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7,122,705 |
Michelle Bowyer
|
**Michelle (Bowyer) Young** (born June 25, 1976 in Calgary, Alberta) is a former field hockey forward from Canada, who earned a total number of 75 international caps for the Canadian Women\'s National Team during her career. She was a student of the University of Alberta, Mount Royal College and Athabasca University where she obtained a Bachelor of Physical Education and a Bachelor of Nursing.
## International senior tournaments {#international_senior_tournaments}
- 1995 -- Pan American Games, Mar del Plata, Argentina (3rd)
- 1998 -- Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (not ranked)
- 1999 -- Pan American Games, Winnipeg, Canada (3rd)
- 2001 -- Pan American Cup, Kingston, Jamaica (3rd)
- 2001 -- World Cup Qualifier, Amiens/Abbeville, France (10th)
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,718 |
Kokumin Dōmei
|
was a Japanese fascist political party in Japan active in the 1930s.
In 1931, Home Minister Adachi Kenzō spoke out strongly in support of the Imperial Japanese Army's unauthorized incursions into Manchuria and against the diplomatic policies pursued by Kijūrō Shidehara, and was expelled from the ranks of the *Rikken Minseitō.* Joining together with Nakano Seigō, Akira Kazami, and others, Adachi formed the right-wing political organization *Kokumin Dōmei* in December 1932
The Kokumin Dōmei advocated for a dirigiste economy with government control of strategic industries and financial institutions, and the creation of a Japan-Manchukuo economic union.
The new party consisted mainly of defectors from the *Minseitō*, and had an original strength of 32 seats in the Diet of Japan. In 1934, it demanded an inquiry into the Teijin Incident in an effort to bring down the cabinet of Prime Minister Saitō Makoto. However, in 1935, many members returned to the Minseitō fold, and in 1936, Nakano left the party to form the *Tōhōkai* the following year, and Kazami joining Fumimaro Konoe's think tank, the *Shōwa Kenkyūkai.* In the 1937 General Election, the party\'s strength fell from 32 seats to 11 seats.
In June 1940, The Kokumin Dōmei was merged into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, and thereafter ceased to exist.
## Election results {#election_results}
Election year Votes Seats
--------------- ------------ ------- -------
Number Percentage
**1936** 421,632 3.79%
**1937** 281,834 2.76%
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7,122,721 |
New York State Route 327
|
**New York State Route 327** (**NY 327**) is a state highway located within Tompkins County, New York, in the United States. It extends for 7.11 mi in a northwest--southeast direction from an intersection with the concurrent routes of NY 13, NY 34, and NY 96 in the town of Ithaca to a junction with NY 79 in the town of Enfield. NY 327 runs along the northern edge of Robert H. Treman State Park as it passes from Ithaca to Enfield. The route was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York.
## Route description {#route_description}
NY 327 begins at an intersection with NY 13, NY 34 and NY 96 (Elmira Road) in the town of Ithaca. Although the route is signed as a north--south highway, it initially heads southwest along the two-lane Enfield Falls Road toward Robert H. Treman State Park. The highway connects to the park\'s northeast entrance before bending northwest and rising in elevation as it heads through a wooded area north of the park. NY 327 soon crosses into the town of Enfield, where it continues to wind its way westward along the edge of Treman State Park. The route connects to the park\'s northwest entrance before heading away from the park on a northwestward alignment. NY 327 maintains the northwesterly track for about 1.5 mi to a junction with County Route 133 (CR 133, named Trumbulls Corners Road), where the highway finally makes a bend to the north.
Past CR 133, the route\'s rural surroundings give way to residential portions of Enfield, including the hamlet of Bostwick Corners. Here, the highway becomes known as Enfield Main Road, and the new name follows NY 327 along a sparsely populated stretch to the hamlet of Enfield 1 mi to the north. North of Enfield, NY 327 runs past a line of homes that follows the highway to a junction with NY 79 (Mecklenburg Road). NY 327 ends here while the road\'s right-of-way continues north to NY 96 in Ulysses as CR 170 (Halseyville Road).
## History
The portion of NY 327 north of the hamlet of Enfield was originally improved to state highway standards as part of a contract awarded by the state of New York on April 27, 1912. It was added to the state highway system on August 10, 1915, as part of unsigned State Highway 1001 (SH 1001). The remainder of modern NY 327 was rebuilt under a project let by the state on October 19, 1914, and accepted into the state highway system on October 19, 1918, as SH 1189. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, hundreds of state-maintained highways were assigned posted route numbers for the first time. SH 1189 and the piece of SH 1001 between Enfield and NY 79 became NY 327, and the route\'s alignment has not been substantially altered since.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
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7,122,730 |
Ray Bishop
|
**Raymond John Bishop** (born 24 November 1955) is a Welsh former professional footballer. During his career, he played over 150 games in the Football League for Cardiff City, Newport County and Torquay United.
## Career
Bishop, a forward, began his football career with Bargoed Youth Club. He was a Boys Club International for Wales, winning caps against England and Scotland in 1973, and played for Great Britain against Belgium.
He joined Welsh League side Tredomen at the age of 18. He moved on to Ton Pentre before joining Southern League side Cheltenham Town, while working as a Post Office engineer. He had a two-month spell on trial with Brighton & Hove Albion, then managed by Alan Mullery, but was unsuccessful and returned to Cheltenham from where he was signed by Cardiff City for a fee of £3,000 in January 1977. His league debut came in August the same year, and he went on to make 102 league appearances for the Bluebirds, scoring 33 goals.
On 26 February 1981, after losing his place in the Cardiff side, he moved to local rivals Newport County, costing £10,000, but could not settle suffering multiple injuries, making only 25 appearances, scoring 7, before moving on a free transfer to Torquay United in August 1982. He scored four times in his first three games for Torquay, but after getting injured in the third game never regained full fitness at Plainmoor and retired from football in 1984, having made 40 league appearances for Torquay, scoring 8 times.
Having finished his professional football career, he became a prolific property developer in the West country.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,741 |
Anaglypta
|
**Anaglypta** is a range of paintable textured wallcoverings made from paper or vinyl. It is produced on traditional paper and paste-the-wall substrates. Anaglypta is often compared to Lincrusta which is made from gelled paste of linseed oil and wood flour. Lincrusta is considered to be a heavier version but more durable than Anaglypta.
## History
The development of Anaglypta can be traced back to the invention of Lincrusta in 1877 by Frederick Walton. It became an instant success because it was the first washable wallcovering and appealed to the Victorians because of its sanitary properties as well as its durability and ornate effects. Originally made on a linen backing it was, however, quite rigid. Because of this, an employee called Thomas John Palmer invented a similar product which, being made from wood pulp and cotton, was lighter and more flexible. This was to become Anaglypta, from the Greek words `{{wikt-lang|grc|ἀνα-}}`{=mediawiki} (*ana-*, \'raised\') and `{{wikt-lang|grc|γλυπτό|γλυπτά}}`{=mediawiki} (*glypta*, \'cameo\').
Seeing this as a threat to Lincrusta, Walton decided not to develop it; Palmer patented the product, parted from Walton, and moved to Lancaster. There he began production of Anaglypta in partnership with Storey Bros. in 1887. The partnership was ordered to be dissolved in 1893 by the courts, following a dispute concerning profit sharing.
## Merger
Anaglypta and Lincrusta came together again in 1931 when they were merged to form the Relief Decorations branch of Wallpaper Manufacturers (WPM) and manufactured in Darwen, Lancashire. After a period of stability, Relief Decorations was sold to Reed International in the 1960s and with considerable investment, the first duplex product made entirely of wood pulp was launched; this is now marketed as Anaglypta Original.
Currently, the Anaglypta brand is manufactured by Retford Wallcoverings Limited.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,751 |
Ginásio Clube Vilacondense
|
**Ginásio Clube Vilacondense** is a Volleyball team based in Vila do Conde, Portugal. It plays in Portuguese Volleyball League A1 and a Portuguese karaté champions team.
## Achievements
- Portuguese sport clube: 1 (2001/02)
Category:Volleyball clubs in Portugal
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7,122,757 |
Bornholm Airport
|
**Bornholm Airport** (*Bornholms Lufthavn*) `{{Airport codes|RNN|EKRN}}`{=mediawiki} is a Danish airport located 2.7 nautical miles (5 km) southeast of Rønne, on the island of Bornholm. The airport is operated by Statens Luftfartsvæsen (*The Danish Civil Aviation Administration*) with the air traffic control provided by Naviair.
## History
In 1935, representatives of Rigsdagen, Rønne municipality and Det Danske Luftfartsselskab (DDL) − later a part of Scandinavian Airlines System − agreed to establish an air connection between Rønne and Copenhagen. The following year *A/S Den bornholmske Flyveplads* was founded, with airport construction beginning in 1937. Two years later the first route commenced on a temporary licence from the air transport inspectorate. Flights were however suspended after several days due to runway problems. The airport was officially opened on 16 November 1940, with DDL operating a daily route to Copenhagen. The first temporary terminal was erected shortly after, in 1941, however it wasn\'t until 1961 that the proper terminal building was built. In 1947 the Danish state took control over the airport, changing its name to *Rønne Airport*. The name of the airport was changed again in 1992, this time to Bornholm Airport in order to facilitate its marketing as a holiday destination.
In 1982, the operations were taken over by Maersk Air, later a part of Sterling Airlines. Heavy losses of the former forced it to abandon the route in 2002, which was then taken over by Cimber Air. In 2005 Danish Air Transport became the second carrier at Bornholm Airport, increasing competition on the route. The airline decided to abandon the Copenhagen--Bornholm route in 2008, but took it up again after the bankruptcy of Cimber Sterling in 2012.
## Airlines and destinations {#airlines_and_destinations}
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at the airport:
## Statistics
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,758 |
Wardrobe (government)
|
The King\'s **Wardrobe**, together with the Chamber, made up the personal part of medieval English government known as the King\'s household. Originally the room where the king\'s clothes, armour, and treasure were stored, the term was expanded to describe both its contents and the department of clerks who ran it. Early in the reign of Henry III the Wardrobe emerged out of the fragmentation of the *Curia Regis* to become the chief administrative and accounting department of the Household. The Wardrobe received regular block grants from the Exchequer for much of its history; in addition, however, the wardrobe treasure of gold and jewels enabled the king to make secret and rapid payments to fund his diplomatic and military operations, and for a time, in the 13th-14th centuries, it eclipsed the Exchequer as the chief spending department of central government.
There were in fact two main Wardrobes for much of this period: around 1300 the confusingly named **Great Wardrobe**, responsible only for expenditure on such things as clothing, textiles, furs and spices, split away from the more senior Wardrobe, which remained responsible for financing the king\'s personal expenditure and his military operations. In addition there were smaller Privy Wardrobes at various royal palaces; most of these provided items for the personal use of the king when in residence, but the **Privy Wardrobe** in the Tower of London came to specialize in the storage and manufacture of armour and armaments, and as such it too developed into an autonomous department of the State.
By the 15th century the Wardrobe had lost much of its earlier influence, and it eventually merged entirely into the Household and lost its separate identity. At the same time, the Great Wardrobe began to be referred to, more simply, as \"the Wardrobe\", to some extent taking on the identity of its forebear; but in the sixteenth century the Great Wardrobe lost its independence (it continued in existence as a subsidiary department within the Royal Household until it was abolished by the Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782).
## The King\'s (or Household) Wardrobe {#the_kings_or_household_wardrobe}
### Origins and early development {#origins_and_early_development}
In the Middle Ages persons of wealth and power often slept in a chamber (Latin *camera*), alongside which a secure room or wardrobe (*garderoba*) would be provided for storage of clothes and other valuables. In the royal household, the Chamber came to represent the king\'s nearest advisers. Before long the Wardrobe emerged, under the auspices of the Chamber, to become an administrative body in its own right, providing secure storage for the robes, treasures, archives and armaments of the king. Like other offices of the household it was an itinerant operation: carts and cases containing valuables travelled with the king and his court as they moved from place to place around the realm.
Prior to the 13th century references to the Wardrobe and its keepers are few. The 10th-century King Eadred bequeathed substantial sums of money in his will to his *hrœgelthegns* (robe-keepers), which may suggest that these were persons of some importance. By the reign of Henry II the king\'s Wardrobe is identified as a \'place of safe deposit\' with its own staff, and its own premises within various royal palaces or strongholds; there remained, however, a good deal of functional overlap between the Chamber and the Wardrobe.
### The rise of the Wardrobe {#the_rise_of_the_wardrobe}
After 1200, however, the Wardrobe grew in activity and in prestige, partly as a result of King John\'s constant travelling of the realm, which required a more immediate source of funds than the fixed Exchequer. The Wardrobe first rivalled, and then eclipsed the Chamber in terms of power within the Court and in relation to the governance of the realm. Thus we see, early in the reign of Henry III, the office of *Treasurer of the Chamber* annexed to (and taken over by) that of *Keeper of the Wardrobe*. At around the same time the Keeper\'s deputy (the *Controller of the Wardrobe*) was given oversight of the Privy Seal (which had first come into use within the Chamber). This meant that the Wardrobe, which already served as a repository of important documents and Charters, began producing them as well; and thenceforward its Controller tended to be an important and trusted adviser to the king. With these developments, a third official, the *Cofferer of the Wardrobe*, began to take increasing responsibility for the day-to-day business of the Wardrobe.
The administrative historian T. F. Tout has speculated that a reason for the Wardrobe\'s increasing influence was its \"new and elastic\" nature: it was not hidebound by restrictive traditions or customary ways of working. Moreover, it was able to respond quickly in times when speedy expenditure was required -- most especially in time of war -- and with a flexibility which suited both the monarch and the nascent powers of English government. It did so largely by securing loans, on the basis of its valuable assets and treasures, from Italian bankers (the Riccardi and the Frescobaldi). In this way the Wardrobe became an independently powerful financial office.
There was however also a political dimension to the Wardrobe\'s rise. As G. M. Trevelyan put it, \"If one office...was secured by the baronial opposition, the King could dive underground and still govern the country through the Wardrobe\": hence the baronial demand in 1258 that all money should in future go through the Exchequer.
During the reign of Edward I, the Wardrobe was at the height of its power as a financial, administrative and military department of the Household and State. It was \"the brain and hand of the Court\". Its seal, the Privy Seal, no longer functioned solely as the personal seal of the King, but began to serve as a second, and somewhat less formal, State seal alongside the Great Seal of the Realm. (The fact that the Privy Seal invariably travelled with the King and his Court often made it quicker and easier to use than the Great Seal, which remained in the custody of the Chancellor). It was by letters authenticated by this seal that officials across the Kingdom received their instructions, as did both the Exchequer and the Chancery (the two main offices of State outside the Household); those serving in the armed forces were paid through the Wardrobe accounts. The Keeper or Treasurer of the Wardrobe was considered (alongside the Steward) to be one of the two chief officers of the Household at this time.
The Wardrobe was still at this point an itinerant operation, but it did maintain two permanent \'Treasuries\': one in the Tower of London (forerunner of the Great Wardrobe -- see below), and one in the crypt of the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey. It was the latter that served as the main repository for the royal jewels, plate, coin and bullion through the 13th century; but, following the burglary of the contents of this Treasury in 1303 by a certain Richard Pudlicott (who was assisted by some of the abbey\'s monks), the bulk of the remaining treasure was removed to the Tower (including items of coronation regalia, such as are still stored at the Tower to this day).
### Its influence fades {#its_influence_fades}
Toward the end of Edward\'s reign, a series of costly wars took their toll on the Wardrobe\'s hitherto independent means. Then, during the reign of Edward II, concerted efforts were made to reassert traditional rights of the Chancery and the Exchequer, and to limit the authority of the Wardrobe. For example, 1307 saw a separate Keeper of the Privy Seal appointed; over the next few decades the Privy Seal developed into a minor office of state, operating alongside the Office of Chancery, outside both Wardrobe and Household. Then in 1311 a series of Ordinances were issued by barons opposed to the King, a number of which reasserted the status quo ante over recent Wardrobe innovations; for example, ordinance 8 insisted that the Exchequer alone was to receive taxes and other state revenue. Later, under Edward III, any ongoing conflicts over the confusion of authority between the wardrobe and the exchequer were finally resolved when William Edington, Treasurer in the mid-fourteenth century, effected a number of reforms which brought the Wardrobe firmly under the financial oversight of the Exchequer.
It was around this time that the Wardrobe began to be known as the **Household Wardrobe**: this was in part to differentiate it from the increasingly autonomous \'Great Wardrobe\' (see below), but it also reflects the fact that the wardrobe was by now losing its wider influence. In England, its business was restricted now to Household administration; and although it retained greater influence when accompanying the King and Court overseas, it did so only as a subsidiary arm of the Exchequer. (Likewise at times of war it remained an important source of funds but operated under the authority of the Exchequer, in contrast to earlier times when it had functioned as a largely independent \'war treasury\'; the Battle of Crécy and its aftermath was the last period of military campaigning for which the Wardrobe itself provided significant funds.)
With the Wardrobe under increasing scrutiny, the King began to look to the erstwhile-dormant Chamber as providing a more effective structure for overseeing his personal administration and finances. It is there that the beginnings of a privy purse are seen under Edward II, alongside a \'secret seal\' which the King now used for personal correspondence in place of the Privy Seal; and under Edward II and Edward III the chief Chamberlain began to re-emerge as a key person of influence within the Household.
By the reign of Richard II, the Chamber had re-established its seniority within the Household, and the Wardrobe then \'ceased to be the directive force of the household, remaining simply as the office of household accounts\'. Rather than being a separate department, the Wardrobe and its officers now came under the authority of the Steward, and before long, even within the Household, the Wardrobe began to lose its separate identity: by the late 14th century, its senior officers were more often than not referred to as the Treasurer of the Household, Controller of the Household and Cofferer of the Household (rather than as \"Treasurer/Controller/Cofferer of the Household Wardrobe\"). Despite this gradual demise of the Wardrobe, these three officers remained (and two of them still remain) as senior officers of the Household who are also members of the Government. A vestige of the Wardrobe\'s former significance is seen in the 15th century, when in time of conflict the Treasurer of the Household was also frequently appointed \'Treasurer of Wars\'.
## Emergence of the Great Wardrobe {#emergence_of_the_great_wardrobe}
In the course of the 13th century a distinct organisation began to be identified within the Wardrobe: it came to be known (rather confusingly) as the Great Wardrobe (the word \'Great\' referring perhaps to the size of items being stored, not to the importance of the office).
### Origin and purpose {#origin_and_purpose}
The Great Wardrobe dealt with a variety of commodities ranging from cloth, tapestries, clothing, and furniture to sugar, spices, dried fruit, and pepper; and it later became a repository (and indeed manufactory) of jewellery and other treasures, tents, saddles, bridles, armour, and other military items. What all these items had in common was that they were more or less non-perishable and could be stored long-term if not required for immediate use; the Great Wardrobe originated as the department of the King\'s Wardrobe which was primarily concerned with the storage of such items when not required by the itinerant Court. Part of its distinctiveness, from an early date, was its employment of city merchants and specialist craftsmen, who better knew the particulars of these commodities than did the Wardrobe clerks.
### Establishment in the 13th century {#establishment_in_the_13th_century}
The term Great Wardrobe (*magna garderoba*) first appears in 1253. The older Wardrobe had, by this time, developed into a sophisticated bureaucratic and financial office, and its staff had less time (or inclination) to be occupied with the day-to-day matters of storekeeping. Nevertheless, storekeeping remained a practical necessity as the Wardrobe, along with the rest of the royal household, continued to travel with the King as part of his Court, accompanied by the goods and chattels for which it was responsible. It clearly made sense for at least some of these items to be kept in a more settled location.
The \'Great Wardrobe\' was the name given to this more centralised system of storage; initially, however, there was no single Great Wardrobe location. A majority of items were stored in the Tower of London (London having proved to be the most convenient point of distribution), but others were stored elsewhere according to where they might be needed: indeed, several palaces and castles had their own Great Wardrobe storerooms (some of these were designed for storage of specific items, being located close to a place of specialized manufacture or trade; for example, the Prior of St Ives was required to maintain a storehouse for items purchased by the Wardrobe from the famous cloth market at nearby St Ives, Cambridgeshire.)
Throughout the 13th century the Great Wardrobe remained a subsidiary operation within the more senior Wardrobe; and despite the above-mentioned moves toward greater centralisation, the officers of the Great Wardrobe continued to travel with the Court at this time. If the King was due to stay in a place for any length of time (or, indeed, if he was engaged on a military campaign at home or abroad) it remained necessary for many of the Great Wardrobe\'s items to be transported with him in long convoys of wagons (described in the wardrobe accounts as \"caravans\").
### Diversification in the 14th century {#diversification_in_the_14th_century}
By the fourteenth century the Great Wardrobe had branched into manufacturing (in addition to its duties of purchase, storage and distribution of non-perishable goods) and numbered the King\'s Tailor, Armourer, Pavilioner and Confectioner among its officials. Nevertheless, it still remained in essence a sub-department of the Household Wardrobe up until 1324, whereupon it gained significant autonomy by being made accountable to the Exchequer rather than to the Wardrobe of the Household. It also began to travel less with the King\'s Court, and, significantly, began to put down roots outside the Tower in the City of London (its staff necessarily had regular dealings with the City\'s merchants). This was in part due to lack of space: the Tower was becoming a specialist store and manufacturing base for arms and armour (responsibility for which soon devolved upon a new branch, the Privy Wardrobe -- see below).
Arms and armour remained at the Tower, as did the royal jewels and other valuable items, but much else was moved out. From around 1300 the Great Wardrobe had begun to rent properties in the City to provide extra storage and office space. It made use of a series of properties, including in Bassishaw and in Lombard Street, all the while retaining foothold in the Tower. Then, in 1362 it obtained a more suitable property (which itself became known as The Wardrobe) to the north of Baynard\'s Castle; and there it was to remain for the next three centuries. The property, a mansion set in its own grounds, which had formerly belonged to Sir John de Beauchamp, provided not only storage, office and meeting rooms, but lodgings for staff, a residence for the Keeper and space for several small manufactories. The nearby parish church is known to this day as St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. With its permanent establishment in these headquarters, the Great Wardrobe may be considered to have become less a part of the King\'s Household and more \"a small, self-contained government office\".
## Emergence of the Privy Wardrobe {#emergence_of_the_privy_wardrobe}
Mention is made of a Privy Wardrobe (*parva garderoba*) from the 1220s onwards. To begin with, the phrase appears to indicate a room (or type of room) used to store the King\'s robes, armour and arms. By the end of the 13th century, the same phrase clearly refers to a small organisation headed by a Clerk, within the main Wardrobe, which would travel with the Court and furnish the king with these and other personal items. The itinerant Privy Wardrobe continued to operate and to provide for the king on his travels, even when the Court as a whole had ceased to be mobile (it was later known as the Removing Wardrobe). The central Privy Wardrobe at the Tower of London, however, took on a new identity, and rose in prominence and power, becoming the main official repository and provider of arms, armour and ordnance in the Kingdom of England.
### Specialisation of the Privy Wardrobe at the Tower {#specialisation_of_the_privy_wardrobe_at_the_tower}
By the 14th century, the Tower of London had become well established as a convenient and safe place for storage of arms and armour, jewels and plate; so when the Great Wardrobe departed these items stayed put. Arms had been manufactured within the Tower since the previous century; the local wardrobe staff had valuable experience and the Tower itself was strategically well-placed for fast distribution. Already in the 1330s, prior to the departure of the Great Wardrobe, the local \'Privy Wardrobe at the Tower\' had begun to specialize in this work, and after 1361 it, in turn, took on a degree of financial and administrative independence (becoming directly accountable to the Exchequer rather than the royal household). It was superseded in the mid-15th century by the Office of Armoury and the Office of Ordnance (both also based at the Tower), whereupon the Privy Wardrobe\'s funding ceased and it largely faded from influence (though it continued to have a nominal role until the latter part of the same century).
## Other wardrobes {#other_wardrobes}
Other members of the Royal Family had their own separate wardrobes, which (like the King\'s Wardrobe) were departments staffed by clerks. The first known Queen\'s Wardrobe was that of Eleanor of Provence (consort of Henry III); her Wardrobe had a high degree of autonomy, and accounted directly to the Exchequer; later Queens\' Wardrobes were more likely to be subsidiary departments of the King\'s Wardrobe. A Prince\'s Wardrobe was established for Edward of Caernarfon (the future Edward II) and for other children of the sovereign over successive reigns. Furthermore, several Peers, Bishops and others set up and maintained their own personal Wardrobes along similar lines to that of the monarch in the 13th-15th centuries; the wardrobe accounts of some reveal levels of household (and military) expenditure to rival that of contemporary royalty.
In the later 14th century, when the King\'s court was less mobile, several small separate Wardrobes were established in castles or palaces used by the Royal Family, each with their own keeper. A 16th-century Household inventory from the reign of Edward VI lists thirteen such local wardrobes, along with a distinct \'Wardrobe of Robes\' (*garderoba robarum*), the Removing Wardrobe (see Privy Wardrobe above), and the still-extant Great Wardrobe.
## Lists of the Chief Officers of the Wardrobe {#lists_of_the_chief_officers_of_the_wardrobe}
### The (Household) Wardrobe {#the_household_wardrobe}
#### Clerk, Keeper or Treasurer of the Wardrobe {#clerk_keeper_or_treasurer_of_the_wardrobe}
The chief officer of the Wardrobe was initially termed **Clerk of the Wardrobe**. The first known *clericus de garderoba* was one Odo in the reign of King John, who oversaw a small department of carters (to handle the carts), sumpters (to handle the horses), porters (to handle the goods) and other workers. As the Wardrobe grew, both in size and sophistication, a larger number of clerks (who were clergy skilled in administration) were employed, and the chief official came to be distinguished with the title of **Keeper of the Wardrobe**. From 1232, when the post of Treasurer of the Chamber was merged into the keepership, the terms Keeper, Treasurer and (still) Clerk were used more or less interchangeably; but in the reign of Edward II **Treasurer of the Wardrobe** emerged as the preferred title. As such, according to an ordinance of 1279, he had charge of the King\'s expenses (and those of his family), was entrusted with receipt of all money, jewels and presents made to the King, and was responsible for keeping a daily account of all transactions of the Household.
#### Controller of the Wardrobe {#controller_of_the_wardrobe}
The primary responsibility of the **Controller of the Wardrobe** was to check and control the Keeper/Treasurer\'s expenditure by keeping a counter roll of the Wardrobe accounts; he went on to have responsibility for checking financial compliance and quality control across various departments of the Household. The office dates from the 1230s. The Controller also had charge of the Wardrobe\'s archive of state documents, which gave his office a distinctively secretarial flavour. Under Edward I the Controller was custodian of the Privy Seal and functioned as the King\'s private secretary; meanwhile his small department of clerks played a key part in the administrative oversight of the entire Household. By the end of the reign of Edward III this important court official was known as Controller of the Household.
#### Cofferer of the Wardrobe {#cofferer_of_the_wardrobe}
The office of **Cofferer of the Wardrobe** originated in the late 13th century when the Treasurer/Keeper\'s chief clerk took on particular responsibility for drafting the Wardrobe accounts. Working closely with the Treasurer, the Cofferer usually served as *locum tenens* when the Treasurer was otherwise engaged with affairs of state (as was often the case); thus the Cofferer came to be seen as, in effect, the working head of the Wardrobe, acting on the Treasurer\'s behalf. In his own right he oversaw a small accounting office, staffed by the \'clerks of the Cofferer\', who went on to play a key role in the financial oversight of the Household; this was a precursor to the Board of Green Cloth). `{{see|Cofferer of the Household}}`{=mediawiki}
### The Great Wardrobe {#the_great_wardrobe}
As early as the 1220s certain persons are identified as having a specialised role as \'buyer\' or \'purveyor\' within the King\'s Wardrobe, and keeping their own accounts. Often the King\'s tailor had this task (which involved purchase of silk, cloth, furs and the like for robes). A Household Ordinance of 1279 formalised the arrangement, ordaining that the Treasurer (Keeper) of the Wardrobe should appoint a man to buy all items appertaining to the Great Wardrobe, \"and let this man be **Keeper of the Great Wardrobe**\". By the 16th century the department had gained a great deal of independence, and its keeper began to be styled **Master of the Great Wardrobe**.
#### Keepers and Masters of the Great Wardrobe {#keepers_and_masters_of_the_great_wardrobe}
The post was abolished with the other offices of the Great Wardrobe in 1782.
#### Deputy Masters of the Great Wardrobe {#deputy_masters_of_the_great_wardrobe}
The **Deputy Master of the Great Wardrobe** was a position in the British Royal Household, the chief subordinate to the Master of the Great Wardrobe. Holders enjoyed a salary of £200 (fixed in 1674), reduced to £150 in 1761. The post seems to have developed into a sinecure, and by 1765, the office of Assistant to the Deputy Master had become established.
The post was abolished with the other offices of the Great Wardrobe in 1782.
### Others
#### Keepers of the Privy Wardrobe {#keepers_of_the_privy_wardrobe}
In July 1323, John Fleet was appointed \'Keeper of the part of the King\'s Wardrobe in the Tower of London\'. This, apparently the first such appointment, marked a key stage in the development of the Privy Wardrobe there into a repository and manufactory of arms, armour and artillery.
No further appointments were made to this office after 1476.
#### Keepers of local Wardrobes {#keepers_of_local_wardrobes}
- 15??: Thomas Maynman (Keeper of the Wardrobe at East Greenwich)
- 1515: John Patey (Keeper of the Wardrobe at Richmond)
- 1533--1557: John Rede (Keeper of the Wardrobe at Westminster)
- 1563: Sir Hugh Underhill (Keeper of the Wardrobe at East Greenwich)
- 1625: Theobald Pears (Keeper of the Wardrobe at Richmond, after his father Stephen Pears).
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,768 |
Christina M. Kim
|
**Christina M. Kim** (*김수진*) is an American television writer. In the 2005-06 television season, she joined the writing staff of *Lost* for the series\' second season. The staff won the Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2006 ceremony for their work on the second season.
She became a story editor and co-writer for the third season in 2006. Kim and co-writer Elizabeth Sarnoff were nominated for the WGA award for Best Episodic Drama at the February 2007 ceremony for their work on the second season episode \"Two for the Road\". The writing staff were again nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2007 ceremony for their work on the second and third seasons.
She was promoted to executive story editor for the fourth season. She was again nominated for the WGA Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2009 ceremony for her work on the fourth season.
From 2010-12, Kim produced and wrote episodes for the CBS procedural hit *NCIS Los Angeles*.
In 2019, Kim\'s script for The CW\'s modern reboot of *Kung Fu* was ordered to pilot and picked up to series in 2020 despite production being temporarily shut down by COVID-19 pandemic. On May 3, 2021, *Kung Fu* was renewed by The CW for a highly anticipated second season.
## Episodes written {#episodes_written}
### *Hawaii: Five-0* {#hawaii_five_0}
- 4.04 - A ia la aku 2013
- 4.18 - Ho i Hou 2014
### *NCIS Los Angeles* {#ncis_los_angeles}
- 3.22 - Neighborhood Watch 2012
- 3.06 - Lone Wolf 2011
- 2.20 - The Job 2011
- 2.14 - Lockup 2011
- 2.07 - Anonymous 2010
### *Lost*
- 2.11 - \"The Hunting Party\" -- January 18, 2006 (with Elizabeth Sarnoff)
- 2.16 - \"The Whole Truth\" -- March 22, 2006 (with Elizabeth Sarnoff)
- 2.20 - \"Two for the Road\" -- May 3, 2006 (with Elizabeth Sarnoff)
- 3.09 - \"Stranger in a Strange Land\" -- February 21, 2007 (with Elizabeth Sarnoff)
- 3.12 - \"Par Avion\" -- March 14, 2007 (with Jordan Rosenberg)
- 4.06 - \"The Other Woman\" -- March 6, 2008 (with Drew Goddard)
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7,122,775 |
Associação Académica de Coimbra (volleyball)
|
The **Coimbra Academic Association - volleyball** (Portuguese: *Associação Académica de Coimbra - Secção de Voleibol*) is the volleyball sports section of the **Coimbra Academic Association**, from Coimbra, Portugal.
The AAC Voleibol team won the national championships in 1966/67, 1968/69 and 1970/71 seasons, and currently plays in the Portuguese Volleyball League A2. The AAC participates in the Supertaça (Supercup).
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7,122,787 |
Streptococcus thermophilus
|
***Streptococcus thermophilus*** formerly known as ***Streptococcus salivarius*subsp.*thermophilus*** is a gram-positive bacterium, and a fermentative facultative anaerobe, of the *viridans* group. It tests negative for cytochrome, oxidase, and catalase, and positive for alpha-hemolytic activity. It is non-motile and does not form endospores. *S. thermophilus* is fimbriated.
It is also classified as a lactic acid bacterium. *S. thermophilus* is found in fermented milk products and is generally used in the production of yogurt, alongside *Lactobacillus delbrueckii* subsp. *bulgaricus*. The two species are synergistic, and *S. thermophilus* probably provides *L. d. bulgaricus* with folic acid and formic acid, which it uses for purine synthesis. *S. thermophilus* has an optimal growth temperature range of 35 --, while *L. d. bulgaricus* has an optimal range of 43 --.
## Classification
At least 26 strains of *S. thermophilus* have been identified and had their genomes sequenced.
Test type Test Characteristics
-------------------------- ------------ -----------------
Colony characters Color Yellowish
Shape Convex
Type Round
Morphological characters Shape Round
Size 0.7-0.9 μm
Physiological characters Motility \-
Biological characters Gram stain \+
Catalase \-
Oxidase \-
Cytochrome \-
## Uses
*S. thermophilus* is one of the most widely used bacteria in the dairy industry. USDA statistics from 1998 showed that more than 1.02 billion kilograms of mozzarella cheese and 621 million kilograms of yogurt were produced from *S. thermophilus*. Although its genus, *Streptococcus*, includes some pathogenic species, food industries consider *S. thermophilus* a safer bacterium than many other *Streptococcus* species. In fact, yogurt and cheese that contain live cultures of *S. thermophilus* are thought to be beneficial to health.`{{Better source needed|date=May 2022|reason=Not a reliable source for medicine.}}`{=mediawiki} Live cultures of *S. thermophilus* make it easier for people who are lactose-intolerant to digest dairy products. The bacteria breaks down lactose, the sugar in milk, that lactose-intolerant people find difficult to digest.
### Yogurt production {#yogurt_production}
As early as the 1900s, *S. thermophilus* was used to make yogurt. Its purpose is to turn lactose, the sugar in milk, into lactic acid. The increase in lactic acid turns milk into the gel-like structure characteristic of yogurt.
## Nomenclature
\"Streptococcus\" derives from a Greek term meaning \"twisted kernel\" and refers to the way the bacterium is grouped in chains that resemble a string of beads. \"Thermophilus\" derives from the Greek *thermē*, meaning \"heat\", and *philus*, meaning to appreciate or to like. It refers to an organism\'s ability to thrive at high temperatures.
## Research
### Pathogenic potential {#pathogenic_potential}
The genus *Streptococcus* includes several pathogenic species, such as *S. pneumoniae* and *S. pyogenes*, but food industries consider *S. thermophilus* non-pathogenic. *S. thermophilus* is believed to have developed separately from pathogenic *Streptococcus* species for at least 3000 years. Research teams have sequenced the genome of two strains of *S. thermophilus*, CNRZ1066 and LMG13811, and stated that the bacteria are not dangerous.
### Adjuvant
*S. thermophilus* strain Orla-Jensen 1919 is a constituent in VSL#3. This standardized formulation of live bacteria may be used in combination with conventional therapies to treat ulcerative colitis. The use of the *S. thermophilus*-containing VSL#3 may reduce inflammation in mice.
### Reduced-fat cheese {#reduced_fat_cheese}
*S. thermophilus* helps make reduced-fat cheese with similar characteristics to regular, full-fat cheese. In the experiment, two different strains of bacteria are used to make reduced-fat cheddar cheese: a strain of *Lactococcus lactis* and a strain of *S. thermophilus*. These bacteria are chosen because they produce exopolysaccharide (EPS), which give reduced-fat cheese a texture and flavor like that of regular cheese.
*L. lactis* produces cheese with higher moisture levels compared to other reduced-fat cheeses; *S. thermophilus* produces cheese with a lower moisture content and a less bitter taste. It was concluded that applying both *L. lactis* and *S. thermophilus* strains would create higher-quality reduced-fat cheese with characteristics like those of regular cheese.
### Cancer
Chemotherapy often causes mucositis, severe inflammation of primarily the small intestines. Currently, there is no treatment to alleviate the symptoms of mucositis caused by chemotherapy. When rats were inflicted with mucositis by chemotherapy drugs, the intestinal tissues in those pretreated with *streptococcus thermophilus* TH-4 functioned more healthily and were less distressed.
### Antibiotic-associated diarrhea {#antibiotic_associated_diarrhea}
Strains of *S. thermophilus* have also reduced risks of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), an issue that results from taking antibiotics. Antibiotics can have the adverse effect of destroying beneficial bacteria and causing harmful bacteria to multiply, which invokes AAD. Adults who ate yogurt containing *S. thermophilus* while being treated with antibiotics had lower rates of AAD than the control group (12.4% vs. 23.7%).
### Longevity in other organisms {#longevity_in_other_organisms}
*Streptococcus thermophilus* has been linked to longevity in some living organisms. In an experiment performed on the bacteriophagous nematode species *Caenorhabditis elegans*, consumption of *S. thermophilus* was shown to cause significant longevity when compared to specimens that consumed *E. coli* OP50, a strain used as a standard food source. Additionally, there was no significant deviation in growth rate or brood size, indicating that it wasn\'t caused by caloric restriction. Instead, its life-extending effects were linked to increased expression of the gene *daf-16*. This effect further enhances the expression of other antioxidant genes, thereby slowing down the aging process.
## Health concerns {#health_concerns}
Although probiotics, in general, are considered safe, there are concerns about their use in certain cases. Some people, such as those with compromised immune systems, short bowel syndrome, central venous catheters, heart valve disease and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events. Rarely, the use of probiotics has caused sepsis in children with lowered immune systems or in those who are already critically ill.
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American Australians
|
American English \| rels = \| related = African Americans{{·}}European Americans{{·}}Hispanic and Latino Americans{{·}}Asian Americans{{·}}Native Americans{{·}}Pacific Islander Americans }} **American Australians** are Australian citizens who are of American descent, including immigrants and residents who are descended from migrants from the United States of America and its territories. This includes people of European, African American, American Indian, Hispanic or Latin American, Asian, and Pacific Islander backgrounds.
## Demography
At the 2006 Australian Census, 71,718 Australian residents declared that they were American-born. Concentrations of American-born residents were in Sydney (16,339), Melbourne (11,130), Brisbane (6,057), Perth (5,558), Adelaide (2,862), and Canberra (1,970). At that census, residents could declare up to two ancestries: of the 56,283 respondents declaring American ancestry, 3,901 also declared Hispanic ancestry; 1,798, African American; 3,936, North American Indian; and 224, Puerto Rican.
## Community history {#community_history}
The first North Americans to land in Australia were British crewmen from the *Endeavour* under Captain Cook, who sojourned at Botany Bay in 1770. Once a permanent colony was established in New South Wales, \"trade links were developed almost exclusively with North America.\"
The North American colonies, including what are now Canada and the United States, had been used by Britain for penal transportation. With the recognition of the independence of the United States in the 1780s, the British Government sought new lands to exile convicts, and Australia became the pre-eminent prison colony of the British Empire.
From the 1770s to the 1840s, North Americans settled in Australia primarily as demobilised British soldiers and sailors; as convicts (some United States citizens were arrested at sea for maritime offences, tried, convicted, and transported); and as whalers, sealers, or itinerants. Many of these settlers moved on to New Zealand for a time, and often returned to New South Wales. African Americans had a noted presence in the earliest British outposts in Australia, usually after a period of service in the British Navy.
In the 1850s, large numbers of United States citizens arrived, most often after spending time in California during its gold rush. These migrants settled predominantly in rural Victoria, where the discovery of gold had encouraged a large colony of prospectors and speculators. Some born in the United States played eminent roles in the Eureka Stockade, particularly in the miners\' paramilitary self-defence groups. The colonial authorities suspected the American-born and others, such as the Irish, of promoting republicanism.
At the time of Federation, in 1901, there were 7,448 United States-born persons in Australia. About this time, many of these American-Australians worked in the labour movement, including the formation of trade unions and the Australian Labor Party (hence the spelling of *Labor* in the American way instead of the more common *Labour*; both spellings were acceptable in Australian English at the time). Despite North American socio-cultural influences, Australian public opinion was wary of the United States: the visit of the \"Great White Fleet\" of the United States Navy to Sydney and Melbourne in 1908 was greeted with fanfare, but provoked immediate comment that the (British) Royal Navy should make an even greater show of force to restate in the strongest military terms Australia\'s position as the south-eastern guarantor of the British Empire.
During the Second World War, more than a million United States soldiers were stationed, not all simultaneously, in Australia at the request of the Australian Government after the surrender of the British garrison in Singapore to the Japanese in 1941. When the war ended, 12,000 Australian women migrated to the United States as war brides, and 10,000 United States citizens settled in Australia---including ex-servicemen as war husbands.
The ANZUS Treaty, binding the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, was signed in 1951, locking the three countries into a mutual defence pact. This increased social and political ties between Australia and the United States and led Australia and New Zealand to commit soldiers to the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s. These connections, along with increased worldwide travel, prompted more Americans to migrate permanently; in 1971 there were 39,035 United States--born residents in Australia.
## Education
The American International School of Sydney is defunct.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
Name Born -- died Notable for Connection with Australia Connection with United States
------------------------------ -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Janet Andrewartha 1952--2024 actress works in Australia born in Camarillo, California
Aaron Baddeley 1981-- golf player moved to Australia when 2 years old; raised in Australia born in Lebanon, New Hampshire
Carsten Ball 1987-- tennis player raised in Australia born in Newport Beach, California
Duncan Ball 1941-- author moved to Australia in 1974; naturalised Australian in 1980 born in Boston, Massachusetts
Cate Blanchett 1969-- actress born and raised in Australia father Robert DeWitt Blanchett, Jr was an American from Texas
Betty Bobbitt 1939--2020 actress and author moved to Australia in 1962 born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jonah Bolden 1996-- basketball player born and raised in Australia father Bruce Bolden is an African American who played in the NBL and still lives in Australia
Chelsea Brown 1946--2017 comedian and actress moved to Australia in 1977; married to actor Vic Rooney until his death in 2002 born in Chicago, Illinois
Cal Bruton 1954-- basketball player and coach moved to Australia in 1979; naturalised 1983; played for the men\'s national team and named to the NBL 25th Anniversary Team in 2003. born in New York City, New York; played college basketball at Wichita State University
C. J. Bruton 1975-- basketball player moved to Australia with his father Cal in 1979; naturalised along with his father; played for the men\'s national team son of Cal Bruton; born in Wichita, Kansas while his father was playing at Wichita State
John Butler 1975-- musician, founder John Butler Trio Australian father; moved to Australia in 1986 born in Torrance, California
Arthur Calwell 1896-1973 Australian politician born in Australia parental grandfather is American
Kate Ceberano 1966-- actress and singer born and raised in Australia her father Tino Ceberano is American of Filipino Hawaiian descent
Didier Cohen 1985-- artists and repertoire (a&r), media personality, actor, and model raised in Australia born in Los Angeles
Toni Collette 1972-- actress, producer, and singer born and raised in Australia her biological paternal grandfather was American
Mason Cox 1991- Football Player (AFL) Moved to Australia to play AFL for Collingwood Born and raised in Texas
Bruce Djite 1987-- football (soccer) player moved to Australia when 3 years old; raised in Australia born in Arlington County, Virginia
Aisha Dee 1993-- actress, and singer born in Australia; Australian mother father is African American
Joe Dolce 1947-- singer/songwriter, poet, and essayist relocated to Melbourne, Australia, in 1978 born in Painesville, Ohio, to Italian-American parents
Dante Exum 1995-- basketball player born and raised in Australia father Cecil Exum is an African American who played in the NBL and still lives in Australia
Mel Gibson 1956-- actor and director moved to Australia when 12 years old; paternal grandmother was Australian; honorary Officer of the Order of Australia born Peekskill, New York and holds dual US and Irish citizenships
Virginia Giuffre 1983-2025 advocate and campaigner for survivors of sex trafficking moved to Australia at the age of 19 in 2002 with her Australian husband; became a naturalised Australian citizen at an unspecified date born in Sacramento, California, United States to American parents
Ricky Grace 1966-- basketball player moved to Australia in 1990; naturalised c. 1996; played for the men\'s national team and named to the NBL 25th Anniversary Team. born in Dallas, Texas; played college basketball at the University of Oklahoma
Bill Hayden 1933--2024 Australian politician, former Governor-General born in Australia father is American
Colleen Hewett 1950-- singer and actress born and raised in Australia her family on her maternal side are of African American descent; great-great-grandfather is a native of Guayana
Marcia Hines 1953-- singer and actress moved to Australia in 1969; member of the Order of Australia (naturalised 1994) born in Boston, Massachusetts
Deni Hines 1970-- singer and actress born in Australia Daughter of Marcia Hines; Father is of Somalian/Ethiopian descent
Kyrie Irving 1992-- basketball player born in Australia; family returned to the U.S. when 2 years old parents are American
Terri Irwin 1964-- Zoologist, naturalist, author and television presenter wife of Steve Irwin. Moved to Australia in 1992; naturalised in 2009 three years after her husband\'s death born in Eugene, Oregon
Bindi Irwin 1998-- Singer, actress, conservationist and television personality born in Australia daughter of Terri and Steve Irwin
Robert Irwin 2003-- Conservationist and television personality born in Australia son of Terri and Steve Irwin
Nia Jax 1984-- Professional wrestler born in Australia raised in Hawaii
Aku Kadogo choreographer, director, actress, and educator educated and performed in Australia born, and grew up in Detroit, Michigan.
Kristina Keneally 1968-- Premier of New South Wales 2009--2011, Senator 2018---2022 moved to Australia in 1994; naturalised Australian in 2000 born Kristina Marie Kerscher in Las Vegas, Nevada to American father and Australian mother
Nicole Kidman 1967-- actress dual citizen by descent (Australian parents) dual citizen by birth (born in Honolulu, Hawaii)
Don Lane 1933--2009 TV presenter, cabaret performer moved to Australia 1965 born Morton Donald Isaacson in New York City, New York
Cheltzie Lee 1993-- figure skater born in Australia mother is American
Leroy Loggins 1957-- basketball player as an Australian citizen competed in the 1992 Olympic Games born New Brunswick, New Jersey
Bob Meyer 1932--2009 logician moved to Australia 1974 born in US
King O\'Malley 1858--1953 Australian politician lived in Australia from 1888 claimed to have been born in Canada, more likely that he was born in US
Mike Nahan 1950-- Australian politician moved to Australia in 1978; naturalised Australian in 1988 born in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Caleb Patterson-Sewell 1987-- football (soccer) player moved to Australia when 2 years old; raised in Australia born in Hendersonville, Tennessee to American father and Australian mother
Don Pyke 1968-- Australian rules footballer father is Australian born in Bloomington, Illinois
James Mahmud Rice 1972- sociologist raised in Australia born in Honolulu, Hawaii to American father and Indonesian mother
Peter Ruehl 1947--2011 journalist and television news personality moved to Australia in 1987 born in New York City, New York
Penny Sackett 1956-- astronomer moved to Australia in 2002; naturalised Australian in 2008 born Lincoln, Nebraska
Brian Schmidt 1967-- astrophysicist moved to Australia 1994, co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 born Missoula, Montana
Jon Hunter Spence 1945--2011 Jane Austen scholar became an Australian citizen in 2011 born Camilla, Georgia
Ben Simmons 1996-- basketball player born and raised in Australia his father Dave Simmons is an African American who played in the NBL and still lives in Australia
Archie Smith 1995-- football player (AFL) born and raised in Australia his father is Andre Moore is an African American who played in the NBL and still lives in Australia
Irwin Thomas 1971-- singer-songwriter and guitarist mother was an Australian-born folk singer and dancer; she returned to Australia in 1980, with her son. born in 1971 in Manhattan, New York City.
Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman 1981-- Noted political activist born in Australia dual citizen
Sanford Wheeler 1970--2020 Australian rules footballer migrated to Australia in 1975 born in US to Australian father and American mother
Lydia Williams 1988-- football (soccer) player born in Australia mother is American
Makenzie Vega 1994-- actress moved to Australia in 2016, married to model Blair Norfolk born in Los Angeles, California, sister of Alexa Vega
Leila George 1992-- actress born in Sydney; mother is Australian Greta Scacchi father is American Vincent D\'Onofrio; dual U.S. and Australian citizen
Bert McCracken 1982-- musician moved to Australia in 2004 married to Alison Schneider born in Provo, Utah,
Logan Huffman 1989-- actor move in Australia dual U.S. citizen married to the veronicas Lisa Origliasso born in Noblesville, Indiana,
Mark Webber 1980-- actor and director dual U.S.citizen married to actress Teresa Palmer born in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Brent DeBoer 1967-- musician dual U.S.citizen born in Portland, Oregon
Brooke Harman 1985-- actress Mother is Australian born in Orange County, California
Kenneth Moraleda 1973-- actor educated and performed in Australia born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Filipino American parents
Orlando Jordan 1974-- actor, stuntman, and semi-retired American professional wrestler dual U.S. citizen born in Salem, New Jersey
Diesel 1966-- singer-songwriter and musician emigrated to Australia with his family, in November 1971 born in Fall River, Massachusetts
Nicholas Hammond 1950- actor and writer moved to Australia in the mid-1980s born in Washington, D.C.
Kate Walsh 1967- actress and businesswoman moved to Australia in 2020 born in San Jose, California
Jim Knobeloch 1950- actor moved to Australia in 2001 born in Belleville, Illinois
Jane Badler 1953- Actress and singer moved to Australia in the mid 80s or 90s born in Brooklyn, New York City
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,813 |
Digitek (character)
|
**Digitek** (**Jonathan Bryant**) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in *Digitek* #1 (Dec. 1992), the first issue of a limited series published by Marvel UK. The strip was also published in Marvel UK\'s weekly anthology title *Overkill*. The character was created by writers John Tomlinson & Andy Lanning and artist Dermot Power.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
Digitek was initially published in two different formats - as a four issue limited series, using the standard Marvel Comics format, and as one of the strips in the UK anthology *Overkill* (published in a format similar to that of *2000 AD*. The inside front covers of the limited series featured \'in-universe\' text pieces (such as memos from the fictional Nakasoni Corporation) that established links between Digitek and the other Marvel UK titles (such as *Warheads* and *Genetix*) - these documents were not reprinted in the *Overkill* anthology.
At the time, this was a standard publication method for Marvel UK, with the intention that *Overkill* would be better suited to the UK market, whereas the \'standard\' Marvel format would be better suited to comic shops in other countries. As with most of the other Marvel UK titles, Digitek also attempted to attract existing Marvel Comics fans by including a prominent Marvel character in the initial storyline - the cyborg Deathlok.
After the initial limited series, Digitek made no further appearances in Marvel UK comics (and within a couple of years, the Marvel UK line of comics had ceased publication) - the character made no other actual appearances until 2009, though he was mentioned by Robbie Baldwin during the Civil War event and in referred to by a character in *Captain Britain and MI13*. He also received an entry in the most recent Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe.
The final issue of *Captain Britain and MI13* included a cameo appearance by Digitek, confirming that he is working as a reserve agent for MI:13.
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
The story of Digitek begins at the Mys-Tech organization. Kether Troop, a team of Mys-Tech mercenaries tasked with recovering alien technology from alternate dimensions, manage to retrieve a product called Protosilicon from an unknown source and installs it on an item known as Jump 61. Technological analysis of the item followed, and **Jonathan Byrant** is assigned as its Project Leader. His supervisor, Mr. Grant, sabotages the project with a computer virus, but Jonathan somehow gains a vision of this. He rushes back to the facility. He arrives just as the building explodes, and is believed to have been killed. Unknown to all he survives and finds that the suit has bonded with him. Choosing to use his powers for good, Jonathan decides to call himself after the project: Digitek. His first opponents are the villains known as Bacillicons, three mercenaries who had been similarly transformed, but are warped by the virus.`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=November 2015}}`{=mediawiki}
When Psi-Key is attacked by the virus, she broadcasts a worldwide distress signal, which locks onto the cyborg hero Deathlok. Deathlok is then transported to the UK. Together the two heroes defeat the Bacillicons, parting as friends.
