id
int64 39
7.13M
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| article_text
stringlengths 1
5.97M
| last_updated
timestamp[s]date 2025-06-20 00:00:00
2025-06-20 00:00:00
|
|---|---|---|---|
7,124,419 |
Pennsylvania Route 82
|
**Pennsylvania Route 82** (**PA 82**) is a 32 mi north--south state highway located in Chester County in southeast Pennsylvania, USA. The southern terminus is at the Delaware state line southeast of Kennett Square, where the road continues south into that state as Delaware Route 82 (DE 82). The northern terminus is at PA 23 in Elverson. PA 82 heads through rural areas of Chester County along with the communities of Kennett Square, Unionville, and Coatesville. The route intersects many important roads including U.S. Route 1 (US 1) near Kennett Square, PA 162 and PA 842 in Unionville, US 30 in Coatesville, and US 322 in Brandywine Manor. PA 82 is a two-lane undivided road most of its length.
PA 82 was originally designated in 1928 between the Delaware border and US 422/PA 17 in Baumstown, Berks County, following its current route to Elverson and heading north through Birdsboro to Baumstown. The route within East Marlborough Township was transferred to township maintenance in 1998. In 1987, flooding from Tropical Depression Nine along the Hay Creek south of Birdsboro destroyed several bridges along PA 82; these bridges were never repaired. As a result, the northern terminus of PA 82 was cut back to Elverson in 2008, with the portion of route between PA 724 in Birdsboro and US 422 becoming part of an extended PA 345 while the remaining open portions between Elverson and Birdsboro were designated as unsigned quadrant routes.
## Route description {#route_description}
PA 82 begins as Creek Road at the Delaware state line, where it meets the northern terminus of DE 82, in Kennett Township, Chester County. From the border, the route winds northwest as a two-lane undivided road through wooded areas alongside the Red Clay Creek. The road winds north along the creek\'s East Branch through more woodland with some homes. PA 82 turns west and heads into the borough of Kennett Square, where it becomes East South Street and passes through residential areas. The route passes north of Kennett High School before it turns north onto South Union Street and heads through commercial areas, coming to a bridge over an East Penn Railroad line. The road runs through wooded neighborhoods before it intersects the one-way pair of Cypress Street eastbound and State Street westbound (both of which comprise the Baltimore Pike) in the commercial downtown of Kennett Square. PA 82 becomes North Union Street and runs through more wooded areas of homes before leaving Kennett Square for Kennett Township again. The route passes a cemetery before it enters East Marlborough Township and immediately reaches a diamond interchange with the US 1 freeway, where the route is a divided highway.
Past this interchange, PA 82 becomes township-maintained and continues north as undivided Unionville Road through wooded areas of residential subdivisions, coming to a junction with PA 926 in the community of Willowdale. The road continues past more housing developments with some farmland, passing to the west of Unionville High School, as it heads toward the community of Unionville. Here, PA 82 intersects Doe Run Road at a roundabout and turns west onto that road. The route passes homes and comes to an intersection with PA 842, forming a concurrency with that route. The two routes intersect the western terminus of PA 162 in the center of the community before PA 842 splits from PA 82 by turning southwest. PA 82 leaves Unionville and continues west on Doe Run Road through farmland with some woods and residences. Upon crossing into West Marlborough Township, the route becomes state-maintained again and continues through more rural areas, curving to the northwest. In the community of Doe Run, PA 82 intersects the northern terminus of PA 841. The road heads to the north and crosses Buck Run into East Fallowfield Township. Here, the route passes more farms and woods before curving northwest into increasing residential development, passing through the community of Ercildoun and intersecting Buck Run Road. PA 82 turns to the north and crosses Strasburg Road. The road curves northeast and passes farmland with some woods.
PA 82 enters Valley Township and heads north near homes on Strode Avenue. The road runs past a Cleveland-Cliffs (formerly Lukens Steel Company) steel plant, where it crosses at-grade two branches of the Brandywine Valley Railroad serving the plant and enters the city of Coatesville. PA 82 intersects the eastern terminus of PA 372 and becomes lined with homes as it reaches a junction with US 30 Bus. At this point, the route turns east for a concurrency with US 30 Bus. on Lincoln Highway and runs past more residences before passing to the north of the steel plant. The road crosses the West Branch Brandywine Creek and a Brandywine Valley Railroad line at-grade before PA 82 splits from US 30 Bus. by heading northwest on four-lane undivided North 1st Avenue. PA 82 passes between the creek and railroad to the west and homes to the east before crossing under the High Bridge which carries Amtrak\'s Keystone Corridor railroad line. The route becomes a four-lane divided highway called Manor Road and winds north along the east bank of the West Branch Brandywine Creek through wooded hills with some development, becoming the border between Coatesville to the west and Valley Township to the east and reaching a partial cloverleaf interchange with the US 30 freeway.
Past this interchange, PA 82 comes to an intersection with PA 340, where it enters West Brandywine Township and becomes a two-lane undivided road. The road passes through wooded areas with some residences before it heads into a mix of farmland and woodland with development, reaching a roundabout with Cedar Knoll Road/Reeceville Road. In the community of Brandywine Manor, the route crosses US 322. PA 82 continues through rural land with some homes, passing through a part of Wallace Township before it heads into West Nantmeal Township. The road crosses the East Branch Brandywine Creek and reaches a junction with the western terminus of PA 282. The route runs through more farmland and woodland with homes as it comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 345 and Little Conestoga Road in the community of Loag. At this point, PA 82 turns northwest to remain along Manor Road and heads through agricultural areas with some woods and homes. The road curves north and becomes South Chestnut Street, coming to a bridge over the Pennsylvania Turnpike (Interstate 76) before a junction with PA 401. At this point, the route enters the borough of Elverson and runs northeast through residential areas with some fields. PA 82 turns north and reaches its northern terminus at PA 23 in the center of Elverson, where North Chestnut Street continues north as State Route 4082 (SR 4082), an unsigned quadrant route.
## History
When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, the current alignment of PA 82 between Kennett Square and Unionville was legislated as part of Legislative Route 273, which continued from Unionville north and east to West Chester. By 1926, what would become PA 82 existed as a paved road except for a portion north of Brandywine Manor and between Birdsboro and Baumstown. PA 82 was designated in 1928 to run from the Delaware border south of Kennett Square north to US 422/PA 17 in Baumstown, following its current alignment north to Elverson where it continued north through Birdsboro to Baumstown. By 1930, the entire length of PA 82 was paved. On October 19, 1998, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) transferred maintenance of the route within East Marlborough Township to the township due to the township wanting to make improvements to the roads without waiting through the PennDOT approval process.
Prior to 2008, PA 82 continued north through Elverson on Chestnut Street and entered Berks County. It was called Elverson Road, Twin Valley Road and Haycreek Road. In Birdsboro, PA 82 was called Furnace Street and had a small concurrency with PA 724. PA 82 crossed the Schuylkill River and then terminated at a T-intersection with US 422 westbound. On September 8, 1987, torrential rains from Tropical Depression Nine flooded Hay Creek for days and destroyed several bridges that cross the creek just south of Birdsboro. Over the coming months, local residents got used to the lack of traffic and fought to keep the road permanently closed, forcing PennDOT to forgo any possible bridge replacement. However, they did rebuild the bridge just south of Douglas Street. As a result, PA 82 was impossible to transverse from end to end. In late 2008, PennDOT decommissioned this section of PA 82 north of PA 23 in Elverson, designating the old section of PA 82 in Chester County as SR 4082 and the remaining open sections in Berks County south of PA 724 in Birdsboro as SR 2082. The bulk of this area is now part of the Birdsboro Waters Forest section of the Hopewell Big Woods. In September 2010, PennDOT decided to hand over the closed portion of the former PA 82 to local landowners. When this section of PA 82 was decommissioned, PA 345 was extended north of its previous terminus in Birdsboro at PA 724 along PA 724 and then along the former routing of PA 82 to US 422.
In March 2023, construction began on a roundabout at the intersection with Cedar Knoll Road/Reeceville Road in West Brandywine Township in order to improve safety; the roundabout opened to traffic on September 12, 2023.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
## PA 82 Alternate Truck {#pa_82_alternate_truck}
**Pennsylvania Route 82 Alternate Truck** is a truck route around a weight-restricted bridge on PA 82 over Buck Run in East Fallowfield Township, on which trucks over 33 tons and combination loads over 40 tons are prohibited. The route follows US 1, PA 41, PA 10, Gum Tree Road, and Buck Run Road. It was established in 2013.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,425 |
Museum Folkwang
|
**Museum Folkwang** is a major collection of 19th- and 20th-century art in Essen, Germany. The museum was established in 1922 by merging the **Essener Kunstmuseum**, which was founded in 1906, and the private **Folkwang Museum** of the collector and patron Karl Ernst Osthaus in Hagen, founded in 1902.
The term *Folkwang* derives from the name of the afterlife meadow of the dead, Fólkvangr, presided over by the Norse goddess Freyja.
Museum Folkwang incorporates the **Deutsche Plakat Museum** (German poster museum), comprising circa 340,000 posters from politics, economy and culture. During a visit in Essen in 1932, Paul J. Sachs called the Folkwang \"the most beautiful museum in the world.\"
In 2007, David Chipperfield designed an extension, which was built onto the older building.
## History
### Museum Folkwang in the Nazi era {#museum_folkwang_in_the_nazi_era}
, director of the museum in the 1920s and 1930s, and earlier directors, had made the museum\'s collection of modern art into one of the leading collections in the world. However, when the National Socialists came to power in Germany in the early 1930s, they instituted a government-wide purge of what they termed \"degenerate art\", by which they meant abstract, cubist, expressionist, surrealist and impressionist art. In 1937, Joseph Goebbels created a commission headed by Adolf Ziegler whose mission was to purge all German government-owned museums of such \"degenerate\" works. The Museum Folkwang fell into the category of government-controlled institutions and was therefore part of the purge. Over 1,200 works of art were removed from the museum (among others by Georges Braque, Paul Cézanne, Giorgio de Chirico, Henri-Edmond Cross, André Derain, Henri Matisse, and Edvard Munch), part of over 17,000 works of art removed from museums throughout Germany. The Nazi government first organized a mass exhibition of this \"degenerate\" art---which, ironically, proved to be quite popular---and then began systematically selling the art to raise cash. Many works of art came into the possession of American and other collectors and museums. In the end, approximately 5,000 works of art deemed unsaleable were burned.
The Museum Folkwang and the other museums affected have generally not tried to reclaim these works because at the time, the removal and sale of the works of art were legal under German law. The works of art were ultimately the property of the German government, which had the legal right to dispose of them as it saw fit.
### Redesign
A €55m reconstruction was financed by the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation under its chairman Berthold Beitz. An international architectural competition organized by the City of Essen was won by David Chipperfield (against competing designs by David Adjaye, Volker Staab, and Zaha Hadid) in March 2007. The new building, adding 16000 sqm to the existing museum, opened in January 2010, when Essen and the Ruhr Area became European Capital of Culture -- Ruhr.2010.
## Collections
thumb\|upright=2\|Interior view (2016) The museum has collections on 19th and 20th century art, Modern art, Photography, Prints and drawings, German Posters, Ancient and Non-European art.
### Photography
The photographic collection was established as an independent department in the Museum Folkwang in 1978; today it contains more than 50,000 photographs and a number of artists\' estates. The Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation has been granting fellowships for contemporary German photography since 1982 in cooperation with the photographic collection of the Museum Folkwang.
The museum was the site of the seminal Fotografie der Gegenwart exhibition in 1929 at which the leading photographers of the time from Germany, Austria and France were represented.
The Museum Folkwang owns the copyright for the photographers Errell (Richard Levy), Germaine Krull, Helmar Lerski, Walter Peterhans, Fee Schlapper and Otto Steinert.
## Folkwang Museum Association {#folkwang_museum_association}
The museum is supported by the Folkwang Museumsverein e.V. (**Folkwang Museum Association**), a non-profit association of citizens, patrons and companies interested in art, founded on June 1, 1922. According to the statutes, its main aim is \"to manage and expand the Folkwang Museum founded by Karl Ernst Osthaus together with the city of Essen and to make it permanently available for research and popular education purposes as a public collection\". The association is based in Essen, where the Folkwang Museum has been located since October 1922. A special feature of the association compared to almost all other museum associations is that, together with the city of Essen, it is co-owner of the collections of the Folkwang Museum. The association publishes its own periodical for its members, the *Folkwang newsletter*. Its chairman since 2015 is Ulrich Blank.
### Association purpose {#association_purpose}
The purpose and tasks of the Folkwang Museum Association are determined in its statutes as follows: \"1. The purpose of the association is to manage, expand and public the Folkwang Museum founded by Dr. Karl Ernst Osthaus in Hagen together with the city of Essen 2. To make the collection permanently usable for the purposes of research and popular education. 2. In addition, the association has the general task of promoting the fine arts. 3. The association also has the task of maintaining and promoting the international status and character of the museum by supporting the work of the scientific staff in the field of teaching and research as well as all efforts of the museum for international cooperation in the artistic field.\" The purpose of the association determined in point 1 has been valid since 1922 (in the wording as quoted), the task of promoting the fine arts (analogously). The deliberate internationality of the museum and its activities was enshrined in the statutes only later, in fact it had existed from the beginning -- only interrupted during the National Socialist era.
### Bodies
The two governing bodies of the association are the board of directors elected by the general assembly (currently 14 members, at least seven according to the articles of association) and the executive board (currently six members). This is elected by the General Assembly on the proposal of the board of directors. In the early days, the board of directors had eight members (at least five according to the Articles of Association), while the executive board consisted of only three people, who at that time still had to belong to the board of directors.
Cooperation with the city of Essen and the heirs of Karl Osthaus as well as the supervision of the museum\'s operations take place in the board of trustees (Kuratorium) of the Museum Folkwang. It comprises up to 20 people, ten representatives of the city, five from the museum association and also up to five representatives from the Karl Ernst Osthaus Foundation, as well as the director of the museum (Peter Gorschlüter since 2018) as advisory member. The chair of the board of trustees changes annually between the mayor of Essen and the chairman of the museum association.
### Membership and chairpersons {#membership_and_chairpersons}
The Folkwang Museum Association has around 400 members, including legal entities (mostly companies). Its chairmen (since 1960 \"first chairperson\") were: `{{div col}}`{=mediawiki}
- 1922--1924: Friedrich Schöne
- 1925--1926: Ernst Henke
- 1926--1928: Oskar Ruperti
- 1928--1937: Hermann Seippel
- 1938--1959: Adalbert Colsman
- 1959--1969: Ernst Henke
- 1969--1985: Berthold von Bohlen und Halbach
- 1985--2000: Dietrich Oppenberg
- 2000--2005: Gerhard Cromme
- 2005--2010: Henner Puppel
- 2010--2015: Achim Middelschulte
- since 2015: Ulrich Blank
### International Cooperation {#international_cooperation}
With strong support of the Museum Association, the work of the Folkwang Museum became increasingly international from the beginning 1960s. Under the direction of Paul Vogt (art historian) as museum director (in office since 1962), works from the Folkwang Collection were loaned to outstanding museums around the world. In addition, the FMV also began to cooperate more and more closely with museums in what was then the Eastern Bloc. The collaboration with museums in the USA was particularly close. In the early 1970s, works from the Folkwang Museum were loaned to partner museums in New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, Cleveland, Des Moines, Louisiana, Philadelphia, San Francisco and St. Louis.
### Literature
- Folkwang-Museumsverein (Edit.): *Sammlerfleiß und Stiftungswille. 90 Jahre Folkwang-Museumsverein -- 90 Jahre Museum Folkwang* \[Collector\'s Diligence and Will to the Foundation. 90 Years of the Folkwang Museum Association -- 90 Years of the Folkwang Museum\], by Ulrike Laufer, 448p., Edition Folkwang / Steidl, Göttingen 2012, `{{ISBN|978-3-86930-601-8}}`{=mediawiki}. \[A comprehensive account of the history and activities of the Folkwang Museum Association, published on the occasion of its ninetieth anniversary; in German.\]
- Folkwang-Museumsverein (Edit.): *Bilder für eine Sammlung. Museum Folkwang Essen*. DuMont, Cologne 1994, `{{ISBN|3-7701-3433-8}}`{=mediawiki}.
- , Christoph Dorsz (Edit.): *Der Folkwang Impuls. Das Museum von 1902 bis heute*. Neuer Folkwang Verlag, Hagen 2012.
- Andreas Lepik: *Die Zurückführung der Kunst ins Leben: Karl Ernst Osthaus und das Museum Folkwang.* In: *Manet bis van Gogh, Hugo von Tschudi und der Kampf um die Moderne.* Exhibition catalogue. Prestel, Berlin / München 1996, `{{ISBN|3-7913-1748-2}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Gallery
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,431 |
Douglas McKay High School
|
**Douglas McKay High School**, most commonly known as **McKay**, is a public high school located in the North Lancaster neighborhood of Salem, Oregon, United States. Built in 1979, the school was named after Douglas McKay, former Governor of Oregon and United States Secretary of the Interior.
## History
In 1976 the city of Salem announced an interest in annexing the school\'s site.
In 2018, Voters approved Salem-Keizer Public School\'s \$620 million bond aimed at improving local schools. McKay High School started improvements and renovations in 2020 and finished in early 2021.
## Academics
In the 2015--2016 school year, 72.1% of McKay\'s seniors received a high school diploma, compared to a statewide rate of 74.8%.
In 2022, 84% of the school\'s seniors received a high school diploma. Of 614 students, 542 graduated and 72 dropped out.
As of the 2017--2018 school year, McKay offers a wide range of courses and extra-curricular activities to its students.
## Athletics
McKay High School Competes in the OSAA 5A-3 Mid-Willamette Conference. The athletic director is Chelsea Lofstedt and the athletics secretary is Joanna Rubio.
**State Championships:**
- Boys Track and Field: 1986†
- Girls Tennis: 1986†
- Dance/Drill: 1999
- Boys Soccer: 2022
† = Tied with 1 or more schools
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Ryan Bailey (2007) - U.S. Olympic team member - 100 meter dash, 400 meter relay team (silver medal)
- Dave Brundage (1983) - professional baseball player and minor league manager
- Gus Envela, Jr. (1986) - Olympic runner for Equatorial Guinea
- Ron Funches (2001) - actor, comedian
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,432 |
Egypt Central
|
**Egypt Central** is an American alternative metal band from Memphis, Tennessee.
## History
### Formation and debut album (2002--2010) {#formation_and_debut_album_20022010}
Egypt Central was formed on October 2, 2002. Based in Memphis and named after one of its roads. They wrote and recorded for one year until generating a buzz in their hometown of Memphis, Tennessee. After eight shows, they caught the attention of former Lava Records CEO Jason Flom. Flom offered the band a record deal after seeing their live performances. Egypt Central\'s self-titled debut album was recorded with producer Josh Abraham in Los Angeles. It experienced many delays, eventually being released by Fat Lady Music on January 15, 2008. Two singles were released to promote the album: \"You Make Me Sick\" and \"Taking You Down\". These two tracks also ended up being on the soundtrack of the video game *WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009*. They have performed with bands like Disturbed, Seether, Sevendust, Hurt, Red, In This Moment, and many others.
There is rumored to be an entire second album which never got released due to legal issues with their record label. Two songs meant for this album, \"Hate\" and \"California Dreams\" (later reworked as \"Citizen Radio\" and released on the *Murder in the French Quarter: Rare & Unreleased EP*), were performed live while on tour in 2008.
### *White Rabbit* (2010--2011) {#white_rabbit_20102011}
Egypt Central completed work on their second studio album, entitled *White Rabbit*, in December 2010 with producer Skidd Mills and released it on May 31, 2011. The album received many positive reviews from many sources. The album\'s title track was released as the first single on March 1, 2011. The band toured from March--May on the Tour of the American Dream tour with Cold and Kopek. The band toured on their Down the Hole headlining tour with Abused Romance and Candlelight Red in June and with Burn Halo and Red Line Chemistry in July. In addition to several festival appearances, the band toured briefly with Hinder, Saving Abel, and Adelitas Way in August. The band supported Pop Evil on a number of shows in September followed by a supporting leg of shows with Hinder and The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus in October. The band opened for Staind at the Q103 Thanksgiving Hangover, November 26 at the Washington Avenue Armory in Albany New York. They then joined Puddle of Mudd and Pop Evil on December 9 for the 105.7 The X (WIXO) Nutcracker Eleven at the Expo Gardens in Peoria.
### Breakup (2012--2019) {#breakup_20122019}
On December 3, 2012, after being inactive for a year, bassist Joey Chicago announced through a letter on Facebook that both vocalist John Falls and guitarist Jeff James would not be continuing on with the band, thus bringing an end to Egypt Central.
In 2014 a post was made to the band\'s Facebook page, announcing a new EP of previously unreleased songs titled *Murder in the French Quarter*, that was set for release on August 19, 2014.
### Reunion & *Burn With You* (since 2019) {#reunion_burn_with_you_since_2019}
On April 1, 2019, a mysterious teaser video appeared on the band\'s Facebook page. The teaser appears to feature new music along with a cryptic **06 06 19** message. The video was re-posted on May 6, 2019. On June 6, 2019, Egypt Central released \"Raise the Gates\" as a new single confirming a reunion. On June 18, 2019, another cryptic teaser appeared on both Facebook and Instagram with a new date **07 05 19**. On July 5, 2019, Egypt Central released \"Dead Machine\" on their YouTube channel. On April 13, 2020, Egypt Central released a new single \"Over Soon\" on all platforms. October 20, 2020, the band announced on their Instagram page the release of a new single \"Hunted\" set for November 20. Another single, \"Let Me Out\", was released digitally on April 30, 2021. An EP titled *Burn With You* was released on July 9, 2021. On December 5, 2021, the band released a new single, Beautiful Misery with rapper Mikes Dead. On February 22, 2022, the band announced a new single called No Place Like home with a date on their YouTube channel 3-10-22.
## Band members {#band_members}
### Official members {#official_members}
- Blake Allison -- Drums
- Joey \"Chicago\" Walser -- Bass
- John Falls -- Lead Vocals
### Former members {#former_members}
- Heath Hindman -- Lead Guitar
- Jeff James -- Rhythm Guitar
- Don Wray -- Lead Guitar (2001--2004)
- Stephen \"Worm\" Williams -- Lead Guitar
- Chris D\'Abaldo -- Rhythm Guitar
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| Year | Album details | Peak chart positions |
+===============================================+================================+======================+
| US | US\ | US\ |
| | Heat.\ | Ind.\ |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2008 | *Egypt Central* | --- |
| | | |
| | - Released: January 15, 2008 | |
| | - Label: Fat Lady Music/ILG | |
| | - Format: CD | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| 2011 | *White Rabbit* | 78 |
| | | |
| | - Released: May 31, 2011 | |
| | - Label: Fat Lady Music/ILG | |
| | - Format: CD | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| \"---\" denotes a release that did not chart. | | |
+-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
### Extended plays {#extended_plays}
+--------+---------------------------------------------------+
| \|Year | \|Album details |
+========+===================================================+
| 2014 | *Murder in the French Quarter: Rare & Unreleased* |
| | |
| | - Released: August 19, 2014 |
| | - Label: Independent |
| | - Format: Digital CD |
+--------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2021 | *Burn With You* |
| | |
| | - Released: July 9, 2021 |
| | - Label: A Window In |
| | - Format: Digital CD |
+--------+---------------------------------------------------+
### Singles
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| Year | Song | Peak chart positions | |
+=======+========================+======================+=====+
| US\ | US\ | | |
| Main. | Rock | | |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| 2007 | \"You Make Me Sick\" | 21 | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| 2008 | \"Taking You Down\" | 37 | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| 2011 | \"White Rabbit\" | 17 | 41 |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| | \"Kick Ass\" | 23 | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| 2012 | \"Enemy Inside\" | --- | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| 2019 | \"Raise the Gates\" | --- | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| | \"Dead Machine\" | --- | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| 2020 | \"Over Soon\" | --- | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| | \"Hunted\" | --- | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| 2021 | \"Let Me Out\" | --- | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| | \"Burn With You\" | --- | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| 2022 | \"Beautiful Misery\" | --- | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
| | \"No Place Like Home\" | --- | --- |
+-------+------------------------+----------------------+-----+
### Music videos {#music_videos}
Year Song Ref.
------ ---------------------- ------
2008 \"You Make Me Sick\"
2011 \"White Rabbit\"
\"Kick Ass\" (Live)
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,441 |
Antiochus Nicator
|
**Antiochus Nicator** (Greek: *Ἀντίοχος Νικάτωρ*; epithet means \"Victor\") is a proposed Greco-Bactrian king of the Diodotid dynasty, who ruled for some period between 240 -- 220 BC. His existence is controversial.
## Issue and interpretations {#issue_and_interpretations}
There are two relevant sets of coins:
1. A set of Bactrian coins, similar to those minted in the name of Diodotus, bear the legend *ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ* \"Of King Antiochus.\" The obverse portrait resembles that of Diodotus I and the reverse is the same as on other Diodotid coins: Zeus hurling a thunderbolt, with an eagle on the side.
2. The later Bactrian king Agathocles honoured several earlier rulers of Bactria with commemorative coins. One of these commemorative issues appears to be modelled on the aforementioned series and labels the honoree as *ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ ΝΙΚΑΤΟΡΟΣ* \"Antiochus Nikator.\"
The usual interpretation is that the former issue were semi-independent issues of the first Bactrian king Diodotus I, who would have struck coinage using the name of his former overlord, the Seleucid king Antiochus II, but with his own portrait, at the start of a slow drift into independence from the Seleucid empire. The commemorative issue is traditionally interpreted as commemorating the Seleucid king Antiochus I or Antiochus II, although neither of them bore the epithet *Nikator* (\"Victor\").
In 2010, Jens Jakobsson proposed that these coins were struck by a Bactrian king who himself was called Antiochos. This king might have been a brother or a younger son of Diodotus I, ruling either as a co-regent or after the death of the first Diodotus\' successor and son Diodotus II. The (very few) ancient literary sources are ambiguous: they mention no king between Diodotus II and Euthydemus I, but do not exclude the possibility. In a 2021 article, Jakobssen reiterated his earlier argument, further noting a number of features that suggest that the \"Of King Antiochus\" coins were minted after those of Diodotus I and II and immediately before those of Euthydemus I:
1. The \"Of King Antiochus\" coins have similar portraits and share a number of mint mark monograms with the Euthydemus coinage, but have no such connections with the coinage of king Antiochus II in his own name.
2. In a hoard of coins from Ai Khanoum, the coins in the name of Diodotus are more worn than the coins \"Of King Antiochus\" - implying that the former were older than the latter.
3. There is a die link between the obverse of the gold staters \"Of King Antiochus\" and the gold staters of King Euthydemus.
The matter remains uncertain. Simon Glenn mentions the issue as an as-yet unresolved issue in Bactrian numismatics, but has called the die link \"solid numismatic evidence\" and the existence of Antiochus Nicator \"most likely.\" By contrast, Olivier Bordeaux calls Jakobsson\'s proposal \"somewhat controversial\" and to be treated \"with great caution.\"
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,446 |
Renée Kosel
|
**Renée Kosel** (born April 3, 1943) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives, from January 1997 until her resignation on January 7, 2015. While in the Illinois House of Representatives, Kosel previously served as an Assistant Republican Leader. The district includes all or parts of Frankfort, Homer Glen, Homer Township, Joliet, Mokena, New Lenox, Orland Park and Tinley Park. As of October 2012, Kosel is a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) previously serving as Illinois state co-chairman.
