inner West Line and T3 Liverpool & Inner West Line services.
## History
Sydney Railway Company opened the first railway line to Parramatta in 1855. The original Burwood station was a wooden platform near a level crossing over the grassy track that was Neich\'s Lane (later Burwood Road). This was beside the newly laid out township of Cheltenham. Access to public transport meant subdivision and consolidation followed, filling in the area between Parramatta Road and the Great Southern Road area which had previously been largely undeveloped woodlands. Burwood\'s population grew rapidly between 1874 and 1900, rising from 1200 to 7400 respectively, a rate of increase not matched since. This was part of a trend that saw Australia\'s population swell from three to five million between 1889 and 1918. This triggered urgent demand for housing, with Burwood station becoming part of an integrated public transport system of trams, ferries and trams, supporting the development of urban sprawl.
### Railway Station Group {#railway_station_group}
The original Burwood station opened on 26 September 1855 at a site at ground level on the west side of Burwood Road. The station was relocated in 1892 to the current location on the east side of Burwood Road and along Railway Parade when the line was quadruplicated. The line through Burwood was sextuplicated in 1922, and a second subway was constructed at the eastern end of the station. This subway closed after 1985.
In 1869, a post office was situated at the railway station. Postal services were previously conducted through general stores. In 1886, a new building was erected at the railway station (this remains today) and in 1892, the present day Post Office, designed by W. L. Vernon, was opened.
The surviving building at No. 1 Railway Parade dates from 1886 and was built by the Railway Department fronting the down platform of the then Burwood Station as a Post & Telegraph Office. It survived in its original form until c. 1894, when approximately 3/4 of the structure were removed from the southern side facing Railway Parade. It is the last remaining visible fabric of the second Burwood Railway Station which occupied the site immediately west of Burwood Road from 1878 to 1892. Its location coincides approximately with the site of an earlier station building which was erected in 1862 and demolished in 1878. The building is a rare surviving example of a purpose-built post office dating from the years when this facility was often closely associated with the spread and development of the state\'s railway network\... Documentary evidence (historic measured surveys) show that the present building has a different footprint from that standing in 1890 and 1894. An examination of the fabric of the building provides clues to explaining that discrepancy. The present building was erected in 1886, not c.1880 or 1883 as claimed by others. It was purpose built by the Railway Department as a Post and Telegraph Office. Some time after 1894, the building was adapted for a new use as a Railway Goods Office; it may never have been used as a parcels office, even though it was so-named. The present building, and the associated crane and weighbridge, are considered to have local or possibly regional heritage significance.
The four surviving elements in the Burwood Goods Yard -- pillar crane, weighbridge, office and platform -- are physical reminders of a typical small suburban goods yard at the turn of the 20th century. Few traces of such elements survive at other yards, most if not all of which, such as Petersham and Ashfield, have been closed to goods traffic.
The surviving elements have the ability to be used in assisting in the interpretation of the many changes that have taken place to Burwood Railway Station since the opening of the first platform in 1855.
In April 1988, the goods siding to the south of the station was removed.
In 2009--10, the station underwent a significant refurbishment to address high levels of congestion at times of high patronage. Work included an expanded concourse with extra ticket barriers, new toilets and lifts to the platforms. The upgrade was completed in mid 2010.
## Platforms and services {#platforms_and_services}
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# Burwood railway station, Sydney
## Description
The complex comprises a brick in subway booking office, completed in 1892; and a brick parcels office that previously served as a railway post office, erected c. 1880.
Other structures include a brick pedestrian subway and steps; a 5 t jib crane; and a weighbridge, from Goulburn.
## Transport links {#transport_links}
Transit Systems operates 16 bus routes via Burwood station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
- 407: to Strathfield station via Homebush West
- 408: to Rookwood
- 410: Hurstville to Marsfield via Campsie
- 415: Campsie to Chiswick
- 418: to Sydenham via Ashfield and Marrickville
- 420: Westfield Burwood to Mascot via Sydney Airport.
- 458: to Ryde
- 461X: to The Domain
- 461N: to Hyde Park Night service
- 464: Ashfield station to Mortlake
- 466: to Cabarita Park
- 490: Drummoyne to Hurstville
- 492: Drummoyne to Rockdale
- 526: to Olympic Park wharf and Rhodes
- 530: to Chatswood station via Drummoyne & Lane Cove
- M90: to Liverpool station via Bankstown station
Burwood station is served by three NightRide routes:
- N50: Liverpool station to Town Hall station
- N60: Fairfield station to Town Hall station
- N61: Carlingford station to Town Hall station
## Heritage listing {#heritage_listing}
As at 24 November 2000, Burwood is a major suburban site with some significant structures dating from the 1880 period when the railway crossed Burwood Rd by a level crossing. The small former railway post office is a rare surviving example of this type of structure. The Parcels Office is also of significance because it shows the original earlier platform alignment on which the tracks were located and the changes with the upgrading of the line through that area in 1892.
Burwood railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
This item is assessed as historically rare. This item is assessed as scientifically rare. This item is assessed as arch. rare. This item is assessed as socially rare
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# Theresa-Marie Rhyne
**Theresa-Marie Rhyne** is an expert in the field of computer-generated visualization and a consultant who specializes in applying artistic color theories to visualization and digital media. She has consulted with the Stanford University Visualization Group on a color suggestion prototype system (2013), the Center for Visualization at the University of California at Davis (2013), the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute at the University of Utah (2010 - 2012) & (2014) on applying color theory to ensemble data visualization and the Advanced Research Computing Unit at Virginia Tech (2019).
Her book on \"Applying Color Theory to Digital Media and Visualization\" was published by CRC Press on November 17, 2016. In 2017, Theresa-Marie began exploring color harmony Harmony (color) with the Munsell color system and her work on \"Visual Analytics with Complementary and Analogous Color Harmony\" was published in the Munsell Color Blog. In 2018, she organized and contributed to the SIGGRAPH 2018 panel on \"Color Mavens Advise on Digital Media Creation and Tools\", that included representation from X-Rite/Pantone, Adobe, Rochester Institute of Technology and Pixar and was presented in Vancouver, Canada. In 2019, she combined \"her Munsell Color Harmony work with Scientific Visualization efforts\". As of 2020, she began writing on applying color to data visualizations for \"Nightingale\", the journal of the Data Visualization Society and UX Collective \"UX Collective\", an independent user experience (UX), visual, and product design publication under Medium.
In the 1990s, as a government contractor with Lockheed Martin Technical Services, she was the founding visualization leader of the US Environmental Protection Agency\'s Scientific Visualization Center. In the 2000s, she founded the Center for Visualization and Analytics and the Renaissance Computing Institute\'s Engagement Facility at North Carolina State University. Rhyne is the editor of the Visualization Viewpoints Department for IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications Magazine and serves on the Advisory Board of IEEE Computer magazine. She received a BS degree, two MS degrees, and the Degree of Engineer in Civil Engineering from Stanford University. She entered the computer graphics field as a result of her computational and geographic modeling research in geotechnical and earthquake engineering. She is also an internationally recognized digital media artist who began creating digital media with early Apple computers, including the colorization of early Macintosh educational software. She is a senior member of the IEEE Computer Society and of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
She is also the founding director of the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Graphics Cartographic Visualization Project (ACM SIGGRAPH Carto Project) that began in 1996. This effort holds a Birds-of-a-Feather session each year at the annual SIGGRAPH conference
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# Electric Dragon 80.000 V
is a 2001 Japanese tokusatsu film written and directed by Gakuryū Ishii. The comic-book style story stars Tadanobu Asano and Masatoshi Nagase as electricity wielding super-heroes.
## Plot
As a child, Dragon Eye Morrison undergoes electro-shock treatment for his aggressive behavior. The levels of sheer energy absorbed by his body over the years allow him to channel and conduct electricity. Now an adult, Morrison works in the city as a reptile investigator and has learned to channel his rage through the performance of aggressive guitar-based noise. Meanwhile, Thunderbolt Buddha, a TV repair man turned vigilante, who has the same electro-conductive powers after a childhood accident, goes after crime bosses and gangsters. When both men learn of each other\'s existence, Thunderbolt Buddha challenges Morrison to a final showdown on the rooftops of Tokyo.
## Cast
- Tadanobu Asano -- Dragon Eye Morrison
- Masatoshi Nagase -- Thunderbolt Buddha
- Masakatsu Funaki -- Narrator
## Production
Filming occurred in February 1999 using black and white film, and lasted three weeks. It was produced in tandem with Ishii\'s other film *Gojoe*, and both films cast the same two lead actors.
## Soundtrack
Gakuryū Ishii\'s industrial noise-punk outfit MACH-1.67 provided the film\'s propulsive music. The film would subsequently be used as a visual backdrop during the band\'s live performances.
## Release and reception {#release_and_reception}
The film debuted at the International Film Festival Rotterdam in 2001. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and the Busan International Film Festival.
*Variety\'s* David Rooney wrote, \"A return from his more structured thrillers like *Angel Dust* and *Labyrinth of Dreams* to the punky kinetic anarchy of his early work, Japanese maverick Sogo Ishii delivers a wild ride.\" Mark Schilling of *The Japan Times* described the film as \"a black comedy for hipsters and works well on that level, though it overstays its welcome,\" and IndieWire\'s Edward Crouse wrote that \"the film nails a certain sci-fi madness.\" Tom Mes wrote on the website Midnight Eye, \"A 55-minute hyperkinetic descent into electro-charged punk madness, set to an eardrum-shattering industrial punk/noise soundtrack, *Electric Dragon 80,000 V* transcends film to become an overwhelming, all-immersing experience.\"
*Electric Dragon 80,000V* and its companion film *Gojoe* were commercial failures and ultimately caused their production company Suncent CinemaWorks Inc. to go under.
UK film distributor Third Window Films, released a blu ray version of the film
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# Burrewarra Point
**Burrewarra Point** is to the north of Broulee and 25 kilometres south of Batemans Bay on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia.
An active lighthouse, Burrewarra Point Light, is located at Burrewarra Point. It was built in 1974.
Also at Burrewarra Point are the remains of concrete igloo buildings of No. 17 Radar Station used by the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II. Also present at the location is a commemorative plaque
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# Kate Ziegler
**Kate Marie Ziegler** (born June 27, 1988) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in freestyle and long-distance events. Ziegler has won a total of fifteen medals in major international competition, including eight golds, five silvers, and two bronzes spanning the World Aquatics and the Pan Pacific Championships. She was a member of the 2012 United States Olympic team, and competed in the 800-meter freestyle event at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
## Early years {#early_years}
Ziegler was born in 1988 in Fairfax, Virginia, the daughter of Don and Cathy Ziegler. She was a part of a local swim team, FISH, where she was coached under Ray Benecki. She attended Forestville Elementary School in Great Falls, Virginia and Bishop Denis J. O\'Connell High School in Arlington County, Virginia. At O\'Connell, she excelled throughout her four years, earning *Washington Post* All-Met honors four straight years, including being named Swimmer of the Year on more than one occasion.
As a freshman, she finished third in the 200-yard freestyle (1:51.59) and won the 500-yard freestyle (4:47.78) at the 2003 Metros Swimming and Diving Championships, breaking the 15-year-old record in the 500 held by Pam Minthorn. She also anchored O\'Connell\'s 200-yard freestyle relay (24.51 split) and 400-yard freestyle relay (53.65 split) to seventh and sixth-place finishes, respectively. As a sophomore the following year, she won both the 200-yard freestyle (1:46.15) and the 500-yard freestyle (4:41.91) in record time, and anchored the winning 200-yard freestyle relay (24.14 split) and third place 400-yard freestyle relay (51.63 split). Her times continued to drop rapidly, and as a junior she again won both the 200-yard freestyle (1:45.43) and 500-yard freestyle (4:37.67) in record time, the latter being an independent national high school record.
As a senior, she continued to excel, tying the national high school record in the 200-yard freestyle (1:45.49) and breaking the American record held by Janet Evans in the 500-yard freestyle (4:35.35).
Ziegler initially attended George Mason University, and later transferred to Chapman University in 2011.
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# Kate Ziegler
## International career {#international_career}
### 2004-05
At the 2004 Short Course Worlds, she finished second to Japan\'s Sachiko Yamada in the 800-meter freestyle with a time of 8:20.55. Her 400-meter split would have placed fourth in the event at the meet.
In February 2005, at the FINA World Cup stop in New York, Ziegler won the 800-meter freestyle in 8:16.32, breaking Cynthia Woodhead\'s 25-year-old American record, which at the time was the oldest American record on the books.
In 2005, Ziegler won the 800-meter freestyle (8:25.31) and 1,500-meter freestyle (16:00.41) at the World Championships in Montreal. The latter time made her the third-fastest woman (and second-fastest American) in the history of the event, following only world-record holder Janet Evans\'s 15:52.10 and German Hannah Stockbauer\'s 16:00.18. She qualified for Worlds after winning the 800-meter freestyle at World Trials in Indianapolis with a time of 8:34.83. She failed to qualify in the 400-meter freestyle, finishing third in a time of 4:12.09.
### 2006-08 {#section_1}
At the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, she swam the 1,500-meter freestyle in 15:55.01, making her the second fastest swimmer of all time in that event and only the second person to break the sixteen-minute mark. The third person was Hayley Peirsol who finished the event just two seconds later.
In 2007, at an in-season meet, Ziegler broke Janet Evans\'s longstanding world record in the 1500-meter freestyle with a time of 15:42.54. It stood for six years until Katie Ledecky broke the record in 2013.
At the 2007 World Championships, she won the 800-meter freestyle and 1,500-meter freestyle, to defend the titles she had won in 2005.
In 2008, Ziegler qualified for the Olympic Games by placing second to Katie Hoff in both the 400-meter (4:03.92) and 800-meter (8:25.38) freestyle events. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, however, Ziegler failed to qualify for the finals in either event. Notably, her best time in the 800-meter would have netted her a silver medal.
### 2012 Summer Olympics {#summer_olympics}
At the 2012 United States Olympic Trials in Omaha, Nebraska, Ziegler made the U.S. Olympic team for the second time by placing second behind Katie Ledecky in the 800-meter freestyle with a time of 8:21.87. She also competed in the 400-meter freestyle and finished seventh in the final (4:09.17).
At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Ziegler swam in the fastest qualifying heat of 800-meter freestyle and posted a time of 8:37.38, behind Rebecca Adlington of the United Kingdom and Lauren Boyle of New Zealand. Only the top eight swimmers of all five qualifying heats advanced to the 800-meter finals (with 8:27.15 as the slowest times of those eight), and Ziegler did not advance.
### 2015 {#section_2}
In May, Ziegler returned to competition after a two-year break
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# Knut Ahnlund
**Knut Emil Ahnlund** (24 May 1923 -- 28 November 2012) was a Swedish literary historian, writer, and member of the Swedish Academy, the body that chooses the laureates for the annual Nobel Prize in Literature.
Ahnlund, who was born in Stockholm, was an expert on 19th- and 20th-century Nordic, especially Danish, literature. He wrote his doctoral dissertation on Henrik Pontoppidan, and later wrote on Gustav Wied and Sven Lidman, among others. He was also a novelist and published translations of various writers such as Julio Cortázar. He received his doctorate from Stockholm University, and was a professor of Nordic Literary History at the University of Aarhus. He was elected a member of the Swedish Academy in 1983.
Due to conflicts with the former permanent secretary of the Academy, Sture Allén, and his successor, Horace Engdahl, Ahnlund had only participated minimally in the work of the Academy from 1996 until his death in 2012. On 11 October 2005, just a few days before the announcement of the 2005 Nobel laureate for literature, he declared in a piece in *Svenska Dagbladet* that he would leave the Academy in protest against the choice of recipient of the prize the previous year, Elfriede Jelinek; he characterized Jelinek\'s work as chaotic and pornographic. As a membership in the Academy is for life, Ahnlund was not able to formally leave the Academy during his lifetime, but did not participate in its work from 1996, and his chair was left empty until his death in November 2012
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# KDAY
**KDAY** (93.5 FM, \"93.5 KDAY\") is a radio station that is licensed to Redondo Beach, California and serves the Greater Los Angeles area. The station is owned by Meruelo Media and airs a classic hip hop format. The station\'s studios are located in Burbank and its transmitter is in Baldwin Hills. KDAY also extends its signal coverage into the Inland Empire by adding a full power simulcast, KDEY-FM in Ontario, California to fill in all of the overlapping and gaping issues and problems in its eastern coverage area.