### Civil War and MI:13 {#civil_war_and_mi13}
Digitek is later mentioned as having joined the heroes opposing the Super Hero Registration Act during the Superhuman Civil War. Apprehended by S.H.I.E.L.D., Digitek seemingly commits suicide by transforming his arm into an M-110 particle shotgun and shooting himself. S.H.I.E.L.D. considers Digitek\'s suicide to be a possible hoax to allow the vigilante to escape from the Negative Zone Prison, as his CPU did not suffer terminal damage.
Digitek later appears, alive and unharmed, as one of British intelligence agency MI:13\'s reserve agents, battling against an army of vampires on the Moon. The caption accompanying his reintroduction stated that he is \"back from intelligence gathering in the USA\".
Henri Parvenu has genes from a variety of energy based superhumans, including Digitek
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7,122,822 |
Beside You in Time
|
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 150, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{album chart|AustriaMV|3|date=09-03-2007|rowheader=true|access-date=January 7, 2017}}
^
```
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,836 |
Phil Leakey
|
**Philip Leakey** (4 May 1908 in London, England -- 26 November 1992) was a British make-up artist known chiefly for his work on Hammer films. In 1956 he became the first make-up designer ever to receive on-screen credit for \"special\" make-up effects for his \"bold and innovative\" work in *X the Unknown*.
He provided Christopher Lee\'s celebrated makeup for Hammer\'s *The Curse of Frankenstein* (1957), whose \"monster\" had to be memorable and terrifying without infringing the copyright on Universal\'s earlier makeup, created by Jack Pierce for Boris Karloff.
Leakey created make-up for *Dracula* and *The Revenge of Frankenstein* (both 1958) before leaving Hammer, disgusted by the cost-cutting measure by Hammer\'s associate producer, Anthony Nelson Keys, of revoking his retainer. His assistant, Roy Ashton, took charge of Hammer make-up from then onwards.
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7,122,841 |
P. C. Thomas
|
**Pulloli Chacko Thomas** (born 31 October 1950) is an Indian politician who was Union Minister of State for Law and Justice for Kerala from 2003 to 2004 and a six-term member of Lok Sabha from 1989 to 2009. He is the Deputy Chairman of Kerala Congress
## Career
Thomas was a member of Lok Sabha from 9th Lok Sabha to 14th Lok Sabha, serving for 20 years from 1989 to 2009. He was also Union Minister of State for Law and Justice from 2003 to 2004 in the Third Vajpayee Ministry.
His first contest in General election was in 1987, from Vazhoor Legislate Assembly Constituency, which he lost. Later in 1989 he contested in the Lok Sabha election from Muvattupuzha as the candidate of Kerala Congress (M) and defeated Left Democratic Front (LDF) candidate P. P. Esthos and P. J. Joseph, another Kerala Congress leader. He won all subsequent election from the constituency till 2009. His contest in 2004 as the candidate of National Democratic Alliance (NDA), where he defeated both the candidates of United Democratic Front (UDF) and Left Democratic Front (LDF), was considered a landmark victory in the political history of Kerala. However, Supreme Court of India cancelled the results and disqualified him in 2006 on the ground that he used his religious background to woo voters during the polls.
In 1986, P. C. Thomas was chosen to serve on Kerala\'s 6th Bar Council.
After his Lok Sabha term, he has filed about 15 public interest litigations as part-in-person, in the High Court of Kerala and Supreme Court of India
In 2006, when Finance Minister P. Chidambaram made an announcement that the Government of India will issue a commemorative coin dedicated to the 150th anniversary of Sree Narayana Guru, P. C. Thomas suggested that coin\' logo should be written both in Hindi and English.
Since 2010, Thomas is the chairman of Kerala Congress (Thomas). Currently the party is in alliance with National Democratic Alliance (NDA), of which he is a National Committee member. He is also the Chairman of 'Karshaka Sanghatana Aikyavedi', a farmers\' non-political organization which is a platform of several associations of various types of farmers' organizations in Kerala including those of natural rubber farmers.
In 2019, P. C. Thomas ran for election again, this time from Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency, however he came third in the election which was won by Thomas Chazhikadan of Kerala Congress (Mani).
On 17 March 2021, he announced that his party has left NDA alliance and joined UDF. The party would merge with P.J. Joseph led-Kerala Congress (Joseph) and form Kerala Congress.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
P. C. Thomas is the fourth child of P. T. Chacko and Mariyamma Chacko. Pullolil House is his residence. His father P. T. Chacko was a political stalwart who was a member of Indian Constituent Assembly representing Travancore-Cochin from 1949, a member representing Meenachil Lok Sabha Constituency in the first Lok Sabha in 1952, first opposition leader of the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1957 and the Home Minister in Pattom Thanu PillaiI\'s ministry. Thomas has two sons and a daughter.
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7,122,843 |
Tony Ingham
|
**Anthony Ingham** (18 February 1925 -- 21 April 2010) was an English professional footballer who played more than 500 games in the Football League as a defender for Leeds United and Queens Park Rangers. He holds the appearance record for QPR, having played 548 first-team games in senior competitions.
## Career
During the Second World War Ingham served in the Royal Navy. He also completed an electrical apprenticeship while playing part-time for Harrogate Town, where he made his debut in 1939/40 at the age of 14. He signed for Leeds United in the summer of 1947, and made his League debut for the club in October of the same year in a 3--2 defeat at West Bromwich Albion. However he played only rarely for The Whites, and joined Queens Park Rangers in June 1950 for a fee of £5,000.
He made his debut against Doncaster Rovers in November 1950, and retired 13 years later having made a club record 548 appearances in all senior competitions, 514 in the League. After retiring as a player in May 1963, he held various positions with QPR and went on to become a director of the club. A function room at Loftus Road is named in Ingham\'s honour.
## Death
On 21 April 2010, Tony Ingham died of an illness at the age of 85.
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Arcangues (horse)
|
**Arcangues** (pronounced *ar-KONG*) (foaled March 12, 1988--October 2006) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He won the Group 1 Prix d\'Ispahan, Prix du Prince d\'Orange, Prix Eugène Adam and John Henry Handicap, but is most famous for winning the 1993 Breeders\' Cup Classic as a tremendous longshot, a victory that has been called one of the biggest upsets in horse racing history.
## Background
The son of owner Daniel Wildenstein\'s 1984 Prix de l\'Arc de Triomphe winner Sagace, he was given the name of the village of Arcangues in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques departement of the Aquitaine region.
## Racing career {#racing_career}
Arcangues had raced only on grass in Europe before being sent to California to compete on the dirt track at Santa Anita Park in the 1993 Breeders\' Cup Classic. Despite big wins in the Group 1 Prix d\'Ispahan (over champion Hatoof), Prix du Prince d\'Orange (over champion Arazi) and Prix Eugène Adam, Bettors sent the horse off at odds of 133--1 in the richest of the Breeders\' Cup races. Under last-minute jockey Jerry Bailey, the horse caught Bertrando in the home stretch to score the biggest upset in Breeders\' Cup history. His \$269.20 payoff for a \$2 wager remains a Breeders\' Cup record. Wildenstein, Arcangues\' owner, earned \$1.56 million.
After his win, Arcangues remained in the United States and raced during the 1994 season under trainer Richard Mandella. In three starts, he won the John Henry Handicap \[G2\] on grass, but finished fifth back on dirt in the Hollywood Gold Cup, his last race.
## Stud record {#stud_record}
Arcangues was retired and sent to Japan to stand at stud at Nakamura Chikusan in 1995.
He sired (among others) Lucky Step (b. 1999, three wins in Japan) and Chacott (b. 2000, one win in Japan) out of Petite Furu (b. 1991, four wins in Japan), Aiai Lucky (b. 2002, one win in Japan and in training as of 2002) out of Dancing Queen, and Moere Leading (b. 1999, two wins in Japan and in training as of 2002) and Chanel Lady (b. 1997, three wins in Japan as of 2002), both out of Leading Queen (b. 1989, placed in Japan, dam of three winners). Of Arcangues\' 264 foals, 94 started and 23 won.
In March 2009, it was reported that Arcangues was euthanized in Japan in October 2006. He had been pensioned from stud that spring as a result of founder.
## Pedigree
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1986 in Swedish football
|
The **1986 season in Swedish football**, starting January 1986 and ending December 1986:
## Honours
### Official titles {#official_titles}
Title Team Reason
-------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------
Swedish Champions 1986 Malmö FF Winners of Allsvenskan play-off
Swedish Cup Champions 1985--86 Malmö FF Winners of Svenska Cupen
### Competitions
Level Competition Team
----------- --------------------------- --------------------
1st level Allsvenskan 1986 Malmö FF
Allsvenskan play-off 1986 Malmö FF
2nd level Division 2 Norra 1986 GIF Sundsvall
Division 2 Södra 1986 Västra Frölunda IF
Cup Svenska Cupen 1985--86 Malmö FF
## Promotions, relegations and qualifications {#promotions_relegations_and_qualifications}
### Promotions
Promoted from Promoted to Team Reason
----------------------- ----------------------- -------------------- -------------------------------
Division 2 Norra 1986 Allsvenskan 1987 GIF Sundsvall Winners
Division 2 Södra 1986 Västra Frölunda IF Winners
Division 3 1986 Division 1 Norra 1987 BK Forward Winners of promotion play-off
IFK Mora Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1986 Division 1 Södra 1987 IFK Hässleholm Winners of promotion play-off
Ifö/Bromölla IF Winners of promotion play-off
IK Oddevold Winners of promotion play-off
Skövde AIK Winners of promotion play-off
### League transfers {#league_transfers}
Transferred from Transferred to Team Reason
----------------------- ----------------------- ------------- --------------------------
Division 2 Södra 1986 Division 1 Norra 1987 Karlstad BK Geographical composition
### Relegations
Relegated from Relegated to Team Reason
----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------- -----------
Allsvenskan 1986 Division 1 Södra 1987 Kalmar FF 11th team
Division 1 Norra 1987 Djurgårdens IF 12th team
Division 2 Norra 1986 Division 2 1987 Enköpings SK 12th team
Sandvikens IF 13th team
Ope IF 14th team
Division 2 Södra 1986 Division 2 1987 Helsingborgs IF 12th team
Markaryd IF 13th team
Norrby IF 14th team
### International qualifications {#international_qualifications}
Qualified for Enters Team Reason
--------------------------------- ------------- -------------- ---------------------------------
European Cup 1987--88 1st round Malmö FF Winners of Allsvenskan play-off
UEFA Cup 1987--88 1st round IFK Göteborg 2nd team in Allsvenskan
AIK 3rd team in Allsvenskan
UEFA Cup Winners\' Cup 1986--87 1st round Malmö FF Winners of Svenska Cupen
International Football Cup 1987 Group stage Malmö FF Unknown
AIK Unknown
Halmstads BK Unknown
Hammarby IF Unknown
## Domestic results {#domestic_results}
### Allsvenskan 1986 {#allsvenskan_1986}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ---------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Malmö FF 22 16 5 1 49 -- 11 +38 37
2 IFK Göteborg 22 13 5 4 44 -- 17 +27 31
3 AIK 22 9 7 6 29 -- 21 +8 25
4 IFK Norrköping 22 9 3 10 30 -- 30 0 21
5 Halmstads BK 22 8 5 9 25 -- 32 -7 21
6 Hammarby IF 22 8 4 10 31 -- 38 -7 20
7 Östers IF 22 6 8 8 20 -- 28 -8 20
8 IK Brage 22 8 4 10 19 -- 27 -8 20
9 Örgryte IS 22 7 5 10 33 -- 35 -2 19
10 IF Elfsborg 22 5 8 9 19 -- 26 -7 18
11 Kalmar FF 22 5 7 10 22 -- 36 -14 17
12 Djurgårdens IF 22 7 1 14 23 -- 43 -20 15
### Allsvenskan play-off 1986 {#allsvenskan_play_off_1986}
Semi-finals
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final
### Division 2 Norra 1986 {#division_2_norra_1986}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ------------------- ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 GIF Sundsvall 26 12 10 4 51 -- 25 +26 34
2 IF Brommapojkarna 26 13 7 6 48 -- 38 +1 33
3 Västerås SK 26 12 8 6 37 -- 28 +9 32
4 Gefle IF 26 12 6 8 41 -- 23 +18 30
5 IFK Västerås 26 10 9 7 39 -- 40 -1 29
6 Vasalunds IF 26 12 4 10 34 -- 29 +5 28
7 Skellefteå AIK 26 11 6 9 31 -- 28 +3 28
8 Degerfors IF 26 8 8 10 35 -- 38 -3 24
9 IFK Eskilstuna 26 9 6 11 41 -- 46 -5 24
10 Luleå FF/IFK 26 7 9 10 25 -- 28 -3 23
11 Örebro SK 26 7 7 12 26 -- 28 -2 21
12 Enköpings SK 26 8 5 13 28 -- 39 -11 21
13 Sandvikens IF 26 7 7 12 31 -- 43 -12 21
14 Ope IF 26 4 8 14 21 -- 55 -34 16
### Division 2 Södra 1986 {#division_2_södra_1986}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- -------------------- ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Västra Frölunda IF 26 18 6 2 48 -- 11 +37 42
2 Mjällby AIF 26 16 7 3 72 -- 24 +48 39
3 GAIS 26 15 8 3 42 -- 15 +27 38
4 Åtvidabergs FF 26 8 13 5 29 -- 31 -2 29
5 Kalmar AIK 26 11 4 11 46 -- 42 +4 26
6 Landskrona BoIS 26 8 9 9 32 -- 34 -2 25
7 Trelleborgs FF 26 9 7 10 32 -- 35 -3 25
8 Karlskrona AIF 26 10 5 11 27 -- 36 -9 25
9 Karlstad BK 26 8 9 9 31 -- 41 -10 25
10 Myresjö IF 26 7 9 10 35 -- 50 -15 23
11 BK Häcken 26 7 8 11 29 -- 37 -8 22
12 Helsingborgs IF 26 7 5 14 23 -- 31 -8 19
13 Markaryds IF 26 3 9 14 29 -- 50 -21 15
14 Norrby IF 26 5 1 20 27 -- 65 -38 11
### Division 1 promotion play-off 1986 {#division_1_promotion_play_off_1986}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Svenska Cupen 1985--86 {#svenska_cupen_198586}
Final
## National team results {#national_team_results}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Sebastian Paul
|
**Sebastian Paul** (born 1 May 1947) was a member of Parliament, representing Ernakulam in the 14th Lok Sabha.
## Political life {#political_life}
Paul made his electoral debut in the 1997 Lok Sabha by-election in Ernakulam when he defeated Antony Isaac of Indian National Congress (INC). In 1998, he unsuccessfully contested against George Eden, losing by a margin of nearly 75,000 votes. In the same year, in the byelections to the Assembly, caused by the resignation of George Eden who was the sitting MLA, from the Ernakulam Assembly constituency, Paul defeated Leno Jacob of INC and became a member of the Assembly for the next three years. In the 2001 Assembly elections, he was defeated by K. V. Thomas by a margin of 11,844 votes. In the Lok Sabha byelection held in September 2003, caused by the demise of George Eden, Paul notched up victory by a margin of 23,000 votes over M. O. John. In the 2004 general election, he defeated the Congress candidate by a margin of 70,099 votes.
Paul has the unique record of contesting six elections within a span of seven years and winning four of them---all from the same constituency and that too as an Independent candidate with allegiance to Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)).
He was a member of the Standing Committee for the Ministry of External Affairs, Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Railways, Committee of Privileges and the Press Council of India.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sebastian Paul was educated from St. Albert\'s HSS, Ernakulam, Maharaja\'s College, Ernakulam and Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kalamassery. He is also well known as a media critic and cultural activist. Presented a media analysis programme *Maadhyama Vicharam* in Malayalam on Kairali TV every Friday at 7.30 p.m. He is writing a weekly column in *Deshabhimani Weekly*. *Law, Ethics and the Media,* published by LexisNexis, is his latest book in English.
Sebastian Paul is an advocate by profession who was against setting up of a High Court Bench in Thiruvananthapuram, much to the dismay of Bar Association of Thiruvananthapuram.
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Amy MacFarlane
|
**Amy MacFarlane** (born November 4, 1974, in Montreal, Quebec) is a former field hockey forward, who earned a total number of 109 international caps for the Canadian National Team during her career. Collegiately, she played for Princeton University where she earned All-Ivy honors.
## International senior tournaments {#international_senior_tournaments}
- 1995 -- Pan American Games, Mar del Plata, Argentina (3rd)
- 1995 -- Olympic Qualifier, Cape Town, South Africa (7th)
- 1997 -- World Cup Qualifier, Harare, Zimbabwe (11th)
- 1998 -- Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (not ranked)
- 1999 -- Pan American Games, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (3rd)
- 2001 -- Pan American Cup, Kingston, Jamaica (3rd)
- 2001 -- World Cup Qualifier, Amiens/Abbeville, France (10th)
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7,122,909 |
Matt Ragghianti
|
**Matt \"Raggs\" Ragghianti** is an American television writer and writer\'s assistant. He wrote an episode of the second season of Lost and was a writer\'s assistant during the first two seasons of the show. The *Lost* writing staff were nominated for the Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2007 ceremony for their work on the second and third seasons.
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7,122,917 |
Toshiko's Piano
|
***Toshiko\'s Piano*** (released as ***Amazing Toshiko Akiyoshi*** in Japan) is the debut recording of jazz pianist Toshiko Akiyoshi. It was recorded in Japan in 1953 with guitarist Herb Ellis, bassist Ray Brown and drummer J.C. Heard, who were known at the time for their work as pianist Oscar Peterson\'s rhythm section for Jazz at the Philharmonic concerts. The album was released as a 10 inch LP album on Norman Granz\'s Norgran Record label. Later 12 inch LP and (Japanese) CD re-issues also include all 4 Akiyoshi tracks from 1957\'s Verve Records recording, *Toshiko and Leon Sash at Newport*. The cover artwork is by David Stone Martin.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
LP side A
1. \"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" (Porter) -- 2:45
2. \"Gone with the Wind\" (Wrubel, Magidson) -- 2:33
3. \"I Want to Be Happy\" (Youmans, Caesar) -- 2:14
4. \"Toshiko\'s Blues\" (Akiyoshi) -- 3:44
LP side B
1. \"Shadrach\" (MacGimsey) -- 2:41
2. \"Solidado\" (Akiyoshi) -- 3:29
3. \"Squatty Roo\" (Hodges) -- 2:38
4. \"Laura\" (Raksin, Mercer) -- 3:27
Additional four bonus tracks on later 12 inch LP and CD re-issues (from 1957 live recording, *Toshiko\...at Newport*):
1. \"Between Me and Myself\" (Akiyoshi) -- 5:38
2. \"Blues for Toshiko\" (Akiyoshi) -- 5:38
3. \"I\'ll Remember April\" (Raye, DePaul, Johnston) -- 7:05
4. \"Lover\" (Rodgers, Hart) -- 5:45
## Personnel
Tracks 1\~8 (A1\~B4 of original 10 inch LP)
- Toshiko Akiyoshi -- piano
- Herb Ellis -- guitar
- Ray Brown -- bass
- J. C. Heard -- drums
Tracks 9\~12
- Toshiko Akiyoshi -- piano
- Gene Cherico -- bass
- Jake Hanna -- drums
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Glasgow Science Fiction Writers' Circle
|
The **Glasgow Science Fiction Writers' Circle** (GSFWC, aka \"The Circle\") is a group of amateur, semi-professional, and professional fiction authors that has met regularly in Glasgow, Scotland since 1987.
The purpose of the Circle is to provide a supportive, non-confrontational setting in which an individual\'s work can be reviewed, critiqued, and discussed. The group\'s underlying emphasis on quality and professionalism has, in recent years, contributed to the commercial publication of novels and/or short story collections by members including Michael Cobley, Hal Duncan, Gary Gibson, and Neil Williamson. Members have also had work published in magazines including *Analog*, *Asimov\'s Science Fiction*, *Interzone*, and *The Third Alternative*, and short story anthologies *Nova Scotia: New Scottish Speculative Fiction*, *Other Edens II*, *Shipbuilding*, and *Year\'s Best Fantasy and Horror*.
## History
The origins of the Circle lie in a science fiction short story competition -- originally suggested by the SF writer Chris Boyce -- that ran for several years in *The Glasgow Herald* newspaper (now, *The Herald*). The winning entry was published in the weekend edition of the newspaper that coincided with what had effectively become, at that time, a local annual science fiction convention known as Albacon.
In 1986, Ann Karkalas of the University of Glasgow Adult & Continuing Education Department contacted the competition\'s judge, the writer (and the *Herald*\'s then-Science Fiction reviewer) Duncan Lunan, about the possibility of starting a science fiction writing evening class. Both knew each other previously from the Glasgow Science Fiction Circle, a group of readers and writers which had met during the 1960s and 1970s. Duncan was willing to teach the course, and indeed the classes would go on to run for the best part of a decade.
Many of those who attend the first year\'s class were so enthusiastic about writing that -- once the class finished -- they wanted to continue meeting. So they did; at the suggestion of Lunan, this new group began to refer to itself as the Glasgow Science Fiction Writers Circle, although the group remains remarkably anarchic and non-hierarchical in form.
Although the Circle\'s early membership largely overlapped with that of the evening classes, the two entities gradually became more distinct. After the evening classes were ended, the Circle has continued to attract new members through word of mouth, brochure entries, and its own website.
Having survived several changes of venue, frequency of meetings and an almost complete turnover of members, the Circle currently meets every second Tuesday. Venues have included St Aloysius Church, the Glasgow Film Theatre, the city\'s branch of Border\'s bookshop, and a smaller function room of a Glasgow church.
## Structure
The Circle\'s workshops are neither instructor-led nor formally arranged. Although the group does follow a set routine (modeled on the Milford Method, wherein each person who has read the story gives their comments before the author\'s final \"right of reply\" at the end of the session), the meetings are democratic in nature. The Circle does not engage in creative writing exercises: each meeting focuses specifically on the constructive criticism of an individual work, be it a short story, novella, or novel that has previously been distributed by email or via the Circle\'s newsgroup. This said, many members of the Circle do also regularly socialise with each other outside of these official meetings.
In late 2009, some members of the Circle established a spoken word performance group called Word Dogs. This ran irregular events in and around Glasgow, such as a special horror-themed evening around Halloween 2010.
## Other groups {#other_groups}
During its history the Circle has seldom interacted with other writers groups in and around Glasgow, thanks to its focused working practices and -- arguably -- its championing of genre fiction. As a result, probably its closest links have been with members of the East Coast SF Writers Group (ECSFWG). This group shared a common origin, having originally been formed as a gathering of some east coast-based entrants to the same *Glasgow Herald* Science Fiction Short Story Competition.
A more recent offshoot from ECSFWG is the Writers\' Bloc spoken word group, with whom members of the Circle have performed in special joint events.
## Published works {#published_works}
Since its inception, the circle has sponsored, or otherwise caused to be written, a number of anthologies. These are composed of original works, most often short stories, by its members. The books typically commemorate an occasion, but the most recent was published to raise money for a charitable cause.
- *Shipbuilding: New SF from Scotland* (1995). Published for the 53rd World Science Fiction Convention in Glasgow.
- *Thirty Years of Rain* (2016). (`{{ISBN|9781326753429}}`{=mediawiki}) To celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of the Glasgow Sf Writers\' Circle.
- *Flotation Device: A Charity Anthology* (2020). To support charities fighting COVID-19/coronavirus.
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Disney Junior (United Kingdom and Ireland)
|
**Disney Junior**, previously known as **Playhouse Disney**, was a British and Irish preschool pay television channel that ran from 29 September 2000 to 30 September 2020. Owned by the Walt Disney Company Limited with branding obtained from Disney Channels Worldwide unit of Disney\'s Disney--ABC Television Group division, the channel focused on preschool programming. The channel was rebranded as Disney Junior on 7 May 2011, and closed on 30 September 2020, due to the launch and re-focus of Disney+ in the region.
## History
### Early programming efforts {#early_programming_efforts}
When Disney Channel changed its programming focus in 1997, a preschool block titled \"Disney Channel Underfives\" was launched to fill its morning schedule.
On 28 September 1999, the time slot was given its own distinct identity and live-action continuity. It was rebranded as Playhouse Disney, introducing that branding for the first time outside of the United States. The two main presenters were Dave Benson Phillips and Alex Lovell (referred to as Big Dave and Little Alex), presenting programming from \"the Playhouse\" during continuity.
### Launch as a dedicated channel {#launch_as_a_dedicated_channel}
On 29 September 2000, Disney Television International launched Playhouse Disney as a standalone channel alongside Toon Disney and Disney Channel +1 on the Sky Digital platform. Since the channel was exclusive to Sky Digital at the time, the Playhouse Disney block continued to broadcast on Disney Channel during school-term weekdays.
Playhouse Disney, alongside the other two networks, were added to NTL from November 2001. and eventually launched on Telewest on 3 December 2003. Following these launches, the Playhouse Disney block reduced its hours of programming featured and was eventually removed altogether in July 2004.
### Transition to standard network {#transition_to_standard_network}
On 28 February 2006, Disney Media Networks and BSkyB announced that Playhouse Disney, along with its sister channel Disney Channel would transition from premium add-ons to basic television packages such as Sky\'s \"Kids Mix\" beginning on 16 March, and that a new sister channel, Disney Cinemagic, would take over Disney\'s premium offerings, replacing Toon Disney. The transition of Playhouse Disney to a basic network led to a significant broadcast share increase of 83% by July. The Playhouse presentation format hosted by Big Dave and Little Alex remained until late August 2006.
In June 2006, a Playhouse Disney block was added to the morning schedule of ABC1. It was removed after Disney shut down ABC1 in September 2007. ABC1\'s slot itself on Sky would be used to launch a 25-minute timeshift of Playhouse Disney, which was added on 30 October, and launched on 3 November.
### Rebrand as Disney Junior {#rebrand_as_disney_junior}
On 29 January 2011, it was announced that Playhouse Disney would rebrand as Disney Junior on 7 May, as part of a worldwide rebranding. On the date of the rebrand, the channel transitioned to airing in a 16:9 widescreen ratio.
On 21 February 2013, Sky and Disney Channels Worldwide announced that a high-definition simulcast of Disney Junior would launch on Sky in May.
In September 2017, Disney XD +1 was temporarily rebranded as a pop-up channel titled Mickey and Pals, which aired various programming from Disney Junior.
### Closure
Disney Junior, along with its sister channels Disney XD and Disney Channel, closed in the UK on 30 September 2020, after 20 years on-air. The closure was previously announced on 25 June that year; all of the channels\' content were transferred to Disney\'s streaming service, Disney+. Virgin Media removed the channels a day before their closure on 29 September, with CBBC and CBeebies taking over the network\'s former Sky EPG slots on 1 October.
## Logos
<file:2000> Playhouse Disney logo.svg\|2000-2011 <file:Disney> junior.png\|2011-2019 <file:2019> Disney Junior logo.svg\|2019-2020
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Neither Storm nor Quake nor Fire
|
***Neither Storm Nor Quake Nor Fire*** is the only album of metalcore band Demise of Eros. It was released on August 22, 2006.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Josh from Indie Vision Music writes: \"The band definitely has talent but need a guiding hand to direct their abilities into a smoother result. As of right now, the potential can be seen, but the band probably wont be able to stand out amongst the hordes of metalcore groups out there. I look at this album the same way I looked at War Of Ages' debut. You could hear the overflowing potential of WOA but they needed to really clean up their sound and work out a few kinks, which they successfully did. Demise Of Eros, with the same work effort, have the same bright future ahead of them!\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Credits
**Demise of Eros**
- Darren Belajac - Vocals
- Steve Stout - Guitar, Vocals
- John Erickson - Guitar
- Will Curtis - Bass
- Joey Solak - Drums
**Production**
- Dave Quiggle - Artwork, Layout Design
- Doug White - Engineer, Producer, Impersonations
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Seaford (UK Parliament constituency)
|
The UK parliamentary constituency of **Seaford** was a Cinque Port constituency, similar to a parliamentary borough, in Seaford, East Sussex. A rotten borough, prone by size to undue influence by a patron, it was disenfranchised in the Reform Act 1832. It was notable for having returned three prime ministers as its members -- Henry Pelham, who represented the town from 1717 to 1722, William Pitt the Elder from 1747 to 1754 and George Canning in 1827 -- though only Canning was Prime Minister while representing Seaford.
## History
### Enfranchisement and re-establishment {#enfranchisement_and_re_establishment}
Seaford was a Cinque Port constituency, which was technically a separate category although in practice it was to all intents and purposes a parliamentary borough. The Cinque Ports were not under the jurisdiction of the counties in which they stood, and as a result were not represented in the earliest English parliaments because the boroughs were chosen by sheriffs from the towns within their counties. However, Seaford itself was not one of the seven Cinque Ports, and was summoned to send members to the Parliament of 1298 while they -- including the much more important town of Hastings of which Seaford was theoretically a subordinate part -- remained unrepresented.
Seaford continued to return MPs on an irregular basis for a century, by which time the seven Cinque Ports had also been enfranchised, but ceased to do so after 1399. In 1544, Henry VIII granted the town a charter as a port in its own right, separate from Hastings, but it was another 97 years before its right to elect MPs was restored, by a resolution of the Long Parliament on 4 February 1641. This made it one of the last boroughs to be acquire the right to vote before the Great Reform Act 1832 -- only Newark and Durham, enfranchised during the reign of Charles II, came later. The Commons resolution stated that Seaford *\"shall be restored to that its ancient Privilege of sending Burgesses to Parliament\"*, implying that Seaford was to be regarded as a borough (the representatives of Cinque Ports were referred to as \"barons\" rather than \"burgesses\"), but Seaford was nevertheless treated subsequently as a cinque port constituency.
### Boundaries, franchise and patronage {#boundaries_franchise_and_patronage}
The borough consisted of the parish of Seaford, a small town which had ceased to have much value as a port after the destruction of its harbour by storms at the end of the 16th century. At the time of the Reform Act in 1832, its population was just over 1,000, and the town contained 201 houses.
Like most small boroughs in the Unreformed Parliament, Seaford came under the influence of a series of \"patrons\" (local magnates who were allowed to choose both the borough\'s MPs in return for favours to the town and the voters); but, as in the other cinque ports, there was also a powerful government interest, since a large number of the voters were employed as customs and excise officers. From before the end of the 17th century, the Pelham family could generally nominate one of the two MPs. However, the personal influence of the Pelhams became so intertwined with government patronage during the administrations of Henry Pelham and his brother the Duke of Newcastle that Namier argues that when Newcastle went into opposition in 1762 the new government might easily have turned Seaford into a permanent \"Treasury borough\", had it made efforts to do so.
The right to vote was at first restricted to the freemen of the town, but a decision of the House of Commons after a disputed election in 1671 pronounced that the right to vote extended to \"the populacy\", which was taken in practice to mean all resident householders paying scot and lot. (This interpretation was re-affirmed by the Commons following another disputed election in 1792.) This was, nevertheless, a restrictive franchise in a town that was not prosperous, and there were only 94 qualified voters in 1831. Indeed, during the 18th century the Duke of Newcastle deliberately restricted the number of voters to those on whose loyalties he could depend, and successfully resisted an election petition in 1761 which would have widened the electorate to include all inhabitants not receiving alms. (This would have enfranchised many poorer voters which the petitioner, defeated candidate George Medley, hoped would be amenable to bribery.) Newcastle\'s control depended on his having a majority on the town corporation, which was responsible for rating inhabitants for scot and lot and therefore could exclude an inhabitant from voting simply by declaring him not liable to the local tax.
After Newcastle\'s death the Treasury initially gained complete control of Seaford, but the disfranchisement of the customs officers by Crewe\'s Act in 1782 reduced the electorate to 24, leaving the majority finely balanced. Throughout the 1780s a struggle for control continued, fought out both through a series of election petitions in the House of Commons and by legal action against the corporation at the quarter sessions. Oldfield, the contemporary historian of electoral abuses, was one of the agents engaged in this contest, and details its course at length. The excluded residents eventually won their right to be rated for scot and lot, and with it their votes, while non-resident honorary freemen created by the corporation were excluded, and the government influence thereafter was minimal.
In the early 19th century the patrons were John Leach and Charles Rose Ellis, who used his influence to occupy one of the seats himself for many years; his elevation to the peerage as Lord Seaford in 1826 may have owed not a little to his commanding a seat in the House of Commons.
### Abolition
Seaford was too small a borough to survive the Reform Act, and lost both its MPs. From 1832, the town was included in the Eastern Sussex county division.
## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament}
*Seaford was re-enfranchised by Parliament in 1640*
Year First member First party Second member Second party
------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------ ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- -----------------
1641 Francis Gerard Parliamentarian Sir Thomas Parker Parliamentarian
December 1648 *Gerard excluded in Pride\'s Purge -- seat vacant* *Parker not recorded as sitting after Pride\'s Purge*
1653 *Seaford was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament and the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate*
January 1659 William Spence George Parker
May 1659 *Not represented in the restored Rump*
April 1660 Sir Thomas Dyke George Parker
1661 Sir William Thomas
1670 Francis Gratwick
10 February 1671 Robert Morley
23 February 1671 Sir Nicholas Pelham
1679 Herbert Stapley
1681 Edward Montagu Edward Selwyn
1685 Sir William Thomas
1689 William Campion Sir Nicholas Pelham
1690 Henry Pelham
1695 William Lowndes
23 July 1698 Sir William Thomas
31 December 1698 William Campion
1701 Sir William Thomas
27 January 1702 Thomas Chowne
21 July 1702 Sir William Thomas
1706 George Naylor
1710 Thomas Chowne
1713 George Naylor
1715 Sir William Ashburnham, Bt
1717 Hon. Henry Pelham Whig
1722 Sir William Gage, Bt Sir Philip Yorke Whig
1734 William Hay
1744 William Hall Gage
1747 William Pitt Whig
1754 The Viscount Gage
1755 James Peachey
1768 George Medley
13 September 1780 John Durand John Robinson
4 December 1780 Christopher D\'Oyly
1784 Henry Nevill Sir Peter Parker, Bt Tory
1785 Sir John Henderson, Bt Tory
1786 Henry Flood Whig Sir Godfrey Webster, Bt Whig
1790 John Sargent Tory Richard Paul Jodrell Tory
1792 John Tarleton Whig
1794 Richard Paul Jodrell Tory
1796 Charles Ellis Tory George Ellis Tory
1802 Richard Sullivan Tory
28 July 1806 John Leach Tory
31 October 1806 George Hibbert Tory
1812 Charles Ellis Tory
1816 Sir Charles Cockerell, Bt Whig
1818 George Watson-Taylor Tory
1820 George Agar-Ellis Whig
1826 John Fitzgerald Tory Augustus Frederick Ellis Tory
20 April 1827 George Canning Tory
5 September 1827 Augustus Frederick Ellis Tory
1831 William Lyon Tory
1832 *Constituency abolished*
**Notes**
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,937 |
Nina Baden-Semper
|
**Nina Baden-Semper** (born 1945) is a Trinidad and Tobago-born British actress best known for her role as Barbie Reynolds in the 1970s sitcom *Love Thy Neighbour*, produced by Thames Television.
## Career
Born in Trinidad and Tobago, Baden-Semper was a dancer when she first came to Britain, before going on to act.
In an acting career that spans more than 40 years, Baden-Semper has appeared in numerous radio, television, film and theatre productions and has toured worldwide in many plays. She has played varied stage roles in dramatic works that range from *The Bacchae* by Euripides, *Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme* by Molière and *The Blacks* by Jean Genet to modern thrillers such as *Wait Until Dark* and *Stepping Out*, as well as comedy roles. She has been a television presenter for children's programmes and also *Morning Worship* for the BBC, and has made numerous guest appearances on quizzes, talks and panel shows both nationally and internationally. Baden-Semper made [two single releases](http://www.45cat.com/artist/nina-badensemper) and an album and was recently a rapper on a So Solid Crew video.
Becoming known on television for appearing between 1972 and 1976 in the sitcom *Love Thy Neighbour* that also featured Jack Smethurst, Rudolph Walker and Kate Williams, Baden-Semper has appeared in other character parts, including in the ill-fated revival of TV series *Crossroads* in 2002. In 2006, she guest-starred in the *Doctor Who* audio adventure *Memory Lane*. In the BBC Two black magazine showcase *The A-Force*, she appeared in the series entitled *Brothers and Sisters* as Elder Gittens\' widow. Baden-Semper is also the cousin of American jazz, funk and soul music producer and artist George Semper.
In 2005, Baden-Semper appeared as Mary Seacole at a bicentenary exhibition at the Florence Nightingale Museum.
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
Baden-Semper has been the recipient of Joint Television Award and also Outstanding Female Personality, and was the subject of the ITV programme *This Is Your Life* on 12 March 1975. She was also given the Scarlet Ibis Award by the Trinidad and Tobago High Commission in London for meritorious service.
## Filmography
Film
- *Carry On Up the Jungle* (1970) -- Girl Nosha (uncredited)
- *Kongi\'s Harvest* (1970) -- Segi
- *The Love Ban* (1973) -- Skyline Waitress
- *Love Thy Neighbour* (1973) -- Barbie Reynolds
- *Rage* (1999) -- Godwin\'s mother
Television
- *Six Shades of Black* (1965) -- Fatima
- *Redcap* (1966) -- Nurse
- *Public Eye* (1966) -- Barmaid / Pearl
- *The Corridor People* (1966) -- Pearl
- *Intrigue* (1966) -- Nurse
- *Rainbow City* (1967) -- Nurse
- *The Wednesday Play* (1968) -- Ward nurse
- *Mystery and Imagination* (1968) -- Vampire
- *Counterstrike* (1969) -- Mrs. Sengupta
- *Armchair Theatre* (1970) -- Annie Steffans
- *Callan* (1970) -- Anna
- *Confession* (1970) -- Waitress
- *Take Three Girls* (1970) -- Claire
- *The Persuaders!* (1970) -- Air Hostess
- *Dear Mother\...Love Albert* (1970) -- Ursula
- *Thick as Thieves* (1971)
- *Love Thy Neighbour* (1972--1976) -- Barbie Reynolds
- *Whodunnit?* (1975) -- Panellist
- *Machinegunner* (1976) -- Felicity Rae Ingram
- *George and Mildred* (1979) -- Sister
- *The Bill* (1988) -- Mrs. Leigh
- *Children\'s Ward* (1989) -- Jan Stevens
- *Little Napoleons* (1994) -- Earnestina
- *Crossroads* (2002) -- Rhona Martin
- *Bernard\'s Watch* (2004) -- Bami (Last appearance)
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,947 |
Kristen Taunton
|
**Kristen Taunton** (born June 27, 1977 in Richmond, British Columbia) is a former field hockey forward from Canada, who earned a total number of 118 international caps for the Canadian Women\'s National Team during her career.
She won a bronze medal, at the 1999 Pan American Games.
## International senior tournaments {#international_senior_tournaments}
- 1998 -- Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (not ranked)
- 1999 -- Pan American Games, Winnipeg, Canada (3rd)
- 2001 -- Pan American Cup, Kingston, Jamaica (3rd)
- 2001 -- World Cup Qualifier, Amiens/Abbeville, France (10th)
- 2002 -- Commonwealth Games, Manchester, England (7th)
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,952 |
Ernő Gereben
|
**Ernő Gereben** (18 June 1907 -- 16 May 1988) was a Hungarian--Swiss chess master whose half-century career extended from the mid-1920s to the late 1970s.
Born in Sopron, a Hungarian town at the Austrian border, Ernő Gereben used, until 1935, the German-language form of his name, **Ernest (or Ernst) Grünfeld**. In 1926, he tied for 1st--2nd in Körmend. In 1928, he won in Šumperk. In 1930, he took 5th in Budapest and tied for 7--8th in Győr. In 1932, he took 7th in Budapest. In 1934, he tied for 5--7th in Sopron (Rudolf Spielmann won). In 1934, he tied for 13--14th in Budapest (Maróczy Jubilee), which was won by Erich Eliskases. In 1935 he tied for 2nd--3rd with Albert Becker, behind László Szabó, in Tata-Tóváros. In 1936, he took 4th, behind Mieczysław Najdorf, Lajos Steiner and Endre Steiner in Budapest.
Following World War II, Gereben played in several Hungarian Chess Championships. In 1947, he won team gold medal and individual silver medal at sixth board in the 2nd Balkan Games in Sofia. In 1947, he took 7th in Vienna (2nd Schlechter Memorial; Szabó won). In 1948, he took 5th in Bad Gastein (Erik Lundin won). In 1951, he won in Sopot. In 1952, he took 15th in Budapest (Paul Keres won).
Due to the Hungarian uprising in 1956, Gereben emigrated to Switzerland and began playing extensively in the west. In 1957, he took 2nd, behind Gedeon Barcza, in San Benedetto del Tronto. In 1958/59, he took 3rd in Hastings. In 1959, he tied for 1st in Bognor Regis. In 1960, he tied for 4-5th in Zurich. In 1963/64, he tied for 1st-4th in Reggio Emilia. In 1967, he tied for 2nd-5th in Amsterdam (Master Tournament). In 1969, he took 4th in Monte Carlo (Master Tournament).
Gereben played four times in the Chess Olympiads; once for Hungary at first reserve board (+6 −3 =6) in the 11th Olympiad at Amsterdam 1954, and thrice for Switzerland; at third board (+5 −4 =7) at Siegen 1970, at second reserve (+3 −5 =5) at Skopje 1972, and at first reserve board (+3 --3 =7) at Nice 1974.
He remained a keen player in his adopted country even into his seventies. The British Chess Magazine editor, Bernard Cafferty, described him as \"a delightfully friendly personality, rather different to many of the continental masters of that time. Chess was fun for him, not just a way to make a living.\"
Gereben was awarded the International Master (IM) title in 1950. He died in Switzerland in the year of his 81st birthday.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,953 |
Plasma contactor
|
**Plasma contactors** are devices used on spacecraft in order to prevent accumulation of electrostatic charge through the expulsion of plasma (often Xenon).
An electrical contactor is an electrically controlled switch which closes a power or high voltage electrical circuit. A plasma contactor changes the electrically insulating vacuum into a conductor by providing movable electrons and positive gas ions. This conductive path closes a phantom loop circuit to discharge or neutralize the static electricity that can build up on a spacecraft.
Space contains regions with varying concentrations of charged particles such as the plasma sheet, and a static charge builds up as the spacecraft moves between these regions, or as the electrical potential varies within such a region.
Static electricity may also build up on a spacecraft as a result of space radiation, including sunlight, depending on the materials used on the surfaces of the spacecraft.
A plasma contactor is mounted on the Z1 segment of the International Space Station Integrated Truss Structure.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,961 |
Bridgeport Harbor Light
|
The **Bridgeport Harbor Light**, later the **Bridgeport Harbor Lighthouse**, was a lighthouse in Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States. It is located on the west side of the Bridgeport Harbor entrance and the north side of Long Island Sound. Originally constructed in 1851 and rebuilt in 1871 with a dwelling, it had a red-fixed light throughout its service life. The builder and first keeper of the light was Abraham A. McNeil who is also credited as improvising the first light for the Bridgeport Harbor in 1844. By 1953, the lighthouse was in poor condition and the United States Coast Guard opted to build a skeleton tower in its place. In the 2014 edition of the *Light List Volume 1*, the skeleton tower is marked as \"**Light 13A**\" with a height of 57 feet and a visual marker of a square green dayboard with a green reflective border. The lighthouse was sold and an attempt was made to move it to serve as a monument for Connecticut\'s maritime history, but it was later decided to scrap the structure. The lighthouse caught fire and was destroyed during the dismantling in 1953.
## 1851 light
According to Waldo{{\'}}s *History of Bridgeport and Vicinity, Volume 1*, Abraham A. McNeil first set a light atop a mast to mark the Bridgeport Harbor in 1844. The next day Captain John Brooks Jr. set up his own improvised light with another boat. Constructed in 1851, the first Bridgeport Harbor Light was an octagonal tower on a box-like structure stood on iron piles. The exact details of its construction are not recorded and there is no complete description, but it is known to have had a fixed red light. Waldo identifies Abraham A. McNeil as the builder of the light. The light had no keeper\'s quarters and was only accessible by boat. By 1870, a new lighthouse was needed, partly because of the increased maritime traffic.
## 1871 lighthouse
Completed in 1871, the rebuilt light had a dwelling with the attached tower containing a fourth-order Fresnel lens. It retained the original fixed red light, but also included a fog bell. In 1900, the lighthouse was identified in the *Light List* as having a red screw-pile structure, a white tower and dwelling with a slate-gray Mansard roof topped with a black lantern. The lighthouse had a fog signal that sounded every 15 seconds and was operated by machinery. Although the focal height of the light is unlisted, the center of the light stood 34 ft above the ground.
In 1873, a request for \$5,500, `{{Inflation|US|5500|1873|r=-3|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki} was submitted to Congress for the \"additional protection\" of the \"screw-pile light house\". During the first session of the 43rd Congress, the \$5,500 was appropriated for the lighthouse. In 1898, during the Spanish--American War the lighthouse was equipped with 10-inch guns to ward off enemy attacks, making it one of the few armed American lighthouses in history. These guns never saw action as there was no attack on the coast. In 1920, \$5925 was estimated to be needed for riprap protection.
By 1953, the lighthouse was in poor condition and the U.S. Coast Guard opted to replace it with a skeleton tower. The lighthouse was sold to the Fairfield Dock Company, which initially planned to move it ashore, but it was later decided to dismantle and scrap it. A plan existed to move the lighthouse ashore to a city park as a monument to Connecticut\'s maritime heritage, but the location could not be agreed upon.`{{refn|group=note|Harrison states that a local lighthouse lover brought the lighthouse and planned to move it ashore and writes that it burned during the dismantling.<ref name=lost /> This account is different from D'Entremont, who details the purchaser as the Fairfield Dock Company, the proposed move and the later decision to scrap it.<ref name=site />}}`{=mediawiki}
## Skeleton tower {#skeleton_tower}
The skeleton tower constructed from 1953 continues to serve Bridgeport Harbor. In the 2014 edition of the *Light List Volume 1*, the skeleton tower is marked as \"Light 13A\" with a height of 57 feet and a visual marker of a square green dayboard with a green reflective border.
## List of keepers {#list_of_keepers}
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Name | Year | Reference | Service Notes |
+======================================+===============================+===========+===========================================================================================================+
| Abraham A. McNeil\ | 1851--1873\ | | Abraham A. McNeil is credited as first lighting the Bridgeport Harbor in 1844 and constructing the light. |
| Charles Hubbell McNeil (assistant) | 1851--1871 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Waldo Lester | 1873 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Charles Hubbell (McNeil?)\ | 1874--1875\ | | |
| Frederick Raymond (assistant) | 1875--1876 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Joseph H. Prindle (Unknown position) | 1875--1876 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| S. Adolphus McNeil\ | 1876--1901\ | | |
| Edward Burton (assistant) | 1876--1882 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ole Anderson | 1901--1903 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Samuel Wright | 1903- Unknown (at least 1907) | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| A. G. Baldwin | Around 1915 | | Rescued C. A. Strat from drowning. |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| J. A. Miller | Around 1917 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rudolph Iten | Around 1920 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| William Hardwick | Around 1920 | | Received a letter of commendation from Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover for his rescue, saving seven. |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Daniel McCoart | 1921--1945 | | Involved in at least two rescues. |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ralph Lutinski (Coast Guard) | Unknown - 1953 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Delphin Merritt (Coast Guard) | Unknown - 1953 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Michael J. Walsh, Jr. (Coast Guard) | Unknown - 1953 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Edward J. Sampel (Coast Guard) | Unknown - 1953 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Otto E. Hessmar (Coast Guard) | Unknown - 1953 | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,122,985 |
Neil de Silva
|
**Neil de Silva** (born 15 November 1969 on Trinidad) is a retired male track and field athlete from Trinidad and Tobago who specialized in the 200 and 400 metres.
His personal best time over 400 m was 45.02 seconds, achieved during the 1996 Olympics. He holds one national record, in 4 x 400 metres relay together with Patrick Delice, Alvin Daniel and Ian Morris, with 3:01.05 minutes achieved in the heats of the 1992 Summer Olympics.
## International competitions {#international_competitions}
Representing `{{TRI}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------
1988
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1999
2000
^1^Disqualified in the semifinals
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,007 |
Constitutional Democratic Party (Japan)
|
`{{nihongo|'''Rikken Minseitō'''|立憲民政党||Constitutional Democratic Party}}`{=mediawiki} was one of the main political parties in pre-war Empire of Japan. It was commonly known as the *Minseitō*.
## History
The *Minseitō* was founded on 1 June 1927, by a merger of the *Kenseikai* and the *Seiyu Hontō* political parties. Its leadership included Hamaguchi Osachi, Wakatsuki Reijirō, Yamamoto Tatsuo, Takejirō Tokonami, Adachi Kenzō, Koizumi Matajirō and Saitō Takao. The party platform was politically and economically more liberal than its major rival, the *Rikken Seiyūkai,* calling for rule by the Diet of Japan rather than bureaucrats or *genrō,* elimination of disparities in wealth, international cooperation, and protection of personal liberties.
The *Minseitō* fielded many candidates in the February 1928 General Election, (the first to be held after the General Election Law), winning 217 seats in the Lower House, as opposed to 218 seats for the *Seiyūkai*. This resulted in a hung parliament.
In the following 1930 General Election, the *Minseitō* took 273 seats, as opposed to 174 seats for the *Seiyūkai*, which gave it an absolute majority. *Minseitō* president Osachi Hamaguchi, Herbert Bix referred to him as Hamaguchi Yūkō, became Prime Minister. Hamaguchi\'s first priority was to address the effects of the 1929 Stock Market Crash through retrenchment of government spending, tightening the money supply and encouraging exports while stabilizing foreign investments through returning to a fixed exchange rate.
During its tenure, the *Minseitō* also advocated a conciliatory foreign policy and ratified the London Naval Agreement of 1930. However, Hamaguchi fell victim to assassination on 14 November 1930 when he was shot in Tokyo Station by a member of an ultranationalist secret society. Wakatsuki Reijirō became acting Prime Minister, also from the Minseitō.
In 1931, the *Minseitō* strongly opposed the Mukden Incident which was engineered by the Imperial Japanese Army. The anti-war Foreign Minister Kijūrō Shidehara and Prime Minister Reijirō came under strong criticism for their intervention in military affairs and were accused of \"serious corruption\", and his government collapsed in 1931.
In the following 1932 General Election, some right-wing members defected to the *Rikken Seiyūkai*, which won an absolute majority of 301 seats. *Seiyūkai* president Inukai Tsuyoshi became prime minister.
The *Minseitō* was able to recover a very slight majority of 205 seats versus 175 seats for the *Seiyūkai* in the 1936 General Election only by adopting a more pro-military stance. However, the narrow margin again resulted in a hung parliament. The *Minseitō* dropped back down to 179 seats in the 1937 General Election, while the *Seiyūkai* retained all of its 175 seats, which continued the paralysis in the Diet of Japan.
On 15 August 1940, the *Minseitō* voted to dissolve itself into the Imperial Rule Assistance Association as part of Fumimaro Konoe\'s efforts to create a one-party state, and thereafter ceased to exist.
## Party platform {#party_platform}
1. We should reflect the consensus of the people to the Imperial Diet and thoroughly enforce Parliament-centric politics under the rule of the Emperor.
2. We should thrive in production through national adjustment, make the distribution fair, and remove the cause of social unrest.
3. We should adhere to international justice in diplomatic relations and expand the principles of racial equality and resource disclosure.
4. We should foster character, enlightening imagination, and self-motivated individuality, equalize learning opportunity, and actively promote the realization of education.
5. We should make reorganization that adapt to the momentum for emerging by breaking the anachronistic bad practice that prevailing legislation, administration, and local self-government.