After winning the Republican nomination, incumbent Larry Wennlund opted to retire from the legislature rather than run in the 1996 general election. Republicans slated Kosel to be the Republican candidate. Kosel defeated Democratic candidate Lois Mayer.
She opted not to run in the 2014 general election. Margo McDermed, a member of the Will County Board, won the 2014 general election to succeed Kosel. After the 2014 general election, but prior to the start of the 99th General Assembly, Kosel resigned effective January 7, 2015. The Republican Representative Committee of the Thirty-Seventh Representative District appointed Representative-elect Margo McDermed to fill the subsequent vacancy for the remainder of the 98th General Assembly.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,465 |
RAF Deopham Green
|
**Royal Air Force Deopham Green** or more simply **RAF Deopham Green** is a former Royal Air Force station located near Deopham Green 2 mi north of Attleborough, Norfolk, England.
## United States Army Air Forces use {#united_states_army_air_forces_use}
RAF Deopham Green was built in 1942 and 1943 for the USAAF and assigned the designation Station 142.
USAAF Station Units assigned to RAF Deopham Green were:
- 466th Sub-Depot
- 18th Weather Squadron
- 87th Station Complement Squadron
- 1230th Quartermaster Company
- 1284th Military Police Company
- 1797th Ordnance Supply & Maintenance Company
- 872nd Chemical Company (Air Operations)
- 2112th Engineer Fire Fighting Platoon
### 452nd Bombardment Group (Heavy) {#nd_bombardment_group_heavy}
The airfield was opened on 3 January 1944 and was used by the United States Army Air Forces Eighth Air Force 452d Bombardment Group (Heavy), which arrived at Deopham Green from Walla Walla AAF Washington. The 452nd was assigned to the 45th Combat Bombardment Wing, and the group tail code was a \"Square-L\". Its operational squadrons were:
- 728th Bombardment Squadron (9Z)
- 729th Bombardment Squadron (M3)
- 730th Bombardment Squadron (6K)
- 731st Bombardment Squadron (7D)
The group flew Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses as part of the Eighth Air Force\'s strategic bombing campaign.
The 452nd BG entered combat on 5 February 1944 with an attack against aircraft assembly plants at Brunswick. It was engaged primarily in bombardment of strategic targets, including the marshalling yards at Frankfurt, aircraft assembly plants at Regensburg, aircraft component works at Kassel, the ball-bearing industry at Schweinfurt, a synthetic rubber plant at Hanover, and oil installations at Bohlen.
First Lieutenant Donald Gott and Second Lieutenant William E Metzger Jr were each awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously for remaining with their aircraft crippled during a mission over Germany on 9 November 1944. Lieutenant Gott was at the controls of a B-17 when it was hit by anti-aircraft fire, three engines being immobilised, a fire starting in the cockpit and with the radio operator and engineer being seriously wounded. Although faced with the imminent explosion of his bomb-laden aircraft, Lieutenant Gott, after conferring with his co-pilot, Lieutenant Metzger, decided to continue to the target.
Then, after dropping their bombs, Lieutenant Gott made for the Allied lines to attempt to put the crippled Fortress down to save the life of the radio operator who had by now lost consciousness. Although ordered to bail out with the rest of the crew, the co-pilot chose to remain with Lieutenant Gott but, as he prepared to let down into a field the B-17 exploded killing all three crew members.
In addition to strategic missions, the 452nd supported ground forces and carried out interdictory operations. They helped prepare for the invasion of Normandy by hitting airfields, V-weapon sites, bridges, and other objectives in France. The group struck coastal defenses on D-Day 6 June 1944, and bombed enemy positions in support of the breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July and the offensive against Brest in August and September 1944. Later in September, it assisted the Operation Market-Garden (the airborne attack on the Netherlands), hit enemy communications in and near the combat zone during the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 - January 1945, and bombed an airfield in support of the airborne assault across the Rhine in March 1945.
The group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for action on 7 April 1945 when, despite vigorous fighter attacks and heavy flak, it accurately bombed a jet-fighter airfield at Kaltenkirchen. The 452nd Bomb Group flew its last combat mission of World War II \[in Europe\] on 21 April 1945, striking marshalling yards at Ingolstadt.
The group flew a total of 250 missions from Deopham Green during the war, losing 110 of its bombers in the course of these operations. Indeed, the group suffered particularly heavy losses during the spring of 1944, at that time sustaining one of the highest rates of loss of any Fortress equipped unit in the Eighth Air Force. The 452nd returned to the United States, being inactivated at Sioux Falls AAF South Dakota on 28 August 1945.
## Postwar use {#postwar_use}
After the war, the station was handed back to RAF Maintenance Command on 9 October 1945. The unit was No. 258 Maintenance Unit RAF. Public roads, closed when construction started in 1942, were later re-opened, one of them using part of the old main runway, the airfield finally being closed on 1 January 1948.
Unfortunately over the years most of the buildings have been torn down and the airfield has been returned to agricultural use. However many of the runways and taxiways of the old airfield remain, albeit at a reduced width. There is a memorial on the side of the road running through the site, another outside Hingham Church and another at Attleborough railway station.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,466 |
All the Best: The Live Collection
|
***All the Best: The Live Collection*** is a DVD by Tina Turner. The set includes a total of 25 songs and a 25-minute interview. The DVD was certified Gold by the RIAA in the United States.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Steamy Windows\"
2. \"Show Some Respect\"
3. \"I Can\'t Stand the Rain\"
4. \"River Deep -- Mountain High\"
5. \"Missing You\"
6. \"GoldenEye\"
7. \"Addicted to Love\"
8. \"Private Dancer\"
9. \"Let\'s Stay Together\"
10. \"What\'s Love Got to Do with It\"
11. \"I Don\'t Wanna Fight\"
12. \"In Your Wildest Dreams\"
13. \"When the Heartache Is Over\"
14. \"We Don\'t Need Another Hero\"
15. \"It\'s Only Love\" (with Bryan Adams)
16. \"Tonight\" (with David Bowie)
17. \"Nutbush City Limits\"
18. \"Better Be Good to Me\"
19. \"Proud Mary\"
20. \"Whatever You Need\"
Extras
1. *All the Best \-- Interview*
2. \"The Best\"
3. \"Open Arms\" (Live on Parkinson)
4. \"Paradise Is Here\"
5. \"Be Tender with Me Baby\"
6. \"Cose Della Vita\" (with Eros Ramazzotti)
## Certifications
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,483 |
Pennsylvania Route 85
|
**Pennsylvania Route 85** (**PA 85**) is a 24 mi east--west state highway located in western Pennsylvania. The western terminus of the route is at Pennsylvania Route 28 and Pennsylvania Route 66 east of Kittanning. The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 119 in Home.
## Route description {#route_description}
PA 85 begins at an intersection with PA 28/PA 66 in Rayburn Township, Armstrong County, heading east on a two-lane undivided road. The route passes through agricultural areas with some homes, running through the community of Green Acres. The road crosses the Cowanshannock Creek and heads through the community of Sunnyside, continuing northeast through woods and farms with some homes to the north of the creek and crossing into Valley Township. PA 85 curves southeast and winds east through wooded areas with occasional residences, passing through Greendale. The route heads through a mix of agriculture and woodland with some homes, continuing into Cowanshannock Township. The road runs through rural residential areas, passing through Rose Valley and Yatesboro. PA 85 crosses into the borough of Rural Valley and passes between housing areas to the north and woods to the south. The route crosses back into Cowanshannock Township and continues through a mix of farmland and woodland, passing to the south of the residential communities of Meredith and Nu Mine. The road intersects PA 839 and runs northeast and east through more rural areas. The route runs through farmland and turns southeast at Hoosicks Mill.
PA 85 enters South Mahoning Township in Indiana County and runs southeast through more farms and woods with a few homes, coming to an intersection with PA 210. At this point, the route turns east for a concurrency with PA 85, coming to a junction with PA 954. Here, PA 954 turns east to join PA 85/PA 210. The three routes run through the residential community of Beyer before passing through more rural areas prior to entering the borough of Plumville. Here, the road becomes Main Street and passes homes and businesses. PA 954 splits from PA 85/PA 210 by turning north Smicksburg Street and PA 85/PA 210 continue northeast through more of the town. The road turns to the southeast and heads back into South Mahoning Township, becoming unnamed again. PA 210 splits from PA 85 by heading northeast, and PA 85 continues southeast through more farmland and woodland with a few residences, curving south. The road heads southeast into Washington Township, turning more to the east-southeast. The route continues into Rayne Township and runs through more wooded areas with some fields and homes. PA 85 comes to its eastern terminus at an intersection with US 119 in Home.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,485 |
Governor Mifflin School District
|
The **Governor Mifflin School District** is located in southern Berks County in southeastern Pennsylvania in the United States.
## Schools
The district comprises 6 schools, located throughout the district.
- [Governor Mifflin Senior High School](https://www.governormifflinsd.org/gmhs/), serving grades 9--12, located in Shillington. The principal is Mr. Steve Murray.
- [Governor Mifflin Middle School](https://www.governormifflinsd.org/gmms/), serving grades 7--8, located in Shillington. The principal is Ms. Carissa Harley (former Asst. Principal at GMIS until 2024).
- [Governor Mifflin Intermediate School](https://www.governormifflinsd.org/gmis/), serving grades 5--6, located in [Cumru Township](http://www.cumrutownship.com/) (the listed address is Shillington). The principal is Mr. Cory Crider (former Asst. Principal until 2021).
- [Mifflin Park Elementary](https://www.governormifflinsd.org/mifflinpark/), serving grades K--4, located in Cumru Township (the listed address is Shillington). The principal is Mrs. Melissa Paparella.
- [Cumru Elementary](https://www.governormifflinsd.org/cumru/), serving grades K--4, located in Cumru Township (the listed address is Shillington). The principal is Mr. Brian Cote.
- [Brecknock Elementary](https://www.governormifflinsd.org/brecknock/), serving grades K--4, located in Brecknock Township (the listed address is Mohnton). The principal is Ms. Nicole Pagan.
## Sports
The Governor Mifflin School District has sports for the fall, winter, and spring. These sports are divided between the middle school and the high school. The middle school sports for the fall are cross country, soccer, cheerleading, field hockey, football, and volleyball. The high school sports for the fall are cross country, soccer, water polo, cheerleading, field hockey, football, tennis, and golf. The middle school sports for the winter are basketball, cheerleading, and wrestling. The high school sports for the winter are basketball, bowling, indoor track and field, swimming and diving, cheerleading, rifle, and wrestling. The middle school sports for the spring are baseball, track and field, and softball. The high school sports for the spring are baseball, lacrosse, track and field, tennis, volleyball, and softball.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,490 |
William Windham (of Earsham, junior)
|
**William Windham** (c. 1706 -- 1789) was a British landowner and politician.
The eldest son of William Windham of Earsham (died 1730) and Anne Tyrrell, he came of an old Norfolk family. He is sometimes called **William Windham Ashe**, a misnomer according to the *History of Parliament*. On his father\'s death he inherited Earsham Hall in Earsham, Norfolk.
He served as sub-governor to Duke of Cumberland in 1731 and was afterwards Comptroller of the Duke\'s Household till the Duke\'s death in 1765. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1749 although his fellowship lapsed after only two years.
He entered Parliament for the nearby borough of Aldeburgh in 1747, for which he sat until 1761. He briefly returned to Parliament for Helston from 1766 to 1768.
Upon his death in 1789, Earsham Hall went to his nephew, Joseph Wyndham-Bower. In April 1734, he had married Mary, Dowager Countess of Deloraine (d. 1744), daughter of Capt. Charles Howard and granddaughter of Col. Philip Howard, but the two had no children.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,500 |
Cracovian
|
In astronomical and geodetic calculations, **Cracovians** are a clerical convenience introduced in 1925 by Tadeusz Banachiewicz for solving systems of linear equations by hand. Such systems can be written as `{{nowrap|1=''A'''''x''' = '''b'''}}`{=mediawiki} in matrix notation where **x** and **b** are column vectors and the evaluation of **b** requires the multiplication of the rows of *A* by the vector **x**.
Cracovians introduced the idea of using the transpose of *A*, *A*^T^, and multiplying the columns of *A*^T^ by the column **x**. This amounts to the definition of a new type of matrix multiplication denoted here by \'∧\'. Thus `{{nowrap|1='''x''' ∧ ''A''<sup>T</sup> = ''b'' = ''A'''''x'''}}`{=mediawiki}. The **Cracovian product** of two matrices, say *A* and *B*, is defined by `{{nowrap|1=''A'' ∧ ''B'' = ''B''<sup>T</sup>''A''}}`{=mediawiki}, where *B*^T^ and *A* are assumed compatible for the common (Cayley) type of matrix multiplication.
Since `{{nowrap|1=(''AB'')<sup>T</sup> = ''B''<sup>T</sup>''A''<sup>T</sup>}}`{=mediawiki}, the products `{{nowrap|1=(''A'' ∧ ''B'') ∧ ''C''}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{nowrap|1=''A'' ∧ (''B'' ∧ ''C'')}}`{=mediawiki} will generally be different; thus, Cracovian multiplication is non-associative. Cracovians are an example of a quasigroup.
Cracovians adopted a column-row convention for designating individual elements as opposed to the standard row-column convention of matrix analysis. This made manual multiplication easier, as one needed to follow two parallel columns (instead of a vertical column and a horizontal row in the matrix notation.) It also sped up computer calculations, because both factors\' elements were used in a similar order, which was more compatible with the sequential access memory in computers of those times --- mostly magnetic tape memory and drum memory. Use of Cracovians in astronomy faded as computers with bigger random access memory came into general use. Any modern reference to them is in connection with their non-associative multiplication.
Named for recognition of the City of Cracow.
## In programming {#in_programming}
In R the desired effect can be achieved via the `crossprod()` function. Specifically, the Cracovian product of matrices *A* and *B* can be obtained as `crossprod(B, A)`.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,508 |
Wheeling Central Catholic High School
|
**Central Catholic High School** is a parochial, Roman Catholic high school in Wheeling, West Virginia. It is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston.
Central Catholic High School has been educating young men and women since 1865. The school is a part of the Diocese of Wheeling-Charleston campus, which includes the Cathedral of St. Joseph, the diocesan offices, and the chancery.
At the end of the 2016--2017 school year, Bishop Donahue Memorial High School closed and merged into Central Catholic.
## Athletics
Central\'s athletic teams are called the Maroon Knights. They include:
- Boys: football, basketball, soccer, baseball, wrestling
- Girls: cheerleading, basketball, soccer, softball, volleyball
- All: tennis, track and field, cross-country, swimming, golf, bowling, archery, robotics
- Club sports: ice hockey, lacrosse
### State championships {#state_championships}
- Football: 1979, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2017, 2018, 2019
- Softball: 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2016, 2017, 2018
- Cheering: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2008
- Baseball: 1999, 2000, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2011
- Boys basketball: State Catholic Championships: 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966. WV 'AA' State Championships: 1982, 1987, 1990. WV 'A' State Championships: 1996, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2018
- Girls basketball: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2018
- Golf: 2000, 2004, 2006, 2018
- Girls tennis: 2005
- Boys track: 2005, 2008
- Hockey: 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2024
- Lacrosse: 2010, 2016, 2019
- Girls Track: 2017
- Wrestling: 2024
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- John Corbett, actor
- Joe DeNardo, Pittsburgh meteorologist
- Mike Florio, sportswriter
- Bill Gompers, football player
- Johnny Pramesa, former professional baseball player (Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs)
- Doug Wojcik, college basketball coach
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,513 |
Ian Miller (footballer, born 1983)
|
**Ian Jonathan Miller** (born 23 November 1983) is an English professional footballer who plays for Walsham-le-Willows.
As a player he was a defender. After starting his career in non-League football with Bury Town, Miller moved into the Football League with Ipswich Town. He also spent time on loan in the lower divisions of the Football League at Boston United and Darlington, before joining Darlington on a permanent basis in 2008. He left that club in late 2011 and joined Grimsby Town soon afterwards before a two-year stint with Cambridge United. He remained with United as a community football manager whilst playing semi-professionally for Braintree Town, Needham Market, AFC Sudbury and Walsham-le-Willows.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Bury Town {#bury_town}
Born in Colchester, Essex, Miller began his career with Isthmian League Division One North team Bury Town, with whom he reached the semi-final of the FA Vase. He signed a new one-and-a-half-year contract in January 2006, and was appointed as captain at the start of the 2006--07 season.
### Ipswich Town {#ipswich_town}
He was signed by Ipswich Town on 22 September 2006 for a nominal fee on a contract until June 2007.
Miller joined League Two side Boston United on a month-long loan in November 2006. This loan at Boston was extended until January 2007. He then joined another League Two side, Darlington, on a month\'s loan in February 2007. The loan was extended until April 2007, but Miller was recalled in late March to cover for injuries in Ipswich\'s squad. He made his sole appearance for Ipswich on 31 March 2007, as a substitute in the 74th minute for Jonathan Walters in their Championship fixture in the 3--1 victory over Plymouth Argyle.
Miller agreed a new one-year contract with Ipswich in June 2007 and subsequently re-joined Darlington on an initial month\'s loan. It was extended until January 2008.
### Darlington
On 11 January 2008 Miller joined Darlington permanently on a free transfer, signing a one-and-a-half-year contract.
On 10 May 2008, Miller came on as an 87th-minute substitute in the League Two play-off semi-final first leg against Rochdale, replacing the injured Alan White. With the game tied at 1--1, Miller rose to head a 92nd-minute winner from a Neil Wainwright direct free kick, to give Darlington the lead heading into the second leg.
After Darlington\'s players were asked to take a pay cut in November 2011, and Miller did not receive his wages for that month, he handed in his notice and left the club in December 2011.
### Grimsby Town {#grimsby_town}
Miller signed a 16-month contract with Conference National club Grimsby Town and made his debut in the starting eleven as the \"Mariners\" beat Lincoln City 3--1 on 1 January 2012. On 17 February 2012 he scored the equaliser in the 1--2 away victory at Southport, which was also his first goal for Grimsby, a corner from Frankie Artus was met with a powerful header by Miller inside the six-yard box. Miller was ever present for Grimsby during the 2012--13 season and played in the FA Trophy final at Wembley Stadium which ended in a defeat on penalties to Wrexham. The club had also led the Conference for a small part of the season but fell off towards the end and were eventually defeated in the play-offs by Newport County.
Miller was released by the club on 3 May 2013.
### Cambridge United {#cambridge_united}
On 3 June 2013, Miller signed for Cambridge United on a two-year deal. At the end of the 2014--15 season the club did not offer him a new deal when his contract expired.
As captain he led the team to a second-place finish and F.A Trophy glory at Wembley. During the play-off final Miller received a ruptured Achilles\' tendon in the final minutes of the game, despite this he still lifted the trophy whilst in a wheelchair as they won 2--1 against Gateshead, sending the club into the Football League. The injury ruled him out for the majority of the next season. After playing very few games he was released on a free transfer.
### Non-League {#non_league}
In 2015 Miller signed a short-term deal with The National League side Braintree Town but only featured in one game before joining Needham Market.
In August 2017 Miller became a coach at the AFC Sudbury academy. He signed for the club as a player in December 2017. In August 2018, Miller returned to Bury Town as a player-coach.
On 27 June 2019 it was confirmed, that Miller had joined Walsham-le-Willows.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
On 13 April 2018 Miller became a coach for the AFC Sudbury women\'s team.
Since retiring from playing, Miller has adopted the role of head coach at 442 Football Academy.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He holds a degree in sports, health and exercise from Anglia Ruskin University.
## Honours
**Darlington**
- FA Trophy: 2010--11
**Cambridge**
- Conference Premier play-offs: 2014
- FA Trophy: 2013--14
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,518 |
Jjimjilbang
|
***Jjimjilbang*** (`{{Korean|hangul=찜질방|hanja={{lang|ko|蒸氣房}}|mr=tchimjilbang}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|ko|t͈ɕimdʑilbaŋ}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{Literal translation|poultice room}}`{=mediawiki}) are bathhouses in South Korea which gained popularity in the 1990s.
They are separated by gender and typically have hot tubs, showers, Korean traditional kiln saunas, and massage tables. *Jjimjil* is derived from the words meaning *heating*. In other areas of the building or on other floors there are unisex areas, usually with a snack bar, ondol-heated floor for lounging and sleeping, wide-screen TVs, exercise rooms, ice rooms, heated salt rooms, internet cafe, karaoke bars, and sleeping quarters with bunk beds or sleeping mats. Many of the sleeping rooms have themes or elements to them. Usually *jjimjilbang* will have various rooms with temperatures to suit guests\' preferred relaxing temperatures. Walls can be decorated with woods, minerals, crystals, stones, and metals to make the ambient mood and smell more natural. The elements used have traditional Korean medicinal purposes in the rooms.
Many *jjimjilbang* are open at all hours and are a popular weekend getaway for South Korean families. Some *jjimjilbang* allow customers to sleep there overnight. South Korean men, particularly those who work away from their families or stayed out late drinking or working, sleep in *jjimjilbang* overnight. Theft, usually of smartphones, is occasionally a problem at some *jimjilbang*.
## Facilities
*Jjimjilbang* usually operate 24 hours a day. In the entrance, there are the doors labelled "men" or "women" and shoes are to be stored using a given key. Once inside, the shoe locker key is exchanged with another locker key to store clothes and belongings. Afterwards bathers walk into the gender-segregated bathhouse area (children of both genders below seven years of age are free to intermingle) and take a shower. Then, one should wear the *jjimjilbang* clothes (usually a T-shirt and shorts, color-coordinated according to gender), which are received with the locker key.
In the bathing areas, there are kiln saunas with themes including a jade, a salt, or mineral kiln: the dome-shaped inside the kilns are plastered with jade powder, salt and mineral respectively.
Often there are several kilns with temperatures ranging from 60 to. The temperature of the kilns is displayed on a sign at the entrance.
## Hygiene
Some *jjimjilbang* have had their sanitary condition questioned, both in terms of facilities, clothes, and of food offered at the venue. Concerns about the clothes increasing atopy symptoms in patients, or even of accidentally hosting parasites, have been voiced, although evidence was inconclusive. Currently, health control standards are set by the Public Health Control Act.
## Korean sauna {#korean_sauna}
***Hanjeungmak*** (`{{Korean|hangul=한증막|hanja=汗蒸幕|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}) is Korean traditional sauna. Intensely hot and dry, it uses traditionally burning wood of pine to heat a domelike kiln made of stone. Nowadays, *hanjeungmak* are incorporated into *jjimjilbang* rather than being independent facilities. *Bulgama* installed in *jjimjilbang* is a variety of *hanjeungmak*, heated with higher temperature. Sometimes the dome-shaped walls of kiln rooms are plastered with loam, salt, minerals.
The first mention of *hanjeungmak*, initially referred to as *hanjeungso* (`{{Korean|hangul=한증소|hanja=汗蒸所|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}), is found in the Annals of Sejong in the 15th century. The record also states that the Korean kiln saunas were used for medicinal purposes. At that time, *hanjeungmak* were state-supported kiln saunas maintained by Buddhist monks. Since 1429, saunas have been built as separate facilities for men and women.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,528 |
Pennsylvania Route 87
|
**Pennsylvania Route 87** (**PA 87**) is a 69.3 mi north--south state highway located in northern Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at exit 21 of Interstate 180 (I-180)/U.S. Route 220 (US 220) in Montoursville. The northern terminus is at US 6 in Washington Township.
The road is called Loyalsock Avenue at its southern terminus in Montoursville. It joins PA 154 for 200 yd in Forksville and US 220 for 1200 yd in Dushore. While in Dushore, it serves as the northern terminus of PA 487, and is also known as South German Street, East Main Street, Mill Street, and Carpenter Street.
## Route description {#route_description}
PA 87 begins at an interchange with I-180/US 220 in the borough of Montoursville in Lycoming County, heading north on Loyalsock Avenue, a two-lane divided highway. The route immediately crosses into Fairfield Township and becomes an undivided, unnamed road, running between farmland to the west and woodland with homes to the east. The road continues into Upper Fairfield Township and heads through more agricultural areas with some residences, intersecting the western terminus of PA 864 in Farragut. PA 87 heads through more farmland and woodland with some homes to the east of the Loyalsock Creek, passing through Loyalsockville and coming to an intersection with the eastern terminus of PA 973. The road passes through more farm fields with some woods and residences in a narrow valley, crossing into Plunketts Creek Township as it heads north-northwest. The route curves to the north and the northeast before heading east into dense forests alongside the creek, heading to the northeast and continuing through scattered tracts of the Loyalsock State Forest. PA 87 heads north through more forests with a few homes, turning northeast before heading southeast. The road runs northeast through woods with a few fields and residences, curving east before turning north into more dense forests.
PA 87 enters Hillsgrove Township in Sullivan County and turns east, passing through more forests along the south bank of the Loyalsock Creek. The road continues through more forested areas with a few fields and homes, curving northeast and north. The route crosses the creek and turns northeast into agricultural areas, passing through the residential community of Hillsgrove. PA 87 runs through more farmland with some woods and homes, crossing Loyalsock Creek again and turning southeast into forests. The road curves northeast again and heads into more forested areas with some fields, heading east before crossing into Forks Township and continuing northeast through more rural areas. The route heads north before a turn to the east, heading into the borough of Forksville. Here, PA 87 passes through rural areas of homes and businesses, crossing the Loyalsock Creek and coming to an intersection with PA 154. At this point, PA 154 turns east to form a brief concurrency with PA 87, crossing the Little Loyalsock Creek. After this, PA 154 splits from PA 87 by turning northwest and PA 87 heads into forests, turning north and crossing back into Forks Township. The road continues into a narrow agricultural valley with some woods and homes, curving east at Millview. The route heads east into more forested areas to the north of Little Loyalsock Creek. PA 87 crosses into Cherry Township and runs through more forests with some fields and residences, curving northeast before heading back to the east. The route comes to an intersection with US 220, at which point PA 87 turns north to join US 220 on German Street, heading through wooded areas of homes as it enters the borough of Dushore. The road heads into the commercial center of Dushore, where PA 87 splits from US 220 by turning east onto East Main Street. The route continues onto Mill Street, passing homes and coming to an intersection with the northern terminus of PA 487, at which point it turns north onto Carpenter Street, heading northeast through more residential areas. The road crosses back into Cherry Township and becomes an unnamed road, passing through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes. The route turns east and winds through more rural areas, entering Colley Township. PA 87 curves to the southeast and passes through Colley. The road continues east into dense forests, turning to the northeast.