KDAY\'s HD Radio format is R&B.
## History of KDAY {#history_of_kday}
### The original KDAY on 1580 AM {#the_original_kday_on_1580_am}
KDAY first signed on in 1948 as a 10,000-watt soul/R&B outlet at 1580 AM. Its call sign represented the fact that it was a \"daytimer\"; i.e., it broadcast only during daytime hours and signed off every evening. It flipped to a top 40 format a short time later.
After his firing from WABC in November 1959, famed disc jockey Alan Freed arrived at KDAY and worked there for about one year. By that time the station had a 50,000-watt transmitter but was on-air only during the daytime.
In 1960, George Carlin, with his comedy partner Jack Burns, arrived in Los Angeles and were hired at KDAY for their comedic stylings. They performed in area coffee houses when the radio station went off the air at sunset and were subsequently discovered and performed on *Tonight Starring Jack Paar*. Carlin and Burns worked at the station for less than six months. In 1972, KDAY switched to album-oriented rock only to revert to soul/R&B in January 1974. KDAY moved its transmitter to Los Angeles in 1968, and concurrently upgraded to 50,000 watts day and night. FM stations such as KJLH grew in popularity in the early 1980s, cutting into KDAY\'s audience. KDAY fought back by hiring Greg Mack from KMJQ in Houston as music director in 1983. Mack eventually added hip hop music to the station\'s playlist to appeal to mostly young Black and Latino listeners. Dr. Dre and DJ Yella Boy became the first mixer DJs at the station. In the first ratings period under Mack\'s leadership, KDAY\'s ratings beat another Los Angeles Black AM station, KGFJ, and \"began to enjoy a second life as the only rap-friendly station in town and, frankly, in the entire country.\" By September 1983, KDAY also upgraded its sound to AM stereo. Dan Charnas described KDAY\'s audio upgrade as \"laughable\" and \"sounding like *two* tinny AM radios playing side by side.\"
After violence in the stands forced the cancellation of a Run-DMC concert at the Long Beach Arena for the group\'s *Raising Hell* tour, KDAY organized a \"Day of Peace\" on October 9, 1986. In a two-hour special, KDAY featured Run-DMC, singer Barry White, and boxer Paul Gonzales appealing to rival gangs to stop feuding and opened phone lines for callers to describe gangs\' impact in their communities. There were no murders or incidents of gang violence that day. Within two weeks, the Bloods and Crips, the two largest gangs in Los Angeles, signed a peace treaty.
In 1990, Mack left KDAY that year to work for rival KJLH. Real estate investor Fred Sands, who also owned heavy metal station KNAC, bought KDAY the next year. On March 28, 1991, at 1 p.m., KDAY switched to a business format with call letters KBLA.
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# KDAY
## History of KDAY {#history_of_kday}
### KDAY at 93.5 FM {#kday_at_93.5_fm}
KDAY was resurrected on 93.5 FM on September 20, 2004, offering a rhythmic contemporary format that emphasized old school hip hop, a nod to its AM heritage.
In April 2006, KDAY began moving away from rhythmic contemporary and toward an urban contemporary approach as the station refocused its target audience toward African Americans. This was in response to competitor KPWR (Power 106) de-emphasizing urban in favor of rhythmic contemporary in order to target Hispanic listeners. Due to sinking ratings, a month later, long-time hip-hop/R&B station KKBT eliminated hip hop from the format, and flipped to a mixture of urban adult contemporary (urban AC) and urban talk programs, similar in format to KHHT and KJLH. (Only afterwards did KKBT change its call letters and name to KRBV and \"V100\".) In addition, KDAY brought Steve Harvey on board on Memorial Day weekend in 2006; he had been released by KKBT the previous year. Weeks later, rival KKBT signed on Tom Joyner to carry his syndicated morning show there; however, in December 2006, KKBT would dismiss Joyner due to low ratings, partly attributed to Harvey\'s success.
On July 23, 2007, KDAY and sister station KDAI in Ontario, California temporarily switched from an urban contemporary format to rhythmic contemporary under the consultancy of Harry Lyles and newly installed program director Theo. In a statement to online trade publication *All Access*, Lyles commented on the changes: \"I am very excited and thrilled to be working with Don McCoy, Roy Laughlin and Theo. All we\'re doing is playing to the taste of Los Angeles and if we play what they want, they will listen. With PPM coming, this will make things a lot more interesting in Los Angeles.\" The format turnback might have been spurred by Magic Broadcasting\'s July 19 sale of KWIE (96.1 FM, \"Wild 96.1\") in San Jacinto. Originally, the KDAY call letters were intended to be dropped in favor of the station picking up the KWIE calls as \"Wild 93.5\". For a time, the station only referenced itself as simply \"93.5\" on air until it could come up with a name and a call sign to fit the rhythmic format. This happened in July 2007, when the sale of KWIE to Liberman Broadcasting was completed and that station became KRQB. The KWIE call letters moved to the Ontario station, which at the time held the call sign KDAI. After the sale was completed, the format tweak ended up being only temporary; the intent was for KWIE listeners in the Inland Empire to migrate to the 93.5 FM signal as KDAY reverted to urban contemporary the following August.
On April 8, 2008, Radio One inked a deal with KDAY which saw the station pick up the former \"Beat\" branding, logo and several syndicated shows from Radio One. The move came after Radio One sold KRBV to Bonneville International, who in turn dropped KRBV\'s urban AC format the previous day; that station is now KKLQ. From that point, the station used the slogan \"The Beat of LA\", a nod to the popular hip hop station during the 1990s and early 2000s. One such personality who returned to Los Angeles radio following KRBV\'s flip was Michael Baisden, host of the syndicated afternoon show *Love Lust and Lies* which debuted on KDAY August 18.
On August 14, 2008, the station\'s signal was upgraded from 3.4 kW to 4.2 kW thanks to a new transmitter that improved coverage throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The new tower replaced one that had been in use for fifty years. Also around this time, KDAY tweaked its mainstream urban format to a hybrid urban AC/urban talk approach --- a direction similar to urban AC, but featuring current adult-friendly R&B music with on-air talk personalities and some hip-hop product --- targeting an 18--49 audience. Most of KDAY\'s programming was being filled by syndicated shows during the day, except for DJ Theo\'s slow jam show *Theo After Hours*, which aired live weeknights. The same day, KWIE dropped its simulcast of KDAY and flipped to a rhythmic adult contemporary format branded \"FLO 93.5\". According to station management, the decision to tweak KDAY\'s format was due to Arbitron\'s plans to implement the Portable People Meter (PPM) in the Los Angeles radio market and where they believe they can tap into certain areas where they can attract the African American audience. The new changes resulted in *R&R* and Nielsen BDS removing the station from the Urban reporting radio panel in its August 29, 2008 issue.
These changes were not popular with KDAY\'s listeners. Criticism arose over dropping live airstaff in favor of increased syndicated content and replacing hip hop music with the urban AC/talk format; listeners claimed the owners had ruined the legacies of both KDAY and The Beat. Those upset with the new approach predicted its demise as it was already tried unsuccessfully at KKBT; they also felt that Los Angeles could not support two adult R&B outlets (the other being KJLH, as KHHT was a rhythmic AC outlet aimed at Hispanics).
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# KDAY
## History of KDAY {#history_of_kday}
### Return to classic hip hop {#return_to_classic_hip_hop}
There had been hints of possible changes at KDAY coming throughout mid-2008, which became evident in the station\'s decision to replace Mo\'Nique\'s syndicated show in October 2008 for more music-driven local content. Another move would come with programming director Theo\'s exit several weeks later, with Adrian \"AD\" Scott becoming interim PD in addition to his Operations Manager duties. As a result, KDAY made a shift back to an urban format and was reinstated to the *R&R*/BDS Urban panel in January 2009. The following March, KDAY re-added local air personalities to its lineup, with DJ Dense taking middays and Tha Goodfellas, who had been handling afternoons and weekends, taking the evening slot. *The Steve Harvey Morning Show* was dropped on May 29, 2009, but later resurfaced on KJLH. In addition, Michael Baisden\'s nationally syndicated show, which aired in afternoon drive, was dropped on July 31, 2009. This was followed by Keith Sweat\'s nationally syndicated show, *The Keith Sweat Hotel*.
At the \"Fresh Fest\" concert at Nokia Theatre in downtown Los Angeles, hints were made on stage (including a new logo that was shown on all stage banners and screen graphics) that a full-blown format flip to resemble the original KDAY\'s classic hip hop sound would occur on August 17, 2009, at 7:30 a.m. At that time, after playing Boyz II Men\'s \"End of the Road\", the station dropped the \"Beat\" branding and reverted to KDAY, with Snoop Dogg\'s \"Gin & Juice\" ushering in the new format. Station spots between songs indicated that the previous syndicated fare was a programming mistake on the part of KDAY that did not reflect what Los Angeles fans wanted and that the station would \"never do that again\". The flip officially left Los Angeles as the largest market without an urban contemporary station until KHHT flipped back to that format as KRRL in 2015, replacing Houston in that distinction. (Houston would regain an urban contemporary outlet in KHHT\'s sister station KKRW, which flipped to that format over a year before KHHT.) A month later, in September 2009, KWIE would return to simulcasting KDAY under new call letters KDEY-FM.
In November 2009, KDAY management hired veteran programming consultants Bill Tanner and Steve Smith to help in the evolution of the station alongside program director Adrian Scott, new operations manager Brian Bridgman, and new general manager Zeke Chaidez. Tanner explained what was in store for KDAY\'s future: \"Brian, Steve and I have offered some refinements based on our many years of experience in Los Angeles \... We\'re just getting started with the music. We will be adding jocks and more surprises in the weeks ahead.\" On-air music mixing returned to the station with the additions of Mr. AD, Eddy Xprs, Class1c, and DJ Dense.
On December 27, 2010, Magic Broadcasting announced it would sell KDAY and KDEY-FM to SoCal935, LLC for \$35 million. At the time, SoCal935\'s principal investors Warren Chang and John Hearne also had a financial stake in Riverside rhythmic contemporary station KQIE. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the sale on December 8, 2011; however, even after three extensions of time to consummate the sale, the transfer of ownership never took place.
Another proposed sale of KDAY and KDEY-FM was announced April 10, 2013, this time to RBC Communications, a group led by Chinese/Hong Kong broadcaster Phoenix Television and its editor-in-chief and current affairs anchor Anthony Yuen. By October, however, RBC had pulled out of the deal, marking the second failed attempt by Magic to divest the two stations.
On June 7, 2015, KDAY began airing Art Laboe\'s syndicated six-hour Sunday night urban oldies program *The Art Laboe Connection*. Previously, the show was broadcast on KHHT until the aforementioned flip of that station in February 2015.
KDEY-FM dropped its simulcast of KDAY a second time in February 2017, as the former flipped to an urban contemporary format targeting its local Inland Empire market as \"Wild 93.5\". Before the switch, owner Meruelo Media filed a special temporary authority with the FCC for KDEY-FM by reducing power to determine any possible co-channel interference issues. However, after just seven months, KDEY-FM would return to simulcasting with KDAY for a third time on October 30, 2017.
On May 9, 2017, Emmis Broadcasting sold KDAY competitor KPWR (Power 106) to Meruelo Group for \$82.75 million; Meruelo began operating KPWR that July. As a result of the acquisition and the company\'s decision to retain KPWR\'s rhythmic contemporary format, airstaff and management, Meruelo announced that it would relocate the KDAY studios to Burbank alongside KPWR. Under Meruelo ownership, KDAY and KDEY-FM refocused their programming on classic hip hop and rhythmic throwbacks to avoid overlap.
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# KDAY
## History of the 93.5 FM frequency in Los Angeles {#history_of_the_93.5_fm_frequency_in_los_angeles}
The station at 93.5 FM, licensed to Redondo Beach, California, signed on in 1961 as KAPP-FM and was owned by South Bay Broadcasting Company. The license was granted after the applications for KPOL-FM and KNX-FM were denied. Chuck Johnson and Lonnie Cook came to KAPP-FM from KTYM-FM (103.9 FM) in Inglewood. The frequency was shared as the signal\'s programming came from Redondo Beach in the daytime, and the pop, blues, doo wop, and jazz format being aired by Johnson and Cook (from Johnson\'s home) at night. It has been determined that their FM top 40 chart is the oldest one known to exist.
The station changed its callsign to KKOP with its sale to Southern California Associated Newspapers in 1965 and began playing mellow pop music. The transmitter moved to Torrance in the 1970s. In 1978, KKOP became KFOX-FM upon its sale to the former operators of KFOX at 1280 AM. Like its predecessor, KFOX-FM played country music. The format in the early 1980s was an adult contemporary hit music station. In 1981--1982, KFOX-FM employed Los Angeles\' youngest disc jockey at the time, a 16-year-old student from Torrance High School, Brett Nordhoff, who later changed his on-air name to Kidd Kelly.
By 1983, KFOX-FM had evolved into a multi-ethnic, multilingual format such as Radio Rangarang (Persian), Radio Omid (Persian), and Radio Naeeri (Armenian). In the mid-1990s, this became \"Radio Korea USA\" with an all-Korean format. This continued until 1999, when the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel (ICFG) moved the KFSG call letters and Christian radio format to 93.5 FM. This switch was a condition of selling KXOL-FM (96.3 FM), acquired by Spanish Broadcasting System specifically for the purpose of relocating KFSG. In 2002, the lease arrangement with the ICFG ended and SBS switched KFSG to a Spanish-language outlet, first as KMJR (\"La Mejor\") and later KZAB as La Sabrosa
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# Josefin Lillhage
**Josefin Lillhage** (born 15 March 1980) is a former swimmer from Sweden, who won the bronze medal in the 200 m freestyle at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. She competed in four Olympiads: in 1996, 2000, 2004 and 2008
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# Will Christopher Baer
**Will Christopher Baer** is an American author of hardboiled fiction
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# Domus Academica
**Domus Academica**, colloquially called **Domma**, is a student housing complex in the center of Helsinki, Finland, owned by the Student Union of the University of Helsinki. It offers various services for students and also houses various Student Union organisations.
The complex is internationally known for the **Domus chair** originally designed by Ilmari Tapiovaara for the building
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# George Chinnery
**George Chinnery** (`{{zh|c=錢納利}}`{=mediawiki}; 5 January 1774 -- 30 May 1852) was an English painter who spent most of his life in Asia, especially India and southern China.
## Early life {#early_life}
Chinnery was born in London, where he studied at the Royal Academy Schools. His father was an exponent of the Gurney system of shorthand; his elder brother William Chinnery owned what is now Gilwell Park in Epping Forest in Essex, before he was discovered to have committed large-scale fraud, and fled to Sweden. George Chinnery moved in 1796 to Ireland, where he enjoyed some success as an artist, and married Marianne (née Vigne) on 19 April 1799 in Dublin.
## Career
Chinnery returned to London in 1801 without his wife and two infant children. In 1802 he sailed to Madras (Chennai) on the ship `{{ship||Gilwell|1801 ship|2}}`{=mediawiki}. He established himself as a painter there and then in Calcutta (Kolkata), where he became the leading artist of the British community in India.
By 1813 Chinnery was a freemason, listed as a member of Calcutta\'s well-to-do masonic lodge *Star in the East*. This was one of three masonic lodges in that city which took part in the official welcome for Lord Moira (1754-1826), also a freemason, on his arrival there (1813) as the new Governor-General of India. Chinnery\'s masonic career is otherwise little documented, and its connection with his artistic output unexplored.
Some of his most famous paintings are of the Indian family of Colonel James Achilles Kirkpatrick British Resident to the Nizam of Hyderabad who had set up home, to some scandal among his fellow Europeans, with the Indo-Iranian great niece of the Nizam of Hyderabad\'s chief minister. He painted *The Kirkpatrick Children* presenting them \" \[with a\] sympathy that is rare in portraiture of the period; the boy looking straight at the viewer with a self-conscious stance, hand on hip, while the girl looks uncomfortably at the floor.\" Mounting debt prompted a move in 1825 to southern China.
From 1825 until his death in 1852 Chinnery based himself in Macau, but until 1832 he made regular visits to Canton (now Guangzhou). He painted portraits of Chinese and Western merchants, visiting sea-captains, and their families resident in Macau. His work in oil paint was closely imitated by the Cantonese artist Lam Qua, who himself became a renowned portrait painter. Chinnery also painted landscapes (both in oils and in watercolours), and made numerous drawings of the people of Macau engaged in their daily activities.