The first article is a text that provides for the politics centered on the House of Representatives so it shows the superiority of the lower house over the upper house.
## Ideology
### Basic philosophy {#basic_philosophy}
While both the *Minseitō* and their rivals *Rikken Seiyūkai* advocated for a constitutional monarchy, the *Minseitō* held onto a more liberal and progressive platform than their conservative opposition the *Seiyūkai*. The *Minseitō* was established as an anti-*Seiyūkai* on 1 June 1927. However, the party was really more of a motley collection of politicians who wished to prevent the *Seiyūkai* from taking power.
Under these circumstances, The *Minseitō* under the party\'s first president Hamaguchi. came to advocate \'liberty\' and \'progress\'. He defined the *Minseitō* as a progressive party that respected individual liberty and originality. In fact, over time, the *Minseitō* had grown into a progressive party aiming for freedom and equality in the course of fighting with the *Seiyūkai*.
### *Gikai Chushin Seiji* {#gikai_chushin_seiji}
The *Minseitō* aimed to establish a two-party system, and the party has advocated `{{Nihongo|"Parliament-centric politics"|議会中心政治|Gikai Chūshin Seiji}}`{=mediawiki}. This is due to the influence of former members of the *Kenseikai* legislators who have gained experience as politicians of party politics, and it\'s an idea to oppose the *Seiyūkai* which advocates *Kōshitsu Chūshinshugi* (`{{Literal translation|lk=yes|[[Imperial House of Japan|Imperial family]] centrism}}`{=mediawiki}). Seigō Nakano, the head of policymaking and public relations, declared that \"The *Minseitō* will implement strong \'Parliament-centric politics\' through good operation of the universal suffrage.\" The *Minseitō* was the first political party in Japan to self-styled the \"Democratic Party.\"
## Policies
The *Minseitō* was aimed at incremental democratization in cooperation with bureaucracy organization. Because this party had many party members who were once bureaucrats.
## Organization
The headquarters of the *Minseitō* was in Sakurada-cho, Shiba-ku, Tokyo City. In 1947, Shiba-ku became the current Minato, Tokyo due to the merger with Akasaka-ku and Azabu-ku. Since the political parties at the time were not given corporate status, the land and building owners of the headquarters were not political parties. The owner of the *Minseitō* Headquarters was Minoura Katsundo, Onimaru Gisai.
The intraparty management of the *Minseitō* was autocracy by executives. The *Minseitō* legislators had almost monopolized the management positions and the political activities of the party were centered on legislators. The party rules stipulate that executives are publicly elected, but the party had become autocracy by executives because there was a motion at the convention that \"It should be left to the president\".
### Membership
The *Minseitō* had professed that it had 2 or 3 million members, however leaders did not know the exact number of members. The party left the certificate for join/leave the party in the warehouse and did not neatly organize the membership list. Additionally, there were also many dual membership and floating members. For that reason, the exact number of the *Minseitō* is unknown.
Some members who not legislators had formed an organization called *Ingaidan* (`{{Literal translation|lk=yes|Corps outside the parliament}}`{=mediawiki}). They essentially worked unpaid for campaigns, escorts, communications, anti-government movements, and election struggles. It\'s said that there were around 1,300 *Ingaidan* members in Tokyo Prefecture.
### Factions
In the *Minseitō*, factions called *Kanryōha* (`{{Literal translation|lk=yes|Bureaucrat faction}}`{=mediawiki}) and *Tōjinha* (`{{Literal translation|lk=yes|Partisan faction}}`{=mediawiki}) were in conflict. *Kanryōha* members were at the center of the *Minseitō*. They had an overwhelming ability to raise political funds because they were well-known in business community such as Mitsubishi *zaibatsu*. They also had a strong connections to *genrō* and other privileged classes, so they had high policy-making ability. And they were a collection of human resources that could rationalization administration, financial, and tax policies. One more faction, *Tōjinha* was rallying under Adachi Kenzō who had a good reputation for astute skills in election campaign. *Tōjinha* members had many politicians who were active in the democratic movements. The younger age group of *Tōjinha* had a deep connection with a civil groups based on the middle class such as a youth political organization, and formed the left-wing of the party that demanded executives to implement populist policies. However, a series of bankruptcies of local banks due to the financial crisis in the 1920s caused the decline of *Tōjinha*\'s a financial supporter, local business community. As a result, *Tōjinha* could not fully opposed to *Kanryōha*.
### Leaders
+-------------+---------------------+----------+-----------------+
| No. | Name | Portrait | Term of office |
+=============+=====================+==========+=================+
| Took office | Left office | | |
+-------------+---------------------+----------+-----------------+
| 1 | Hamaguchi Osachi | | 1 June 1927 |
+-------------+---------------------+----------+-----------------+
| 2 | Wakatsuki Reijirō | | 13 April 1931 |
+-------------+---------------------+----------+-----------------+
| \- | Machida Chūji\ | | 1 November 1934 |
| | (Interim president) | | |
+-------------+---------------------+----------+-----------------+
| 3 | Machida Chūji | | 20 January 1935 |
+-------------+---------------------+----------+-----------------+
## Election results {#election_results}
Election year \# of seats Change Status
--------------- ------------- -------- --------
1928
1930 57
1932 127
1936 59
1937 26
: House of Representatives
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,029 |
Rikken Dōshikai
|
The **Rikken-Dōshi Kai** (*Association of Comrades of the Constitution*) was a political party active in the Empire of Japan in the early years of the 20th century. It was also known as simply the **Dōshikai**.
Founded by Prime Minister Katsura Tarō on February 7, 1913, the *Rikken Dōshikai* largely served to support his cabinet against criticism by Ozaki Yukio and his *Rikken Seiyūkai* party, which at the time held a majority of the seats in the Lower House of the Diet of Japan, as well as by Inukai Tsuyoshi of the Rikken Kokuminto party. Katsura was able to convince 90 Diet members (including all 31 members of the Chūō Club and half of the Rikken Kokumintō) to join his new party.
The party survived Katsura\'s death in 1913, and under the leadership of Katō Takaaki placed five of its members in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu in 1914--1916. It became the majority party in the Diet after the 1915 General Election, with a 153 seats.
After the dissolution of the Ōkuma government, the *Dōshikai* merged with *Chūseikai* and other small political parties to form the *Kenseikai* in October 1916.
## Election result {#election_result}
Election Votes \% Seats
---------- --------- ------- -------
1915 523,228 36.92
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,070 |
Patrick Delice
|
**Patrick Delice** (born 12 November 1967) is a retired athlete from Trinidad and Tobago who specialized in the 200 and 400 metres.
His personal best time over 400 m was 44.58 seconds, achieved in May 1993 in Abilene, TX. He holds one national record, in 4 x 400 metres relay together with Neil de Silva, Alvin Daniel and Ian Morris, with 3:01.05 minutes achieved in the heats of the 1992 Summer Olympics.
## International competitions {#international_competitions}
Representing `{{TRI}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,083 |
Rikken Kaishintō
|
The `{{nihongo|'''Rikken Kaishintō'''|立憲改進党||Constitutional Reform Party}}`{=mediawiki} was a political party in the Empire of Japan. It was also known as simply the **Kaishintō**.
The Kaishintō was founded by Ōkuma Shigenobu on 16 April 1882, with the assistance of Yano Ryūsuke, Inukai Tsuyoshi and Ozaki Yukio. It received financial backing by the Mitsubishi *zaibatsu,* and had strong support from the Japanese press, and urban intellectuals.
The *Kaishintō* pursued a moderate approach, calling for a British-style constitutional monarchy within the framework of a parliamentary democracy. In a speech Ōkuma gave at the inauguration of the party, he emphasized the symbolic role of the monarch in the type of government he envisioned. He also argued that those extremists who supported having the emperor directly involved in political decision-making were in fact endangering the very existence of the Imperial institution.
In the first General Election of 1890, the *Kaishintō* won 46 seats to the Lower House of the Diet of Japan thus becoming the second largest party after the Liberal Party (Jiyūtō).
Afterwards, the *Kaishintō* adopted an increasingly nationalistic foreign policy, and in March 1896 merged with several smaller nationalist parties to form the *Shimpotō.*
## Election results {#election_results}
Election Leader Seats +/- Status
---------------- ----------------- ------- ------- --------
1890 Ōkuma Shigenobu *new*
1892 3
March 1894 22
September 1894 11
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,102 |
Ryan Field (sportscaster)
|
**Ryan Field** (born August 12, 1977) is an American sportscaster who is currently a sports anchor on WABC-TV\'s Eyewitness News Weeknight and Saturday Morning Newscasts. He is a native of Troy, Michigan, and a graduate of Michigan State University.
## Career
Field\'s television work began in 1996 as a sports intern at WILX-TV, the NBC affiliate in Lansing.
His broadcasting experience includes serving as a reporter and sports talk show host at WDBM Radio (88.9 FM) in East Lansing, where he was recognized for \"Best College Radio Sportscast\" in 1999 by the Michigan Association of Broadcasters.
Ryan Field had been a sports reporter at WJBK (Fox 2) in Detroit since August 2000 and provided sports updates on WDFN Radio (1130 AM). At WDFN, he was known for his signature emphasis on the word \"guaranteed\" during his newsbreaks.
Before joining Fox 2, he was the sports director and previously weekend sports anchor at WSYM (Fox 47) in Lansing.
From September 2003 to June 2013, Field covered the Detroit Tigers, Detroit Pistons, and Detroit Red Wings for Fox Sports Detroit (FSD). Field left FSD to join the launch of Fox Sports 1 in August 2013, where he served as an anchor and studio host, and was seen on several of the channel's programs including Fox Sports Live, MLB Whiparound, [Inside the Big East](http://www.foxsports.com/presspass/shows-properties/show/inside-the-big-east), and more. Field can also be heard as co-host of a sports talk radio show on Fox Sports Radio each Sunday from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. ET, along with former NBA player, Jim Jackson.
On October 26, 2016, Field became the weeknight sports anchor for WABC-TV. He currently anchors sports highlights on weeknights at 6 and 11 p.m. and on Saturday mornings.
## Awards and other appearances {#awards_and_other_appearances}
His work reporting on the local teams was highlighted by capturing a Michigan Emmy in 2006 in the Sports News Feature category for his work following the collapse of Detroit Red Wings defenseman Jiri Fischer, stricken with a heart ailment during a game.
In 2009, Field took home his first Emmy for *Best Sports Anchor*.
Field now has seven Michigan Emmys to his credit.
Field was once on an episode of *The Price is Right*.
Field was primary sideline reporter for Fox Sports Detroit's Pistons game coverage.
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Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club
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The **Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club** is a private sport and social club located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The club has facilities for sports including aquatics, cricket, croquet, curling, figure skating, fitness classes, lawn bowling, squash and tennis.
## Athletics
The club\'s figure skating programme is run by Olympic skaters Brian Orser and Tracy Wilson. They have coached many elite-level skaters to national, international, world and Olympic titles including Yuna Kim (2009 & 2013 World Champion, 2010 Olympic Champion, 2014 Olympic Silver medallist), Gabrielle Daleman (2018 Olympic Team Gold medallist and 2017 World bronze medallist), Evgenia Medvedeva (2018 double Olympic Silver medallist, 2016 & 2017 World Champion), Yuzuru Hanyu (2014 & 2017 World Champion and 2014 & 2018 Olympic Champion) and Javier Fernandez (2015 & 2016 World Champion and 2018 Olympic Bronze medallist).
As well as cricket, skating, and curling, the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club also hosts other sports, including Aquatics, Croquet, Fitness, Lawn Bowling, Squash, and tennis.
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Münchhausen (1943 film)
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***Münchhausen*** is a 1943 German fantasy comedy film directed by Josef von Báky. Science fiction author David Wingrove has commented that this work \"sidesteps immediate political issues whilst conjuring up marvellous visual images of an ageless pastoral Germany.\"
## Plot
The film opens at an 18th-century ball, where Baron Hieronymus von Münchhausen is propositioned by a young woman who is engaged to another man. He graciously rejects her advance, and as she leaves, she asks him to turn on the light. The camera follows his hand to a modern light switch, and the young woman drives off in an automobile. The next day, the Baron, out of his costume and in modern dress, regales the young woman and her fiancé with stories of the famous Baron Münchhausen, to whom his guests think he is distantly related.
He begins in his home town of Bodenwerder, back from an adventure with his trusted servant Christian Kuchenreutter, who has invented a gun that can shoot accurately at a distance of 100 miles. The sorcerer Cagliostro visits, and asks the Baron to join him in a quest to take over the throne of Poland. The Baron declines, explaining that he has no interest in power, just in adventure.
In St. Petersburg, the Baron joins the court of Catherine the Great. She offers to appoint him to be her general aide-de-camp and install him in a room below hers, with a secret elevator between the two so that they can carry on their affair. He agrees to stay until one of them wants more freedom. While in her court, the Baron clashes with Prince Potemkin. The pair fight a \"cuckoo duel\" in a darkened room, where one party is obliged to call \"cuckoo\" while the other aims and fires a pistol at the sound of his opponent\'s voice. The Baron is wounded in the duel and he goes to Cagliostro, who has recently arrived in St. Petersburg, to tend to the wound. While there, the Baron warns Cagliostro of his impending arrest. After healing the Baron, Cagliostro asks him what he desires most of all, since money and power do not interest him. The Baron answers that he wishes to be as young as he is at that moment, for as long as he desires. Cagliostro grants his wish.
On the Turkish front, Potemkin lights a cannon while the Baron sits astride it. The Baron rides the cannonball over to the Turkish palace, where he is enslaved along with an Italian princess. After two months as a slave, the Baron is reunited with Kuchenreutter and his runner, Der Läufer, who can cover hundreds of miles in a matter of minutes. He makes a wager for his and the princess\'s freedom with the king, wherein his runner must retrieve some Tokay wine from Vienna within an hour. After winning the bet, the king tries to pass off a counterfeit princess on the Baron. Incensed, he slips on a ring that makes him invisible and absconds with the princess.
The pair escape to Venice, where her brother is offended by her dalliance with the Baron. He challenges the Baron to a duel with rapiers. The Baron humiliates the brother, leaving him suicidal. The Baron and Kuchenreutter escape in a hot air balloon, which takes them to the Moon. On the Moon, they marvel at how time moves so swiftly: while Münchhausen does not change at all, Kuchenreutter ages rapidly. They meet two inhabitants of the Moon, one of whom moves about as a disembodied head. She explains to the Baron how no Earthlings can last more than a day on the Moon before they dry up in smoke and blow away. However, before the Baron can leave the Moon, Kuchenreutter has a heart attack and dies in his arms, disappearing in a puff of smoke.
As the Baron finishes his tale, his guests correct him on some of its historical inaccuracies, citing the fact that the real Baron died before some of the events took place. This prompts the Baron to confess that he is in fact the same man as the legend, and that he has been married happily to his wife for 40 years. Unnerved by his admission, the guests quickly leave. The Baron\'s wife begs him to flee, as he usually does when his escapades get out of control, upset that he has confessed the truth. The Baron refuses to go, and instead, he revokes Cagliostro\'s gift. He immediately ages to match the advanced years of his wife.
## History
Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels ordered the production of *Münchhausen* in order to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the UFA film studio which released it. The Jubiläumsfilm, or anniversary film, was commissioned by Goebbels, and Fritz Hippler was chosen to oversee the film\'s production. Hippler, who was instated as Reichsfilmdramaturg in 1939 by Goebbels, shared his view that all artistic disciplines, including film, should be \"co-ordinated\" to echo the propaganda themes that the regime chose to highlight, following the policy of Gleichschaltung.
*Münchhausen* represented the pinnacle of the Volksfilm style of propaganda designed to entertain the masses and distract the population from the war, borrowing the Hollywood genre of large budget productions with extensive colorful visuals. The release of the Technicolor film *The Wizard of Oz* in the United States was a heavy influence for Goebbels. By 1940 the German research laboratory Agfa was producing its own version of colored film that had "caught up with the Americans in \[color cinematography\]" according to Goebbels' diary.
*Münchhausen* was the third feature film made in Germany using the new Agfacolor negative-positive material. Hippler and Ufa\'s production group manager Eberhard Schmidt hired Erich Kästner for the screenplay, a decision met with controversy as several of Kästner\'s previous works such as *Fabian* were banned after 1933 when the Nazi party began heavy censorship of the arts.
Hippler later claimed the decision led to his removal from office, however Goebbels claimed in his own diary that "mishaps, alcoholism, and family problems" were in fact the cause for his dismissal. Kästner himself wrote under the pseudonym Berthold Bürger, a play on two names; a creator of the Münchhausen legend, Gottfried Bürger, and Bertolt Brecht, a peer of Kästner who was exiled in 1933 by the Third Reich. The final script was drawn from the original text published in 1785 as well as two other versions: Karl Leberecht Immermann's 1839 version and Carl Haensel's 1920 version.
## Production
The film's production began in 1941 with an initial budget of over 4.5 million Reichsmarks (ℛℳ) that increased to over 6.5 million ℛℳ, after Goebbels' intentions to "surpass the special effects and color artistry" of Alexander Korda\'s Technicolor film *The Thief of Bagdad*. Josef von Báky looked to this film as well as Hollywood\'s productions of *Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs* and *Gone with the Wind* for visual inspiration. Emil Hasler and Otto Gülstorff designed the set, and Konstantin Irmen-Tschet was placed in charge of editing and staging the film, including the special effects.
The budget for the film allowed von Báky and his production staff nearly limitless opportunities to display the superlative nature of Kästner\'s vision of Baron von Münchhausen. The dinner scene that is set in the Russian palace featured real gold and silver tableware as well as Meissen porcelain on loan from museums, and was protected by SS guards dressed in costume while the scene was shot. The sequence of scenes in Venice was shot on location, with Irmen-Tschet gaining private access to the Grand Canal for an entire day, as noted by Eberhard von Weise who worked on the film\'s production. Additionally von Weise wrote on the movement of entire sets across the border in railcars with "precious carnival costumes" amid numerous other set pieces that were brought along and used by local Venetians as extras in the film.
## Reception
Adolf Hitler and Goebbels had a well-documented disagreement over how propaganda for the Third Reich should be produced, with Goebbels favouring the Volksfilm style. He referred to *Münchhausen* as a "popular film in the truest sense of the term."
The film was released at a pivotal point in Nazi rule following the massive losses of the 6th Army at the Battle of Stalingrad and was an attempt at reinvigorating the German population. The film provided visual relief from the war and, as one of the few fantastical films produced by the Ministry of Propaganda, represented a rare opportunity for escapism. After viewing parts of the film, Hitler instructed Goebbels to ensure that, "Kästner should have no further assignments."
When the film was first released it had a run time of 133 minutes, however a second re-censored version was released three months later with a run time of 118 minutes, indicating the decision to remove the most controversial aspects of the film by the Ministry of Propaganda. Today a 114-minute version exists in the Murnau Foundation. Contemporary journalists and critics pointed to many aspects of the film, most notably the role of gender and sexuality and the fantastical themes as evidence that the film was intended as a counterpoint to Nazi rule.
Hippler denied these claims asserting that in "total war", as outlined in Goebbels' 1943 Sportspalast speech, "national life becomes weapons" and strengthening the morale of a country was key to the success of the German campaign. Both during and after World War II, the film saw massive commercial and critical success and not only recouped the sizable government investment, but also earned modern praise as being "the greatest German color film of all time" by film historian Eric Rentschler.
## Cast
Actor Role
----------------------- ----------------------------
Hans Albers Baron Münchhausen
Ilse Werner Isabella d\'Este
Wilhelm Bendow The Moon Man
Brigitte Horney Tsarin Catherine II
Michael Bohnen Duke Karl von Braunschweig
Ferdinand Marian Count Cagliostro
Hans Brausewetter Baron von Hartenfeld
Hermann Speelmans Christian Kuchenreutter
Marina von Ditmar Sophie von Riedesel
Andrews Engelmann Prince Potemkin
Käthe Haack Baroness Münchhausen
Waldemar Leitgeb Prince Grigorij Orlow
Walter Lieck Runner
Hubert von Meyerinck Prince Anton Ulrich
Jaspar von Oertzen Count Lanskoi
Werner Scharf Prince Francesco d\'Este
Armin Schweizer Johann
Leo Slezak Sultan Abd ul Hamid
Hilde von Stolz Louise La Tour
Louis Brody Servant (uncredited)
Theodor Wonja Michael
## Availability
A 110-minute version of this film was released on DVD (NTSC, Region 1) by Kino Video on 20 July 2004. The same version was released on PAL (Region 2) DVD by the British Eureka Video in July 2005. The 132 minute premiere version and the 117 minute restored version were released on Blu ray disc in Germany and the 117 minute restored version was released on Blu ray disc in the United States.
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Institute of Physics Michael Faraday Medal and Prize
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The **Michael Faraday Medal and Prize** is a gold medal awarded annually by the Institute of Physics in experimental physics. The award is made \"for outstanding and sustained contributions to experimental physics.\" The medal is accompanied by a prize of £1000 and a certificate.
thumb\|150px\|right\|upright=0.85\|Michael Faraday\
(1791 - 1867)
## Historical development {#historical_development}
- 1914-1965 **Guthrie Lecture** initiated to remember Frederick Guthrie, founder of the Physical Society (which merged with the Institute of Physics in 1960).
- 1966-2007 **Guthrie Medal and Prize** (in response to changed conditions from when the lecture was first established). From 1992, it became one of the Institute\'s Premier Awards.
- 2008--present **Michael Faraday Medal and Prize**
## Medalists and lecturers {#medalists_and_lecturers}
### Faraday medalists {#faraday_medalists}
- 2024 Laura Herz, \"For pioneering advances in the photophysics of next-generation semiconductors, accomplished through innovative spectroscopic experiments.\"
- 2023 Neil Alford, Mark Oxborrow, Chris Kay, Jonathan Breeze, Juna Sathian and Enrico Salvadori, \"For their discovery of the world\'s first room-temperature solid-state organic maser and subsequent discovery of room-temperature continuous wave masing in diamond.\"
- 2022 Nikolay Zheludev, \"For international leadership, discoveries and in-depth studies of new phenomena and functionalities in photonic nanostructures and nanostructured matter.\"
- 2021 Bucker Dangor, \"For outstanding contributions to experimental plasma physics, and in particular for his role in the development of the field of laser-plasma acceleration.\"
- 2020 Richard Ellis, \"For over 35 years of pioneering contributions in faint-object astronomy, often with instruments he funded and constructed, which have opened up the early universe to direct observations.\"
- 2019 Roy Taylor, \"For his extensive, internationally leading contributions to the development of spectrally diverse, ultrafast-laser sources and pioneering fundamental studies of nonlinear fibre optics that have translated to scientific and commercial application.\"
- 2018 Jennifer Thomas, \"For her outstanding investigations into the physics of neutrino oscillations, in particular her leadership of the MINOS/MINOS+ long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment.\"
- 2017 Jeremy Baumberg, \"For his investigations of many ingenious nanostructures supporting novel and precisely engineered plasmonic phenomena relevant to single molecule and atom dynamics, Raman spectroscopies and metamaterials applications.\"
- 2016 Jenny Nelson,\" For her pioneering advances in the science of nanostructured and molecular semiconductor materials \"
- 2015 Henning Sirringhaus, \"For transforming our knowledge of charge transport phenomena in organic semiconductors as well as our ability to exploit them\"
- 2014 Alexander Giles Davies and Edmund Linfield, \"For their outstanding and sustained contributions to the physics and technology of the far-infrared (terahertz) frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum\"
- 2013 Edward Hinds, \"For his innovative and seminal experimental investigations into ultra-cold atoms and molecules\"
- 2012 Roy Sambles, \"For his pioneering research in experimental condensed matter physics\"
- 2011 Alan Andrew Watson, \"For his outstanding leadership within the Pierre Auger Observatory, and the insights he has provided to the origin and nature of ultra high energy cosmic rays\"
- 2010 Athene Donald, \"For her many highly original studies of the structures and behaviour of polymers both synthetic and natural\"
- 2009 Donal Bradley, \"For his pioneering work in the field of \'plastic electronics\'\"
- 2008 Roger Cowley, \"For pioneering work in the development and application of neutron and X-ray scattering techniques to the physics of a wide range of important solid and liquid-state systems\"
### Guthrie medalists {#guthrie_medalists}
### Guthrie lecturers {#guthrie_lecturers}
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Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo
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**Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi** (983`{{Spaced en dash space}}`{=mediawiki}4 March 1009), nicknamed **Sanchol** (\'little Sancho\', **Sanchuelo** to later historians), was the ʿĀmirid *hajib* (chief minister) of the Caliphate of Córdoba under Caliph Hisham II from October 1008, at a time when actual power in the caliphate was vested in the *hajib*. The Caliph nominated him as heir a month later, but he was deposed by a coup the following February. He was killed some weeks later during a vain attempt to regain power. Though an unpopular and highly flawed leader, his deposition led to the disintegration of the caliphate.
## Youth
Sanchuelo was born in Córdoba, the son of the *hajib* Almanzor and a converted Christian named Abda. She was a daughter of Sancho II of Pamplona, likely originally named Urraca or Sancha. He was nicknamed Sanchol (*translit=šanjūl*), the diminutive of Sancho, after his Christian grandfather. His father had elevated the role of *hajib*, once an advisory role, to become the *de facto* leader of the Córdoba caliphate, setting up his own court, taking charge of the armies and sequestering Caliph Hisham II from the public in near-captivity. Sanchuelo would have been raised at his father\'s residence of az-Zahira on the outskirts of Córdoba. At the age of about nine in September 992 he rode out to receive the visit of his grandfather Sancho II, and escort him along the troop-lined road to his father at the az-Zahira court.
His father took active means to toughen him and his elder brother as warriors. About 995, troops of the Kingdom of Pamplona attacked Calatayud and killed the governor\'s brother. In revenge Almanzor ordered the beheading of 50 Pamplonan captives who had been taken at Uncastillo some time earlier. According to Ibn Darraj, at Almanzor\'s direction, Sanchuelo was tasked with personally beheading one of the captives, who was his uncle. Then at the age of 14 in 997, Sanchuelo took part in his father\'s campaign against Santiago de Compostela, and Ibn Darraj composed a poem celebrating Sanchuelo\'s acts as well as a second dedicated to the actions of both Sanchuelo and his brother. In the Battle of Cervera in 1000, when the situation looked dire, his father sent him to the front lines to fight (as reported by historian Ibn Hayyan, whose father was present).
## Succession as *hajib* {#succession_as_hajib}
In 1002, Almanzor died while being taken to Medinaceli. On his death bed, he instructed his favorite son Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar to leave Abd al-Rahman in charge of the local army, while he was to speed to Caliph Hisham II in Córdoba to carry news of his father\'s death and be given the reigns of the caliphate as successor to his father before any resistance might arise. This the Caliph did, in spite of popular protest demanding direct rule by Hisham. The new *hajib* had to put these protests down with force.
Al-Muzaffar spent his short tenure fighting successive campaigns to try to bring the Christian states of the north to submission. During one of these, at the surrender of the fortress of San Martín in 1007. Al-Muzaffar became ill during 1008 and had to stop a campaign against Castile, as he faced rebellions from two rivals. He died either on 8 October or about 22 October 1008.
Following Al-Muzaffar\'s death, Sanchuelo first garnered the fealty of his brother\'s retainers, pending the Caliph\'s approval of his succession as *hajib*, which he subsequently received. Just as they had done following the death of Almanzor, the population of Córdoba responded angrily to the continued domination of the ʿĀmirids over the sequestered caliph, with many also coming to believe that Abd al-Rahman had poisoned his brother.
Abd al-Rahman\'s rule was extremely unpopular, with a number of chroniclers decrying his debauchery, alcohol consumption and general foolishness. He personified all of the built-up animosity of Córdoba\'s citizens over his family\'s sequestration of the caliph. This public mood he exacerbated by boldly and recklessly seeking to be named the official successor to the caliphate. He recruited the *qadi* of Córdoba and the official secretary to persuade Hisham II to make a proclamation to that effect. In spite of initial scruples, Hisham relented and issued a formal proclamation naming Abd al-Rahman as his heir in November 1008. The combination of his irreligiousness and incompetence, along with the prospect of the caliphate passing out of the hands of the north-Arab Umayyad dynasty and instead being vested in a representative of the Yemeni/south-Arab Ma\'afiries who was also a grandson of a hated Pamplona king, led Córdoba\'s middle class and the general populace to oppose his status as crown prince, though he retained the support of the well paid mostly Berber and Slav army.
## Deposition and death {#deposition_and_death}
In the midst of this discontent, and in spite of having been warned by his son not to leave Córdoba because of a coup brewing among the Umayyad descendants of Abd al-Rahman III, Sanchelo nonetheless decided to launch a winter campaign in order to punish the fractious Christian kingdoms to the north, specifically León under their boy-king Alfonso V. Leaving his cousin Ibn Asqaleya in charge of the capital, he departed with his army in mid-January, only for his troops to become mired in snow, mud and floodwaters as Alfonso refused to give battle. As a result, the caliphate army was forced to withdraw to Toledo. There Sanchuelo learned that on 15 February 1009, a group of 30 armed men led by Muhammad ibn Hisham ibn \'Abd al-Jabbar, Abd al-Rahman III\'s great-grandson, had overwhelmed the palace guard and killed the governor, Ibn Asqaleya. This action encouraged a larger uprising of the general populace that resulted in the abdication of Hisham II in favour of Muhammad. He named his cousin Abd al-Jabbar ibn al-Muguira to the office of *hajib* and sent him at the head of his supporters to Sanchuelo\'s residence of az-Zahira, which was immediately surrendered. The residence was then looted down to the building stone over several days until all that was left was a pile of rubble.
Rather than immediately return to the city, Abd al-Rahman took his army to Calatrava where he dithered while testing the loyalty of his troops. He failed to entice them into renewing their oaths of allegiance to him, and this delay gave Muhammad time to consolidate his control of Córdoba.
With his army leaking away, Sanchuelo turned to his Christian rebel ally, García Gómez, count of Carrión, a member of the Banu Gómez clan, who had joined in his campaign against León. García encouraged him to abandon Córdoba and take refuge in the Christian north, but Sanchuelo was convinced that his presence near the city would cause his supporters to rise up and restore him. Accompanied by the count\'s own men at arms, he set off toward the capital only to have his Berber army desert him, and on 3 March he reached Armilat, the last stop before the city, with just his own household, which included a harem of 70 women, and the Banu Gómez troops. There the next day they were surrounded by a group of horsemen sent by Muhammad, and with Abd al-Rahmen expressing a willingness to submit, the group were marched toward Córdoba, meeting a larger force under the new *hajib* part way. During a rest at an inn at dusk, Sanchuelo pulled a dagger in what was interpreted as a suicide attempt, and the *hajib* had him thrown to the ground and beheaded. Count García Gómez was also killed.
Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo\'s deposition, coming four months after taking power, had dramatic effects on the political stability of al-Andalus. The success of Muhammad II encouraged other Umayyad scions and local lords to rise up, with the competitors each inviting the support from neighboring Christian states. This fundamentally changed the power dynamic in the peninsula, fracturing the Córdoba caliphate into dozens of warring taifas that paid tribute to their Christian allies, and allowing the latter to greatly expand their territories and to stabilize their control over these new lands by repopulating them with Christian migrants from the north and Mozarabs fleeing the chaos of the former caliphate.
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Minor alar cartilage
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In human anatomy, the part of the nose which forms the lateral wall is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small nasal cartilages the **minor alar cartilages**, also referred to as **lesser alar** or **sesamoid cartilages** or **accessory cartilages**.
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British Forces casualties in Afghanistan since 2001
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The United Kingdom was one of the first countries to take part in Operation Enduring Freedom against the Taliban regime in autumn 2001.
As of 22 February 2020 there has been a total of 457 fatalities of British Forces personnel including Ministry of Defence (MoD) civilians. The vast majority of fatalities have taken place since the redeployment of British forces to the Taliban stronghold of Helmand province, as prior to deployment in this area only five men died between April 2002 and early March 2006.
In all, 404 of the fatalities are classed as killed \"as a result of hostile action\" and 51 are known to have died either as a result of illness, non-combat injuries or accidents, or have not yet officially been assigned a cause of death pending the outcome of an investigation. The Army has seen the heaviest losses, with 362 fatalities as of 1 May 2013. Typically those killed were aged between 20 and 29 and the biggest losses seen in 2009 and 2010. Of those killed, 439 were male and three were female.
For the period 1 January 2006 to 31 March 2013 centrally available records show that:
- 2,116 UK military and civilian personnel were admitted to UK Field Hospitals and categorised as Wounded in Action, including as a result of hostile action.
- 4,529 UK military and civilian personnel were admitted to UK Field Hospitals for disease or non-battle injuries.
- 293 UK personnel were categorised as Very Seriously Injured from all causes excluding disease.
- 298 UK personnel were categorised as Seriously Injured from all causes excluding disease.
- 6,663 UK personnel were aeromedically evacuated from Afghanistan on medical grounds, for whatever reason.
In February 2010, the British death toll in Afghanistan exceeded that of the Falklands War.
## Background
See Operation Toral, Operation Herrick, and Operation Veritas.
## Supporting invasion of Afghanistan and serving in the Northern NATO command {#supporting_invasion_of_afghanistan_and_serving_in_the_northern_nato_command}
### Non-hostile deaths {#non_hostile_deaths}
The first three British casualties were non-hostile deaths in Kabul, from suicide, accidental weapons discharge and homicide.
During 2002, **Private Darren John George**, aged 23, from the Royal Anglian Regiment, was killed by a ricocheting bullet fired by a comrade who had a dizzy spell.
During August 2002, **Sergeant Robert Busuttil**, aged 30, from the Royal Logistic Corps (RLC) and **Corporal John Gregory**, aged 30, from the RLC. Despite orders rationing beer to just two small cans a day to help prevent such events occurring, Corporal Gregory became involved in a drunken fight with Sergeant Busuttil at a barbecue. Gregory then left the barbecue and returned with a loaded SA80 rifle and killed Busuttil, firing the rifle at him \"up to ten times\". Gregory then committed suicide with the weapon. The Army was subsequently criticised by Wiltshire coroner David Masters when he recorded verdicts of unlawful killing on the death of Sergeant Busuttil and suicide on Corporal Gregory.
### 2004 Kabul suicide attack {#kabul_suicide_attack}
On 28 January 2004, **Private Jonathan Kitulagoda**, aged 23, from the Rifle Volunteers TA was killed, and four injured in a suicide attack in Kabul. The British troops were in armoured \[LTV\] vehicles when a taxi swerved into their convoy and a bomber detonated 200Ibs of explosives.
### Mazar e-Sharif attack {#mazar_e_sharif_attack}
On 29 October 2005, **Lance Corporal Steven Sherwood**, aged 23, from 1st Battalion, the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment was killed and five wounded by a lone gunman outside the main Mosque in the former Northern Alliance stronghold of Mazar e-Sharif. As a result of its Northerly situation it is unlikely that the Taliban were involved. The gunman attacked the soft-skinned 4x4 vehicle that the soldiers were travelling in, the vehicle was situated just a few hundred yards from the famous blue mosque. The gunman was arrested straight after the incident and has since been charged and jailed for the murder of LCpl Sherwood.
### 2006 Kabul incidents {#kabul_incidents}
On 9 August 2006, **Private Leigh Reeves** aged 25, from the Royal Logistic Corps, died in a road traffic accident at Camp Souter, Kabul. There was no insurgent involvement.
On 4 September 2006 **Private Craig O\'Donnell**, aged 24, B Company of The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 5th Battalion the Royal Regiment of Scotland died in a suicide bomb attack on the Snatch Land Rover he was travelling in.
## As part of Operation Enduring Freedom {#as_part_of_operation_enduring_freedom}
### March 2006 {#march_2006}
On 22 March, **Corporal Mark Cridge**, aged 25, from 7 Signal Regiment died in Camp Bastion, Afghanistan. The Oxfordshire Coroner subsequently recorded an inquest verdict of suicide on 22 February 2007.
On 27 March, **Lance Corporal Peter Edward Craddock**, aged 31, from 1st Battalion, the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment died in Lashkar Gah, southern Afghanistan. L/Cpl Craddock died as a result of a road traffic accident when a Land Rover he was using to cover for a patrol hit a tractor that turned into his path.
### June 2006 {#june_2006}
On 11 June, **Captain Jim Philippson**, aged 29, from 7 Parachute Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery, was killed in a gunbattle with suspected Taliban militants while he participated in a mobile patrol.
On 27 June, **Captain David Patton**, aged 38, who was a member of the Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR) and **Sergeant Paul Bartlett**, aged 35, who was a member of the Special Boat Service (SBS) were killed near the town of Sangin, Helmand Province, Southern Afghanistan. Having been forced to abandon their \"Snatch\" Land Rover after it was struck by an RPG they were then engaged in a fierce firefight with Taliban forces during which both men were killed. The soldiers were taking part in an operation to detain a number of leading Taliban figures within the Sangin Valley.
### July 2006 {#july_2006}
On 1 July, **Corporal Peter Thorpe**, aged 27, of 14 Signal Regiment and **Lance Corporal Jabron Hashmi**, aged 24, of the Intelligence Corps. The two British soldiers and their Afghan interpreter **Daoud** were part of Light Electronic Warfare Team (LEWT). The three died, and a number of others were wounded when a Type 63 107mm Rocket hit the government compound they were defending in the town of Sangin. **Lance Corporal Jabron Hashmi** is the only British-Muslim soldier to be killed in either Iraq or Afghanistan.
On 5 July, **Private Damien Raymond Jackson**, aged 19, from 3rd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, died as a result of injuries sustained during a firefight with Taliban forces at approximately 1400 hours local time in Sangin, central Helmand Province. The incident occurred during a security patrol to clear a Helicopter landing site.
## Since ISAF Stage 3, 31 July 2006 {#since_isaf_stage_3_31_july_2006}
### August 2006 to December 2006 {#august_2006_to_december_2006}
#### August 2006 {#august_2006}
**Captain Alex Eida**, **2nd Lieutenant Ralph Johnson** and **Lance Corporal Ross Nicholls** were killed after a vehicle patrol was ambushed by militants in a northern district of Helmand province in southern Afghanistan on 1 August, they were ambushed with RPGs, AK-47s and a heavy machine gun.
**Private Andrew Barrie Cutts** of 13 Air Assault Support Regiment was taking part in an action in Musa Qala, Helmand province, against insurgents when he was killed on 6 August. Troops came under \"substantial fire\" from Taliban during the operation, which involved 500 British troops, which was their largest action against the Taliban and the operation was supported by Afghan forces. This resupply, codenamed Operation Snakebite, and Private Cutts\' death, are detailed in the book *Hellfire* by Apache pilot Ed Macy.
**Lance Corporal Sean Tansey**, aged 26, of the Household Cavalry Regiment, died as he repaired a damaged Scimitar tank at a military base in Helmand province on 12 August. This was subsequently found to be due to negligence on the part of the British Ministry of Defence, because the MoD failed to provide his regiment with proper equipment and training.
**Corporal Bryan Budd**, of the 3rd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, died in a gun battle with Taliban forces in Helmand province, southern Afghanistan, on 20 August. He had been in the Army for 10 years serving in Yugoslavia, Sierra Leone, Macedonia, Afghanistan and Iraq and was about to be promoted to platoon sergeant when he died. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions.
**Lance Corporal Jonathan Hetherington** of 14 Signal Regiment was shot dead while fighting rebels during an assault on his platoon house in Musa Qaleh in northern Helmand province on 27 August.
#### September 2006 {#september_2006}
**Ranger Anare Draiva** of 1 Royal Irish Regiment, who was Fijian, died on 1 September in northern Helmand following an attack by insurgents.
**RAF Nimrod crash** *Main article: Royal Air Force Nimrod crash in Afghanistan* Fourteen British servicemen were killed when their Nimrod surveillance aircraft crashed following an on-board fire. The fire was caused when a fuel transfer pipe inside the aircraft ruptured during in-flight refuelling. The aircraft was serialed XV230 and was crewed by RAF Flight personnel drawn from No 120 Squadron at RAF Kinloss. The dead were named as **Flt Lt Steven Johnson**, **Flt Lt Leigh Anthony Mitchelmore**, **Flt Lt Gareth Nicholas**, **Flt Lt Allan Squires**, **Flt Lt Steven Swarbrick**, **Flt Sgt Gary Andrews**, **Flt Sgt Stephen Beattie**, **Flt Sgt Gerard Bell**, **Flt Sgt Adrian Davis**, **Sergeant Benjamin James Knight**, **Sergeant John Joseph Langton** and **Sergeant Gary Paul Quilliam**. Also operational on board the aircraft were personnel from the British Army and the Royal Navy; they were **Corporal Oliver Simon Dicketts** of the Parachute Regiment and **Marine Joseph David Windall** of the Royal Marines, who were both serving with the Special Reconnaissance Regiment.
**Corporal Mark William Wright**, aged 27, from Edinburgh, of the Parachute Regiment, died after a patrol entered an unmarked minefield in Helmand province on 6 September. Cpl Wright died attempting to save the life of an injured paratrooper. He was later awarded the George Cross posthumously.
**Lance Corporal Paul Muirhead**, aged 29, of the Royal Irish Regiment, from Bearley, Warwickshire, died of injuries on 6 September, after an attack on 1 September. He was wounded during a Taliban attack on his base at Musa Quala, in Helmand province. He had been receiving specialist medical care since the attack and his parents were with him when he died.
**Lance Corporal Luke McCulloch**, aged 21, of the 1st Battalion, the Royal Irish Regiment, was killed in a battle with Taliban rebels on 6 September. The fighting took place in Sangin, Helmand province.
#### October 2006 {#october_2006}
**Marine Gary Wright**, aged 22, serving with Reconnaissance Troop, 45 Commando Royal Marines, was killed along with two children on 19 October 2006 when a suicide bomber on foot detonated explosives next to the Snatch Land Rover in which Wright was travelling; one other Royal Marine was seriously injured.
#### December 2006 {#december_2006}
**Marine Jonathan Wigley**, of Zulu Company, 45 Commando, Royal Marines, was killed during a four-hour battle with the Taliban on the outskirts of the village of Garmsir in Helmand province, Southern Afghanistan. Marine Wigleys\' death is believed to be the result of friendly fire which occurred when air support for ground troops was called to within a range termed \"Danger close\".
**Marine Richard Watson**, of K Company, 42 Commando Royal Marines was killed on 12 December during a fierce firefight with Taliban fighters in the town of Now Zad in Helmand Province, Southern Afghanistan.
**Lance Bombardier James Dwyer**, of 29 Commando Regiment, Royal Artillery died on Wednesday 27 December 2006, aged 22. He was killed when the vehicle he was driving struck an anti-tank mine while on a patrol in southern Helmand. Various reports give the crew as four---the normal complement for a Snatch Land Rover---although another report describes the vehicle as a WMIK
### January 2007 to December 2007 {#january_2007_to_december_2007}
#### January 2007 {#january_2007}
**Marine Thomas Curry**, aged 21, died on Saturday 13 January 2007 when elements of 42 Commando Royal Marines were engaged in a deliberate offensive operation near Kajaki, in Northern Helmand, Afghanistan. The Royal Marines Commandos were engaged in close-quarter fighting with the Taliban, and it was during this action that Marine Curry was killed. He died instantly as a result of enemy small arms fire.
**Lance Corporal Mathew Ford**, aged 30, from 45 Commando Royal Marines, died on Monday 15 January 2007. Lance Corporal Ford died when elements of 45 Commando Royal Marines were engaged in a deliberate offensive operation to the south of Garmsir in southern Helmand, Afghanistan. The Royal Marine Commandos were attacking a major Taliban fort, and during the initial breach of the compound Lance Corporal Ford was shot and killed instantly. Subsequent investigation by the British MOD, and a review by a Board of Enquiry into the evidence collected, found that LCpl Ford was most likely a victim of \'Friendly fire\'. This was featured in the book \"Apache\" by Ed Macy
#### February 2007 {#february_2007}
**Marine Jonathan Holland**, aged 23, from 45 Commando was killed by an anti-personnel mine during a routine patrol in the Sangin District of Helmand province on 21 February 2007.
**Marine Scott Summers**, age 23, of 42 Commando Royal Marines died on Wednesday 21 February 2007 as a result of injuries sustained in a road traffic accident earlier that month in Afghanistan. The accident occurred when Marine Summers was driving a Pinzgauer High Mobility All-Terrain Vehicle as part of a routine convoy in Helmand province on 4 February 2007. After initial treatment, Marine Summers was transported back to a specialist unit in the UK where he later died.
#### March 2007 {#march_2007}
**Lance Bombardier Ross Clark**, aged 25, from Zimbabwe, and **Lance Bombardier Liam McLaughlin**, aged 21 from Lancashire, both of 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery, were killed during a rocket attack in the Sangin area of Helmand province on Saturday 3 March 2007.
**Marine Benjamin Reddy**, aged 22, from Ascot in Berkshire, of 42 Commando Royal Marines was killed when his unit came under fire in the Kajaki area of Helmand Province on Tuesday 6 March 2007.
**Warrant Officer Class 2 Michael Smith**, aged 39, from Liverpool, serving with 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery died from injuries sustained when a grenade was fired at the UK base in Sangin, Helmand Province, on Thursday 8 March 2007.
#### April 2007 {#april_2007}
**Private Chris Gray**, aged 19, from Leicestershire, a soldier of A Company, 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment, was killed in action while fighting the Taliban in Helmand Province, Afghanistan on Friday 13 April 2007. Pte Gray was taking part in a clearance patrol in the town of Now Zad when it was attacked by the Taliban who were using small arms, heavy machine guns, rocket-propelled grenades, mortars and rockets in their attack on the patrol. Lead elements of the patrol were pinned down by enemy fire and Private Gray\'s Platoon manoeuvred to support their comrades and out-flank the enemy. As they manoeuvred, Private Gray\'s section engaged a group of armed Taliban fighters at a range of just 15 metres. A fierce firefight ensued, during which a small number of Taliban were killed. During the battle Pte Gray was shot and despite receiving medical aid, he was pronounced dead on arrival at the British Hospital at Camp Bastion.
#### May 2007 {#may_2007}
**Corporal Mike Gilyeat**, aged 28, from the Royal Military Police, died on Wednesday 30 May 2007 when the American Chinook helicopter he was travelling in was shot down in the Kajaki area of northern Helmand.
**Corporal Darren Bonner**, aged 31, from Norfolk, died on Monday 28 May 2007, in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. Corporal Bonner was the lead Signaller serving with A (Norfolk) Company Group, 1 Royal Anglian Battlegroup, and had been travelling in a convoy roughly 11 km east of Hyderabad in the Gereshk region of Helmand Province when an explosion hit his vehicle.
**Guardsman Daniel Probyn**, aged 22, from Tipton, 1st Battalion the Grenadier Guards died on Saturday 26 May 2007 following an explosion during an offensive operation to clear a Taliban stronghold on the outskirts of the town of Garmsir, in Southern Helmand. Four soldiers from the battalion were also injured in the incident.
**Lance Corporal George Russell Davey**, aged 23, from Suffolk, was killed on Sunday 20 May 2007 as a result of injuries sustained in a tragic firearms accident at the British base in Sangin, Afghanistan. The Coroner\'s inquest at Lowestoft subsequently recorded a verdict of accidental death
**Guardsman Simon Davison**, was killed by small arms fire while manning a checkpoint near the town of Garmsir in Helmand Province on Thursday 3 May 2007. He was from 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards, and was operating from FOB Delhi in Garmsir District Centre, southern Helmand Province. Guardsman Davison was aged 22 and from Newcastle upon Tyne.
#### June 2007 {#june_2007}
**Lance Corporal Paul \"Sandy\" Sandford**, aged 23, from Nottingham, serving with 1st Battalion The Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters, was killed while taking part in an offensive patrol with his company aimed at disrupting Taliban forces in the Upper Gereshk Valley area of Helmand Province on Wednesday 6 June 2007.
**Guardsman Neil \"Tony\" Downes** was killed on Saturday 9 June 2007 when his Snatch Land Rover vehicle was hit by an explosion on a patrol with the Afghan National Army close to the town of Sangin in Helmand province, Afghanistan. Guardsman Downes was aged 20 and from Manchester
**Drummer Thomas Wright**, aged 21, from Ripley, Derbyshire, 1st Battalion The Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment, was killed on Sunday 24 June 2007 when the Snatch Land Rover vehicle he was travelling in was caught in an explosion near Lashkar Gah, Helmand province. Four other soldiers were also injured in the explosion.
**Captain Sean Dolan** of the 1st Battalion, aged 40, The Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment, died as a result of a mortar round in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, on Saturday 30 June 2007. Captain Dolan was acting as a liaison officer between the battalion and a joint US Task Force and Afghan National Army operation. Captain Dolan, and the forces that he was attached to, were observing a substantial force of Taliban fighters from the edge of a vantage point, when they came under fire from Taliban mortars. The first mortar round fatally wounded Captain Dolan and seriously injured a US soldier
#### July 2007 {#july_2007}
**Sergeant Dave Wilkinson**, aged 33, from 19 Regiment Royal Artillery, serving with 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards died following an explosion during a routine joint patrol with the Afghan National Army in Gereshk, Helmand province on Sunday 1 July 2007. The patrol was conducting routine operations with the Afghan National Army when it was struck by an improvised explosive device. Although all the injured soldiers were quickly extracted by helicopter to the ISAF medical facility at Camp Bastion, Sergeant Wilkinson was pronounced dead on arrival. Four other members of the patrol were injured.
**Guardsman Daryl Hickey** from the 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards was killed in southern Afghanistan on Thursday 12 July 2007. Gdn Hickey was part of a fire team providing covering fire as others in his platoon assaulted a Taliban position. During the enemy contact he suffered a gunshot wound. Gdn Hickey was rapidly evacuated by helicopter but was pronounced dead on arrival at the field hospital. Two other soldiers were injured in the action.
**Lance Corporal Alex Hawkins**, aged 22, of 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment, was killed in southern Afghanistan on Wednesday 25 July 2007.
**Guardsman David Atherton** from the 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards was killed in southern Afghanistan on Thursday 26 July 2007.
**Sergeant Barry Keen** of 14 Signal Regiment was killed by a 107 mm rocket when it hit the compound near Hydarabad in southern Afghanistan on Friday 27 July 2007.
**Lance Corporal Michael Jones** Royal Marines was killed in action during operations in southern Afghanistan on Sunday 29 July 2007.
#### August 2007 {#august_2007}
**Senior Aircraftman Christopher Bridge**, aged 20, and serving with C flight, 51 Squadron Royal Air Force Regiment. At a little after midnight on the morning of 30 August 2007 (local time) SAC Bridge was in a vehicle that was conducting a routine security patrol around Kandahar Airfield when it was caught in an explosion. A local interpreter was also killed and two other soldiers were injured.
**Private Aaron James McClure**, **Private Robert Graham Foster** and **Private John Thrumble** all from 7 Platoon, B \"SUFFOLK\" Company, 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment, were killed in Afghanistan on Thursday 23 August 2007. During a fighting patrol north west of Kajaki, in northern Helmand Province, southern Afghanistan, 7 platoon came under determined and accurate fire from the Taliban. A fierce firefight ensued and air support was requested and was supplied by two USAF F15E Aircraft, one of which dropped a bomb short of the intended target area killing the three soldiers.
**Captain David Hicks** (MC), aged 26, Second-In-Command of C (Essex) Company, 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment was killed on Saturday 11 August 2007 during a violent attack on his patrol base north east of Sangin, in Helmand Province. At 1320 hours local time the patrol base came under attack from small arms fire, rocket-propelled grenades, and indirect fire. It was during this engagement that Captain Hicks was injured by shrapnel, but he refused medical treatment and morphine so that he could continue to lead his besieged troops against the Taliban. An emergency response helicopter later took him to the medical facility at Camp Bastion for treatment, but he did not survive his injuries. Captain Hicks was later posthumously awarded a Military Cross for his heroism in the incident.
**Private Tony Rawson**, aged 27, from 11 Platoon, C (Essex) Company, 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment on Friday 10 August 2007. Pte Rawson was part of a fighting patrol which came under heavy fire from Taliban fighters shortly before 0600 hours local time. He was pronounced dead at the scene of the firefight.