PA 87 heads into North Branch Township in Wyoming County and continues east and northeast through more forests with occasional homes. The road comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 187 near Lovelton and turns east into more rural areas. The route winds east and enters Forkston Township, running through more woodland with some farm fields and residences. PA 87 crosses the Mehoopany Creek and turns northeast, passing through more rural areas to the southeast of the creek and heading into Mehoopany Township. The road winds northeast through more farmland and woodland with some homes, crossing the Mehoopany Creek again and heading into the residential community of Mehoopany. The route continues through wooded areas of homes and passes through North Mehoopany, turning east to cross the Susquehanna River into Washington Township. The roadway passes over the Lehigh Secondary railroad line, which is owned by Norfolk Southern and operated by the Lehigh Railway, immediately after the river. The road heads to the north of a large Procter & Gamble factory before turning north into woods. PA 87 continues east into agricultural areas with some woods and homes, coming to its northern terminus at an intersection with US 6.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,534 |
Egypt Central (album)
|
***Egypt Central*** is the debut album by the rock music group Egypt Central. The album was recorded while the band was signed to Lava Records, only to get dropped before the album was released. Due to the overwhelming number of people wanting the album, the band self-released it on April 26, 2005. The album was made available online through CD Baby and briefly through Amazon.com, as well as music stores throughout the Memphis area. The band signed a record deal in April, 2006 with Bieler Bros. Records, with the intention of releasing the same album. However, the band parted ways with the label in late July. The album was set for release on August 22.
On October 5, 2007, the band officially signed a record deal with Fat Lady Music/ILG distributed by ADA. The original CD has been remixed and remastered with new artwork and was released to retailers nationwide on January 15, 2008 featuring their new single \"You Make Me Sick\". The entire recording is now available on iTunes. Both \"You Make Me Sick\" and \"Taking You Down\" were featured on the video game *WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009*. \"Taking You Down\" was featured on the soundtrack to *The Cave*, but not in the movie itself, and \"Over and Under\" was featured in the movie *The Condemned*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
Bonus online pre-order track
## Personnel
- Blake \"Black\" Allison -- drums, vocals
- Joey Chicago -- bass guitar, vocals
- John Falls -- lead vocals
- Heath Hindman -- guitar
- Stephen Williams -- guitar, vocals (Performed On Debut Album)
- Paul David Hager -- mixing
- Josh Abraham -- producer, mixing, audio production
- Louis Levin -- executive producer
- George Marino -- mastering
- Pete Matthews -- mixing
- Ryan Williams -- engineer, audio engineer
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,543 |
RAF Mendlesham
|
**Royal Air Force Mendlesham**, or more simply **RAF Mendlesham**, is a former Royal Air Force station located 5.5 mi east of Stowmarket, Suffolk, England.
## History
### RAF Fighter Command use {#raf_fighter_command_use}
Mendlesham airfield was built in 1943 and opened in late December of that year. Three RAF fighter squadrons manned by Czechoslovakian pilots moved in as part of No. 134 (Czech) Airfield RAF - No. 310 flying Supermarine Spitfire LFIXs and No. 312 flying Spitfire LFIXbs on 19 February 1944. No. 313 flew in on 20 February with Spitfire IXs. No.310 finally moved out on 28 March 1944; Nos. 312 & 313 left on 4 April 1944.
### USAAF use {#usaaf_use}
In March 1944, Mendlesham was allocated to the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force. It was assigned USAAF designation Station 156.
From 30 March 1944 though 11 July 1945, Mendlesham served as headquarters for the 93d Combat Bombardment Wing, 3d Bombardment Division, Eighth Air Force.
#### 34th Bombardment Group (Heavy) {#th_bombardment_group_heavy}
The first USAAF tenant was the United States Army Air Forces Eighth Air Force 34th Bombardment Group (Heavy), arriving from Blythe AAF California. The 34th was assigned to the 93d Combat Bombardment Wing, and the group tail code was a \"Square-S\". Its operational squadrons were:
- 4th Bombardment Squadron (Q6)
- 7th Bombardment Squadron (R2)
- 18th Bombardment Squadron (8I)
- 391st Bombardment Squadron (3L)
The group flew both Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses and Consolidated B-24 Liberators as part of the Eighth Air Force\'s strategic bombing campaign. The 34th flew 170 operations from the station, the first sixty-two while flying B-24 Liberators and the remainder with B-17G Fortresses. The change-over was made during the summer of 1944 when, in common with other groups assigned to the 93rd Combat Wing, the 3rd Division standardized on the Fortress. The group helped to prepare for the invasion of Normandy by bombing airfields in France and Germany, and supported the landing in June by attacking coastal defenses and communications. Continued to take part in the campaign in France by supporting ground forces at Saint-Lô, 24--25 July, and by striking V-weapon sites, gun emplacements, and supply lines throughout the summer of 1944.
The group converted to B-17s in September 1944 and engaged primarily in the bombardment of strategic objectives from October 1944 to February 1945. Targets included marshalling yards in Ludwigshafen, Hamm, Osnabrück, and Darmstadt; oil centers in Bielefeld, Merseburg, Hamburg, and Misburg; factories in Berlin, Dalteln, and Hanover; and airfields in Münster, Neumünster, and Frankfurt. During this period the group also supported ground forces during the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944-January 1945. In March 1945, with few industrial targets remaining and with Allied armies advancing across Germany, the 34th turned almost solely to interdicting enemy communications and supporting Allied ground forces.
Before V-E Day, it carried food to flooded areas of the Netherlands (Operation Chowhound), and after V-E Day transported prisoners of war from German camps to Allied centers. The 34th Bomb Group returned to Sioux Falls AAF, South Dakota on 28 August 1945 and was inactivated.
### RAF Maintenance Command use {#raf_maintenance_command_use}
After the war, the field was used as the sub-site of No. 94 Maintenance Unit RAF being used as an ammunition storage depot. It was reduced to inactive status in June 1954 and sold.
## Current use {#current_use}
With the end of military control the former technical site of Mendlesham, which was to the southwest of the airfield was developed into an industrial estate. Large, expansive buildings were constructed over the area, around the T2 hangar that still exists. The balance of the airfield was returned to agricultural use; the runways, hardstands and perimeter track were largely removed for aggregate and today are fields, although parts of the perimeter track and the 02/20 runway remain as single-track farm access roads. No evidence of the wartime control tower remains. The NE end of the 20 runway has a small portion remaining at full width. A few wartime buildings are in use by farmers. Only the faintest hint of a perimeter track remains visible. A small but impressive memorial bronze plaque, subscribed to by the men of the 34th Group before their departure and erected in 1949 on the old airfield next to the A140 road, was stolen in April 2010 and presumably melted down for scrap. In January 2014 an appeal was made to raise £35,000 to replace it in the more secure location of St Mary\'s Church in Mendlesham.
Some aerospace-related use still remains though: one portion of runway 08/25, although now covered with grass, is now in use by local microlight pilots and by Suffolk Coastal Floaters hang-gliding club along with a blister-type hangar at the EOR.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,547 |
Pennsylvania Route 88
|
**Pennsylvania Route 88** (**PA 88**) is a 68 mi north--south state highway located in southwestern Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 119 (US 119) in Point Marion less than 2 mi from the Pennsylvania-West Virginia border. The northern terminus is at PA 51 in Pittsburgh. PA 88 runs parallel to the Monongahela River for almost its entire length.
Signed in 1927, PA 88 is one of the oldest state highways in Pennsylvania. For a brief period between 1927 and 1928, the route followed the Perry Highway between Pittsburgh and Erie. In 1928, the Perry Highway became US 19.
## Route description {#route_description}
PA 88 in Speers\|thumb\|right PA 88 begins in Point Marion at an intersection with US 119. PA 88 begins as Main Street then turns to the west crossing the Monongahela River into Greene County on the Albert Gallatin Memorial Bridge. After crossing the river, PA 88 turns to the north as it begins to parallel the Monongahela River to the east as well as railroad tracks to the west. After crossing the Dunkard Creek, PA 88 has entered the village of Poland Mines. In Monongahela Township, PA 88 intersects Pennsylvania Route 21. In the boro of Carmichaels, PA 88 is called Vine Street and crosses Muddy Creek. In Jefferson Township, PA 88 intersects the eastern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 188 southwest of Rices Landing.
After crossing the Tenmile Creek, PA 88 has entered Washington County as Front Street. PA 88 passes through the following villages: Milfred Terrace, Fredericktown Hill, North Fredericktown, Vesta Heights, and Vestaburg. In East Bethlehem Township and Centerville Boro. In Centerville Boro, PA 88 becomes Low Hill Rd. PA 88 has a snake like curve paralleling the Monongahela River. In Centerville Boro, PA 88 joins Pennsylvania Turnpike 43 for 2 mi before leaving to join another concurrency with U.S. Route 40. East of PA 43, PA 88 leaves US 40 at a trumpet interchange in West Brownsville. North of the concurrency, PA 88 becomes a local road named California Road. In California, PA 88 becomes Wood Street then turns to the west and becomes 3rd Street. In Coal Center, PA 88 Highpoint Drive, then Spring Street, and then Highpoint Drive again. Passengers can see Turnpike 43 from PA 88 in Coal Center. As PA 88 begins to shift to the east, it enters the following boros: Elco, Roscoe, and Stockdale. As PA 88 enters these boros it becomes Highpoint Drive and Chester Avenue. North of Stockdale, PA 88 begins to turn to the north and becomes Main Street. In Speers as Pennsylvania Street, PA 88 interchanges Interstate 70 at exit 40 in a scaped shaped interchange with long ramps. In Charleroi and North Charleroi, PA 88 is called McKean Avenue. In Carroll Township, PA 88 is called Country Club Road and meets the southern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 837. In Monongahela, PA 88 begins a three route concurrency with Pennsylvania Route 136 and PA 837. Then PA 88/PA 136/PA 837 become Main Street and intersect the northern terminus of Pennsylvania Route 481. In the northern tip of Monongahela, PA 136 splits off from PA 88 and PA 837. As PA 88/PA 837 enter New Eagle, PA 837 splits from PA 88 then PA 88 becomes Union Street. In Union Township, PA 88 passes under Turnpike 43. In Finleyville, PA 88 becomes Sheridan Avenue. Finleyville is where the future Interstate 576 (Southern Beltway) will meet Turnpike 43. Then PA 88 re-enters Union Township passing several businesses and then becomes Library Road near the Allegheny County line.
The entire 8.5 mi Allegheny County stretch of PA 88 is also designated as Library Road. Starting at the Washington/Allegheny County line where PA 88 becomes Library Road, PA 88 runs through South Park, Bethel Park, Castle Shannon, and the Overbrook neighborhood of Pittsburgh where PA 88/Library Rd. ends at an \"Y\" intersection with Pennsylvania Route 51/Saw Mill Run Blvd. Three of the six county\'s colored Belt Routes connect with and/or run along PA 88 (see below).
## History
PA 88 originally was planned to extend from Pittsburgh all the way north to Erie, along the highway that now largely follows US 19. US 19 was first proposed for this route in 1927, but the routing at the time was turned down. The route does appear as both PA 88 and US 19 on one 1928 map.
In the 1930s (most likely 1935 or 1936) PA 88 was extended north to New Castle. The route is not marked as PA 88 on the official 1930 map but is so marked on the 1940 map. The Pittsburgh-to-New Castle section was largely split off on July 15, 1960 to form Pennsylvania Route 65, in honor of the 65th Infantry Division of the United States Army during World War II. The 7.7 mile stretch of PA 88 from PA 65\'s current southern terminus at the West End Bridge to PA 88\'s current northern terminus was decommissioned. This designation change was made to reduce the number of concurrent routes in Pittsburgh. The changes took effect a few months later and signs were changed by spring 1961.
### Connections to PA 65 {#connections_to_pa_65}
Nonetheless, PA 88\'s legacy still survives in its former northern sections. Of PA 88\'s five spur routes, PA 288 and PA 488 were branch routes off what is now US 19, while PA 288, PA 388, PA 488, and PA 588 now appear as spur routes of 65, but still retain the \"88\" base numbers. (PA 88 did retain PA 188 as a spur route.) In addition, a drive-in theater known as Spotlight 88 in North Sewickley Township retained its name after the route was rebadged as 65, and is still known by that name as its current incarnation as a flea market after the drive-in was destroyed by an F3 tornado on May 31, 1985.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
## PA 88 Truck {#pa_88_truck}
**Pennsylvania Route 88 Truck** is a 2 mi truck route in California, Pennsylvania. The route was created to allow access to the Pennsylvania Route 43 toll freeway and to allow large vehicles to avoid the large hill into the Monongahela Valley. The center of the route is at the PA 43 interchange, with a two-lane stretch providing access to California University of Pennsylvania and the surrounding business district, as well as connecting traffic with northbound Route 88; a four-lane stretch provides a more gradual ascent of the hill on Route 88 southbound.`{{Clarify|reason=Doesn't actually say where anything is|date=March 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,564 |
Clootie dumpling
|
A **clootie dumpling** is a traditional Scottish pudding made with flour, breadcrumbs, dried fruit (currants, raisins, sultanas), suet, sugar and spices with some milk to bind it. Ingredients are mixed well into a dough, then wrapped up in a floured cloth (the clootie), placed in a large pan of boiling water and simmered for a few hours before being lifted out and dried near the fire or in an oven. Recipes vary from region to region.
\"Clootie dumpling\" has also been used as a nickname for the logo of the Scottish National Party.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,572 |
SG Wallau-Massenheim
|
**SG Wallau-Massenheim** was a team handball club from Wallau (which belongs to Hofheim) east of Wiesbaden, Germany. It was a union of the two clubs *TV Wallau* and *TuS Massenheim*. Today they play in German lower leagues.
The club\'s biggest achievement is winning the German Championship twice; in 1992 and 1993 and the EHF Cup in 1992.
In the fall of 2004 the team began to lose sponsorships and the team had to declare bankruptcy in January 2005, as they could not pay a debt of 1.27 million euros. The team was refounded as *HSG Breckenheim Wallau/Massenheim* in the fourth tier, the Oberliga.
## Accomplishments
- **Handball-Bundesliga:**
- 1992, 1993
- **DHB-Pokal:**
- 1993, 1994
- **DHB-Supercup:**
- 1994
- **EHF Cup:**
- 1992
- **EHF Champions League Finalists:**
- 1993
- **Double**
: **Winners (1)**: 1992--93
## Notable former players {#notable_former_players}
- Heiner Brand
- Pascal Hens
- Martin Schwalb
- Jan-Olaf Immel
- /`{{flagicon|BLR}}`{=mediawiki} Andrej Klimovets
- Christian Zeitz
- Peter Hofmann
- Dmitri Torgovanov
- Klavs Bruun Jørgensen
- Frédéric Volle
- Marc Wiltberger
- Björn Jilsén
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,573 |
RAF Great Ashfield
|
**Royal Air Force Great Ashfield** or more simply **RAF Great Ashfield** is a former Royal Air Force station in Suffolk, England. It is located 10 mi east of Bury St Edmunds and 2 mi south of Great Ashfield.
It was originally a Royal Flying Corps grass landing strip in World War I and, before the USAAF arrived, the RAF had been using it for training; during that period it was known as **RAF Elmswell**. The airfield is now used for agriculture, with no aviation activities remaining.
## United States Army Air Forces use {#united_states_army_air_forces_use}
Great Ashfield was re-built for the USAAF in 1942 and assigned designation Station 155. The first aircraft to land on the station is believed to have been a battle-damaged B-26 Marauder returning from a raid over the Netherlands on 17 May 1943.
USAAF Station Units assigned to RAF Great Ashfield were:
- 455th Sub-Depot
- 18th Weather Squadron
- 31st Station Complement Squadron
Regular Army Station Units included:
- 1152nd Quartermaster Company
- 1249th Military Police Company
- 1735th Ordnance Supply & Maintenance Company
- 877th Chemical Company (Air Operations)
- 2036th Engineer Fire Fighting Platoon
### 385th Bombardment Group (Heavy) {#th_bombardment_group_heavy}
The airfield was opened on 19 June 1943 and was used by the United States Army Air Forces Eighth Air Force 385th Bombardment Group (Heavy). The 385th arrived from Great Falls AAF Montana and was assigned to the 93d Combat Bombardment Wing. The group tail code was a \"Square-G\". Its operational squadrons were:
- 548th Bombardment Squadron (GX)
- 549th Bombardment Squadron (XA)
- 550th Bombardment Squadron (SG)
- 551st Bombardment Squadron (HR)
The group flew Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses as part of the Eighth Air Force\'s strategic bombing campaign.
The 385th BG operated primarily as a strategic bombardment organization until the war ended, striking such targets as industrial areas, air bases, oil refineries, and communications centres in Germany, France, Poland, Belgium, the Netherlands and Norway. The group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for bombing an aircraft factory at Regensburg on 17 August 1943 after a long hazardous flight over enemy territory.
The group led the 4th Bomb Wing a great distance through heavy and damaging opposition for the successful bombardment of an aircraft repair plant at Zwickau on 12 May 1944, being awarded another DUC for this performance. Other strategic targets included aircraft factories in Oschersleben and Marienburg, battery works in Stuttgart, airfields in Beauvais and Chartres, oil refineries in Ludwigshafen and Merseburg, and marshalling yards in Munich and Oranienburg.
Sometimes supported ground forces and struck interdictory targets. Attacked coastline defences in June 1944 in preparation for the Normandy invasion and hit marshalling yards and choke points during the landing on D-Day. Bombed enemy positions in support of ground forces at Saint-Lô in July 1944. Attacked German communications and fortifications during the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944-January 1945. Bombed troop concentrations and communications centres in Germany and France, March--April 1945, to assist the final thrust into Germany.
On 6 March 1944 raid to Berlin (the most costly mission the Eighth ever carried out) the 3rd Division commander, Brigadier General Russell Wilson, took off from Great Ashfield in a radar-equipped B-17 in a leading group of the 385th. All of the 385th aircraft returned safely \... all that is except the one carrying General Wilson which was seen to take several hits from flak setting one engine on fire. Although four of the crew managed to parachute to safety (including Medal of Honor hero First Lieutenant John C. Morgan), eight of the others were killed when the bomber exploded.
After V-E Day, the 385th Bomb Group hauled prisoners of war from Germany to Allied centres and flew food to the Netherlands. The group returned to Sioux Falls AAF South Dakota on 28 August 1945 and was inactivated.
**Legacy**
During the Cold War, the United States Air Force 385th Strategic Aerospace Wing, based at Offut AFB Nebraska controlled a mixture of strategic missiles and air refueling aircraft. The wing provided airborne command post services and supported SAC\'s global air refueling mission.
The wing was active between 1962 and 1964 and was bestowed the World War II legacy and honours of the USAAF 385th Bomb Group upon activation.
## Postwar Royal Air Force use {#postwar_royal_air_force_use}
After the war, the airfield reverted to RAF control and it came under Maintenance Command as a sub-site for bomb storage before being finally abandoned and sold in 1955.
## Civil use {#civil_use}
With the end of military control, Great Ashfield was returned to agriculture. Much of the concrete has been removed and sold as aggregate but a small section of the main runway was initially retained for use by civil light aircraft. Much of the perimeter track has been reduced to a single lane farm access road and a few wartime buildings remain in a deteriorated state.
A memorial to those of the 385th who lost their lives flying from Great Ashfield can be seen in the village church.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,582 |
The Blue Series
|
**The Blue Series** is the name of one of the series\' of the *Suske en Wiske* books (*Spike and Suzy* in English), written by Willy Vandersteen. The Blue Series is shorter than the other two series - The Red Series and the \"specials\" - but is possibly the most popular. The Blue series is so called because the covers of the books were blue.
## History of the series {#history_of_the_series}
In the 1950s, the Franco-Belgian comics magazine *Tintin* had a good following in France and Wallonia (the French speaking part of Belgium). However, the sister publication *Kuifje*, aimed at the Dutch speaking part of Belgium, suffered in comparison. So they brought in a Dutch-speaking cartoonist - Willy Vandersteen. In *Tintin*, he created 6 stories from 1952 to 1957. Hergé taught Vandersteen to draw in the ligne claire style, so these 6 stories were Vandersteen\'s first works drawn in the ligne claire style. It was decided that when these stories were published as books they would have blue covers to distinguish them from the earlier books with red covers. When Vandersteen left the magazine, he continued his stories, but they were again released with red covers.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,587 |
Ronald A. Wait
|
**Ronald A. Wait** (April 15, 1944 -- December 2024) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 69th district from 1995 to 2011. He previously served as a member in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1983 to 1993.
## Legislative career {#legislative_career}
Wait was first elected in 1982 defeating Democratic candidate Judith A. Weiher. The 64th district included all of Boone County, eastern Winnebago County, and the northern half of McHenry County.
In the 1991 decennial redistricting process, Wait was redistricted into the 68th House District. The 68th included all of Boone County, eastern Winnebago County outside of Rockford, and a small portion of northern DeKalb County. In the 1992 general election, Wait was defeated by Democratic candidate Barbara Giolitto. In a 1994 rematch, the staunchly Republican district reverted to form and Wait was returned to the Illinois House of Representatives.
During the 2001 decennial redistricting process, Wait retained much of his previous district, but the district was renumbered from the 68th district to the 69th district. Wait opted to retire from the Illinois House of Representatives and run for a judgeship in the 17th Circuit Court of Illinois. In a three-way Republican primary, Wait lost to former Boone County State\'s Attorney Jim Hursh. Hursh would go on to lose to independent candidate Rob Tobin. Rockford City Councilman and fellow Republican Joe Sosnowski defeated Belvidere City Councilman and Democratic candidate Ray Pendzinski.
Wait\'s death was announced on December 30, 2024. He was 80.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,591 |
Outrage! (game)
|
***Outrage!***, \"the official Tower of London board game\", was first created in 1992 by Imperial Games. Players move about the board, which depicts the Tower of London, and attempt to steal the British Crown Jewels. In reality, the only modern attempt to steal the Jewels was made in 1671 by Thomas Blood and his accomplices, who failed to escape --- an earlier attempt in the early fourteenth century was equally unsuccessful --- and the game challenges players to \"succeed where they failed\".
## Rules
The game may be played in either a short or long version. In the former, the first player to successfully *escape* with (not just steal) any one of the Crown Jewels wins; in the latter, whichever player has the greatest total value of crown jewels (as denoted on the board) after they have all been stolen is the winner. The player with St. Edward\'s Crown wins if there is a tie.
### Preliminary
All cards are shuffled; six Tower Cards are dealt to each player; one coin per player is placed on Devereux Tower; Yeomen Warders and the Crown Jewels are placed as indicated on the board. One flag implement per player is placed in the Queen\'s House.
### Movement
Players begin at the "Start" square, and must move forward along the wall walk (yellow), not deviating from this path until they reach the Queen\'s House and are accredited or are instructed to go somewhere by a card.
To be accredited at the Queen\'s House, a player must either surrender a Tower Pass or roll an odd sum. Accreditation is denoted with a flag inserted into the playing piece, and enables a player to move in any direction as they choose (as opposed to only anti-clockwise on the wall walk).
Doubles in *Outrage!* are treated analogously to those in *Monopoly*; they entitle a player an extra roll, but three consecutive doubles will send a player immediately to the Bloody Tower.
Players also have the ability to "Split the Seven" any time this total is rolled. The player who rolled the seven may choose to move the full seven squares, or may move anywhere from one to six squares and then move another player the remaining squares.
### Stealing the Crown Jewels {#stealing_the_crown_jewels}
To steal a crown Jewel, a player must move to the White Tower and land on a square corresponding to a Crown Jewel while possessing at least one burglary tool. The player then reveals their tools, with no duplications. On the following turn, the sum of the values of the tools will be subtracted from twelve, and the player will attempt to roll a sum equal to or greater than the difference, and will continue to roll on turns following if he is not initially successful. More than one player may attempt to steal a jewel at any given time. When a jewel is stolen, all players concurrently attempting to steal that same jewel forfeit their burglary tools to the Tower Card deck. Players may exit the White Tower and return for another attempt as many times as they like, no matter how many jewels they have.
Players with Jewels on their persons cannot pass a Yeoman Warder unless they present a disguise card, or the Warder is not at post. If a Yeoman Warder is summoned to a post a player is on, that player is sent to the Bloody Tower. Once a player has escaped to the Ferry, all jewels are secure for the remainder of the game; that player returns to the start; their tower cards and coin are returned, and they are dealt six new Tower Cards.
### Attack and combat {#attack_and_combat}
One player may attack another for jewels and money if they are on the same square. Do not draw a Raven Card. On the same turn, the attacker selects and places face down a combination of weapons (and armor, though this may only be used in defense), and the defender will do the same you can not take play more cards then you have first chosen. Players then reveal their cards, and the one with the highest score of weapons wins. The defender wins if there is a tie. The winner claims all jewels and money for him or herself, and the loser goes to the hospital. If the winner obtains a second coin, the extra coin is sent to the Deveraux Tower. (No player can have multiple coins.) All cards used are sent back to the pack of Tower Cards, from which only the winner draws a number of new cards equal to the number he used in the encounter. If the defender plays a sanctuary card, the defender goes to the Sanctuary, and all cards used by both attacker and defender are sent to the deck of Tower Cards, the players can only hold a maximum of 7 cards.
### Other rules {#other_rules}
- Players take a Raven Card anytime they land on a grey square, unless that square has a circle.
- Players may not be attacked, move, or themselves move backwards while in the White Tower.
- When a player goes to The Rack, and prison all Crown Jewels as well as the coin for the ferry **and** all Tower cards are given up. The player may then play a rack pardon or suffer for three turns.
- Instead of rolling, a player may choose to use their turn to exchange Tower Cards. Unwanted cards are sent to the bottom of the pack, and cards (the same number) are drawn from the top of the pack.
- Players may not move diagonally or move over the same square more than once in a turn.
- Multiple players may occupy a square, but no players may move over or on the grassed areas and the Waterloo Barracks.
- Prisoners are immune to attack and movement by other players.
- If a player suspects another of not surrendering all weapons when told to do so, the accused reveals their hand. If guilty, all the accused\'s cards are forfeited; if not, the cards of the accuser are forfeited, and the cards that were revealed are replaced with new ones from the deck.
- If a player goes to the Broad Arrow Tower, they must turn in **all** weapons, including all Sanctuary cards, and Armour cards.
- To escape one must roll an exact count die.
## The Jewels {#the_jewels}
Jewel \# Value
------------------------- ----------
St. Edward\'s Crown
Prince of Wales\' Crown
Orb
Sword
Sceptre
## Other versions {#other_versions}
*Outrage!* is also available in a "Deluxe" version. This set, featuring handcrafted jewels of genuine precious metals and stones, is the most expensive board game in the world at £7995 (approximately \$15,000 US). Additionally, *Outrage!* is available in a travel version.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,592 |
Denny and Dunipace Pipe Band
|
8 `{{Infobox pipe band
| name = Denny and Dunipace Pipe Band
| image = Denny dunipace.jpg
| established = 1964
| location = [[Denny, Falkirk|Denny]], [[Scotland]]
| grade = 2
| major = John Cameron
| tartan = Princess Elizabeth
| honours =
'''Scottish Champions Grade 3A''' 2024
'''World Champions Grade 2''' 2012
'''Cowal Champions Grade 2''' 2012
'''European Champions Grade 2''' 2012
'''World Champions Grade 3A''' 2006
| website =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Denny and Dunipace Pipe Band** is a Grade 2 pipe band based in Denny, near Falkirk, Scotland.
## History
The band was established in 1964 by Captain John Deuchar and Roy Smith, who was the first Pipe Major. The band has competed at every level within the contest structure of the Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association, reaching Grade 1 in 1989 and 2012.
David Clunie was appointed Pipe Major of Denny & Dunipace in 2010 alongside Arthur Cook as Lead Drummer. Following some Grade 2 success in 2011 and 2012, including European, World and Cowal Championships in 2012, the band was promoted to Grade 1 for the 2013 season.