In 1846 he made a six-month visit to Hong Kong, where he suffered from ill health but made detailed studies of the newly founded colony. He died in Macau on 30 May 1852 and is buried in the Old Protestant Cemetery there.
## Works
Apart from their artistic value, his paintings are historically valuable as he was the only western painter resident in South China between the early and mid 19th century. He vividly depicted the life of ordinary people and the landscape of the Pearl River Delta at that period. Among the subjects of his portraits are the Scottish opium traders William Jardine and James Matheson as well as the diarist Harriet Low.
George Chinnery learnt the Gurney system shorthand from his father and grandfather (both writing-masters), and he used his own modified version of this shorthand for jotting quick notes on his pencil sketches.
## Legacy
Substantial collections of Chinnery\'s drawings are to be found in London in the Victoria and Albert Museum and the British Museum; and in Salem, Mass., at the Peabody Essex Museum. Other notable groups are held in Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, UK; the Hong Kong Museum of Art; the Macau Museum; and the Macau Museum of Art. The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation can claim to have the outstanding corporate collection of Chinnery\'s works. Loan exhibitions of his pictures have been held recently in Centro Cultural de Belém, Lisbon (1995); Metropolitan Teien Art Museum, Tokyo (1996); Hong Kong Museum of History, Hong Kong (2005); and Macau Museum (2010).
Chinnery was the basis for the artist Aristotle Quance in the James Clavell novel *Tai-Pan*.
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# George Chinnery
## Gallery of works {#gallery_of_works}
<File:Howqua>, 1830.jpg\|The Hong merchant Howqua, 1830, he was once one of the richest men in the world <File:Portrait> of Thomas Beale - George Chinnety.JPG\|Portrait of Thomas Beale, 1802-1803) Catherine Sherson.jpg\|Watercolour on ivory of Catherine Sherson, (born Taylor), 1802--03 <File:Gilbert> Elliot Murray-Kynynmond.jpg\|Portrait of Gilbert Eliot, 1st Earl of Minto, (1811-1812) <File:Dr>. Thomas Colledge with Patients.jpg\|Thomas Richardson Colledge with patients (c. 1833-1835) <File:Portrait> of William Jardine by George Chinnery
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# Bill Jenkings
**William Charles Jenkings** (1915 -- 12 May 1996) was an Australian writer, newspaper reporter, and a well known Bondi Beach personality.
## Career
Jenkings was a news and crime reporter for the Sydney newspaper *The Daily Mirror*, having joined the paper in 1944. *The Daily Mirror* was then owned by Ezra Norton and was later owned by Rupert Murdoch\'s News Ltd. Jenkings worked as a reporter there until his retirement in 1991. Jenkings made and maintained legendary contacts both in the underworld and the police force, and was regarded as the foremost crime reporter in Sydney for over 50 years. He covered high-profile cases during the 1950s and 1960s, including the Graeme Thorne kidnapping, the Bogle-Chandler case, and the Wanda Beach Murders. One of his sources, Detective Ray \"Gunner\" Kelly, benefited greatly from the publicity, becoming one of Australia\'s best-known policemen.
Jenkings was also unabashed at his support for several of the men he\'d met in his working life. He had known Rupert Murdoch when Murdoch controlled *The Daily Mirror*, and Jenkings insisted that he was \"a great boss\". He also refused to believe allegations about the involvement of Sydney policemen Ray Kelly, Fred Krahe and Frank Farrell in corrupt activities, saying that he had also known them personally.
## Author
Jenkings published two books. The first, *Crime Reporter,* was a pulp-paperback about some of his highest-profile reporting cases. His second, *As Crime Goes By..*, covered his life story, which was mostly ghost-written for him just after he retired, and became a best-seller. The book featured interesting accounts of the lives of many famous Sydney criminals such as Kate Leigh, Tilly Devine, John \'Chow\' Hayes, William \'Joey\' Hollebone, Nellie Cameron, \"Pretty\" Dulcie Markham, Robert \"Pretty Boy\" Walker, Richard \"Dick\" Reilly, \"Greyhound\" Charlie Bourke, Stewart John Regan and Darcy Dugan. In it he suggested that he knew the solutions to the Bogle-Chandler and Wanda Beach cases, although the suspect he named for the latter commenced legal action against Jenkings for the allegation. This litigation was not finalised, and it ceased with Jenkings\' death.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Jenkings married Noreen Cecilia Simpson at St. Anne\'s Catholic Church, Bondi, New South Wales, on 30 March 1940. He lived with his family for most of his life in Bondi, and was known to many people as \"Bondi\" Bill Jenkings, and was a life member of the Bondi Surf Lifesaving Club. He died on 12 May 1996, was cremated at the Eastern Suburbs Memorial Park at Botany, and was survived by his wife and four children
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# Environmental journalism
**Environmental journalism** is the collection, verification, production, distribution and exhibition of information regarding current events, trends, and issues associated with the non-human world. To be an environmental journalist, one must have an understanding of scientific language. The individual needs to put to use their knowledge of historical environmental events. One must have the ability to follow environmental policy decisions and environmental organizations. An environmental journalist should have a general understanding of current environmental concerns, and the ability to communicate information to the public in a way that is easily understood.
Environmental journalism falls within the scope of environmental communication. Its roots can be traced to nature writing. One controversy in environmental journalism is, how to distinguish the genre from its allied disciplines.
## History
While the practice of nature writing has a rich history that dates back at least as far as the exploration narratives of Christopher Columbus, and follows tradition up through prominent nature writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau in the late 19th century, John Burroughs and John Muir in the early 20th century, and Aldo Leopold in the 1940s, the field of environmental journalism did not begin to take shape until the 1960s and 1970s.
The growth of environmental journalism as a profession roughly parallels that of the environmental movement, which became a mainstream cultural movement with the publication of Rachel Carson\'s *Silent Spring* in 1962 and was further legitimized by the passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964. Grassroots environmental organizations made a booming appearance on the political scene in the 1960s and 1970s, raising public awareness of what many considered to be the \"environmental crisis\", and working to influence environmental policy decisions. The mass media has followed and generated public interest on environmental issues ever since.
The field of environmental journalism was further legitimized by the creation of the Society of Environmental Journalists [1](http://www.sej.org) in 1990, whose mission \"is to advance public understanding of environmental issues by improving the quality, accuracy, and visibility of environmental reporting.\" Today, academic programs are offered at a number of institutions to train budding journalists in the rigors, complexity and sheer breadth of environmental journalism
## Risks and Challenges {#risks_and_challenges}
Environmental journalism plays a vital role in addressing global crises like climate change and biodiversity loss, educating the public and holding policymakers accountable. However, it is a high-risk profession, as journalists often face threats while reporting from remote and hazardous locations on issues such as deforestation and pollution.
Over the past 15 years, the 2024 UNESCO report documents a concerning rise in attacks on environmental journalists worldwide, with 749 incidents, including 44 murders, of which only five resulted in convictions. The report identifies state and private actors, as well as criminal groups, as major sources of these threats, which severely undermine the dissemination of essential environmental information. This situation is further exacerbated by the spread of climate-related disinformation on social media. Additionally, a survey involving more than 900 environmental journalists revealed that 70% had experienced threats related to their work, highlighting the grave and widespread challenges facing journalists in this field.
## Advocacy debate {#advocacy_debate}
There exists a minor rift in the community of environmental journalists. Some, including those in the Society of Environmental Journalists, believe in objectively reporting environmental news, while others, like Michael Frome, a prominent figure in the field, believe that journalists should only enter the environmental side of the field if saving the planet is a personal passion, and that environmental journalists should not shy away from environmental advocacy, though not at the expense of clearly relating facts and opinions on all sides of an issue. This debate is not likely to be settled soon, but with changes in the field of journalism filtering up from new media being used by the general public to produce news, it seems likely that the field of environmental journalism will lend itself more and more toward reporting points of view akin to environmental advocacy.
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# Environmental journalism
## Genres
### Environmental communication {#environmental_communication}
Environmental communication is all of the forms of communication that are engaged with the social debate about environmental issues and problems.
Also within the scope of environmental communication are the genres of nature writing, science writing, environmental literature, environmental interpretation and environmental advocacy. While there is a great deal of overlap among the various genres within environmental communication, they are each deserving of their own definition.
### Nature writing {#nature_writing}
Nature writing is the genre with the longest history in environmental communication. In his book, *This Incomparable Land: A Guide to American Nature Writing*, Thomas J. Lyon attempts to use a \"taxonomy of nature writing\" in order to define the genre. He suggests that his classifications, too, suffer a great deal of overlap and intergrading. \"The literature of nature has three main dimensions to it: natural history information, personal responses to nature, and philosophical interpretation of nature\" (Lyon 20). In the natural history essay, \"the main burden of the writing is to convey pointed instruction in the facts of nature,\" such as with the ramble-type nature writing of John Burroughs (Lyon 21). \"In essays of experience, the author\'s firsthand contact with nature is the frame for the writing,\" as with Edward Abbey\'s contemplation of a desert sunset (Lyon 23). In the philosophical interpretation of nature, the content is similar to that of the natural history and personal experience essays, \"but the mode of presentation tends to be more abstract and scholarly\" (Lyon 25). *The Norton Book of Nature Writing* adds a few new dimensions to the genre of nature writing, including animal narratives, garden essays, farming essays, ecofeminist works, writing on environmental justice, and works advocating environmental preservation, sustainability and biological diversity. Environmental journalism pulls from the tradition and scope of nature writing.
### Science writing {#science_writing}
Science writing is writing that focuses specifically on topics of scientific study, generally translating jargon that is difficult for those outside a particular scientific field to understand into language that is easily digestible. This genre can be narrative or informative. Not all science writing falls within the bounds of environmental communication, only science writing that takes on topics relevant to the environment. Environmental journalism also pulls from the tradition and scope of science writing.
### Environmental interpretation {#environmental_interpretation}
Environmental interpretation is a particular format for the communication of relevant information. It \"involves translating the technical language of a natural science or related field into terms and ideas that people who aren\'t scientists can readily understand. And it involves doing it in a way that\'s entertaining and interesting to these people\" (Ham 3). Environmental interpretation is pleasurable (to engage an audience in the topic and inspire them to learn more about it), relevant (meaningful and personal to the audience so that they have an intrinsic reason to learn more about the topic), organized (easy to follow and structured so that main points are likely to be remembered) and thematic (the information is related to a specific, repetitious message) (Ham 8--28). While environmental journalism is not derived from environmental interpretation, it can employ interpretive techniques to explain difficult concepts to its audience.
### Environmental literature {#environmental_literature}
Environmental literature is writing that comments intelligently on environmental themes, particularly as applied to the relationships between man, society and the environment. Most nature writing and some science writing falls within the scope of environmental literature. Often, environmental literature is understood to espouse care and concern for the environment, thus advocating a more thoughtful and ecologically sensitive relationship of man to nature. Environmental journalism is partially derived from environmental literature
### Environmental advocacy {#environmental_advocacy}
Environmental advocacy is presenting information on nature and environmental issues that is decidedly opinionated and encourages its audience to adopt more environmentally sensitive attitudes, often more biocentric worldviews. Environmental advocacy can be present in any of the aforementioned genres of environmental communication. It is currently debated whether environmental journalism should employ techniques of environmental advocacy.
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# Environmental journalism
## Topics
The field of environmental journalism covers a wide variety of topics. According to *The Reporter\'s Environmental Handbook*, environmental journalists perceive water concerns as the most important environmental issue, followed by atmospheric air pollution concerns, endocrine disruptors, and waste management issues. The journalists surveyed were more likely to prioritize specific, local environmental issues than global environmental concerns.
Environmental journalism can include, but is not limited to, some of the following topics:
From *The Reporter\'s Environmental Handbook*: `{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Air pollution (Outdoor)
- Air pollution (Indoor)
- Animal waste management
- Biodiversity
- Brownfields (\"former industrial and commercial sites\" (104))
- Cancer and other disease cluster claims
- Chemical emergencies
- Chemical weapons (Disarmament)
- Children\'s health (Asthma)
- Children\'s health (Lead)
- Cross-border environmental issues (U.S.-Mexico)
- Dioxin
- Disposal of dredged materials
- Endocrine disruptors (\"also called a hormonally active agent, \[it\] is a chemical that interferes with the functioning of the endocrine system\" (172))
- Environmental justice and hazardous waste
- Food irradiation
- Genetically modified crops
- Global warming and climate change
- Groundwater pollution
- Naturally occurring and technology-based disasters
- Occupational health
- Ozone depletion
- Pesticides
- Population growth
- Sprawl and environmental health
- Surface water quality
- Water supply
From [EnviroLink](http://www.envirolink
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# Masaki Sumitani
a Japanese comedian, television personality, and retired professional wrestler. He is best known for creating and portraying `{{nihongo|'''Razor Ramon HG'''|レイザーラモンHG|Reizā Ramon Eichi Jī|also known as '''Hard Gay'''}}`{=mediawiki}, a satirical fictional character who became known through appearances on the Japanese variety show *Bakusho Mondai no Bakuten!*
## Early life {#early_life}
Masaki Sumitani was born December 18, 1975, in Harima, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. After graduating from Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Higashi High School, he entered Doshisha University and majored in Commerce.
## Professional wrestling career {#professional_wrestling_career}
While at college he picked up wrestling as a hobby and soon joined the Doshisha Professional Wrestling Alliance (DWA). Under his performing name \"GiveUp Sumitani\", he won the heavy class Kyoto pro-wrestling championship co-hosted by DWA and the Ritsumeikan Wrestling Alliance (RWA) of nearby Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto. Former IWGP Champion Hiroshi Tanahashi and fellow comedian Makoto Izubuchi were also participants of these events.
Sumitani continued his pro-wrestling aspirations in late 2005, working in the comedically off-beat HUSTLE promotion and defeating Yinling the Erotic Terrorist in his debut match; he has since gone to a team with Naoya Ogawa and Yoshihiro Tajiri in leading the HUSTLE Army against Generalissimo Takada's Monster Army. In early 2006, he started working with manzai partner Izubuchi again, with Izubuchi taking the name Razor Ramon RG (\"RG\" meaning \"Real Gay\"). Izubuchi\'s character was not nearly as well-received as Sumitani\'s but was an active pro-wrestler in HUSTLE, even teaming up with The Great Muta. Sumitani\'s character was that of an underdog face that had a never say die attitude and used his quickness to defeat his larger opponents. *Daily Sports* in Japan reported that Razor Ramon HG retired from pro wrestling after Hustle Mania, which took place November 23, 2006, at Yokohama Arena with Sumitani being defeated by The Esperanza. However, as with most retirements in pro-wrestling, Sumitani returned to action, pro wrestling at Hustle 21 on March 18 and Hustle 22 on April 21.
Hard Gay rose up to become one of the top faces of the HUSTLE promotion, but his pro wrestling career came to an abrupt end in July 2009 when he shattered his left foot while diving from the ring during an event at Korakuen Hall. He needed 12 bolts to put his foot back together. Upon his recovery, he hoped to return to TV comedy.
In 2019, Hard Gay made his pro wrestling return being defeated by Super Delfin in a 3-way match.
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# Masaki Sumitani
## Comedy
It was through pro wrestling in their college years, that Sumitani met Makoto Izubuchi, with whom he would later form the comedy duo \"Razor Ramon\", the name inspired by the character portrayed by professional wrestler Scott Hall, which debuted in the WWF (WWE) in 1992. During their college years, Razor Ramon won the Fukuwarai award in the Imamiya Kids' Ebisu Manzai Contest and gained experience on the stage through the audition live performance SABUKI at 2chome-gekijo, an Osaka comedy club opened by the Yoshimoto Kogyo comedy troupe at which many comedians from the Kansai area start their career.
After completing his degree at the prestigious Doshisha University, Sumitani got a job at CO-OP KOBE, as a grocery delivery man. His desire to pursue a career as a professional comedian led him to quit his job after four months, when he joined Yoshimoto Kogyo with his partner Makoto Izubuchi. Razor Ramon made their TV debut in 1999 and won the Judges Special Award in the ABC Owarai (Comedy) Grand-Prix in 2000. Both Sumitani and Izubuchi joined the Yoshimoto Kogyo-produced program Yoshimoto Shin-kigeki in 2001, often playing yakuza, salaryman, udon restaurant owners, construction workers, and others.