#### September 2007 {#september_2007}
**Private Damian Wright** and **Private Ben Ford**. Wednesday 5 September 2007. The soldiers, both from the 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment (Worcesters and Foresters), were taking part in a routine reassurance patrol 17 km north of Lashkar Gah when, shortly after 0915 hours local time, the Land Rover vehicle they were travelling in was caught in an explosion. They were both pronounced dead at the scene. Another soldier and an interpreter were injured in the explosion [1](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/PrivateDamianWrightAndPrivateBenFordKilledInAfghanistan.htm).
**Sergeant Craig Brelsford**, aged 25, and **Private Johan Botha**, aged 25, both from 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment (Worcesters and Foresters), were killed in Helmand Province on Saturday 8 September 2007. They were taking part in a pre-planned operation to disrupt Taliban activity, south of Garmsir, southern Helmand Province, when their patrol was attacked by enemy fighters [2](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/SergeantCraigBrelsfordAndPrivateJohanBothaKilledInAfghanistan.htm). A number of other soldiers were also injured in the incident, two seriously.
**Corporal Ivano Violino** from 36 Engineer Regiment died in Helmand province, southern Afghanistan on Monday 17 September 2007. He was 29 years old. Corporal Violino was commanding an FL12 Self-Loading Dump Truck on a routine logistics convoy, moving vital engineering equipment to a Forward Operating Base 19 km north east of the town of Gereshk in Helmand province, when his vehicle was caught in an explosion [3](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/CorporalIvanoViolinoKilledInAfghanistan.htm).
**Colour Sergeant Phillip Newman**, aged 36, 4th Battalion The Mercian Regiment, and **Private Brian Tunnicliffe** aged 33, 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment (Worcesters and Foresters), died in a tragic accident in southern Afghanistan on Thursday 20 September 2007. They were travelling in a Pinzgauer High Mobility All-Terrain Vehicle, 5 km south west of their patrol base in an area north of Gereshk, on their way to a rendezvous point as part of a two vehicle replenishment patrol. The vehicle over-turned and landed on its roof in an irrigation channel. One other passenger was able to escape without injury [4](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/ColourSergeantPhillipNewmanPrivateBrianTunnicliffeKilledInAfghanistan.htm).
#### October 2007 {#october_2007}
**Major Alexis Roberts**, serving with 1st Battalion The Royal Gurkha Rifles (but usually an Officer of 2nd Battalion RGR) died as a result of an improvised explosive device in southern Afghanistan on Thursday 4 October 2007 [5](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/MajorAlexisRobertsOfRgrKilledInAfghanistan.htm).
#### November 2007 {#november_2007}
**Lance Corporal Jake Alderton**, aged 22, from Bexley, of 36 Engineer Regiment died in southern Afghanistan on Friday 9 November 2007 the vehicle he was travelling in left the road and rolled off a bridge [6](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/LanceCorporalJakeAldertonOf36EngineerRegimentKilledInAfghanistan.htm).
**Captain John McDermid**, The Royal Highland Fusiliers, 2nd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland, aged 43, from Glasgow. On Wednesday 14 November 2007 in southern Afghanistan Captain McDermid, who was serving with 2nd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment, was leading a joint UK and Afghan National Army patrol to the south of the district centre of Sangin in Helmand Province, during which he was also mentoring an Afghan National Army officer in the leadership and infantry skills that platoon commanders need. At approximately 1130 hours local time an Improvised Explosive Device detonated, which resulted in the death of Captain McDermid and serious injury to the Afghan interpreter who was accompanying him.[7](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/CaptainJohnMcdermidKilledInAfghanistan.htm)
#### December 2007 {#december_2007}
**Sergeant Lee Johnson** of 2nd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (Green Howards). On Saturday 8 December 2007, in southern Afghanistan. Shortly before 1010 hours local time Sergeant Johnson was taking part in operations to recapture the town of Musa Qaleh in Helmand Province in what has become known as the Battle of Musa Qala when an explosive device detonated---suspected to be a mine---resulting in the death of Sergeant Johnson and inflicting serious injuries to another soldier in the same Pinzgauer Vector.[8](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/SergeantLeeJohnsonOf2ndBattalionTheYorkshireRegimentKilledInAfghanistan.htm) Sergeant Johnson was subsequently \"Mentioned In Dispatches\" for his actions.[9](https://web.archive.org/web/20080803033922/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/HistoryAndHonour/OperationalHonoursAndAwardsList25July2008.htm)
### January 2008 to December 2008 {#january_2008_to_december_2008}
#### January 2008 {#january_2008}
**Trooper Jack Sadler**, aged 21, of the Honourable Artillery Company. While serving with 4/73 Special Observation Battery, Brigade Reconnaissance Force Tpr Sadler was killed in an explosion in southern Afghanistan on 4 December 2007. At just before 1300 hrs local time the soldiers were on a tactical patrol escorting two light guns and the ammunition for these guns, in support of the forthcoming attack on Musa Qala, to the north of Sangin, Helmand Province, when the vehicle they were travelling in was caught in an explosion. Two other soldiers were also injured as a result of the blast, one had his back broken. At the inquest of Trooper Sadler it was ascertained that the two guns could have been flown in by helicopter.[10](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/TrooperJackSadlerKilledInAfghanistan.htm)
**Corporal Darryl Gardiner**, also serving with 4/73 battery Royal Artillery, but a member of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, aged 25 from Salisbury in Wiltshire, was taking part in an operation to disrupt enemy forces and reassure local Afghans on Sunday 20 January 2008 in southern Afghanistan, three kilometres north of Musa Qala district centre in Helmand Province. Shortly after 1530 hours local time the vehicle he was travelling in was hit by a roadside mine strike. Corporal Gardiner was evacuated by helicopter to the field hospital at Camp Bastion for medical treatment but did not survive. Five other soldiers were injured in the explosion.[11](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/CorporalDarrylGardinerKilledInAfghanistan.htm)
#### February 2008 {#february_2008}
**Corporal Damian Stephen Lawrence**, 2nd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (Green Howards), aged 25 from Whitby, Sunday 17 February 2008, in Helmand Province, southern Afghanistan. Shortly before 2100 hours local time Corporal Lawrence was taking part in a joint UK--Afghan National Army night patrol in Kajaki, tasked with clearing a number of compounds. Immediately upon entry into a compound an explosive device detonated fatally injuring Corporal Lawrence. Another soldier was also wounded, but his injuries were not life-threatening. [12](http://www.mod.uk/NR/exeres/90E58650-1C6B-44FD-88D2-934A429A8918,frameless.htm) Corporal Lawrence was later posthumously \"Mentioned in Dispatches\" for his actions.[13](https://web.archive.org/web/20080803033922/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/HistoryAndHonour/OperationalHonoursAndAwardsList25July2008.htm)
**Corporal Damian Mulvihill**, 40 Commando Royal Marines, aged 32 from Plymouth. Shortly before 1215 hrs local time on 20 February 2008 Corporal Mulvihill was taking part in a joint ISAF -- ANA patrol engaged in operations near Sangin. The marines of Alpha Company were conducting a clearance patrol to deter Taliban intimidation of local Afghans. It was during this action that an Improvised Explosive Device was detonated, which killed Corporal Mulvihill instantly. [14](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/CorporalDamianMulvihillKilledInAfghanistan.htm)
#### March 2008 {#march_2008}
**Lieutenant John Thornton**, aged 22, and **Marine David Marsh**, aged 23, both of 40 Commando Royal Marines. Just after 1653 hours local time on Sunday 30 March 2008, the Marines were conducting a patrol in the vicinity of Kajaki, Helmand province, when the vehicle they were travelling in was caught in an explosion. Medical treatment was provided prior to both being evacuated to the field hospital at Camp Bastion. Despite the best efforts of the medical team, both died as a result of their wounds.
#### April 2008 {#april_2008}
**Senior Aircraftman Gary Thompson**, aged 51, of No 504 (County of Nottingham) Squadron the Royal Auxiliary Air Force, and **Senior Aircraftman Graham Livingstone**, aged 23, who served with No 3 Squadron the RAF Regiment, were both killed by a roadside bomb while on patrol in Kandahar. Consensus on the airfield was that the enemy had laid the IED behind the outgoing patrol, and the vehicle returned to the perimeter along the same route, triggering the explosion. Senior Aircraftman Thompson is the oldest British serviceman to have died in Afghanistan.
**Trooper Robert Pearson**, aged 22, of the Queen\'s Royal Lancers. At approximately 0900hrs local time on Monday 21 April 2008 Trooper Pearson was part of the Armoured Support Company Royal Marines who were providing security to a resupply convoy that was returning to Camp Bastion when the vehicle he was driving hit a suspected mine. Another soldier was injured in the blast and received medical treatment.
#### May 2008 {#may_2008}
**Trooper Ratu Babakobau**, aged 29, of the Household Cavalry Regiment was killed Friday 2 May 2008 in Helmand, Afghanistan at 1350hrs local time while providing protection for a routine patrol in the Nowzad area of northern Helmand. The vehicle he was travelling in suffered a minestrike. Three other British soldiers and one local national were also injured in the incident. [15](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/TrooperRatuSakeasiBabakobauOfTheHouseholdCavalryRegimentKilledInHelmand.htm)
**James Thompson** a soldier in the SAS (Reserve) died in an explosion in Afghanistan, Monday 19 May 2008. The soldier was patrolling on foot in Musa Qala, Helmand, when he was caught in an explosion and died. No one else was injured.
**Marine Dale Gostick**, of 3 Troop Armoured Support Company, Royal Marines was killed in action at the Sangin crossing of the Helmand River, southern Helmand province, Afghanistan, Sunday 25 May 2008. His troop were returning to their Forward Operating Base, when the BvS 10 Viking he was driving struck a suspected mine. Another two Royal Marines were also injured in the blast and received medical treatment.[16](http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/MilitaryOperations/MarineDaleGostickKilledInAfghanistan.htm)
#### June 2008 {#june_2008}
**Private Nathan Cuthbertson**, **Private Daniel Gamble** and **Private Charles Murray** of 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment died on Sunday 8 June 2008 in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. At approximately 1100 hours local time, the soldiers were on a routine foot patrol 1 km west of their Forward Operating Base in the Upper Sangin Valley when their patrol suffered a suicide explosive device. Their deaths brought the total number of British forces who have died in Afghanistan to 100.
**Lance Corporal James Bateman** and **Private Jeff Doherty** of 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment (2 Para) both died on Thursday 12 June 2008 in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. Early on 12 June 2008, 8 Platoon of C (Bruneval) Company, 2nd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment was engaged by the Taliban north of their base at FOB GIBRALTAR in the Upper Gereshk Valley, Helmand Province. During the exchange of fire Lance Corporal James Bateman and Private Jeff Doherty were killed in the face of the enemy amongst their colleagues and friends. One other soldier received wounds which required medical attention.
**Corporal Sarah Bryant** of the Intelligence Corps, **Corporal Sean Robert Reeve** of the Royal Signals, **Lance Corporal Richard Larkin** and **Trooper Paul Stout** of the Special Air Service reserves were killed in a roadside bomb incident approximately 10 km East of Lashkar Gah, Helmand Province at 1540hrs on Tuesday 17 June 2008. All four soldiers were killed while taking part in a deliberate operation east of Lashkar Gah when the Snatch Land Rover in which they were travelling was caught in an explosion. Another soldier was wounded in the incident and received treatment for his wounds at the UK Field Hospital at Camp Bastion. Corporal Sarah Bryant is the first woman soldier to be killed in the current operations in Afghanistan.
**Warrant Officer Class 2 Michael Williams** of 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment (2 PARA) was killed Tuesday 24 June 2008 during a firefight. He was commanding C (Bruneval) Company\'s Fire Support Group while the company was on a deliberate operation against the Taliban in the Upper Sangin Valley when he was fatally wounded.
**Private Joe Whittaker**, a reserve soldier who was attached to 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, was killed Tuesday 24 June 2008 by a suspected Improvised Explosive Device. Private Whittaker was part of a mine detection team and was killed helping to ensure that large vehicle resupply convoys could reach Forward Operating Bases.
**Warrant Officer Class 2 Dan Shirley** of 13 Air Assault Support Regiment, Royal Logistics Corps was killed while on a Logistic Patrol from Sangin to Camp Bastion when the vehicle he was travelling in rolled over on Friday 27 June 2008.
**Lance Corporal James \"Jimmy\" Johnson**, B Company, 5th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland was killed on Saturday 28 June 2008. LCpl Johnson was part of a vehicle checkpoint patrol operating in the Lashkar Gar area, when he was killed by an anti-personnel mine.
#### July 2008 {#july_2008}
**Corporal Jason Stuart Barnes**, aged 25, from the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, attached to 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, was killed in Afghanistan, Tuesday 22 July 2008. The incident occurred at 1818 hrs local time. Corporal Barnes was driving a Vector ambulance vehicle when it hit a suspected Improvised Explosive Device. He was returning to base after he had successfully aided in the helicopter evacuation of a casualty who had been injured earlier near Kajaki in northern Helmand.
**Lance Corporal Kenneth Michael Rowe**, aged 24, of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, attached to 2nd Battalion the Parachute Regiment, died on Thursday 24 July 2008 on a routine patrol from Forward Operating Base Inkerman in the Sangin area of Helmand Province when the patrol came under enemy fire. Five other soldiers were injured by small arms fire. His explosives sniffer dog, Sasha, was also killed in the incident.
**Sergeant Jonathan William Mathews**, aged 35, from 4th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland, attached to 1st Battalion The Royal Irish Regiment, was killed in Helmand province 28 July 2008. At 1006hrs local time, a joint Afghan National Army and UK Operational Mentoring Liaison Team were patrolling on foot in the Marjah area, west of Lashkar Gah, in Helmand province. The patrol received reports from locals that the Taliban were in the area but before they could take up defensive positions they received incoming fire, and the soldier sustained a single gunshot wound.
**Private Peter Joe Cowton**, aged 25, from 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, was killed in Helmand province, Tuesday 29 July 2008. At 0600hrs local time, a routine patrol conducting reassurance and interdiction activities left Forward Operating Base (FOB) Gibraltar and at 0847hrs local time encountered enemy forces and engaged them. A short while later the patrol reported one casualty from the engagement who was seriously wounded by a blast, the soldier died shortly afterwards.
#### August 2008 {#august_2008}
**Signaller Wayne Bland**, aged 21 from Leeds, serving with 16 Signal Regiment was killed in a suicide attack on a vehicle patrol in Kabul, Afghanistan, 11 August 2008. At 16.00hrs local time a suicide attacker rammed his vehicle into the patrol and detonated an explosive device causing a number of civilian casualties and injuring three British soldiers who were evacuated to a military hospital, however Signaller Bland later died from his wounds.
**Corporal Barry Dempsey**, aged 29, from The Royal Highland Fusiliers, 2nd Battalion the Royal Regiment of Scotland, attached to 1st Battalion the Royal Irish Regiment, was killed in an IED blast, Monday 18 August 2008. At 8.25am local time, a joint Afghan National Army and UK Operational Mentoring Liaison Team were patrolling, when they dismounted in the region of Forward Operating Base Attal, in the Gereshk area of Helmand Province. During that time an improvised explosive device was detonated which resulted in the death of Cpl Dempsey and shrapnel and blast injuries to one other ISAF soldier, an Afghan National Army soldier and the patrol interpreter.
#### September 2008 {#september_2008}
**Ranger Justin James \"Cups\" Cupples**, aged 29, from 7 Platoon, C (Ranger) Company, 1st Battalion The Royal Irish Regiment, was killed in an explosion while on a foot patrol in Sangin town, northern Helmand Province at 0710 hours local time on Thursday 4 September 2008. The explosion is believed to have been from an improvised explosive device. The soldier was given first aid at the scene, but died a short time later
**Warrant Officer Class 2 Gary \"Gaz\" O\'Donnell GM**, aged 40, an Ammunition Technician serving with 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps died 10 September 2008 in Musa Qaleh, Helmand province, southern Afghanistan. WO2 O\'Donnell was commanding an Improvised Explosive Device Disposal team who were trying to make safe a confirmed IED that had been detected by a specialist search team. As a consequence of this there was an explosion and WO2 O\'Donnell died shortly afterwards from the injuries he sustained in the explosion.
**Private Jason Lee \"Suspect\" Rawstron**, aged 23, who was serving with C ( Bruneval ) Company, 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment died instantly after suffering a gunshot wound to the head during a firefight with Taliban near FOB Gibraltar, in the town of Sangin on 12 September.
**Lance Corporal Nicky Mason**, aged 26, from X Company, 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, was killed by an explosion while on a routine patrol North West of FOB ZEBRUGGE, near Kajaki, Helmand province, on Saturday 13 September 2008. The patrol was clearing an area essential for the security of the Kajaki hydroelectric dam when LCpl Mason was struck by an improvised explosive device.
#### October 2008 {#october_2008}
**Trooper James \"Magpie\" Munday**, aged 21, from 1 Troop, D Squadron, the Household Cavalry Regiment was killed by an explosion, 15 October 2008. Tpr Munday was driving a Jackal (MWMIK) wheeled reconnaissance vehicle on a routine patrol approximately 23 km north of Forward Operating Base Delhi in Helmand province, Afghanistan when it detonated a contact triggered explosive device. Two other soldiers were also injured.
#### November 2008 {#november_2008}
**Rifleman Yubraj Rai** of the 2nd Battalion The Royal Gurkha Rifles was killed in Afghanistan on 4 November 2008 while taking part in a joint International Security Assistance Force and Afghan National Security Forces operation against enemy forces south of Musa Qaleh. Rifleman Rai received a gunshot wound from enemy fire. Despite having received medical treatment at the scene he died a short time later from his wounds.
**Marine Neil Dunstan** and **Marine Robert \"Frank\" Joseph McKibben** were killed in southern Helmand on Wednesday 12 November 2008 1647 hrs local time. The Marines were from the UK Landing Force Command Support Group, operating as part of Task Force Helmand\'s Information Exploitation Group. They were taking part in a patrol with soldiers from the Afghan Security Forces when their Jackal (MWMIK) vehicle was destroyed by an explosive device, both men were pronounced dead at the scene. A member of the Afghan National Security Forces also lost his life and a third Royal Marine was seriously injured.
**Colour Sergeant Krishnabahadur Dura**, aged 36, from the 2nd Battalion the Royal Ghurkha Rifles, was killed in the Musa Qala District of Helmand Province on Saturday 15 November 2008. Colour Sergeant Dura was taking part in a road move when the Warrior tracked armoured vehicle he was travelling in was hit by an improvised explosive device.
**Marine Alexander Lucas**, aged 24, of Victor Company, 45 Commando Royal Marines was killed as a result of an explosion in the Kajaki area of Helmand province on Monday 24 November 2008. He was taking part in a patrol alongside Afghan National Army troops to clear Improvised Explosive Devices. He received medical treatment at the scene; however he died of his wounds while being taken to the military hospital at Camp Bastion.
**Marine Tony Evans**, aged 20, and **Marine Georgie Sparks**, aged 19, both of J Company, 42 Commando Royal Marines, were killed in action northwest of Lashkar Gah in Helmand province at around 0900 hours on Thursday 27 November 2008. The two Marines were taking part in a foot patrol and had moved on to the roof of a compound when there was an attack by insurgents armed with rocket-propelled grenades and they were badly wounded. Both marines received immediate medical attention and were moved to a secure location before being put on a helicopter to be transferred back to Camp Bastion, however both died from their injuries during the flight.
#### December 2008 {#december_2008}
**Lance Corporal Steven \"Jamie\" Fellows**, aged 26, of 1 Troop Whiskey Company, 45 Commando Group Royal Marines was killed shortly before 0900hrs on in action on Friday 12 December 2008 in Sangin, Helmand Province, Afghanistan. L/Cpl Fellows was travelling in the commanders position in a Jackal (MWMIK) when it was struck by an Improvised Explosive Device. Despite rapid evacuation to Forward Operating Base Jackson\'s medical facility and subsequent helicopter evacuation L/Cpl Fellows failed to regain consciousness and was subsequently pronounced dead.
**Marine Damian Jonathan Davies**, aged 27, Landing Force Support Party, Commando Logistic Regiment, **Sergeant John \"Manny\" Manuel**, aged 38, of Company HQ, X-Ray Company, 45 Commando Royal Marines and **Corporal Marc \"Birchy\" Birch**, aged 26, of 6 Troop, X-Ray Company Royal Marines were killed in action as a result of a bomb attack south of Sangin, Afghanistan on 12 December 2008. X-Ray Company was conducting an operation alongside Afghan National Army troops to dominate areas posing a dangerous threat to British forces and the local Afghan population. The men who were killed were members of the Quick Reaction Force (QRF) which was working in support of the company operation. The members of the QRF were talking to locals when a 13-year-old boy pushed a wheelbarrow containing an explosive device toward them, which was then detonated killing the marines and killing and injuring a number of children and civilians. It is thought that the boy did not know about the explosives in the wheelbarrow and was an unsuspecting victim of the blast.
**Lieutenant Aaron Lewis**, aged 26, from 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery was killed as a result of enemy fire on Monday 15 December 2008. He was at a Forward Operating Base in the Gereshk area of Helmand province when he was fatally wounded when the gun position he was commanding came under attack. He received immediate medical treatment and was then taken by helicopter to the International Security Assistance Force\'s military hospital at Kandahar, but died shortly after arrival.
**Rifleman Stuart \"Oz\" Nash**, aged 21, from 1st Battalion The Rifles was killed by enemy gunfire in Zarghun Kalay, Nad e Ali District, Helmand Province, Wednesday 17 December 2008. Rifleman Nash was covering his comrades from the roof-top of a building in a compound when he was wounded. He was treated on the scene and then flown to Camp Bastion for further treatment, but died from his injuries.
**Corporal Robert Deering**, aged 33, from the Commando Logistic Regiment Royal Marines was killed in Afghanistan on Sunday, 21 December 2008. At about 0715 hours, just west of Lashkar Gah in Helmand Province, a BvS 10 Viking armoured personnel carrier was disabled by an explosion which injured 3 personnel on board. When Cpl Deering, who was a Viking Mechanic, approached the disabled vehicle to assess the damage, there was a second explosion which killed him instantly.
**Lance Corporal Benjamin \"Ben\" Whatley**, aged 20, from Lima Company, 42 Commando Royal Marines, was killed in Afghanistan on 24 December 2008. Lima Company was conducting an operation to clear enemy forces from the north of the district of Nad-E-Ali when a fierce and prolonged fire fight occurred during which L/Cpl Whatley was fatally wounded.
**Corporal Liam Elms**, aged 26, from Zulu Company, 45 Commando, Royal Marines was killed by an explosion while taking part in a local area patrol alongside Afghan National Army troops on the afternoon of 31 December 2008 in the Sangin district, Helmand province, Afghanistan.
### January 2009 to December 2009 {#january_2009_to_december_2009}
#### January 2009 {#january_2009}
**Serjeant Chris Reed**, aged 25, of 6th (TA) Battalion The Rifles died in an explosion on New Year\'s Day in the Garmsir district of Helmand province. Serjeant Reed was attached to the Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team of C Company of the 1st Battalion The Rifles. He was 2IC of a section taking part in a vehicle patrol alongside members of the Afghan National Army when his vehicle was struck by an improvised explosive device.
**Marine Travis Mackin**, aged 22, from the Communications Squadron, United Kingdom Landing Force Command Support Group, operating as part of 45 Commando Royal Marines was killed as a result of an explosion on the morning of 11 January 2009 in the Kajaki area of Helmand province. Victor Company 45 Commando was conducting a deliberate offensive patrol alongside the Afghan National Army to destroy a key Taliban command cell. While establishing a vital fire-support location to protect his colleagues advancing on a Taliban defensive position, Mne Mackin was killed by an enemy Improvised Explosive Device. His death was represented on the Sky Television show Ross Kemp: Return to Afghanistan
**Captain Tom Sawyer**, aged 26, 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery, and **Corporal Danny Winter**, aged 28 and from Zulu Company 45 Commando Royal Marines, were killed by an explosion on 14 January 2009. Both men were taking part in a joint operation with a Danish Battle Group and the Afghan National Army in a location north east of Gereshk in central Helmand Provence. The MoD subsequently confirmed that the men died as a result of a \'Blue on Blue (Friendly fire)\' incident, thought to involve a Javelin missile.[17](http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5586166.ece)`{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}`{=mediawiki}`{{cbignore|bot=medic}}`{=mediawiki}
**Rifleman (Acting Corporal) Richard \"Robbo\" Robinson**, from 1st Battalion The Rifles was killed in Helmand province on Saturday, 17 January 2009. He was 21 years old and from Saltash, Cornwall. Acting Corporal Robinson was on a patrol to dominate ground with his Operational Mentoring and Liaison Team and the Afghan National Army platoon with whom he had been operating since September 2008 when he was killed as a result of enemy fire during an ambush north of Sangin District Centre.
**Corporal Daniel \"Danny\" Nield**, from \"S\" Company, 1st Battalion, The Rifles, was killed during combat, possibly by friendly fire, on Friday 30 January 2009. He was 31 years old. Corporal Nield died from injuries sustained from an explosion, believed to have been caused by an RPG, possibly fired by an Afghan National Army soldier, during a fire-fight while on a deliberate operation involving a joint UK and Afghan National Army patrol north of Musa Qala. He was operating as the Forward Air Controller in a Fire Support Team of 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery which was providing support to the operation.
#### February 2009 {#february_2009}
**Marine Darren Smith**, aged 28, from X-ray Company, 45 Commando was killed Saturday 14 February 2009. The marine died as a result of wounds sustained from enemy fire in an area to the south west of Sangin, in Northern Helmand. He was part of a patrol operating in support of an Explosive Ordnance Disposal Team. The Patrol was ambushed by Taliban fighters and Marine Smith was struck by small-arms fire, however despite receiving medical help from his colleagues he died of his wounds while being flown to hospital.
**Lance Corporal Stephen Kingscott**, from 1st Battalion The Rifles was killed in Helmand province on 16 February 2009, he was 22 years old. L/Cpl Kingscott died from wounds sustained as a result of enemy fire during a joint UK and Afghan National Army assault of an enemy position during a deliberate operation against insurgents in the Nawa district of Helmand province.
**Rifleman Jamie Gunn**, aged 21, **Corporal Tom Gaden** and **Lance Corporal Paul Upton**, all of 1st Battalion The Rifles, were killed in southern Afghanistan 25 February 2009. The soldiers died from wounds sustained as a result of their Snatch Land Rover being struck by an enemy IED during an escort operation in the Gereshk district of Helmand province.
**Marine Michael Laski**, aged 21, from the Signals Detachment, Yankee Company, 45 Commando Royal Marines died peacefully in Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham, UK on 25 February 2009 of wounds sustained from enemy fire while on a reassurance patrol in near Sangin in Northern Helmand on Monday 23 February. Marine Laski was taking part in a foot patrol to provide security to the local Afghan community. When crossing open ground they were engaged by enemy fire and during the engagement that followed Marine Laski was struck by a bullet. Despite the best efforts of all involved he failed to recover consciousness and died with his family round him.
#### March 2009 {#march_2009}
**Lance Corporal Christopher Harkett**, aged 22, from C Company, The 2nd Battalion, Royal Welsh Regiment (The Royal Regiment of Wales) died on the morning of Saturday 14 March 2009 as a result of wounds sustained from an explosion while conducting a foot patrol south of Musa Qala District Centre, Northern Helmand. He received immediate medical attention from the medics within his team but died at the scene. He was the 150th British soldier to die in the current conflict in Afghanistan.
**Corporal Graeme Stiff**, aged 24, and **Corporal Dean John**, aged 25, both from the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, serving with the Light Aid Detachment, 1st The Queen\'s Dragoon Guards, died during the afternoon of Sunday 15 March 2009, as a result of an enemy explosion. The men were involved in a vehicle movement to the west of Garmsir in Helmand province, southern Afghanistan when the Jackal (MWMIK) they were travelling in was struck by an explosive device and destroyed, killing both men.
#### April 2009 {#april_2009}
**Lance Sergeant Tobie \"Fas\" Fasfous**, aged 29, from the 1st Battalion Welsh Guards was killed in southern Afghanistan, Tuesday 28 April 2009. Lance Sergeant Fasfous was killed instantly as a result of an explosion while taking part in a foot patrol alongside the Afghan National Army in the vicinity of FOB Keenan, north east of Gereshk in Helmand province.
#### May 2009 {#may_2009}
**Corporal Sean Binnie** from The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland was killed as a result of a gunshot wound, Thursday 7 May 2009. Corporal Binnie was killed during a fire-fight with insurgents which occurred during reassurance patrol with the Afghan National Army in the vicinity of Woqab, close to Musa Qal\'eh in Helmand Province.
**Corporal Kumar Purja Pun**, aged 30, from 1st Battalion The Royal Gurkha Rifles and **Sergeant Ben Ross** aged 34, of 173 Provost Company, 3rd Regiment, Royal Military Police, were killed in Afghanistan. The two Service personnel were killed by a suicide bomber during a patrol in Gereshk, Helmand province, in the afternoon of Thursday 7 May 2009. The men had dismounted from their Snatch Vixen Land Rover when they were approached by the bomber on a motorbike, who then immediately detonated his device. 21 Afghan civilians were also killed and 3 other soldiers and 30 Afghans injured.
**Rifleman Adrian Sheldon** from 2nd Battalion The Rifles was killed in Helmand province during the evening of Thursday 7 May 2009. He was travelling in a Jackal (MWMIK) near Sangin when it was struck by an explosive device.
**Lieutenant Mark Evison**, aged 26, from the 1st Battalion Welsh Guards died peacefully on 12 May 2009 in Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham, as a result of a gunshot wound sustained during a patrol in the vicinity of Haji Halem, Helmand province, Afghanistan, on 9 May 2009. His family were with him when he died.
**Marine Jason Mackie**, aged 21, member of the Armoured Support Group Royal Marines, was killed in Afghanistan on 14 May 2009. He was located in the Basharan area of central Helmand, Afghanistan when the BvS 10 Viking he was driving in support of IX Company of the Welsh struck a device. The resulting explosion killed Marine Mackie instantly and seriously injured his crewman.
**Fusilier Petero \"Pat\" Suesue** of the 2nd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, was killed in Afghanistan on Friday 22 May 2009. While on a foot patrol near Sangin in Helmand Province Fusilier Suesue was fatally injured by a gunshot. Fusilier Suesue was 28 years old and originally from Fiji.
**Sapper Jordan Rossi**, aged 22, of 25 Field Squadron, 38 Engineer Regiment, was killed by an explosion on Saturday 23 May 2009. Sapper Rossi was part of a Royal Engineers Search Team embedded in the Joint Force Explosive Ordnance Disposal Group and was working in an operation to clear IEDs that were posing a lethal threat to British Forces and the local Afghan population.
**Lance Corporal Robert Martin Richards** from Armoured Support Group, Royal Marines died in Selly Oak Hospital on Wednesday 27 May 2009, from wounds sustained in Afghanistan five days previously. Lance Corporal Richards was 2IC of a Viking when it struck an IED in the Nad e-Ali district of central Helmand on 22 May 2009.
**Lance Corporal Kieron Hill**, aged 20, from 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment (Worcesters and Foresters) was killed on 28 May 2009. Lance Corporal Hill was on a deliberate operation near Garmsir in Helmand province when there was an explosion which killed him instantly.
**Corporal Stephen Bolger**, aged 28, from the Parachute Regiment, **Lance Corporal Nigel Moffett** from The Light Dragoons were both killed in Afghanistan on Saturday 30 May 2009. The UK MOD has officially said that both soldiers were serving with the Brigade Reconnaissance Force (although other reports suggest Corporal Bolger is actually part of the Special Forces Support Group). The soldiers were travelling in a Jackal (MWMIK) on an operation near Musa Qaleh when they were killed as a result of an explosion.
#### June 2009 {#june_2009}
**Rifleman Cyrus Thatcher**, aged 19, from 2nd Battalion The Rifles, was killed in Helmand province, Tuesday 2 June 2009. The soldier was on a patrol near Gereshk, when he was killed by an explosion.
**Private Robert McLaren**, from the Black Watch, 3rd Battalion the Royal Regiment of Scotland, was killed near Kandahar on 11 June 2009 during a deliberate operation against insurgent fighters. When his section became pinned down by accurate rifle fire from two sides Pte McLaren pushed forward to obtain a better fire position to relieve his section, but was killed by an explosion from an improvised explosive device.
**Lieutenant Paul Mervis**, a platoon commander from The 2nd Battalion the Rifles was on a foot patrol near Sangin, northern Helmand Province, when he was killed as a result of an explosion from an improvised explosive device, on the morning of 12 June 2009.
**Major Sean Birchall**, aged 33, from the 1st Battalion Welsh Guards, was killed by an explosion on 19 June 2009 near Lashkar Gah, in Helmand province. Major Birchall was travelling in a Jackal (MWMIK) which was the second vehicle in a group of three which were involved in a routine patrol to deliver supplies and check on his men in the checkpoints around Basharan. Although he survived the initial blast and received immediate medical attention at the scene, Major Birchall died of his injuries before he could be extracted to medical facilities.
#### July 2009 {#july_2009}
**Lieutenant Colonel Rupert Thorneloe MBE**, aged 39, commanding officer of the 1st Battalion Welsh Guards, and **Trooper Joshua Hammond**, who was 18 years old, of 2nd Royal Tank Regiment, died Wednesday 1 July 2009, after their BvS 10 Viking was destroyed in an explosion while the men were engaged in Operation Panchai Palang and were part of a resupply convoy heading toward troops in Babaji, north of Lashkar Gah, in Helmand Provence. Another six troops were injured by the blast. Lt Col Thorneloe is the highest ranking British Army officer to be killed in action since the Falklands War in 1982.
**Private Robert \"Robbie\" Laws**, aged 18, and from 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment (Worcesters and Foresters) died when the FV103 Spartan armoured personnel carrier he was travelling in was struck by a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) while taking part in operation Panchai Palang on Saturday 4 July 2009. Pte Laws had been involved in a dismounted IED search team and had periodically been dismounting and remounting the vehicle as it stopped and started along a road. It was immediately after he had remounted and the vehicle had just moved off when it was struck.
**Lance Corporal David Dennis** from Command Troop, The Light Dragoons was killed by an improvised explosive device while on foot patrol as part of operation Panchai Palang on Saturday 4 July 2009. He was aged 29. L/Cpl Dennis had just been involved in the evacuation of soldiers who were wounded in the RPG attack that had killed Pvt Laws and was returning to his vehicle when he stepped on an IED causing it to detonate. Several other members of the patrol were injured in the explosion.
**Lance Corporal Dane Elson**, aged 22, serving with the Welsh Guards (Attached to B Company, 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment), was killed in Afghanistan on Sunday 5 July 2009. L/Cpl Elson was killed instantly by an improvised explosive device while on patrol in Babaji as part of Operation Panchai Palang.
**Captain Ben Babington-Browne**, aged 27, from 22 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, died in an incident in Afghanistan, Monday 6 July 2009 when the helicopter he was in crashed while taking off from a US forward operating base in Zabul province. Two Canadian personnel, later named as Master Corporal Pat Audet and Corporal Martin Joannette, were also killed in the incident. It was \"determined that the crash did not occur as a result of enemy fire\".
**Trooper Christopher \"Norm\" Whiteside**, aged 22, from Emsdorf Troop The Light Dragoons, died on Tuesday 7 July 2009 as a result of an IED explosion near Gereshk in Helmand Province while taking part in Operation Panchai Palang.
**Rifleman Daniel Hume**, aged 22, of the 4th Battalion The Rifles, was killed by a contact explosion while on a foot patrol near Nad e-Ali, Helmand province on 9 July 2009.
**Private John Brackpool**, aged 27, formally of The Princess of Wales\'s Royal Regiment and serving as a reservist with the 1st Battalion Welsh Guards, died on 9 July 2009 as a result of a gunshot wound. He was shot and killed while he was on sentry duty on a compound that had recently been secured as part of Operation Panchai Palang, near Char-e-Anjir, just outside Lashkar Gah, in Helmand Province.
**Corporal Lee \"Scotty\" Scott** from EGYPT Squadron, 2nd Royal Tank Regiment was killed in Afghanistan on 10 July 2009 near Nad Ali, Helmand province while taking part in Operation Panchai Palang. He died in an explosion as he was travelling in the lead vehicle of a group of BvS 10 Vikings.
On 10 July 2009, **Corporal Jonathan Horne**, aged 28, from Walsall, **Rifleman William Aldridge**, aged 18 from Bromyard in Herefordshire, **Rifleman James Backhouse**, aged 18 from Castleford, Yorkshire, **Rifleman Joe Murphy**, aged 18 from Castle Bromwich, Birmingham, **Rifleman Daniel Simpson**, aged 20 from Croydon, all from 9 Platoon, C Company, 2nd Battalion The Rifles were killed in two separate blasts on the same patrol near Sangin, Helmand province. The men were conducting a routine patrol from FOB Wishtan when at approximately 0520 hrs a member of the patrol accidentally detonated an improvised explosive device (IED) which fatally wounded him and injured seven other members of the patrol. The soldiers then recovered their wounded and dropped back to attend to them and await the assistance of the medical Quick Reaction Force (QRF). At approximately 0530 hours, just as the QRF arrived, a second, more powerful device was detonated in the area where the wounded men were being treated, killing another three members of the platoon including Rifleman Murphy who was carrying his close friend Rifleman Simpson, to safety after he had been wounded in the first explosion. Attempts to evacuate the injured soldiers were further hampered by IEDs on the possible helicopter landing areas at the scene of the explosion so the men had to be evacuated to the FOB, however more IEDs had been placed by the Taliban on the route back to FOB Wishtan. The wounded men were finally extracted by a Royal Air Force Chinook and US Pave Hawk which landed inside FOB Wishtan, however another soldier died from his wounds as he underwent surgery at Camp Bastion.
**Rifleman Aminiasi Toge**, aged 26, from \"C\" Company, 2nd Battalion The Rifles was killed by an explosion, thought to be from an IED while on a foot patrol near Gereshk, Helmand province, 16 July 2009.
**Corporal Joseph \"Etch\" Etchells**, from The 2nd Battalion Royal Regiment of Fusiliers was killed in Afghanistan on 19 July 2009. Cpl Etchells, who was aged 22 and from Mossley, Greater Manchester, was killed as a result of an explosion that happened while on a foot patrol near Sangin, northern Helmand Province.
**Captain Daniel Shepherd**, from 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Regiment, The Royal Logistic Corps, was killed on 20 July 2009. He was killed as a result of an explosion while on patrol in Nad-e-Ali District, Helmand Province. At the time of his death he was commanding an Improvised Explosive Device Disposal team, assigned to the Joint Force Explosive Ordnance Disposal Group, who were defusing confirmed IEDs.
**Guardsman Christopher King**, from the 1st Battalion Coldstream Guards, who had been attached to the Number 2 Company, 1st Battalion Welsh Guards since late 2008, was killed on 22 July 2009, as a result of an explosion while on a dismounted patrol in Nad Ali District, Helmand Province.
**Bombardier Craig \"Hoppo\" Hopson**, from 40th Regiment Royal Artillery (The Lowland Gunners), attached to The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland, was killed in Afghanistan, 25 July 2009. While taking part in Operation Panchai Palang, Bombardier Hopson was part of a patrol tasked to reconnoitre a suitable area for a polling station in the forthcoming Afghan presidential elections. During this patrol the Jackal (MWMIK) in which Bombardier Hopson was travelling struck a roadside bomb resulting in his death.
**Trooper Phillip \"Lenny\" Lawrence**, aged 22, serving with C Squadron The Light Dragoons, was killed Monday 27 July 2009 as a result of an explosion that happened while travelling in a FV107 Scimitar CVR(T) as part of a vehicle patrol ensuring the security of an area that had been cleared as part of Operation Panchai Palang, in Lashkar Gah District, central Helmand Province.
**Warrant Officer Class 2 Sean Upton**, aged 35, from Beeston, Nottinghamshire and a member of 5th Regiment, Royal Artillery, was killed as a result of an explosion that happened while on a foot patrol in Sangin District, Helmand Province, Monday 27 July 2009. WO2 Upton was serving in Afghanistan as 2IC of Sangin\'s Police Mentoring Team.
#### August 2009 {#august_2009}
**Craftsman Anthony Lombardi** from the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, attached to the Light Dragoons, was killed in Afghanistan on the morning of Tuesday 4 August 2009. He was killed as a result of an explosion that happened while on a vehicle patrol in Babaji District, southern Helmand province.
**Corporal Kevin Mulligan**, **Lance Corporal Dale Thomas Hopkins** and **Private Kyle Adams** were killed in Afghanistan on Thursday 6 August 2009. All three men were from The Parachute Regiment and were serving with the Special Forces Support Group and were involved in training Afghan National Security Forces. They were on a routine patrol when their Jackal (MWMIK) was hit by an IED followed up by a small-arms attack. Another British soldier remains in a critical condition following the attack.
**Private Jason George Williams** from A (Grenadier) Company, 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment was killed in Afghanistan on Saturday 8 August 2009 by an explosion. Private Williams\' platoon was attempting to recover the body of an Afghan National Army warrior who was killed earlier in the day, when an IED exploded killing Pte Williams.
**Captain Mark Hale** and **Rifleman Daniel Wild of 2nd Battalion The Rifles** and **Lance Bombardier Matthew Hatton** of 40th Regiment Royal Artillery (The Lowland Gunners) were killed in Afghanistan on Thursday 13 August 2009. Lance Bombardier Hatton had been clearing a route to a helicopter landing zone to enable an earlier casualty to be airlifted to medical aid when he was caught by an IED blast and was wounded. Captain Hale and Rifleman Wild then attempted to extract L/Bdr Hatton, but all three men were caught by another IED blast which resulted in their deaths.
**Private Richard Hunt**, aged 21, from 2nd Battalion The Royal Welsh died on Saturday 15 August 2009 from wounds sustained in Helmand province on 13 August 2009. Pvt Hunt was driving a FV510 Warrior when it was hit by an IED. As a result of this Pvt Hunt\'s head struck the vehicle and despite wearing his drivers protective helmet Pvt Hunt sustained a serious injury from which he never recovered consciousness. He was subsequently aero-medically evacuated to the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine in Selly Oak Hospital so his family could be with him when he died.
**Sergeant Simon Valentine**, aged 29, from Bedworth, and was platoon sergeant, 2 Platoon, A Company, 2nd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers was killed in Afghanistan on Saturday 15 August 2009. Sgt Valentine was on foot patrol near Sangin when he was caught by the blast from an IED.
**Lance Corporal James Fullarton**, aged 24, **Fusilier Simon Annis**, aged 22, and **Fusilier Louis Carter**, aged 18, all of 2nd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers were killed in Afghanistan on Sunday 16 August 2009. The three men were taking part in a foot patrol near Sangin in Helmand province when Lance Corporal James Fullarton, who was the Section Commander was badly hurt by a roadside bomb. Fusiliers Annis and Carter went to his assistance, but a second IED detonated, killing all three soldiers.
**Serjeant Paul McAleese**, of 2nd Battalion the Rifles, and **Private Johnathon Young**, of 3rd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (Duke of Wellington\'s), were killed in Afghanistan on Thursday 20 August 2009 while in Sangin district. The two soldiers were on foot patrol when Private Young was injured by the blast from an IED. As Serjeant McAleese attempted to assist Young there was a secondary explosion which fatally injured both men.
**Fusilier Shaun Bush**, aged 24, of the 2nd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers died at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Selly Oak, on Tuesday 25 August 2009. While on a foot patrol in Sangin district, Helmand province, on Saturday 15 August 2009 Fusilier Bush was attempting to rescue Sergeant Simon Valentine when there was a secondary explosion which seriously injured him. It was clear he would not recover from his injuries and he was evacuated to Selly Oak, where he died with his close family around him.
**A Royal Marine** died following an explosion while on a foot patrol near Gereshk in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, in the early hours of Saturday 29 August 2009. His family have asked for no further information to be released.
**Sergeant Stuart \"Gus\" Millar**, aged 40, and **Private Kevin Elliott**, aged 24, both from The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland, were killed as a result of an RPG explosion that happened while on a foot patrol north of Lashkar Gah District, southern Helmand Province on Monday 31 August 2009.
#### September 2009 {#september_2009}
**Lance Corporal Richard James Brandon**, operating with The Light Dragoons Battle Group, was killed as a result of an explosion that happened while on a vehicle move in the Babaji district, central Helmand province, on the evening of 2 September 2009.
**Private Gavin Elliott** from 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment, operating with The Light Dragoons Battle Group, died as a result of a gunshot wound he sustained while on a foot patrol in the Babaji district, central Helmand province, on Thursday 3 September 2009.
**Corporal John Harrison** from The Parachute Regiment was killed in Afghanistan on Wednesday 9 September 2009.
**Kingsman Jason Dunn-Bridgeman** from 2nd Battalion The Duke of Lancaster\'s Regiment was killed in a firefight with the enemy during a foot patrol in the Babaji district of Helmand province on 13 September 2009.
**Trooper Brett Hall** from the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment died at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Selly Oak, on Wednesday 16 September 2009 of wounds sustained in Afghanistan.
**Acting Serjeant Stuart McGrath**, from 2nd Battalion The Rifles was killed as a result of an explosion that happened while on a foot patrol in the Gereshk district, central Helmand province, on the afternoon of 16 September 2009.
**Acting Sergeant Michael Lockett MC**, of 2nd Battalion the Mercian Regiment (Worcesters and Foresters) was killed in Afghanistan on Monday 21 September 2009.
**Private James Prosser** from 2nd Battalion The Royal Welsh was killed as a result of an explosion that happened during a vehicle patrol in Musa Qaleh district, northern Helmand province on 27 September 2009.
#### October 2009 {#october_2009}
**Acting Corporal Marcin Wojtak** from 34 Squadron Royal Air Force Regiment was killed as a result of an explosion while commanding his vehicle in the desert to the south of Bastion Joint Operating Base on Thursday 1 October 2009.
**Guardsman Jamie Janes** from 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards, was killed as a result of an explosion that happened while on a foot patrol near to Nad e-Ali district centre in central Helmand province on Monday 5 October 2009.
**Lance Corporal James Hill** from 1st Battalion Coldstream Guards was killed as a result of an explosion near Camp Bastion in Helmand Province on Thursday 8 October 2009.
**Corporal Thomas Mason** from 3 SCOTS The Black Watch, wounded by an explosion while on foot patrol in Kandahar on 15 September 2009. Despite the best efforts of medical staff, both in theatre and back in the UK, over a period of nearly six weeks, he sadly died as a result of his wounds on 25 October 2009 at The Royal Centre for Defense Medicine, Selly Oak Hospital.
Corporal Thomas Mason
**Staff Sergeant Olaf Schmid GC** from 11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, died in an explosion while trying to defuse a roadside bomb on 31 October 2009 near Sangin, in Helmand Province.
#### November 2009 {#november_2009}
Note: Please add the correct ranks and titles to those fallen personnel below:
**Sergeant Matthew Telford**, **Corporal Steven Boote (RMP)**, **Guardsman Jimmy Major**, **Warrant Officer Class 1 (RSM) Darren Chant** and **Corporal Nicholas Webster-Smith (RMP)** from 1st Battalion, The Grenadier Guards were all killed by an Afghan soldier who was posing as a police officer at Nadi-e-Ali in Helmand Province on 3 November 2009.
**Serjeant Phillip Scott** from 3rd Battalion, The Rifles was killed by an improvised explosive device at Sangin, Helmand Province on 5 November 2009.
**Rifleman Philip Allen** from 2nd Battalion, The Rifles was killed by an improvised explosive device at Sangin, Helmand Province on 7 November 2009.
**Rifleman Samuel Bassett** aged 20, from 4th Battalion, The Rifles died in hospital from injuries sustained in a blast at Sangin, Helmand Province on 8 November 2009.
**Rifleman Andrew Fentiman** from 7th Battalion, The Rifles was killed by enemy fire while on foot patrol at Sangin, Helmand Province on 15 November 2009.
**Cpl Loren Marlton-Thomas** from 33 Engineer Regiment was killed by an improvised explosive device in Gereshk, Helmand Province on 15 November 2009.
**Sgt Robert Loughran-Dickson** from the Royal Military Police died from gunshot wounds sustained on patrol in Nad-e-Ali in Helmand Province on 18 November 2009.
**Acting Sgt John Amer** from 1st Battalion, The Coldstream Guards died from wounds sustained in an explosion at Babaji, Helmand Province on 30 November 2009.
#### December 2009 {#december_2009}
**Lance Corporal Adam Drane** from 1st Battalion, The Royal Anglian Regiment died as a result of small arms fire while guarding a checkpoint in the Nad-e-Ali area, in central Helmand province on 7 December 2009. On 8 December 2009, he was announced as the 100th British soldier to die in Afghanistan in the year 2009. This year had been the bloodiest for British forces since the Falklands War in 1982, and followed 39 British deaths in Afghanistan in 2006, 42 in 2007 and 51 in 2008. The number of British troops wounded in Afghanistan had doubled in a year: 432 servicemen and women injured so far in 2009---compared to 235 in all of 2008.
**Corporal Simon Hornby**, from 2nd Battalion, The Duke of Lancaster\'s Regiment, was caught in an explosion on foot patrol in Helmand on 20 December.
**Lance Corporal David Kirkness** and **Rifleman James Brown** both from the 3rd Battalion, The Rifles were killed by a suspected suicide bomber near Sangin in Helmand Province on Tuesday 15 December 2009. This raised UK fatalities since 2001 in this theatre to 239, 102 of these sustained in 2009.
On 23 December, an investigation was started to the deaths of **Lance Corporal Michael David Pritchard**, aged 22, a member of the Royal Military Police who was attached to 3rd Battalion The Rifles, and **Lance Corporal Christopher Roney** aged 23, from 3rd Battalion the Rifles, who possibly died as a result of friendly fire (\"blue on blue\"), the last one after a vicious firefight in Patrol Base Almas near Sangin in Helmand. This brought the number of British service personnel deaths in Afghanistan in 2009 to 106. There had been 243 British troops killed in Afghanistan since 2001.
On 28 December, **Rfn Aidan Howell** from 3rd Battalion The Rifles, died in an explosion while on patrol in the Kajaki area of Helmand province. This casualty brought the number of British soldiers killed in the conflict since 2001 to 244, including 107 in 2009.
On 31 December, **Sapper David Watson** from Royal Engineers, died in an explosion while on patrol in the Sangin area of Helmand province. This casualty brought the number of British soldiers killed in the conflict since 2001 to 245, including 108 in 2009.
#### Official number of casualties {#official_number_of_casualties}
On 15 December, the official casualty toll up to the end of November 2009 was released by the Ministry of Defence: more than 1,000 members of the Armed Forces had been wounded in action in Afghanistan since the mission began in late 2001. The vast majority of them was since 2006, when the campaign started in the southern Helmand province. One third of the wounded suffered serious or very serious injuries.
2009 was the worst year of the War in Afghanistan for the UK army with 95 soldiers killed in action.
In 2009 the total number of deaths had exceeded the landmark of 100 and nearly half of the 464 wounded in battle were injured since November 2008. The increase in injured service personnel had also been marked compared with previous years. In 2008, the total number wounded in action was 235. In 2006, when 16 Air Assault Brigade was sent to Helmand, 85 were wounded in action.
All the injured received initial treatment at the British military hospital at Camp Bastion in central Helmand, before being evacuated to Selly Oak Hospital in Birmingham. Wounded militaries requiring artificial limbs or rehabilitation for other injuries were then sent to the special defence medical facility at Headley Court, near Dorking, Surrey.
The British Prince William paid tribute in December 2009 to the Armed Forces at the annual military awards, organised by *The Sun* newspaper. In her yearly Christmas message, the British Queen Elizabeth paid tribute to the Armed Forces serving in Afghanistan. She expressed her sadness at the death toll and praised the stoicism showed by bereaved families of killed military personnel.