Following the COVID 19 pandemic, the organisation was reduced to 1 Grade 3A band, led by Pipe Major Craig Whyte and Lead Drummer Bruce Smith. From 2025 the organisation again aims to have two competing pipe bands, a Grade 2 lead by Pipe Major John Cameron and a Grade 4A lead by Pipe Major Amy Turnbull.
## Results
When in Grade 3A, the band took first place in the 2006 World Pipe Band Championships at Glasgow Green, and won the annual Champion of Champions for 3A. This resulted in promotion to Grade 2 for 2007. Since then, the band placed 2nd at the 2011 World Championships, winning the prize for best drum corps. In 2012, success continued, with 2nd places at both the Scottish and British Championships, and 1st places at the European, Cowal and World Championships taking champion of champions title 2012 and securing promotion to Grade 1. In 2012, the drum corps placed 1st at the Scottish, British and European Championships. In 2017 the "wee band " then grade 4A band achieved top 6 places in 4 out of 5 major championships including becoming British Champions and 4th at the World Championships which secured promotion to Grade 3B for the 2018 season.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,603 |
MaltaPost
|
**MaltaPost p.l.c.** is the postal service company in Malta. The public limited company took over the postal services previously carried out by Posta Limited, and started operating on 1 May 1998.
## History
MaltaPost p.l.c. was registered with the Malta Registry of Companies as a public limited company on 16 April 1998. It took over from Posta Limited on 1 May of that year. On 31 January 2002, MaltaPost was partially privatized when the government sold 35% to Transcend Worldwide Ltd, a subsidiary company of New Zealand Post Ltd. In September 2007 the government sold 25% of its shareholding in MaltaPost to Lombard Bank plc, which effectively became the majority shareholder in the company with 60% shareholding. The other 40% were sold to the public in January 2008.
In 2011 MaltaPost carried out a series of reforms, including adopting a new logo.
MaltaPost inaugurated the Malta Postal Museum in June 2016.
## Stamps
MaltaPost issued its first stamps on 27 May 1998, and the issue consisted of a set of 4 commemorating the International Year of the Ocean. Less than a year after MaltaPost took over, in early 1999, the German company Bundesdruckerei began printing Maltese stamps instead of the local company Printex Limited. MaltaPost\'s first definitive was issued between 1999 and 2003, and it showed Maltese flowers. In 2004, Printex began printing Maltese stamps once again. Since then, the number of sets per year has increased and photography began to be used more often on stamps, especially in 2008--2009. Many recent issues are based on paintings or photos or graphic designs designed by MaltaPost itself. Many stamps are based on local topics, and English is the predominant language on stamps. MaltaPost takes part in various stamp issuing programmes including EUROPA and SEPAC.
Since 2022 there have been a lot of sets with high values when standard local postage is €0.37.
## Outlets
### Postal hubs {#postal_hubs}
There are 4 hubs in Malta and 1 in Gozo, each locality in Malta and Gozo is under one of these hubs.
Name Address Locality
--------------- ---------------------------- -------------------
Central 1 Hub Qormi Road Marsa
Central 2 Hub Mensija Road San Ġwann
South Hub Our Lady of Sorrows Street Żejtun
North Hub St Paul\'s Street San Pawl il-Bahar
Gozo Hub Saint Elizabeth Street Xewkija, Gozo
### Post offices {#post_offices}
A code starting with \"R\" indicates a Branch Post Office (BPO), and one with \"S\" indicates a Sub Post Office (SPO). The latter are usually located in shops such as stationers. Currently (September 2015) MaltaPost operates 35 BPOs (including 5 in Gozo) and 28 SPOs (including 3 in Gozo).
Code Address Locality
------ ----------------------------- -------------------
R01 Qormi Road Marsa
R02 Victory Street Qormi
R03 Dun Ġulju Muscat Street Luqa
R04 Malta International Airport Luqa
R05 Saint Catherine Street Żurrieq
R06 Sciortino Street Żebbuġ
R07 Parish Square Rabat
R08 Main Street Balzan
R09 Valley Road Birkirkara
R10 21 September Avenue Naxxar
R11 Constitution Street Mosta
R12 New Windmill Street Mellieħa
R13 Wax Alley San Pawl il-Baħar
R14 Dolmen Street Buġibba
R15 Naxxar Street San Ġwann
R16 Paceville Street San Ġiljan
R17 Manwel Dimech Street Sliema
R18 Meme\' Scicluna Square Gżira
R19 Gwardamanġa Hill Pietà
R20 Ferrovija Street Ħamrun
R21 Castille Square Valletta
R22 Old Bakery Street Valletta
R23 Antoine de Paule Square Paola
R24 Fuq San Pawl Bormla
R25 Convent Street Żabbar
R26 Saint Lucian Street Żejtun
R27 Żarenu Dalli Street Birżebbuġa
R28 Visitation Street Għarb, Gozo
R29 Republic Street Victoria, Gozo
R30 Racecourse Street Xagħra, Gozo
R31 North Street Nadur, Gozo
R32 J. F. de Chambray Street Għajnsielem, Gozo
R33 University Campus Msida
R34 Sir Adrian Dingli Street Sliema
R35 G. Bessiera Street Swieqi
S01 Saint Nicholas Square Siġġiewi
S02 Parish Street Mqabba
S04 Eroj Swatar Square Birkirkara
S06 Marina Street Marsaskala
S07 Victory Square Birgu
S08 Archbishop Gonzi Square Kalkara
S09 Saint Thomas Street Fgura
S10 Market Square Tarxien
S12 Frenċ Abela Square Dingli
S14 Ġorġ Borg Olivier Street Mellieħa
S15 Kananea Street Attard
S16 Mannarino Street Birkirkara
S17 L. Casolani Street Birkirkara
S20 Saint Bartholomeo Street Għargħur
S21 Feliċ Borġ Street San Ġwann
S22 Ċensu Xerri Street Sliema
S23 Testaferrata Street Ta\' Xbiex
S26 Our Lady of Sorrows Street San Lawrenz
S29 Victory Street Birkirkara
S30 Kaħli Street San Pawl il-Baħar
S31 Orvieto Street Kerċem, Gozo
S32 Manoel de Vilhena Street Gżira
S33 Wesgħa Bir Id-Deheb Għaxaq
S35 Marfa Road Mellieħa
S36 Fleur-de-Lys Street Santa Venera
S37 Glormu Cassar Street Mosta
S38 Dun Karm Caruana Street Għasri, Gozo
S39 Imhazen Street Floriana
### Other
There are an additional 431 authorized stamp vendors in Malta and Gozo. Letterboxes are also found in practically every locality.
## Postal codes {#postal_codes}
MaltaPost initially continued to use postal codes as they were in the 1990s. In 2007 they changed the postcodes of all addresses in the Maltese Islands. Each code consist of three letters, that differ by locality, and four numbers, for example MTP 1001 (the postcode of MaltaPost\'s main complex in Marsa).
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,606 |
Pennsylvania Route 92
|
**Pennsylvania Route 92** (**PA 92**) is a 66 mi north--south state highway located in northeast Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 (US 11) in West Pittston. The northern terminus is at the New York-Pennsylvania border in Oakland Township, where the road continues northward as New York State Route 79 (NY 79).
## Route description {#route_description}
PA 92 begins at an intersection with US 11 in the borough of West Pittston in Luzerne County, heading northwest on two-lane undivided Exeter Avenue. The road heads through residential areas, crossing a Luzerne and Susquehanna Railway line before continuing past more homes with some businesses. The route heads into the borough of Exeter and turns north onto Exeter Avenue, heading through more developed areas a short distance to the west of the North Branch Susquehanna River. PA 92 curves northwest and continues into forested areas to the southwest of the river, crossing into Exeter Township and becoming Sullivan Trail. The road heads north past homes in the community of Harding, running through farmland with some development before continuing northeast into more forests. The route turns northwest at Stanton Station and continues west along the south bank of the North Branch Susquehanna River, curving north into rural areas of homes and passing through Upper Exeter.
PA 92 enters Exeter Township in Wyoming County and becomes an unnamed road, heading northwest through forests to the southwest of the North Branch Susquehanna River. The road continues through wooded areas with some homes and curves north, intersecting the eastern terminus of PA 292. The route heads through woodland with some farm fields and residences, turning northeast to cross the river into Falls Township, passing over the Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad\'s Susquehanna Branch line after the river. At this point, PA 92 turns northwest to run to the northeast of the railroad tracks and the river through forests, curving to the west. The road heads farther north from the river and railroad line, passing through wooded areas with a few homes. The route turns northwest and resumes alongside the Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad line and the North Branch Susquehanna River, heading through a mix of farmland and woodland with some residences and passing through McKune. PA 92 crosses into Tunkhannock Township and becomes Osterhout Road, turning to the northeast. The road curves to the northwest again and intersects the northern terminus of PA 307 in Osterhout. The route becomes Roosevelt Highway and heads west through farmland before heading into wooded areas of homes. PA 92 turns north and heads into forested areas to the east of the railroad line and the river, becoming an unnamed road. The route heads into commercial areas before intersecting US 6, at which point it turns east to form a concurrency with that route.
The road crosses the Tunkhannock Creek and intersects the eastern terminus of US 6 Business through the borough of Tunkhannock. At this point, US 6/PA 92 becomes Grand Army of the Republic Highway and heads northeast through wooded areas with some development, crossing the creek again. The two routes cross the Tunkhannock Creek a third time before curving to the east and widening into a divided highway. PA 92 splits from US 6 by turning north onto an unnamed two-lane undivided road, passing through Dixon. The road continues through woodland with some fields and homes, running along the west bank of the creek. The route heads into dense forests with occasional residences and curves to the east, turning north again and crossing into Lemon Township. PA 92 turns northeast and passes through East Lemon, turning east into farmland. The road enters Nicholson Township and heads into forests turning north as it continues alongside the Tunkhannock Creek. The route heads through more wooded areas with some homes and curves east, passing through Starkville. PA 92 winds east through more woodland with some fields to the north of the creek, heading into the borough of Nicholson and becoming State Street. The road passes homes and heads into commercial areas, interchanging with US 11. The route passes under the Tunkhannock Viaduct, which carries Norfolk Southern\'s Sunbury Line over the route and the Tunkhannock Creek, before crossing back into Nicholson Township and running through forests with some farm fields and residences as an unnamed road, curving more to the northeast.
PA 92 enters Lenox Township in Susquehanna County and heads north through more forests to the west of the Tunkhannock Creek, intersecting the western terminus of PA 374. The road passes through Glenwood and runs through more woodland with some farm fields and homes, curving to the northeast. The route turns north again as it comes to an intersection with PA 106 in Lenox. Past this, PA 92 turns northeast into a commercial area and crosses Nine Partners Creek, coming to an interchange with access to and from the northbound direction of I-81. Access to and from southbound I-81 is provided by PA 106. After this interchange, the road heads through more forests with some fields and homes, crossing into Gibson Township and passing through South Gibson. The route runs through more rural areas, curving more to the north and passing through Gelatt. PA 92 heads into Jackson Township and runs through more woodland with some farm fields and residences, reaching an intersection with the eastern terminus of PA 492 in Jackson. The road continues north through more farmland and woods with some homes past this intersection. Farther north, the route turns northeast before heading north-northwest and entering Oakland Township. PA 92 continues through dense forests with some homes, heading into the borough of Susquehanna Depot. At this point, the road becomes Franklin Avenue and passes homes, reaching an intersection with PA 171. Here, the route turns west to form a concurrency with PA 171 on West Main Street, heading through the commercial downtown. The two routes turn north onto Exchange Street and come to a bridge that carry them over the Southern Tier Line, which is owned by Norfolk Southern and operated by the Central New York Railroad, and the North Branch Susquehanna River. After crossing the river, the road heads into the borough of Oakland, where PA 171 turns to the west and PA 92 turns east onto East River Street. The route passes homes on the north bank of the river before crossing back into Oakland Township and becoming unnamed, passing through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes. The road turns to the north and heads through forested areas with occasional residences. PA 92 continues through more forests with some farm fields and homes before reaching the New York border, where the road continues into that state as NY 79.
Between Tunkhannock and Susquehanna Depot, PA 92 is known as the Viaduct Valley Way Scenic Byway, a Pennsylvania Scenic Byway.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
## PA 92 Truck {#pa_92_truck}
**Pennsylvania Route 92 Truck** is a truck route that bypasses two weight-restricted bridges; one over the Monroe Creek on which trucks over 14 tons and combination loads over 20 tons are prohibited, and one over Field Brook on which trucks over 34 tons and combination loads over 40 tons are prohibited. The route follows US 6 and US 11 through Wyoming County, Pennsylvania. PA 92 Truck was signed in 2013.
Another bridge over a tributary of the Susquehanna River has been weight restricted for loads over 20 tons, but as of 2018 a truck route has not been signed.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,611 |
Pennsylvania Route 93
|
**Pennsylvania Route 93** (**PA 93**) is a 41 mi state route located in Carbon, Luzerne, and Columbia counties in northeastern Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at U.S. Route 209 (US 209) in Nesquehoning, about halfway from PA just north of the 1800s community of Lausanne Landing, the southern toll station of the Lausanne & Nescopeck Turnpike (1804)---along whose path (east of the Susquehanna River) the highway was built. The northern terminus of the route is at PA 487 in Orangeville, the part of the road west of the Susquehanna and Berwick once being part of the Susquehanna & Tioga Turnpike (1806).
The route heads northwest as an undivided road from Nesquehoning through mountainous areas, passing through Beaver Meadows. The road reaches the city of Hazleton, where it passes through developed areas and crosses PA 309. PA 93 continues through West Hazleton and becomes a divided highway before it reaches an interchange with Interstate 81 (I-81). The road becomes undivided again and passes through Conyngham before coming to an interchange with I-80. PA 93 continues northwest and passes through Nescopeck before crossing the Susquehanna River into Berwick and forming a concurrency with US 11. The route continues west from Berwick through rural areas to Orangeville.
PA 93 was designated in 1927 between US 309/PA 22 in Hazleton and US 11/PA 19 in Berwick while US 309/PA 22 was designated onto the road between Nesquehoning and Hazleton. A year later, PA 93 was extended to PA 339 (now PA 487) in Orangeville and the PA 22 designation was removed from US 309. In the 1930s, the south end of PA 93 was truncated to PA 29 (now PA 239) southeast of Nescopeck, with PA 29 replacing the route southeast to Hazleton. PA 93 was extended north to PA 115 (now PA 254) in Rohrsburg in the 1940s. A realigned PA 29 replaced the US 309 designation between Nesquehoning and Hazleton in the 1950s. On May 9, 1966, PA 93 was extended southeast to US 209 in Nesquehoning, replacing that section of PA 29, while the north end was cut back to PA 487 in Orangeville in the 1960s.
## Route description {#route_description}
### Carbon County {#carbon_county}
PA 93 begins at an intersection with US 209 in the borough of Nesquehoning in Carbon County, heading north on two-lane undivided Hunter Street. The road passes over the Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad\'s Reading Division line before it heads into forested areas. The route begins to ascend Broad Mountain, gaining a second northbound lane and curving northeast, where it comes to a southbound runaway truck ramp. PA 93 narrows back to two lanes and curves north and then west as it continues to climb the mountain. The road turns to the northwest and heads through dense forested areas on Broad Mountain, reaching a southbound truck brake check station. The route crosses into Packer Township and descends the mountain to reach the community of Hudsondale, where SR 4010 (Brenkman Drive) and SR 4006 (Packer Drive) both head northeast toward the borough of Weatherly. PA 93 heads through wooded areas with some fields and homes before it curves west and crosses forested Spring Mountain, where it enters Banks Township. After crossing the mountain, the road intersects SR 4006 (Spring Mountain Road), which heads east to Weatherly. The route heads into the borough of Beaver Meadows and becomes Broad Street, passing homes and a few businesses. PA 93 turns northwest onto Berwick Street and runs through more developed areas of the borough. The route leaves Beaver Meadows for Banks Township again and becomes Main Street, passing through wooded areas and the community of Coxes Village as it heads to the northeast of a coal mine.
### Luzerne County {#luzerne_county}
PA 93 enters Hazle Township in Luzerne County and continues past homes along Main Street. The road widens to a divided highway and comes to an intersection with the eastern terminus of PA 424, which serves as a southern bypass of the city of Hazleton. Past this intersection, the route enters the city of Hazleton and becomes East Broad Street, a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane. PA 93 heads northwest through residential areas before it passes to the northeast of Lehigh Valley Hospital--Hazleton. The road runs past homes and businesses, heading west-northwest and crossing Norfolk Southern\'s Hazleton Running Track. The route enters the commercial downtown of Hazleton and becomes a four-lane undivided road, with the name changing to West Broad Street at the Wyoming Street intersection. PA 93 comes to an intersection with PA 309 and leaves the downtown area, continuing past homes and businesses. The road passes to the north of a shopping center before it comes to a junction with PA 924. Here, PA 924 turns northwest to form a concurrency with PA 93 and the road enters the borough of West Hazleton as Broad Street, passing homes. The road turns to the north before PA 924 splits from PA 93 by heading east on two-lane Washington Avenue. PA 93 curves northwest and splits from Broad Street to become Susquehanna Boulevard, a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The road passes between shopping centers to the southwest and residential neighborhoods to the northeast before it becomes a four-lane divided highway and curves north into a wooded areas, becoming the border between West Hazleton to the west and Hazle Township to the east. The route fully enters Hazle Township and turns northwest, passing businesses and heading to the south of the Laurel Mall. PA 93 heads west and crosses into Sugarloaf Township, running past homes and businesses north of the Valmont Industrial Park. The road passes to the south of the Penn State Hazleton university campus before it comes to an interchange with I-81.
Past the I-81 interchange, the route becomes the Berwick-Hazleton Highway and passes through the community of Black Ridge. The road heads through forested areas and descends a hill as a three-lane road with one northbound lane and two southbound lanes. PA 93 becomes a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane and curves northwest, skirting the western border of the borough of Conyngham as it runs through a mix of fields and woods with some homes and businesses. The road passes through a portion of Conyngham before it heads back into Sugarloaf Township, narrowing to two lanes as it runs through a mix of farms and woods with some development and passes through the community of Sybertsville. The route crosses the Nescopeck Creek in a forested area and passes near more farms before it widens to a four-lane road as it has an interchange with I-80 in an area of businesses. Following this interchange, PA 93 becomes two lanes again and turns west to ascend forested Nescopeck Mountain. While crossing the mountain, the road passes through a corner of Hollenback Township before it enters Nescopeck Township. After descending the mountain, the route heads northwest into farmland with some woods and homes, intersecting the southern terminus of PA 239 near Briggsville. PA 93 continues through rural land with some development, curving to the west and entering the borough of Nescopeck. Here, the road becomes 3rd Street and runs west-southwest past homes and a few businesses, crossing Norfolk Southern\'s Sunbury Line. The route bends west and is lined with residences before it comes to a junction with the northern terminus of PA 339. The roadway passes through the commercial downtown of Nescopeck before heading back into residential areas and curving southwest into woods.
### Columbia County {#columbia_county}
PA 93 enters Mifflin Township in Columbia County and immediately turns northwest to enter Briar Creek Township and cross over the Susquehanna River near the mouth of Nescopeck Creek. Upon reaching the north bank of the river, the road enters the borough of Berwick and passes over the North Shore Railroad before heading off the bridge and into the commercial downtown on South Market Street. The route immediately intersects US 11 and turns southwest to form a wrong-way concurrency with that route on the one-way pair of West 2nd Street northbound and West Front Street southbound, with each street carrying two lanes of traffic. The streets pass through the downtown before running past a mix of homes and businesses. Both directions of US 11/PA 93 merge to head west on West Front Street, which has two northbound lanes and one southbound lane. A block later, PA 93 splits from US 11 by heading northwest onto two-lane undivided Orange Street, heading through residential areas. The route heads west out of Berwick into the northeast corner of the borough of Briar Creek, passing through farmland before turning northwest near a few homes. The road enters Briar Creek Township as an unnamed road and runs through a mix of residential areas, fields, and woods. PA 93 crosses into North Centre Township and bends southwest, running through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes. The road passes through Fowlersville and curves to the north, passing through Whitmire. The route heads through wooded areas and curves to the northwest before turning west through a mix of farmland and trees with some homes. The roadway heads into forests and crosses into Orange Township. Farther west, PA 93 enters the borough of Orangeville and becomes Berwick Road, reaching its northern terminus at an intersection with PA 487 in a residential area.
## History
When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, the present-day alignment of PA 93 was designated as part of Legislative Route 170 between Nesquehoning and Hudsondale and between Beaver Meadows and Hazleton and as part of Legislative Route 184 between Hazleton and Conyngham. By 1926, the roadway between Nesquehoning and Berwick was paved. US 309/PA 22 was realigned onto the road between Nesquehoning and Hazleton in 1927 while PA 93 was designated to run from US 309/PA 22 (now PA 309) in Hazleton northwest to US 11/PA 19 in Berwick. In 1928, PA 93 was extended northwest from Berwick to PA 339 (now PA 487) in Orangeville along an unpaved road while the concurrent PA 22 designation was removed from US 309. By 1930, a section of the route west of Berwick was under construction.
The southern terminus of PA 93 was cut back to PA 29 (now PA 239) southeast of Nescopeck in the 1930s, with PA 29 replacing the route between there and Hazleton. By this time, the route was paved between Berwick and Orangeville. In the 1940s, PA 93 was extended north from Orangeville to PA 115 (now PA 254) in Rohrsburg, running concurrent with PA 339 before following Rohrsburg Road. In addition, the section of PA 29 between Hazleton and West Hazleton was widened to a multilane highway. US 309 and PA 29 switched alignments between Allentown and Hazleton in the 1950s, with PA 29 designated onto the road between Nesquehoning and Hazleton. On May 9, 1966, PA 93 was extended southeast to US 209 in Nesquehoning, replacing the section of PA 29 between Nesquehoning and southeast of Nescopeck. In the 1960s, the northern terminus of PA 93 was cut back to PA 487 in Orangeville. The road was upgraded to a divided highway between Hazleton and the I-81 interchange in the 1960s.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
## PA 93 Truck {#pa_93_truck}
**Pennsylvania Route 93 Truck** (**PA 93 Truck**) is a truck route of PA 93 that bypasses a weight-restricted bridge over Quakake Creek in Packer Township, on which trucks over 34 tons and combination loads over 40 tons are prohibited. The route follows US 209, PA 54, PA 309, Ben Titus Road, and Quakake Road. The route was originally signed in 2013, but in 2017 the Southbound Truck Route was lengthened to PA 424 restricting most trucks over 28 feet from going down the Broad Mountain after numerous wrecks. The southbound truck route follows PA 424, PA 309, PA 54 and US 209.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,614 |
Canton Museum of Art (Ohio)
|
The **Canton Museum of Art**, founded in 1935, is a community arts organization designed to encourage and promote the fine arts in Canton, Ohio.
The museum's objective is "to provide a permanent museum for the collecting and preservation of art objects." Operating under this broad mandate, the museum began to purchase the work of local and regional artists. Much of the museum\'s collections are dedicated to the work of local and regional artists in the Canton area. Gifts from local patrons and corporate benefactors from their personal art collections are also included in the museum\'s holdings.
The museum focuses on exposing the public to art and documenting local history. The purchases of works by local artists and the acceptance of donations were the two major influences on the development of the permanent collection until the museum moved into the Cultural Center for the Arts in 1970. At that time, the museum's board decided that the permanent collection should be focused on a more specific collecting area. The Ralph L. Wilson Collection of American Art, gifted in the 1970s, was a significant step toward the eventual focus on 19th and 20th-century American artists.
## History
The Canton Museum of Art traces its roots to the Little Civic Art Gallery founded in the Canton Public Library in 1935. A year later, the organization became known as the Canton Art Institute and an active program of exhibits and educational programs flourished throughout the late 1930s. In its early days (1935--1945), the museum served largely as an exhibition and meeting place for local artists; at the time, collecting was not a prime objective. In 1941, a Richardsonian building known as the Case Mansion was donated and renovated to become the home of the Institute. During the next thirty years, CAI became a focal point for the arts in Canton, supporting affiliate organizations such as Canton Fine Arts Associates. It provided a home for the offices of the Canton Symphony and facilities for the Madrigal Singers, Canton Chamber Music Society and the Players' Guild.
When the Cultural Center for the Arts was established in 1970, all of the arts in Canton were centralized. The Institute began a program of expanded exhibits and art classes. Educational initiatives, such as the Humanities program with the Canton City Schools, were begun and new affiliate organizations, including the Museum Guild, the Players' Guild Theatre, and the Potter\'s Guild were founded.
During the 1980s, the Board of Trustees and CMA Staff began to clarify the goals and direction of the Museum. In 1989, a unique focus for the Permanent Collection was approved by the CMC and Board of Trustees: 19th and 20th Century American works on paper and American ceramics, 1950s and forward.
The 1980s CAI shows include a Goya exhibit, two successful exhibitions of Ohio's quilts and a commemoration of the Statue of Liberty's centennial. In the 1990s, the museum presented a broad variety of exhibits, including innovative projects such as Ubu Roi and The Power of If involving students, teachers and area artists. A CMA original exhibit, \"Ultra-Realistic Sculpture by Mark Sijan\", that was presented in 1992, went on an extended national tour. The museum\'s educational efforts included Outreach programs and Art Experience Days.
CMA celebrated its 60th anniversary in 1995 and assumed a new identity as The Canton Museum of Art. In 1997-98, the Museum presented \"Norman Rockwell's America,\" the most successful exhibit in the Museum's history and hosted a touring exhibition from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, \"The Nazi Olympics---Berlin 1936.\" In 2004, the Museum presented the prestigious \"Andrew Wyeth: The Helga Pictures\" exhibit to over 12,000 patrons in six weeks.
## Museum overview {#museum_overview}
CMA offers 12 to 15 exhibitions throughout the year. In this rotation, the main exhibition is often accompanied by two smaller exhibitions of regional artists and a presentation of works from the permanent collection developed around a theme. Permanent Collection exhibitions might contain works by significant American, European and regional artists.
Once a year gallery space is devoted to art by high school students in Canton and Stark County. The high school shows are juried and financial scholarships are awarded for both college and CMA art classes.
Affiliate groups have two fund-raisers annually that are intended as social events for the community. The "Antiques in Canton" Show & Sale has a nationally known guest curator, and "Christkindl Market" is a juried arts and craft show bringing over 100 craftsmen from around the country.
The Museum's Education Department provides the public with studio art classes and workshops. Educational Outreach programs take the museum off-site to libraries, parochial schools, area public schools, five inner-city schools and a special school for students with behavioral disorders. Docent-led school tours are available for current exhibitions and art experience days allow students to participate in hands-on projects.
For over 20 years, the Canton City school district has offered special Humanities courses to its students at the Museum. And Kent State University, Stark Campus schedules its ceramic classes in the museum\'s Pot Shop. The CMA is a regular meeting place for a number of community and civic organizations such as the Rotary, the Canton Garden Club, and Prime Time, a seniors group affiliated with a local hospital.
## Permanent collection {#permanent_collection}
The Canton Museum of Art's Permanent Collection
Foescon is 19th, 20th and 21st-century American works on paper and contemporary ceramics, 1950s and forward. Major categories are American drawings; American watercolors; American prints and American ceramics. This focus is unique among museums in northeast Ohio -- an area that included museums like the Akron Art Museum, The Butler Institute of American Art and the Cleveland Museum of Art.