### Hard Gay {#hard_gay}
A character (introduced in 2002) developed and portrayed by Sumitani is `{{nihongo|Hard Gay|ハードゲイ|Hādo Gei}}`{=mediawiki}. The term \"Hādo Gei\" is a Japanese reference to American gay subculture in similar fashion to \"punk\". In Japan, gender subculture with distinct dress style is referred to as \"Gei ゲイ\". In turn, the term \"hard gay\" became the reference to more masculine oriented \"drag\" seen to be prevalent in America. The fact that Hard Gay does not portray any Japanese gay subculture also explains why the sketch was allowed to be aired on Japanese TV, which has its own code of political correctness.
The official name is **Razor Ramon HG**. Dressing in a tight black PVC gay fetish outfit , he performed acts of charity (*yonaoshi*, "social improvement") for unsuspecting bystanders while performing trademark pelvic thrusts and vocalizations, often accompanied by \"Livin\' la Vida Loca\" by Ricky Martin .
According to some accounts, the name \"Hard Gay\" was the suggestion of Sumitani\'s senior comedian in the Yoshimoto Kogyo group, Kendo Kobayashi, in reference to his hard dancing. The name has also been described as a pun on 芸, *gei*, which means \"skill\" or \"art.\" However, to develop his character, Sumitani visited gay bars in Doyama-cho, Osaka's biggest gay area, and his costume, which consists of hot pants, a small vest, and cap, all in black PVC, along with aviator sunglasses, was purchased at a shop called VFTQ in Minami-Horie, Osaka, which specializes in gay fashion. Hard Gay makes regular use of a number of catchphrases in his act; he usually makes his entrance in front of the camera shouting \"*Dōmō Haadogei desu*\" (\"Hello, it\'s Hard Gay\"), with arms thrust out and a spin afterwards. His self-introduction is then followed by his dance moves. He often shouts \"*Hoooooo*\" (フゥ～!) or \"*Foohhhh!*\" (フォー！), a running joke in his performances. He often stops people saying unfavorable things to him by shouting \"*Sei sei sei sei sei*\" with his palm in front of the person\'s face. Whether this means anything is debatable, although Sumitani has commented that \"*sei sei*\" is something that comes out from his mouth when he is not happy, and that he does not mean \"say\" as in to speak something, although one might compare this action to the \"talk to the hand\" gesture. A possible interpretation might be that the origin lies in the word *urusai* (lit. \"noisy,\" meaning \"Be quiet!\"), which is often pronounced *urusē* うるせー in Kansai dialect, shortened to *sei*. Another theory is the word *sei* written by kanji 静, meaning \"quiet.\"
Sumitani\'s supposed homosexuality was exposed as a gimmick when he was caught in the midst of a date with Japanese actress and swimsuit model Anna Suzuki, whom he has since married. He has been criticised for his stereotypical depiction of gay men and for building a career on using bizarre and extreme antics to \"parody\" a social minority. A spokesperson for the Hokkaido Sexual Minority Association Sapporo Meeting, a support group for gay, lesbian and transgender people, has said: \"Hard Gay's acceptance by the Japanese public shows me that there is a strong tendency here to see homosexuality as something to be laughed at. That is sad.\"
He then announced that he would start to reappear on television as Masaki Sumitani instead of Razor Ramon HG. His first reappearance as Masaki Sumitani was April 18, 2008, in a theatrical production of the jidaigeki take, *HAKANA*.
Prior to his transition back to television comedy, Sumitani revealed that during his hiatus between his career-ending wrestling injury and his impending TV return that he has fallen on hard times and has been making the equivalent of \$70 USD a month. He is planning to reinvent himself because he does not want to go down in Japanese television history as a \"one-hit wonder\". Whether this entails a new *neta* (comic hook) for his HG character or a brand new character altogether for Sumitani remains to be seen.
Sumitani once reprised his role as Hard Gay for a teaser for the video game *Devil\'s Third*. Unlike his early appearances, he wears a suit but retains his signature cap and glasses.
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# Masaki Sumitani
## Other media {#other_media}
Razor Ramon HG made a small cameo in the May 2006 chapter of *Gantz* (chapter 233), shown on television in Kurono Kei\'s apartment. He also made a small cameo in episode 12 of *The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya*, at 2:29, with Akihiro Miwa. A picture of him is shown in Ğ. In addition, a reference to Razor Ramon HG is made in Chapter 2 of the manga \"Asu no Yoichi\", with a character attempting to silence someone much like HG would with \"Sei!\"
Sumitani released his first single entitled \"Young Man\" on 8 February 2006; it is a Japanese rendition of the Village People's song \"YMCA.\"
He has also appeared in several television programs. HG (as himself) portrayed a gym teacher in the high school episode of the *batsu* game series from the Japanese variety show *Gaki no Tsukai*. He also did a cameo on the set of *Hana Yori Dango*. Razor Ramon was a contestant on *Viking: The Ultimate Obstacle Course*, even making it to the final and finished in 2nd place. He was featured on *The Soup*'s \"Souper Fantastic Ultra Wish Time.\" He was featured on *Lost in Tokyo*, a Dutch and Flemish game show. He has also appeared in multiple episodes of Jonathan Ross\' *Japanorama* on the BBC. In May 2009, he made an appearance in the comical Drama, *Atashinchi no Danshi*, where his character was in love with one of the male characters named Fuu. There were repeated shoots of his catchphrase \"Fuuuu!\" while he walked around the family house in search of Fuu. In 2016, Sumitani appeared in *Gantz: O*, voice acting as the character George Shimaki.
Hard Gay, dressed differently, makes a cameo as a construction worker in the game *Freshly-Picked Tingle\'s Rosy Rupeeland*. After he fixes one of the bridges for Tingle, he proceeds to do his trademark pelvic thrusts while a smooth jazz style song plays in the background.
Once again dressed in his wrestling outfit, Sumitani makes a cameo as Hard Gay in the 2016 Netflix drama *Hibana: Spark*. In this appearance, he takes part in the same comedy television show as the main character.
Seeking to shed his former image and strike out on his own, he\'s turned to modelling. He is now the new male face for boots retailer Luan.
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# Masaki Sumitani
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sumitani married actress and television personality Anna Suzuki on November 27, 2006, only four days after his initial retirement. Suzuki ended her modelling career after her commitments were finished and concentrated on starting a family. The couple had their first child in 2008.
## Championships and accomplishments {#championships_and_accomplishments}
- *Pro Wrestling Illustrated*
- Ranked No
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# Beverly Clock
The **Beverly Clock** is a clock in the 3rd-floor lift foyer of the Department of Physics at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. The clock is still running despite never having been manually wound since its construction in 1864 by Arthur Beverly.
## Operation
The clock\'s mechanism is driven by variations in daily temperature and, to a lesser extent, in atmospheric pressure. Either causes the air in a 1 cuft airtight box to expand or contract, which pushes on a diaphragm. A temperature variation of 6 F-change over the course of each day creates approximately enough pressure to raise a one-pound weight by one inch (equivalent to 13 mJ), which drives the clock mechanism.
A similar mechanism in a commercially available clock that operates on the same principle is the Atmos clock, manufactured by the Swiss watchmaker Jaeger-LeCoultre.
While the clock has not been wound since it was made, it has stopped on a number of occasions, such as when its mechanism needed cleaning or there was a mechanical failure, and when the Physics Department moved to new quarters. Also, on occasions when the ambient temperature does not fluctuate sufficiently to supply the requisite amount of energy, the clock will not function. However, after environmental parameters readjust, the clock begins operating again
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# Foundation for Student Housing in the Helsinki Region
**Foundation for Student Housing in the Helsinki Region** (**HOAS**, *Helsingin seudun opiskelija-asuntosäätiö*, *Helsingforsregionens studentbostadsstiftelse*) is the largest student housing provider operating in the Helsinki metropolitan area
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# Mslexia
***Mslexia*** is a British magazine for women writers, founded and edited by Debbie Taylor. *Mslexia* contains articles and resources on writers, writing, and publishing. Writers who have contributed articles include Diana Evans, Helen Mort, Hannah Lowe, Jackie Kay and Malika Booker. It was first published in March 1999 and is produced four times a year. *Mslexia* has about 11,000 subscribers.
## Name
The name is a portmanteau of *Ms*, for woman, and *lexia*, meaning words.
According to the official *Mslexia* website:
> Mslexia means women\'s writing (*ms* = woman *lexia* = words). Its association with dyslexia is intentional. Dyslexia is a difficulty, more prevalent in men, with reading and spelling. Mslexia is a difficulty, more prevalent in women, with getting into print. Mslexia is the complex set of conditions and expectations that prevents women, who as girls so outshine boys in verbal skills, from becoming successful authors. The magazine *Mslexia* aims to define, explore and help overcome the condition of mslexia and provide a platform and playground for women writers. Its intention is to provide information, guidance and inspiration for published and unpublished authors, and improve the quality and standing of women\'s literature.
## Content
Each quarter, a guest judge picks the best prose and poetry new writing on a theme specified in a previous issue. Past guest judges have included Val McDermid, Kirsty Gunn, Deborah Moggach, and Helen Simpson.
There are also opportunities for readers to contribute to the rest of the magazine, such as the autobiographical and Flash fiction sections which also have set themes.
## Competitions
*Mslexia* runs several annual writing competitions, with categories across short story, flash fiction and poetry, and a novel competition with a first prize of £5,000. Past judges have included U. A. Fanthorpe and R. V. Bailey (Poetry Competition; 2007), Katherine Rundell (Children\'s Novel Competition; 2018) and Hilary Mantel (Adult Novel Competition; 2021).
The back section of the magazine contains book reviews and listings including national and regional events, competitions, writing courses and publications seeking submissions.
## Controversy
In September 2020, the magazine asked author Amanda Craig to step down as a competition judge after she signed an open letter to *The Sunday Times* criticising online abuse of J. K. Rowling. Rowling\'s comments on gender and sex had become the focus of a divisive debate on social media. In a statement to *The Bookseller*, the magazine\'s board said:
> if a *Mslexia* judge expresses views that threaten to undermine *Mslexia*{{\'}}s climate of welcome and inclusivity, we will always ask her to step down from that role
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# Jakob Martin Strid
**Jakob Martin Strid** is a Danish cartoonist, who is known throughout Denmark for his successful series *Strid* in the Danish newspaper *Politiken*.
Before his mainstream success he drew for the socialist paper *Socialisten*; both runs consisted mostly of satire on political events. He is decidedly on the political left, but every public figure is a target. His *Strid* series in *Politiken* featured (mostly) the artist himself (as his sobriquet *Strid*) drawing, inviting guests and wandering off into intentionally far-fetched plots. There was much controversy around the strip when it ran in *Politiken* as he expressed sympathy with the Rote Armee Fraktion.
In 2012, Strid received the Danish Crown Prince Couple\'s Culture Prize
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# Load-link/store-conditional
In computer science, **load-linked/store-conditional** (**LL/SC**), sometimes known as **load-reserved/store-conditional** (**LR/SC**), are a pair of instructions used in multithreading to achieve synchronization. Load-link returns the current value of a memory location, while a subsequent store-conditional to the same memory location will store a new value only if no updates have occurred to that location since the load-link. Together, this implements a lock-free, atomic, read-modify-write operation.
\"Load-linked\" is also known as **load-link**, **load-reserved**, and **load-locked**.
LL/SC was originally proposed by Jensen, Hagensen, and Broughton for the S-1 AAP multiprocessor`{{failed verification|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki} at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
## Comparison of LL/SC and compare-and-swap {#comparison_of_llsc_and_compare_and_swap}
If any updates have occurred, the store-conditional is guaranteed to fail, even if the value read by the load-link has since been restored. As such, an LL/SC pair is stronger than a read followed by a compare-and-swap (CAS), which will not detect updates if the old value has been restored (see ABA problem).
Real implementations of LL/SC do not always succeed even if there are no concurrent updates to the memory location in question. Any exceptional events between the two operations, such as a context switch, another load-link, or even (on many platforms) another load or store operation, will cause the store-conditional to spuriously fail. Older implementations will fail if there are *any* updates broadcast over the memory bus. This is called *weak* LL/SC by researchers, as it breaks many theoretical LL/SC algorithms. Weakness is relative, and some weak implementations can be used for some algorithms.
LL/SC is more difficult to emulate than CAS. Additionally, stopping running code between paired LL/SC instructions, such as when single-stepping through code, can prevent forward progress, making debugging tricky.
Nevertheless, LL/SC is equivalent to CAS in the sense that either primitive can be implemented in terms of the other, in O(1) and in a wait-free manner.
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# Load-link/store-conditional
## Implementations
LL/SC instructions are supported by:
- Alpha: ldl_l/stl_c and ldq_l/stq_c
- PowerPC/Power ISA: lwarx/stwcx and ldarx/stdcx
- MIPS: ll/sc and lld/scd
- ARM: ldrex/strex (ARMv6, v7 and v8-M), and ldxr/stxr (ARMv8-A)
- RISC-V: lr/sc
- ARC: LLOCK/SCOND
Some CPUs`{{which|date=January 2017|reason=I have serious doubts about the accuracy of this statement, as typically the cache is used to implement the conditional reservation}}`{=mediawiki} require the address being accessed exclusively to be configured in write-through mode.
Typically, CPUs track the load-linked address at a cache-line or other granularity, such that any modification to any portion of the cache line (whether via another core\'s store-conditional or merely by an ordinary store) is sufficient to cause the store-conditional to fail.
All of these platforms provide weak`{{Clarify|date=January 2017}}`{=mediawiki} LL/SC. The PowerPC implementation allows an LL/SC pair to wrap loads and even stores to other cache lines (although this approach is vulnerable to false cache line sharing). This allows it to implement, for example, lock-free reference counting in the face of changing object graphs with arbitrary counter reuse (which otherwise requires double compare-and-swap, DCAS). RISC-V provides an architectural guarantee of eventual progress for LL/SC sequences of limited length.
Some ARM implementations define platform dependent blocks, ranging from 8 bytes to 2048 bytes, and an LL/SC attempt in any given block fails if there is between the LL and SC a normal memory access inside the same block. Other ARM implementations fail if there is a modification anywhere in the whole address space. The former implementation is the stronger and most practical.
LL/SC has two advantages over CAS when designing a load--store architecture: reads and writes are separate instructions, as required by the design philosophy (and pipeline architecture); and both instructions can be performed using only two registers (address and value), fitting naturally into common 2-operand ISAs. CAS, on the other hand, requires three registers (address, old value, new value) and a dependency between the value read and the value written. x86, being a CISC architecture, does not have this constraint; though modern chips may well translate a CAS instruction into separate LL/SC micro-operations internally.
## Extensions
Hardware LL/SC implementations typically do not allow nesting of LL/SC pairs. A nesting LL/SC mechanism can be used to provide a MCAS primitive (multi-word CAS, where the words can be scattered). In 2013, Trevor Brown, Faith Ellen, and Eric Ruppert implemented in software a multi-address LL/SC extension (which they call LLX/SCX) that relies on automated code generation; they have used it to implement one of the best-performing concurrent binary search tree (actually a chromatic tree), slightly beating the JDK CAS-based skip list implementation
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# FR-V (microprocessor)
The Fujitsu **FR-V** (Fujitsu RISC-VLIW) is one of the very few processors ever able to process both a very long instruction word (VLIW) and vector processor instructions at the same time, increasing throughput with high parallel computing while increasing performance per watt and hardware efficiency. The family was presented in 1999. Its design was influenced by the VPP500/5000 models of the Fujitsu VP/2000 vector processor supercomputer line.
Featuring a 1--8 way very long instruction word (VLIW, Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD), up to 256 bit) instruction set it additionally uses a 4-way single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) vector processor core. A 32-bit RISC instruction set in the superscalar core is combined with most variants integrating a dual 16-bit media processor also in VLIW and vector architecture. Each processor core is superpipelined as well as 4-unit superscalar.
A typical integrated circuit integrates a system on a chip and further multiplies speed by integrating multiple cores. Due to the very low power requirements it is a solution even for battery-powered applications.
## Variants
The family started with the FR-500, includes FR-300, FR-400, FR-450, FR-550 and FR1000 architecture 32-bit processors, can run Linux, RTLinux, VxWorks, eCos, or ITRON and is also supported by the Softune Integrated development environment and the GNU Compiler Collection or GNUPro.
It is often used for image processing or video processing with most variants including a dual 16-bit media-processor.