### January 2010 to December 2010 {#january_2010_to_december_2010}
#### January 2010 {#january_2010}
On 3 January, **Private Robert Hayes**, aged 19, from 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment was killed by a roadside bomb in Helmand.
On 11 January **Captain Daniel Read**, aged 31, from Royal Logistic Corps, 11 EOD Regiment was killed by an IED in Helmand.
On 15 January **Corporal Lee Brownson**, aged 30, from 3rd Battalion The Rifles was killed by an IED in Helmand.
On 15 January **Rifleman Luke Famer**, aged 19, from 3rd Battalion The Rifles was killed by an IED in Helmand.
On 22 January, the death of **Rifleman Peter Aldridge**, aged 19, of A Company, 4 Rifles, in a bomb explosion in Sangin, Helmand province while on foot patrol, brought the British death toll since the start of the Afghanistan war to 250. The number of British dead in the country then reached five short of the total who died in the Falklands war.
On 24 January, **L/Cpl Daniel Cooper**, aged 21, from 3rd Battalion The Rifles, died in an explosion while on patrol in the Sangin area of Helmand province.
#### February 2010 {#february_2010}
On 1 February, **Cpl Liam Riley**, aged 21, from 3rd Battalion, The Yorkshire Regiment, died in an explosion while on patrol near Malgir in Helmand province.
On 1 February, **L/Cpl Graham Shaw**, aged 27, from 3rd Battalion, The Yorkshire Regiment, died in an explosion while on patrol near Malgir in Helmand province.
On 7 February, **Pte Sean McDonald**, aged 26, from 1st Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland, Royal Scots Borderers, died in an explosion while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 7 February, **Cpl John Moore**, aged 22, from 1st Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland, Royal Scots Borderers, died in an explosion while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 8 February, **Warrant Officer Class 2 David Markland**, aged 36, from 36 Engineer Regiment, died in an explosion while conducting route clearance operations in the Nad Ali area in Helmand province.
On 11 February, **L/Cpl Darren Hicks**, aged 29, from 1st Battalion The Coldstream Guards, died in an explosion while on patrol in Babaji in Helmand province.
On 13 February, **L/Sgt Dave Greenhalgh**, aged 25, from Grenadier Guards, 1st Battalion, died in an explosion while on patrol in the Nad Ali area in Helmand province.
On 14 February, **Kingsman Sean Dawson**, aged 19, from The Duke of Lancaster\'s Regiment, 2nd Battalion, died after being shot by Afghan forces in a friendly fire incident in Musa Qala in Helmand province.
On 14 February, **Rifleman Mark Marshall**, aged 29, from 6th Battalion The Rifles, 3 Rifles Battle Group, died in an explosion while on patrol in the north-east of Sangin in Helmand province.
On 15 February, **Sapper Guy Mellors**, aged 20, from 36 Engineer Regiment, died in an explosion while clearing roadside bombs north-east of Sangin in Helmand province.
On 18 February, **Lt Douglas Dalzell**, aged 27, from 1st Battalion The Coldstream Guards, died in an explosion while on patrol in Babaji in Helmand province.
On 18 February, **L/Sgt David Walker**, aged 36, from 1st Battalion Scots Guards, died in after being shot while on patrol in Nad Ali in Helmand province.
On 24 February, **Senior Aircraftman Luke Southgate**, aged 20, from 2 Squadron, Kandahar Airfield Defence Force, died in an explosion while on patrol North of Kandahar Airfield in Helmand province.
On 25 February, **Rifleman Martin Kinggett**, aged 19, from A Company 4 Rifles, 3 Rifles Battle Group, died in a shooting while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 26 February, **Sgt Paul Fox**, aged 34, from 28 Engineer Regiment, attached to the Brigade Reconnaissance Force, died in an explosion while on patrol in Nad Ali in Helmand province.
#### March 2010 {#march_2010}
On 1 March, **Rfn Carlo Apolis**, aged 28, from A Company, 4 Rifles, 3 Rifles Battle Group, died in a shooting while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 2 March, **Cpl Richard Green**, aged 23, from 3rd Battalion, The Rifles, Recce Platoon, died in a shooting while manning a vehicle checkpoint near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 5 March, **Rfn Jonathon Allott**, aged 19, from 3rd Battalion, The Rifles, died in an explosion while on patrol in Sangin in Helmand province.
On 6 March, **Rfn Liam Maughan**, aged 18, from 3rd Battalion, The Rifles, died in a shooting while on patrol near Malgir in Helmand province.
On 7 March, **Cpl Stephen Thompson**, aged 31, from 1st Battalion, The Rifles, serving with 3rd Battalion, The Rifles Battle Group, died in an explosion while on patrol in the Sangin area in Helmand province.
On 7 March, **L/Cpl Tom Keogh**, aged 24, from A Company, 4th Battalion, The Rifles, part of the 3 Rifles Battle Group, died in a shooting while on patrol in the Sangin area in Helmand province.
On 15 March, **Cpt Martin Driver**, aged 31, from 1st Battalion, The Royal Anglian Regiment, serving with Household Cavalry Regiment Battle Group, died in an explosion while on patrol in the Musa Qala district in Helmand province.
On 16 March, **L/Cpl Scott Hardy**, aged 26, from 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment, serving with Household Cavalry Regiment Battle Group, died in an explosion while on patrol north of Musa Qala in Helmand province.
On 16 March, **Pte James Grigg**, aged 21, from 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment, serving with Household Cavalry Regiment Battle Group, died in an explosion while on patrol north of Musa Qala in Helmand province.
On 22 March, **Sjt Steven Campbell**, aged 30, from A Company, 3rd Battalion The Rifles, part of the 3 Rifles Battle Group, died in an explosion while on patrol in Sangin in Helmand province.
On 26 March, **L/Cpl of Horse Jonathan Woodgate**, aged 27, from Household Cavalry Regiment, died in an explosion while on patrol in the Sangin area in Helmand province.
On 27 March, **Rfn Daniel Holkham**, aged 19, from 3rd Battalion The Rifles, part of the 3 Rifles Battle Group, died in an explosion while on patrol in the Sangin area in Helmand province.
#### April 2010 {#april_2010}
On 1 April, **Guardsman Michael Sweeney**, aged 19, from 1st Battalion The Coldstream Guards, died in an explosion while on patrol in Babaji in Helmand province.
On 4 April, **Rfn Mark Turner**, aged 20, from 3rd Battalion The Rifles, died in an explosion while on patrol near the Kajaki area in Helmand province.
On 7 April, **Fusilier Jonathan Burgess**, aged 21, from 1st Battalion The Royal Welsh, 3 Platoon, A Company, died in a shooting while on patrol near the Nad Ali area in Helmand province.
#### May 2010 {#may_2010}
On 2 May, **Cpl Harvey Alex Holmes**, aged 22, from 1st Battalion, The Mercian Regiment serving with 40 Commando Royal Marines Battle Group, died in an explosion while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 3 May, **Sapper Daryn Roy**, aged 28, from 21 Engineer Regiment, died in an explosion while on vehicle patrol in Nad Ali in Helmand province.
On 3 May, **L/Cpl Barry Buxton**, aged 27, from 21 Engineer Regiment, died after a road collapsed causing his vehicle to roll into a canal in Nad Ali in Helmand province.
On 9 May, **Cpl Christopher Harrison**, aged 26, from Bravo Company, 40 Commando, died in an explosion while on patrol in Sangin in Helmand province.
On 21 May, **Cpl Stephen Walker**, aged 42, from 40 Commando, died in an explosion while on patrol in Sangin in Helmand province.
On 26 May, **Gunner Zak Cusack**, aged 20, from 1st Battalion The Royal Gurkha Rifles, 4th Regiment Royal Artillery, died in a shooting while on patrol in Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 26 May, **Cpl Stephen Curley**, aged 26, from 40 Commando, died in an explosion while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 30 May, **Marine Scott Taylor**, aged 21, from Alpha Company, 40 Commando, died in an explosion while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
#### June 2010 {#june_2010}
On 2 June, **Marine Anthony Hotine**, aged 21, from Alpha Company, 40 Commando, died in an explosion while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 4 June, **L/Cpl Terry Webster**, aged 24, from 1st Battalion, The Mercian Regiment, was shot and killed while on patrol in Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 4 June, **L/Cpl Alan Cochran**, aged 23, from 1st Battalion, The Mercian Regiment, shot and killed while on patrol in Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 8 June, **Lance Bombardier Mark Chandler**, aged 32, from Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, attached to 4th Regiment Royal Artillery, shot and killed while on patrol near Nad Ali in Helmand province.
On 9 June, **Pte Jonathan Monk**, from 2nd Battalion The Princess of Wales\'s Royal Regiment, Attached to 1st Battalion The Mercian Regiment, died in an explosion while on patrol in Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 12 June, **L/Cpl Andrew Breeze**, aged 31, from 1st Battalion The Mercian Regiment, part of 1st Battalion The Royal Gurkha Rifles Battle Group, died in an explosion while on patrol in Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 14 June, **Marine James Steven Birdsall**, aged 20, from Bravo Company, 40 Commando, died in hospital in the UK after being shot while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 15 June, **Cpl Taniela Rogoiruwai**, aged 32, from 1st Battalion, The Duke of Lancaster\'s Regiment, was shot and killed while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 15 June, **Kingsman Ponipate Tagitaginimoce**, aged 29, from 1st Battalion, The Duke of Lancaster\'s Regiment, was shot and killed while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 18 June, **Trooper Ashley David Smith**, aged 21, from D Squadron, Viking Group, Royal Dragoon Guards, died in an explosion while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 20 June, **Marine Richard Hollington**, aged 23, from Bravo Company, 40 Commando, died in a hospital in the UK by an explosion while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 21 June, **Marine Paul Warren**, aged 23, from Charlie Company, 40 Commando, died in a blast by a grenade when his patrol base was attacked near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 22 June, **L/Cpl Michael Taylor**, aged 30, from Charlie Company, 40 Commando, shot and killed while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 23 June, **L/Cpl David Andrew Ramsden**, aged 26, from 1st Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment, died in a vehicle accident with three other soldiers while on patrol in Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 23 June, **Pte Alex Isaac**, aged 20, from 3rd Battalion, The Yorkshire Regiment, died in a vehicle accident with three other soldiers while on patrol in Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 23 June, **Colour Sgt Simon Martyn Horton**, aged 34, from 1st Battalion The Mercian Regiment, died in a vehicle accident with three other soldiers while on patrol in Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 23 June, **Pte Douglas Niall Halliday**, aged 20, from 1st Battalion, The Mercian Regiment, died in a vehicle accident with three other soldiers while on patrol in Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 23 June, **Sgt Steven William Darbyshire**, aged 35, from Alpha Company, 40 Commando, was shot and killed while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 26 June, **Bombardier Stephen Raymond Gilbert**, aged 36, from 4th Regiment, Royal Artillery, died in hospital in the UK due to an explosion while on patrol in Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 27 June, **Cpl Jamie Kirkpatrick**, aged 32, from 101 Engineer Regiment, shot and killed while on patrol in Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
#### July 2010 {#july_2010}
On 1 July, **Cpl Seth Stephens**, aged 42, from Special Boat Service, Royal Marines, shot and killed while on patrol near Haji Wakil in Helmand province.
On 5 July, **Pte Thomas Sephton**, aged 20, from 1st Battalion, The Mercian Regiment, died in a hospital in the UK by an explosion while on patrol near Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 5 July, **Trooper James Leverett**, aged 20, from D Squadron, Viking Group, Royal Dragoon Guards, died in an explosion while on patrol near Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 8 July, **Bombardier Samuel Robinson**, aged 31, from 5th Regiment Royal Artillery, died in an explosion while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 8 July, **Marine David Charles Hart**, aged 23, from 40 Commando, Royal Marines, died in an explosion while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 13 July, **Cpl Arjun Purja Pun**, aged 33, from 1st Battalion, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, shot and killed by an Afghan soldier while on patrol near Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 13 July, **Lt Neal Turkington**, aged 26, from 1st Battalion, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, shot and killed by an Afghan soldier while on patrol near Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 13 July, **Marine Matthew Harrison**, aged 23, from Charlie Company, 40 Commando, shot and killed while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 13 July, **Major James Joshua Bowman**, aged 34, from 1st Battalion, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, shot and killed by an Afghan soldier while on patrol near Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 16 July, **Senior Aircraftman Kinikki Griffiths**, aged 20, from the Royal Air Force, died in a crash while on patrol near Camp Bastion in Helmand province.
On 16 July, **Marine Jonathan Crookes**, aged 26, from 40 Commando, Royal Marines, died in an explosion while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
On 17 July, **Sgt David Monkhouse**, aged 35, from The Royal Dragoon Guards, died in an explosion while on patrol near Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 17 July, **Staff Sgt Brett Linley**, aged 29, from Royal Logistic Corps, died in an explosion while on patrol near Nahr-e Saraj in Helmand province.
On 21 July, **L/Cpl Matthew James Stenton**, aged 23, from The Royal Dragoon Guards, shot and killed while on patrol near Lashkar Gah in Helmand province.
On 21 July, **L/Cpl Stephen Daniel Monkhouse**, aged 28, from 1st Battalion, Scots Guards, shot and killed while on patrol near Lashkar Gah in Helmand province.
On 26 July, **Sapper Mark Antony Smith**, aged 26, from 36 Engineer Regiment, died in a suspected \"friendly fire\" incident while on patrol near Sangin in Helmand province.
#### August 2010 {#august_2010}
On 1 August, **Marine Adam Brown**, aged 25, from Alpha Company, 40 Commando, died from an explosion in Sangin, Helmand Province.
On 1 August, **L/Sgt Dale Alanzo McCallum**, aged 31, from 1st Battalion, Scots Guards, shot and killed in the Lashkar Gah district of Helmand Province.
On 7 August, **Ken McGonigle**, aged 50, a former member of the RUC, saved the life of one of the most senior US officers in Afghanistan when he was killed. He was working in Musa Qal\'eh, Helmand province with private security company New Century, when he exchanged fire with two escaped Taliban prisoners who were taking aim with a grenade launcher at a US special forces helicopter leaving a base. The 50-year-old Co Londonderry father of four was shot dead and two US Marines were subsequently killed in the fight. But the MV-22B Osprey aircraft, which can operate as both a helicopter and a turbo-prop aeroplane, escaped. It later emerged that vice admiral Robert Harward, a three-star US Navy SEAL who has been nominated to take over as deputy commander of US forces in Afghanistan, was in the aircraft. His actions later merited the award of the Queens Gallantry Medal.
On 12 August, **Rifleman Remand Kulung**, aged 27, from 1st Battalion, The Mercian Regiment, died in the UK after being injured when a helicopter crashed into his lookout position within Nahr-e Saraj, Helmand Province.
On 13 August, **Lt John Charles Sanderson**, aged 29, from G Tobruk Company, 1st Battalion, The Mercian Regiment (Cheshire) attached to 1st Battalion, The Royal Gurkha Rifles Battlegroup, died in the UK after being injured in an explosion within Nahr-e Saraj district, Helmand on 13 July 2010.
On 13 August, **Sapper Ishwor Gurung**, aged 21, from 69 Gurkha Field Squadron, 21 Engineer Regiment Group, died after being shot in Nad Ali, Helmand Province.
On 13 August, **Sapper Darren Foster**, aged 20, from 21 Engineer Regiment, shot and killed in Sangin district of Helmand province.
On 21 August, **L/Cpl Jordan Dean Bancroft**, aged 25, from 1 Platoon, Anzio Company, 1st Battalion, The Duke of Lancaster\'s Regiment, shot and killed in Afghanistan.
#### September 2010 {#september_2010}
On 5 September, **Captain Andrew Griffiths**, aged 25, from 2nd Battalion, The Duke of Lancaster\'s Regiment, died in the UK after being injured in explosion in Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province on 27 August 2010.
On 5 September, **L/Cpl Joseph Pool**, aged 26, from Royal Scots Borderers, 1st Battalion, the Royal Regiment of Scotland, killed by a rocket-propelled grenade in Nad Ali, Helmand Province.
On 10 September, **Kingsman Darren Deady**, aged 22, from 2nd Battalion, The Duke of Lancaster\'s Regiment, died in the UK after being shot in southern Afghanistan on 23 August 2010.
On 18 September, **Sgt Andrew Jones**, aged 35, from the Royal Engineers attached to Fondouk Squadron, the Queen\'s Royal Lancers, died in an explosion in Lashkar Gah, Helmand Province.
On 18 September, **Trooper Andrew Howarth**, aged 20, from the Queen\'s Royal Lancers attached to 1st Battalion, Scots Guards Battlegroup, died in an explosion west of Lashkar Gah, Helmand Province.
On 25 September, **Cpl Matthew Thomas**, aged 24, from the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, died in an explosion in the Garmsir region of Helmand Province.
#### October 2010 {#october_2010}
On 2 October, **Rifleman Suraj Gurung**, aged 22, from 1st Battalion, The Royal Gurkha Rifles, died in an explosion in Nahr-e Saraj, Helmand Province.
On 8 October, **Sergeant Peter Rayner**, aged 34, from 2nd Battalion, The Duke of Lancaster\'s Regiment, died in an explosion in the Nahr-e Saraj area of Helmand Province.
On 19 October, **Acting Corporal David Barnsdale**, aged 24, from 33 Engineer Regiment, died in an explosion east of Gereshk, Helmand Province.
On 30 October, **Sapper William Blanchard**, aged 39, from 101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment, died in an explosion in the Nahr-e Saraj North area, Helmand Province.
#### November 2010 {#november_2010}
On 7 November, **Senior Aircraftman Scott Hughes**, aged 20, from 1 Squadron, Royal Air Force Regiment, died at the Cyprus Sovereign Base Area after being hit by a speedboat while undertaking decompression duties.
On 14 November, **Ranger Aaron McCormick**, aged 22, from the Royal Irish Regiment, died in an explosion in the Nad-e Ali area of Helmand Province.
On 17 November, **Guardsman Christopher Davies**, aged 22, from 1st Battalion, Irish Guards, shot and killed in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand Province.
#### December 2010 {#december_2010}
On 5 December, **Private John Howard**, aged 23, from 3rd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment, died after being shot by a friendly aircraft.
On 21 December, **Corporal Steven Dunn**, aged 27, from 216 Parachute Signal Squadron, Royal Corps of Signals, died in an explosion in the Nahr-e Saraj district in Helmand Province.
On 28 December, **Warrant Officer Class 2 Charlie Wood**, aged 34, from 23 Pioneer Regiment, RLC, died in an explosion in the Lashkar Gah district of Helmand Province.
### January 2011 to December 2011 {#january_2011_to_december_2011}
#### January 2011 {#january_2011}
On 1 January, **Private Joseva Vatubua**, aged 24, of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, was killed in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of central Helmand. Vatubua had been part of an operation targeting known enemy firing positions north of the village of Saidabad Kalayk, when he was killed by a bomb blast from the wall of a compound.
On 25 January, **Private Martin Bell**, aged 24, of 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment, was killed by and IED bomb blast in Spoor Kalay. Private Bell had gone to the aid of another soldier who had stepped on an IED and had both of his legs blown off. Private Bell was able to apply tourniquets and stem the blood loss enough that his severely injured colleague survived. As the casualty was being evacuated, Private Bell stood on a second IED and was fatally injured. For his actions he was awarded the George Medal.
#### February 2011 {#february_2011}
On 4 February, **Ranger David Dalzell**, aged 20, of 1st Battalion The Royal Irish Regiment, was fatally wounded in an accident at Check Point Ranger in the Nad-e-Ale district of Helmand. Ranger Dalzell was shot in the chest by a colleague in what was described as tragic accident during a weapon cleaning procedure. Ranger Dalzell, who died instantly, was helping to erect a memorial to a colleague who had been killed when the incident happened.
On 5 February, **Warrant Officer Class II (Company Sergeant Major) Colin \"Tom\" Beckett**, aged 36, of 3rd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, was killed by a bomb blast in the village of Sheheed in Helmand Province.
On 9 February, **Private Lewis Hendry**, aged 20, of the 3rd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment was killed by small arms fire when his patrol came under attack in the Nad-e-Ali district of Helmand Province.
On 9 February, **Private Conrad Lewis**, aged 22, of the 4th Battalion of the Parachute Regiment was killed by small arms fire when his patrol came under attack in the Nad-e-Ali district of Helmand Province.
On 14 February, **Privates Dean Hutchinson**, aged 23, and **Rob Wood**, aged 28, both of the Royal Logistic Corps, died when a fire swept through the tent they were sleeping in whilst on overnight duty. An electrical problem was found to be the root cause of the fire in their tent at Camp Bastion in Helmand Province.
On 14 February, **Lance Corporal Kyle Cleet Marshall**, aged 23, of the 2nd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment, was killed by a bomb blast in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand Province.
#### March 2011 {#march_2011}
On 1 March, **Lance Corporal Liam Tasker**, aged 26, of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, 1st Military Working Dog Regiment, died after being engaged with small arms fire whilst on patrol. His dog, Theo, suffered a seizure and died en route back to their base in Helmand Province.
On 9 March, **Lance Corporal Stephen McKee**, aged 27, of the 1st Battalion the Royal Irish Regiment died when the vehicle he was travelling in struck a roadside bomb.
On 18 March, **Private Daniel Prior**, aged 27, of the 2nd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment, died in the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham. Private Prior had been severely injured by an IED whilst on patrol on 16 March and was flown home but succumbed to his injuries two days later.
On 23 March, **Lance Sergeant Mark Burgan**, aged 28, and **Major Matthew Collins**, aged 38, both of 1st Battalion the Irish Guards, died when the vehicle they were travelling in was blown up by a roadside bomb in Helmand Province.
On 31 March, **Colour Sergeant Alan Cameron**, aged 42, of the 1st Battalion the Scots Guards died at his home in Livingston, Scotland. He had been injured on 13 April 2010 by a roadside bomb. He had endured several operations by the time he had died and an autopsy revealed that his death was directly attributable to the wounds he sustained a year earlier.
#### April 2011 {#april_2011}
On 19 April, **Captain Lisa Head**, aged 29, became the second British servicewoman to die in Afghanistan when attempting to disarm a cluster of improvised explosive devices.
#### May 2011 {#may_2011}
On 15 May, **Marine Nigel Dean Mead**, aged 19, of 42 Commando Royal Marines, was fatally wounded by an explosion in Helmand province.
On 23 May, **Colour Serjeant Kevin Fortuna**, aged 36, of 1st Battalion The Rifles, was killed by an explosion whilst on a patrol in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand Province.
On 27 May, **Marine Sam Alexander**, aged 28, and **Lieutenant Ollie Augustin**, aged 23, both of 42 Commando Royal Marines, were killed by a bomb blast inside a compound they were searching in the Nad-e-Ali district of Helmand Province.
#### June 2011 {#june_2011}
On 3 June, **Corporal Michael John Pike**, aged 25, of The Royal Regiment of Scotland, died after receiving a gunshot wound to the head whilst operating a gun on Jackal vehicle in the Lashkar gah district of Helmand Province.
On 5 June, **Rifleman Martin Lamb**, aged 27, of 1st Battalion The Rifles died from injuries sustained in a bomb blast in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand Province.
On 5 June, **Lance Corporal Martin Gill**, aged 22, of 42 Commando Royal Marines, was fatally wounded in the neck and head whilst being the coverman for his colleagues who were conducting searches on locals in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand Province.
On 16 June, **Craftsman Andrew Found**, aged 27, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers who was serving with D Squadron (Warthog Group), Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, was killed in an explosion while on an operation near Adinza\'i in the Gereshk Valley area, within the northern Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province.
On 16 June, **Corporal Lloyd Newell**,, of the Parachute Regiment was killed by small arms fire in Helmand Province. Due to Cpl Newell\'s work, his age at the time of his death was not released.
On 18 June, **Private Gareth Bellingham**, aged 22, of the 3rd Battalion Mercian Regiment (The Staffords) was killed after coming under small arms fire as he was rushing to help an Afghan civilian who had been injured by an IED.
#### July 2011 {#july_2011}
On 4 July, **Highlander Scott McLaren**, aged 20, of the 4th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland, was found dead in Nahr-e-Saraj, central Helmand province. Highlander McLaren had left a secure area on his own to retrieve equipment left behind by the patrol earlier in the day. He was captured by the Taliban and executed.
On 16 July, **Lance Corporal Paul Watkins**, aged 24, of the 9th/12 Royal Lancers, was killed by small arms fire whilst on patrol in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand Province. It was later determined that he had been shot by a Taliban Sleeper agent dressed in an Afghan national Army uniform.
On 18 July, **Corporal Mark Palin**, aged 32, of the 1st battalion The Rifles, was killed by an IED in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand Province.
#### August 2011 {#august_2011}
On 5 August, **Marine James Wright**, aged 22, of Juliet Company, 42 Commando Royal Marines, died in Camp Bastion of wounds sustained whilst on patrol in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand Province. Marine Wright was injured when a grenade was thrown at his patrol and despite receiving medical attention and being evacuated to the hospital at Camp Bastion, he succumbed to his wounds.
On 12 August, **Lieutenant Daniel Clack**, 1st Battalion The Rifles, was killed by and IED whilst on foot patrol in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand Province. They blast also wounded four members of his patrol team.
On 30 August, **Sergeant Barry Weston** of 42 Commando, Royal Marines, was killed outright by a legacy ordnance blast in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand Province. Because the bomb had been there for a considerable amount of time, there were no groundsigns to enable its location to be observed.
#### September 2011 {#september_2011}
On 14 September, **Lance Corporal Jonathan McKinlay**, aged 33, of the 1st Battalion, The Rifles, was shot dead when his patrol came under small arms fire in the Nahr-e-Saraj District of Helmand Province.
On 19 September, **Marine David Fairbrother**, aged 24, of 42 Commando, Royal Marines, was fatally wounded in the head after his patrol came under small arms fire in the Nahr-e-Saraj district of Helmand Province.
#### October 2011 {#october_2011}
On 15 October, **Rifleman Vijay Rai**, aged 22, of the 1st Battalion Rifles Battle Group, was killed by small arms fire at a checkpoint in Helmand Province.
#### November 2011 {#november_2011}
On 3 November, **Private Matthew Haseldin**, aged 21, of the Mercian Regiment, was killed in Helmand Province when his patrol came under attack. A round entered his body from the side which was not protected by his body armour.
On 9 November, **Private Matthew Thornton**, aged 28, from 4th Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (4 YORKS) was a Territorial Army soldier who deployed to Afghanistan with Support Company, 1st Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (1 YORKS), as an element of Combined Force Lashkar Gah (The Queen\'s Royal Hussars Battle Group) in October 2011. He operated out of Checkpoint Khoorashan in the Babaji area at the northern tip of the Lashkar Gah district. Pvt Thornton\'s group and another multiple were patrolling to the north of Checkpoint Loy Mandeh in order to engage with the Afghan people and to develop a better understanding of their area. During the patrol his multiple was engaged by small arms fire and grenades. While he was manoeuvring and returning fire he was caught in the blast from an improvised explosive device and tragically was killed.
On 16 November, **Lance Corporal Peter Eustace**, aged 22, from 2nd, Battalion The Rifles deployed to Afghanistan as a mortar fire controller with Delhi Company of 1st Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment, attached to Combined Force Nahr-e Saraj (North) in Helmand province. He was killed by an improvised explosive device (IED) on 16 November 2011 while conducting a joint patrol with his company and the Afghan National Army.
On 17 November, **Lieutenant David Alexander Grant Boyce**, aged 25, and **Lance Corporal Richard Scanlon**, aged 31, both from 1st The Queen\'s Dragoon Guards were serving with the Formation Reconnaissance Squadron. They were on a patrol providing security in the Yakchal region of Nahr-e Saraj in central Helmand when their armoured vehicle struck an improvised explosive device. Tragically, both men were killed in the resulting explosion.
On 20 November, **Private Thomas Lake**, aged 29, from 1st Battalion The Princess of Wales\'s Royal Regiment, was taking part in a patrol to reassure the local population in the Jamal Kowi area of the Nahr-e Saraj district of central Helmand when he was caught in an explosion. He was airlifted to the field hospital at Camp Bastion, where he was declared killed in action.
On 27 November, **Rifleman Sheldon Steel**, aged 20, of 5th Battalion The Rifles, was killed by an improvised explosive device while on foot patrol in Babaji, in the Lashkar Gah area of Nahr-e Saraj district, Helmand province.
#### December 2011 {#december_2011}
On 8 December, **Sapper Elijah Bond**, aged 24, from 35 Engineer Regiment, died at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham on Thursday 8 December 2011. This was as a result of wounds sustained when he was injured in a blast from an improvised explosive device on 6 December.
On 22 December, **Captain Tom Jennings**, aged 29, Royal Marines, died after the vehicle he was travelling in struck an explosive device while on an operation to the south of Kabul.
On 23 December, **Squadron Leader Anthony Downing**, aged 34, RAF, was seriously wounded when the vehicle he was travelling in was caught in an explosion south of Kabul on Thursday 22 December. He was flown back to the UK where he died of his wounds at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham. His family were with him when he died. Captain Tom Jennings, Royal Marines, whose death was announced separately by the Ministry of Defence, had been travelling in the same vehicle.
On 30 December, **Private John King**, aged 19, from 1st Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment was taking part in a partnered foot patrol with Afghan National Security Forces to increase security around the village of Llara Kalay, in the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province. The patrol had identified insurgents in the area and had begun to search and clear a number of compounds in the village. The Afghan National Army members of the patrol came under fire from insurgents and the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) soldiers moved forwards to support them. During the firefight Private King was caught in the blast from an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) and was killed in action, despite the best efforts of medics at the scene.
### January 2012 to December 2012 {#january_2012_to_december_2012}
#### January 2012 {#january_2012}
On 2 January, **Rifleman Sachin Limbu**, aged 23, of B Sari Bari Company, 1st Battalion The Royal Gurkha Rifles, at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham. He died from wounds sustained on 24 January 2010 that were caused by a hidden IED.
On 24 January, **Signaller Ian Gerard Sartorius-Jones**, aged 21, from 20th Armoured Brigade Headquarters and Signal Squadron (200) at Forward Operating Base Khar Nikah in the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province, Afghanistan. He died from a gunshot wound that was not due to hostile action.
On 27 January, **Lance Corporal Gajbahadur Gurung**, aged 26, was serving with 1st Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment as part of Combined Force Nahr-e Saraj (North). He was part of an ISAF foot patrol to disrupt insurgent activity in the Khar Nikah region of the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province when he received a fatal gunshot wound.
#### February 2012 {#february_2012}
On 13 February, **Senior Aircraftsman Ryan Tomlin**, aged 21 from the RAF Regiment, 2 Squadron, RAF was taking part in a partnered patrol to reassure and interact with the local population in the western Dashte area on the edge of Nad-e-Ali district in central Helmand province when he was fatally wounded by small arms fire from an insurgent attack. He was evacuated by air to the field hospital at Camp Bastion, where he died of his wounds.
#### March 2012 {#march_2012}
On 6 March, **Sergeant Nigel Coupe**, aged 33, from 1st Battalion The Duke of Lancaster\'s Regiment, and **Corporal Jake Hartley**, aged 20, **Private Anthony Frampton**, aged 20, **Private Christopher Kershaw**, aged 19, **Private Daniel Wade**, aged 20, **Private Daniel Wilford**, aged 21 all from 3rd Battalion The Yorkshire regiment were killed in the Lashkar Gah Durai region of an operational area on the border of Helmand and Kandahar provinces. They were on a patrol to dominate the area and maintain freedom of movement when their Warrior armoured fighting vehicle was struck by an improvised explosive device resulting, tragically, in the deaths of all six personnel.
On 21 March, **Captain Rupert William Michael Bowers**, aged 26, from 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment, attached to 2nd Battalion The Rifles, operating as an advisor to the Afghan National Army was killed by a blast from an IED. Captain Bowers commanded a small team responsible for the training and development of the Afghan National Army based in Forward Operating Base Ouellette, in the Mirmandab region of Nahr-e Saraj district in Helmand province. On 21 March 2012, Captain Bowers was leading a patrol to clear a position of the threat of insurgents when he was killed in the blast from an improvised explosive device.
On 26 March, **Sergeant Luke Taylor**, aged 33, of the Royal Marines, and **Lance Corporal Michael Foley**, aged 25, of the Adjutant General\'s Corps (Staff and Personnel Support), were serving as part of Task Force Helmand when they were shot and killed at the main entrance to Lashkar Gah Main Operating Base in Helmand province.
#### April 2012 {#april_2012}
On 8 April, **Corporal Jack Stanley**, aged 26, from The Queens Royal Hussars, died at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham from wounds sustained in Afghanistan in February 2012
On 18 April, **Sapper Connor Ray**, aged 21, from 33 Engineer Regiment (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) died in hospital in Birmingham on 18 April 2012 from wounds sustained in Afghanistan. On 11 April 2012, Sapper Ray was involved in a search and clearance operation in the Nad-e-Ali district of central Helmand near to Checkpoint Kahmanan. The aim of the mission was to clear a compound previously used by insurgents, allowing the local population to safely return to the area. During this operation Sapper Ray was seriously injured in an IED strike. He received immediate medical attention before being taken to the Camp Bastion Role 3 Hospital and was later evacuated to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham.
On 27 April, **Guardsman Michael Roland**, aged 22, from 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards was killed. Guardsman Roland deployed with his company on a three-day operation to disrupt insurgent activity in a contested area in the north of Nahr-e Saraj district. On the morning of 27 April 2012 he was fatally wounded during an exchange of small arms fire. He was extracted back to the hospital in Camp Bastion but died of his injuries.
#### May 2012 {#may_2012}
On 4 May, **Corporal Andrew Steven Roberts**, aged 32, and Private Ratu Manasa Silibaravi, aged 33, were both of 23 Pioneer Regiment, The Royal Logistics Corps and attached to the 1st Battalion The Royal Welsh Battle Group, serving as part of Combined Force Burma. They were killed in an indirect fire attack on Forward Operating Base Ouellette, in the northern part of Nahr-e Saraj district.
On 12 May, **Corporal Brent John McCarthy**, aged 25, Royal Air Force, and Lance Corporal Lee Thomas Davies, aged 27, 1st Battalion Welsh Guards were killed by small arms fire while deployed as part of a Police Advisory Team to attend a meeting at the local Afghan Uniform Police headquarters near Patrol Base Attal in the Lashkar Gah district of Helmand province.
On 26 May, **Captain Stephen James Healey**, aged 29, from 1st Battalion The Royal Welsh, commanded the Combined Force Burma reconnaissance platoon and, while conducting a vehicle patrol in the north of the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province, his vehicle struck an improvised explosive device. He was given immediate first aid before being flown to the military hospital at Camp Bastion where, sadly, his death was confirmed.
#### June 2012 {#june_2012}
On 1 June, **Corporal Michael John Thacker**, aged 27, from 1st Battalion The Royal Welsh, as part of the Fire Support Group manning Observation Post \"Tir\" in the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province when he was hit by small arms fire. He received immediate medical attention and was evacuated by helicopter, but died despite the efforts of medical staff.
On 3 June, **Private Gregg Thomas Stone**, aged 20, from 3rd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment, was part of an operation to apprehend a group of insurgents who had abducted a member of the Afghan Police. It was during this operation that his unit came under fire and Private Stone was fatally wounded.
On 13 June, **Lance Corporal James Ashworth**, aged 20, from the 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards was serving as part of the Reconnaissance Platoon, 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards. He was on a patrol in the Nahri Saraj District of Helmand Province. He was leading a fire-team, clearing out compounds, when his team came under fire from Taliban armed with rifles and rocket-propelled grenades from several mud huts. Ashworth charged the huts, providing cover for his team who followed in single file behind him. After his fire-team took out most of the insurgents, Ashworth pursued the final remaining member. He crawled forward under cover of a low wall while his team provided covering fire and acted as a diversion. When he got within 5 metres (16 ft) of the enemy, he was killed as he attempted to throw a grenade. Captain Michael Dobbin, commander of the platoon, who was awarded the **Military Cross** for repeated courage throughout the operational tour, said about Ashworth, \"His professionalism under pressure and ability to remain calm in what was a chaotic situation is testament to his character. L/Cpl Ashworth was a pleasure to command and I will sorely miss his calming influence on the battlefield. Softly spoken, he stepped up to every task thrown in his direction.\" After his death, his body was taken to Camp Bastion and was then repatriated to the United Kingdom. On 16 March 2013, British media reported that Ashworth was to be posthumously awarded the **Victoria Cross** for bravery and this was confirmed by the Ministry of Defence on 18 March 2013. His citation was read out at the Grenadier Guard barracks in Aldershot. He was only the second person to be awarded the medal during the Taliban insurgency, after Bryan Budd for his actions in 2006. Ashworth is the 14th person to be awarded the **Victoria Cross** since the end of the Second World War. The **Victoria Cross** was first awarded for actions in the Crimean War of 1854--56, and is the highest British military award for bravery.
On 15 June, **Corporal Alex William Guy**, aged 37, of 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment commanded a fire support section in the Nad \'Ali district of Helmand province. His section was conducting a partnered patrol with elements of the Afghan National Army when they were caught in an insurgent ambush. Corporal Guy was leading his section forward to assist a group of Afghan soldiers who were pinned down by enemy fire when he was fatally wounded.
#### July 2012 {#july_2012}
On 1 July, **Warrant Officer Class 2 Leonard Perran Thomas**, aged 44, of the Royal Corps of Signals, **Guardsman Craig Andrew Roderick**, aged 22 and **Guardsman Apete Saunikalou Ratumaiyale Tuisovurua**, aged 28 of the 1st Battalion Welsh Guards, were part of a patrol to a checkpoint known as Kamparack Pul to help organise a meeting (shura) with the local detachment of Afghan National Civil Order Police. Having completed their task and on leaving the compound, they were attacked by small arms fire and fatally wounded. They were based in Forward Operating Base Ouellette in the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province, Afghanistan.
#### August 2012 {#august_2012}
On 9 August, **Lieutenant Andrew Robert Chesterman**, aged 26, from 3rd Battalion The Rifles, was commanding a vehicle patrol in the Nad-e-Ali district of Helmand province when the lead vehicle struck an improvised explosive device. As he moved forward to take control of the situation the patrol was engaged by insurgent small arms fire and Lieutenant Chesterman was shot. Despite the best efforts of his fellow Riflemen at the scene, the Medical Emergency Response Team and the staff at the Bastion Hospital, Lieutenant Chesterman could not be saved.
On 10 August, **Lance Corporal Matthew David Smith**, aged 26, from the Corps of Royal Engineers, was part of a troop that had been tasked to build a new checkpoint next to the Nahr-e Bughra canal in the Nad-e-Ali district of Helmand province when he was hit by small arms fire. He received immediate first aid before being evacuated by helicopter but, despite all efforts to save him, he died of his wounds.
On 17 August, **Guardsman Jamie Shadrake**, aged 20, of the Reconnaissance Platoon, 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards, died of gunshot wounds when his checkpoint was attacked by insurgents in the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province.,
#### September 2012 {#september_2012}
On 7 September, **Guardsman Karl Whittle**, aged 22, from the 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards died in Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, died from gunshot wounds sustained when his checkpoint was attacked by insurgents in the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province on 14 August 2012.
On 9 September, **Sergeant Lee Paul Davidson**, aged 32, of the Light Dragoons, as on patrol with the Afghan Uniform Police in the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province. Sergeant Davidson\'s Ridgeback, the rear vehicle of the column, struck an improvised explosive device and was fatally wounded.
On 14 September, **Lance Corporal Duane Groom**, aged 32, from Queen\'s Company, 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards, was killed in action when his vehicle struck an improvised explosive device in the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province.
On 15 September, **Sergeant Gareth Thursby**, aged 29, and **Private Thomas Wroe**, aged 18, both of 3rd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (3 YORKS), were shot and fatally wounded by a rogue Afghan Local Policeman in Checkpoint Tora in the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province.
On 21 September, **Sergeant Jonathan Eric Kups**, aged 38, from the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, died at Camp Bastion, Helmand province, southern Afghanistan. Further details have not been disclosed.
On 21 September, **Captain James Anthony Townley**, aged 29, from the Corps of Royal Engineers died in Camp Bastion, Helmand province, southern Afghanistan, from wounds sustained whilst serving at Forward Operating Base Shawqat.
On 24 September, **Captain Carl Manley**, aged 41, of the Royal Marines died at Bagram Air Force Base from what are believed to be natural causes.
#### October 2012 {#october_2012}
On 24 October, **Corporal David O\'Connor**, aged 27, from 40 Commando Royal Marines, and **Corporal Channing Day**, aged 25 from 3 Medical Regiment, were participating in a patrol with C Company, 40 Commando to conduct low level training with the Afghan Local Police. While en route to conduct that training, the patrol came under small arms fire near the village of Char Kutsa. As a result of the engagement Corporal O\'Connor was fatally injured alongside his colleague and patrol medic Corporal Day. Corporal Day was the third female member of British Forces to be killed in Afghanistan.
On 30 October, **Lieutenant Edward Drummond-Baxter**, aged 29, and **Lance Corporal Siddhanta Kunwar**, aged 28, both from 1st Battalion The Royal Gurkha Rifles, were based in Checkpoint Prrang in the southern area of the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province. Both men were attached to 40 Commando Royal Marines. They were participating in a shura (meeting) with members of the Afghan Uniform Police inside the checkpoint. On completion of the shura, they were shot and killed by a man wearing an Afghan police uniform who had been attending the meeting.
#### November 2012 {#november_2012}
On 11 November, **Captain Walter Reid Barrie**, aged 41, from 1st Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland (1 SCOTS) was taking part in a football match between British soldiers and members of the Afghan National Army at Forward Operating Base Shawqat in the Nad-e-Ali district of Helmand province when he was shot at close range by a member of the Afghan Army. He was fatally injured in the attack.
#### December 2012 {#december_2012}
### January 2013 to December 2013 {#january_2013_to_december_2013}
#### January 2013 {#january_2013}
On 7 January, **Sapper Richard Walker**, aged 23, from 28 Engineering Regiment, attached to 21 Engineering Regiment as part of the Task Force Helmand Engineering Group. Sapper Walker was shot in an apparent \"insider attack\" by a member of the Afghan National Army (ANA) at Patrol Base Hazrat in the Nahr-e Saraj district of Helmand province on Monday 7 January 2013. He was working on a construction task with other military engineers from his troop, as part of the preparations to hand the camp over to Afghan security forces, when the Afghan soldier turned his weapon on ANA and ISAF soldiers at the base. The incident resulted in a number of casualties, all of whom were extracted to the Bastion Role 3 medical facility where Sapper Walker was pronounced dead.
On 16 January, **Kingsman David Robert Shaw**, aged 23, of 1st Battalion The Duke of Lancaster\'s, sustained a gunshot wound when his checkpoint came under fire from insurgents in the Lashkar Gah district of Helmand province on 13 January 2013. He died in the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham three days later from wounds sustained in Afghanistan.
#### March 2013 {#march_2013}
On 26 March, **Lance Corporal Jamie Webb**, aged 24, of 1st Battalion The Mercian Regiment, died of wounds sustained during an insurgent attack on his base in the Nad-e-Ali district of Helmand.
#### April 2013 {#april_2013}
On 30 April, **Corporal William Savage**, aged 30, **Fusilier Samuel Flint**, aged 21, both of the 2nd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland, Royal Highland Fusiliers, **Private Robert Hetherington**, aged 25, of 7th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland, 51st Highland, were killed when their Mastiff struck an IED. These were the first British deaths in a Mastiff armoured vehicle.
#### October 2013 {#october_2013}
On 15 October, **Lance Corporal James Brynin**, aged 22, an intelligence Corps soldier attached to 14th Signal Regiment (Electronic warfare), was killed after coming under fire in Nahr-e Saraj. At an inquest into his death being conducted in January 2017, it was formally stated that LCpl Brynin was fatally wounded by a fellow British Army soldier in a \"Blue on Blue\" incident. However, the soldier that shot Brynin would not face criminal prosecutions over the incident.
#### November 2013 {#november_2013}
On 5 November, **Warrant Officer Class 2 Ian Fisher**, aged 42, from 3rd Battalion The Mercian Regiment, killed by vehicle-borne suicide attack while on patrol.
#### December 2013 {#december_2013}
On 23 December, **Captain Richard Holloway** Royal Engineers (att SBS), aged 29, was killed in combat in the East of Kabul
### January 2014 to December 2015 {#january_2014_to_december_2015}
#### March 2014 {#march_2014}
On 5 March, **Sapper Adam Moralee**, aged 23, from 32 Engineer Regiment, died preparing engineer plant equipment for redeployment within Camp Bastion. Moralee was killed instantly when the bucket on the earthmover that he and his team were cleaning moved downwards and one of its teeth speared him between the shoulder blades. In April 2017, two members of the cleaning team were sentenced at a military court in Catterick to nine months in prison (for the lance corporal in charge) and an 18-month suspended prison term with a curfew for the operative who moved the lever in the cab and made the bucket fall. Both were initially charged with manslaughter, but were both convicted on a lesser charge of negligence.
#### April 2014 {#april_2014}
On 26 April, **Captain Thomas Clarke**, aged 30, **Flight Lieutenant Rakesh Chauhan**, aged 29, **Warrant Officer Class 2 Spencer Faulkner**, aged 38, **Corporal James Walters**, aged 36 and **Lance Corporal Oliver Thomas**, aged 26, died in a Lynx helicopter crash in Takhta Pul district within Kandahar Province.
#### July 2015 {#july_2015}
On 23 July, **Lance Corporal Michael Campbell**, aged 32, from 3 Royal Welsh, died at Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham from wounds sustained in Afghanistan on 3 April 2012 .
#### October 2015 {#october_2015}
On 11 October, **Flight Lieutenant Geraint Roberts** and **Flight Lieutenant Alex Scott**, both of 230 Squadron Royal Air Force, died when the Puma helicopter they were piloting crashed in Kabul.
### January 2016 to December 2020 {#january_2016_to_december_2020}
#### February 2020 {#february_2020}
On 22 February, **Private Joseph Berry**, aged 21, from 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment, died of a non-combat related injury while on operations in Kabul.
## Political impact {#political_impact}
British casualties in Afghanistan have had a major political impact, although not as significant as the impact of British casualties in Iraq. This is mainly because the three main British political parties (Labour, Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats) all support British operations in the country. However British casualties in the middle of 2006 did lead to the government\'s decision to reinforce the British contingent.
Toward the end of 2008 the numbers of troops being killed or seriously injured while travelling in lightly armoured Snatch Land Rovers in both Iraq and Afghanistan raised questions in the United Kingdom Parliament about the suitability of the vehicles for use in these theatres. Members of the public and families of killed and injured servicemen have campaigned about perceived problems with these vehicles including an online petition to the office of the prime minister.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
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IATA delay codes
|
**IATA delay codes** were created to standardise the reporting by airlines of commercial flight departure delays. Previously, every airline had its own system, which made the sharing and aggregation of flight delay information difficult. IATA standardised the flight delay reporting format by using codes that attribute cause and responsibility for the delay; this supports aviation administration and logistics and helps to define any penalties arising. These codes are used in movement messages sent electronically by SITA from the departure airport to the destination airport and also in the internal administration of the airlines, airports and ground handling agents.
An aircraft held on the ground incurs costs, consequently airlines plan operations to minimise ground time. It is common practice for airlines and aircraft ground handling to have contracts based on a bonus--malus system, penalising the causative agent for delays caused. Delay code properties cover nine category sets for delay. Each category set can be described using either a two-digit number code or a two letter alpha code; most airlines use the numeric format, but some prefer the alpha. Messaging standards, such as the **AHM 780 Aircraft Movement Message** specification, specify that only the numeric codes should be used. Many airlines further subdivide the IATA codes with an additional character, for more granular delay analysis, but these are not standardized. In the **AHM 780** specification, the two-character numeric-only codes are sent in the *DL* and *EDL* elements along with the time assigned to each code (e.g. *DL31/62/0005/0015* showing reason 31 for 5 mins and reason 62 for 15 minutes), and the three-character alphanumeric codes are sent in the *DLA* element (e.g. *DLA31C/62A//* showing subreason *C* for code 31 and subreason *A* for code 62).
## Delay codes starting with 0 (internal) {#delay_codes_starting_with_0_internal}
Delay codes starting with 0 are used for internal airline purposes. Airlines are free to define these codes and to determine particular application fields.
However the following codes are standard, even if some airlines do not use them and create their own customized delay codes:
- **00**--**05**: These codes are left blank so that each airline may develop codes specifically to meet their own individual requirements, e.g., **03**: \"Three-class system\" moving curtain.
- **06 (OA)**: No gate/stand availability due to own airline activity
- **07**: Aircraft connection by maintenance
- **08**: Aircraft connection by miscellaneous, traffic, marketing flight operations, ground handling, cabin services, etc.
- **09 (SG)**: Scheduled ground time less than declared minimum ground time
## Delay codes starting with 1 (passenger/baggage) {#delay_codes_starting_with_1_passengerbaggage}
These Codes are used to describe delays caused by Passenger and Baggage handling.
- **11 (PD)**: Late check-in, acceptance of passengers after deadline
- **12 (PL)**: Late check-in, congestion in check-in area
- **13 (PE)**: Check-in error
- **14 (PO)**: Oversales, booking errors
- **15 (PH)**: Boarding, discrepancies and paging, missing checked-in passenger at gate
- **16 (PS)**: Commercial Publicity, Passenger Convenience, VIP, Press, Ground meals and missing personal items
- **17 (PC)**: Catering order, late or incorrect order given to supplier
- **18 (PB)**: Baggage processing, sorting, etc.
- **19 (PW)**: Reduced Mobility, Boarding/Deboarding of passengers with reduced mobility
## Delay codes starting with 2 (cargo/mail) {#delay_codes_starting_with_2_cargomail}
These Codes are used to describe delays caused by Cargo (21-26) and Mail Handling (27-29).
- **21 (CD)**: Documentation, errors, etc.
- **22 (CP)**: Late positioning
- **23 (CC)**: Late acceptance
- **24 (CI)**: Inadequate packing
- **25 (CO)**: Oversales, booking errors
- **26 (CU)**: Late preparation in warehouse
- **27 (CE)**: Mail Oversales, packing, etc.
- **28 (CL)**: Mail Late positioning
- **29 (CA)**: Mail Late acceptance
## Delay codes starting with 3 (handling) {#delay_codes_starting_with_3_handling}
These Codes are used to describe delays caused by aircraft and ramp handling
- **31 (GD)**: Aircraft documentation late or inaccurate, weight and balance (Loadsheet), general declaration, passenger manifest, etc.
- **32 (GL)**: Loading, Unloading, bulky/special load, cabin load, lack of loading staff
- **33 (GE)**: Loading Equipment, lack of or breakdown, e.g. container pallet loader, lack of staff
- **34 (GS)**: Servicing Equipment, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. steps
- **35 (GC)**: Aircraft Cleaning
- **36 (GF)**: Fuelling, Defuelling, fuel supplier
- **37 (GB)**: Catering, late delivery or loading
- **38 (GU)**: ULD, Containers, pallets, lack of or breakdown
- **39 (GT)**: Technical equipment, lack of or breakdown, lack of staff, e.g. pushback
## Delay codes starting with 4 (technical) {#delay_codes_starting_with_4_technical}
These codes are used to describe technical delay reasons.
- **41 (TD)**: Aircraft defects
- **42 (TM)**: Scheduled maintenance, late release
- **43 (TN)**: Non-scheduled maintenance, special checks and / or additional works beyond normal maintenance
- **44 (TS)**: Spares and maintenance equipment, lack of or breakdown
- **45 (TA)**: AOG (Aircraft on ground for technical reasons) Spares, to be carried to another station
- **46 (TC)**: Aircraft change for technical reasons
- **47 (TL)**: Standby aircraft, lack of planned standby aircraft for technical reasons
- **48 (TV)**: Scheduled cabin configuration and version adjustment
## Delay codes starting with 5 (damage/failure) {#delay_codes_starting_with_5_damagefailure}
These Codes are used to describe damage to aircraft and automated equipment failure.
- **51 (DF)**: Damage during flight operations, bird or lightning strike, turbulence, heavy or overweight landing
- **52 (DG)**: Damage during ground operations, collisions (other than during taxiing), loading/offloading damage, contamination, towing, extreme weather conditions.