The collection focus was enhanced through the gift of a collection of watercolors and drawings from Ralph L. Wilson in the 1970s. Included in his gift were works by Burchfield, Demuth, Feininger, Henri, Keller, Marin, Maurer, Prendergast, Shinn and Sommer. Augmenting the watercolor collection are the purchased works of Thomas Hart Benton, Oscar Bluemner, Carolyn Brady, Winslow Homer, Edward Hopper, George Luks, Jan Multaka, Joseph Raffael, John Singer Sargent and Andrew Wyeth. The print collection contains work by Romare Bearden, Thomas Hart Benton, Alexander Calder, Mary Cassatt, Roy Lichtenstein, Mary Nimmo Moran, Philip Pearlstein, Robert Rauschenberg, Larry Rivers and Andy Warhol.
Contemporary ceramics 1950s and forward is a unique yet traditional focus for the Museum. Ohio's history of ceramics includes the decorative pottery work of Roseville, Rookwood, Weller and McCoy and the Museum's focus extends this interest in pottery with contemporary works. The collection contains works by Jack Earl, Maija Grotell, Marilyn Levine, Toshiko Takaezu and Patti Warashina among others. In the past three years, the collection has been expanded through gifts and purchases with works by Ken Ferguson, Karen Karnes, Don Pilcher, Don Reitz and Victor Spinski.
Since 1992, the Museum has purchased watercolors by Thomas Hart Benton, Oscar Bluemner, Carolyn Brady, Winslow Homer, Edward Hopper, George Luks, Jan Multaka, Joseph Raffael and John Singer Sargent. The ceramic collection was supplemented with purchases of works by Brother Thomas Bezanson, Ken Ferguson, Karen Karnes, Roberta Laidman and Victor Spinski. In addition, the Museum accepted gifts of works by Don Pilcher and Don Reitz.
The permanent collection serves as the foundation for the Museum's exhibition programs. It is used in ongoing exhibits of the Permanent Collection (mindful of the special rotation requirements of watercolors and works on paper), and as the core of special exhibits created with loans from other institutions.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,615 |
Pennsylvania Route 94
|
**Pennsylvania Route 94** (**PA 94**) is a 30 mi long north--south state highway located in southern Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at the Mason--Dixon line, where the road continues into Maryland as Maryland Route 30 (MD 30). The northern terminus is at PA 34 south of Mount Holly Springs. PA 94 heads north-northwest from the state line through southwestern York County, where it passes through Hanover and intersects PA 116/PA 194 in the center of town. Past Hanover, the route heads into rural areas and crosses into the eastern portion of Adams County. Here, PA 94 intersects U.S. Route 30 (US 30) east of New Oxford, PA 394 in Hampton, PA 234 north of Hampton, and US 15 in York Springs. The route heads into Cumberland County and crosses South Mountain, reaching its end at PA 34. PA 94 is designated as the **94th Infantry Division Memorial Highway** for its entire length.
The current route served as part of two 19th-century turnpikes that connected the Cumberland Valley with Baltimore. The section south of Hanover became part of the Hanover branch of the Baltimore and Reisterstown Turnpike (later the Baltimore and Hanover Turnpike) in 1805 while the section north of Hanover became the southern portion of the Hanover and Carlisle Turnpike, which continued north to Carlisle, in 1812. PA 94 was designated in 1928 to run from MD 30 at the Maryland border southeast of Hanover to PA 34 in Mount Holly Springs along a paved road. The route was widened in Hanover in the 1940s and 1950s.
## Route description {#route_description}
PA 94 begins at the Maryland border in West Manheim Township, York County, where the road continues south into that state as MD 30. From the state line, the route heads northwest on two-lane undivided Baltimore Pike, passing through agricultural areas with some woods and residential development and serving the communities of West Manheim and Pleasant Hill. PA 94 runs through more rural areas with residential subdivisions. The road briefly gains a center left-turn lane as it passes commercial development, turning north and heading into Penn Township. At this point, the route becomes Baltimore Street and passing a mix of residential and business development, running through Parkville and curving northwest again. The road enters the borough of Hanover, where it is lined with several homes. Upon reaching the commercial downtown, PA 94 comes to an intersection with PA 116 and northbound PA 194. The route becomes Carlisle Street at this point and intersects the southbound direction of PA 194 a block later. The road crosses a York Railway line and CSX\'s Hanover Subdivision railroad line within a short distance of each other and leaves the downtown area, heading past more residences. Farther north, PA 94 gains a center left-turn lane and passes several businesses. The route becomes the border between Penn Township to the west and Hanover to the east as it runs to the west of the North Hanover Mall. The road passes more businesses before fully entering Penn Township again and narrowing back to two lanes.
PA 94 enters Conewago Township in Adams County and becomes Carlisle Pike, heading into agricultural areas with some commercial development. A short distance later, the route becomes the border between Oxford Township to the west and Berwick Township to the east, running through a wooded area between two lakes before heading through more farmland with some woods and development. In the commercial community of Cross Keys, the road crosses US 30 into Hamilton Township to the east of the borough of New Oxford, running through more agricultural areas with some homes. Farther north, PA 94 crosses the Conewago Creek into Reading Township and runs through more rural areas before coming into the residential community of Hampton and intersecting the eastern terminus of PA 394 at a roundabout. The road heads through a mix of farms, woods, and homes as it comes to a junction with PA 234. Past this, the route continues through open farmland with some woodland and residences, passing through Round Hill. PA 94 crosses Mud Run into Huntington Township and runs through more rural areas as it passes to the west of Bermudian Springs High School, turning more to the northwest as it heads into Latimore Township. The route heads through forested areas with some homes, crossing back into Huntington Township and reaching an interchange with US 15, becoming a four-lane divided highway at this point. From here, the road continues into residential areas as a two-lane undivided road and enters the borough of York Springs, passing through the town on Main Street. PA 94 crosses back into Huntington Township and becomes Carlisle Pike again, running through farmland with a few areas of woods and homes. The route heads into Latimore Township again and turns more to the north through open farm fields.
PA 94 heads north into South Middleton Township in Cumberland County and becomes Baltimore Pike, running through a mix of farms and woods with some homes. Farther north, the road traverses forested South Mountain and crosses the Appalachian Trail, curving to the northwest. PA 94 turns north and enters the borough of Mount Holly Springs and becomes South Baltimore Avenue, passing through wooded areas of housing developments before ending at PA 34.
## History
The section of present-day PA 94 south of Hanover was built in 1736 and 1737 as a wagon road connecting the Conewago Settlement (present-day Hanover) with Baltimore. This road became the Hanover branch of the Baltimore and Reisterstown Turnpike in 1805, a private turnpike that ran between Baltimore and Hanover via Reisterstown, Maryland. This branch later became known as the Baltimore and Hanover Turnpike, with toll collection stopped by 1899. The section of current PA 94 north of Hanover was chartered as the Hanover and Carlisle Turnpike in 1812, connecting Hanover with Carlisle. These two turnpikes provided an improved trade link between the Cumberland Valley and Baltimore. When routes were legislated in Pennsylvania in 1911, what is now PA 94 was designated as part of Legislative Route 190 between the Maryland border and Hanover. PA 94 was designated in 1928 to run from MD 30 at the Maryland border southeast of Hanover north-northwest to PA 34 in Mount Holly Springs, following its current alignment. Upon designation, the entire length of the route was paved. The portion of PA 94 in central Hanover was widened in the 1940s. In the 1950s, the widened sections of the route were extended further north and south in the Hanover area. In 1998, an act of the Pennsylvania General Assembly designated the entire length of PA 94 as the 94th Infantry Division Memorial Highway in honor of the 94th Infantry Division. In 2020, a roundabout was constructed at the intersection with PA 394 in Hampton.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,619 |
RAF Debach
|
**Royal Air Force Debach** or more simply **RAF Debach** is a former Royal Air Force station located at Debach, 3 mi northwest of Woodbridge, Suffolk, England.
## United States Army Air Forces use {#united_states_army_air_forces_use}
Debach was one of the last Eighth Air Force heavy bomber stations to be occupied, being built by the 820th Engineer Battalion (Aviation) of the US Army during 1943/1944. It was assigned USAAF designation Station 152 (DC).
USAAF Station Units assigned to RAF Debach were:
- 480th Sub-Depot
- 18th Weather Squadron
- 330th Station Complement Squadron
- 1143rd Military Police Company
- 1227th Quartermaster Company
- 1788th Ordnance Supply & Maintenance Company
- 878th Chemical Company
- 2117th Engineer Fire Fighting Platoon
### 493rd Bombardment Group (Heavy) {#rd_bombardment_group_heavy}
The airfield was opened in April 1944 and was used by the United States Army Air Forces 8th Air Force 493d Bombardment Group (Heavy), arriving from Elveden Hall. The 493d was assigned to the 93d Combat Bombardment Wing, and the group tail code was a \"Square-X\" while equipped with B-24s. Its operational squadrons were:
- 860th Bombardment Squadron (NG)
- 861st Bombardment Squadron (G6)
- 862d Bombardment Squadron (8M)
- 863d Bombardment Squadron (Q4)
The group flew both the Consolidated B-24 Liberator and the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress as part of the Eighth Air Force\'s strategic bombing campaign. Debach airfield was the last Eighth Air Force heavy bomber station to become operational, the group flying its first mission on D-Day. Unfortunately the American engineers had not made a very satisfactory job of constructing the runway and the concrete soon started to break up. By the end of 1944, the runway was so bad that the group had to move temporarily to RAF Little Walden while runways were repaired and strengthened. The group returned to Debach in March 1945.
The 493d BG used B-24\'s until they were replaced with B-17\'s in September 1944. The group operated chiefly against industrial and military installations in Germany, attacking an ordnance depot at Magdeburg, marshalling yards at Cologne, synthetic oil plants at Merseburg, a railroad tunnel at Ahrweiler, bridges at Irlich, factories at Frankfurt, and other strategic objectives. On 25 September, a bombardment of Strasbourg left a number of buildings destroyed in the historical city centre.
Additional operations included striking airfields, bridges, and gun batteries prior to and during the invasion of Normandy in June 1944; hitting enemy positions to assist ground forces south of Caen and at Saint-Lô in July 1944; bombing German fortifications to cover the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September 1944; attacking enemy communications during the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944-January 1945; and assisting the airborne assault across the Rhine in March 1945.
The 493d Bomb Group flew its last combat mission, an attack on marshalling yards at Nauen, on 20 April 1945.
The unit returned to Sioux Falls AAF South Dakota and was inactivated on 28 August 1945.
## Postwar use {#postwar_use}
After the war, Debach was used first as a prisoner-of-war camp for German PoWs and later for displaced persons before being abandoned about 1948. It was sold in 1963-64, the main N--S runway becoming the boundary between two adjoining farms. The more interesting western side includes the control tower and several original buildings.
The northern end of the main runway was sold in 1969 for the construction of a mushroom farm. Much of the concrete runways and taxiways were ground into aggregate for use during road building, and the land reclaimed to be used for agricultural crops. Many of the buildings on the former Technical site were torn down with one man being killed during the removal of the north-east T2 hangar. The other hangar is now a farm grain store. The control tower still stands and has been completely restored with other close buildings being used to display artefacts and act as a museum to 493rd Bomb Group. Pylons carrying electricity now cross the southern edge of the former airfield.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,628 |
Pennsylvania Route 96
|
**Pennsylvania Route 96** (**PA 96**) is a 41+2/3 mi state highway located in southwestern Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at the Maryland border in Londonderry Township, where PA 96 continues to the south as Maryland Route 35 (MD 35). The northern terminus is at PA 869 in Lincoln Township.
Towns included in this particular stretch of highway include Hyndman, Fossilville, Madley, and Buffalo Mills in Londonderry Township. PA 96 is a main highway between the cities of Cumberland, Maryland, and Bedford, Pennsylvania which many people travel daily for business purposes.
## Route description {#route_description}
PA 96 begins at the Maryland border in the community of State Line in Londonderry Township, where the road continues south into Ellerslie, Maryland as MD 35. From the state line, the route heads northeast on two-lane undivided Hyndman Road, passing homes before entering a mix of farms, woods, and residences in a narrow valley. PA 96 enters more forested areas as it runs a short distance to the west of CSX\'s Keystone Subdivision railroad line and Wills Creek. The road runs farther west from the creek and the railroad line as it runs past more farmland and woodland with a few homes, passing through Stringtown and Palo Alto. The route continues through the rural narrow valley and curves northeast, becoming Schellsburg Street before entering the borough of Hyndman. Here, PA 96 passes homes before turning east onto Center Street, at which point it runs past a mix of residences and businesses. The road crosses the CSX rail line and curves to the north, becoming Pennsylvania Avenue. Upon crossing the Wills Creek, the route heads back into Londonderry Township and returns to rural areas with some residential development, passing through Wills Creek.
Farther north, the road runs between the base of Savage Mountain to the west and valley farm fields to the east. PA 96 passes through forests before heading back into farmland with some homes, running through Fossilville. The route continues northeast through the narrow agricultural and wooded valley, serving Gravel Pit Station and Madley. The road crosses into Harrison Township and runs through more rural areas with occasional homes, passing through Bard and Buffalo Mills. PA 96 continues through the rural valley for several miles before entering the borough of Manns Choice. Here, the road passes development, coming to an intersection with PA 31.
At this point, the two routes turn west to form a concurrency on Allegheny Road, passing by homes. PA 31/PA 96 crosses into Harrison Township and runs through a mix of farmland and woodland with a few residences, curving to the northwest. PA 31 splits to the west and PA 96 continues northwest on Shawnee Road, crossing the Raystown Branch Juniata River into Napier Township. The route passes over I-70/I-76 (Pennsylvania Turnpike) and heads into forested areas of Shawnee State Park. In this area, the road passes over Shawnee Lake before turning north and running along the western shore of the lake. After leaving the state park, PA 96 enters the borough of Schellsburg and becomes Market Street, passing homes. In the center of the borough, the route intersects US 30.
From here, the road passes more residences before becoming the border between Napier Township to the west and Schellsburg to the east. PA 96 fully enters Napier Township again and passes through a mix of woodland and farmland with a few homes as Cortland Road. The road curves northwest and then north again through the countryside, coming to the borough of New Paris. In this borough, the route passes several homes. Crossing back into Napier Township, PA 96 passes through more agricultural areas with some woods and homes. Entering West St. Clair Township, the road passes through more rural areas of farms and woods with a few residences. The route crosses into the borough of Pleasantville, where it comes to a junction with PA 56 in a commercial area. After this, PA 96 becomes King St. Clair Road and crosses back into West St. Clair Township and passes open farmland with some rural homes. The route makes a turn to the east before curving northeast through agricultural areas with some woods and residences, heading into King Township. PA 96 bends to the north and continues to its northern terminus at an intersection with PA 869 in Lincoln Township, with the road continuing north as part of that route.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,631 |
Pennsylvania Route 97
|
**Pennsylvania Route 97** can refer to either of two state highways in Pennsylvania that share the same number, but were never connected:
- Pennsylvania Route 97 (Adams County)
- Pennsylvania Route 97 (Erie County)
97
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,637 |
Pennsylvania Route 98
|
**Pennsylvania Route 98** (**PA 98**) is a state highway located in western Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 6 (US 6)/US 19/US 322 in Vernon Township. The northern terminus is at PA 5 in the borough of Avonia, 1 mi from Lake Erie.
PA 98 also intersects Interstate 90 (I-90) and US 20 near Fairview.
## Route description {#route_description}
PA 98 begins at an roundabout with US 6/US 19/US 322 in Vernon Township, Crawford County, with the road continuing south as part of US 19. From this intersection, the route heads north on two-lane undivided Perry Highway, passing rural areas of homes before heading through farmland and passing to the east of Port Meadville Airport. The road continues through wooded areas of homes, coming to an intersection with PA 102. At this point, PA 98 curves to the northwest and passes through a mix of farms and woods, crossing into Hayfield Township and turning to the north. The road runs through more wooded areas with some farm fields and residences, crossing PA 198 in Littles Corners. The route becomes unnamed and continues through more farmland and woodland with some homes, passing a short distance to the west of Cussewago Creek. PA 98 crosses into Cussewago Township and goes over Carr Run, a tributary to Cussewago Creek, running through more rural areas, eventually turning northeast and crossing Cussewago Creek before passing through Crossingville. The road makes a turn back to the north and passes through more woodland with some farms and homes.
PA 98 enters Elk Creek Township in Erie County and continues due north through agricultural areas with a few woods and homes, intersecting US 6N in Lavery. The road continues through more rural areas with some development, crossing into Franklin Township, where it passes through Franklin Center. The route passes through more open farmland before heading into more wooded areas, becoming Falls Road and heading into Fairview Township. PA 98 becomes Avonia Road and turns to the northwest, passing through a mix of farms and woods with some homes and crossing Elk Creek. The road heads north-northeast and comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 832. Past here, the route runs through rural residential areas and turns northwest, coming to an interchange with I-90, at which point it is a divided highway. PA 98 becomes undivided again and passes through areas of woods and commercial development, heading into a mix of farmland and residential development. The road heads into the residential community of Fairview and crosses US 20 in a commercial area. The route heads through more rural areas of homes, crossing under Norfolk Southern\'s Lake Erie District railroad line and CSX\'s Erie West Subdivision railroad line within a short distance of each other. PA 98 comes to its northern terminus at an intersection with PA 5 in Avonia, with Avonia Road continuing north to Lake Erie.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,644 |
Alexander Schur
|
**Alexander Schur** (born 23 July 1971) is a former German footballer. Schur played for more than ten years for Eintracht Frankfurt and is a legend for the Eintracht supporters due to his fighting spirit and his club loyalty.
Arguably his most important goal was the header for the 6--3 against SSV Reutlingen in the 2002--03 season of the Second Bundesliga that assured the promotion of *the eagles*.
On 22 May 2004 he an Eintracht supporters club, named itself after him, the EFC oldSCHURhand.
After retiring Schur started the 2007--08 season as assistant manager of the Eintracht Frankfurt Under-19 team. In December 2007 he was appointed assistant manager of the reserve squad, Eintracht Frankfurt U23. After the 2008--09 campaign he was appointed under-17 manager of the Eintracht academy.
## Honours
### Club
Rot-Weiß Frankfurt
- Hessenliga: 1989--90; runner-up 1990--91
- Hesse Cup: 1988--89, 1991--92; runner-up 1993--94
Eintracht Frankfurt
- 2\. Bundesliga: 1997--98
- DFB-Pokal: Runner-up 2005--06
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,669 |
Constance Goddard DuBois
|
**Constance Goddard DuBois** (died 1934) was an American novelist and an ethnographer, writing extensively between 1899 and 1908 about the native peoples and cultures of southern California.
DuBois was born in Zanesville, Ohio, and settled in Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1889. Her published fiction included several short stories plus six novels (DuBois 1890, 1892, 1895a, 1895b, 1900, 1907). DuBois\' most enduring contribution was as a self-taught ethnographer, doing pioneering studies in a period when professional academic anthropology was just becoming established in the United States. Starting in the late 1890s, she made summer trips out west to see her sister who lived in the San Diego area. She began making treks into the San Diego backcountry, to meet the surviving communities of Diegueño and Luiseño Indians. Soon she was writing about their traditional and contemporary lifeways, promoting traditional crafts (particularly basketry), and helping with financial and political assistance.
DuBois\' longest ethnographic work was a detailed monograph on \"The Religion of the Luiseño Indians of Southern California\" (1908), edited by Alfred L. Kroeber. In addition, she published 23 shorter articles about the region\'s native peoples, with particular emphases on their mythology, ceremonies, and crafts (Laylander 2004). Her manuscript papers are on file at Cornell University, and the San Diego Museum of Man has a collection of her photographs.
## Research
In her 1904 paper, *The Story of the Chaup: A Myth of the Diegueños*, Constance Goddard Du Bois presents a detailed transcription and interpretation of a myth central to the Diegueño people of Southern California. The story revolves around two brothers, Chaup, who embody both human and supernatural qualities, and their journey through trials, family conflicts, and acts of creation and destruction. The narrative explores themes of kinship, betrayal, and revenge, with the brothers navigating moral and physical challenges that involve hunting, confronting mythical creatures, and interacting with their community. Du Bois situates the myth within the broader cultural and spiritual framework of the Diegueño people, emphasizing the role of storytelling in preserving indigenous heritage. The paper also includes songs integral to the myth, demonstrating their function in ritual and oral tradition. This work reflects Du Bois\'s commitment to documenting and analyzing Native American folklore during a time when such traditions were increasingly under threat from assimilation policies.
In her 1905 paper, *Religious Ceremonies and Myths of the Mission Indians*, Constance Goddard Du Bois documented the sacred ceremonies, myths, and social practices of the Diegueño and Luiseño tribes of Southern California. Du Bois described key rituals such as the Toloache initiation, where boys consumed the hallucinogenic plant *toloache* (Datura) in a rite of passage to adulthood, and the Image fiesta, a ceremony to honor deceased ancestors. She emphasized the secrecy surrounding these practices, a response to colonial and missionary efforts to suppress indigenous culture. Du Bois also explored the tribes\' mythologies, including creation stories and narratives that explain ritual origins, and highlighted how cultural exchange shaped the traditions of neighboring tribes. This work was among the early anthropological studies aiming to preserve Native American cultural practices amid the pressures of assimilation.
## Works
- *Martha Corey: A Tale of the Salem Witchcraft*. A. C. McClurg, Chicago, 1890.
- *Columbus and Beatriz*. A. C. McClurg, Chicago, 1892.
- *The Shield of the Fleur de Lis: A Novel*. Merriam, New York, 1895
- *A Modern Pagan: A Novel*. Merriam, New York, 1895
- *A Soul in Bronze: A Novel of Southern California*. H. S. Stone, Chicago, 1900.
- \"The Raven of Capistrano: A True Wonder Tale\". *Out West* 26:430-437, 537--544, 27:57-64, 152--157, 227--233, 343--351, 415--421, 523-531 (1907).
- \"The Religion of the Luiseño Indians of Southern California\". *University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology* 8:69-166 (1908).
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,686 |
Blackpool urban area
|
The **Blackpool Built-up Area** or **Blackpool Urban Area** is an urban area in Lancashire, England, consisting of the town of Blackpool along with several surrounding towns and villages including Bispham, Cleveleys, Lytham St Annes, Poulton-le-Fylde and Thornton. Defined by the ONS it had a population of 239,409 in 2011 this is considerably down on the 2001 population of 261,088 mainly due to Fleetwood no longer being considered as part of the built-up area. The population of the Blackpool Urban Area has been declining for some time with the 2001 population down 0.1% from the 1991 figure of 261,355.
The Blackpool subdivision itself has a population of 147,633, although during the summer months the population of the town can rise to three times this figure. According to Lancashire Tourist Board there were 360,000 people living in the town during April and August 2003, the majority of these people working in Blackpool for the summer season.
The entirety of the Blackpool Urban Area lies within the FY postcode area. The code refers to the Fylde, making it one of only five postcode areas in the UK that does not reference one of its settlements (although its official name is the *Blackpool postcode area*).
The built up area is split over three local government districts: the Blackpool unitary authority area, the Borough of Fylde and the Borough of Wyre. The area has nine railway stations, and parts of it are served by the Blackpool Tramway. It is made up of the following subdivisions:
Urban subdivision Population (2001 census) Population (2011 census) District
---------------------------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- -----------
Blackpool 142,283 147,633 Blackpool
Fleetwood 26,841 Wyre
Lytham St Annes 41,327 42,953 Fylde
Thornton-Cleveleys 31,157 Wyre
Thornton 18,941 Wyre
Cleveleys 10,754 Wyre
Poulton-le-Fylde 17,430 Wyre
Staining 1,368 Fylde
Little Singleton 300 Fylde
**Total Blackpool built-up area population** 261,088 239,409
**Notes:** `{{smalldiv|1=
*[[Thornton-Cleveleys]] is split into the [[Thornton, Lancashire|Thornton]] and [[Cleveleys]] subdivisions for the 2011 census.
*[[Fleetwood]] forms a separate built up area for the 2011 census.
*While almost all of the [[Blackpool]] subdivision falls within its own [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authority]] area, some small regions, accounting for a population of around 8,000, do fall within the boroughs of [[Borough of Fylde|Fylde]] (Blackpool Airport, Newton, Peel Hill) and [[Borough of Wyre|Wyre]] (Norcross, Normoss). Similarly, the Mains area of the Poulton subdivision lies east of [[Main Dyke]], and thus falls outside the Borough of Wyre (instead being in the Fylde district).
}}`{=mediawiki}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,705 |
One (Yuval Ron album)
|
*One* is a project by Israeli composer Yuval Ron, who teams together with Turkish virtuoso Omar Faruk Tekbilek, Yair Dalal, singer Azam Ali (of the group Vas) and many others. Together they are essentially a Middle-Eastern super group.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Ahava Yeshana (Old Love)
2. Like A Rose
3. Resistance
4. Remembrance
5. To The Source
6. Ein Hudra Rababa
7. Mirage
8. Birds Of The Nile
9. Sacrifice
10. Lament
11. One
12. Nava
13. Ala Delouana
14. Twenty Years Ago
15. Duna At Night
16. Baburi
17. Betrayal
18. Inshallah
19. Childhood On The Red Sea
Category:2003 albums
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,726 |
Romophone
|
**Romophone** was a record label specializing in the restoration and reissue of historic 78 rpm recordings of singers from the \"Golden Age\" of opera on compact disc. Romophone was founded in the United Kingdom in 1993 by Louse Barder and Virginia Barder.
Romophone CDs characteristically present the complete recording output of a singer on a particular label in chronological order. Romophone has been praised for the accuracy and faithfulness of the material it presents, both discographic and musical. The CD liner notes include biographical material about the singers and photographs (often rare and previously unpublished). Libretti and lyrics are not included in the liner notes.
Among the singers whose recordings have been reissued on the Romophone label, include Frances Alda, Lucrezia Bori, Edmond Clement, Léon David, Emma Calvé, Emmy Destinn, Emma Eames, Kirsten Flagstad, Amelita Galli-Curci, Mary Garden, Beniamino Gigli, Lotte Lehmann, Giovanni Martinelli, Edith Mason, John McCormack, Nellie Melba, Claudia Muzio, Pol Plançon, Rosa Ponselle, Elisabeth Rethberg, Tito Schipa, Elisabeth Schumann, Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Luisa Tetrazzini, Marcella Sembrich, Mattia Battistini, Mario Ancona and Leonard Warren among others. Two complete opera recordings from La Scala -- *Il Trovatore* (1930) and *Madama Butterfly* (1929/30) -- are in the catalogue, as well as collections including *Wagner en Français*, *America the Beautiful*, *The Century\'s Greatest Singers in Puccini* and *Christmas From a Golden Age*.
Romophone won a Gramophone Award for Best Historical Recording in 1996, for a volume of recordings by Lucrezia Bori, remastered by Ward Marston.
The Romophone label was retired around 2003 after its catalog of recordings was acquired by Naxos.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,736 |
1995 South American Women's Football Championship
|
The **1995 South American Women\'s Football Championship** (*Campeonato Sudamericano de Fútbol Femenino 1995*) was held in Uberlândia, Brazil between 8 and 22 January. It was the second staging of the South American Women\'s Football Championship and determined the CONMEBOL\'s single qualifier for the 1995 FIFA Women\'s World Cup. Only five national teams took part in the tournament.