## Technology
The 2005 presented FR1000 uses a core with 8-way 256-bit VLIW (MIMD) filling its superpipeline as well as a 4-unit superscalar architecture (integer (ALU)-, floating-point- and two media-processor-units), further increasing its peak performance of each core to up to 28 instructions per clock cycle. Like other VLIW-architectures 1 way is needed to load the next 256-bit instruction: 7-ways usable. Due to the used 4-way single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) vector processor-core, it counts to up to 112 data-operations per cycle and core. The included 4-way vector processor units are a 32-bit integer arithmetic logic unit and floating point unit as well as a 16-bit media-processor, which can process up to twice the operations in parallel.
The included integer- and floating-point unit enables the FR-V to execute complex tasks fully independent without need for help from a control unit; for example the Nikon Expeed needs only a slowly clocked, quite simple Fujitsu FR controller as the main control unit for all included FR-V, DSP and GPU processors and data communication and other modules. Some processors have integrated memory management unit (MMU), allowing to run virtual multitasking operating systems (also real-time operating systems) with hardware memory protection.
## Applications
They are used to build the Milbeaut signal processors specialized for image processing, with the newest version additionally including an FR-V based HD video H.264 codec engine.
The Milbeaut image engines are included in the Leica S2 and Leica M (Typ 240), Nikon DSLRs (see Nikon Expeed), some Pentax K mount cameras and for the Sigma True-II processor
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# Rick Steier
**Rick Steier** (born October 8, 1960, in Louisville, Kentucky) is a guitarist who has played in the bands Warrant, Kingdom Come, Wild Horses, and KrunK/Kottak. Drummer and fellow Louisville native James Kottak was also in all these bands with Rick Steier.
## Discography
### With Kingdom Come {#with_kingdom_come}
- *Kingdom Come* (1988)
- *In Your Face* (1989)
### With Wild Horses {#with_wild_horses}
- *Bareback* (1991)
- *Dead Ahead* (2003)
### With Warrant {#with_warrant}
- *Ultraphobic* (1995)
- *Belly to Belly Vol
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# Matthias Jabs
**Matthias Jabs** (born 25 October 1955) is a German musician, best known as the lead/rhythm guitarist of the hard rock band Scorpions. He has played on all but the first five Scorpions studio albums, starting with *Lovedrive* (1979). He owns a music store, MJ Guitars, in Munich.
## Career
Jabs was discovered by Scorpions\' bassist Francis Buchholz, who had tutored him in mathematics to earn extra money while still in school. Buchholz subsequently recommended the band give him an audition after lead guitarist Uli Roth quit the band in 1978. Before joining the Scorpions, Jabs played for the bands Lady, Fargo and Deadlock.
### Departure of Uli Roth {#departure_of_uli_roth}
For *Taken by Force*, RCA Records made a determined effort to promote the album in stores and on the radio. The album\'s single, \"Steamrock Fever\", was added to some of RCA\'s radio promotional records, but Roth was not happy with the commercial direction the band was taking. Although he performed on the band\'s Japanese tour, he departed to form his own band, Electric Sun, prior to the release of the follow-up live album *Tokyo Tapes*. *Tokyo Tapes* was released in the US and Europe six months after its Japanese release. By that time in mid 1978, after auditioning around 140 guitarists, Scorpions recruited Matthias Jabs to replace Roth.
### Michael Schenker\'s short stint back in the group {#michael_schenkers_short_stint_back_in_the_group}
Following the addition of Jabs, Scorpions left RCA for Mercury Records in the United States and Harvest/EMI Electrola worldwide to record their next album, *Lovedrive*. Michael Schenker also returned to the group for a short period during the recordings for the album. This gave the band three guitarists (though Schenker\'s contribution to the final release was limited to only three songs). The result was *Lovedrive*, an album which some critics consider to be the pinnacle of their career. Containing such fan favourites as \"Loving You Sunday Morning\", \"Always Somewhere\", \"Lovedrive\", \"Holiday\" and the instrumental \"Coast to Coast\", it firmly cemented the \'Scorpions formula\' of hard rock songs mixed with melodic ballads.
After the completion and release of the album the band decided to retain Michael in the band, forcing Jabs to leave. However, in April 1979, after only a few weeks on the tour, Michael quit. Jabs was immediately brought in to permanently replace him.
Jabs\' playing style was a large part of *Lovedrive*{{\'}}s fresher, newer, heavier sound. This \"Van Halen-like\" sound would become the band\'s signature as it would propel them into superstardom in the 1980s.
In 2000, he was awarded the city of Hanover plaque and the Cross of Merit on Ribbon (Verdienstkreuz am Bande) of the Lower Saxony Order of Merit
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# Morga
**Morga** is a municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
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# Mundaka
**Mundaka** (*Mundaca*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, in northern Spain. Mundaka is internationally renowned for the surfing community that takes advantage of its coast and unique oceanic conditions.
Mundaka is accessible from Bilbao by EuskoTren on the E4 Urdaibai line.
## History
Mundaka is known as one of the most historically important places of the Lordship of Biscay, it is the believed birthplace of Jaun Zuria, the first Lord of Biscay, son of the Scottish princess who arrived in Mundaka escaping from an English King. The name of the town has Danish origin, and it is speculated that the town had Viking influence during the late first millennium, AD. According to the history of the Lordship, Mundaka has the oldest temple in Biscay. As a result, it has the first seat of the General Parliament.
The port is the centerpoint of the town, where the town initially expanded from. Most of the houses in Mundaka are medieval, designed as fishermans\' houses that face towards the sea.
The anteiglesia of Mundaka was first mentioned in the year 1051 in the donation of the Dominion of Biscay to the Monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla, and in 1070 in the donation of the aforementioned church to the Monastery of San Juan de la Peña.
The town was evacuated in 1811 during the Peninsular War by French troops, who had occupied the town, when Captain George Collier of the British Royal Navy sailed the H.M.S. Surveillante out of Bermeo through the Mundaca River. Lieutenant Aguiar y Mella tried to escape damaged coasts from shipwrecks while sailing along the Bay of Biscay, but was too, overwhelmed by French on the coast and sailed past the city to avoid confrontation with opposing troops.
## Coat of arms and flag {#coat_of_arms_and_flag}
- Shield: The coat of arms of Mundaka is formed by an oak tree surrounded by gold with a wolf. The icon is surrounded by a red and grey checkerboard pattern.
- Flag: The flag of Mundaka is composed of red silk with gold threaded embroidery.
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# Mundaka
## Etymology
There is a well-known legend that attributes the name \"Mundaka\" to the Latin phrase \"munda aqua\" (\'clean water\'). This legend appears in the *Chronicle of Biscay* written by Lope García de Salazar^\[es\]^ in the 15th century. According to this story, a ship from Scotland carrying a princess who had been banished from her homeland arrived on the coast of Mundaka. The Scots called the place \"in their Latin language, \"Munda aqua\", since there they had found a source of very clean water that contrasted with the murky waters of the estuary of Urdaibai. This princess would supposedly have a son, Jaun Zuria, and according to legend, Zuria would become the first Lord of Biscay. This legend may also explain why Mundaca is ranked as the first among the elizates of Biscay.
Apart from legends, the etymology of Mundaka is uncertain. The first written mention of Mundaka dates from 1070, when it was referred to as \"Mondaka\" in the writing of *Ego Mome Nunnuç placuit in animis meis mitto in Sancti Johannis de Orioli de Aragone uno monasterio in Bickaga (Vizcaga) in locum quae dicitur Mondaka (Mondacha).*
Some`{{who|date=May 2012}}`{=mediawiki} have sought a Norse origin for the name, based on the possible presence of a medieval Viking settlement in the area. In Danish, \"mund\" means \"mouth\", and \"haka\" means \"promontory, cape\". Mundaka lies precisely at the mouth of the estuary of the Oka river, which flows between Santa Catalina and Laida.
Others have related the town name to a stock of Basque phonemes with the endings \"-aka\", \"-eka\", \"-ika\", which are especially abundant in Biscay and which can be linked with the Celto-Italic suffix \"-aka\". To some, the origin of the name could be much older and it may be traceable back to an era in which Vizcaya could have been populated by a Celtic people.
Traditionally, the name was written as the Spanish \"Mundaca\", but in modern times, it is more commonly written as \"Mundaka\", which is an adaptation to the modern rules of spelling of the Basque language. \"Mundaca\" is usually regarded as the formal name in Castilian and \"Mundaka\" in Basque. Since 1982, the official name of the municipality has been \"Mundaka\". The new spelling variation was published in Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) in 1989.
The demonym for someone from Mundaka is \"mundaqués(a)\" in Spanish and \"mundakarra\" in Basque.
Another possible theory for the origin for the name \"Mundaca\", is similar to \"Munitibar\" and \"Munditibar\", which contains the stem \"Munio or Mundio\", as in \"Muniozguren\" and \"Munitiz\", which refers to a hill or hillock. \"-aka\" is a suffix referring to a slope, as are \"-ika\" and \"-eka\" as well. Considering Mundaca\'s physical geography, the etymology is possible, i.e., on the slope of a hill.
## Physical Geography {#physical_geography}
Mundaca shares its western border with the town of Bermeo, to the South with Pedernales, and to the East and North with the Cantabrian Sea. The island of Ízaro (Bermeo) and the extensive Laida sandy area are located off its coast. The municipal area is concentrated around the port at the feet of Mount Katillotxu (1,105 ft) and the alto de Betrocol.
The Errekatxu creek flows through the Laidatxu beach.
The coastal location of Mundaka allows for a mild climate year-round, with infrequent frost and flurrying.
The Oka River, also known as the Mundaca River, sits between the town of Laida and Point Santa Catalina de Mundaca.
## Access
- By road: from Bilbao: N-631; from Amorebieta: N-635.
- Railway Bilbao-Bermeo line.
- Bus Bilbao-Bermeo.
- Puerto Mundaka.
- In summer time, a ferry connects the town with the beach of Laida.
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# Mundaka
## Population
The area has been populated since the Lower Paleolithic period, as attested to by the caves of Santimamiñe on the other side of the estuary and deposits found in Portuondo.
Later the Romans arrived, attracted by the marble of Ereño and whose presence bears witness to a branch of Roman roads in Balmaseda that reaches Bermeo.
It is speculated by some that the area was at one point inhabited by Vikings, who according to some authors, justify the presence of blond hair of blue eyes on the Basque coast, unlike the interior of the Basque region. Anton Erkoreka asserts its presence in the 9th century based on Arabic chronicles, medieval stories, and other anthropological data, while Jon Juaristi believes the presence of Northern European phenotypes could be the result of a small presence of exiled Saxons dethroned by the Vikings.
In 1876, the population was estimated to be around 2,000 people. The population peaked in 1911, reaching 2,284 residents, with population swings in the coming decades due to socioeconomic conditions. In 1915, the population was estimated to have fallen to 1,918 people. In the 1950s, the population had dropped to 1,500 residents. In 1981, the population was 1,529. In 1991, the population slightly increased 1,641. In 2001, the population increased 1,853. In 2011, the population saw a slight increase to 1,943. In 2021, the population saw a slight dip to 1,859.
## Government
The municipal power while the \"immunity of Vizcaya\" continued was exercised by the inhabitants. These were the only ones who could adopt ordinances, usages and customs that were to govern themselves, due to their nature of autonomous community and without having to submit to the terms for the granting of the Charter puebla, as happened to the villas. Thus, all mundaqueses, including the widows who were head of the family and could vote, gathered in Assembly or \"stop cross\" to achieve their agreements, chairing the \"\' faithful Alderman\"\'. Between the faculties of the faithful was the representation of the autonomous community in the County Councils of Biscay until they ceased to meet due to the abolition of immunity in 1876. Since then, the post became known as Mayor. Since the transition, the Basque Nationalist Party governs the Town Hall with an absolute majority.
## Municipal Elections 2011 {#municipal_elections_2011}
Four parties stood in the 2011 municipal elections; EAJ-PNV, Bildu, PSE-EE and PP. These were the results:
- EAJ-PNV: 756 votes (6 Councillors)
- Bildu: 451 votes (3 Councillors)
- PSE-EE: 21 votes (0 Councillors)
- PP: 8 votes (0 Councillors)
This gave PNV control of the council. Bildu, a pro-Basque independence coalition, won 3 seats, while PSE-EE and popular failed to achieve representation due to the low number of votes obtained.
## Supramunicipal organizations {#supramunicipal_organizations}
- Busturialdea Water Consortium
- Association of Social Services of Biscay
- Regional abattoir
- Committee of mountain farming Guernica-Bermeo -- Urremendi
- Board of Trustees of the Urdaibai biosphere reserve
- Association of Basque municipalities -- EUDEL
- Center for enterprise development and Industrial of Biscay
- Center of professional initiation Guernica-Bermeo
- Local Charity Board
## Economy
- Unemployment: in 1999, there were 58 people registered at INEM, which meant a decrease of 34 per cent over the previous year.
- Primary sector: the village has been fundamentally devoted to the fishing and maritime trade since ancient times, having hosted an important Guild of fishermen. Currently, fishing activity has gone down significantly, leaving no fishermen in the village.
- Secondary sector: the industrial tradition of the locality is non-existent, with the exception of a shipyard, whose lands were destined for the construction of housing at the end of the 20th century. A canning industry was installed in 2002 in Mundaca next to the port of Bermeo. In 2003 the estate Lamiaran with 30.732 m^2^ of industrial land was opened.
- Tertiary sector: is currently the booster of the economy of Mundaca mainly in summer when the population reaches five-fold. Mundaca has two dozen bars, 8 restaurants and 3 hotels, as well as a campsite of 1st category with \"bungalows\". The summer season extends during the fall with the arrival of the practitioners of surf.
## Distinguished Locals {#distinguished_locals}
- Jaun Zuria; According to the legend, first Lord of Biscay.
- Francisco I Earl of Luzarraga, Admiral of the Navy.
- Rodrigo of Portuondo, marine.
- José Manuel Etxeita, writer \"euskaldun\" and ship\'s captain. Last Spanish mayor of Manila.
- Ramon Mendezona, historical Communist militant.
- Gregorio Blasco, football goalkeeper.
- Jaime Anesagasti y Llamas, IV Bishop of Campeche (Mexico) in 1910. He was born in Mundaka on 23 May 1863, D. Miguel Antonio de Anesagasti y Llamas (born in Mundaka) and Doña María Antonia Margarita de Jesús Llamas Santoscoy (native of Guadalajara, Mexico). He died 3 October 1910 in Campeche.
- Edorta Jimenez, writer of Basque literature.
- Irati Jimenez, author of Basque literature.
- Bernardo Maria Garro Basterrechea, \"Otxolua\", writer and translator regarding. [Bidegileak](http://www1.euskadi.net/euskara_sustapena/bidegileak/datos/50%20OTXALUA.pdf)
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# Mundaka
## Culture and tourism {#culture_and_tourism}
### Cuisine
The main dish is, by maritime tradition, fish, and especially the bass of Mundaka.
### Monuments and unique buildings {#monuments_and_unique_buildings}
- Library, old hospital for pilgrims of the Camino de Santiago, traveled by those landing in Bermeo.
- Chapel of Santa Catalina, 19th century, situated on the peninsula that bears its name and the walls that surround it, remains of a Fort of the 19th century.
- St. Mary\'s Church. Located in the vantage point of the village, with its back to the sea. Its construction began in Romanesque style in the 10th century, but it gives rise to a new Gothic plant in the 16th century after its destruction. Its interior is of an undeniable artistic value. A nave and three equal sections to cover, surely a neoclassical and neo-Gothic Tower of the 19th century.
- Cross of Kurtzio: 17th century, located in the square that bears its name.
- Society Fraternity Mundaquesa (casino).
- Palace of Larrínaga.
- Old town, next to the port.
- Town Hall.
### Natural spaces {#natural_spaces}
- Located in the north end of the Biosphere Reserve of Urdaibai, the town has two exceptional viewpoints in the high part if Portuondo and the vantage point of the towne, from which you can see the sands and the mouth of the Mundaka estuary. This is the starting point of the path which goes back the up to estuary Guernica.
## Sports
### Surfing
Mundaka is well renowned worldwide for its quality of surf. Huge swells roll in from the Bay of Biscay and slam into the rocky coastline of the Basque Country. The estuary at Mundaka has created a perfect sandbar which forms hollow waves that can be watched from the town\'s harbor wall. Mundaka was formerly one of the sites of the World Championship Tour of Surfing.[1](http://www.surfline.com/surf-report/mundaka-spain_6894/travel/)
Some great surfers have marked their legacy on Mundaka such as Andy Irons, Taj Burrow, Bobby Martinez, Kelly Slater, Mark Occilupo and Joel Parkinson.