- **55 (ED)**: Departure Control System, Check-in, weight and balance (loadcontrol), computer system error, baggage sorting, gate-reader error or problems
- **56 (EC)**: Cargo preparation/documentation system
- **57 (EF)**: Flight plans
- **58 (EO)**: Other computer systems
## Delay codes starting with 6 (operation) {#delay_codes_starting_with_6_operation}
These codes are assigned to Operations and Crew caused delays.
- **61 (FP)**: Flight plan, late completion or change of flight documentation
- **62 (FF)**: Operational requirements, fuel, load alteration
- **63 (FT)**: Late crew boarding or departure procedures
- **64 (FS)**: Flight deck crew shortage, Crew rest
- **65 (FR)**: Flight deck crew special request or error not within operational requirements
- **66 (FL)**: Late cabin crew boarding or departure procedures
- **67 (FC)**: Cabin crew shortage
- **68 (FA)**: Cabin crew error or special request
- **69 (FB)**: Captain request for security check, extraordinary
## Delay codes starting with 7 (weather) {#delay_codes_starting_with_7_weather}
These Codes explain weather caused delays.
- **71 (WO)**: Departure station
- **72 (WT)**: Destination station
- **73 (WR)**: En route or Alternate
- **75 (WI)**: De-Icing of aircraft, removal of ice/snow, frost prevention
- **76 (WS)**: Removal of snow/ice/water/sand from airport/runway
- **77 (WG)**: Ground handling impaired by adverse weather conditions
## Delay codes starting with 8 (air traffic control) {#delay_codes_starting_with_8_air_traffic_control}
These Codes are used for Air Traffic Control (ATC) Restrictions (81-84) and Airport or Governmental Authorities caused delays.
- **81 (AT)**: ATC restriction en-route or capacity
- **82 (AX)**: ATC restriction due to staff shortage or equipment failure en-route
- **83 (AE)**: ATC restriction at destination
- **84 (AW)**: ATC restriction due to weather at destination
- **85 (AS)**: Mandatory security
- **86 (AG)**: Immigration, Customs, Health
- **87 (AF)**: Airport Facilities, parking stands, ramp congestion, buildings, gate limitations, \...
- **88 (AD)**: Restrictions at airport of destination, airport/runway closed due obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights, \...
- **89 (AM)**: Restrictions at airport of departure, airport/runway closed due obstruction, industrial action, staff shortage, political unrest, noise abatement, night curfew, special flights, start-up and pushback, \...
## Delay codes starting with 9 (miscellaneous) {#delay_codes_starting_with_9_miscellaneous}
Codes used for reactionary reasons or Miscellaneous.
- **91 (RL)**: Passenger or Load Connection, awaiting load or passengers from another flight. Protection of stranded passengers onto a new flight.
- **92 (RT)**: Through Check-in error, passenger and baggage
- **93 (RA)**: Aircraft rotation, late arrival of aircraft from another flight or previous sector
- **94 (RS)**: Cabin crew rotation
- **95 (RC)**: Crew rotation, awaiting crew from another flight (flight deck or entire crew)
- **96 (RO)**: Operations control, rerouting, diversion, consolidation, aircraft change for reasons other than technical
- **97 (MI)**: Industrial action within own airline
- **98 (MO)**: Industrial action outside own airline, excluding ATS
- **99 (MX)**: Miscellaneous, not elsewhere specified
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7,123,155 |
Norman Lockyer Observatory
|
The **Norman Lockyer Observatory**, the Lockyer Technology Centre, and the Planetarium (jointly NLO), is a public access optical observatory 1 mi east of Sidmouth, East Devon in South West England. It houses a number of historical optical telescopes, including the Lockyer Telescope, and is operated by Norman Lockyer Observatory Society (NLOS).
## History
The observatory was founded by Joseph Norman Lockyer in 1912 when he retired to Sidmouth following the closure of the South Kensington Observatory, of which Lockyer was Director. Originally known as Hill Observatory, the observatory was renamed Norman Lockyer Observatory after his death in 1920. Thomazine Mary Lockyer *a.k.a.* \"Lady Lockyer\", took a strong interest in the observatory and made gifts to it. She was elected to the Royal Astronomical Society in 1923.
The Observatory\'s historic instruments are associated with Lockyer\'s pioneering work on star temperature which led to theories of stellar evolution and the foundation of astrophysics.
The facility was operated by the University of Exeter between 1948 and 1984. In 1984 East Devon District Council became the owner/trustee of the observatory and after a period of renovation leased it to Norman Lockyer Observatory Society (NLOS) in 1995. An exhibition area and 60-seat planetarium was added in 1996 and a 100-seat convention center for lectures and academic conferences added in 2005. The Connaught Dome, which incorporates \'Lockyer Technology Centre\' (the observatory\'s radio astronomy facility), was opened in 2012.
The observatory is staffed by volunteers, and regularly open to the public on published afternoons and evenings.
## Instruments
The observatory provides modern telescopes with computer enhanced imaging, maintains some of the nation\'s most historic astronomical instruments and enjoys a relatively dark night sky with a southerly aspect across the sea. There are five domes:
- \'Mond\', housing the 6¼-inch Lockyer Telescope. Built in 1871, this optical refractor telescope is on a German equatorial mount. Norman Lockyer used the objective lens from this telescope to discover helium in 1868 (before the lens was used in the telescope).
- \'Kensington\', housing the Kensington Telescope. Built in 1881 for the Solar Physics Observatory, London, this dual refractor telescope has a 10\" tube for observation and 9\" tube with attached prism and plate glass camera for spectroscopy.
- \'McClean\', housing the McClean Telescope, donated to the observatory by Francis McClean in 1912. Built in 1897 by the Grubb Telescope Company, it is a dual refractor consisting of a 12\" tube and attachment for a plate glass camera, and a 10\" tube for observing. Associated with this telescope is the Cooke Siderostat which projects the Sun\'s optical spectrum and Fraunhofer absorption lines within the Dome annex.
- \'Connaught\', housing a 20\" reflector and the observatory\'s radio astronomy facility (Lockyer Technology Centre).
- \'Victoria\', housing a 12\" reflector.
The observatory is particularly well situated for spectral analysis in astronomy, which requires a clear sky over the whole optical spectrum, as it enjoys a relatively \"clean\" sky to the east and south across the sea. The atmosphere is usually free of air pollution and light pollution and, as the sea has a uniform temperature, the air is also free of rising currents which can distort optical images.
The observatory is active in both optical and radio astronomy and has an [astro imaging group](http://518241.xobor.com/), a technology group, a meteorology and weather satellite facility and a science history group. The observatory\'s radio call sign is \'GB2NLO\' for special events at the observatory.
It cooperates with undergraduate courses of the University of Exeter, the University of Plymouth and the Open Universities, and is available for scientific and educational development projects. The observatory is home to the annual South West Astronomy Fair on the second Saturday in August. The observatory celebrated its centenary in 2012, with commemorative events throughout the year, as well as the openings of the Connaught Dome (20\" reflector) and Lockyer Technology Centre by Brian May.
The observatory holds a library, including glass spectral plates. An archive of Lockyer\'s papers is held at the University of Exeter.
## Society
The observatory is home to the astronomical society \"Norman Lockyer Observatory Society (NLOS)\", founded in 1995. It is a registered charity with the principal activities of promoting the public understanding of science, technology and astronomy and supporting science education in schools and universities. The facility is financed solely by its membership, private donations and income derived from Public Open Days. No funding is received from national or local government agencies nor does it receive ongoing grants from any organisation.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
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Edmundas Antanas Rimša
|
**Edmundas Antanas Rimša** (December 15, 1948 in Skirai, Rokiškis district) is a Lithuanian historian, specialist of heraldics, sfragistics and genealogy.
## Biography
In 1977, Rimša graduated from Vilnius University and began working at the Ministry of Culture of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1981, he began working at the Lithuanian History Institute. In 1993 he received Ph.D. for his doctoral thesis *Coat of Arms in the History of Lithuanian Cities*. He has been teaching at Vilnius University (from 1991) and Vytautas Magnus University (in 1995--98). Rimša works as a consultant at Vilnius Academy of Fine Arts and as an expert of coins design at the Bank of Lithuania.
Rimša is a member of the editorial board of academic journals *Lietuvos istorijos metraštis* (Lithuanian History Annals) and *Numizmatika*, published by the Lithuanian National Museum. He is a member of the Poland Heraldry Association and the chairman of the Lithuanian Heraldry Commission.
For his book *Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės miestų antspaudai*, he was awarded the Knight\'s Cross of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas.
## Important works {#important_works}
Rimša has published more than 70 scientific articles, and over 100 popular articles.
Books:
1. *Heraldika. Iš praeities į dabartį*, 2004, 184 p. Translated into English as (*Heraldry: Past to present* in 2005).
2. *Kauno miesto herbas XV--XX a.* 1994.
3. *Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės miestų antspaudai.* 1999, 765 p.
4. *Lietuvos heraldika*, vol. 1--2, compiled by E. Rimša, 1998--2004 (192 and 240 p.).
5. *Lietuvos miestų istorijos šaltiniai*, vol. 1--2, compiled by Z. Kiaupa ir E. Rimša, 1988--1992 (166 and 208 p.)
6. *The Heraldry of Lithuania*, compiled and arranged by E. Rimša, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 1998, bk. 1, 192 p.
7. *Lietuvos Metrika.* Knyga Nr. 556: (1791--1792); Viešųjų reikalų knyga 35, by A. Baliulis, R. Firkovičius, E. Rimša, 2005, 200 p.
8. *Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Vytauto anspaudai ir žemių heraldika.* 2016, 192 p.
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Italian cruiser Eugenio di Savoia
|
*Pandoc failed*: ```
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```
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,190 |
Sarah Carter
|
**Sarah Sanguin Carter** (born October 30, 1980) is a Canadian actress, singer, writer and director. She is known for her recurring role as Alicia Baker in the superhero series *Smallville* (2004--2005), Madeleine Poe in *Shark* (2006--2008), and main role as Maggie May in the TNT science fiction series *Falling Skies* (2011--2015).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sarah Carter was born in Toronto and raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba. She was a student in the prestigious Royal Winnipeg Ballet and an accomplished member of the debate team. She competed in various countries including Austria, England, and Argentina.
After graduating high school, Carter moved to Switzerland where she studied fine arts at Neuchâtel Junior College for one year. She subsequently attended Ryerson Theatre School in Toronto. Later, Carter took time off from acting, spending time in India and Cuba, where she worked in an orphanage.
On June 19, 2011, Carter was one of thirty-five climbers who scaled Mount Shasta to raise money for the Breast Cancer Fund, for which she is a spokesperson. She has also hiked the West Coast Trail.
Carter is married to Kevin Barth, whom she wed in 2014. They have a daughter born in 2017. In 2024, Carter announced that she became an American citizen.
## Career
### Acting
Carter\'s early television career included appearances in *Wolf Lake*, *Dark Angel*, and *Undeclared*, and she was also cast in *Final Destination 2*. She also appeared in three episodes of *Smallville*, in which she played Alicia Baker, who has a romantic relationship with Clark Kent (Tom Welling). In 2006, Carter starred in the film *DOA: Dead or Alive*, playing the character Helena Douglas, a fighter who enters a martial arts contest.
Carter\'s later television career has included playing the character Madeline Poe, a rookie prosecutor in *Shark* between 2006 and 2008, appearing in all 38 episodes of the series. In 2009, she also appeared in *CSI: NY*, as the character Haylen Becall, a forensic school graduate.
Carter became a regular character, Maggie May, on the TNT series *Falling Skies*, which debuted in June 2011. An apocalyptic alien invasion story, season 2 began on June 17, 2012 and concluded on August 19, 2012. Season 3 premiered June 9, 2013. On the heels of *Falling Skies* airing its series finale in 2015, Carter booked a recurring arc on CBS' *Hawaii Five-0* as a potential love interest to Steve McGarrett (Alex O\'Loughlin).
### Music
Carter released a solo album, *Before Three*, in December 2009. She is part of the duo SanguinDrake, founded in 2010. `{{As of|2012|December}}`{=mediawiki}, the band has released four self-produced music videos on their website. On May 12, 2012, SanguinDrake released their first album *Pretty Tricks*.
### Directing
Carter wrote and produced her feature directing debut film, *In Her Name*, which premiered at the 2022 Tribeca Film Festival. The film won an Audience Award, and was released in June 2024 by Tribeca Films, Giant Pictures, and Drafthouse Films.
## Acting Credits {#acting_credits}
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------
2001 *Mindstorm* Rayanna Armitage
*Wishmaster 3: Beyond the Gates of Hell* Melissa Bell
2002 *K-9: P.I.* Babe
2003 *Final Destination 2* Shaina
2004 *Haven* Chanel
2005 *Berkeley* Alice
2006 *Skinwalkers* Katherine
*DOA: Dead or Alive* Helena Douglas
*Pledge This!* Kristen Haas
2007 *Killing Zelda Sparks* Zelda Sparks
2009 *Red Mist* Kim
*Misconceptions* Lucy
2012 data-sort-value=\"Vow, The\" \| *The Vow* Diane
*Tripping Tommy* Maggie
2014 *Guardian* Paquita
2016 data-sort-value=\"Guru and The Gypsy, The\" \| *The Guru and The Gypsy* Maggie Turner
2019 *Business Ethics* Veronica
2020 *Pearl* Helen
2022 *In Her Name* Mother Also director, producer and writer
2023 *Nosferatu* Ellen Hutter
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------------
2000 *Cold Squad* Libby Logan Episode: \"Root Cause\"
2001 data-sort-value=\"Immortal, The\" \| *The Immortal* Ellie Episode: \"The Good Squire\"
*Los Luchadores* Maria Valentine Main role (16 episodes)
*Trapped* Claire Thorensen Television film
*Wolf Lake* Brianna Episode: \"The Changing\"
*Dark Angel* Katarina Episode: \"Boo\"
2002 *Undeclared* Evie Episode: \"The Perfect Date\"
data-sort-value=\"Sausage Factory, The\" \| *The Sausage Factory* Valerie Episode: \"Hang Ups\"
2003 *Black Sash* Allie Bennett Main role (8 episodes)
data-sort-value=\"Twilight Zone, The\" \| *The Twilight Zone* Amber Episode: \"Sunrise\"
data-sort-value=\"Date with Darkness, A\" \| *A Date with Darkness* Sarah Television film
2004--2005 *Smallville* Alicia Baker 3 episodes
2005 *Boston Legal* Tracey Green Episode: \"It Girls and Beyond\"
*Entourage* Cassie Episode: \"The Sundance Kids\"
*Numb3rs* Nadine Hodges 3 episodes
2006--2008 *Shark* Madeleine Poe Main role (38 episodes)
2008 *Confessions of a Go-Go Girl* Angela Lucas Television film
*Dirty Sexy Money* Wrenn Darcy 2 episodes
data-sort-value=\"Cleaner, The\" \| *The Cleaner* Liz Episode: \"Standing Eight\"
2009 *CSI: NY* Haylen Becall 3 episodes
2010 *White Collar* Pierce Episode: \"Home Invasion\"
2011 *Salem Falls* Addie Peabody Television film
2011--2015 *Falling Skies* Margaret \"Maggie\" May Main role (50 episodes)
2013 data-sort-value=\"Toyman Killer, The\" \| *The Toyman Killer* Kate Kovic Television film
2014 *One Starry Christmas* Holly Jensen Television film
2015 *Rogue* DEA Agent Harper Deakins Main role (20 episodes)
*Buried Secrets* Sarah Winters Television film
*Hawaii Five-0* Lynn Downey 4 episodes
2018 *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit* Lilah Finch Episode: \"Accredo\"
2019 data-sort-value=\"Flash, The\" \| *The Flash* Grace Gibbons / Cicada II 6 episodes
2025 data-sort-value=\"Family Business: New Orleans, The\" \| *The Family Business: New Orleans* Sheriff Clay Main role (8 episodes)
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
Year Award Category Work Result
------ -------------------- ------------------- ------------- -------- --
2019 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Villain *The Flash*
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7,123,191 |
Giulio Cesare Procaccini
|
**Giulio Cesare Procaccini** (1574--1625) was an Italian painter and sculptor of the early Baroque era in Milan.
## Biography
Born in Bologna he was son of the Mannerist painter Ercole Procaccini the Elder and brother of Camillo Procaccini and Carlo Antonio Procaccini. The family moved to Milan around 1585 with the help of the rich art collector Pirro Visconti.
He began as a sculptor in the Cathedral and in the Milanese church of Santa Maria presso San Celso. In 1610 he painted six of the *Quadroni*, large canvases celebrating Saint Charles Borromeo.
Among his many altarpieces are the *Circumcision* (c.1616) now in Galleria Estense, Modena, and the *Last Supper* (1616) for Convent associated with the Basilica della Santissima Annunziata del Vastato in Genoa. He also painted the *Scourging of Christ*. In 1620 for the Church of Santa Maria di Canepanova in Pavia he painted two canvases depicting *Debora who has the army gather* and *Rachel with Jacob* at the well and, still in the same city, *Saint Teresa* for the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie.
He worked with Giovanni Battista Crespi (*il Cerano*) and Pier Francesco Mazzucchelli (*il Morazzone*) following the directions of Cardinal Federico Borromeo, patron of the arts and cousin of Charles Borromeo.From that time there is a beautiful garland that Procaccini made in collaboration with the Flemish painter Jan Brueghel, who was also working for Cardinal Borromeo at that time, belongs to the Prado Museum collections and comes from the Spanish royal collection. He also painted small religious canvases for rich families, in Milan and in Genoa, where he saw the works of Rubens.
His style shows the influence of Bolognese mannerism and Venetian colorism and marks the beginning of the Baroque.
## Gallery
<File:Procaccini> - Ecce Homo.jpg\|*Ecce Homo*, 1615--1620, Dallas Museum of Art <File:Artgate> Fondazione Cariplo - Doneda Giovanni Stefano, Predica di San Giovanni Battista.jpg\|Predica di San Giovanni Battista <File:LA> ORACIÓN EN EL HUERTO (GIULIO CESARE PROCACCINI) (RESTAURADA).jpg\|*The Agony in the garden*, 1616--1620, Prado Museum, Madrid. <File:Procaccini1.jpg>\|*The Mystical Marriage of Saint Catherine*, Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium <File:Jan> Brueghel (I) - Wreath with Virgin and Child and Two Angels.jpg\|Garland with the Virgin and Child and two Angels, in collaboration with Jan Brueghel the Elder. c. 1619. Prado Museum, Madrid.
## Partial anthology {#partial_anthology}
- *Coronation of the Virgin* [1](http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=827)
- *Virgin with Saints Francis and Dominic; institution of the Rosary* [2](http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_Of_Art/viewOne.asp?dep=11&viewMode=1&item=1979.209)
- *Ecce Homo, 1615--1620, today at the Dallas Museum of Art* [3](http://dallasmuseumofart.org:8080/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/search$0040/0?t:state:flow=669429ad-6dc7-4d48-aa5a-85eafaa8c13a)`{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki}
## Other projects {#other_projects}
Category:1574 births Category:1625 deaths Category:16th-century Italian painters Category:Italian male painters Category:17th-century Italian painters Category:Painters from Milan Category:Painters from Bologna Category:Italian Baroque painters
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Eswort Coombs
|
**Eswort Lorenzo Brian Coombs** (born 28 November 1972) is a retired track and field sprinter from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines who specialized in the 400 metres.
In addition to 400 m he holds the national record in 4 x 400 metres relay with 3:06.52 minutes, achieved with teammates Thomas Dickson, Eversley Linley, Erasto Sampson during the heats at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Coombs was an All-American for the Ohio State Buckeyes track and field team, anchoring their 4 × 400 m relay to a 7th-place finish at the 1997 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships.
## Achievements
Representing `{{VIN}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------
1994
1995
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7,123,202 |
Paula Red
|
**Paula Red** (or **Paulared**) Discovered by Lewis Arends near Sparta, Michigan in 1960. It was near other wild apple seedlings growing near a ravine where apples had been dumped. Tests run by experts show its parents to be McIntosh and Duchess. Paulareds mature after Duchess and before McIntosh. Hilltop Nurseries held the patent for Paulareds. They had a contest to name the apple, with Paulared being chosen to honor "Luke" Arends\'s wife Pauline.
## Appearance and flavor {#appearance_and_flavor}
Paulared apples are bright red with some yellow and tan spots; the skin often has a dusty sheen. They have a sprightly taste, not too sweet and not too tart, vinous and slightly reminiscent of strawberries. It has a firm white flesh that becomes soft and mealy extremely quickly as its season declines. Paula Red apples are suitable for both eating fresh and cooking, although they become extremely soft when cooked, which suits them to some dishes (applesauce) and not others (pies).
## History
The first Paulared apple tree was discovered in 1960 by grower Lewis Arends near a McIntosh block in his orchard in Sparta Township, Kent County, Michigan. He named the apple after his wife, Pauline. Paulared apples appeared on the market in 1968.
## Season
The Paulared apple is available from late August into October. It ripens with, and is often mistaken for, Tydeman\'s Early Worcester, another variety of McIntosh.
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7,123,205 |
Steen Nedergaard
|
**Steen Nedergaard** (born 25 February 1970) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a full-back.
Nedergaard spent the majority of his career in Denmark with Odense BK. He gained 14 caps for the Danish under-21 national side, and was lauded as 1990 Danish *under-21 Player of the Year*. In the summer of 2000, he signed a three-year contract with Norwich City F.C. in England. His first season was wrecked by injuries, however in his second season he found good form and came second in the vote for Norwich City player of the year. The team reached the final of the English Division One play-offs, however Nedergaard missed the play-off matches after suffering another injury.
At the end of his third season in England, Nedergaard opted to return to Denmark and signed again for Odense BK. He maintained connections with Norwich City and was instrumental in persuading compatriot Thomas Helveg to return to Odense in the summer of 2004.
From 2005 to 2006 he was the manager of Hvidovre IF.
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7,123,211 |
The Battle of San Romano
|
***The Battle of San Romano*** is a set of three paintings by the Florentine painter Paolo Uccello depicting events that took place at the Battle of San Romano between Florentine and Sienese forces in 1432. They are significant as revealing the development of linear perspective in early Italian Renaissance painting, and are unusual as a major secular commission. The paintings are in egg tempera on wooden panels, each over 3 metres long. According to the National Gallery, the panels were commissioned by a member of the Bartolini Salimbeni family in Florence sometime between 1435 and 1460. The paintings were much admired in the 15th century; Lorenzo de\' Medici so coveted them that he purchased one and had the remaining two forcibly removed to the Palazzo Medici. They are now divided between three collections, the National Gallery, London, the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, and the Musée du Louvre, Paris.
## Subject
The three paintings are:
<File:San> Romano Battle (Paolo Uccello, London) 01.jpg\|***Niccolò Mauruzi da Tolentino at the Battle of San Romano*** (probably c. 1438--1440), egg tempera with walnut oil and linseed oil on poplar, 182 × 320 cm, National Gallery, London. <File:Uccello_—_the_Battle_of_San_Romano.jpg>\|***Niccolò Mauruzi da Tolentino unseats Bernardino della Carda at the Battle of San Romano**\'\' (dating uncertain, c. 1435--1455), tempera on wood, 182 × 320 cm, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence <File:Paolo_Uccello_—_The_Decisive_Attack_of_Micheletto_Attendolo_at_San_Romano.jpg>\|***The Counterattack of Michelotto da Cotignola at the Battle of San Romano**\'\' (c. 1455), wood panel, 182 × 317 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris
The Uffizi panel was probably designed to be the central painting of the triptych and is the only one signed by the artist. The sequence most widely agreed among art historians is: London, Uffizi, Louvre, although others have been proposed. They may represent different times of day: dawn (London), mid-day (Florence) and dusk (Paris) -- the battle lasted eight hours.
In the London painting, Niccolò da Tolentino, with his large gold and red patterned hat, is seen leading the Florentine cavalry. He had a reputation for recklessness, and doesn\'t even wear a helmet, though he sent two messengers (the departure of the two messengers, depicted centre, top) to tell his allied army of Attendolo to hurry to his aid as he is facing a superior force. In the foreground, broken lances and a dead soldier are carefully aligned into orthogonals, so as to create an impression of perspective. Similar to that of a tapestry, the landscape rises up in a picture plane as opposed to receding deeply into space. This illusion of a backdrop and a perspective theme resembling a stage, depicts the war as a theatrical ceremony. The three paintings were designed to be hung high on three different walls of a room, and the perspective designed with that height in mind, which accounts for many apparent anomalies in the perspective when seen in photos or at normal gallery height.
Many areas of the paintings were covered with gold and silver leaf. While the gold leaf, such as that found on the decorations of the bridles, has remained bright, the silver leaf, found particularly on the armour of the soldiers, has oxidized to a dull grey or black. The original impression of the burnished silver would have been dazzling. All of the paintings, especially that in the Louvre, have suffered from time and early restoration, and many areas have lost their modelling.
The panels were a subject in the BBC series *The Private Life of a Masterpiece* (2005).
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7,123,215 |
Vomeronasal cartilage
|
The **vomeronasal cartilage** (or **Jacobson\'s cartilage**) is a narrow strip of cartilage, low on the medial wall of the nasal cavity. It lies between the septal nasal cartilage and the vomer. The cartilage lies below, but is not connected to, the rudimentary vomeronasal organ.
Ludwig Lewin Jacobson (1783--1843), a Danish anatomist, named this structure in 1809.
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7,123,217 |
Dark Ronald
|
**Dark Ronald** (1905 -- 1928) was an English bred Thoroughbred racehorse and sire with a global influence on the breeding of Thoroughbreds and sport horses, with many show jumpers tracing back to him.
## Breeding
The sire of Dark Ronald, Bay Ronald, was a moderate handicap racehorse and a useful sire. He produced two other notable sons: Bayardo and Macdonald II. Bayardo went on to be one of the greatest runners of his time, and a sire of two English Triple Crown winners. Macdonald II was a very successful runner in France. Bay Ronald also sired the filly Rondeau, the dam of the very significant sire Teddy (that sired, among others, Athelstan, Ortello, Sir Gallahad III, Case Ace, and Sun Teddy).
His dam, Darkie, was a poor performer on the turf with only two placings, both as a two-year-old. Foaled in 1905, Dark Ronald was purchased at the Doncaster sales as a yearling for 1,300 guineas, by breeder Sir Abe Bailey.
## Racing record {#racing_record}
At age two, Dark Ronald had two starts, winning his first in the five-furlong Hurst Park Foal Plate, and finishing second in the Lingfield Park Foal Plate. In the latter, he pulled up lame. Both front tendons were fired, and he was rested for two years at Sir Bailey\'s farm in South Africa.
Returning to England as a four-year-old, he ran in the Newbury Spring Cup, finishing unplaced. Following this, he had better success, winning the next three races in which he ran: the 10-furlong Durham Plate, the seven-furlong Royal Hunt Cup, and the 12-furlong Princess of Wales\'s Stakes. He finished third in his next race, the Doncaster Cup, but yet again came back lame. His owner decided to retire him for breeding.
In his seven starts, Dark Ronald had four wins and two places, and earned £8,288 (besides landing a huge bet in the Royal Hunt Cup by winning some £100,000 for his owner).
## Stud record {#stud_record}
Dark Ronald first stood at Tickford Park in 1910 at a stud fee of £98 a mare. His first crop included the great racehorse and sire Son-in-Law and Ambassador IV, later sent to the United States, where he had a great influence on the American breeding industry. In his second crop, his get included Vaucluse. However, his foals were not promising, and when the German National Stud at Graditz offered the great sum of £25,000 for the stallion, his owner was happy to sell him. His final English crop, born after he was shipped overseas, included the great sire, Dark Legend, as well as Brown Prince II, and Magpie, a leading sire in Australia. Dark Ronald\'s English progeny won more than 70 races and £30,000.
Dark Ronald was sent to the German National stud in June 1913, having been purchased by Burkhard von Oettingen. The stud was interested not only in producing horses for the racetrack, but also for warmblood breeding. In Germany, Dark Ronald produced the excellent horses Prunus, Herold, and Wallenstein. In 1928, he died at the German National Stud, at the age of 23.
Dark Ronald was the sire of:
- Son-in-Law: sired the racehorses, Beau Pere, Foxlaw, Trimdon, Lady Juror. Very notable in warmblood breeding, his progeny included Maureen, dam of the exceptional Furioso.
- Ambassador IV: winner of the July Stakes. In America, produced several horses that were successful two-year-olds, including Constancy and St. James (great-grandsire of Nashua and To Market).
- Brown Prince II: winner of the Cambridgeshire Stakes and Jockey Club Cup. Was exported to America, where he sired Brown Bud, sire of Cinquepace. Also seen in the pedigree of Secretariat and Sir Gaylord.
- Dark Legend: sire of Duplex (winner of the Prix du Jockey Club), Fairy Legend, Mary Legend, Dark Lantern II, Dark Japan, Galatea II, Easton, Legend of France, and Rosy Legend (dam of Dante and Sayajirao).
- Herold: two-time leader of the sire list. Produced Alchimist and Arjaman (both German Derby winners).
- Magpie: placed in the Two Thousand Guineas. Exported to Australia, where he became the leading sire in 1929.
- Popingaol: dam to Pogrom (winner of the Oaks), and Book Law (winner of the St. Leger)
- Prunus: winner of Germany\'s Two Thousand Guineas and St. Leger, five-time leading sire in Germany. Sire of Oleander, who won 22 breeding championships.
- Vaucluse: winner of the One Thousand Guineas, dam of Bongrace (winner of Doncaster Cup)
- Wallenstein: number one on German sire list in 1930.
### Influence on warmblood breeding {#influence_on_warmblood_breeding}
Dark Ronald was incredibly influential in warmblood breeding, especially in the Holstein breed. Cor de la Bryere, Lord, and Langraf I were all linebred to him. Other influential sires with Dark Ronald blood include:
- Furioso: (sire of 10 Olympic contenders in the Tokyo Games, and 30 international winners)
- Cottage Son: grandson of Dark Ronald and an influential sire in warmblood breeding
- Ladykiller xx
- Cor de la Bryère: the great jumping sire, through his sire Rantzau
- Langraf I
- Beau Pere: exported to New Zealand and later to America, he influenced the breeding of racehorses, jumpers, and eventers. Progeny include Mary Chapot's White Lightning, Katie Monahan's Encore, Kerry Milikin\'s eventer Landlady, Sundancer (two-time winner of the American Invitational), Easy Doc (a member of the Canadian equestrian team), and Turn on the Sun (part of the British equestrian team).
- Der Löwe
- Abendfrieden: great-grandson of Dark Ronald, sired the great Pik As
- Bolero: dressage stallion, sire of Brentano II, who sired Brentina and was grandsire of Poetin, foundation sire of a new B-line.
- My Babu: great racehorse sire, also sired several phenomenal eventers, including Babu Dancer, sire of Bruce Davidson\'s mount JJ Babu
## Pedigree
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7,123,218 |
For a Just Kazakhstan
|
**For a Just Kazakhstan** or **For a Fair Kazakhstan** (*translit=Ädılettı Qazaqstan Üşin*, **ÄQÜ**; *translit=Za spravedlivyy Kazakhstan*), was an electoral alliance that was founded by the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, the Naghyz Ak Zhol and the Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan as an opposition coalition to nominate a single candidate in the 2005 presidential elections.
The electoral alliance was led by Zharmakhan Tuyakbay, the former chairman of Mäjilis and deputy chairman of ruling Otan party. Tuyakbay resigned from his parliamentary post after 2004 legislative election citing widespread irregularities and election fraud. He joined the loose opposition bloc and became the coalition\'s candidate for the presidential elections. After the elections, he founded the Nationwide Social Democratic Party in September 2006.
ÄQÜ advocated democratization of the political system, election of regional governors, investigation of corruption cases involving the family of the president Nursultan Nazarbayev and the fair redistribution of national wealth.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,222 |
Herbert Budd
|
**Herbert R. Budd** (26 February 1904 -- 1979) was an English professional footballer.
## Career
Budd began his career with Hanham Athletic, joining Exeter City in the 1926--27 season, but failing to appear in their league team. He joined Torquay United in 1927, debuting on 17 December in a 1--1 draw at home to Gillingham. He played a further six games that season, Torquay\'s first in the Football League, scoring twice. He again struggled to make the first team the following season, playing only twice despite Torquay using several players at centre-forward that season.
On leaving Torquay he joined non-league Kettering Town and subsequently played for Bath City.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,226 |
Buffalo Virgin
|
***Buffalo Virgin*** is the second album by the Icelandic rock band HAM, and their first full-length LP. It was the only one of their albums to be released by a non-Icelandic label, One Little Indian. It includes a cover of ABBA\'s Voulez-Vous.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Slave\" (words: Óttarr Proppé, music: Sigurjón Kjartansson)
2. \"Youth\" (words: Jón Gnarr, music: Sigurjón Kjartansson)
3. \"Voulez Vous\" (words and music: Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus)
4. \"Linda Blair\" (words: Óttarr Proppé, music: Sigurjón Kjartansson)
5. \"Svin\" (words: Óttarr Proppé, music: Sigurjón Kjartansson)
6. \"Whole Lotta Love\" (words: Óttarr Proppé, music: Sigurjón Kjartansson)
7. \"Misery\" (words and music: Sigurjón Kjartansson)
8. \"Egg Ya Hummie\" (words: Óttarr Proppé, music: Sigurjón Kjartansson)
9. \"Forbidden Lovers\" (words: Óttarr Proppé, music: Sigurjón Kjartansson)
10. \"Death\" (words: Óttarr Proppé, music: Sigurjón Kjartansson)
## Personnel
- Sigurjón Kjartansson - Vocals, guitars, producer
- Óttar Proppé - Vocals
- S. Björn Blöndal - Bass, guitar, producer
- Hallur Ingólfsson - Drums
- Ævar Ísberg - Drums (on tracks 4 & 9)
- Jón Egill Eyþórsson - Guitar (on track 9)
- Sveinn Kjartansson - Engineer, co-producer
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7,123,234 |
Robert M. Beren Academy
|
**Robert M. Beren Academy** is a private Modern Orthodox Jewish primary and secondary school at 11333 Cliffwood Drive in Houston, Texas, United States.
Robert M. Beren Academy is located near the Willow Meadows and Willowbend neighborhoods. The school covers preschool through grade 12 and includes an elementary Montessori program.
The school, previously named **Hebrew Academy**, is an independent Jewish school. Roselyn Bell, author of the \"Houston\" entry in *The Jewish Traveler: Hadassah Magazine\'s Guide to the World\'s Jewish Communities and Sights*, wrote that the Hebrew Academy has \"Orthodox leanings\".
It is affiliated with Yeshiva University in New York City.
## History
Robert M. Beren Academy was founded in 1969 as the **South Texas Hebrew Academy**; the original campus was located at South Braeswood at Chimney Rock. In 1980, the school was renamed **Hebrew Academy**. In 1988, the school was again renamed to Robert M. Beren Academy after the Israel Henry Beren Foundation donated to the school.
After a six million-dollar capital campaign, the school moved into its 54000 sqft campus at 11333 Cliffwood in 1999.
In 2007 Robert M. Beren, whom the school was named after, donated \$1 million to the school. Other individuals donated another \$1 million at the same time.
In February 2012, Beren Academy\'s boys basketball team reached the semifinals of the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS) state tournament, but withdrew from the semifinal game, which had been scheduled for Friday evening during the Jewish Sabbath, after TAPPS refused the school\'s request to reschedule the game for earlier in the day. However, after some of the parents of the team members filed a lawsuit in a Dallas court, TAPPS relented and granted them the opportunity to reschedule the game. Beren won the rescheduled semifinal game, but lost in the state championship.
In Fall 2012, Rabbi Perry Tirschwell assumed the position of Executive Director. Rabbi Jordan Silvestri is the current head of school.
## Student body and operations {#student_body_and_operations}
As of 2006 it had 270 students; `{{As of|2008}}`{=mediawiki} the school had 325 students. Annual tuition in 2008 ranged from \$11,000 to \$15,000. Though the school is an Orthodox Jewish institution, about 40% of families do not self-identify as Orthodox. The Orthodox families live in a very tight-knit community, all within walking distance to the Synagogue. There is a strong emphasis placed on family and community. 70% of RMBA graduates choose to spend a gap year continuing their Judaic studies in Israel before beginning college. 10% of RMBA graduates attend Ivy League universities. The high school faculty consists of 23 educators, 17 of whom hold advanced degrees.
## Curriculum and academic achievement {#curriculum_and_academic_achievement}
The students have standard curricula, Hebrew language courses, and Judaic studies.
the percentage of students who achieved National Merit Scholar status was 15%, and the school\'s average SAT score was 1279.
In 2005 the school\'s board installed a Montessori program. One year later, 16 students in grades 1-3 participated in it.
## Programs
In January 2009 Beren was scheduled to start a pilot program, Yad B\'Yad (\"Hand in Hand\"), in which students with disabilities are mainstreamed into the student body by attending classes every week, with 90 minutes per week.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Mindy Finn
- Rabbi Shlomo Brody
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7,123,238 |
Nylon (album)
|
***Nylon*** is a Greek album by singer Anna Vissi, released in Greece and Cyprus on September 28, 2005, and subsequently in select European countries and Taiwan. The album was released as a DualDisc on October 10, 2005, the first of its kind in Greece, and re-released on May 2, 2006 with the title *Nylon: Euro-Edition* as a tie-in to Vissi\'s participation in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. The album reached Platinum status in less than 24 hours after its release.
## Album information {#album_information}
Released in September 2005, *Nylon* was Anna Vissi\'s first studio album since the commercially successful 2003 *Paraksenes Eikones*. Vissi characterized *Nylon* as her *best album so far, with Nikos Karvelas paying a lot of attention to the lyrics of the songs he had written*.
Upon release, *Nylon* went platinum within 24 hours in Greece. In October 2005, the album was released on the DualDisc format, the first ever in Greece, with the title *Nylon: DualDisc*. The DualDisc version featured bonus songs and as well as special footage from the recording studio.
With Anna Vissi participation for Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, the album was once again re-released in May 2006 as *Nylon: Euro-Edition* with six additional English language songs, including the songs which were amongst her Eurovision entrant options for the Greek national final. The album was later released in Turkey in 2006. In 2007 the *Euro-Edition* was released in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Taiwan.
In 2019, the album was selected for inclusion in the Panik Gold box set *The Legendary Recordings 1982-2019*. The release came after Panik\'s acquisition rights of Vissi\'s back catalogue from her previous record company Sony Music Greece. This box set was printed on a limited edition of 500 copies containing CD releases of all of her albums from 1982 to 2019 plus unreleased material. For this purpose, it was repackaged as a 2-CD set including the original tracklist on the first CD and the *Euro Edition* tracks on the second.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### DualDisc
#### DualDisc 1 {#dualdisc_1}
**Audio side**
1. \"Nylon\"
2. \"Logia kai Siopes\"
3. \"Kanenas\"
4. \"Erota I Polemo\" (with Goin´Through)
5. \"Gia Teleftea Fora\"
6. \"Erota Mou Apiste\"
7. \"Kinoummeni Ammos\"
8. \"Agapi Einai\"
9. \"Dystihima\"
10. \"Venetia\"
**DVD side**
1. The 10 tracks from the CD side in Stereo PCM & Surround 5.1
2. \"In Studio Part One\"
1. \"Gia Sena Tha Pethano\"
2. \"Nylon\"
3. \"Erota Mou Apiste\"
#### DualDisc 2 {#dualdisc_2}
**Audio side**
1. \"Gia Sena Tha Pethano\"
2. \"Mi Me Lipithis\"
3. \"Telia\"
4. \"Ta Kalytera Mas Hronia\"
5. \"Eho Tosi Agapi\"
6. \"Lie\" (Radio Mix)
7. \"Lie\" (A. Papacostantinou Mix)
8. \"Call Me\" (Original Version)
9. \"Call Me\" (Valentin Radio Mix)
10. \"Call Me\" (Friscia & Lamboy Radio Mix)
**DVD side**
1. The 10 tracks from the CD side in Stereo PCM & Surround 5.1
2. \"Call Me\" (Music Video)
3. \"Call Me\" (Making Of)
4. \"In Studio Part Two\"
1. \"Erota I Polemo\"
2. \"Gia Teleftea Fora\"
3. \"Logia Kai Siopes\"
## Singles
**\"Call Me\"**
: \"Call Me\", the English version of \"Eisai\" (2003, from the album \"Paraksenes Eikones\") first appeared on Greek and Cypriot radios on spring of 2005. It was then released on the market on the Gold maxi-single \"Call Me\". Was later included in the dual disc edition of *Nylon*. The maxi-single peaked at number 1 of the official Greek singles charts. In Cyprus the maxi-single won the award for best selling single of 2005.
**\"Lie\"**
: Included as a b-side on the maxi-single \"Call Me\". A remix of the song was included in the original edition of Nylon, and the original version of the song was included in the dual disc edition of *Nylon*.
**\"Nylon\"**
: Prior of the release of the album came the single \"Nylon\". In Cyprus it debuted at number 1 of the airplay charts, but in Greece failed to make it to the top 30.
**\"Erota I Polemo\"**
: \"Erota I Polemo\" feat Goin\' Through, was the third video from the album.
**\"Gia Teleftea Fora\"**
: Radio single, that achieved the biggest airplay success of the album in Greece, before the release of Everything charting at the top 20 of the Greek airplay charts.
**\"Kinoumeni Ammos\"**
: A remix of the song was released by December 2005 helping it achieve significant airplay, charting at number 4 of the Cypriot charts.
**\"Everything\"**
: \"Everything\" was the Greek entry in Eurovision Song Contest 2006 included in *Nylon: Euro Edition*. The song peaked at number 1 on the official Greek airplay charts. It also charted at number 1 in Cyprus. The cd-single debuted at number 1 of the official greek single charts.
## Music videos {#music_videos}
- \"Call Me\"
- \"Nylon
- \"Erota I Polemo\"
- \"Everything\"
## Music
### Original release {#original_release}
All the songs were composed by Nikos Karvelas, with the exception of \"Lie\" being composed by Kyriakos Papadopoulos. All the lyrics are written by Nikos Karvelas with the exception of the rap segment in \"Erota I Polemo\" written by Nikos Vourliotis (Goin Through).
### Euro-Edition {#euro_edition}
Music:
- Nikos Karvelas (tracks 1-15 on CD1 and tracks 1, 3, 5 & 6 on CD2)
- Kiriakos Papadopoulos (track 16 on CD1)
- Dimitris Kontopoulos (track 2 on CD2)
- Pygasos (track 4 on CD2)
Lyrics:
- Nikos Karvelas (all tracks on CD1 and track 3 on CD2)
- Nikos Vourliotis (rap lyrics on track 4 on CD1)
- Anna Vissi (tracks 1 & 5 on CD2)
- Dimitris S (track 2 on CD2)
- Pygasos (track 4 on CD2)
## Release history {#release_history}
Region Date Label Format Version
------------- -------------------- -------------------- -------- ------------------
Greece September 28, 2005 Sony BMG, Columbia CD Original release
Cyprus
Greece October 10, 2005 Dual-Disc
Cyprus
Greece May 5, 2006 Euro-Edition
Cyprus
Turkey 2006
Austria 2007
Germany 2007
Switzerland 2007
Taiwan 2007
## Charts
*Nylon* peaked at number 1 since its first week of release. The album was certified Platinum in Greece within 24 hours of its release.
+----------------------+--------------------+----------+---------------+
| Chart | Providers | Peak\ | Certification |
| | | Position | |
+:=====================+:===================+:=========+:==============+
| Greek Albums Chart | IFPI | 1 | 2xPlatinum |
+----------------------+--------------------+----------+---------------+
| Cypriot Albums Chart | All Records Top 20 | 1 | 2xPlatinum |
+----------------------+--------------------+----------+---------------+
| | | | |
+----------------------+--------------------+----------+---------------+
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7,123,243 |
Five Mile Point Light
|
**Five Mile Point Light**, also known as **Five Mile Point Lighthouse** or **Old New Haven Harbor Lighthouse**, is a U.S. lighthouse in Long Island Sound on the coast of New Haven, Connecticut. Located at the entrance to New Haven Harbor, the beacon\'s name derives from its proximity to Downtown New Haven, about five miles (8 km) away. The original lighthouse consisted of a 30 ft octagonal wooden tower built in 1805 by Abisha Woodward. In 1847, a new 80 ft octagonal tower was constructed by Marcus Bassett with East Haven brownstone. This new beacon was illuminated by 12 lamps with reflectors which were positioned 97 ft above sea level. Also constructed at this time was a `{{frac|2|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}-story brick house which supplanted the previous, deteriorating keeper\'s dwelling. A fourth-order Fresnel lens replaced the lamps in 1855 and a fog bell was added in the 1860s. The Five Mile Point Light was deactivated in 1877 when the nearby Southwest Ledge Light was completed. Currently, the lighthouse is contained within Lighthouse Point Park and, along with the keeper\'s house, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
## History
During the American Revolutionary War in July 1779, a battle took place on the site of the future lighthouse when British troops anchored offshore and staged an invasion of New Haven. Patriot forces launched a defense of the beachfront as the attackers landed their boats. Ensign and Adjutant Watkins of the King\'s American regiment was the first of the British soldiers killed in the skirmish, shot while attempting to disembark on the shoreline. He was buried close to where the lighthouse at Five Mile Point would eventually be erected a few decades later. Although the British went on to burn the nearby house of Amos Morris and several other residences in the area, they suffered heavy losses and ultimately abandoned their advance on New Haven.
## Original tower {#original_tower}
In 1804, the United States Congress passed a statute requiring the secretary of the treasury to build a lighthouse at Five Mile Point if land could be obtained for a reasonable price. That same year, Amos Morris Jr., son of the man whose home was the first to be razed during the 1779 British invasion, sold a suitable one-acre plot of his father\'s coastal estate to the federal government for \$100. On March 16, 1805, an appropriation for \$2500 was issued for the construction of the lighthouse. Late that year, a 30 ft octagonal wooden tower was built by Abisha Woodward on the southwest edge of the harbor and to mark the path around the Southwest Ledge. The fixed white light was made by eight oil lamps with 13 inch parabolic reflectors, but it was criticized for being too dim. The lighthouse also had a keeper\'s quarters constructed in 1805. The first keeper of the light was Amos Morris Jr., for a period of just three weeks. An 1832 report noted that the light was 50 ft above the water and that its visibility had been improved with the removal of some trees. In 1838, Lieutenant George M. Bache reported that the wooden tower and keeper\'s house was in a poor state. Congress would appropriate \$10,000 to construct a new stone lighthouse on March 3, 1847.
## Current tower {#current_tower}
Constructed in 1847, the new 80 ft octagonal tower was constructed by Marcus Bassett with East Haven brownstone from Jabez Potter\'s quarry. The interior of the lighthouse was lined with New Haven brick and a 74-step granite stairway leads to the cast-iron lantern. The light was powered by 12 lamps with reflectors and was located 97 ft above sea level. Also constructed was a new `{{frac|2|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}-story brick house to replace the one in a \"very bad state of repair\". The light would be replaced with a fourth-order Fresnel lens in 1855. In the 1860s, a fog bell was also added.
The lighthouse was extinguished in 1877 when the offshore Southwest Ledge Light replaced it for navigation. The keeper, Elizur Thompson, went to be the Southwest Ledge Light\'s keeper for five years before returning to live in the Five Mile Point Light keeper\'s quarters and fly storm signal flags for the United States Weather Bureau. In 1896, the lighthouse was transferred to the United States Department of War and was improved by a lessee named Albert Widmann. In 1922, the property was split up, with the land given to the state of Connecticut and the buildings to the city of New Haven. Two years later, New Haven purchased the land from the state for \$11,180. The tower was renovated in 1986. The \$86,000 restoration included repairing cracked mortar, steam cleaning the interior and exterior and removing \"guano \[that had\] accumulated over the decades\".
## Importance
Roth and Clouette note that the \"Five Mile Point Lighthouse is significant because it embodies the distinctive characteristics of American lighthouse construction during the first half of the 19th century \... \[it\] is also significant in the maritime history of New Haven.\" The keeper\'s dwelling currently is a private residence for New Haven Recreation Department personnel and has been modified with the addition of a porch. The lighthouse and the keeper\'s residence were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
## List of keepers {#list_of_keepers}
Name Year Service Notes
-------------------- ------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amos Morris, Jr 1805
Wedmore 1805
Jonathan Finch 1805--1821
William Finch 1821--1824
Elihu Ives 1824--1846
George W. Hicks 1846--1849
Stephen Willard 1849--1853
Merritt Thompson 1853--1860
Elizur Thompson 1860--1867 Served again as keeper after Charles W. Bradley.
Charles W. Bradley 1867--1869
Elizur Thompson 1869--1877 Elizabeth Thompson was an assistant from 1869 to 1871. Theodore Thompson was an assistance from 1871 to 1873. George Thompson was an assistant from 1873 to 1876. Sidney Thompson was an assistant in 1876.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,250 |
Shinji Takehara
|
is a Japanese former professional boxer who competed from 1989 to 1996. He was the first Japanese boxer to capture a middleweight title having held the WBA title from 1995 to 1996.
Takehara turned pro in 1989 and had a relatively short professional career, spanning only seven years. In 1995, he landed a shot at the WBA middleweight title against Jorge Fernando Castro and won by decision. Takehara lost the belt in his only defeat during his first defense to William Joppy in a 9th-round TKO. He was overwhelmed in the first round and appeared unable to determine incoming attacks. Ringside doctors examination discovered Takehara had posterior vitreous detachment which progressed into retinal detachment and subsequently forced him into retirement.
## Childhood and early career {#childhood_and_early_career}
Takehara got into numerous street fights during his teens. He briefly played baseball before joining the school judo team. Takehara did not move on to high school, after graduating middle school, he moved to Tokyo in 1988 to start a boxing career. He took numerous part-time jobs while training, including working as a cleaning man at Yokohama Arena, where he would later make his first (and only) title defense of the WBA Middleweight Title.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Takehara made his debut on May 15, 1989, with a 4th-round KO victory. He went on to win the Japanese Middleweight Title in 1991, defending it three times. He won the vacant OPBF Middleweight Title in 1993, which he defended six times.
Takehara got a shot against WBA Middleweight Champion Jorge Castro, who had a record of 98-4-2 at the time and had made five title defenses. Takehara went into the fight as a huge underdog, and the match took place in the tiny Korakuen Hall despite being a world title bout. Regardless, Takehara knocked Castro down in the 3rd round, and won by unanimous decision in 12 rounds, becoming the first ever Japanese boxer to win a world middleweight title. The win against Castro generated huge media hype, and Takehara\'s title defense took place in Yokohama Arena on June 24, 1996, against William Joppy. Though both fighters were undefeated, Takehara was once again the underdog, and Joppy announced that he would win easily by KO. The fight was a disaster for Takehara, who was knocked down in the 1st, and lost by TKO in the 9th when the referee stopped the fight, giving up the middleweight title in half a year. Takehara himself admitted that he would have been knocked out even if the referee did not stop the fight, and Joppy remarked that he could have knocked out Takehara much earlier if he had wanted.
While preparing for his next fight, Takehara was diagnosed with a detached retina. This forced him to retire from boxing at only 24 years of age. His record was 24-1-0 (18KOs).