Brazil won the tournament, after beating Argentina 2--0 in the final.
## Venue
The only venue used for the tournament was the Estádio Parque do Sabiá, located in Uberlândia
Uberlândia
-------------------------
Estádio Parque do Sabiá
Capacity: **48.000**
## Officials
The following referees were named for the tournament:
- Marco Ernesto Aguas
- Luis Olivetto
- Nestor Mondría
## Results
The tournament was set up in a round-robin format, where each team played one match against each of the other teams within the group. The top two teams in the group advanced to a final match where the winner qualified for the 1995 FIFA Women\'s World Cup in Sweden.
Three points were awarded for a win, one point for a draw, and zero points for a loss.
- Tie-breaker
- If teams finish leveled on points, the following tie-breakers are used:
1. greater goal difference in all group games;
2. greater number of goals scored in all group games;
3. winner of the head-to-head match between the teams in question;
4. drawing of lots.
### Group stage {#group_stage}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
------ ----- --- --- --- ---- ---- ------ -------- ---------------
4 4 0 0 42 1 +41 **12** Final match
4 3 0 1 18 9 +9 **9**
4 1 1 2 14 9 +5 **4**
4 1 1 2 9 21 --12 **4**
4 0 0 4 1 44 --43 **0**
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Final
**Brazil** won the tournament and qualified for the 1995 FIFA Women\'s World Cup.
## Awards
## Statistics
### Goalscorers
12 goals
- Sissi
7 goals
- Fabiana Ochotorena
- Michael Jackson
- Roseli
6 goals
- Pretinha
5 goals
- Ingrid Flores
4 goals
- Karina Morales
- Cenira
3 goals
- María Villanueva
- Russa
- María Bravo
- Ana Vera
2 goals
- Cardoso
- Elane
- Sánchez
- Carmen Olivo
- Mayra Ramírez
1 goal
- Andrea Arce
- Asperes
- Mary Duran
- Bel
- Duda
- Márcia Taffarel
- Fresia Acevedo
- Astudillo
- Ayala
- Cruz
- Mercedes Mena
Own goals
- Fabiola (playing against `{{fbw|ECU}}`{=mediawiki})
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,742 |
Evergreen Cemetery (Southgate, Kentucky)
|
**Evergreen Cemetery (Southgate, Kentucky)** is the largest cemetery in Campbell County, Kentucky. It is still in operation and is located at 25 Alexandria Pike in Southgate, Kentucky. The Cemetery was begun in the 1840s, to replace the Newport, Cemetery. The cemetery was located a few miles south of Newport, in a rural area, which is now the City of Southgate, Kentucky.
A defensive earthwork named Shaler Battery, built as part of the Defense of Cincinnati, remains preserved within the cemetery and is located adjacent to the cemetery bandstand. It was one of the 28 artillery batteries that were built on northern Kentucky hilltops from 1861 to 1863.
A residence for the sexton of the cemetery was constructed in 1872. Seven years later, in 1879, the name of the cemetery was officially acknowledged as Evergreen. By 1902, a chapel had been constructed on the cemetery grounds and was used for funeral services and layouts.
The cemetery was used as the cemetery in the 1988 film *Rain Man*.
Today, the cemetery contains 250 acre and accepts burials from throughout the region.
## Notable burials {#notable_burials}
- James Taylor Jr. -- General considered the founder of Newport
- Brent Spence -- Democratic Congressman
- Thomas M. Doherty -- Spanish--American War Medal of Honor recipient
- William H. Horsfall -- American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,744 |
Mancs (dog)
|
**Mancs** (`{{IPA|hu|mɒnt͡ʃ|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 1994--2006), a male German Shepherd Dog, was the most famous rescue dog of the *Spider Special Rescue Team* of Miskolc, Hungary. His name means \"paw\". Mancs\' special talent was locating earthquake survivors who lay trapped deep beneath the rubble, and alerting rescuers. He could locate people buried under the earthquake rubble and not only differentiate whether the person was dead or alive, but could also indicate this to the other members of the rescue crew. If he sensed a dead person, he laid down; when he sensed a live person beneath the rubble, he stood up, wagged his tail and barked.
Mancs and his owner, László Lehóczki, took part in several earthquake rescue missions, including the 2001 earthquakes in El Salvador and India. Mancs became famous when he helped rescue a 3-year-old girl who spent 82 hours under the ruins after the Izmit earthquake of 1999 in Turkey.
In December 2004, a statue of Mancs was erected in downtown Miskolc, near the Szinva stream and the new public square. The statue was cast by sculptor Borbála Szanyi.
Mancs died on October 22, 2006, of pneumonia. In 2015, his rescue team was awarded the European Citizen\'s Prize for their 20 years of work in saving lives. Hatira Kaplan, the girl Mancs saved in 1999, attended the ceremony as a guest of honor and visited the statue of Mancs in Miskolc.
## Mancs in the media {#mancs_in_the_media}
In an article published in *Dialectical Anthropology*, Melinda Kovács discusses the press coverage of Mancs\' world-wide rescue efforts as a notable example of Hungary\'s international assistance to other countries, particularly Turkey. Kovács writes: `{{quotation|Shortly before that time, Turkey was devastated by an earthquake, which was the reason for aid. In the media, the most visible personality associated with the aid and rescue efforts, repeatedly seen on TV talk-shows was Mancs, a German shepherd rescue dog. His most mediatized feat was finding a toddler under rubble. Several months after the quake, a Hungarian TV channel orchestrated a meeting between the dog and the little girl.|Melinda Kovács|Bilateral Relations, Dialectical Anthropology 27, fn. 29}}`{=mediawiki}
## Film
A feature film titled *Mancs* (released internationally as *Paw)* was released in late 2014, after several years of delay. The film, which alternates between live action and animation, was only loosely based on the life of Mancs. It was directed by Róbert Adrián Pejó and wasn\'t well received in Hungary; critics especially disliked that the film, aiming to be family friendly, downplayed tragic events such as earthquakes, and was set in a time period impossible to determine, with some scenes and elements reminding the viewer of the 1980s, some of them of the 1990s and some of the 2000s. In 2015 it won main prize at the Schlingel International Film Festival. The jury praised the animations and the family-friendly approach. The film was released in Germany with the title *Mika -- Dein Bester Freund ein grosser Held!* (\"Mika -- Your Best Friend is a Great Hero\").
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,749 |
Empire and Communications
|
***Empire and Communications*** is a book published in 1950 by University of Toronto professor Harold Innis. It is based on six lectures Innis delivered at Oxford University in 1948. The series, known as the Beit Lectures, was dedicated to exploring British imperial history. Innis, however, decided to undertake a sweeping historical survey of how communications media influence the rise and fall of empires. He traced the effects of media such as stone, clay, papyrus, parchment and paper from ancient to modern times.
Innis argued that the \"bias\" of each medium toward space or toward time helps to determine the nature of the civilization in which that medium dominates. \"Media that emphasize time are those that are durable in character such as parchment, clay and stone,\" he writes in his introduction. These media tend to favour decentralization. \"Media that emphasize space are apt to be less durable and light in character, such as papyrus and paper.\" These media generally favour large, centralized administrations. Innis believed that to persist in time and to occupy space, empires needed to strike a balance between time-biased and space-biased media. Such a balance is likely to be threatened, however, when monopolies of knowledge exist favouring some media over others.
*Empire and Communications* examines the impact of media such as stone, clay, papyrus and the alphabet on the empires of Egypt and Babylonia. It also looks at the oral tradition in ancient Greece; the written tradition and the Roman Empire; the influence of parchment and paper in medieval Europe and the effects of paper and the printing press in modern times.
## Chapter 1. Introduction {#chapter_1._introduction}
Harold Innis\'s highly condensed prose style, which frequently ranges over many centuries and several key ideas in one or two sentences, can make his writing in *Empire and Communications* difficult to understand. Biographer Paul Heyer recommends that readers use Innis\'s introduction as a helpful guide.
### Empire, bias and balance {#empire_bias_and_balance}
In his introduction, Innis promises to examine the significance of communications in a small number of empires. \"The effective government of large areas,\" he writes, \"depends to a very important extent on the efficiency of communication.\" He argues for example, that light and easily transported papyrus enabled Rome to govern a large, centralized empire. For Innis, papyrus is associated with the political and administrative control of space. It, therefore, is a space-biased medium. Parchment, dominant after the breakup of the Roman Empire, was a durable medium used for hand copying manuscripts in medieval monasteries. For Innis, parchment favours decentralization and is associated with the religious control of time. It, therefore, is a time-biased medium. Innis argues that in order to last, large-scale political organizations such as empires must balance biases toward time and space. \"They have tended to flourish under conditions in which civilization reflects the influence of more than one medium and in which the bias of one medium towards decentralization is offset by the bias of another medium towards centralization.\"
### Writing, printing, and speech {#writing_printing_and_speech}
Innis divides the history of the empires and civilizations he will examine into two periods, one for writing and the other for printing. \"In the writing period we can note the importance of various media such as the clay tablet of Mesopotamia, the papyrus roll in the Egyptian and in the Graeco-Roman world, parchment codex in the late Graeco-Roman world and the early Middle Ages, and paper after its introduction in the Western world from China.\" Innis notes that he will concentrate on paper as a medium in the printing period along with the introduction of paper-making machinery at the beginning of the 19th century and the use of wood pulp in the manufacture of paper after 1850.
He is quick to add, however, that it would be presumptuous to conclude that writing alone determined the course of civilizations. Historians naturally focus on writing because it endures. \"We are apt to overlook the significance of the spoken word,\" he writes, \"and to forget that it has left little tangible remains.\" For Innis, that tendency poses a problem. \"It is scarcely possible for generations disciplined in the written and the printed tradition to appreciate the oral tradition.\" Therefore, the media biases of one civilization make understanding other peoples difficult, if not impossible.
\"A change in the type of medium implies a change in the type of appraisal and hence makes it difficult for one civilization to understand another.\" As an example, Innis refers to our tendency to impose a modern conception of time on past civilizations. \"With the dominance of arithmetic and the decimal system, dependent apparently on the number of fingers or toes, modern students have accepted the linear measure of time,\" he writes. \"The dangers of applying this procrustean device in the appraisal of civilizations in which it did not exist illustrate one of numerous problems.\"
Innis also contrasts the strikingly different effects of writing and speaking. He argues that \"writing as compared with speaking involves an impression at the second remove and reading an impression at the third remove. The voice of a second-rate person is more impressive than the published opinion of superior ability.\"
## Chapter 2. Egypt: From stone to papyrus {#chapter_2._egypt_from_stone_to_papyrus}
Harold Innis traces the evolution of ancient Egyptian dynasties and kingdoms in terms of their use of stone or papyrus as dominant media of communication. His outline of Egyptian civilization is a complex and highly detailed analysis of how these media, along with several other technologies, affected the distribution of power in society.
### Influence of the Nile {#influence_of_the_nile}
Innis begins, as other historians do, with the crucial importance of the Nile as a formative influence on Egyptian civilization. The river provided the water and fertile land needed for agricultural production in a desert region. Innis writes that the Nile therefore, \"acted as a principle of order and centralization, necessitated collective work, created solidarity, imposed organizations on the people, and cemented them in a society.\" This observation is reminiscent of Innis\'s earlier work on the economic influence of waterways and other geographical features in his book, *The Fur Trade in Canada*, first published in 1930. However, in *Empire and Communications*, Innis extends his economic analysis to explore the influence of the Nile on religion, associating the river with the sun god Ra, creator of the universe. In a series of intellectual leaps, Innis asserts that Ra\'s power was vested in an absolute monarch whose political authority was reinforced by specialized astronomical knowledge. Such knowledge was used to produce the calendar which could predict the Nile\'s yearly floods.
### Stone, hieroglyphics and absolute monarchs {#stone_hieroglyphics_and_absolute_monarchs}
As the absolute monarchy extended its influence over Egypt, a pictorial hieroglyphic writing system was invented to express the idea of royal immortality. According to Innis, the idea of the divine right of autocratic monarchs was developed from 2895 BC to 2540 BC. \"The pyramids,\" Innis writes, \"carried with them the art of pictorial representation as an essential element of funerary ritual.\" The written word on the tomb, he asserts, perpetuated the divine power of kings.
Innis suggests that the decline of the absolute monarchy after 2540 BC may have been related to the need for a more accurate calendar based on the solar year. He suggests that priests may have developed such a calendar increasing their power and authority. After 2000 BC, peasants, craftsmen, and scribes obtained religious and political rights. \"The profound disturbances in Egyptian civilization,\" Innis writes \"involved in the shift from absolute monarchy to more democratic organization coincided with a shift in emphasis on stone as a medium of communication or as a basis of prestige, as shown in the pyramids, to an emphasis on papyrus.\"
### Papyrus and the power of scribes {#papyrus_and_the_power_of_scribes}
Innis traces the influence of the newer medium of papyrus on political power in ancient Egypt. The growing use of papyrus led to the replacement of cumbersome hieroglyphic scripts by cursive or hieratic writing. Rapid writing styles made administration more efficient and highly trained scribes became part of a privileged civil service. Innis writes. however, that the replacement of one dominant medium by another led to upheaval.
> The shift from dependence on stone to dependence on papyrus and the changes in political and religious institutions imposed an enormous strain on Egyptian civilization. Egypt quickly succumbed to invasion from peoples equipped with new instruments of attack. Invaders with the sword and the bow and long-range weapons broke through Egyptian defence, dependent on the battle-axe and the dagger. With the use of bronze and possibly iron weapons, horses and chariots, Syrian Semitic peoples under the Hyksos or Shepherd kings captured and held Egypt from 1660 to 1580 BC.
Hyksos rule lasted about a century until the Egyptians drove them out. Innis writes that the invaders had adopted hieroglyphic writing and Egyptian customs, \"but complexity enabled the Egyptians to resist.\" The Egyptians may have won their victory using horses and light chariots acquired from the Libyans.
### Empire and the one true god {#empire_and_the_one_true_god}
Innis writes that the military organization that expelled the Hyksos enabled the Egyptians to establish and expand an empire that included Syria and Palestine, and that eventually reached the Euphrates. Egyptian administrators used papyrus and a postal service to run the empire, but adopted cuneiform as a more efficient script. The pharaoh Akhnaton tried to introduce Aten, the solar disk as the one true god, a system of worship that would provide a common ideal for the whole empire. But the priests and the people resisted \"a single cult in which duty to the empire was the chief consideration.\" Priestly power, Innis writes, resulted from religious control over the complex and difficult art of writing. The monarch\'s attempts to maintain an empire extended in space were defeated by a priestly monopoly over knowledge systems concerned with time \-\-- systems that began with the need for accurate predictions about when the Nile would overflow its banks. Innis argues that priestly theocracy gradually cost Egypt its empire. \"Monopoly over writing supported an emphasis on religion and the time concept, which defeated efforts to solve the problem of space.\"
## Chapter 3. Babylonia: The origins of writing {#chapter_3._babylonia_the_origins_of_writing}
In this chapter, Innis outlines the history of the world\'s first civilizations in Mesopotamia. He starts with the fertile plains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but as the history unfolds, his discussion extends to large parts of the modern Middle East. Innis traces the origins of writing from the cuneiform script written on clay tablets to the Phoenician alphabet written on parchment and papyrus. Along the way, Innis comments on many aspects of the ancient Middle Eastern empires including power struggles between priests and kings, the evolution of military technologies and the development of the Hebrew Bible.
### History begins at Sumer {#history_begins_at_sumer}
Innis begins by observing that unlike in Egypt where calculating the timing of the Nile\'s flooding was a source of power, along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in southern Mesopotamia the ability to measure time precisely was somewhat less critical. Nevertheless, as in Egypt, the small city-states of Sumer depended on the rivers and so the cycles of agricultural production were organized around them. The rivers also provided communications materials. In Egypt, the Nile\'s papyrus became a medium for writing while in Mesopotamia, the rivers yielded the alluvial sediments the Sumerians used to fashion the clay tablets on which they inscribed their wedge-shaped, cuneiform script. Their earliest known writing recorded agricultural accounts and economic transactions.
Innis points out that the tablets were not well suited to pictographic writing because making straight lines \"tended to pull up the clay.\" Therefore, Sumerian scribes used a cylindrical reed stylus to stamp or press wedges and lines on the moist tablet. Scribes gradually developed cuneiform signs to represent syllables and the sounds of the spoken language. Innis writes that as a heavy material, clay was not very portable and so was not generally suited for communication over large areas. Cuneiform inscription required years of training overseen by priests. Innis contends therefore, that as a writing medium, clay tended to favour decentralization and religious control.
### From city-states to empires {#from_city_states_to_empires}
Innis suggests that religious control in Sumer became a victim of its own successes. \"The accumulation of wealth and power in the hands of priests and the temple organizations,\" he writes, \"was probably followed by ruthless warfare between city-states.\" The time-bound priests, unskilled in technological change and the military arts, lost power to spatially oriented kings intent on territorial expansion. Around 2350 BC, the Sumerians were conquered by their northern, Semitic neighbours the Akkadians. Under Sargon the Great, the empire expanded to include extensive territories reaching northwest as far as Turkey and west to the Mediterranean. Thus begins the rise and fall of a series of empires over approximately two thousand years. Innis mentions many of them, but focuses more attention on innovations that facilitated their growth. These include the advancement of civil law under Hammurabi, the development of mathematics including fixed standards of weights and measures, as well as the breeding of horses that combined speed with strength and that, along with three-man chariots, helped deliver spectacular military victories to the Assyrians.
### Alphabet, empire and trade {#alphabet_empire_and_trade}
In discussing the advent and spread of the alphabet, Innis refers to what he sees as the subversive relationship between those at the centre of civilizations and those on their fringes or margins. He argues that monopolies of knowledge develop at the centre only to be challenged and eventually overthrown by new ideas or techniques that take shape on the margins. Thus, the Phoenician alphabet, a radically simplified writing system, undermined the elaborate hieroglyphic and cuneiform scripts overseen by priestly elites in Egypt and Babylonia. \"The Phoenicians had no monopoly of knowledge,\" Innis writes, \"\[which\] might hamper the development of writing.\" As a trading people, the Phoenicians needed \"a swift and concise method of recording transactions.\" The alphabet with its limited number of visual symbols to represent the primary elements of human speech was well suited to trade. \"Commerce and the alphabet were inextricably interwoven, particularly when letters of the alphabet were used as numerals.\" The alphabet, combined with the use of parchment and papyrus, Innis argues, had a decentralizing effect favouring cities and smaller nations over centralized empires. He suggests that improved communication, made possible by the alphabet, enabled the Assyrians and the Persians to administer large empires in which trading cities helped offset concentrations of power in political and religious organizations.
### Alphabet, the Hebrews and religion {#alphabet_the_hebrews_and_religion}
Innis sketches the influence of the alphabet on the Hebrews in the marginal territory of Palestine. The Hebrews combined oral and written traditions in their scriptures. Innis points out that they had previously acquired key ideas from the Egyptians. \"The influence of Egypt on the Hebrews,\" he writes, \"was suggested in the emphasis on the sacred character of writing and on the power of the word which when uttered brought about creation itself. The word is the word of wisdom. Word, wisdom, and God were almost identical theological concepts.\" The Hebrews distrusted images. For them, words were the true source of wisdom. \"The written letter replaced the graven image as an object of worship.\" In a typically complex passage, Innis writes:
> \"Denunciation of images and concentration on the abstract in writing opened the way for advance from blood relationship to universal ethical standards and strengthened the position of the prophets in their opposition to absolute monarchical power. The abhorrence of idolatry of graven images implied a sacred power in writing, observance of the law, and worship of the one true God.\"
The alphabet enabled the Hebrews to record their rich oral tradition in poetry and prose. \"Hebrew has been described as the only Semitic language before Arabic to produce an important literature characterized by simplicity, vigour and lyric force. With other Semitic languages it was admirably adapted to the vivid, vigorous description of concrete objects and events.\" Innis traces the influence of various strands in scriptural writing suggesting that the combination of these sources strengthened the movement toward monotheism.
In a summary passage, Innis explores the wide-ranging influence of the alphabet in ancient times. He argues that it enabled the Assyrians and Persians to expand their empires, allowed for the growth of trade under the Arameans and Phoenicians and invigorated religion in Palestine. As such, the alphabet provided a balance. \"An alphabet became the basis of political organization through efficient control of territorial space and of religious organization through efficient control over time in the establishment of monotheism.\"
## Chapter 4. Greece and the oral tradition {#chapter_4._greece_and_the_oral_tradition}
\"Greek civilization,\" Innis writes, \"was a reflection of the power of the spoken word.\" In this chapter, he explores how the vitality of the spoken word helped the ancient Greeks create a civilization that profoundly influenced all of Europe. Greek civilization differed in significant ways from the empires of Egypt and Babylonia. Innis biographer John Watson notes that those preceding empires \"had revolved around an uneasy alliance of absolute monarchs and scholarly theocrats.\" The monarchs ruled by force while an elite priestly class controlled religious dogma through their monopolies of knowledge over complex writing systems. \"The monarch was typically a war leader whose grasp of the concept of space allowed him to expand his territory,\" Watson writes, \"incorporating even the most highly articulated theocracies. The priests specialized in elaborating conceptions of time and continuity.\" Innis argues that the Greeks struck a different balance, one based on \"the freshness and elasticity of an oral tradition\" that left its stamp on Western poetry, drama, sculpture, architecture, philosophy, science and mathematics.
### Socrates, Plato and the spoken word {#socrates_plato_and_the_spoken_word}
Innis begins by examining Greek civilization at its height in the 5th century BC. He points out that the philosopher Socrates (c. 470 BC--399 BC) \"was the last great product and exponent of the oral tradition.\" Socrates taught using a question and answer technique that produced discussion and debate. His student, Plato (428/427 BC -- 348/347 BC), elaborated on these Socratic conversations by writing dialogues in which Socrates was the central character. This dramatic device engaged readers in the debate while allowing Plato to search for truth using a dialectical method or one based on discussion. \"The dialogues were developed,\" Innis writes \"as a most effective instrument for preserving \[the\] power of the spoken word on the written page.\" He adds that Plato\'s pupil, Aristotle (384 BC -- 322 BC), regarded the Platonic dialogues as \"half-way between poetry and prose.\" Innis argues that Plato\'s use of the flexible oral tradition in his writing enabled him to escape the confines of a rigid philosophical system. \"Continuous philosophical discussion aimed at truth. The life and movement of dialectic opposed the establishment of a finished system of dogma.\" This balance between speech and prose also contributed to the immortality of Plato\'s work.
Innis writes that the power of the oral tradition reached its height in the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides when \"drama became the expression of Athenian democracy.\" He argues that tragedy attracted the interest and participation of everyone. \"To know oneself was to know man\'s powerlessness and to know the indestructible and conquering majesty of suffering humanity.\"
For Innis, the fall of Athens to Sparta in 404 BC and the trial and execution of Socrates for corrupting Athenian youth were symptoms of the collapse of the older oral culture. That culture had sustained a long poetic tradition, but Plato attacked poetry as a teaching device and expelled poets from his ideal republic. According to Innis, Plato and Aristotle developed prose in defence of a new culture in which gods and poets were subordinated to philosophical and scientific inquiry. Innis argues that eventually, the spread of writing widened the gap between the city-states hastening the collapse of Greek civilization.
### The Greek alphabet {#the_greek_alphabet}
Innis notes that the early Mycenaean Greeks of the Bronze Age developed their own styles of communication because they escaped the cultural influence of the Minoans they had conquered on the island of Crete. \"The complexity of the script of Minoan civilization and its relative restriction to Crete left the Greeks free to develop their own traditions.\" Innis adds that the growth of a strong oral tradition reflected in Greek epic poetry also fostered resistance to the dominance of other cultures. This led the Greeks to take over and modify the Phoenician alphabet possibly around the beginning of the 7th century BC. The Greeks adapted this 24-letter, Semitic alphabet which consisted only of consonants to their rich oral tradition by using some of its letters to represent vowel sounds. Innis writes that the vowels in each written word \"permitted the expression of fine distinctions and light shades of meaning.\" The classics professor, Eric Havelock, whose work influenced Innis, makes a similar point when he argues that this alphabet enabled the Greeks to record their oral literary tradition with a \"wealth of detail and depth of psychological feeling\" absent in other Near Eastern civilizations with more limited writing systems. Innis himself quotes scholar Richard Jebb\'s claim that the Greek language \"\'responds with happy elasticity to every demand of the Greek intellect\...the earliest work of art created by the spontaneous working of the Greek mind.\'\"
### Poetry, politics and the oral tradition {#poetry_politics_and_the_oral_tradition}
\"The power of the oral tradition,\" Innis writes, \"implied the creation of a structure suited to its needs.\" That structure consisted of the metres and stock phrases of epic poetry which included the Homeric poems, the *Iliad* and *Odyssey*. The epics were sung by professional minstrels who pleased audiences by reshaping the poems to meet the needs of new generations. Innis points out that music was central to the oral tradition and the lyre accompanied the performance of the epic poems. He argues that the Homeric poems reflected two significant developments. The first was the rise of an aristocratic civilization which valued justice and right action over the traditional ties of kinship. The second was the humanization of the Greek gods whose limited powers encouraged belief in rational explanations for the order of things. \"Decline of belief in the supernatural led to the explanation of nature in terms of natural causes,\" Innis writes. \"With the independent search for truth, science was separated from myth.\"
Gradually, the flexible oral tradition gave rise to other kinds of poetry. Innis notes that these new kinds of literature \"reflected the efficiency of the oral tradition in expressing the needs of social change.\" Hesiod wrote about agricultural themes, becoming the first spokesman for common people. Innis writes that his poems were produced \"by an individual who made no attempt to conceal his personality.\" In the 7th century BC, Archilochos took poetry a step further when he contributed to breaking down the heroic code of epic poetry. Innis suggests he responded to a rising public opinion while historian J.B. Bury describes him as venting his feelings freely and denouncing his enemies. Innis argues that these changes in poetic style and form coincided with the replacement of Greek kingdoms by republics in the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Finally, he mentions the development of shorter, lyric poetry that could be intensely personal as shown in the work of Sappho. This profusion of short personal lyrics likely coincided with the spread of writing and the increasing use of papyrus from Egypt.