## Parties and events {#parties_and_events}
- Carnival Sunday -- \"Aratuste\".
- 23 June-midsummer or Sanjuanada, bonfire and burning of the witch serving ancestral rites prior to Christianity to the sound of the txistu.
- 29 June -- San Pedro, feast.
- 22 July -- Magdalena.
- Last week of August -- \"Euskal Jaia\" (Basque party): costumes, craft market, music, exhibition of Basque rural sports (\"Herri-kirolak\"), Basque pelota, etc.
- 1 November -- Txakoli day.
- 25 November -- Catherine party Isla de Santa Catalina
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# Mungia
**Mungia** (in Spanish: *Munguía*) is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country of northern Spain. The town has 17,691 inhabitants (2019).
## Geography
Mungia lies 20 metres above sea level in an area full of open spaces, with a landscape of rolling hills; among these last are Gondramendi (217 m), Tallu (342 m) and Berreaga (366 m). The more important mountains nearby are Sollube (684 m) and Jata (592 m); these surround the valley of the Butroi river, which rises at the mountain of Bizkargi (536 m) and flows to the sea at the Plentzia estuary.
There are many small streams and underground springs, such as the Atxuri, Trobika, Lauromendi, Atebarri, or Mantzorriko Erreka, which are all tributaries of the Butroi river and provide water to the numerous fountains built in the town. In the past those waters helped to run more than 20 mills, some of which are still standing today.
## History
Although there are still traces which show that the area where Mungia stands today was inhabited in prehistoric times (there is a castro - a fortified place where an army used to camp - in Berreaga, and some steles of various ages have been found in neighbouring towns) the first documented reference we have dates back to the year 1051, when an abbot from Mungia ( *Mome Munchiensis abba* ) confirmed a gift from the Lord of Biscay to the Monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla.
At the beginning, Mungia, whose name comes from the Basque *Mune - Ganean*(which refers to its location at the edge of the Butroi river), was not much more than a tiny village with a very dispersed [population](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eu/timeline/3a2dff0ada924bd289dccc446edda38f.png). At that time the church was the only focus of the community, but the settlement later began to acquire its own significance as a result of the presence of an abbot and of its location in a strategic pass between the interior of the feudal holding and the coast, primarily at Bermeo, which had begun to stand out as an export harbour. Under these conditions, important families belonging to the nobility settled in the surrounding areas of the village and built there their tower houses. The economic power of these noblemen was based on landholdings.
However, as a consequence of a stockbreeding and agricultural crisis at the end of the 13th century, these families began to suffer. To face this situation they sought very hard to improve their income streams, and usually the easiest recourse they could have was to violence. On the pretext of \"being more worthy\" they fought with each other, and their peasants were decimated and deprived of their scarce belongings, or even involved in faction fights themselves.
In the area of Mungia, we find representatives of two factions: the Billela family which was part of the Ganboar faction. and the Butroi family which led the faction of Oinaz. As the tower houses of both families were next to each other their fights were a common event.
The borough of Mungia came to be as a consequence of this situation. Some of the inhabitants in the area, witnessing the outrages of the nobility, requested the then Lord of Biscay, the Infante Juan, to grant the title of borough to their town, in order to enable the fortification of the town and thus effective defence against attacks.
By this means on 1 August 1376, under the Fueros of Logroño, the borough of Mungia was created in the centre of an *anteiglesia* (a village or municipal district specific to the Basque provinces) similar in extent to the Parish) of the same name. Both belonged to the merindad of Uribe (an important and bigger borough which defended and governed all the towns and country houses inside its boundaries), and each had an autonomous municipality. In the same way, they each had their own representation in the Juntas of Gernika (the governmental council representing the people of Biscay), numbering 69 for the anteiglesia and 15 for the borough. But the fact of designating a borough did not avoid a great number of fights in the area. Thus, there were various episodes of different nature, arising from the wars between the factions. Just to name a few of the most important of those small skirmishes, we mention the battle of Berteiz or the battle of Mungia, which took place on 27 April 1479 and in which the factions of Oinaz and Ganboa, enemies up to that moment, formed an alliance to fight against the Earl of Haro.
Leaving these episodes aside, life in Mungia is thought to have been calm. Economic activity was mainly based on farming, with a few mills located on the banks of the many streams which washed the area, as well as small craft workshops settled down in the borough.
The daily round was rarely disturbed. In 1602 there was a fire, and a larger fire 1778 on 9 November with fourteen of the main buildings in the village burned down. From this time, to prevent accidents happening, all flammable products such as straw, wood and coal were stored in a place outside the enceinte. This site was known as *Atzekaldeta*, a basque name which refers to the location of the place in the rear part of the town.
Thus time passed quietly for both the borough of Mungia and the *anteiglesia* of the same name. They were independent entities, although they joined for the sake of some services and improvements. Thus, the school was common to both, and when the time arrived to canalise the water from the Gondramendi mountain to the village both shared the expenditure. Little by little, more tasks were performed together and as a result of this co-operation even bigger problems arose leading to the idea of joining both bodies and becoming one unique entity. This happened on 6 October 1900 when a ceremony was held; thereafter, the borough and the *anteiglesia* merged and became one for the future. The fountain which today lies in *Beko Kale*, in front of *Arnaga*, is the symbol of this unity under the motto \"Biak bat eta biena\" (Both only one and for both).
Up to 1936 life for the inhabitants passed by without major events, based on fundamental rural and agricultural activities, but with an increasing development of crafts and trade. During the Spanish Civil War Mungia was one of the towns most heavily punished in bombardments by fascist troops. Moreover, while withdrawing from Mungia, out of control anarchist groups burned some of the buildings in the town.
The war stopped growth taking place in Mungia. And yet, at the beginning of the 1960s, industrialisation in the area would appeal to many potential workers, resulting in migration not only from neighbouring towns but also from the rest of Spain. A few years later a large number of new buildings and streets were erected, expanding the town centre remarkably.
The recession at the end of the 1970s brought a short period of recession in Mungia, which had repercussions in the whole town; up to then Mungia had experienced a huge growth of population.
For the long years of Francisco Franco\'s dictatorship, the resistance movement was based on civic associations. Various groups looked for help from institutions such as the Church which worked as an umbrella to support cultural, sporting and educational activities. Those activities sought the preservation and recovery of Basque culture and the establishment of a democratic culture
| 1,249 |
Mungia
| 0 |
2,883,025 |
# Munitibar-Arbatzegi Gerrikaitz
**Munitibar-Arbatzegi Gerrikaitz** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 25 |
Munitibar-Arbatzegi Gerrikaitz
| 0 |
2,883,027 |
# Spring Valley (Washington, D.C.)
**Spring Valley** is a largely residential neighborhood in Ward 3, Northwest Washington, D.C. As of July 2021, it was the most expensive neighborhood in the District, with homes selling at a median price of \$1.465 million.
## Residents
Spring Valley\'s residents include notable media personalities (e.g., Ann Compton, Jim Vance), lawyers (e.g., United States Attorney General Eric Holder, Brendan Sullivan), politicians, corporate officers, and other members of elite Washington society (e.g., Washington Nationals principal owners Ed Cohen and Debra Cohen). After the Second World War, General of the Army Omar Bradley moved to a house on Indian Lane. As a Senator and then Vice President, Richard Nixon lived on Tilden St. 1951--1957, after which he moved to neighboring Wesley Heights; his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, after becoming Vice President under John F. Kennedy, purchased a three-story mansion named Les Ormes (The Elms) along 52nd Street NW that had previously been the home of socialite and ambassador Perle Mesta. George H. W. Bush also lived in the neighborhood prior to his White House years. Presently it is the residence of the ambassador of Algeria. Warren Buffett and sister Doris Buffett lived on 49th Street during their years attending Wilson High School.
It had the highest percentage of people voting for Donald Trump of any precinct in the 2016 election, at 15%.
## History
The neighborhood was the flagship development of the W.C. and A.N. Miller Companies, which sold its first homes in the subdivision in 1928, and built and sold homes there over the next 80 years. The neighborhood was originally deed-restricted, with W.C. and A.N. Miller prohibiting the sale or rental of the property to \"persons of Negro blood or extraction, or to any person of Semitic race, blood, or origin, which racial description shall be deemed to include Armenians, Jews, Hebrews, Persians, and Syrians\"; the Millers claimed that these covenants reflected the desires of the residents, and not the prejudice of the company or its officers, and anyway could not be eliminated. Although the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such covenants were unenforceable in 1948, they remained in the language of the deeds and were the subject of litigation until the passage of the 1968 Fair Housing Act.
Much of the land was formerly owned by American University. In 1917 the federal government established a weapons testing facility on land leased from the university, and the U.S. Army established Camp Leach to produce and test chemical weapons there, including mustard gas components, lewisite, and arsenic. The Army closed down the facility after World War I, and the university sold off the property for development. In 1993, construction workers discovered unexploded chemical mortar rounds and 75mm shells, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers carried out a cleanup dubbed Operation Safe Removal over the next two years which uncovered 141 munitions, including 42 poison gas shells. Nevertheless, reports of health problems continued and in 1997, the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, at the request of D.C. Department of Health officials, released a report indicating the Army Corps of Engineers had botched the cleanup. Further investigations found that the contamination was not widespread, and limits to certain plots, notably the home at 4825 Glenbrook Road NW. Its owners, whose lawyers characterized the plot as the \"mother of all toxic dumps,\" settled a federal lawsuit with the government, American University, and W.C. and A.N. Miller, and the house was demolished in 2012. Excavation and restoration at the 4825 Glenbrook site took 8 years, being declared complete in August 2020.
The cleanup by 2013 had cost the army \$221 million, before being paused in 2014 for three years. Between 2000 and 2017, more than 500 additional munition items, 400 pounds of laboratory glassware, and 100 tons of contaminated soil were removed as the cleanup continued. Work was paused with the discovery of an unknown substance containing low levels of mustard gas, and again after seven workers were sickened. By 2018, more than 1,600 homes had been screened for potentially elevated levels of arsenic, and contaminated soil had been removed from 180 homes.
## Geography
The neighborhood is bounded by Nebraska Avenue and Loughboro Road to its south, Dalecarlia Parkway to its west, and Massachusetts Avenue to its northeast; Dalecarlia and Mass. Ave. converge at Westmoreland Circle, on the Maryland border.
Massachusetts Avenue is the main commercial corridor serving the area. Neighborhood landmarks include the main campus of American University and the Wesley Theological Seminary, at 4400 and 4500 Massachusetts Ave. NW respectively. The former Washington College of Law campus at 4801 and 4910 Massachusetts Avenue is also here, although the institution has since moved to nearby Tenleytown. Paradoxically, the neighborhood to the northeast is called American University Park, even though the bulk of the main campus is located in Spring Valley.
Several embassy residences are located in the neighborhood, including the ambassador\'s houses of South Korea, Canada, Croatia, Mexico, Bahrain, Qatar, Uganda, Chile, Luxembourg, Algeria, Yemen and Estonia.
| 832 |
Spring Valley (Washington, D.C.)
| 0 |
2,883,027 |
# Spring Valley (Washington, D.C.)
## Education
American University and Wesley Theological Seminary are located in the southeast of the neighborhood. No elementary or secondary institutions are located in Spring Valley; District of Columbia Public Schools students attend Horace Mann Elementary School, Hardy Middle School, and Jackson-Reed High School
| 49 |
Spring Valley (Washington, D.C.)
| 1 |
2,883,031 |
# Murueta
**Murueta** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. According to the 2019 census, it has 308 inhabitants
| 32 |
Murueta
| 0 |
2,883,042 |
# Abney Park
**Abney Park** is in Stoke Newington, London, England. It is a 13 ha park dating from just before 1700, named after Lady Abney, the wife of Sir Thomas Abney, Lord Mayor of London in 1700 and one of the first directors of the Bank of England and associated with Isaac Watts, who laid out an arboretum. In the early 18th century it was accessed via the frontages and gardens of two large mansions: her own manor house (Abney House) and Fleetwood House. Both fronted onto Church Street in what was then a quiet mainly Nonconformist (non-Anglican) village. In 1840, the grounds were turned into Abney Park Cemetery, where 200,000 people were buried. Since 1978, the grounds have served as a cemetery open only to burials in a few remaining paid-up plots; an enclosed woodland park and events venue open to the public managed by the London Borough of Hackney, and since 1993, as a Local Nature Reserve, too.
## Parkland
In the early 18th century, Lady Abney laid out Abney Park after inheriting the Manor of Stoke Newington in 1701 from her brother Thomas Gunston. Initially she and her husband Sir Thomas Abney lived there part-time, also living at his country residence in Hertfordshire. She began work on the park in those years.
After her husband\'s death in 1722, Lady Abney moved to Abney House full-time, becoming the first Lady of the Manor of Stoke Newington in her own right. She was said to be helped in designing the landscaping of the grounds as an English garden by the learned Isaac Watts, who had been a long-term house guest of her and her late husband, and continued to live in her household. The neighbouring Hartopp family of Fleetwood House, who leased the eastern part of the park to Lady Mary, also helped with the park.
Her improvements included planting of the Great Elm Walk and Little Elm Walk, which established shady walkways down to the island heronry of the Hackney Brook at the bottom of the park. Both Wych Elm and English Elm were planted. The Hartopp family had already completed one of the early plantings of a Cedar of Lebanon tree in Great Britain, adjacent to an ornamental pond. This tree survived into the 1920s and is illustrated in many engravings of the period.
Other trees planted at an early date at Abney Park (either in the portion leased by Fleetwood House, or that attached solely to Abney House) included American Larch and Tulip Trees from the New World. The Nonconformists of Stoke Newington had strong connections to colonists in New England.
## Abney House {#abney_house}
Abney Park was dominated by Abney House which was built in 1700. For some time in the early decades of the 19th century, it was the residence of James William Freshfield and his family.
In its final years, it was adapted for use as a Wesleyan Methodist training college (c.1838/9--1843). Rev. John Farrar was the Governor of the college. He was elected Secretary of the Methodist Conference on fourteen occasions and twice its president. When the Methodists moved into their first purpose-built college at Richmond, south of London in 1843, Farrar was appointed as the Classical Tutor. He worked there until 1857.
After 1843, Abney House was \'recycled\' (broken up for sale as building materials) for the building trade of the rapidly expanding metropolis, as was common in the Victorian era.
| 571 |
Abney Park
| 0 |
2,883,042 |
# Abney Park
## Fleetwood House {#fleetwood_house}
Fleetwood House was built in the 1630s for Sir Edward Hartopp. By marriage the estate passed to Charles Fleetwood, one of Oliver Cromwell\'s generals, and was named for him. It was later owned by various parties. It served as a meeting place for Dissenters and Nonconformists, for which residents Stoke Newington was known.
In the grounds was a third building, called the Summerhouse. From 1774, it was used as a summer residence by the family of young James Stephen (1758--1832). Although not a Quaker, he became closely involved with the abolitionist cause, which they supported. In 1800, he married Sarah Wilberforce, sister of his friend William, who visited Stoke Newington regularly. Between them, the two men drafted the Slave Trade Act 1807, to prohibit the international slave trade originating in Africa.
In 1824, Fleetwood House was adapted for use as a new Quaker school, known as Newington Academy for Girls (also Newington College for Girls). In a time when girls\' educational opportunities were limited, it offered a wide range of subjects (including sciences) \"on a plan in degree differing from any hitherto adopted\", according to the prospectus. It commissioned the world\'s first school bus, designed by George Shillibeer.
One of the school\'s founders was William Allen, a Quaker active with the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. His marriage to Grizell Hoare was the subject of a satirical cartoon, in which the school is referred to as the Newington Nunnery. Joseph Pease, later the first Quaker MP, wrote a doggerel verse praising Allen\'s marriage.
Fleetwood House was demolished in 1872. A fire station was constructed on the site
| 278 |
Abney Park
| 1 |
2,883,046 |
# Muskiz
**Muskiz** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, northern Spain.
## Neighborhoods
Muskiz is administratively divided into six neighborhoods or wards:
Official name Basque name
--------------- -----------------
Cobarón Kobaron
(La) Rigada Larrainaga
Pobeña Pobeña
San Juan San Juan Muskiz
San Julián San Julian
Santelices Santelices
## Demography
1897 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1981 1991 2001 2006
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
2,468 2,663 4,069 4,239 4,345 4,060 4,077 4,733 6,011 6,054 6,358 6,558 6,839
: style=\"font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em\"\| Population of Muskiz
## Economy
In the 1970s the petrochemical company Petronor built a refinery with a 222 metres tall chimney called *La Catalítica*
| 131 |
Muskiz
| 0 |
2,883,049 |
# SixDegrees (magazine)
***SixDegrees*** is a monthly published free English language magazine in Finland. It focuses on multicultural events, people, matters, and phenomena.