## Professional boxing record {#professional_boxing_record}
Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
---- -------- -------- --------------------- ------ --------------------------------------- -------------- ---------- -------
25 Loss 24--1 William Joppy TKO 9 (12), `{{small|2:29}}`{=mediawiki} 1996--06--24
24 Win 24--0 Jorge Castro UD 12 1995--12--19
23 Win 23--0 Lee Shung-Chun PTS 12 1995--09--12
22 Win 22--0 Park Young-Ki KO 1 (12) 1995--04--17
21 Win 21--0 Craig Trotter KO 7 (12) 1994--12--19
20 Win 20--0 Lee Hyun-Sik PTS 12 1994--09--18
19 Win 19--0 Alex Tui KO 7 (12) 1994--06--12
18 Win 18--0 Noli de Guia KO 1 (?) 1994--02--21
17 Win 17--0 Nico Toriri KO 6 (12) 1993--11--22
16 Win 16--0 Lee Sung-Chun KO 12 (12), `{{small|2:38}}`{=mediawiki} 1993--05--24
15 Win 15--0 Satoshi Yokozaki KO 5 (10) 1993--02--15
14 Win 14--0 Biney Martin UD 10 1992--08--17
13 Win 13--0 Yoshinori Nishizawa PTS 10 1992--05--17
12 Win 12--0 Hisashi Teraji KO 2 (10), `{{small|2:47}}`{=mediawiki} 1992--02--17
11 Win 11--0 Takehito Saijo KO 7 (10) 1991--10--28
10 Win 10--0 Jiro Kashiwara KO 4 (?) 1991--07--15
9 Win 9--0 Tomo Suzuki KO 1 (?) 1991--02--18
8 Win 8--0 Park Keon-Soo KO 1 (?) 1990--11--26
7 Win 7--0 Satoshi Yokozaki KO 10 (10) 1990--07--30
6 Win 6--0 Haruhisa Tokuda KO 2 (?) 1990--02--18
5 Win 5--0 Biney Martin PTS 6 1989--12--23
4 Win 4--0 Yoshihiro Kitada KO 1 (?) 1989--11--10
3 Win 3--0 Kiyoshi Hirayama KO 1 (?) 1989--09--18
2 Win 2--0 Kiyoshi Hirayama KO 2 (?) 1989--07--17
1 Win 1--0 Masao Tadano KO 4 (?) 1989--05--15
## Legacy
Winning a world middleweight title had been regarded as impossible for any Japanese boxer, since the division had featured some of the sports best champions, including Sugar Ray Leonard, Roberto Durán, Marvin Hagler, and Thomas Hearns. Though Takehara lost in his first defense, William Joppy remained a top middleweight contender for more than seven years after beating Takehara. Joppy remarked before his fight against Félix Trinidad that Takehara punched the hardest of any of the fighters he had faced. Takehara is now known more for his success after retiring from boxing, but his short career has left an important legacy on Japanese boxing.
## Post retirement {#post_retirement}
Few people knew Takehara as a former world champion, and he had to rely on part-time jobs to maintain a living. After years of mediocre living, Takehara achieved immense popularity in 2000 after appearing on the variety show \"Gachinko Fight Club.\" The show is similar to The Contender in concept, where the lives of aspiring boxers are documented as they go through hard training and life struggles. The show produced 12 professional boxers during its three-year run, and Takehara\'s role as the tough but fair-minded trainer was central to the show\'s success, allowing Takehara to pursue further opportunities in the television business. Since then, he has appeared on numerous variety and talk shows, and has even guest-starred in a TV drama series and released a rap CD. Takehara\'s blog and column in the Yahoo! Japan web magazine enjoy great popularity. IN 2014 he was diagnosed with bladder cancer and underwent treatment that left him in remission since 2015.
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7,123,254 |
Bremen-Walle station
|
**Bremen-Walle** is a railway station in Bremen, Germany on the Bremen--Bremerhaven line. It is situated in the Walle district northwest of the city centre and the central station.
The station only offers local services; it is a regular stop for the Verden to Bremen-Vegesack trains, with additional peak time services to and from Bremerhaven.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,279 |
Johnstonebridge
|
**Johnstonebridge** is a village in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland.
It is roughly halfway between Moffat and Lockerbie, and lies on the A74(M) motorway. The Annandale Water Services on the motorway are in Johnstonebridge; prior to the construction of the motorway there were services on the old A74 road there, one to serve each direction of the road. As with most of Annandale, the area is largely devoted to farming.
It was named after the prominent local landowning family, the Johnstones, who caused a bridge to be built there over the River Annan.
The village of Newton Wamphray lies nearby.
## Governance
Johnstonebridge is in the parliamentary constituency of Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale, David Mundell is the current Conservative Party member of parliament.
It is part of the South Scotland region in the Scottish Parliament, being in the constituency of Dumfriesshire. Oliver Mundell of the Conservatives is the MSP.
Before Brexit, for the European Parliament its residents voted to elect MEP\'s for the Scotland constituency.
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7,123,287 |
Luohu Commercial City
|
`{{Chinese|order=st|s=罗湖商业城|t=羅湖商業城|p=Luóhú Shāngyè Chéng|j=lo4 wu4 soeng1 jip6 sing4}}`{=mediawiki} **Luohu Commercial City** (`{{zh|s=罗湖商业城}}`{=mediawiki}) is an enclosed shopping mall located on the Shenzhen side of the Shenzhen River, right outside the entrance/exit to Luohu Immigration Control Point. Also called \"Luohu commercial market\", it is popular with Hong Kong residents for cheap counterfeit \"as good as original\" clothes, merchandise and electronics. `{{TOC limit|2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Shopping
The mall is five stories tall and sells a wide range of items, including watches, handbags, clothes, shoes, audio-visual products, souvenirs, curtains, DVDs, etc. The mall also includes a number of restaurants and shops that offer services, such as massages and dental work, at very low prices.
## Transportation
### Inter-city {#inter_city}
The Luohu Inter-city Bus Terminal is located directly under Luohu Commercial Center, and buses to locations in Guangdong and Fujian provinces are available here. A shuttle to Shenzhen Airport is also available in the Bus Terminal. Shenzhen railway station is next to the mall and provides long-distance travel across China. Visitors with permission to enter Hong Kong may cross the border at the Immigration Control Point and take the East Rail line from Lo Wu station as far as Admiralty.
### Within Shenzhen {#within_shenzhen}
Located on the north side of Luohu Commercial Center is a bus station for intra-city buses and mini-buses. Immediately to the west is Luohu station on Line 1 of the Shenzhen Metro. Taxis are also available at a special taxi stand location below the intra-city bus station.
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7,123,299 |
Nasal cartilages
|
The **nasal cartilages** are structures within the nose that provide form and support to the nasal cavity. The nasal cartilages are made up of a flexible material called hyaline cartilage (packed collagen) in the distal portion of the nose. There are five individual cartilages that make up the nasal cavity: septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilage, major alar cartilage (greater alar cartilage, or cartilage of the aperture), minor alar cartilage (lesser alar cartilage, sesamoid, or accessory cartilage), and vomeronasal cartilage (Jacobson\'s cartilage). The nasal cartilages associate with other cartilage structures of the nose or with bones of the facial skeleton. These associations create vent-like structures within the nose so that air can flow from the nasal cavity to the lungs or vice versa. Therefore, the nasal cartilages are structures that aid the body in respiratory functions to intake oxygen or expire carbon dioxide.
Abnormalities or defects in the nasal cartilages affect airflow through the nasal cavity, resulting in respiratory issues. Surgical techniques have been produced to adjust the position or repair the nasal cartilages so that maximal airflow is once again accomplished. Some of these surgical techniques include: septoplasty (restructuring the septal nasal cartilage), upper lateral cartilage repositioning (restructuring the lateral nasal cartilage), and sliding alar cartilage (restructuring the major alar cartilage). Rhinoplasty, which is the surgical reconstruction of the nose, has increased in recent popularity for functional and social purposes.
Other mammals also contain nasal cartilages in order to maintain structure and function for the nasal cavity. The orientation of the nasal cartilages can produce different shapes and sizes of the nostrils and nasal cavities. For the most part, animals contain similar cartilage structures within the nose but vary in the number of different cartilage structures they have. Donkeys, buffalo, and camels have a variety of cartilage structures that are analogous to humans but they all lack septal nasal cartilages. Instead, they have multiple components merging to form the nasal septum. Even though nasal cartilages differ between species, they all aid in the function of the respiratory system.
## Structure and function {#structure_and_function}
### Septal nasal cartilage {#septal_nasal_cartilage}
The septal nasal cartilage is a flat, quadrilateral piece of hyaline cartilage that separates both nasal cavities from one another. The septal nasal cartilage fits in a place between the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer bones while also being covered by an internal mucous membrane. The superior portion of the septal nasal cartilage attaches to the nasal bones, while the inferior portion attaches to the alar cartilages via fibrous tissues. The septal nasal cartilage separates both right and left nasal cavities, which allows air to pass through them. Providing two cavities generates turbulence within the tight spaces, allowing air to flow quicker bidirectionally. The septal nasal cartilage is also the main structure that provides the orientation of the nose, being the midline structure of the organ. With an offset septal nasal cartilage, the nose will appear crooked to the viewer. A crooked nose can block airflow coming from the nares to the lungs or vice versa. This can lead to respiratory issues due to low oxygen but high carbon dioxide counts within the body. A surgical procedure to correct this issue is called septoplasty.
### Lateral nasal cartilage {#lateral_nasal_cartilage}
The lateral nasal cartilage is a wing-like expansion extending out from the septal nasal cartilage. The lateral nasal cartilage lies inferiorly to the nasal bones while sitting superiorly to the major alar cartilage, separated by a narrow fissure. The lateral nasal cartilage and major alar cartilage curl up upon interaction with one another, forming a tight connection through fibrous tissues. Like the septal nasal cartilage, the lateral nasal cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage provides form and flexibility within a specific structure.
The superior portion of the lateral nasal cartilage fuses with the septum to provide support within the nasal cavities. With a collapse of the lateral nasal cartilage, the inner nasal valve could become obstructed and prevent the movement of airflow throughout. A new surgical technique to reposition the lateral nasal cartilage has been constructed to relieve the site of obstruction within the inner nasal valve and regain maximal airflow throughout the nose (upper lateral cartilage repositioning).
### Major alar cartilage {#major_alar_cartilage}
The major alar cartilages are positioned with one structure on each side of the nasal tip. Superiorly, the major alar cartilages are connected to the lateral nasal cartilage via fibrous tissues. Composed of hyaline cartilage, these structures are very thin and folded to form the lateral and medial crus. The medial crus is the inner portion of the major alar cartilages that are situated perpendicularly to the septal nasal cartilage. The lateral crus is the outer portion of the major alar cartilages that associate with the ala of the nose. Both crus come together to form an oval tip at each nostril. Both sides of the major alar cartilages merge to form a notch at the tip, which is referred to as the apex of the nose. With the formation of the medial and lateral walls within the nares, the major alar cartilages function to hold open each naris. This allows maximal airflow to reach the nasal valve, allowing optimal respiration. Due to weakness corresponding with the lateral crus in certain individuals, a technique called sliding alar cartilage (SAC) has been a procedure practiced to restructure and support the nasal tip.
### Minor alar cartilage {#minor_alar_cartilage}
The minor alar cartilages are 3 to 4 small hyaline cartilage pieces on both sides of the nose that sit between the lateral nasal cartilage and the major alar cartilage. Associated within the ala of the nose, these small structures are contained within the most dorsal part of the ala. Also known by its other name, \"accessory cartilage\", these structures aid to provide form and strength at the base of the nares in conjunction with the major alar cartilage.
### Vomeronasal cartilage {#vomeronasal_cartilage}
The vomeronasal cartilage is a thin piece of hyaline cartilage that attaches to the vomer and extends to the septal nasal cartilage. This structure is associated with the vomeronasal organ, which is part of the accessory olfactory system. This associated organ plays an important role in the sense of smell by being lined with similar epithelium to that of the olfactory region of the nose. The vomeronasal cartilage is another small component of the nose that provides strength and structure.
## Reconstruction
With emerging technological advancements, reconstruction and surgical techniques have been developed to adjust the lifestyle and health of individuals. Rhinoplasty is one of the surgical practices that has become more common in the modern era. Some rhinoplastic procedures include septoplasty, sliding alar cartilage, and upper lateral cartilage repositioning. These procedures aid in cosmetic as well as functional issues involving the nose. Other reconstruction procedures are being produced and tested as the knowledge for nasal cartilages increase.
### Septoplasty
Septoplasty is a surgical procedure that straightens the septal nasal cartilage within the center of the nose. With a crooked septum, it is more difficult for an individual to breathe and the risk for getting a sinus infection increases. Also called a deviated septum, a crooked nose will block one or both sides of the nose, affecting the quality of life. However, a deviated septum is very common and does not always create respiratory issues. Respiratory issues usually occur in more severe cases, requiring surgery to repair. Surgery is also permitted to individuals that seek cosmetic changes due to moderate cases of a deviated septum. Surgery may require a surgeon to cut and remove parts of the septal nasal cartilages, replacing them later in a reconstructed format. This will allow the individual to receive more airflow through the nostrils when the surgery fully heals after 3 to 6 months. However, there are some risks correlated with this surgical procedure. These risks include a change in the shape of the nose, excessive bleeding, vacant space in the septum, trouble smelling, blood clots that need to be removed, and numbness by the facial region. Smoking can also cause further damage during the healing process of septoplastic surgery.
### Upper lateral cartilage repositioning {#upper_lateral_cartilage_repositioning}
The upper lateral cartilage repositioning procedure is done to move the lateral nasal cartilage from blocking the nasal valve. The nasal valve is the smallest airway within the nose and is a common site for obstruction. Other surgical procedures open up this air way by employing grafts to separate the septal nasal and lateral nasal cartilages from one another. Grafts need to be used permanently due to the complications of removing such a device. The upper lateral cartilage repositioning technique deploys a temporary stint that repositions the lateral nasal cartilage, lets it heal/be stationary due to scar tissue formation, then is removed. This open rhinoplastic procedure allows the nose to heal to an optimal position without the permanent use of man-made hardware. This procedure is just one way to resolve issues involving lateral nasal cartilage deformities. Other procedures are being produced and improved upon in order to generate the simplest and most safe surgical procedure.
### Sliding alar cartilage (SAC) {#sliding_alar_cartilage_sac}
The sliding alar cartilage is a procedure to strengthen and support the nasal tip. This medical practice is completed on the greater alar cartilage in order to reshape this structure. The greater alar cartilages can become very weak or have deformities, creating respiratory issues. Other medical procedures that reshape the greater alar cartilages use grafts or cartilage re-sectioning. The SAC procedure is completed within two to three minutes. In that timeframe, the tip of the nose is cut open, the greater alar cartilage is manipulated to preserve the scroll area, providing strength and structure, then the incision is sutured back up. This simple technique creates tip definition while maintaining airway function. While there are other procedures to strengthen the greater alar cartilage, the SAC procedure is gaining momentum into common rhinoplastic operations.
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Italian cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi
|
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7,123,303 |
Newton Wamphray
|
**Newton Wamphray** is a village in Dumfries and Galloway. Wamphray is the name of the surrounding parish and of the Wamphray Water, which flows south-west through the Wamphray Glen to join the River Annan near the small village, or hamlet, of Newton.
## History
The village is near the A74(M) motorway, near Annandale Water, roughly halfway between Moffat and Lockerbie, and has for centuries been close to the direct Glasgow to Carlisle route, which around 1776 was made into a turnpike road suitable for mail coaches travelling between England and Glasgow. Newton is on the main railway line south from Glasgow, and from about 1847 had its own station called Wamphray, but this closed in the 1960s.
Newton Wamphray primary school has been closed for several years, local children generally go to primary school in Lockerbie. The old school building now lies largely abandoned while the nature of its ownership is investigated. The old manse near the 1834 church has become a hotel; the historic church has been used for regular services over the past few years.
There are various historic and pre-historic sites near Newton Wamphray, including standing stones and the remains of a motte-and-bailey. A feud between local reiving families in the 16th century is remembered in the ballad, *The Lads of Wamphray*.
One of the more prominent local residents was John Brown of Wamphray, or \"John Broun of Wamfrey\", a Church of Scotland theologian who served as the minister of the local parish during the mid-17th century. He removed to Wamphray to begin serving the parish at an unknown date (estimates vary from 1637 until 1655) and remained in residence until 1662, when he was imprisoned and later exiled to the Netherlands for his public opposition to the royal imposition of bishops on the Church.
Before the 20th century the village was sometimes called Newton, or Newtoun, of Wamphray, and described as being in Annandale. Newton suggests \"new village or farmstead\", a placename derived from Old English *niwe* (new) + *tun* (farm). Scots *toun* meant a farm settlement before it came to mean a \'town\'. The etymology of Wamphray is uncertain; some suggestions link \'Wam\' to Gaelic *Uamh* (cave). Older spellings include Wamfry or Wamfray.
## Governance
Newton Wamphray is in the parliamentary constituency of Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale, David Mundell is the current Conservative Party member of parliament.
It is part of the South Scotland region in the Scottish Parliament, being in the constituency of Dumfriesshire. Oliver Mundell of the Conservatives is the MSP.
Before Brexit, for the European Parliament its residents voted to elect MEP\'s for the Scotland constituency.
## Famous residents {#famous_residents}
- Richard Bell (Arabist) (1876--1952)
- Prof Archibald Charteris (1835-1908)
- Prof Matthew Charteris (1840-1897)
- Very Rev John Gillespie (1836-1912)
- Rev Dr James Williamson, parish minister 1755 to 1757
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7,123,314 |
Thorpe Bank
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**Thorpe Bank** is the name of a large bank south-east of Mahe Island in the Seychelles. It is larger than the whole of the land area of the Seychelles put together, and in the past was once a large island itself, created by a disturbance in the undersea ridge caused by the separation of India from Africa.
Category:Landforms of Seychelles Category:Undersea banks of the Indian Ocean
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7,123,318 |
G. Karunakara Reddy
|
**G. Karunakara Reddy** (born 10 April 1962) is an Indian politician from the state of Karnataka, who is the member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Harapanahalli assembly constituency. He was made Revenue Minister in B.S Yeddyurappa Cabinet. He was previously a member of the 14th Lok Sabha from the Bellary constituency as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
## Karnataka Politics {#karnataka_politics}
In the 2008 assembly elections, he contested against Congress leader and former deputy chief minister of Karnataka M.P. Prakash from Harpanahalli constituency in Davanagere District and won by a margin of over 25218 votes. He and his younger brother G. Janardhana Reddy, a MLC from Bellary, were subsequently made ministers in the BJP government led by B. S. Yeddyurappa, when the latter needed the support of a section of MLAs loyal to the Reddy brothers.
After D. V. Sadananda Gowda of the BJP took over as CM from Yeddyurappa following the Lokayukta report on illegal mining in 2011, subsequently, Yeddyurappa broke away from the BJP to form the Karnataka Janata Paksha (KJP) and later rejoined BJP in 2014.
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7,123,322 |
Droctulf
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**Droctulf** (Droctulfus, Droctulfo, Drocton) was a Byzantine general of Suevic or Alemannic origin. According to Paul the Deacon\'s *Historia Langobardorum*, he was raised among the Lombards, with whom he entered the Italian peninsula in 569. He eventually joined the Byzantine army to fight against them, becoming an important ally of both Emperor and Pope.
After Faroald, the Lombard duke of Spoleto, captured Classis, the port of Ravenna, Droctulf recaptured it for the Empire in 575--76. He was briefly imprisoned (Paul refers to a *captivitas*), but was released to the Empire and served as the commander (*dux*, duke) of the Byzantine post of Brescello (Reggio nell\'Emilia), which guarded a bridge over the river Po leading to Classis, from around 584. Between 584 and 590, he warred extensively against Authari, king of the Lombards, who eventually forced him to retreat to Ravenna while the region of Brescello was taken by the Lombards and the walls of the city razed to the ground.
After his failure in Italy, Droctulf was called to the Balkans and Thrace to fend off the army of Slavs and Avars then besieging Adrianople (586). The Byzantines granted him burial in the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, where his lengthy epitaph survived to be recorded by Paul.
## In literature {#in_literature}
Droctulft is an idealized protagonist in Jorge Luis Borges\' ′Historia del guerrero y de la cautiva′ (Story of the Warrior and the Captive) in the short story collection ′El Aleph′ (′The Aleph′), 1949.
Italian philosopher and literary critic Benedetto Croce referred to Droctulft\'s (lost) epitaph in Ravenna as ′poetry raising its head where you\'d least expect it′ (′La poesia′, 1942).
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G. M. Siddeshwara
|
**Gowdara Mallikarjunappa Siddeshwara** (born 5 July 1952) is an Indian politician. He was a former member of the Lok Sabha, the lower House of the Indian Parliament, representing Davangere of Karnataka since 2004. Siddeshwara served as the Union Minister of State for Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises and prior to that, as Minister of State for Civil Aviation, till he resigned from the Ministry after a few days of cabinet reshuffle in July 2016.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Siddeshwara was born on 5 July 1952. His father G. Mallikarjunappa (died 2003) was also a Member of Parliament for two terms: 1996--1998 and 1999--2002. Mallikarjunappa was affiliated to the RSS before joining the BJP electoral politics.
## Political career {#political_career}
Being an active member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, he served as the Vice-President of the Karnataka State (2009-2010) and the National Parliamentary Party Treasurer of the Bharatiya Janata Party from 2004-2014. Hitherto, he served as the Secretary of Karnataka state BJP; Member of Parliamentary Consultative Committee for Ministry of *Human Resource Development* and Member of the Parliamentary Committee on *Finance* (2004 to 2009), Member of Parliamentary Committee on *Water Resources* (2009-2010); Member of Parliamentary Committee on *Finance*; and Member of Parliamentary Consultative Committee for the Ministry of *Commerce & Industry* (March 2010 - May 2014). He was re-elected to the 16th Lok Sabha from Davangere for the third time successively with a margin of 17, 607 votes defeating his Congress rival.
He served as Minister of State for Civil Aviation from 26 May 2014 to 9 November 2015 and Minister of State for Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises from 9 November 2014 to 12 July 2016.
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7,123,334 |
David Chastain
|
**David Taylor Chastain** (born August 31, 1953) is an American heavy metal guitarist and the owner of Leviathan Records and Diginet Music.
Chastain emerged in the mid-1980s along with a wave of other neo-classical guitarists. He has released about 50 recordings under multiple names, including David T. Chastain, CJSS, Georgia Blues Dawgs, The Cincinnati Improvisational Group, SPIKE, Zanister, Ruud Cooty and Southern Gentlemen (blues-rock); as well as a number of heavy metal releases under the band name Chastain, accompanied by female vocalist Leather Leone.
In more recent years, Chastain has worked as a record producer at his own company, Leviathan Records. His label specializes in discovering and promoting new talents, specializing in guitarists and bands. He also runs Diginet Music, a company specializing in rare, unreleased or out-of-print music.
## Discography
### Solo albums {#solo_albums}
- *Instrumental Variations* -- 1987 Leviathan Records
- *Within the Heat* -- 1989 Leviathan Records
- *Elegant Seduction* -- 1991 Leviathan Records
- *Movements Thru Time* -- 1992 Leviathan Records, Compilation album
- *Next Planet Please* -- 1994 Leviathan Records
- *Acoustic Visions* -- 1998 Leviathan Records
- *Rock Solid Guitar* -- 2001 Leviathan Records
- *Prisoner of Time* -- 2005 Diginet Music
- *Countdown to Infinity* -- 2007 Leviathan Records
- *Heavy Excursions* -- 2009 Leviathan Records, Compilation album
- *Civilized Warfare* -- 2011 Leviathan Records
### With Spike {#with_spike}
- *The Price of Pleasure* -- 1983 Starbound Records
### With CJSS {#with_cjss}
- *World Gone Mad*- 1985 Leviathan Records
- *Praise the Loud* -- 1986 Leviathan Records
- *Kings of the World* -- 2000 Pavement Music
### With Chastain {#with_chastain}
- *Mystery of Illusion* -- 1985 Shrapnel Records
- *Ruler of the Wasteland* -- 1986 Shrapnel Records
- *The 7th of Never* -- 1987 Leviathan Records
- *The Voice of the Cult* -- 1988 Leviathan Records
- *For Those Who Dare* -- 1990 Leviathan Records
- *Sick Society* -- 1995 Leviathan Records
- *In Dementia* -- 1997 Leviathan Records
- *In an Outrage* -- 2004 Leviathan Records
- *The Reign of Leather* -- 2010 Leviathan Records
- *Surrender To No One* -- 2013 Leviathan Records
- *We Bleed Metal* -- 2015 Leviathan Records
- *We Bleed Metal 17* -- 2017 Leviathan Records
### With Zanister {#with_zanister}
- *Symphonica Millennia* -- 1999 Shark Records (David T. Chastain -- Guitars, Keyboards, Production)
- *Fear No Man* -- 2001 Leviathan Records (David T. Chastain -- Guitars, Production)
### With Southern Gentlemen {#with_southern_gentlemen}
- *Exotic Dancer Blues* -- 2000 Leviathan Records (David T. Chastain -- Guitars, Vocals, Production)
- *Double Your Pleasure* -- 2003 Leviathan Records (David T. Chastain -- Guitar, Vocals, Production)
- *Third Time Is the Charm* -- 2006 Leviathan Records (David T. Chastain -- Guitar, Production)
- *Valley of Fire* -- 2008 Leviathan Records (David T. Chastain -- Guitar, Production)
- *Instrumentalized* -- 2009 Leviathan Records (David T. Chastain -- Guitar, Production)
### Other appearances {#other_appearances}
- *Shockwaves* -- Leather -- 1990 Roadrunner Records (Music, Lyrics, Production)
- *Live! Wild and Truly Diminished!!* -- 1992 Leviathan Records (David Chastain and Michael Harris)
- *Masahiro Chono 21st Century Prelude* -- 1995 Teichiku Records (\"Victory March \~ Shogeki \~,\" \"After The Battle \~ Chikai Chi \~,\" \"Victory March (Full Power Version) \~ Shogeki II \~\")
- *Aftermath* -- Ruud Cooty -- 2002 Lucretia Records (David T. Chastain -- Guitars, Arrangements, Production, Mixing)
- *Burning Earth* -- Firewind -- 2003 Leviathan Records (David T. Chastain -- Production, Vocal Engineering, Additional Background Vocals)
- *Hurricane X* -- Michael Harris -- 2003 Leviathan Records (David T. Chastain -- Bass, Executive Production)
- *Armed and Ready* -- Joe Stump -- 2003 Leviathan Records (David T. Chastain -- Bass, Executive Production)
- *Destination* -- Corbin King -- 2004 Leviathan Records (David T. Chastain -- Bass, Executive Production)
- *Shredology/Midwest Shredfest* -- Joe Stump -- 2005 Leviathan Records (David T. Chastain -- Arrangements, Bass)
## Music videos {#music_videos}
- \"For Those Who Dare\" -- Chastain -- 1990
- \"Bullet From A Gun\" -- Chastain -- 2004
- \"Rise Up\" -- Chastain -- 2013
- \"Evil Awaits Us\" -- Chastain -- 2014
- \"I Am Sin\" -- Chastain -- 2014
- \"All Hail The King\" -- 2015
- \"I live for today\" -- 2017
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7,123,359 |
S. Mallikarjunaiah
|
**Siddananjappa Mallikarjunaiah** (1931 -- 2014) was an Indian politician. He represented the **Tumkur** constituency of Karnataka in Lok Sabha thrice, and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
He was Deputy Speaker of Lok-sabha in the Tenth Lok Sabha (1991--1996). He was elected to the Lok Sabha thrice from Tumkur in 1991, 1998 and 2004. He lost Lok Sabha election from Tumkur four times, in 1977, 1980, 1996, 1999. He started his political career as an MLC representing Tumkur on the Karnataka Legislative Council from 1971`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1991 for Jana Sangh, Janata Party, and Bharatiya Janata Party. He also served as the Deputy Chairman of the council from 1980`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1986. He was the State President of the Jana Sangh.
He was born in Tumkur on 26 June 1931. He died on 13 March 2014 in Tumkur at the age of 82 from a heart attack.
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7,123,365 |
Rafael Pineda (boxer)
|
**Rafael Pineda** (born January 12, 1966, in Barranquilla, Colombia) is a former Colombian boxer at welterweight.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Known as \"Derby\", Pineda turned pro in 1986 and in 1989 took on former Olympian Mark Breland for the WBA welterweight title, but was TKO\'d in the fifth round. In 1991 he won the vacant IBF Light Welterweight title by beating Roger Mayweather with a ninth-round knockout. He successfully defended the title once before losing it by decision to welterweight legend Pernell Whitaker in 1992. Pineda retired after the loss, but came back in 1996.
## Comeback
Pineda launched a comeback in 1996 and fought for a few years in his native Colombia before taking on Cory Spinks in 2002, losing a technical decision. In 2004 he lost a close split decision to phenom Zab Judah. He has not fought since the loss.
## Personal
Pineda is the brother of fellow boxer Hugo Pineda.
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7,123,366 |
Flat Earth Society (band)
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The **Flat Earth Society** (**FES**) is a Belgian big band ensemble founded and led by Peter Vermeersch. They mix the rich Belgian brass band (HaFaBra) tradition with characteristic topsy-turvy creativity.
## Biography
Their earliest gig took place in 1997, when they performed a composition by Peter Vermeersch to accompany a circus act by De Circusplaneet during the Oorsmeer festival. They also performed on the song *Porqué te Vas* by A Group, Peter Vermeersch\' avant-garde pop band.
Wider attention came thanks to the Flemish radio station Radio 1, where they performed on the show *Levende Lijven*. The entire gig was recorded and later released under the title *Live at the Beursschouwburg 1999*, containing compositions by Peter Vermeersch and covers of jazz numbers. Unfortunately the Viakra label that released this CD went bankrupt, preventing a wide distribution. This prompted Peter Vermeersch to found his own record company, Zonk!Records.
The year 2000 was a busy one, with a Belgian tour, a new appearance in the last broadcast of the *Levende Lijven* radio show, and the first release on Zonk!Records: *Bonk*. The track list contains new and old compositions by Vermeersch and other members of the big band, but ends with two covers of songs by The Residents. FES also played in the theatre play *Larf* by Josse De Pauw, the music of this performance being released the same year. Meanwhile, Peter Vermeersch also composed the music for Minoes, a children\'s movie by Dutch film director Vincent Bal on a story by Annie M.G. Schmidt (released in 2001).
In 2002, the Flat Earth Society was the house band of the Brugge2002 festival, where they participated in the Benenwerk project, turning the centre of the city of Bruges into a large ballroom. *Trap* became the second regular studio recording, and in August the Flat Earth Society premiered their Louis Armstrong project *The Armstrong Mutations* at the last night of the free Brussels festival Boterhammen in de Stad. A tour and a CD release followed in 2003.
Meanwhile, Peter Vermeersch was also commissioned by Gerard Mortier to write a big band opera on the libretto *Heliogabal* by Thomas Jonigk, with stage directions by Roy Faudré. The opera premiered on May 8, 2003, in Duisburg during the Ruhr Triennale festival. In 2005, the opera toured Belgium in a new setting provided by Josse De Pauw.
In 2003 Peter had met with jazz composer and pianist Uri Caine, and the two decided to work together. Old compositions were re-orchestrated and new pieces were written. FES toured with Uri Caine in 2004.
International success was now assured, and FES was able to sign distribution deals with Ipecac, who released the compilation *FESisms*, and later with Crammed Discs who released *Psychoscout* in 2006 and *Cheer Me, Perverts!* in 2009. In May 2011 they toured the US for the first time in their career. Starting in Tampa, they went from Washington and Philadelphia to New York, where they performed at the Lincoln Center and the Museum of the Moving Image.
## Members (update 2020) {#members_update_2020}
- Benjamin Boutreur (alt saxophone)
- Peter Delannoye (trombone)
- Berlinde Deman (tuba)
- Pauline Leblond (trumpet)
- Frederik Leroux (guitar)
- Bart Maris (trumpet)
- Michel Mast (tenor saxophone)
- Marc Meeuwissen (trombone)
- Martí Melià Margañon (clarinet)
- Kristof Roseeuw (double bass)
- Wim Segers (vibraphone)
- Peter Vandenberghe (keyboards)
- Bruno Vansina (baritone sax)
- Teun Verbruggen (percussion)
- Peter Vermeersch (clarinet)
Guests:
- Esther Lybeert (vocals)
- Ernst Reijseger (cello)
- John Watts
- Jimi Tenor
- Uri Caine
Ex-members:
- David Bovée (guitar)
- Jan De Backer (trombone)
- Leonaar De Graeve (tuba)
- Anja Kowalski (vocals, keyboards)
- Pieter Lamotte (bass-trombone)
- Eric Morel (sax)
- Roel Poriau (percussion)
- Danny Van Hoeck (percussion)
- Stefaan Blancke (trombone)
- Pierre Vervloesem (guitar)
- Wim Willaert (accordion)
- Tom Wouters (clarinet, percussion)
- Luc Van Lieshout (trumpet)
- Thomas Mayade (trumpet)
## Discography
- *Live at the Beursschouwburg 1999* (1999)
- *Bonk* (2000)
- *Larf* (2001)
- *Minoes* (2002)
- *Trap* (2002)
- *The Armstrong Mutations* (2003)
- *ISMS* (2005)
- *Psychoscout* (2006)
- *The Oyster Princess* (2006)
- *Cheer me, Perverts!* (2009)
- *Answer Songs* (2009)
- *13* (2013)
- *Call sheets, Riders & Chicken Mushroom* (2014)
- *Boot en Berg* (2014)
- *FES XL S* (2014)
- *Terms of Embarrassment* (2016)
- *SS De Belgenland* (2016)
- *Boggamasta* (2017)
- *Untitled #0* (2018)
- *The One* (2024)
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7,123,373 |
Dennis Archer (cricketer)
|
**Dennis Archer** (born 11 March 1963) is a Bermudian cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler. He made his debut for Bermuda against Trinidad & Tobago on 7 October 1998. He played for them in two ICC Trophies (in 2001 and 2005), and also in their two ICC Intercontinental Cup matches in 2004, which are his only first-class matches to date. His last game was the third place play off of the 2005 ICC Trophy against Canada on 11 July 2005.
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7,123,387 |
Vase de Noces
|
***Vase de Noces*** (also known as ***Wedding Trough**\'\' and***The Pig Fucking Movie**\'\') is a 1974 Belgian avant-garde art film directed by Thierry Zéno and starring Dominique Garny.
The film deals openly, and sometimes graphically, with zoophilia. It features both real and simulated animal killings and coprophagia, and has been labeled obscene by many sources, notably by the OFLC of Australia. The film was banned in Australia by the Australian Classification Board in the mid 1970s with two failed attempts, according to the Australian Classification Board. The film went before the Australian Classification Board on 1 April 1977, and was banned again for the third time. The ban status on the film in Australia has remained largely unchanged since then, due to in part that the film violates Australian obscenity laws.
## Plot
The film follows a man who lives alone on a farm in rural Belgium. He demonstrates bizarre behavior from the beginning, such as fastening doll\'s heads to pigeons, collecting his feces in glass jars and beheading a hen for his own amusement. He is also obsessed with a sow who lives on the farm.
We see him gleefully rolling around in the manure with the sow, and then he rapes her, which his behavior suggests he sees as an intimate and mutually agreeable act. Later, the sow gives birth to a litter of piglets. The man attempts to spoon-feed milk to the piglets, but the piglets prefer to drink directly from the milk bowl. In general, the piglets prefer their mother\'s company, repeatedly scorning the man\'s advances. Taking this rejection as an unforgivable personal slight, the man hangs the piglets and leaves their bodies strung up in the open. When the sow discovers the remains of the piglets, she runs madly around the farm squealing. The sow slips into a deep patch in the mud and drowns there.
The man searches for the sow, and becomes visibly distraught when he discovers her dead. He drags the body from the mud, buries it on the farm grounds, and crudely attempts to bury himself on a patch of ground nearby. He gets up, and his grief turns to rage. He rushes around the farm scattering and smashing his belongings from the house, including his jars of waste.
He prepares and vigorously consumes a \"tea\" made of feces and urine, determinedly climbs a ladder in the barn and hangs himself with a rope. The final scene depicts his spirit floating skyward.
## Cast
- Dominique Garny as man
## Distribution
Better known by the English title *Wedding Trough*, the film has never had an official theater release, but has been shown in film festivals around the world, notably at the Perth International Film Festival in 1975, with the screening upsetting Australian censors.
Because there was no official theatrical, VHS, or until recently DVD release, *Wedding Trough* is one of the most obscure movies that is not a lost film.
Its last film festival appearance was at the 61st Locarno International Film Festival in \"Tribute to the Royal Belgian Cinémathèque / Experimental film Competitions of Knokke le Zoute\".
German video distributor Camera Obscura and Swedish distributor Njuta Films each released the film on DVD.
## Censorship in Australia {#censorship_in_australia}
In Australia, the Perth International Film Festival scheduled a screening of *Vase de Noces* in 1975. At the time, film festival submissions did not require approval from Australian censors, however the Western Australian government pressured censors to review the film before the screening. The censors did so, and subsequently refused to classify the film on grounds of obscenity. Festival chairman David Roe and director Thierry Zéno appealed to the censors to reconsider. Their appeal was successful, and the film was shown in the festival after all. The Western Australian Government was not happy that the festival went ahead with the screening, and this incident created a precedent for animosity between the two groups for years to come.
The government of Western Australia urged the Perth Film Festival to discontinue their plans to screen Nagisa Oshima\'s *In the Realm of the Senses*, threatening that future festivals would be subject to thorough censorial review in advance, if they went ahead with the screening. As a result of this pressure, the Perth Film Festival decided not to screen Oshima\'s film. Film festivals in Melbourne and Sydney went on to screen *In the Realm of the Senses* without incident. On 17 December 1976, *Vase de Noces* went before the Australian censors again, and again received a judgment of \"refused classification\". A third such attempt was made on 1 April 1977, resulting once again in a rejection, effectively banning its reproduction and dissemination throughout Australia. The film remains banned throughout Australia to this day after more than 40 years of being banned nationwide in the country and this ruling has not been successfully appealed.
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7,123,395 |
Tollcross railway station
|
**Tollcross station** was a railway station in the east end of Glasgow, Scotland. It was opened by the Caledonian Railway as **Tollcross** on 1 February 1897.
Located next to the settlements of Braidfauld and Auchenshuggle between the London Road and Tollcross Road arterial routes, it was closed to passengers on 5 October 1964. The lines have also been removed, but the land has not been built upon into the 21st century.
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7,123,397 |
Ethan Brand
|
\"**Ethan Brand---A Chapter from an Abortive Romance**\" (originally, \"The Unpardonable Sin\") is a short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 and first published by Ticknor, Reed, and Fields in 1852 in *The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales*, the author\'s final collection of short stories. Hawthorne originally planned a lengthy work about Brand, but completed only this piece. Hawthorne\'s inspiration was a lime kiln he saw burning while climbing Mount Greylock.
## Plot
A lime-burner named Bartram and his son hear a disturbing roar of laughter echo through the twilight in the hills. Soon thereafter, Ethan Brand arrives at the lime kiln and is questioned by Bartram. Brand says that he used to keep the very same kiln before he went off in search of the \"unpardonable sin\", which he claims to have found. When asked what the unpardonable sin is, Brand replies, "It is a sin that grew within my own breast. A sin that grew nowhere else! The sin of an intellect that triumphed over the sense of brotherhood with man and reverence for God, and sacrificed everything to its own mighty claims! The only sin that deserves a recompense of immortal agony! Freely, were it to do again, would I incur the guilt. Unshrinkingly I accept the retribution!\" Bartram does not understand, and mutters to himself that Brand is a mad man.
A group of townspeople arrive at the scene to gawk at Brand. In the course of his interactions with them, Brand is disturbed by their coarse behavior and begins to doubt whether he really found the unpardonable sin. When the townspeople compare Brand to another so called \"madman\" named Humphrey, Brand recalls a victim of his search, Esther (Humphrey\'s daughter), who left the province to become a circus performer and who subsequently became the subject of Brand\'s psychological experiment. Brand remembers that the research, \"wasted, absorbed, and perhaps annihilated her soul, in the process,\" and so he is again convinced that he found the \"unpardonable sin\".
The Wandering Jew, carrying a diorama on his back, joins the assembled near the kiln after dusk. The children of the town flock to the Jew to see his images. When Brand looks into the diorama, he sees something that disturbs him. He orders the Jew to get into the furnace or leave.
A village dog chases his own tail. The villagers head home, and Brand is left with Bartram and his son. Brand offers to tend the fire overnight, so Bartram and the boy go home.
Brand decides that his \"task is done, and well done,\" and he climbs into the furnace to his death. Bartram and his son, after a night of fitful sleep and dreams full of maniacal laughter, awake to find the landscape populated by heavenly atmospheric phenomena. When they realize that Brand is gone, and that \"the sky and the mountains all seem glad of it,\" they look into the lime kiln and find Brand\'s skeleton, transformed into lime. Inside the rib cage is a chunk of lime in the shape of a human heart. Bartram pokes the fragile artifacts and they crumble to dust.
## Composition and publication history {#composition_and_publication_history}
In the summer of 1838, Hawthorne had visited North Adams, Massachusetts and climbed Mount Greylock several times. His experiences here, especially a walk he took at midnight where he saw a burning lime kiln, inspired this story, originally titled \"The Unpardonable Sin\". Hawthorne had not written tales since 1844 when he wrote \"Ethan Brand\" in the winter of 1848--1849. He admitted he had difficulty writing it. He wrote: `{{blockquote|text=I have wrenched and torn an idea out of my miserable brain, or rather, the fragment of an idea, like a tooth ill-drawn and leaving the roots to torture me.<ref>Miller, Edwin Haviland. ''Salem is my Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne''. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991: 266. {{ISBN|0-87745-332-2}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} Hawthorne had planned a lengthy tale about Brand\'s life and his travels in search of the \"Unpardonable Sin\" but published only this, most of which would have formed the climactic chapter.
## Adaptations
In 1945, the story was adapted to the syndicated radio program *The Weird Circle* as \"The Heart of Ethan Brand\".
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7,123,420 |
Saint George and the Dragon (Uccello)
|
***Saint George and the Dragon*** is a painting by Paolo Uccello dating from around 1470. It is on display in the National Gallery, London, United Kingdom. It was formerly housed in the Palais Lanckoroński in Vienna, belonging to Count Karol Lanckoroński and sold by his son and heir Anton in 1959 through Mr. Farago. The first mention of its being there is 1898.
Gothicizing tendencies in Paolo Uccello\'s art are nowhere more apparent than in this painting. It shows a scene from the famous story of Saint George and the Dragon. On the right, George is spearing the beast, and on the left, the princess is using her belt as a leash to take the dragon up to the town.
The eye in the storm gathering on the right of Saint George is lined up with his spear showing there has been divine intervention.
The painting is commonly interpreted as an illustration of the legend of St. George as recounted in the Golden Legend. However, Stanford professor Emanuele Lugli has suggested an alternative reading: that the work functions as propaganda, encouraging Florentine elites to adopt agriculture. According to him, the dragon was a symbol of pollution, and St. George\'s slaying of the creature can be seen as a metaphorical reclamation of the land, leading to a pure water source located in a cave.
An earlier, less dramatic version of the same subject by the Italian artist is in the Musée Jacquemart-André, Paris and an even earlier (c. 1430) is in the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.
The painting is used as the basis for the U. A. Fanthorpe poem, *Not My Best Side*, and may have served as inspiration for Sir John Tenniel\'s illustration of the Jabberwock in *Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There*.
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7,123,422 |
Charles Murray (boxer)
|
**Charles Murray** (born August 18, 1968 in Rochester, New York, United States) is a retired American boxer who boxed at light welterweight.
## Career
Murray was the 1987 United States Amateur Lightweight champion. Known as \"The Natural\", Murray turned pro in 1989 & compiled a record of 20-0 before being upset by veteran Terrence Alli. He would rebound from the loss & go on to win the vacant IBF light welterweight title with a decision win over Rodney Moore in 1993. He defended the title twice before losing it in 1994 to Jake Rodriguez via a majority decision. After the loss to Rodriguez, Murray quickly drifted from championship status to journeyman. He never challenged for a major title again and hasn\'t fought since 2004.
## Professional boxing record {#professional_boxing_record}
Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
---- -------- -------- ---------------------------- ------ ------------- -------------- ---------- -------
53 Loss 44--9 Darien Ford UD 6 (6) 2004-07-28
52 Loss 44--8 Robert Frazier UD 10 (10) 2003-04-17
51 Loss 44--7 Alfredo Cuevas TKO 7 (10) 2002-04-19
50 Loss 44--6 Larry Marks UD 10 (10) 2000-11-24
49 Win 44--5 Gary Richardson TKO 4 (10) 2000-09-28
48 Win 43--5 Samuel Harvey TKO 8 (10) 2000-05-11
47 Win 42--5 Ed Griffin UD 10 (10) 1999-04-30
46 Win 41--5 Rick Edson KO 1 (8) 1998-10-01
45 Loss 40--5 Alfonso Sanchez TKO 3 (10) 1997-09-19
44 Win 40--4 Israel Cardona SD 10 (10) 1997-05-25
43 Loss 39--4 Ray Oliveira UD 12 (12) 1997-04-15
42 Win 39--3 Livingstone Bramble UD 10 (10) 1997-03-01
41 Win 38--3 Benji Singleton TKO 5 (10) 1996-09-25
40 Win 37--3 Jake Rodríguez TKO 7 (12) 1996-06-25
39 Win 36--3 Tony Lopez UD 12 (12) 1996-03-26
38 Win 35--3 Reggie Green TKO 2 (12) 1995-10-10
37 Win 34--3 Fitz Vanderpool KO 6 (10) 1995-07-15
36 Win 33--3 Jimmy Deoria UD 10 (10) 1995-02-11
35 Loss 32--3 Ray Oliveira UD 10 (10) 1994-10-05
34 Win 32--2 Lyndon Walker UD 10 (10) 1994-07-28
33 Loss 31--2 Jake Rodríguez MD 12 (12) 1994-02-13
32 Win 31--1 Courtney Hooper RTD 5 (12) 1993-11-19
31 Win 30--1 Juan Laporte UD 12 (12) 1993-07-24
30 Win 29--1 Rodney Moore UD 12 (12) 1993-05-15
29 Win 28--1 Tony Martin UD 10 (10) 1993-04-08
28 Win 27--1 Juan Ramon Cruz KO 2 (?) 1992-12-05
27 Win 26--1 Jerry Smith TKO 5 (10) 1992-09-11
26 Win 25--1 Sammy Fuentes UD 10 (10) 1992-07-16
25 Win 24--1 Alberto Alcaraz KO 9 (10) 1992-02-08
24 Win 23--1 Livingstone Bramble UD 10 (10) Dec 13, 1991
23 Win 22--1 Manuel Salas TKO 3 (10) 1991-09-25
22 Win 21--1 Carlos Bates KO 1 (10) 1991-07-25
21 Loss 20--1 Terrence Alli SD 12 (12) 1991-05-12
20 Win 20--0 Bernard Gray TKO 6 (10) 1991-04-04
19 Win 19--0 David Taylor UD 12 (12) 1991-01-13
18 Win 18--0 Micky Ward UD 12 (12) 1990-10-18
17 Win 17--0 Salvador Villa KO 1 (8) 1990-08-18
16 Win 16--0 Alfredo Rojas KO 4 (10) 1990-07-15
15 Win 15--0 Robert Guy TKO 7 (10) 1990-05-31
14 Win 14--0 Elvis Perez TKO 3 (10) 1990-05-03
13 Win 13--0 Clarence Coleman KO 1 (8) 1990-03-16
12 Win 12--0 Arturo Lozano KO 3 (6) 1990-03-02
11 Win 11--0 Charles Duffy UD 6 (6) 1990-02-18
10 Win 10--0 Howard Stewart UD 8 (8) 1989-11-14
9 Win 9--0 Francisco Mesquita Pereira TKO 6 (8) 1989-10-20
8 Win 8--0 Dwayne Peterson UD 4 (4) 1989-09-12
7 Win 7--0 Joseph Alexander UD 6 (6) 1989-08-15
6 Win 6--0 Frank Vasquez KO 2 (6) 1989-07-16
5 Win 5--0 Troy Smith TKO 3 (4) 1989-06-20
4 Win 4--0 David Levi UD 4 (4) 1989-05-16
3 Win 3--0 Jose Luis Sanchez TKO 1 (4) 1989-04-25
2 Win 2--0 Benjamin Quintero TKO 2 (4) 1989-03-25
1 Win 1--0 Martin Vargas TKO 4 (4) 1989-02-28
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Murray has six children, Marquis Rashaad, Kennedy B.,Tehilyah Lyric, Chase "Prince", Kendrick, and Ava. Murray was married on August 16, 2008, in addition a step-son Nyles Goodwin.
## Boxing trainer {#boxing_trainer}
Murray now trains boxers, and has trained Jerson Ravelo amongst other professional fighters.
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7,123,425 |
Sultan Mahmud Power Station
|
**Sultan Mahmud Power Station** or **Kenyir Dam** (*Empangan Kenyir*) is the hydroelectric dam which forms Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia. It is located 50 km southwest of Kuala Terengganu on the Kenyir River. The project is a multipurpose hydroelectric power and flood mitigation scheme.
## History
The Kenyir River was first identified for hydroelectric potential in 1961 but it proved financially unviable due to low energy demand and high cost of construction. Years later in 1972 the Malaysian government revived the study and further site investigations were proceeded.
Construction started in 1978 and was completed in 1985. In 1987 the dam was officially opened by Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah the Sultan of Terengganu. The dam\'s power station was named after the Sultan as the \"Sultan Mahmud Hydro Electric Power Station\". The station is operated by Tenaga Nasional Berhad.
## Kenyir dam technical specifications {#kenyir_dam_technical_specifications}
The power station is a hydroelectric power station, using four turbines of 100 megawatt each. Continuous power output is 165 MW. Average annual energy output is 1,600 GWh.
The dam is 150 m in height above foundation, with a crest length of 800 m, and the dam fill volume is 15.20 million cubic metres. Crest elevation is 155 m above sea level (ASL) while maximum flood level is 153 m. The maximum operating level is 145 m and a minimum of 120 m. The reservoir surface area at 145 m ASL is 370 km^2^, and with a catchment area of 2,600 km^2^ Storage capacity is 13,600 million cubic metres.
In case of overflow during monsoon seasons there is a spillway that is ungated/free flow, with a maximum capacity of 7,000 cubic metres per second. Water flows through four penstocks into four turbines turning four air-cooled electric generators rated at 100 megawatt each.
## Men at Helm {#men_at_helm}
The Station Superintendents and General Managers of Sultan Mahmud Hydropower Station since its official commencement of commercial operations are listed below.
1. Hj Wan Abdullah b. Ahmad
2. Hj Khairudin b. Md Yunus
3. Hj Othman b. Mahmud
4. Hj Mohamad b. Che Jusof
5. Hj Muhammad b. Ismail
6. Hj Azhar b. Mat Yunus
7. Hj Aidee b. Hamidin
8. Hj Mustaffa b. Hashim
9. Hj Mustaphakamal b. Yaacob
10. Hj Rasidi bin Yamin
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7,123,428 |
Underbone
|
thumb\|upright=1.35\|Plastic panels and covers are widely used on modern underbones e.g. Modenas Kriss 2. An **underbone** (弯梁车, literal translation: curve beam car) is a type of motorcycle that uses structural tube framing with an overlay of plastic or non-structural body panels and contrasts with monocoque or unibody designs where pressed steel serves both as the vehicle\'s structure and bodywork. Outside Asia, the term underbone is commonly misunderstood to refer to any lightweight motorcycle that uses the construction type, known colloquially as *step-throughs*, *mopeds* or *scooters* (see Scooter (motorcycle)).
An underbone motorcycle may share its fuel tank position and tube framing, along with fitted bodywork and splash guards with a scooter while the wheel dimensions, engine layouts, and power transmission are similar with conventional motorcycles.
Unlike conventional motorcycles, underbones are mostly popular in Asia and Greece. In Indonesia, the fourth most populous country in the world, and the largest country in Southeast Asia, almost half the population have a motorcycle, most of which are underbones and scooters. (120 million in 2018, compared to 16 million cars).
## Design
The appearance and frame of an underbone are quite different from that of a standard motorcycle, but the powertrain is functionally almost identical. The underbone engine is positioned between the rider\'s feet but the rear wheel is driven by a regular motorcycle secondary chain drive. Styling considerations only mean that the chain-driven nature of the machine tends to be concealed under sheet-metal covers to a greater extent than that of motorcycles.