### Greek science and philosophy {#greek_science_and_philosophy}
Innis credits the oral tradition with fostering the rise of Greek science and philosophy. He argues that when combined with the simplicity of the alphabet, the oral tradition prevented the development of a highly specialized class of scribes and a priestly monopoly over education. Moreover, unlike the Hebrews, the Greeks did not develop written religious texts. \"The Greeks had no Bible with a sacred literature attempting to give reasons and coherence to the scheme of things, making dogmatic assertions and strangling science in infancy.\" Innis contends that the flexibility of the oral tradition encouraged the introduction of a new medium, mathematics. Thales of Miletus may have discovered trigonometry. He also studied geometry and astronomy, using mathematics as \"a means of discarding allegory and myth and advancing universal generalizations.\" Thus, mathematics gave rise to philosophical speculation. The map maker, Anaximander also sought universal truths becoming \"the first to write down his thoughts in prose and to publish them, thus definitely addressing the public and giving up the privacy of his thought.\" According to Innis, this use of prose \"reflected a revolutionary break, an appeal to rational authority and the influence of the logic of writing.\"
## Chapter 5. Rome and the written tradition {#chapter_5._rome_and_the_written_tradition}
In this chapter, Harold Innis focuses on the gradual displacement of oral communication by written media during the long history of the Roman Empire. The spread of writing hastened the downfall of the Roman Republic, he argues, facilitating the emergence of a Roman Empire stretching from Britain to Mesopotamia. To administer such a vast empire, the Romans were forced to establish centralized bureaucracies. These bureaucracies depended on supplies of cheap papyrus from the Nile Delta for the long-distance transmission of written rules, orders and procedures. The bureaucratic Roman state backed by the influence of writing, in turn, fostered absolutism, the form of government in which power is vested in a single ruler. Innis adds that Roman bureaucracy destroyed the balance between oral and written law giving rise to fixed, written decrees. The torture of Roman citizens and the imposition of capital punishment for relatively minor crimes became common as living law \"was replaced by the dead letter.\" Finally, Innis discusses the rise of Christianity, a religion which spread through the use of scripture inscribed on parchment. He writes that the Byzantine Empire in the east eventually flourished because of a balance in media biases. Papyrus enabled the governing of a large spatial empire, while parchment contributed to the development of a religious hierarchy concerned with time.
### Rome and Greece {#rome_and_greece}
\"The achievements of a rich oral tradition in Greek civilization,\" Innis writes, \"became the basis of Western culture.\" He asserts that Greek culture had the power \"to awaken the special forces of each people by whom it was adopted\" and the Romans were no exception. According to Innis, it appears Greek colonies in Sicily and Italy along with Greek traders introduced the Greek alphabet to Rome in the 7th century BC. The alphabet was developed into a Graeco-Etruscan script when Rome was governed by an Etruscan king. The Etruscans also introduced Greek gods in the 6th century BC apparently to reinforce their own rule. Rome became isolated from Greece in the 5th and 4th centuries BC and overthrew the monarchy. A patrician aristocracy took control, but after prolonged class warfare, gradually shared power with the plebeians. Innis suggests that Roman law flourished at this time because of its oral tradition. A priestly class, \"equipped with trained memories,\" made and administered the laws, their power strengthened because there was no body of written law. Although plebeian pressure eventually resulted in the adoption of the Twelve Tables---a written constitution---interpretation remained in the hands of priests in the College of Pontiffs. One of Roman law\'s greatest achievements, Innis writes, lay in the development of civil laws governing families, property and contracts. Paternal rights were limited, women became independent and individual initiative was given the greatest possible scope.
Innis seems to suggest that political stability coupled with strong oral traditions in law and religion contributed to the unity of the Roman Republic. He warns however, that the growing influence of written laws, treaties and decrees in contrast to the oral tradition of civil law \"boded ill for the history of the republic and the empire.\"
Innis quickly sketches the Roman conquest of Italy and its three wars with the North African city of Carthage. The Punic Wars ended with the destruction of Carthage in 146 BC. At the same time, Rome pursued military expansion in the eastern Mediterranean eventually conquering Macedonia and Greece as well as extending Roman rule to Pergamum in modern-day Turkey.
### Rome and the problems of Greek empire {#rome_and_the_problems_of_greek_empire}
Innis interrupts his account of Roman military expansion to discuss earlier problems that had arisen from the Greek conquests undertaken by Philip of Macedon and his son, Alexander the Great. Philip and Alexander had established a Macedonian Empire which controlled the Persian Empire as well as territory as far east as India. Innis suggests Rome would inherit the problems that faced Philip and Alexander including strong separatist tendencies. After Alexander\'s death, four separate Hellenistic dynasties arose. The Seleucids controlled the former Persian Empire; the Ptolemies ruled in Egypt; the Attalids in Pergamum and the Antigonids in Macedonia.
#### Seleucid dynasty {#seleucid_dynasty}
The Seleucid rulers attempted to dominate Persian, Babylonian and Hebrew religions but failed to establish the concept of the Greek city-state. Their kingdom eventually collapsed. Innis concludes that monarchies that lack the binding powers of nationality and religion and that depend on force were inherently insecure, unable to resolve dynastic problems.
#### Ptolemaic dynasty {#ptolemaic_dynasty}
Innis discusses various aspects of Ptolemaic rule over Egypt including the founding of the ancient library and university at Alexandria made possible by access to abundant supplies of papyrus. \"By 285 BC the library established by Ptolemy I had 20,000 manuscripts,\" Innis writes, \"and by the middle of the first century 700,000, while a smaller library established by Ptolemy II\...possibly for duplicates had 42,800.\" He points out that the power of the written tradition in library and university gave rise to specialists, not poets and scholars --- drudges who corrected proofs and those who indulged in the mania of book collecting. \"Literature was divorced from life, thought from action, poetry from philosophy.\" Innis quotes the epic poet Apollonius\'s claim that \"a great book was a great evil.\" Cheap papyrus also facilitated the rise of an extensive administrative system eventually rife with nepotism and other forms of bureaucratic corruption. \"An Egyptian theocratic state,\" Innis notes, \"compelled its conquerors to establish similar institutions designed to reduce its power.\"
#### Attalid dynasty {#attalid_dynasty}
Innis contrasts the scholarly pursuits of the Attalid dynasty at Pergamum with what he sees as the dilettantism of Alexandria. He writes that Eumenes II who ruled from 197 to 159 BC established a library, but was forced to rely on parchment because Egypt had prohibited the export of papyrus to Pergamum. Innis suggests that the Attalids probably preserved the masterpieces of ancient Greek prose. He notes that Pergamum had shielded a number of cities from attacks by the Gauls. \"Its art reflected the influence of the meeting of civilization and barbarism, a conflict of good and evil, in the attempt at unfamiliar ways of expression.\"
#### Antigonid dynasty {#antigonid_dynasty}
Innis writes that the Antigonids \"gradually transformed the small city-states of Greece into municipalities.\" They captured Athens in 261 BC and Sparta in 222 BC. The Greek cities of this period developed common interests. \"With supplies of papyrus and parchment and the employment of educated slaves,\" Innis writes, \"books were produced on an unprecedented scale. Hellenistic capitals provided a large reading public.\" Most of the books, however, were \"third-hand compendia of snippets and textbooks, short cuts to knowledge, quantities of tragedies, and an active comedy of manners in Athens. Literary men wrote books about other books and became bibliophiles.\" Innis reports that by the 2nd century \"everything had been swamped by the growth of rhetoric.\" He argues that once classical Greek philosophy \"became crystallized in writing,\" it was superseded by an emphasis on philosophical teaching. He mentions Stoicism, the Cynics and Epicurean teachings all of which emphasized the priority of reason over popular religion. \"The Olympian religion and the city-state were replaced by philosophy and science for the educated and by Eastern religions for the common man.\" As communication between these two groups became increasingly difficult, cultural division stimulated the rise of a class structure. Innis concludes that the increasing emphasis on writing also created divisions among Athens, Alexandria and Pergamum weakening science and philosophy and opening \"the way to religions from the East and force from Rome in the West.\"
### Greek influence and Roman prose {#greek_influence_and_roman_prose}
Innis returns to his account of Roman history by noting that Rome\'s military successes in the eastern Mediterranean brought it under the direct influence of Greek culture. He quotes the Roman poet Horace: \"Captive Greece took captive her proud conqueror.\" Innis gives various examples of Greek influence in Rome. They include the introduction of Greek tragedies and comedies at Roman festivals to satisfy the demands of soldiers who had served in Greek settlements as well as the translation of the *Odyssey* into Latin.
Innis mentions there was strong opposition to this spread of Greek culture. He reports for example, that Cato the Elder deplored what he saw as the corrupting effects of Greek literature. Cato responded by laying the foundations for a dignified and versatile Latin prose. In the meantime, the Roman Senate empowered officials to expel those who taught rhetoric and philosophy and in 154 BC, two disciples of Epicurus were banished from Rome. Nevertheless, Innis points out that Greek influence continued as \"Greek teachers and grammarians enhanced the popularity of Hellenistic ideals in literature.\"
Meantime, Innis asserts, Roman prose \"gained fresh power in attempts to meet problems of the Republic.\" He is apparently referring to the vast enrichment of the Roman aristocracy and upper middle class as wealth poured in from newly conquered provinces. \"The plunder from the provinces provided the funds for that orgy of corrupt and selfish wealth which was to consume the Republic in revolution,\" writes Will Durant in his series of volumes called *The Story of Civilization*. Innis mentions that the large-scale farms owned by aristocrats brought protests presumably from small farmers forced off the land and into the cities as part of a growing urban proletariat. The Gracchi brothers were among the first, Innis writes, \"to use the weapon of Greek rhetoric\" in their failed attempts to secure democratic reforms. Gaius Gracchus made Latin prose more vivid and powerful. Innis adds that political speeches such as his \"were given wider publicity through an enlarged circle of readers.\" As political oratory shaped Latin prose style, written speech almost equaled the power of oral speech.
### Writing, empire and religion {#writing_empire_and_religion}
Rome\'s dominance of Egypt, Innis writes, gave it access to papyrus which supported a chain of interrelated developments that would eventually lead to the decline and fall of Rome. Papyrus facilitated the spread of writing which in turn, permitted the growth of bureaucratic administration needed to govern territories that would eventually stretch from Britain to Mesopotamia. \"The spread of writing contributed to the downfall of the Republic and the emergence of the empire,\" Innis writes.
Centralized administrative bureaucracy helped create the conditions for the emergence of absolute rulers such as the Caesars which, in turn, led to emperor worship. According to Innis, the increased power of writing touched every aspect of Roman culture including law which became rigidly codified and increasingly reliant on such harsh measures as torture and capital punishment even for relatively trivial crimes. \"The written tradition dependent on papyrus and the roll supported an emphasis on centralized bureaucratic administration,\" Innis writes. \"Rome became dependent on the army, territorial expansion, and law at the expense of trade and an international economy.\"
Innis notes that Rome attempted to increase its imperial prestige by founding libraries. And, with the discovery of cement about 180 BC, the Romans constructed magnificent buildings featuring arch, vault and dome. \"Vaulted architecture became an expression of equilibrium, stability, and permanence, monuments which persisted through centuries of neglect.\"
Innis argues that the gradual rise of Christianity from its origins as a Jewish sect among lower social strata on the margins of empire was propelled by the development of the parchment codex, a much more convenient medium than cumbersome papyrus rolls. \"The oral tradition of Christianity was crystallized in books which became sacred,\" Innis writes. He adds that after breaking away from Judaism, Christianity was forced to reach out to other religions, its position strengthened further by scholars who attempted to synthesize Jewish religion and Greek philosophy in the organization of the Church.
Constantine ended official persecution of Christianity and moved the imperial capital to Constantinople eventually creating a religious split between the declining Western Roman Empire and believers in the East. \"As the power of empire was weakened in the West that of the Church of Rome increased and difficulties with heresies in the East became more acute.\" Innis contends the Eastern or Byzantine Empire survived after the fall of Rome because it struck a balance between time and space-biased media. \"The Byzantine empire developed on the basis of a compromise between organization reflecting the bias of different media: that of papyrus in the development of an imperial bureaucracy in relation to a vast area and that of parchment in the development of an ecclesiastical hierarchy in relation to time.\"
## Chapter 6. Middle Ages: Parchment and paper {#chapter_6._middle_ages_parchment_and_paper}
In Chapter 6, Innis tries to show how the medium of parchment supported the power of churches, clergy and monasteries in medieval Europe after the breakdown of the Roman empire. Rome\'s centralized administration had depended on papyrus, a fragile medium produced in the Nile Delta. Innis notes that parchment, on the other hand, is a durable medium that can be produced wherever farm animals are raised. He argues, therefore, that parchment is suited to the decentralized administration of a wide network of local religious institutions. However, the arrival of paper via China and the Arab world, challenged the power of religion and its preoccupation with time. \"A monopoly of knowledge based on parchment,\" Innis writes, \"invited competition from a new medium such as paper which emphasized the significance of space as reflected in the growth of nationalist monarchies.\" He notes that paper also facilitated the growth of commerce and trade in the 13th century.
### Monasteries and books {#monasteries_and_books}
Innis writes that monasticism originated in Egypt and spread rapidly partly in protest against Caesaropapism or the worldly domination of the early Christian church by emperors. He credits St. Benedict with adapting monasticism to the needs of the Western church. The Rule of St. Benedict required monks to engage in spiritual reading. Copying books and storing them in monastery libraries soon became sacred duties. Innis notes that copying texts on parchment required strength and effort:
> Working six hours a day the scribe produced from two to four pages and required from ten months to a year and a quarter to copy a Bible. The size of the scriptures absorbed the energies of monasteries. Libraries were slowly built up and uniform rules in the care of books were generally adopted in the 13th century. Demands for space led to the standing of books upright on the shelves in the 14th and 15th centuries and to the rush of library construction in the 15th century.
Innis points out that Western monasteries preserved and transmitted the classics of the ancient world.
### Islam, images, and Christianity {#islam_images_and_christianity}
Innis writes that Islam (which he sometimes refers to as Mohammedanism) gathered strength by emphasizing the sacredness of the written word. He notes that the Caliph Iezid II ordered the destruction of pictures in Christian churches within the Umayyad Empire. The banning of icons within churches was also sanctioned by Byzantine Emperor Leo III in 730 while Emperor Constantine V issued a decree in 753--754 condemning image worship. Innis writes that this proscription of images was designed to strengthen the empire partly by curbing the power of monks, who relied on images to sanction their authority. Monasteries, he notes, had amassed large properties through their exemption from taxation and competed with the state for labour. Byzantine emperors reacted by secularizing large monastic properties, restricting the number of monks, and causing persecution, which drove large numbers of them to Italy.
The Western church, on the other hand, saw images as useful especially for reaching the illiterate. Innis adds that by 731, iconoclasts were excluded from the Church and Charles Martel\'s defeat of the Arabs in 732 ended Muslim expansion in western Europe. The Synod of Gentilly (767), the Lateran Council (769), and the Second Council of Nicea (787), sanctioned the use of images although Charlemagne prohibited image veneration or worship.
## Chapter 7. Mass media, from print to radio {#chapter_7._mass_media_from_print_to_radio}
In his final chapter, Harold Innis traces the rise of mass media beginning with the printing press in 15th century Europe and ending with mass circulation newspapers, magazines, books, movies and radio in the 19th and 20th centuries. He argues that such media gradually undermined the authority of religion and enabled the rise of science, facilitating Reformation, Renaissance and Revolution, political, industrial and commercial. For Innis, space-biased and mechanized mass media helped create modern empires, European and American, bent on territorial expansion and obsessed with present-mindedness. \"Mass production and standardization are the enemies of the West,\" he warned. \"The limitations of mechanization of the printed and the spoken word must be emphasized and determined efforts to recapture the vitality of the oral tradition must be made.\"
### Bibles and the print revolution {#bibles_and_the_print_revolution}
Innis notes that the expense of producing hand-copied, manuscript Bibles on parchment invited lower-cost competition, especially in countries where the copyists\' guild did not hold a strong monopoly. \"In 1470 it was estimated in Paris that a printed Bible cost about one-fifth that of a manuscript Bible,\" Innis writes. He adds that the sheer size of the scriptures hastened the introduction of printing and that the flexibility of setting the limited number of alphabetic letters in type permitted small-scale, privately-owned printing enterprises.
\"By the end of the fifteenth century presses had been established in the larger centres of Europe,\" Innis writes. This led to a growing book trade as commercially minded printers reproduced various kinds of books including religious ones for the Church, medical and legal texts and translations from Latin and Greek. The Greek New Testament that Erasmus produced in 1516 became the basis for Martin Luther\'s German translation (1522) and William Tyndale\'s English version (1526). The rise in the numbers of Bibles and other books printed in native or vernacular languages contributed to the growth in the size or printing establishments and further undermined the influence of hand-copied, religious manuscripts. The printed word gained authority over the written one. Innis quotes historian W.E.H. Lecky: \"The age of cathedrals had passed. The age of the printing press had begun.\"
Innis notes that Luther \"took full advantage of an established book trade and large numbers of the New and later the Old Testament were widely distributed at low prices.\" Luther\'s attacks on the Catholic Church including his protests against the sale of indulgences, Canon law and the authority of the priesthood were widely distributed as pamphlets along with Luther\'s emphasis on St. Paul\'s doctrine of salvation through faith alone.
## Recent critical opinion {#recent_critical_opinion}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,753 |
Armia
|
**Armia** (*Army*) is a Polish punk rock band founded in 1985 by Tomasz Budzyński, Sławomir Gołaszewski and Robert Brylewski. Armia is famous for its use of horn, which was unusual of punk rock bands in late 1980s and 1990s. With poetic (often inspired by philosophy and literature) lyrics, written by Budzyński, and evolving, creative music Armia has gained popularity and respect over the years, and its concerts now attract numerous fans of rock music.
Armia\'s lyrics and cover art has frequently alluded to philosophy, literature and religion. The cover of the LP *Legenda* (*A Legend*) features Don Quijote and some lyrics were inspired by gnosticism. The title of the LP *Czas i Byt* (*Being and Time*) comes from Martin Heidegger\'s work Being and Time. Other sources of inspiration include the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the Bible, The Divine Comedy and Samuel Beckett (*Triodante*), Tove Jansson\'s The Moomins, films like Werner Herzog\'s Aguirre, the Wrath of God or Marek Piwowski\'s Rejs.
Although the basis of Armia\'s sound has always been punk rock, the band\'s changing musicians have brought with them numerous other styles and material: hardcore, heavy metal, keyboard riffs, sampling, and complex, quasi-orchestral arrangements. Therefore, each of the band\'s albums sounds different from the rest.
## Band members {#band_members}
### Current
- Tomasz \"Tom Bombadil, Budzy\" Budzyński -- vocals, guitars (1984--present)
- Jakub Bartoszewski -- horn, keyboards (2002--present)
- Rafał \"Frantz\" Giec -- guitars
- Amadeusz \"Amade\" Kaźmierczak -- drums (2013--present)
- Dariusz Budkiewicz - bass (2014- present)
### Former
- Sławomir \"Merlin\" Gołaszewski -- clarinet (1984--1987)
- Tomasz \"Żwirek\" Żmijewski -- bass guitar (1984--1988)
- Aleksander \"Alik\" Dziki -- bass guitar (1985--1989)
- Krzysztof \"Banan\" Banasik -- horn (1987--2009)
- Dariusz \"Maleo\" Malejonek -- bass guitar (1990--1993)
- Krzysztof \"Dr Kmieta\" Kmiecik -- bass guitar (1998--2011)
- Janusz \"Grzmot\" Rołt -- drums (1984--1986)
- Piotr \"Stopa\" Żyżelewicz -- drums (1985, 1989--1998, 2011)
- Beata Polak -- drums (1998--2002)
- Tomasz \"Gogo, Szulc\" Kożuchowski -- drums (1986--1989)
- Maciej \"Ślepy\" Głuchowski -- drums (2003--2006)
- Tomasz \"Krzyżyk\" Krzyżaniak -- drums (2006--2011)
- Robert \"Afa, Bryl, Robin Goldrocker\" Brylewski -- guitars (1984--1993, died 2018)
- Paweł \"Pablo\" Piotrowski -- bass guitar (1993--1998, 2011--2014)
- Michał Grymuza -- guitars (1994--1995)
- Darek \"Popkorn\" Popowicz -- guitars (1995--2005)
- Paweł Klimczak -- guitars (1999--2010)
- Daniel \"Karpiu\" Karpiński -- drums (2011--2012)
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
+=======================================================================================+===================================+======================+
| POL\ | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Armia* | - Released: June 13, 1988 | --- |
| | - Label: Pronit | |
| | - Formats: CD, LP, CS | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Legenda* | - Released: May 6, 1991 | --- |
| | - Label: Wifon | |
| | - Formats: CD, LP, CS | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Czas i byt* | - Released: November 13, 1993 | --- |
| | - Label: SPV Poland | |
| | - Formats: CD, CS | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Triodante* | - Released: November 15, 1994 | --- |
| | - Label: S.P. Records | |
| | - Formats: CD, LP, CS | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Duch* | - Released: November 24, 1997 | --- |
| | - Label: Ars Mundi | |
| | - Formats: CD, CS | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Droga* | - Released: September 13, 1999 | --- |
| | - Label: Ars Mundi | |
| | - Formats: CD, CS | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Pocałunek mongolskiego księcia* | - Released: October 27, 2003 | 21 |
| | - Label: Pomaton EMI | |
| | - Formats: CD, digital download | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Ultima Thule* | - Released: January 31, 2005 | 5 |
| | - Label: Metal Mind Productions | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Der Prozess* | - Released: January 28, 2009 | 15 |
| | - Label: Isound Labels | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Freak* | - Released: November 30, 2009 | --- |
| | - Label: Isound Labels | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Podróż na Wschód* | - Released: November 27, 2012 | --- |
| | - Label: Isound Labels | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
| \"---\" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+
### Live albums {#live_albums}
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
+=======================================================================================+================================+======================+
| POL\ | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Exodus* | - Released: 1992 | --- |
| | - Label: Izabelin Studio | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Soul Side Story* | - Released: October 5, 2000 | --- |
| | - Label: Ars Mundi | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Przystanek Woodstock 2004* | - Released: June 11, 2007 | 50 |
| | - Label: Złoty Melon | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Armia 25-lecie Zespołu\ | - Released: December 9, 2010 | --- |
| XVI Przystanek Woodstock 2010* | - Label: Złoty Melon | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Koncerty w Trójce vol. 02 - Armia* | - Released: April 8, 2013 | --- |
| | - Label: Polskie Radio | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
| \"---\" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------------+
### Video albums {#video_albums}
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Title | Video details |
+=============================+===================================+
| *Koncert na XX-lecie* | - Released: January 16, 2006 |
| | - Label: Metal Mind Productions |
| | - Formats: DVD |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| *Przystanek Woodstock 2004* | - Released: June 11, 2007 |
| | - Label: Złoty Melon |
| | - Formats: DVD |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| | |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,757 |
Wolfgang Gewalt
|
**Wolfgang Gewalt** (28 October 1928 -- 26 April 2007) was a German zoologist, author and former director of the Duisburg Zoo.
## Biography
After the study of zoology, botany, chemistry and anthropology, his main focus was research of the great bustard. He recorded his observations in the breeding grounds and his experience with hand bred great bustards in several publications. Moreover, he was chief assistant at the Berlin Zoo. In 1966, he became director of the Duisburg Zoo and landed in the headlines in May 1966 when the white whale Moby Dick strayed into the Rhine. After futile attempts to capture Moby Dick, Wolfgang Gewalt came in for ever more negative criticism. A few newspapers even demanded: \"Arrest Wolfgang Gewalt\". In June 1966, the whale fortunately succeeded in swimming back to the North Sea. In 1969, Gewalt led an expedition to Canada and brought back the first beluga to Duisburg. For this he reaped angry criticism. In the same year Wolfgang Gewalt participated in the Encyclopedia Grzimeks Tierleben for which he wrote a contribution on Didelphidae. In 1972, he and his colleagues founded the European Association for Aquatic Mammals at the Dolfinarium Harderwijk in the Netherlands. This is a society for the care of aquatic mammals in human custody. In 1975, he brought five Orinoco river dolphins or toninas back to Duisburg from an expedition to Venezuela. In 1978 one of Wolfgang Gewalt\'s dreams was fulfilled with the birth of the first bottlenose dolphin in a German Zoo. In 1993, Wolfgang Gewalt retired.
On April 26, 2007 he died from the consequences of an accident in his home.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- 1954 *Die großen Trappen*
- 1956 Die Großtrappe
- 1959 *Das Eichörnchen*
- 1964 *Bakala*
- 1965 *Löwen vor dem zweiten Frühstück*
- 1968 *Tiere für dich und mich*
- 1970 *Delphine, meine Freunde*
- 1972 *Haltung und Zucht von Park- und Ziergeflügel*
- 1973 *Mein buntes Paradies*
- 1976 *Der Weißwal*
- 1984 *50 Jahre Zoo Duisburg*
- 1985 *Wie machen die das bloss?*
- 1986 *Auf den Spuren der Wale*
- 1993 *Wale und Delphine*
- 1995 *Liebe und Geburt im Zoo*, Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,771 |
James Bottomley (diplomat)
|
**Sir James Reginald Alfred Bottomley**, `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG}}`{=mediawiki} (12 January 1920 -- 5 June 2013) was a British diplomat.
## Biography
He was born in London, the son of Sir William Cecil Bottomley, one time Senior Crown Agent, and Alice Bottomley, one time lecturer at the London School of Economics, daughter of Sir Richard Robinson.
Jim Bottomley was educated at King\'s College School and Trinity College, Cambridge; he was Chairman of debates of the Cambridge Union Society in 1940, closing the debates to prevent proctoral censorship. In World War II he served in the Inns of Court Regiment, RAC, 1940--46 and was seriously wounded at Pont de Vère near Flers in Normandy in August 1944, requiring two years of surgery to repair his jaw.
He joined the Dominions Office in 1946, which became the Commonwealth Relations Office, and then the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, serving in London, Pretoria (1948--50), Karachi (1953--55), Washington DC for three years before the UN in New York(1955--59) and Kuala Lumpur (1963--67). In 1968 he undertook a supposedly secret mission to Salisbury, Rhodesia to restart talks with Ian Smith on Rhodesia\'s unilateral declaration of independence. Member, British Overseas Trade Board, 1972. He was British Ambassador to South Africa 1973--1976, and Permanent UK Representative to the UN and other international Organisations at Geneva 1976--78, at which point he retired from diplomatic service. He was a director of Johnson Matthey plc from 1979--85.
He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1965 Birthday Honours, and promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1973 New Year Honours.
He married on 23 August 1941, at Cheswardine, Shropshire, Barbara Vardon; they had two daughters and three sons, one of whom died young. The survivors became involved in computing, politics, teaching and statistics. The former Conservative MP Sir Peter Bottomley is his son; the economist and former Labour MP and Treasury Minister Kitty Ussher is his granddaughter.
Barbara predeceased Jim in 1994. Bottomley survived her until his death, aged 93, in June 2013. After cremation at Cambridge (where the couple moved after his retirement), his ashes were buried in Cheswardine churchyard along with those of his wife and their predeceased son.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,772 |
Televisión Canaria
|
**Televisión Canaria** is a Spanish regional free-to-air television network in the Canary Islands belonging to the regional public broadcaster Radio Televisión Canaria (RTVC). It has two production centers in Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and has offices in the rest of the Canary Islands, as well as in Madrid . The headquarters and management are located at Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
The channel broadcasts on DTT throughout the Canary Islands. Televisión Canaria also broadcasts an international channel named Televisión Canaria Internacional which broadcasts in the rest of Spain, Europe, North and South America. Formerly TVC also broadcast two more channels: TV Canaria 2 and an online channel named *Televisión Canaria Net*.
## History
The creation of the channel arose in the 1980s with promulgation of the law 8/1984 of the autonomous region of Canaries relating to Broadcasting and Televisión Canaria. The first broadcast was made on the 21 August 1999 under the name *Televisión Autonómica de Canarias (TVAC)*, in 2001 the company adopted the simpler name of *Televisión Canaria* and the slogan *la nuestra*. In 2010 the channel launched its HD version.