The magazine gets its name from the six degrees of separation, which is also what it is based on.
## History
*SixDegrees* was founded in 2003 by Alexis Kouros, as the first independent English language magazine in Finland. The magazine started with a digital edition, along with a print edition.
*SixDegrees* continued to be published daily online, as well as monthly in print, until 2016, when the latter of which was discontinued
| 95 |
SixDegrees (magazine)
| 0 |
2,883,053 |
# Muxika
**Muxika** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain. It has a population of 1,465 inhabitants as of 2019 according to the Spanish National Statistics Institute
| 40 |
Muxika
| 0 |
2,883,058 |
# Gig (carriage)
A **gig** is a light, two-wheeled open carriage with large wheels, a forward facing seat, and shafts for a single horse. The gig\'s body is constructed above the shafts, and it is entered from step-irons hanging from the shaft in front of the wheels. Gigs are enclosed at the back, and have luggage space under the cross-seat. Early gigs were crude and unsprung; later gigs were elegant for town driving and were constructed with springs. The term \"gig\" is short for \"whirligig\".`{{r|smith|pages=85-6}}`{=mediawiki}`{{r|walrond79|pages=132-3}}`{=mediawiki}`{{r|felton|page=107}}`{=mediawiki}
The *Oxford English Dictionary* gives the date of first known reference to a horse-drawn gig as 1791, and they were ubiquitous by the early 1800s.
Gigs were typically named after their designers, builders, or their shape.`{{r|walrond79|page=133}}`{=mediawiki} There are several types of gig, including:`{{r|nockolds|pages=90-91}}`{=mediawiki}
- Dennett gig: Early 1800s resembling the Stanhope gig but with three springs, one crosswise and two horizontal`{{r|smith|page=63}}`{=mediawiki}
- Skeleton gig: Very light; no luggage space.`{{r|smith|page=148}}`{=mediawiki}
- Spider gig: Very high gig, French version had high outward curving dash and curved shafts.`{{r|smith|pages=72,82}}`{=mediawiki}
- Stanhope: typically having a high seat and closed back; designed and built by Fitzroy Stanhope around 1814.`{{r|smith|page=153}}`{=mediawiki}
- Stick-back gig: designed with the seat back made of sticks or ribs.`{{r|smith|page=155}}`{=mediawiki}
- Suicide gig: Very high gig popular in Ireland. Dangerous to drive or mount.`{{r|smith|page=86}}`{=mediawiki}
- Tilbury or Seven-spring gig: designed by Fitzroy Stanhope, but named after builder Tilbury. Heavier than the Stanhope because it had seven springs and two braces. Popular where roads were rough.`{{r|smith|page=161}}`{=mediawiki}`{{r|walrond79|page=274}}`{=mediawiki}
- Whiskey or whisky: lightweight, often constructed with canework. Named for whisking over the road.`{{r|smith|page=173}}`{=mediawiki}`{{r|walrond79|page=133}}`{=mediawiki}
Gigs travelling at night would normally carry two oil lamps with thick glass, known as gig-lamps. This led to the formerly common slang word \"giglamps\" for \"spectacles\".
Nineteenth century literature frequently recounted \"romantic tales of spills and hairbreadth \[e\]scapes\" from these vehicles, but is equally fulsome on the fearful thrill experienced in driving them
| 315 |
Gig (carriage)
| 0 |
2,883,059 |
# Nabarniz
**Nabarniz** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Nabarniz
| 0 |
2,883,062 |
# Ondarroa
**Ondarroa** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Autonomous Community, northern Spain.
## Main sights {#main_sights}
- Church of St. Mary, in late Gothic style (late 15th century)
- Likona Tower, a typical Basque tower-house.
- Itsas Aurre Bridge, designed by Santiago Calatrava
<File:Ondarroa>, torre Likona 2.JPG\|Likona Tower <File:Ondarro> 1.jpg\|Church of St. Mary <File:Ondarroa> - Puente Viejo (Zubi Zaharrra) 2bis.jpg\|Old Bridge <File:Itsas> aurre zubia.JPG\|Itsas Aurre Bridge
## People
- Pedro Maria Unanue (1814-1846)
- Txomin Agirre (1864-1920)
- Agustin Zubikarai (1914-2004)
- Karmele Urresti Iturrioz (1916-2010)
- Dina Bilbao (1960-1997) - athlete
- Ana Urkiza (b. 1969) - writer
- Kirmen Uribe (b. 1970) - writer
- Kepa Arrizabalaga (b
| 123 |
Ondarroa
| 0 |
2,883,068 |
# Trevor Fehrman
**Trevor Gregory Fehrman** (born July 14, 1981) is an American actor and writer best known for his portrayal of Elias in the 2006 comedy film, *Clerks II*.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Fehrman is most widely known for his role in the film *Clerks II* in which he plays Elias Grover, Dante and Randal\'s new co-worker at the Mooby\'s fast food chain. Fehrman also appeared in *Now You Know*, which was written, directed and also featured *Clerks II* co-star Jeff Anderson. Kevin Smith had Fehrman reprise his role in *Clerks III*. He also played Handsome Davis, a teen student who cheats his way through high school in *Cheats*.
In 2013, Fehrman contributed film reviews for the website Film Racket
| 122 |
Trevor Fehrman
| 0 |
2,883,071 |
# Caisa
**Caisa** is an International Cultural Centre in Helsinki, Finland. Located in Kallio near the city centre, it aims to support the multicultural development of the city by promoting the interaction of people from different countries, and by providing information about various cultures and about Finnish society
| 48 |
Caisa
| 0 |
2,883,075 |
# Ondategi
**Ondategi** (*Ondátegui*) is a village and *concejo* in the municipality of Zigoitia, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. It is the capital of the municipality
| 27 |
Ondategi
| 0 |
2,883,088 |
# Robert Sidoli
**Roberto Andrew Sidoli** (born 21 June 1979), commonly anglicised as **Robert Sidoli**, is a former Welsh international rugby union player. He has won 42 caps for Wales as a lock forward.
Born in Merthyr Tydfil, he played for his school, Bishop Hedley High School, and then club rugby for Merthyr and Pontypridd, being voted Pontypridd\'s Player of the Year in 2001--02. During his time at Merthyr, Sidoli studied for a BSc in computer science at Cardiff University. At the introduction of regional rugby in Wales in 2003, Sidoli joined the Celtic Warriors, but the team only lasted a year before being wound up in 2004, when Sidoli joined the Cardiff Blues.
Sidoli joined Bristol at the start of the 2008--09 season, but was unable to prevent them from being relegated, and returned to Wales in 2009, joining the Newport Gwent Dragons. He retired from playing at the end of the 2013--14 season.
## International
Sidoli won his first cap for Wales as a replacement against South Africa in 2002. After good performances in the 2003 Rugby World Cup, he missed most of the 2004 Six Nations Championship with a groin injury. He was in the starting line-up for all Wales matches in the Grand Slam-winning team of 2005, and scored his first international try against Italy during that tournament.
## Personal
His brother, Wales under-21 international Peter Sidoli, nationalised to play for their father\'s native Italy, but was never selected.
Sidoli is related to the Sidoli\'s Ice Cream family business, well known in South Wales
| 258 |
Robert Sidoli
| 0 |
2,883,089 |
# Mark Mercuri
**Mark Mercuri** (born 21 February 1974) is a former professional Australian rules football player who played for the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League. He played in the 1993 premiership winning team which defeated Carlton and in the 2000 premiership team which defeated Melbourne. In the 1999 AFL season, Mercuri was one of the premier players of the competition, finishing runner-up in the Brownlow Medal, and earning a lucrative and rarely heard-of 5-year contract.
Mercuri played his 200th AFL game in round three, 2004 against `{{AFL WC}}`{=mediawiki} in the match best known for James Hird\'s match-winning goal which broke a 131--all deadlock with less than a minute remaining. He retired following Essendon\'s 10-point semi-final defeat to Geelong at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.
In 2005, there was talk of a comeback, with Mercuri contemplating nominating for the pre-season draft. This never eventuated.
In 2006 he played for Airport West in the Essendon District Football League.
## Playing statistics {#playing_statistics}
:
\|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1992 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 45 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 22 \|\| 14 \|\| 36 \|\| 9 \|\| 2 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 7.3 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 12.0 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 0.7 \|- \|style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"\|1993† \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 20 \|\| 25 \|\| 10 \|\| 251 \|\| 197 \|\| 448 \|\| 106 \|\| 44 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 12.6 \|\| 9.9 \|\| 22.4 \|\| 5.3 \|\| 2.2 \|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1994 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 13 \|\| 16 \|\| 7 \|\| 143 \|\| 107 \|\| 250 \|\| 61 \|\| 21 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 11.0 \|\| 8.2 \|\| 19.2 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 1.6 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1995 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 22 \|\| 36 \|\| 25 \|\| 268 \|\| 217 \|\| 485 \|\| 125 \|\| 32 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 12.2 \|\| 9.9 \|\| 22.0 \|\| 5.7 \|\| 1.5 \|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1996 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 21 \|\| 37 \|\| 25 \|\| 244 \|\| 200 \|\| 444 \|\| 115 \|\| 32 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 11.6 \|\| 9.5 \|\| 21.1 \|\| 5.5 \|\| 1.5 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1997 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 11 \|\| 12 \|\| 10 \|\| 136 \|\| 66 \|\| 202 \|\| 47 \|\| 15 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 12.4 \|\| 6.0 \|\| 18.4 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 1.4 \|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1998 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 20 \|\| 24 \|\| 14 \|\| 224 \|\| 141 \|\| 365 \|\| 112 \|\| 27 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 11.2 \|\| 7.1 \|\| 18.3 \|\| 5.6 \|\| 1.4 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1999 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 21 \|\| 32 \|\| 19 \|\| 256 \|\| 200 \|\| 456 \|\| 103 \|\| 31 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 12.2 \|\| 9.5 \|\| 21.7 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 1.5 \|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" \|style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"\|2000† \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 20 \|\| 32 \|\| 19 \|\| 208 \|\| 152 \|\| 360 \|\| 92 \|\| 33 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 10.4 \|\| 7.6 \|\| 18.0 \|\| 4.6 \|\| 1.7 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2001 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 20 \|\| 10 \|\| 10 \|\| 164 \|\| 153 \|\| 317 \|\| 70 \|\| 34 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 8.2 \|\| 7.7 \|\| 15.9 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 1.7 \|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2002 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 11 \|\| 7 \|\| 9 \|\| 101 \|\| 93 \|\| 194 \|\| 50 \|\| 21 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 9.2 \|\| 8.5 \|\| 17.6 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 1.9 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2003 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 16 \|\| 7 \|\| 6 \|\| 126 \|\| 99 \|\| 225 \|\| 74 \|\| 32 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 7.9 \|\| 6.2 \|\| 14.1 \|\| 4.6 \|\| 2.0 \|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2004 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} \| 2 \|\| 9 \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 49 \|\| 39 \|\| 88 \|\| 26 \|\| 21 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 6.5 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 9.8 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 2.3 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3\| Career ! 207 ! 242 ! 158 ! 2192 ! 1678 ! 3870 ! 990 ! 345 ! 1.2 ! 0.8 ! 10.6 ! 8.1 ! 18.7 ! 4.8 ! 1
| 719 |
Mark Mercuri
| 0 |
2,883,091 |
# Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Coimbatore
**Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Coimbatore** is a group of educational institutions with 19 wings offering courses from pre-school to doctoral levels. The Vidyalaya was established in 1930 in the suburbs of Coimbatore, India, and affiliated to Ramakrishna Mission in 1934. Ramakrishna Mission\'s official General Reports start giving reports of its activities from 1936.
The Vidyalaya strives to infuse the educational and spiritual ideas of Sri Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda into the daily lives of its students. Values such as self-reliance, self-control, patriotism and dedication to duty are taught in practical ways. A band of monks and brahmacharis of the Ramakrishna Order manage the activities of the Vidyalaya assisted by teaching and non-teaching staff.
## History
A branch of the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission (Belur Math), this institution was founded in 1930 by Dr. T.S. Avinashilingam. Remarkably, it began with a mere investment of Rs. 5.75 and a single student. From these humble beginnings, the Vidyalaya has blossomed into a sprawling educational and spiritual hub, encompassing approximately twenty wings.
Dr. Avinashilingam\'s inspiration stemmed from a profound encounter with Swami Shivananda, a direct disciple of Sri Ramakrishna and a follower of Swami Vivekananda\'s teachings. Swami Shivananda instilled in the young Avinashilingam the belief that education was paramount for India\'s resurgence. This \"sacred touch,\" as Dr. Avinashilingam later recalled, ignited within him the passion and foresight to embark on his educational mission.
In 1934, Mahatma Gandhi laid the foundation stone of the Vidyalaya, expressing his hope that its students would become intensely patriotic and unwavering in their pursuit of truth. That same year, the Vidyalaya officially became affiliated with the Ramakrishna Mission, solidifying its connection to this esteemed organization.
## Campus
Nestled in a serene 300-acre setting about 19 kilometers from Coimbatore city on the Ooty highway, the Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya stands as a testament to the power of vision and dedication. It is home to hundreds of bird species, including peacocks.
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# Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Coimbatore
## Ramakrishna Temple {#ramakrishna_temple}
A new temple of Bhagavan Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa was dedicated by Revered Srimat Swami Gautamanandaji Maharaj, Vice President, Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission Belur Math, on 16th January 2024
A three-day programme from 15th to 17th January 2024 was held to mark this auspicious event. Around 300 monks and 11,000 devotees participated in the sacred ceremony.
Special Features of the Temple
1. Each deity is associated with a particular birth star. The consecration ceremony of the Temple of Sri Ramakrishna took place on the day of Purva Bhadrapada, the birth star of Sri Ramakrishna.
2. This is probably the first Temple of Sri Ramakrishna where the two sides of the door have been designed to include the figures of the lion and lamb in endearment signifying the idea once expressed by Swami Vivekananda that \'great power and gentleness become united in love\'.
3. An aerial view of the temple presents a big gopuram with a trident housed in the middle of four small gopurams. This seems to signify the Shiva Panchayatana Puja, a worship tradition involving the veneration of five deities - with Lord Shiva as the central figure surrounded by the idols of Vishnu, Ganesha, Shakti and Surya.
4. A total of 26 kalashas adorn the roof of the Temple. The number 26 has philosophical significance in Hinduism as it signifies the Supreme Being or the Paramatma. It is believed that even if a devotee were to count from 1 to 100 for some other purpose, the moment the number 26 is uttered, the Lord feels that the devotee is addressing Him and therefore presents Himself before the devotee, saying, \"Here I am\". This is mentioned by Nampillai in his vyakhyanam to verse 1.10.2 (Ennilum varum) of Saint Nammazhwar\'s Thiruvaimozhi.
## Institutions
**Schools:**
- Vidyalaya High School (Estd. 1930)
- T.A.T. Kalanilayam Middle School (Estd. 1940)
- Swami Shivananda Hr. Sec. School (Estd. 1960)
- Swami Shivananda Higher Secondary School (English Medium) (Estd. 1989)
- Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya CBSE School (Estd. 2024)
**Teacher Training:**
- Gandhi Teacher Training Institute (Estd. 1942)
- College of Education (Estd. 1950)
**Technical & Vocational Training:**
- Industrial Training Institute (Estd. 1951)
- Polytechnic College (Estd. 1956)
**Higher Education (Arts & Sciences):**
- College of Arts and Science (Autonomous) (Estd. 1964)
**Other Institutions:**
- Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development (Estd. 1956)
- Maruthi College of Physical Education (Estd. 1956)
**Off-Campus Faculties (Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute - RKMVERI):**
- Faculty of Disability Management and Special Education (FDMSE)
- Faculty of General and Adapted Physical Education and Yoga (GAPEY)
- Faculty Center for Computer Science Applications and Research (FYCSAR)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Rural and Tribal Development (ARTD
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# Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Coimbatore
## Social services {#social_services}
### Medical Camp {#medical_camp}
A key component of this outreach is the organization of free and regular medical camps. Collaborating with nine reputable hospitals in Coimbatore, the Vidyalaya brings specialized healthcare directly to 22 rural and tribal areas. These camps address a range of critical health needs, offering consultations and checkups in:
- Orthopedics
- Oncology (Cancer)
- Gynecology
- Ophthalmology (Eye Check-up)
- Cardiology
- General Medicine
- Dentistry
The impact of these medical camps is significant. During the 2024 and 2025 period, a total of 55 camps were conducted, benefiting 3185 individuals. The breakdown of beneficiaries demonstrates the program\'s reach across different demographics:
- Male Beneficiaries: 1161
- Female Beneficiaries: 1533
- Children Beneficiaries: 491
These figures underscore the Vidyalaya\'s commitment to providing accessible and quality healthcare to those who need it most, contributing to the overall well-being of the rural and tribal communities it serves. The collaborative effort with established hospitals ensures that patients receive expert care and attention. The Vidyalaya\'s rural development initiatives, including these medical camps, exemplify its dedication to social responsibility and community upliftment, inspired by the ideals of Swami Vivekananda.[1](https://srkv.org/medical-camp-2024-2025/)
The Swami Akhandananda Rural Development Scheme started in 2002. Under this scheme, Arivoli Nagar and other rural areas are provided with tuitions and medical services.