In only one significant respect does the underbone differ from the conventional motorcycle - there is no frame member or fuel tank between the seat base and the headstock. Generally, the fuel tank is located under the seat. The underbone arrangement improves the ease of mounting and dismounting and contributes to the cross-gender appeal of the layout as an around-town shopping and commuter vehicle. The engine displacement of a typical underbone motorcycle is generally between 50 cc and up to about 150 cc, though much larger ones are available. Currently, production underbone model with the largest engine displacement is the SYM VF3i, which is powered by a fuel-injected 183 cc SOHC 4-valve water-cooled engine.
Historically, underbones popularized semi-automatic transmissions and indicator systems. In other respects, the technical sophistication of underbones tended to lag those of larger motorcycles, but nowadays they are increasingly equipped with similar electronic ignition, fuel injection, etc.
Underbones do not have large footrests on the sides (compared to scooters/mopeds), this makes it easier, safer and more comfortable to ride on rough roads or off-road. As the rider can more easily stand up or put both feet on the ground while riding, to shift centre of gravity, smooth out rough roads with knees in half-standing, maintain stability and control. Similar to techniques commonly used in dirt biking or mountain biking.
Underbones may have spoked or alloy wheels that are spindle mounted and usually sized to fit small conventional motorcycle frames. These provide much better road-holding and braking than scooters, though it does make punctures more difficult to repair
Underbones generally features a three- to six-speed sequential gearbox, either with an automatic clutch, usually a centrifugal clutch, or a conventional manual hand clutch. Depending on whether the motorcycle has a manual hand clutch or an automatic centrifugal clutch, determines whether the motorcycle transmission is a semi-automatic (automatic clutch) or a manual transmission. It is then coupled to a sprocket and chain drive to transmit power to the rear wheel. There are some exceptions to this, such as the Yamaha Lexam. Although the similar design of an underbone motorcycle, it has a CVT transmission and therefore has no gears for the rider to select, similar to scooters.
## Origins
The underbone concept can be seen in some of the European mopeds of the early 1950s, including the NSU Quickly and the Heinkel Perle. The spine-framed, plastic-faired Honda Super Cub is the most produced motor vehicle of all time. Production of the Super Cub began in 1958, surpassing 60 million units in April 2008, and continuing to be made in several countries around the world `{{As of|2012|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Other names and derivations {#other_names_and_derivations}
In Malaysia and Singapore this vehicle is commonly known as *Kapcai* or *Kapchai*, a slang word derived from Cantonese, being a combination of the word \"Cub\" from the word Honda Cub and \"仔\" in Chinese. In Cantonese, \"仔\" (pronounced \"*jai*\", or in pinyin \"*zai*\") means \"little\" (or its derivatives, e.g. \"small\", \"mini\", etc.). Therefore,\"*kapchai*\" literally means a \"Little Cub\". With Honda being a very popular brand in Malaysia, all underbone motorbikes have come to be called \"kapchai\". In Indonesia, it is called \"*motor bebek*\" (literally means \"duck bike\"). In Greece is known as *Papi* or *Papaki*, a slang that also means duck.
A variation on the underbone concept known as the \"maxi-scooter\" or \"touring scooter\" is popular in the West. These are much larger than the underbones known to the Asian market and vary in size from the early Honda Helix with 250 cc to the 850 cc Gilera GP800. Many current versions are between 400 cc and 650 cc, including the Honda Silver Wing with 582 cc, the Suzuki Burgman with 400 cc or 638 cc, the Yamaha Majesty 400 with 395 cc, and the Yamaha T-Max 500 with 499 cc.
Underbones of conventional size are popular in Western Europe and marketed alongside conventional scooters. They are sometimes referred to as scooters, despite the design difference between underbones and conventional scooters.
In Southeast Asia Some manual underbone bikes are designed by cover body without side wings, full-length front shock, and sport bike look headlamp. It look more sporty and better performance than the cub underbones. For example, Suzuki Raider R150, Honda Nova series, Suzuki Akira/Stinger, Yamaha MX Speed, Cagiva Stella, and many more. In Indonesia, this type of bike are called \"ayago\" (ayam jago means rooster)
## Storage
Underbone motorcycles often come with storage, and this may vary between markets. In Southeast Asia, there is commonly a steel basket provided as there is none under the seat, as this is the placement of the fuel tank. Some underbones have a lockable storage compartment under the seat. Some have a hook in the area between the rider\'s knees for a shopping bag. Another storage capacity may be provided in a top box, detachable in some cases.
## Manufacturers
The market for underbone motorcycles is dominated by Japanese manufacturers, though many of them are built in factories elsewhere, including China and Taiwan. In other cases, manufacturers have violated copyright and illegally copied the models of Japanese manufacturers. The Honda Cub, Honda Wave series, and Yamaha Lagenda series are amongst the most copied.
MZ Motorrad currently produces underbone models in Malaysia by their main shareholder, Hong Leong Group which is also the sole distributor of Yamaha motorcycle in Malaysia and Singapore. Mforce Bikes Holdings Sdn Bhd also producing an underbone motorcycle under Benelli Motorcycle.
The major underbone manufacturers are as follows:
- **China:** Haojue, Zongshen, Lifan, [KAMAX](https://www.kamaxgroup.com/).
- **Malaysia:** Modenas, Momos Motor (rebadge of Cagiva), Naza Bikers (rebadge of Zongshen), Demak and Mforce Bikes Holdings.
- **Germany:** MZ Motorrad
- **India:** TVS Motors (underbone versions are available in India, Indonesia and the Philippines)
- **Indonesia:** Kanzen, Binter (rebadge of Kawasaki), Viar
- **Italy:** Cagiva, Piaggio, Benelli
- **Japan:** Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki, Kawasaki
- **Philippines:** LuckyStar Motorcycles, MCX Motor (Phils.), Blaze Motortech, Sunriser, RUSI,
- **South Korea:** Daelim Motor Company
- **Taiwan:** Kymco, SYM Motors
- **Thailand:** Tiger Motor Co. Ltd
- **Mexico:** Italika
## Culture
Underbones are very popular in Southeast Asia and Greece. There is a demand for aftermarket and tuner parts. Many enthusiasts modify their underbones either for a show (such as installing small sound systems, neon lights and custom paint jobs) or for performance (like increasing the engine power and fine-tuning the suspension). Riding gear may not even extend to wearing shoes and long pants for safety. Illegal underbone drag racing has become popular in countries such as the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Greece, and poses safety issues for the commuting public as well as the riders themselves, as underbones offer little protection in the event of crashes. The most popular underbone for these purposes is the Honda XRM, Suzuki Raider 150 and the Honda Wave, although similar models from Kawasaki and Yamaha are also frequently used.
In Singapore and Malaysia, it is not uncommon to see old bicycles customized with parts found on an underbone motorcycle, a growing trend popular with the youth.
### Racing
Underbone motorcycle racing are one of the most popular motorcycle racing class in the Southeastern Asia region, which uses a modified version of road-legal, production-based underbone motorcycle available for purchase in public, mostly manufactured by Yamaha, Honda, and Suzuki. Underbone racing popularity is mostly influenced by their wide variety of racing classes, race track limitations, and fairly cheaper cost of parts and development compared to sport motorcycle classes. Underbone racing class may be further categorized into the engine cycle, engine displacement, engine layout, fuel delivery systems, allowable modifications and restrictions, time brackets (in drag racing), and the rider\'s skill level. These categories are then regulated by the country\'s motorcycle racing governing body, from which national racing series may be organized. One of the most popular categories is the 150cc four-stroke fuel-injected class and may have engine power output ranging from 24 to 32 horsepower and can reach up to 180 km/h. Most of the motorcycle competing in this class are Yamaha T-150, Honda RS150R, and Suzuki Raider 150.
Notable underbone road racing series in Southeast Asia countries are Malaysian Cub Prix and Indonesian Oneprix and MotoPrix Series. The highest level for underbone road racing class is held by Asia Road Racing Championship under UB150 class, from which only production underbone motorcycle with a maximum of 150cc engine displacement may compete in this class, hence the name. Only Yamaha and Honda motorcycles compete in this class with teams from various Asian countries.
Underbone racing series in lower divisions in each country may also be organized to encourage new teams and riders to develop and prepare for the national racing series. In Malaysia, the underbone racing series was created in partnership with the government of Malaysia\'s Ministry of Youth and Culture in 2012 to encourage youth to race in a controlled track environment rather than on the streets. It was designed to have a lower cost of entry than existing underbone series, such as the Malaysian Cub Prix.
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7,123,439 |
Hank Severeid
|
**Henry Levai Severeid** (June 1, 1891 -- December 17, 1968) was an American professional baseball player and scout. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball from 1911 to 1926, most notably as a member of the St. Louis Browns where, he was known for being one of the best defensive catchers of his era and a capable handler of pitching staffs. He also played for the Cincinnati Reds, St. Louis Browns, Washington Senators and the New York Yankees.
## Biography
Severeid was born in Story City, Iowa to Norwegian immigrants Lars Severeid and Maria (Naess) Severeid. Three of his brothers, Oscar, Charles, and Elmer, played minor league ball.
Severeid finished 6th in voting for the 1924 American League MVP for playing in 137 Games and having 432 At Bats, 37 Runs, 133 Hits, 23 Doubles, 2 Triples, 4 Home Runs, 48 RBI, 1 Stolen Base, 36 Walks, .308 Batting Average, .362 On-base percentage, .398 Slugging Percentage, 172 Total Bases and 31 Sacrifice Hits.
On June 18, 1925, the Browns traded Severeid to the Washington Senators for George Mogridge and Pinky Hargrave.
He helped the Senators win the 1925 American League Pennant and the Yankees win the 1926 American League Pennant.
In 15 seasons he played in 1,390 Games and had 4,312 At Bats, 408 Runs, 1,245 Hits, 204 Doubles, 42 Triples, 17 Home Runs, 539 RBI, 35 Stolen Bases, 331 Walks, .289 Batting Average, .342 On-base percentage, .367 Slugging Percentage, 1,584 Total Bases and 125 Sacrifice Hits. He is also the Baltimore Orioles Career Leader in At Bats per Strikeout (27.8).
Severeid spent over a quarter century as a scout, for the Chicago Cubs (1943) and Boston Red Sox from 1944. In 1941, he co-authored the book *Play Ball! Advice for Young Ballplayers* with Charles Edward Chapman (1880--1941). He died in San Antonio, Texas in 1968 at the age of 77.
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7,123,443 |
Cosmic Smash
|
***Cosmic Smash*** (コズミックスマッシュ) is a 2001 sports video game developed and published by Sega for arcades. It was ported to the Dreamcast console. It is a futuristic combination of squash and *Breakout*, and is a single player game. It is one of the few Dreamcast games to be released in a DVD-style case, rather than a jewel case. A reimagining titled *C-Smash VRS* was released for the PlayStation 5 via PlayStation VR2 and Meta Quest on June 23, 2023, and Pico 4 on April 4, 2024.
## Gameplay
The information provided below is based on the Sega Dreamcast port of the game. The arcade version is visually similar with the same gameplay, but stage names and other options may vary.
The game is set in a bus or subway-style system, where each stage is a named \"stop\" on the line. There is an overall time limit, and each stage completion adds bonus time to that time limit. Both the starting time limit and the bonus time can be adjusted. In the Dreamcast version, the first seven stages of every playthrough are the same, starting at station 707 (\"Welcome\"), and advancing by 10 (717, 727, etc.) to station 777 (\"Nami\"). After these opening stages, the line splits into two, and the player can choose to go left or right at this and all other forks along the line. The game ends when the player runs out of time, or when they reach a special stage at the \"end of the line.\" Depending on the route chosen at each fork, each completed playthrough of Cosmic Smash can have a different number of stages. The player can choose to go directly to the end of the line, or choose a more winding path with more difficulty with the chance for more points.
Each stage is the same every playthrough, allowing experienced players to plan a route and shot selection to either maximize their high score or clear each stage as quickly as possible in a speedrun style playthrough. The player must clear all target tiles on each stage to proceed. Target tiles may move in a specified pattern on certain stages. There are also walls and moving tiles in some stages, requiring the player to bounce shots off of the side, top, or bottom walls of the play area to navigate around.
Target tiles may deflect the ball back to the player, as in \"Breakout,\" though some tiles will allow the ball to pass through unobstructed, as in the \"Breakthru\" variant of the same game. In addition to \'standard\' shots, the player can charge a \'trick shot,\' combining them with the joystick to set up elaborate, athletic, and powerful shots. The drawback to trick shots are not just in the charge time to swing---while charging, the game timer ticks down faster than normal. However, trick shots will \"breakthru\" target tiles that standard shots cannot, and the different physics of trick shots allow the player to attack the board from differing angles.
The Hi-score table stores the top 20 scores. Points are awarded after each stage based on the number of tiles cleared, the type of shot used to finish a stage, and how long the player takes to clear the stage. The Dreamcast version also produces a unique code at the end of each playthrough, directing the player to enter the code at a now defunct website at the official Cosmic Smash website to be entered into a worldwide leaderboard (though on console, the game was only released in Japan). A similar third-party leaderboard was available at the website Solvalou, but has also since become defunct. At last update, the highest score on the third-party leaderboard was a two-way tie of 590,678,903---both entries by an English player named \"Alex\" with a listed age of 11. The top three scores on the leaderboard are almost ten times the total of the fourth place score of 60,018,465.
### Bonus stage {#bonus_stage}
If the player completes the final stage of their \'route,\' and finishes at least eight stages with a trick shot during their playthrough, they will be awarded with a bonus stage. The game instructs players (and onlookers) to \'silence their cell phones\' before pitting the player in a one-on-one match against an AI opponent defending two target tiles. This is the only stage with an \"active\" opponent in the game, and the AI opponent will react according to the player\'s shot selection. After destroying the two target tiles, the game will end, the credits will roll, and the player (if qualified) will be asked for initials for the high score table.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,453 |
Cheshire Plain
|
The **Cheshire Plain** is a relatively flat expanse of lowland within the county of Cheshire in North West England but extending south into Shropshire. It extends from the Mersey Valley in the north to the Shropshire Hills in the south, bounded by the hills of North Wales to the west and the foothills of the Pennines to the north-east.`{{r|NaturalEngland}}`{=mediawiki} The Wirral Peninsula lies to the north-west whilst the plain merges with the South Lancashire Plain in the embayment occupied by Manchester to the north. In detail, the plain comprises two areas with distinct characters, the one to the west of the Mid Cheshire Ridge and the other, larger part, to its east.
The plain is the surface expression of the Cheshire Basin, a deep sedimentary basin that extends north into Lancashire and south into Shropshire. It assumed its current form as the ice-sheets of the last glacial period melted away between 20,000 and 15,000 years ago leaving behind a thick cover of glacial till and extensive tracts of glacio-fluvial sand and gravel.
The primary agricultural use of the Cheshire Plain is dairy farming, creating the general appearance of enclosed hedgerow fields.
Meteorologists use the term **Cheshire Gap** when referring to the lowlands of the Cheshire Plain, providing as they do a passage between the Clwydian Hills, in Wales on the one hand and the Peak District and South Pennines on the other. Weather systems are often guided down this \"gap\", penetrating much further inland than elsewhere along the coast of the Irish Sea.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,459 |
Visayan warty pig
|
The **Visayan warty pig** (***Sus cebifrons***) is a critically endangered species in the pig genus (*Sus*). It is endemic to six of the Visayan Islands (Cebu, Negros, Panay, Masbate, Guimaras, and Siquijor) in the central Philippines. It is known by many names in the region (depending on the island and linguistic group) with most translating into \'wild pig\': *baboy ilahas* (\'wild pig\' in Hiligaynon,Cebuano and Waray), *baboy talonon* (\'forest pig\' in Hiligaynon), *baboy sulop* (\'dark pig\' in Cebuano), and *baboy ramo* (\'wild boar\' in Waray).
The Visayan warty pig is critically endangered due to habitat loss and hunting. It is believed to be extinct in four of the islands in its original native range, with only small surviving populations in Negros and Panay. Due to the small numbers of remaining Visayan warty pigs in the wild, little is known of their behaviors or characteristics outside of captivity. In 2012, the Negros Interior Biodiversity Expedition undertook camera trapping in the Northern Negros Natural Park and gained the first photos taken in the wild of the Visayan warty pig.
## Distribution
The Visayan warty pig is endemic to six islands in the Philippines: Cebu, Negros, Panay, Masbate, Guimaras, and Siquijor. However, only Negros and Panay have documented remaining populations of Visayan warty pigs. It is believed to be extinct in all the other islands, although there is a possibility of some surviving populations in Masbate.
## Subspecies
The species includes the following subspecies:
- Cebu warty pig (*Sus cebifrons cebifrons*) (believed to be extinct)
- Negros warty pig (*Sus cebifrons negrinus*). There are two separate remaining populations and died of *S. c. negrinus* -- on the islands of Negros and Panay, respectively. Both populations have been physically and genetically isolated since the last ice age (c. 12,000 yrs).
## Physical characteristics {#physical_characteristics}
The Visayan warty pig receives its name from the three pairs of fleshy \"warts\" present on the visage of the boar. Biologists speculate that the reason for the warts is to assist as a natural defense against the tusks of rival pigs during a fight. The boars also grow stiff spiky hair.
## Behavior and diet {#behavior_and_diet}
Visayan warty pigs tend to live in groups of four to six. The diet of the pig mainly consists of roots, tubers, and fruits that can be found in the forest. They may also eat cultivated crops. Since approximately 95% of their natural habitat has been cleared by local farmers who cut down the forest to plant crops, the propensity of the pigs to eat cultivated crops has risen dramatically. Because the land that is cleared for farming is often unproductive after a few years, the food sources of the Visayan warty pig are extremely limited, a factor that has contributed significantly to the pig\'s dwindling numbers.
Visayan warty pigs were the first pig species ever to be recorded using tools for digging at a French zoo.
## Reproduction
Visayan warty pig piglets are often seen during the dry season between the months of January and March in their native habitat of the western Visayan Islands. The mean number of piglets is three to four per litter. There is at least one case of male-led infanticide documented in captivity.
## Conservation
The biggest threat to the Visayan warty pig is habitat loss caused by commercial logging and slash-and-burn farming. In total, it is extinct in 98% of its original native range due to loss of forest cover. They are also hunted for food; and by farmers who see them as pests since they can damage crops when foraging.
Visayan warty pigs are also vulnerable to genetic contamination, as they readily hybridize with feral domestic pigs.
### Breeding programs {#breeding_programs}
The current conservation program for *S. c. negrinus* includes successful breeding programs at the Rotterdam Zoo for pigs of Negros origin, and at the San Diego Zoo for pigs of Panay origin.
### Captive populations {#captive_populations}
In addition to a few other conservation programs in the Philippines, the Crocolandia Foundation and the Negros Forests and Ecological Foundation both have this species in captivity. In Europe, 32 zoos -- Jersey Zoo, Rotterdam Zoo, Planckendael Zoo, Poznan Zoo, Colchester Zoo, Chester Zoo, Belfast Zoo, Edinburgh Zoo, Yorkshire Wildlife Park, Blackbrook Zoological Park, Děčín Zoo, Ostrava Zoo, Newquay Zoo, and Parken Zoo in Eskilstuna, among others -- maintain the Negros Island variety of this species. Moreover, several zoos in the United States also maintain the species. The San Diego Zoo was the first zoo outside the Philippines to keep and breed Visayan warty pigs. Elsewhere in North America, zoos in Seattle, Los Angeles, Portland, Phoenix, Tucson, Miami, Tampa, Saint Louis, Attleboro, Melbourne, Gainesville, Jacksonville, Boise, Cincinnati, and Apple Valley have also kept the species. The Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium have acquired the species and they went on-show to the public in June 2015. The Austin Zoo also exhibits this species.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,464 |
Mayo Kaan
|
**Mayo Kaan** (2 March 1914 -- 9 July 2002) was a bodybuilder who claimed to be the original model for Superman. Mayo was the father of millionaire Valerie Kaan.
## Superman origin claims {#superman_origin_claims}
In November 1997 Mayo Kaan placed advertisements in several newspapers and magazines claiming that he was the first person to don the Superman costume and was the model for the Superman character. His claims were denied by the estates of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the creators of the Superman series. The publishers of the Superman comic, DC Comics, stated that Shuster and Siegel were the sole creators of Superman and that this was established years before Kaan\'s claims.
Superman collector Danny Fuchs believes it was possible Kaan had \"history confused\", and that he had modeled for the Fleischer Studios animations based on Superman. An observer spotted an apparent inconsistency with Kaan\'s photos -- one shows him on the steps of Hatch Memorial Shell in the Boston Esplanade, but this structure was not built in 1940, four years after he allegedly modeled for Shuster.
Superman collector Mike Curtis believes Kaan played Superman in personal appearances and a short film for Macy's Superman ride promotion for the Krypto Ray Gun. The previous year a similar promotion was for Buck Rogers where children could ride in a rocket ship and meet the characters. The ride is described in detail in the book as children rode in a rocket propelled by Superman, and had other adventures, ending up at the offices of the Daily Planet and receiving a copy of the newspaper with their names in the headline.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,468 |
Parkhead Stadium railway station
|
**Parkhead Stadium** was a railway station in the east end of Glasgow. It was opened by the Caledonian Railway as **Parkhead** on 1 February 1897.
In recognition of its proximity to the Celtic Park football stadium, it was known as **Parkhead (for Celtic Park)** by 1904; and it was also referred to in some timetables as **Parkhead for Celtic Park**.
The station was renamed **Parkhead Stadium** by British Railways on 3 March 1952. The nearby ex-North British Railway\'s Coatbridge Branch station, \"Parkhead\", was renamed \"Parkhead North\" on 30 June 1952.
It was closed to passengers on 5 October 1964.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,471 |
Sadananda Gowda
|
\| death_date = \| death_place = \| party = Bharatiya Janata Party \| spouse = `{{Marriage|Datty|1981}}`{=mediawiki} \| children = 2 \| alma_mater = St. Philomena\'s College, Puttur\
Vaikunta Baliga College of Law \| website = }} **Devaragunda Venkappa Sadananda Gowda** (born 18 March 1953) is an Indian politician who served as the Union Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers of India in the Second Modi ministry from 14 November 2018 to 7 July 2021. He also served as the Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation of India from 5 July 2016 to 24 May 2019 in the First Modi ministry. He is represented the Bangalore North constituency in the parliament from 2014 to 2024. He also held Ministry of Railways and other cabinet positions in the First Modi ministry. He also served as the 14th Chief Minister of Karnataka.
He previously served as the Minister of Law and Justice, having been shifted from the Ministry of Railways in the cabinet reshuffle of 5 July 2016. At the end of the previous Lok Sabha, he was the Minister of Statistics and Program Implementation. He then stepped down from his post of Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers ahead of the cabinet reshuffle in July 2021.
## Early life {#early_life}
Sadananda Gowda was born in a Tulu Gowda family of Venkappa Gowda and Kamala in Mandekolu village of Sulya taluk in Karnataka. Gowda graduated in Science from Saint Philomena College, Puttur and went on to obtain his degree in law at Udupi\'s Vaikunta Baliga College of Law. He became active in student politics during this period and was elected General Secretary of the Students Union of the Law College. Subsequently, he became the District General Secretary of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad.
In 1976, he started practising law at both Sulya and Puttur. He was a public prosecutor for a brief period at Sirsi in the District of Uttara Kannada but resigned from his position to concentrate on his political career. Sadananda Gowda has served in the Co-operative Movement in Karnataka in various capacities:
- Vice-president of SCDCC Bank, Mangalore
- Director, SKACM Society, Mangalore
- Director, CAMPCO, Mangalore (1991--94)
- President, Mandekolu S.C.Society, Mandekolu, Sullia
- Member, State PLD Bank staff Selection Committee (1989--90)
Sadananda Gowda has worked for the labour movement being the General Secretary of Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, Puttur Division and President of Sullia Taluk Auto Rickshaw Drivers and Owners Union.
## Political career {#political_career}
He began his political career as a member of the Jan Sangh. He was President of the party\'s Sulya Assembly segment. After the split of the Janata Party, he became a member of the BJP. Later on, he served the BJP as Dakshina Kannada BJP Yuva Morcha President, Dakshina Kannada BJP Vice-president, State BJP Yuva Morcha Secretary (1983--88), State BJP Secretary (2003--04) and National Secretary of the party (2004).
### Karnataka Legislative Assembly {#karnataka_legislative_assembly}
Sadananda Gowda was elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in 1994 and 1999 from the Puttur Assembly seat in Dakshina Kannada. He became Deputy Leader of the Opposition in his second term as MLA. He has served in various committees of the Karnataka State legislature including the Cell for preparing Draft Bill on prohibiting Atrocities on Women, Karnataka, the Committee of Energy, Fuel, and Power, and the Committee for Public Undertaking. He was nominated as the President of the Public Accounts Committee in 2003.
### Lok Sabha {#lok_sabha}
He was elected to the 14th Lok Sabha in 2004 from the Mangalore Lok Sabha seat, defeating Veerappa Moily of the Indian National Congress by a margin of 32,314 votes. In 2009, the party shifted him to the Udupi-Chikmagalur constituency. In parliament, he was on the Committee on Science & Technology, Environment & Forests. In the 14th Lok Sabha, he was a member of the Committee on Commerce. The Government of India had appointed him as Director of Coffee Board during January 2005.
In 2006, Sadananda Gowda was appointed President of Karnataka State BJP. He earned national prominence being the President when BJP won an assembly election for the first time in South India in May 2008.
He was elected to the 15th Lok Sabha from Udupi Chikmagalur Constituency before he became the Chief Minister of Karnataka.
### Chief Minister of Karnataka {#chief_minister_of_karnataka}
Sadananda Gowda was chosen as the Chief Minister of Karnataka in August 2011 following the resignation of his mentor B.S. Yeddyurappa in an illegal mining case. Handpicked by Yeddyurappa, he was the second ethnic Tuluva Chief Minister of Karnataka after Veerappa Moily. As Chief Minister, he strived hard to improve the image of his party that had been tarnished due to allegations of corruption. He introduced various schemes such as Sakaala, aimed at providing time-bound services at government offices. But within a few months of becoming Chief Minister, he fell out with Yeddyurappa and was unable to unite the various factions of the party. In July 2012, he was asked to resign to make way for Jagadish Shettar when dissident activities in the party peaked.
After suffering a big loss in the May 2013 elections, BJP elected DV Sadananda Gowda as the opposition leader of legislative council in Karnataka. On 26 May 2014, Sadananda Gowda was sworn in as a cabinet minister in Prime Minister Narendra Modi\'s newly elected government. He was put in charge of the Ministry of Railways. He presented his maiden budget on 8 July 2014.
### Cabinet minister in Modi\'s second term government {#cabinet_minister_in_modis_second_term_government}
On 30 May 2019, Sadananda Gowda was sworn in as a cabinet minister in Prime Minister Narendra Modi\'s second term government. He was put in charge of the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. He then stepped down from his post of Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers as directed by the prime minister ahead of the cabinet reshuffle in July 2021.
### Accusations
As part of the #Metoo movement, a former BJP Mahila Morcha member accused Gowda in 2018 of inappropriately behaving with her when Gowda was Karnataka\'s chief minister. She claimed that Gowda would constantly call her and invite her to meet him at his office and have lunch with him. She also claimed that Gowda touched her body parts and attempted to make physical contact with her in a variety of ways. Gowda said that he was not the CM during that period and said \"Everyone knows how I am and what I am. I do not want to say anything about this to anyone right now.\"
### Cybersex
A video clip purportedly showing Gowda in a sexually compromising position with an unidentified woman over a video call went viral on social media in September 2021. Gowda said that he has lodged a police complaint and alleged that the "fake, fabricated, concocted" video was "politically motivated" and said that it was created to tarnish his image.
### Retirement
In November 2023, Gowda announced retirement from electoral politics, and stated that he would not be contesting in the 2024 Lok Sabha election. During a press conference he thanked his party leaders and seniors and said that the party had given him all opportunities in his long career, and wanted to vacate his place for youngsters.
## Positions held {#positions_held}
- 1983--1988 State Secretary, BJP Yuva Morcha Karnataka
- 1994--2004 Member, Karnataka Legislative Assembly (two terms)
- 1995--1996 Member, Cell for preparing Draft Bill on Prohibiting atrocities on Women, Government of Karnataka
- 1999--2004 Deputy Leader of Opposition, Karnataka Legislative Assembly
- 1999--2001 Member, Committee on Commerce
- 2001--2002 Member, Committee for Energy, Fuel & Power, Karnataka Legislative Assembly
- 2002--2003 Member, Public Undertaking Committee, Karnataka Legislative Assembly
- 2003--2004 President, Public Accounts Committee, Karnataka Legislative Assembly
- 2004 Elected to 14th Lok Sabha
- 2006--2010 State President, BJP, Karnataka
- 2006--2009 Member, Committee on Commerce
- 2006--onwards Member, Sub-committee of the Department Related Parliamentary standing Committee on Commerce for Special Economic Zones
- 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha
- 2011--2012 Elected as 20th Chief Minister of Karnataka
- 2013 Elected as the leader of opposition of Karnataka Legislative Council
- 2014 Elected to 16th Lok Sabha from Bangalore North and took oath as Minister of Railways in Narendra Modi cabinet
- 2015--2016 Cabinet Minister - Law & Justice
- 2016-- Minister of Statistics and Programme Implementation
- 2019--2021 Elected to 17th Lok Sabha from Bangalore North and took oath as Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
## Family
Sadananda Gowda married Datty Sadananda in 1981, with whom he had two sons. In 2003, their elder son Kaushik, a medical student, died in a road accident near Puttur. Their younger son, Karthik Gowda, is a businessman.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,473 |
Storeton
|
**Storeton** is a small village and former civil parish in the Wirral district, in the county of Merseyside, England, on the Wirral Peninsula. It is west of the town of Bebington and is made up of **Great Storeton** and **Little Storeton**, which is classified as a hamlet. At the 2001 Census the population of Storeton was recorded as 150.
## History
Storeton has Viking connections, the name deriving from the Old Norse *Stor-tún*, meaning \"great farmstead\".
The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as *Stortone*.
It has been thought that the poem *Sir Gawain and the Green Knight* refers to Storeton Hall. Storeton Hall dates from the 14th century. It was formerly in Wirral Hundred.
Storeton was formerly a township in the parish of Bebington. It became a civil parish in its own right in 1866. In 1933 the parish was absorbed into the urban district of Bebington, which became the Municipal Borough of Bebington in 1937. Storeton remained a civil parish until 1974, but as an urban parish after 1933 it had no parish council, being directly administered by Bebington. The population of the parish was 180 in 1801, 233 in 1851, 265 in 1901 and 325 in 1951.
In October 1944 a USAAF Liberator Bomber number 42-50347 from the 445th Bombardment Group exploded without explanation over the fields between Little Storeton and Landican, with the loss of all 24 servicemen on board. The dead included 15 commissioned officers who were being taxied back to Tibenham after seeing more than 30 successful combat missions. In recent years a memorial stone has been erected by a local man who witnessed the aftermath of the crash as a teenager. The stone is coloured in the USAAF colours blue and yellow, with 24 yellow bricks each representing a life lost.
## Geography
Storeton is in the centre of the Wirral Peninsula, approximately 8.5 km south-south-east of the Irish Sea at Leasowe, about 6 km east-north-east of the Dee Estuary at Heswall and less than 4 km west-south-west of the River Mersey at New Ferry. The village is west of Storeton Hill, at around 52 m above sea level.
## Storeton Woods {#storeton_woods}
On the ridge above the village Storeton Woods, owned by the Friends of Storeton Woods and covering 31 acre. The woods were purchased in 1989 after a campaign by the local Green Party as there were concerns about the deteriorating condition of the woods and the possibility that the land might be bought by developers. The trust later also attempted to purchase the adjacent Hancock\'s Wood to extend the nature reserve by a further 25 acre, but the deal with the Leverhulme estate fell through at the last minute. Although the offer remains open there is the concern that this could lead to the eventual development of the area of woodland for housing.`{{fact|date=April 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
Storeton Woods is also the location for Storeton Transmitting Station, a television relay and radio transmitter and mast.
## Storeton quarries and tramway {#storeton_quarries_and_tramway}
The woods have grown up on the site of a quarry present since the times of the Roman occupation. The quarries were up to 200 ft deep at the beginning of the 20th century and, from the 19th century, a tramway (a single-track, standard-gauge railway) was used to transport stone to the quayside at Bromborough. A portion of the tramway embankment still exists as footpath and a section of the rails have been re-installed by the Bromborough Society. Some rails were embedded at a former level crossing on Rest Hill Road until 1979 when they were buried under a new layer of tarmac. The tramway ran along the southern border of the current woods, into Hancock\'s Wood and through a tunnel under Mount Road. It then ran in a sweeping curve to Bromborough. Much of the route of the tramway can no longer be seen as it has been lost under housing development or levelled for the playing fields of Wirral Grammar School but the present Quarry Road and Quarry Road East in Bebington follow the track of Storeton Tramway and the original tunnel under the Chester to Birkenhead railway line is still in use as footpath opposite the end of Quarry Road East.
Most of the village is built from locally quarried stone from Storeton Ridge. The stone is a creamy sandstone and, according to the British Geological Survey, was also used for Roman tombstones and on Birkenhead Town Hall (in Hamilton Square), Lime Street station, Lever House in Port Sunlight, and Sankey Viaduct in Cheshire. The quarry was also the site of the discovery of prehistoric footprints. The track-makers were likely pseudosuchian archosaurs, often incorrectly referred to as dinosaurs, but they were not closely related. The species was named *Chirotherium storetonense* after the site of discovery. Examples of these footprints can be seen in World Museum Liverpool in Liverpool and the Williamson Art Gallery in Birkenhead, and also in Christ Church, Kings Road, Higher Bebington.
The quarry was filled in with spoil from the excavation of the Queensway Tunnel in the 1920s and the site is currently a tranquil nature reserve enjoyed by walkers.
## Transport
### Bus
Services operating in the Storeton area, as of 8 December 2014:
Number Route Operator Days of Operation
------------ ------------------ ------------ -------------------
**77/77A** Heswall-Woodside Avon Buses Monday-Saturday
### Railway
The Borderlands Line passes between Storeton and Barnston, to the west. Storeton railway station opened in 1896. However, due to its isolation, the station was closed to passengers in 1951, closed completely in 1964 and later demolished.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,485 |
Jeannette H. Lee
|
**Jeannette H. Lee** (born in Seoul, South Korea) is a Korean--American entrepreneur based in Washington, D.C., and later in Kansas City, Missouri. Lee was also known for several years under the married name **Jeannette Lee White**.
## Early life {#early_life}
Lee moved with her family from Seoul, South Korea, to the United States at age 12. They moved first to Hawaii, and settled in Bethesda, Maryland, when she was 14. Her first work experience was there, in her father\'s convenience store.
## Career
Lee founded the information-technology and government-contracting company Sytel, serving as its president and chief executive officer (CEO) from its inception in 1987, originally as Tasque Inc., in Gaithersburg, Maryland. She took no salary for the first four years and financed the company with personal credit-card debt, but grew it to 275 employees and approximately US\$40 million in revenue by 2001. She continued in her dual-title role after Sytel was acquired in 2005 by TechTeam Global (later itself acquired by Jacobs Engineering Group). Sytel\'s early-2000s major governmental clients for systems integration work included the National Institutes of Health, Department of Agriculture, and Federal Emergency Management Agency. The sale to TechTeam netted an \$18.5 million profit, split with her by then ex-husband.
Lee has been a governor-appointed board member of the Maryland Technology Development Corporation and a member of the High Tech Council of Maryland.
In 2016, Lee became the CEO of MoboTour, a workforce-reporting software company headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri.
In April 2018, Lee became the CEO of Information International Associates (IIa), a company involved in enterprise IT and data management, Big data analytics, open-source data exploitation, and information security and threat intelligence.
### Awards
Lee received a triple National Entrepreneurial Excellence Award (a national award in the \"Innovative Business Strategies\" category and two regional ones, in \"General Excellence\" and again in \"Innovative Business Strategies\") from *Working Woman* magazine in 2000. *Washingtonian* magazine listed her among the US capital city\'s \"100 Most Powerful Women\" in 2001, and received the Executive of the Year award from the High Tech Council of Maryland the same year. She was also named among the \"Top 100 Greatest Entrepreneurs in America\" of 1998 by *Success* magazine. Under her leadership, Sytel appeared on *Inc.* magazine\'s annual \"Fastest Growing Private Companies in America\" list five times, and was inducted into the *Inc.* Hall of Fame in 1999.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,491 |
Pennsylvania Route 59
|
**Pennsylvania Route 59** (**PA 59**) is a 39 mi long state highway located in northwest Pennsylvania. The route links Warren to Smethport, terminating at U.S. Route 6 (US 6) at both ends. PA 59 acts as a northerly bypass to US 6, directly connecting Warren and Smethport while US 6 dips south to serve Kane and Mount Jewett.
This highway also serves the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers\' Kinzua Dam and LS Power\'s Seneca Pumped Storage Generating Station.
## Route description {#route_description}
PA 59 begins at an intersection with US 6 in Mead Township, Warren County, heading east on two-lane undivided Kinzua Road. The road passes through areas of woods and homes in the community of Rogertown, turning to the northeast. The route heads into the Allegheny National Forest, running along the southeastern bank of the Allegheny River. PA 59 turns east and passes south of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers\' Kinzua Dam, at which point it also passes north of LS Power\'s Seneca Pumped Storage Generating Station. The road curves north and northeast as it runs along the eastern shore of the Allegheny Reservoir. The route heads east and crosses Kinzua Bay near the Kinzua Point information center.
PA 59 enters Corydon Township in McKean County and continues east through more of the Allegheny National Forest as an unnamed road. The route comes to an intersection with PA 321, where that route turns east for a concurrency with PA 59 and the name becomes Kane-Marshburg Road. The road leaves the national forest and heads through more forested areas with scattered homes as PA 321 splits to the northwest as it crosses into Lafayette Township. PA 59 heads through more wooded areas with some fields and residences as an unnamed road, coming to a junction with the western terminus of PA 770 in Marshburg and turning southeast. The route runs through more forests, passing through a small tract of the Allegheny National Forest. Farther southeast, the road crosses US 219 in Timbuck and becomes Mt. Alton Road.
PA 59 passes southwest of Federal Correctional Institution, McKean and heads through more wooded areas with some fields and homes, passing through Lafayette. The route passes south of Bradford Regional Airport and runs through Mount Alton, heading through more forests. The road enters Keating Township and becomes Mt. Alton-Ormsby Road, passing through Backus and crossing under the Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad\'s B&P Main Line Subdivision line. PA 59 heads northeast and passes a few fields before intersecting the southern terminus of PA 646 in Ormsby. At this point, the route turns east as Smethport Ormsby Road and runs through more forests. The road passes a few farm fields before heading into the borough of Smethport and running past homes on West Main Street. PA 59 comes to its eastern terminus at another intersection with US 6, at which point West Main Street continues east as part of that route.
The portion of PA 59 between Longhouse Drive and PA 321 is part of the Longhouse National Scenic Byway, a Pennsylvania Scenic Byway and National Forest Scenic Byway.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,495 |
Manorama Madhwaraj
|
**Manorama Madhwaraj** is an Indian politician, social worker and officeholder who was the first woman cabinet minister of India elected as an MLA in the 5th, 8th and 9th Karnataka Legislative Assembly. On all of these occasions she was elected from Udupi constituency and was a member of the Indian National Congress.
She was also member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. She represented the Udupi constituency of Karnataka and was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party. She quit BJP and Lok Sabha after voting in favour of Congress during vote of confidence.
Her son, Pramod Madhwaraj was a minister in Siddaramaiah\'s Congress Government between 2013-18.
## Positions held {#positions_held}
- 1972 - 1994, Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly
- 1974 - 83, Cabinet Minister, Government of Karnataka
- 1989 - 94, Cabinet Minister, Government of Karnataka
- 2001 - 2003, Chairperson (Cabinet Rank) of State Tourism Development Corporation
- 2004, Elected as Member of 14th Lok Sabha
- 2004, Member of Committee on Water Resources
- 16 August 2006 to present, Member of Committee on Empowerment of Women
- 5 August 2007 to present, Member of Committee on Water Resources
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,512 |
Morris East
|
**Morris East** (born August 8, 1973, in Olongapo, Philippines) is a retired Filipino professional boxer and boxing trainer. East is the former GAB Light Middleweight, OPBF and WBA World Light Welterweight champion. Morris has trained world champions Zab Judah and Nonito Donaire.
## Amateur career {#amateur_career}
As a teenager, East moved to Cebu City and was spotted by Lito Cortes who brought him to the Cebu Coliseum gym. Promoter Sammy Gello-ani then offered him amateur fights to keep him earning for his meals.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### WBA Light Welterweight Championship {#wba_light_welterweight_championship}
East turned professional in 1989, at the young age of 15, and won the WBA World Light Welterweight Championship by defeating Akinobu Hiranaka with an 11th-round TKO victory in Tokyo on 9 September 1992. With the victory, East became the youngest ever Filipino to hold a world championship in boxing at the age of 19 years and 31 days old. He is also the second youngest boxer to win a world title at 140 lbs., second to Puerto Rico\'s Wilfred Benítez, who won the WBA World Jr. Welterweight title when he was 17 years old, the youngest ever to win a world title in boxing history. The victory over Hiranaka was named Ring Magazine Knockout of the Year for 1992. Morris lost the title in his first defense against Martín Coggi.
After winning and defending the Philippines Games & Amusement Board Light Middleweight Championship in 1995, East retired from boxing at only 21 years of age. To this day, East holds the record for the youngest retirement of a former world champion.
## Professional boxing record {#professional_boxing_record}
Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
---- -------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------- ------ --------------------------------------- ------------- ---------- -------
25 Win 20--4 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Robert Azumah UD 12 27 May 1995
24 Win 19--4 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Jun Castillo TKO 1 (12) 25 Mar 1995
23 Loss 18--4 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Jintoku Sato UD 10 13 Feb 1995
22 Win 18--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Jeff Malcolm UD 10 26 Nov 1994
21 Win 17--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Lee Yung-Yong KO 6 (10) 14 May 1994
20 Loss 16--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Martín Coggi TKO 8 (12), `{{small|2:50}}`{=mediawiki} 12 Jan 1993
19 Win 16--2 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Akinobu Hiranaka TKO 11 (12), `{{small|1:47}}`{=mediawiki} 9 Sep 1992
18 Win 15--2 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Dindo Canoy 9 (10), `{{small|0:47}}`{=mediawiki} 17 Jul 1992
17 Win 14--2 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Kim Pyung-Sub KO 10 (12), `{{small|1:22}}`{=mediawiki} 29 Feb 1992
16 Win 13--2 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Flash Ursus UD 10 20 Dec 1991
15 Win 12--2 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Florencio Pastor Jr. TKO 9 (10) 19 Oct 1991
14 Win 11--2 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Tata Escorro TKO 7 (10) 28 Aug 1991
13 Win 10--2 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Joey Carpas PTS 10 12 Jun 1991
12 NC 9--2 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Jojo Cayson 6 (10), `{{small|0:35}}`{=mediawiki} 22 Dec 1990
11 Win 9--2 Armando Anzalez UD 10 12 Oct 1990
10 Win 8--2 Ric de la Paz TKO 4 (10) 31 Aug 1990
9 Win 7--2 Pablo Pucay TKO 6 (10), `{{small|2:32}}`{=mediawiki} 14 Jul 1990
8 Loss 6--2 Fernando Palad SD 10 31 Mar 1990
7 Win 6--1 Alberto Saxon TKO 5 (10) 21 Jan 1990
6 Win 5--1 Boy Masuay TKO 6 (10) 29 Dec 1989
5 Win 4--1 Armando Andales UD 10 30 Nov 1989
4 Loss 3--1 Boy Masuay MD 10 30 Sep 1989
3 Win 3--0 Geronimo Magallanes UD 8 21 Jul 1989
2 Win 2--0 Fer Guevarra UD 6 23 Jun 1989
1 Win 1--0 Jessie Miranda 6 (6) 3 May 1989
## Training career {#training_career}
East moved to San Diego, California in 1996 and later moved to Las Vegas, where he works as a fight trainer in the Johnny Tocco gym. In 2011, he worked with IBF light welterweight titleholder Zab Judah and WBC/WBO bantamweight champion Nonito Donaire. East also worked with Eddie Mustafa Muhammad.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Born of a Filipina and black American U.S. Navy sailor, East didn\'t meet his father until he became champion. He traveled from the Philippines to the United States a month after winning his WBA belt to locate his father, John East, Sr. With the help of a long-lost sister and the CNN news team, the father was located in Oakland, California and their first meeting was broadcast by CNN. Morris improved his father\'s living condition but his father, suffering from bad health, died of cancer a few months later.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,513 |
Gerónimo Boscana
|
**Gerónimo Boscana** (**Jerónimo Boscana**) was an early 19th-century Franciscan missionary in Spanish Las Californias and Mexican Alta California. He is noted for producing the most detailed ethnographic picture of a Native Californian culture to come out of the missionary period, an account that \"for his time and profession, is liberal and enlightened\" (Kroeber 1959:282).
## Life
Born at Llucmajor on the island of Mallorca, Spain in 1775 (Geiger 1969:29). Boscana was educated at Palma, joined the Franciscan order in 1792, and was ordained in 1799. He traveled to New Spain in 1803 and to Alta California in 1806. He served at the missions of Soledad, La Purísima, San Luis Rey, and San Gabriel. For more than a decade, from 1814 to 1826, he was stationed at Mission San Juan Capistrano. He died at Mission San Gabriel in 1831, and is the only missionary to be interred in its cemetery among over 2,000 other mission inhabitants, mainly Gabrielino or Tongva Indians, buried there.
## Ethnographic studies {#ethnographic_studies}
Boscana\'s first ethnographic contribution resulted from an 1812 questionnaire sent by the Spanish government in Cádiz to the missionaries of Alta California (Geiger and Meighan 1976). The task of helping his colleague, José Barona, to prepare a response in 1814 on behalf of Mission San Juan Capistrano may have stimulated the missionary\'s interest in the native culture.
While at San Juan Capistrano, Boscana composed at least two versions of a detailed ethnographic sketch of the Juaneño or Acagchemem Native Americans, who were primarily speakers of a dialect of the Luiseño language but probably also included Gabrieliño or Tongva speakers from the north. A translation of one version of Boscana\'s manuscript, \"Chinigchinich; a Historical Account of the Origin, Customs, and Traditions of the Indians at the Missionary Establishment of St. Juan Capistrano, Alta California Called The Acagchemem Nation,\" was published by Alfred Robinson in 1846 as an appendix to his book *Life in California*. Robinson was apparently responsible for giving the title \"Chinigchinix (Chinigchinich)\" to Boscana\'s work. An edition of this version with extensive annotations by the anthropologist and linguist John Peabody Harrington was published in 1933.
The following year, Harrington published a translation of another, variant version of Boscana\'s account, newly discovered in France and entitled \"Relación histórica de la creencia, usos, costumbres, y extravagancias de los indios de esta Misión de San Juan Capistrano llamada la nación Acagchemem\" (Harrington 1934). This version was subsequently also published in its original Spanish by Henry and Paula Reichlen in 1971. It seems to have been an earlier draft of the manuscript published by Robinson, but it contains some material not included in the later version.
Portions of a still earlier draft made by Boscana, with some additional ethnographic information, have also been discovered by John R. Johnson in 2006.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,521 |
Liverpool Mossley Hill (UK Parliament constituency)
|
**Liverpool Mossley Hill** was a parliamentary constituency centred on the Mossley Hill suburb of Liverpool. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first-past-the-post voting system.
## History and boundaries {#history_and_boundaries}
The City of Liverpool wards of Aigburth, Church, Grassendale, Picton, and Smithdown.
The constituency was created for the 1983 general election; half of its territory was previously in the abolished constituency of Liverpool Edge Hill.
The constituency returned the same MP throughout its existence: David Alton, who initially represented the Liberals, then from 1988 was a Liberal Democrat, after the Liberals\' merger with the Social Democratic Party. Alton had first been elected to parliament at a by-election in March 1979 for Liverpool Edge Hill, and held that seat until its abolition in 1983. For its entire existence, it was the only seat in Liverpool not held by Labour, and since its abolition that party has held all the city\'s seats.
The constituency was abolished for the 1997 general election; Alton retired from the Commons and was appointed a cross-bench member of the House of Lords, and the Mossley Hill area itself was transferred to the redrawn constituency of Liverpool Riverside, a safe Labour seat.
## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament}
Election Member
---------- -------- --------------------------
1983 David Alton
*1988*
1997 *constituency abolished*
## Elections
### Elections in the 1990s {#elections_in_the_1990s}
### Elections in the 1980s {#elections_in_the_1980s}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,123,536 |
Royal Thames Yacht Club
|
The **Royal Thames Yacht Club** (**RTYC**) is the oldest continuously operating yacht club in the world, and the oldest yacht club in the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are located at 60 Knightsbridge, London, England, overlooking Hyde Park. The club\'s purpose is \"to provide the members with outstanding yacht cruising, racing and social opportunities in the UK and internationally, building on the club\'s unique heritage, central London facilities and close reciprocal relationships with other leading yacht clubs around the world.\"
## History
The RTYC was established in 1775 when Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, brother of George III, put up a silver cup for a race on the River Thames and formed the **Cumberland Fleet**. This remains the alternative name of the club today. The RTYC name originates from 1830 when William IV of the United Kingdom came to the throne. Members of the club initially met in coffee houses. From 1857, the club owned various properties in London, moving to its current location of 60 Knightsbridge in 1923, although the current clubhouse was built more recently.
In 1840, besides the RTYC, there were several other Thames sailing clubs, including the Royal Sailing Society, the Clarence Club, the British Yacht Club, and the Royal Yacht Squadron. RTYC yachting originally took place on the Thames but the Solent became increasingly important in the 1850s as the railways made the south coast more accessible.
The club has had many distinguished Flag Officers and traditionally the Commodore has been a member of the royal family. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma was Commodore for 20 years. The Patron of the club is King Charles III.
In 2019, Jennifer Woods served as the first woman Rear Commodore of the Royal Thames Yacht Club since 1775.
## Activities
The club is involved in a range of yachting events for both the cruising and racing yachtsman, motor yacht owners and all those interested in the sea. Through the club\'s events and other contacts, members have access to yachting activities worldwide. They also have use of all the facilities of the clubhouse in Knightsbridge and leading reciprocal clubs around the world.
### Racing
The club participates in numerous racing events both in the UK and worldwide. There is an annual regatta -- the Cumberland Regatta -- on the Solent and opportunities for both fleet and match racing. The club is particularly active in keelboat team racing and regularly competes with other leading clubs around the world.
### Cruising
Every year the club organises cruises in UK waters and overseas. Overseas cruises have taken place all over the world from New Zealand to the Caribbean. Some members join in with their own boats while others charter.
### Social
The club hosts a varied range of social events. There are the traditional \"Black Tie\" events that have been held for over a hundred years, such as the Fitting Out and the Laying Up Dinners, and the annual Prizewinners\' Dinner. More recently the club has introduced Ladies Lunches, the Annual Cruising Dinner and the \'Talks at 60 Knightsbridge\'.
### Functions and events {#functions_and_events}
The club is licensed for civil marriages and civil partnerships. Non-members may hold private or business functions at the club.
### Charitable Trust {#charitable_trust}
The Royal Thames Yacht Club Charitable Trust provides funding to young people from disadvantaged backgrounds to become members of a working ship\'s crew and to experience going to sea.
## Gallery
<File:cmglee_Royal_Thames_Yacht_Club_exterior.jpg%7CExterior> of the headquarters in August 2012. <File:cmglee_Royal_Thames_Yacht_Club_interior.jpg%7CInterior> of the headquarters in August 2012. <File:TS> Ianara by Luca Papaluca.jpg\|The Royal Thames Yacht Club\'s steam yacht Ianara painted by Luca Papaluca (1890 - 1934). <File:The> RTYC entrance.jpg\|The RTYC entrance File: The Edinburgh Room at the RTYC.jpg\|The Edinburgh Room at the RTYC. File: The deck at the Royal Thames Yacht Club..jpg\|The deck at the Royal Thames Yacht Club.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
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