### Rural Development {#rural_development}
Since 2002, the Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya has been actively involved in rural development through its \"Vidyalaya Integrated Rural Development Scheme.\" This initiative has positively impacted economically disadvantaged communities in areas like Arivoli Nagar, Jeeva Nagar, Ambedkar Nagar, and Pudupudhur through various development projects.
To mark Swami Vivekananda\'s 150th birth anniversary, the Vidyalaya intensified its rural outreach. A significant project was undertaken in Sri Bharati Nagar, a rural area approximately 8 kilometers from the Vidyalaya. This effort involved the combined resources and expertise of the extension service departments from all the Vidyalaya\'s constituent institutions.[2](https://srkv.org/bharati-nagar-rural-development-project/)
### Sarada Noon Meal Scheme {#sarada_noon_meal_scheme}
While the Tamil Nadu government\'s noon meal program supports school children, many college and post-matric students from impoverished rural families are left without this crucial benefit. This often forces them to drop out of higher education or struggle academically due to poor nutrition. To address this gap, the Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya launched the \"Sarada Noon Meals Scheme\" in 2015-16.
This program provides free noon meals to approximately 400 deserving students annually. Eligible students are those whose parents\' annual income is less than Rs. 2 lakh and who are enrolled in one of the Vidyalaya\'s following institutions, all located on a single campus:
- Three Colleges: College of Arts and Science, College of Education, and Maruthi College of Physical Education
- Three Post-Matric Institutions: Polytechnic, Industrial Training Institute, and Diploma in Agricultural Education
- Four Faculties of the Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research [Institute](https://srkv.org/sarada-noon-meals-scheme/)
### Sister Nivedita Anna Yojana {#sister_nivedita_anna_yojana}
To honor the 150th birth anniversary of Sister Nivedita, the Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya launched the \"Sister Nivedita Anna Yojana\" in 2017. This program initially aimed to deliver free lunches year-round to the doorsteps of 50 elderly and destitute individuals living nearby.
Since May 29, 2022, the program has been operating from the main entrance of the Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya. Here, 50 people in need receive a free lunch daily.
## Celebrations
### Gurupuja
Every year on the first Sunday, the Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya holds its \'Gurupuja\' celebrations. This special ceremony is dedicated to Bhagavan Sri Ramakrishna. The entire Vidyalaya community---staff and students alike---participates in a range of activities, including educational exhibitions, *annadanam* (distribution of food), cultural programs, spiritual lectures, classical music performances, and sporting events. The Gurupuja celebrations attract approximately one lakh visitors to the Vidyalaya.
### Kalaimagal Vizha {#kalaimagal_vizha}
The Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya in Coimbatore celebrates Kalai Magal Vizha annually during Navaratri. \"Kalai Magal,\" meaning Goddess Saraswati (the goddess of wisdom), gives the festival its name. This three-day event honors Saraswati with a diverse program: an address by a distinguished speaker on the first day, a music concert on the second, and dance and drama performances by various Vidyalaya institutions on the third, each with its own cultural theme.
### Swaram
The Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya hosts \"SWARAM,\" an annual cultural competition featuring dramatic portrayals of diverse themes. These include the life stories of freedom fighters and historic Tamil kings, the lives and teachings of saints, core values, and folk dances. Approximately twelve colleges from across Tamil Nadu participate each year, giving students a platform to hone their skills and raise public awareness through their dramatic presentations.
### Play Festival {#play_festival}
Play Festival is an annual event, in which about 4000 students from some 45 primary schools perform physical, yogic and calisthenic exercises to the rhythm of devotional and nationalistic songs. Generally conducted in February.
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# Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Coimbatore
## Ramayana Park {#ramayana_park}
Recognizing the need for wholesome leisure activities, particularly for children, the Ramayana-Mahabharata Theme Park offers a unique entertainment experience rooted in Indian culture. Addressing the over-reliance on Western forms of recreation, the park seeks to provide a space for fun, health, cultural enrichment, historical understanding, and pure joy.
Inspired by the enduring influence of the Ramayana on Indian culture, civilization, history, and social values, the park aims to transmit these ancestral principles to a wider audience. The epic\'s rich historical, ethical, and moral content provides a strong foundation for character development.
The park\'s design centers around life-sized representations of twenty-one key Ramayana figures, each embodying specific characteristics and narratives. This innovative approach allows children to engage in physical activity and recreation while simultaneously absorbing the Ramayana\'s powerful lessons about character, art, and culture.
Key scenes and characters brought to life within the park include the devoted Hanuman, whose heart symbolizes the key to understanding the Ramayana; Adisesha, the serpent on whom Lord Vishnu rests, and who incarnated as Rama; the monstrous Kabandha; the sea-giantess Surasaa; the Rishyamukha Mountain; the noble Jataayu; the divine bow of Shiva and Sita\'s marriage; the conflict between Vaali and Sugriva; and many more. The park offers a captivating glimpse into the Ramayana\'s epic story
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# NBR C Class
The NBR **C Class** (LNER Class **J36**) is a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotives designed by Matthew Holmes for freight work on the North British Railway (NBR). They were introduced in 1888 with inside cylinders and Stephenson valve gear. A total of 168 locomotives was built, of which 123 came into British Railways ownership at nationalisation in 1948. This was the last class of steam engine in service in Scotland.
Holmes\' predecessor, Dugald Drummond, had designed 32 earlier locomotives (classified by the LNER as **Class J32**) that were built between 1876 and 1877. The NBR gave these engines the same designation (C class) as the Matthew Holmes engines above. The two types were very similar, and shared the same (then unusual) 18 inch cylinder size. Between 1898 and 1903, Holmes had all 32 of the Drummond locomotives rebuilt to match his own C class design. Thus the locomotives were considered a single class by the NBR, although on passing to LNER ownership they received the separate designations of J36 and J32 respectively.
## Technical information {#technical_information}
As built, they had a saturated (non-superheated) boiler at 140 lbf/in2 (150 lbf/in2 for the last 24) and Stephenson valve gears with slide valves. Between 1913 and 1923, the class was rebuilt with larger boilers set at 165 psi and the Reid side-window cab.
## Ownership
### NBR
#### Predecessors
After the introduction of the Drummond Class C (LNER Class J32) 18-inch cylinder 0-6-0s for use on the Waverley Line in 1876, the NBR reverted to the 17-inch design with the Drummond Class D (J34) in 1879 and the Holmes Class D (J33) in 1883.
#### Holmes C Class {#holmes_c_class}
With the opening of the second Tay Rail Bridge in July 1887 and the upcoming opening of the Forth Bridge in March 1890, the NBR needed more powerful goods locos. The result was the Holmes Class C (J36). Introduced in 1888, it was built in regular batches until 1900, eventually totalling 168 locos. 138 were built at the NBR\'s Cowlairs Works while the other 30 were split equally between Neilson and Company and Sharp, Stewart and Company.
#### World War I {#world_war_i}
During the First World War, 25 of the class were sent to France for service with the Railway Operating Division. On return to Scotland, they were given names of battles, generals and a cartoon soldier in recognition of their service. The names were hand-painted on the splasher above the middle driving wheel so often disappeared during repaints.
### LNER
On 1 January 1923, all 168 locos came into LNER ownership, becoming Class J36. As with all ex-NBR locos, they had 9000 added to their number. The final eight unrebuilt locos were rebuilt in 1923. In 1937, Nos. 9714 and 9716 (later 5285 and 5287) were rebuilt with shorter chimneys and dome for use on the Gartverrie Branch. In 1946 the remaining locos were renumbered from 5210 to 5346. A number of locos had tender cabs fitted for use with snowplows.
### BR
At nationalisation in 1948, 123 locos passed into service of British Railways and had 60000 added to their number. **65288** of Dunfermline (62C) and **65345** of Thornton (62A) were the last to be withdrawn on 5 June 1967. They were the last steam locomotives in service in Scotland, outlasting the LNER and BR standard designs.
## Locomotive names {#locomotive_names}
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| NBR\ | LNER 1946 Number | BR Number | Name |
| Number | | | |
+=================+===========================+===========+============+
| 176 | 5217 | 65217 | French |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 605 | | | St Quentin |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 608 | | | Foch |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 611 | 5268 | 65268 | Allenby |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 612 | 5269 | | Ypres |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 615 | | | Verdun |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 620 | | | Rawlinson |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 621 | | | Monro |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 627 | | | Petain |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 628 | 5216 | 65216 | Byng |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 631 | | | Aisne |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 643 | | | Arras |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 646 | 5222 | 65222 | Somme |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 647 | 5223 | | Albert |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 648 | 5224 | 65224 | Mons |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 650 | 5226 | 65226 | Haig |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 657 | 5233 | 65233 | Plumer |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 659 | 5235 | 65235 | Gough |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 660 | 5236 | 65236 | Horne |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 661 | | | Ole Bill |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 662 | | | Birdwood |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 666 | | | Marne |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 673 | 5243 | 65243 | Maude |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 676 | | | Reims |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
| 682 | 5253 | 65253 | Joffre |
+-----------------+---------------------------+-----------+------------+
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# NBR C Class
## Preservation
One, 673 *Maude* (LNER number 9673; LNER 1946 number 5243; BR number 65243) has been preserved by the Scottish Railway Preservation Society at the Bo\'ness and Kinneil Railway. It starred in the 2000 remake of The Railway Children on the Bluebell Railway in East Sussex. Last steamed in 2002, it is currently on static display awaiting funds for an overhaul
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# Orozko
**Orozko** is a town and municipality located in the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of Basque Country in northern Spain
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# Antoni Tàpies
**Antoni Tàpies i Puig, 1st Marquess of Tàpies** (`{{IPA|ca|ənˈtɔni ˈtapi.əs|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 13 December 1923 -- 6 February 2012) was a Catalan painter, sculptor, and art theorist.
## Life
The son of Josep Tàpies i Mestre and Maria Puig i Guerra, Antoni Tàpies Puig was born in Barcelona on 13 December 1923. His father was a lawyer and Catalan nationalist who served briefly with the Republican government. Due to this, Tàpies grew up in an environment where he was exposed to a variety of cultural and social experiences of leaders in the Catalan public life and its republicanism. His maternal grandmother also exposed him to this world with her great involvement in civil and political activities.
Tàpies was first introduced to modern art as he entered secondary school in 1934. He became inspired by the famous Christmas issue of the magazine, *D'ací i d'allà*, which contained reproductions of works by artists such as Marcel Duchamp, Georges Braque, Wassily Kandinsky, and Pablo Picasso. At 17, Tàpies suffered a near-fatal heart attack caused by tuberculosis. He spent two years as a convalescent in the mountains, reading widely and pursuing an interest in art that had already expressed itself when he was in his early teens.
Tàpies studied at the German School of Barcelona. After studying law for three years, he devoted himself from 1943 onwards only to his painting. In 1945 Tàpies began experimenting with materials. At this time he also became increasingly interested in philosophy, especially that of Jean-Paul Sartre as well as Eastern thought. He became known as one of Spain\'s most renowned artists in the second half of the 20th century. His abstract art and other avant-garde works were displayed in many major museums all over the world. In 1954, Tàpies married Teresa Barba Fabregas. Together, they had three children Antoni, Miguel and Clara. He lived mainly in Barcelona.
Tàpies died on 6 February 2012 at the age of 88.
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# Antoni Tàpies
## Work
Tàpies first came into contact with contemporary art as a teenager through the magazine *D'Ací i D'Allà*, published in Barcelona, and during the Spanish Civil War (1936--39), while he was still at school, he taught himself to draw and paint. On a French government scholarship in the early 1950s, he lived in Paris, to which he often returned. Both in Europe and beyond, the highly influential French critic and curator Michel Tapié enthusiastically promoted the work of Tàpies.
In 1948, Tàpies helped co-found the first post-war movement in Spain known as *Dau al Set* which was connected to the Surrealist and Dadaist Movements. The main leader and founder of *Dau al Set* was the poet Joan Brossa. The movement also had a publication of the same name, *Dau al Set*. Tàpies started as a surrealist painter, his early works were influenced by Paul Klee and Joan Miró; but soon became an informal artist, working in a style known as *pintura matèrica*, in which non artistic materials are incorporated into the paintings. In 1953, he began working in mixed media; which is considered his most original contribution to art. One of the first to create serious art in this way, he added clay and marble dust to his paint and used waste paper, string, and rags (Grey and Green Painting, Tate Gallery, London, 1957). *Canvas Burned to Matter* from c. 1960, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, is an example of the artist\'s mixed media assemblages that combine the principles of Dada and Surrealism.
Tàpies\' international reputation was well established by the end of the 1950s. From the late 1950s to early 1960s, Tàpies worked with Enrique Tábara, Antonio Saura, Manolo Millares, and many other Spanish Informalist artists. In 1966, he was arrested at a clandestine assembly at the University of Barcelona; his work of the early 1970s is marked by symbols of Catalan identity (which was anathema to Franco). In 1974 he made a series of lithographs called *Assassins* and displayed them in the Galerie Maeght in Paris, in honour of militant anarchist Salvador Puig Antich\'s memory. In about 1970 (influenced by pop art), he began incorporating more substantial objects into his paintings, such as parts of furniture. Tàpies\'s ideas have had worldwide influence on art, especially in the realms of painting, sculpture, etchings, and lithography. Examples of his work are found in numerous major international collections. His work is associated with both Tachisme and Abstract Expressionism.
The paintings produced by Tàpies, later in the 1970s and in the 1980s, reveal his application of this aesthetic of meditative emptiness, for example in spray-painted canvases with linear elements suggestive of Oriental calligraphy, in mixed-media paintings that extended the vocabulary of Art informel, and in his oblique allusions to imagery within a fundamentally abstract idiom, as in *Imprint of a Basket on Cloth* (1980). Among the artists\' work linked in style to that of Tàpies is that of the American painter Julian Schnabel as both have been connected to the art term \"Matter\".
### Graphic work {#graphic_work}
Tàpies began producing graphic work in 1947. He produced collector's books and dossiers in association with poets and writers such as Alberti, Bonnefoy, Du Bouchet, Brodsky, Brossa, Daive, Dupin, Foix, Frémon, Gimferrer, Guillén, Jabès, Mestres Quadreny, Mitscherlich, Paz, Saramago, Takiguchi, Ullán, Valente, and Zambrano.
### Essays
Tàpies has written essays which have been collected in a series of publications, some translated into different languages: *La pràctica de l'art* (1970), *L'art contra l'estètica*, (1974), *Memòria personal* (1978), *La realitat com a art* (1982), *Per un art modern i progressista* (1985), *Valor de l'art (1993)* and *L'art i els seus llocs* (1999). These works include Tàpies reflecting on things such as art, life, and politics. He also discusses the social role of art and the artist, reflects on the influences of his work, and explains his artistic as well as political views.
## Movements
Throughout the span of his life, Tàpies was associated with a number of movements such as Art Informel and Haute Pâte, both of which were popular in post-war Europe. He became a part of the avant-garde group Dau al Set in 1948, a group that had strong ties to Surrealism. Early works of his were surrealistic, but in 1953 he began working in abstract art. Some of Tàpies\'s most famous and original works fall within this genre. They are characterized by his use of marble dust and clay that he mixed with his paints as well as the incorporation of found objects such as string, paper, and cloth. In the late 1960s into the early 1970s Tàpies began to be influenced by the movement of pop art. Because of this he began using larger items, such as pieces of furniture, in his works.
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