In 2012 Televisión Canaria faced a financial crisis, in order to solve it was necessary to lay off several workers and close down TV Canaria 2, the TVC\'s secondary channel.
Since 2012, the channel has faced different processes of administrative changes and interventions by the Canarian Parliament and Government due to problems in the election of its administrative council.
During September 2021, TV Canaria recorded its best audience numbers for the channel\'s coverage of the volcanic eruption on La Palma, in addition, the channel\'s signal was used by other media outlets to report on the event.
## Programming
Televisión Canaria broadcasts a general programming, which is based on informative programs, contests, local culture, sports, music and typical Canarian festivals.
## Logos and identities {#logos_and_identities}
<File:Segundo> logo 2002-2008.png\|Second logo 2001-08 <File:TV> Canaria.jpg\|Third logo 2008--11
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,803 |
Fanous
|
**Fanous** or **Fanoos** (*فانوس* `{{IPA|arz|fæˈnuːs|IPA}}`{=mediawiki}, *pl.* *فوانيس* `{{IPA|ar|fæwæˈniːs|}}`{=mediawiki}), also widely known as **Fanous Ramadan** (*فانوس رمضان*), is an Egyptian folk and traditional lantern used to decorate streets and homes in the month of Ramadan. With their origins in Egypt, they have since spread across the Muslim world and are a common symbol associated with the holy month.
## Etymology
The word \"Fanous\" (also spelled *Fanos*, *Phanous* and *Fanoos*) is a term originating from Greek φανός, *phanós*. It means \'light\' or \'lantern\'. It was historically used in its meaning of \"the light of the world,\" and is a symbol of hope, as in \"light in the darkness\".
## History
The traditional use of fanous as decorations associated with Ramadan comes from Medieval Egypt, as it is said that the Egyptian people came out in masses holding lanterns to welcome the Fatimid Caliph Al-Muizz\'s arrival in Cairo during the holy month of Ramadan, as it was ancient tradition in Egypt to celebrate by lighting the streets with fanous lanterns. Its use has now spread to many Muslim countries.
In Ancient times it was similar to a lamp, and would have incorporated either candles or oil. The fanous was originally developed from the torches used in Pharaonic festivals celebrating the rising of the star Sirius. For five days, the Ancient Egyptians celebrated the birthdays of Osiris, Horus, Isis, Seth and Nephtys---one on each day---by lighting the streets with the fanous (torches). Torches or candles were also used in early Christianity, which is recorded by Egyptian historian Al-Maqrizi (1364--1442), who noted in his book, \"Al Mawaiz wa al-\'i\'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-\'athar\", that these torches or candles were used during Christmastime for celebration.
## Use
Fanous is widely used all over the world -- especially in Asian regions and the Arab world -- not just for specific religious purposes but also as decoration or as a name. They can be found in houses, restaurants, hotels, malls, etc. Often arranged as a grouping of lights varying in design and shape. Metal and glass are mostly used for their construction.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,806 |
The Return (Ruben Studdard album)
|
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 165, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{album chart|Billboard200|8|artist=Ruben Studdard|rowheader=true|access-date=July 15, 2014}}
^
```
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,827 |
Manoel Theatre
|
***Teatru Manoel*** (Maltese for \"Manoel Theatre\"; *Teatro Manoel*) is a theatre and important performing arts venue in Malta. The theatre is often referred to as simply \"**The Manoel**\", and is named after Grand Master of the Order of the Knights Hospitaller, Fra António Manoel de Vilhena, who ordered its construction in 1731. The theatre is reputed to be Europe\'s third-oldest working theatre (older than the San Carlo in Naples), and the oldest theatre still in operation in the Commonwealth of Nations.
The theatre is located on Old Theatre Street (*links=no*) in Valletta. It considers itself as the country\'s national theatre and the home of Malta Philharmonic Orchestra (*Orkestra Filarmonika Nazzjonali*). Originally called the *Teatro Pubblico*, its name was changed to *Teatro Reale* (\'Theatre Royal\') in 1812, and renamed *Teatru Manoel* in 1866. The first play to be performed was Maffei\'s Merope.
The theatre is a small, 623 seat venue, with an oval-shaped auditorium, three tiers of boxes constructed entirely of wood, decorated with gold leaf, and a pale blue trompe-l\'œil ceiling that resembles a round cupola. The building is a Grade 1 listed building as noted by Malta\'s Superintendence of Cultural Heritage, and is also scheduled by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority (MEPA).
## History
Before the construction of the theatre, plays and amateur theatrical productions were staged in the halls and *piano nobiles* of the Knights\' auberges. These were palaces constructed for the *langues* of the Order. The Langue of Italy often held such entertainment, staged by its knights in their Auberge. The records of the Langue even state that, on 2 February 1697, some Maltese gentlemen presented a play in the *Auberge d\'Italie.* Women were prohibited from attending these events after incidents during the Carnival festivities of 1639.
In 1731, António Manoel de Vilhena commissioned and personally funded the construction of the building to serve as a public theatre \"*for the honest recreation of the people.*\"`{{refn|group=n|This phrase was inscribed above the main entrance to the theatre,<ref name=FacR>{{cite news|title=Manoel Theatre façade to be restored|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2013-09-26/news/manoel-theatre-facade-to-be-restored-2727215104/|access-date=1 March 2014|newspaper=The Malta Independent|date=26 September 2013}}</ref> which still reads to this today: "''Ad honestam populi oblectationem.''"{{in lang|la}} }}`{=mediawiki} The Grand Master bought two houses from the Priory of Navarre, with a frontage on what is now Old Theatre Street for the sum of 2,186 *scudi*.`{{refn|group=n|Vilhena also paid a further 2,000 ''scudi'' for the reconstruction of the Navarrese knights' two remaining houses, which then became known as the New Priory of Navarre.<ref name=RMK>Repertorio Fondazione Manoel, R.M.K. Treas. A. 25 fo. 65.</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} It has a plain façade, in keeping with Valletta\'s Mannerist style, and has three floors with a mezzanine-level above the ground floor. The façade incorporates a doorway surmounted by a stone balustraded open balcony, itself supported by three heavy scroll corbels. The interior is decorated in Rococo style. The theatre was possibly designed by Romano Carapecchia, and was built by Francesco Zerafa and Antonio Azzopardi.
Construction was finished in only ten months. This however, may be because alterations were made to the fabric of the three adjoining houses, incorporating them into a theatre. The building occupied an area of 94½ square canes,`{{refn|group=n|{{convert|496.31|sqyd|m2|lk=in|sigfig=3}}}}`{=mediawiki} which was later altered to 93 square canes and 2½ palms.`{{refn|group=n|{{convert|488.64|sqyd|m2|lk=in|sigfig=3}}}}`{=mediawiki} The theatre is said to have been modelled after the contemporary Palermo Theatre. Its auditorium was originally semi-circular or horseshoe shaped, with an illuminated parterre that served as a small dance floor. The first theatrical performance to be staged at the *Teatro Pubblico* was Scipione Maffei\'s classic tragedy *Merope*, on 9 January 1732. The actors in that production were the Knights themselves, and the set was designed by the Knights\' chief military architect, Francois Mondion.
On 26 January 1732 a satirical and anti-clerical play \"*Il bacchettiere falso*\" by Girolamo Gigli was performed. On 18 January 1769 the play \"Il trionfo di Minerva\", by Lentisco Adrasteo was presented on the occasion of Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca\'s birthday. A similar honour was also given to Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim, on his elevation as Grand Master. On this occasion, Hompesch appeared on the balcony thanking the crowd, showering handfuls of gold coins on the people that had gathered to applaud. Over the course of the next half-century, it was the venue for an extensive repertoire of lyric operas performed by companies of visiting professionals or by amateur groups of knights, and French tragedies or Italian comedies. Works by Johann Adolf Hasse, Niccolò Piccinni and Baldassare Galuppi were extremely popular at the theatre during its early years.
In its early days, the management of the theatre, and censorship of its performances, was entrusted to a senior knight, known as the *Protettore.* The first recorded impresario was Melchiorre Prevvost Lanarelli in 1736, and the last Giovanni Le Brun in 1866. From 1768 to 1770 the impresario was a woman, Natala Farrugia. In setting up the theatre, Grand Master de Vilhena set the rent to be paid by the impresario at 320 *scudi* per annum, of which 80 accrued for rent from Easter to August, 120 for autumn, and another 120 *scudi* from Christmas to Carnival. When dances or *veglioni* (masked ball) were held in the theatre, the pit was raised by a scaffolding to the level of the stage. On 22 August 1778 regulations were passed for the lighting of the theatre and corridors on such occasions, with the shading of lights, in any manner, being prohibited. In 1778, to avoid scandal, theatre companies were prohibited from sleeping in the boxes of the theatre. This was a practice which was common during that time. A few years later, in 1783, the *Teatro Pubblico* underwent considerable modification and decoration, based on a design by the Roman architect, Natale Marini. A model was displayed before the inquisitor and many knights, and the model was so admired that the Commissioners of the Foundation of the Theatre decided to add a further two *louis,* as a bonus to Marini\'s invoice of 49 *scudi.*
Nicolas Isouard\'s first known opera, *Casaciello perseguitato da un mago,* was performed here in 1792, and Isouard became director of this theatre in 1798, after the French captured Malta, and continued to premiere other operas there. Several of Isouard\'s own works, including *Avviso ai Maritati* and *Artaserse*, were performed at the Manoel during this time. French rule over Malta was short-lived and within two years the islands passed into the hands of Great Britain. An English gentleman who accompanied Abercrombie\'s expedition to Egypt in 1801, wrote that:
> \"La Valette possesses an opera, small indeed, but neat, though much out of repair. Italy and Sicily supply it with very tolerable vocal performers, and it is a very agreeable entertainment for the garrison. It was excessively crowded every night by the officers of the expedition, to whom it was a great source of amusement. The price of admission is one shilling.\"
During the early British Era, the \"*Teatro Pubblico*\" was renamed as the *\"Teatro Reale\"*, going through a series of enlargements and re-modellings throughout the 19th century, most notably in 1812, when Sir George Whitmore added today\'s gallery and proscenium, raised the ceiling by one storey, and added eight more boxes, bringing the total to 67. Whitmore also transformed the auditorium to the oval shape that it has today. Further alterations were made in 1844, when the Manoel\'s set designer, Ercolani, repainted the panels on the wooden boxes and had them gilded. Another stratum of silver leaf was added to the panels and ceiling in 1906. Throughout this time, the Teatro Reale was rented out to professional impresarios, who hosted nine-month opera seasons. It was visited by many foreign dignitaries, including Sir Walter Scott, and Queen Adelaide, the Queen Dowager, widow of William IV of the United Kingdom, who attended performances of *Elisir d\'Amore* and *Gemma di Vergy* at the theatre, during her convalescence in Malta. *Lucia di Lammermoor* was given as a gala night in honour of the Queen Dowager, featuring soprano Camilla Darbois. English and Italian opera and operetta were the most popular productions at the *Teatro Reale* throughout the 19th century; however, the Maltese public was particularly supportive of operas by Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti and Verdi.
In 1861, the Teatro Reale was given on perpetual lease, by the government, to Dr. Salvatore Mifsud and Anacleto Conti for an annual ground rent of £236,15, and in 1862, the directum dominium was sold to Emmanuele Scicluna for £7,833.6.8. Subsequent owners were Carmelo Arpa, a chemist (1889) and the Gollcher family (1906--7). The theatre had fallen into disuse in 1866, as a result of the construction of Malta\'s new Royal Opera House, designed by Edward Middleton Barry, on Strada Reale, at the entrance to Valletta. The theatre began to serve as a doss house for homeless and indigent citizens, who rented out the stalls for a few pennies a night. However, in 1873, the *Teatro Reale* -- was officially renamed \"*Manoel Theatre*\", and it enjoyed a brief new lease on life when the Royal Opera House burnt down. But by 1877, the Royal Opera House had been rebuilt, and once more, Teatru Manoel was eclipsed and fell again into disuse. On 27 December 1922, 6 January 1923 and 3 February 1923, Teatru Manoel was the venue for the first public airing of Malta\'s National Anthem, \"*L-Innu Malti.*\" During the Second World War, Teatru Manoel served as emergency accommodation for victims of the constant bombardment by the Luftwaffe and the Regia Aeronautica. In the early 20th century, it was also used intermittently as the venue for Carnival balls and, for a period of about twenty years, it operated as a movie theatre.
The theatre was included on the Antiquities List of 1925.
## Present day {#present_day}
Despite numerous alterations over the years, it retains many of its old architectural features, such as the white Carrara marble staircase, shell-shaped niches, and Viennese chandeliers. Two water reservoirs beneath the floor create an acoustic environment that is so precise that the hushed page-turnings of an orchestra conductor can be heard clearly throughout the auditorium.
Following the destruction of the Royal Opera House by Axis bombardment on 7 April 1942, Teatru Manoel was expropriated by the Government of Malta in 1956, and was quickly restored to its former glory. It reopened in December 1960 with a performance of Coppélia by Ballet Rambert. In subsequent years the theatre foyer was enlarged by means of the annexation of the adjacent Palazzo Bonici, a grand 18th century palace that was the former home of the Testaferrata Bonnici family; however on 9 January 2007, the Constitutional Court of Malta revoked the 1958 order of possession and use in respect of this property and ordered that the property be returned to its original owner. This annex currently houses the theatre\'s bar and restaurant.
The theatre is being restored by the Teatru Manoel Restoration Committee. Previous restoration attempts done in the 1970s were heavily criticised, with the removal of a balcony and the reinforcement of old stone with new masonry. The first phase of the new restoration took place in 2003, and included the restoration of the paintings on the frontispiece of the auditorium boxes. In 2004, the auditorium was restored by a team of *Sante Guido Restauro e Conservazione di Opere d\'Arte,* who unearthed paintings that will allow the understanding of the theatre\'s development. This second phase included the cleaning of the gilt. The third phase included the restoration of the proscenium arch and the boxes it incorporates, while the fourth phase of the restoration project was the ceiling\'s restoration, which was inaugurated on 3 October 2006. Although controversial, an application to restore the theatre\'s façade was approved by Maltese planning and heritage supervisory bodies and was restored in 2017.
Today, Teatru Manoel continues to put on a broad variety of theatrical productions in both English and Maltese, opera, musical recitals (including lunchtime recitals in *Sala Isouard*), poetry recitals, dramatic readings, and an annual Christmas pantomime, produced by the *Malta Amateur Dramatic Club*. Management of the theatre is currently entrusted to Acting-CEO Edward Zammit, until a new artistic director has been chosen. The board is chaired by Dr. Michael Grech. Many productions are regularly presented, both by local talent and international stars, and the theatre has been a source for the cultural appreciation of the arts in Malta. Since 1960, it has had an official Management Committee and is no longer rented out for whole seasons to impresarios as in the past. The theatre\'s musical programmes retain some variety, but the main emphasis during recent decades has been on instrumental music.
The theatre is listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.
## World premieres held at Teatru Manoel (incomplete) {#world_premieres_held_at_teatru_manoel_incomplete}
- 8 April 2016: *The Price of One*. Play by Edward Bond. Directed by Chris Cooper.
- 26 January 2017: *Concertino for guitar, harpsichord and orchestra* by Reuben Pace. Malta Philharmonic Orchestra, Michelle Castelletti (conductor), Johanna Beisteiner (guitar), Joanne Camilleri (harpsichord).
## Notable visitors {#notable_visitors}
Many opera singers, musicians and troupes have graced its stage. These include Boris Christoff, Mirella Freni, Rosanna Carteri, Cecilia Gasdia, Louis Kentner, Flaviano Labò, Dame Moura Lympany, Sir Yehudi Menuhin, John Neville, Magda Olivero, Michael Ponti, Katia Ricciarelli, Mstislav Rostropovich, Dame Margaret Rutherford, Steve Hackett, Dame Kiri Te Kanawa and Sir Donald Wolfit. Visiting companies at Teatru Manoel have included Nottingham Playhouse, the Comédie-Française and the Staatsballett Berlin (Berlin State Opera Ballet).
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,829 |
Stratified squamous epithelium
|
A **stratified squamous epithelium** consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. Although this epithelium is referred to as squamous, many cells within the layers may not be flattened; this is due to the convention of naming epithelia according to the cell type at the surface. In the deeper layers, the cells may be columnar or cuboidal. There are no intercellular spaces. This type of epithelium is well suited to areas in the body subject to constant abrasion, as the thickest layers can be sequentially sloughed off and replaced before the basement membrane is exposed. It forms the outermost layer of the skin and the inner lining of the mouth, esophagus and vagina.
In the epidermis of skin in mammals, reptiles, and birds, the layer of keratin in the outer layer of the stratified squamous epithelial surface is named the stratum corneum. Stratum corneum is made up of squamous cells which are keratinized and dead. These are shed periodically.
## Structure
### Non-keratinized {#non_keratinized}
Non-keratinized surfaces must be kept moist by bodily secretions to prevent them from drying out. Cells of stratum corneum are sometimes without keratin and living.
Examples of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include some parts of the lining of oral cavity, pharynx, conjunctiva of eye, upper one-third esophagus, rectum, vulva, and vagina.
Even non-keratinized surfaces, consisting as they do of keratinocytes, have a minor superficial keratinized layer of varying thickness, depending on the age of the epithelium and the damage it has experienced.
### Keratinized
Keratinized surfaces are protected from absorption by keratin protein. Keratinized epithelium has keratin deposited on the surface which makes it impermeable and dry. Examples of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include skin, the epidermis of the palm of the hand, and the sole of the foot, and the masticatory mucosa.
## Gallery
<File:Illu> epithelium.jpg\|Epithelium <File:Barretts_alcian_blue.jpg>\|\[Micrograph\] of normal stratified squamous epithelium and the metaplasic epithelium of Barrett\'s esophagus (left of image). Alcian blue stain. <File:Stratified> suqamous epithelium animated.gif\|Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, image highlights the epithelial nucleuses, rest of the epithelial layer, underlying connective tissue and other epithelia
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,850 |
Simple squamous epithelium
|
A **simple squamous epithelium**, also known as **pavement epithelium** and **tessellated epithelium**, is a single layer of flattened, polygonal cells in contact with the basal lamina (one of the two layers of the basement membrane) of the epithelium. This type of epithelium is often permeable and occurs where small molecules need to pass quickly through membranes via filtration or diffusion. Simple squamous epithelia are found in endothelium (lining of blood and lymph capillaries), mesothelium (coelomic epithelium/peritoneum), alveoli of lungs, glomeruli, and other tissues where rapid diffusion is required. Within the cardiovascular system such as lining capillaries or the inside of the heart, simple squamous epithelium is specifically called the endothelium. Cells are flat with flattened and oblong nuclei. It is also called pavement epithelium due to its tile-like appearance. This epithelium is associated with filtration and diffusion. This tissue is extremely thin and forms a delicate lining. It offers very little protection.
Simple squamous epithelium falls under the physiological category of exchange epithelium due to its ability to rapidly transport molecules across the tissue layer. To facilitate this movement, some types of simple squamous epithelium may have pores between cells to allow molecules to move through it, creating a leaky epithelium.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,851 |
Anthony Paulet
|
Sir **Anthony Paulet** (1562--1600) of Hinton St George, Somerset, was Governor of Jersey from 1588 until his death in 1600.
## Origins
He was born at Hinton St George, Somerset the eldest son of Sir Amias Paulet (1532--1588) by his wife Margaret Hervey.
## Youth
Anthony accompanied his father to Paris where Amyas was Ambassador. In 1579 Amyas took into his household as a tutor, Jean Hotman (1552--1636), (later Marquis de Villers-St-Paul) son of the famous author and professor of law Francis Hotman, to instruct his two sons Anthony and George. When Amias was recalled in November 1579, Hotman accompanied the family back to England and lived with his two pupils at Oxford.
## Career
He graduated as a Master of Arts at Oxford and eventually succeeded his father as Governor of Jersey.
## Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
In 1583 Anthony married Catherine Norris, daughter of Margery and Henry Norris, 1st Baron Norreys, by whom he had three children:
- John Poulett, 1st Baron Poulett (born c. 1585), only surviving son, elevated to the peerage in 1627.
- Susan Poulett (d.1673), wife of Sir Peter Prideaux, 2nd Baronet (1596--1682) of Netherton, Farway in Devon.
- Margery Poulett, wife of John Sydenham of Combe, Dulverton, Somerset, by whom she had 4 daughters.
## Landholdings
He held the manor of East Lydford.
## Death and burial {#death_and_burial}
Anthony died on 22 July 1600 and was buried in St George\'s Church, Hinton St George.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,852 |
The Never Ending Impressions
|
***The Never Ending Impressions*** is an album by the American soul music group The Impressions which was released on January 9, 1964. It is the first album on which Impressions producer Johnny Pate worked with Curtis Mayfield. It pushed the idea of the trio as a supper-club act and included the ballad \"I\'m So Proud\", a Top 20 hit on both the R&B and pop charts.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks composed by Curtis Mayfield; except where indicated
1. \"Sister Love\"
2. \"Little Boy Blue\"
3. \"Satin Doll\" (Duke Ellington, Johnny Mercer, Billy Strayhorn)
4. \"Girl You Don\'t Know Me\"
5. \"I Gotta Keep on Moving\"
6. \"You Always Hurt the One You Love\" (Doris Fisher, Allan Roberts)
7. \"That\'s What Love Will Do\"
8. \"I\'m So Proud\"
9. \"September Song\" (Maxwell Anderson, Kurt Weill)
10. \"Lemon Tree\" (Will Holt)
11. \"Ten to One\"
12. \"A Woman Who Loves Me\"
## Personnel
The Impressions
- Curtis Mayfield - lead vocals, guitar
- Sam Gooden - bass vocals
- Fred Cash - tenor vocals
## Charts
**USA** - Album
Year Chart Peak Position
------ ------------ ---------------
1964 Pop Albums 52
**USA** - Singles
Year Song Chart Peak Position
------ --------------- --------------- ---------------
1964 I\'m So Proud Pop Singles 14
Black Singles 14
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,887 |
Off My Rocker at the Art School Bop
|
\| rev2 = Obscure Sound \| rev2Score = Favorable }}
***Off My Rocker at the Art School Bop*** is a 2006 album by Luke Haines.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Off My Rocker At The Art School Bop
2. Leeds United
3. The Heritage Rock Revolution
4. All The English Devils
5. The Walton Hop
6. Fighting In The City Tonight
7. Here\'s To Old England
8. Freddie Mills Is Dead
9. Secret Yoga
10. Bad Reputation
## Singles
1. Off My Rocker At The Art School Bop (B-side: The Best Artist/Skinny White Girls)
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,890 |
Selina Dolaro
|
**Selina Simmons Belasco Dolaro** (20 August 1849 -- 23 January 1889) was an English singer, actress, theatre manager and writer of the late Victorian era. During her career in operetta and other forms of musical theatre, she managed several of her own opera companies and directed the Royalty Theatre in London. She is best remembered as a producer of the original production of *Trial by Jury* by Gilbert and Sullivan. Dolaro sang the title role in the opera *Carmen* in the first English language version of that opera with the Carl Rosa Opera Company. She also wrote plays and novels.
## Early life {#early_life}
Dolaro was born in London to Jewish parents, Benjamin Simmons, a violinist and conductor, and Julia (*née* Lewis). She received early music lessons from her father\'s colleagues, and she attended the Paris Conservatory as a teenager. In 1865, at the age of sixteen, she married Isaac Dolaro Belasco, an Italian Jew of Spanish descent, in Upper Kennington, with whom she had four children, including the actress Genevieve Belasco (1872--1956); they divorced in 1873. By 1870, she had adopted Dolaro as her stage name.
## Career in England {#career_in_england}
Dolaro made her stage debut at the Lyceum Theatre, in the role of the Spanish princess, Galsuinda, in Hervé\'s operetta *Chilpéric* in 1870 and soon played there in Offenbach operettas. Successes at various London theatres followed: After a season at the Gaiety Theatre, London, Dolaro starred in an English-language Offenbach adaptation called *Breaking the Spell*, on tour with Fred Sullivan\'s Operetta Company in 1871. In 1872 Dolaro was a leading performer in H. B. Farnie\'s English-language adaptation of Offenbach\'s *Geneviève de Brabant*, in Hervé\'s *Doctor Faust* and in a burlesque of Ferdinand Hérold\'s *Zampa* (\"Charmingly sung by Miss Dolaro in imitation of Mdlle Chaumont\", said *The Times*) She also appeared in the title role of Bizet\'s *Carmen* in the first English-language production, with the Carl Rosa Opera Company, opposite Durward Lely as Don José. In 1873, Dolaro divorced her husband on the grounds of his adultery and desertion; she brought up her two sons and two daughters on her own income.
By January 1875, Dolaro was director of the Royalty Theatre, where her father served as musical director. She starred as the title character in Offenbach\'s *La Périchole*, uniting \"vivacity as an actress\" with \"taste and skill as a singer\". As a replacement afterpiece to *La Périchole*, her new theatre manager, Richard D\'Oyly Carte, commissioned *Trial by Jury* from W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan. Sullivan conducted the opening night performance of *Trial* on 25 March, but Dolaro\'s father generally conducted the orchestra thereafter until the end of its initial run on 12 June 1875.
Dolaro took her Madame Selina Dolaro\'s Comic Opera Co. on tour between 13 June and 10 October 1875, as the theatre was closed during the hot summer months. On their return, Charles Morton became manager of the theatre. Dolaro returned to the position in January 1876 when, again working with Carte, she played Malvina in *The Duke\'s Daughter*. Dolaro continued to perform both in London and on tour, appearing at the Alhambra Theatre in 1877. In 1879 she worked at the Folly Theatre, which she also managed for the time.
## In the United States {#in_the_united_states}
Dolaro travelled to the United States that autumn, appearing in October at the Academy of Music in New York City in the title role of *Carmen*, but reviews were mixed, with one critic commenting that she seemed \"much more at home\" performing in burlesque and comic opera. She then joined a touring comic opera troupe before returning to London. In 1880 she appeared again at the Globe Theatre as Cerisette in Farnie & Genee\'s *The Naval Cadets*. Soon thereafter she moved to New York, where she spent the next few seasons performing in comic opera. There, she worked under Carte\'s agency while appearing as Girola in Bucalossi\'s *Les Manteaux Noirs* and Katrina in Robert Planquette\'s *Rip van Winkle* and as the Fairy Queen in Gilbert and Sullivan\'s *Iolanthe*, all in 1882 at the Standard Theatre. The same year she played the title role in *Olivette* at the Bijou Opera House. In 1883, an opinion piece in the *New York Herald* by a Reverend Philip Germond denounced \"play-acting as a godless life\". Dolaro responded with a spirited defence of her profession: \"Had I not been 'launched' on this 'godless life,' I should probably have been a burden to some parish or perhaps launched on what I regard as indeed a godless life. \... Is it not enough that we must slave as we do to earn the means to educate and train our children so as to enable them to become useful members of society without being assailed even from the pulpit with such outrageous slander?"
Dolaro\'s last part was Minnie Marden in an adaptation of Victorien Sardou\'s *Agnes* in 1886.
## Health decline and death {#health_decline_and_death}
Soon after her performance in *Agnes* Dolaro\'s health began to decline as she began to struggle with tuberculosis. Her last appearance was in New York as a supernumerary in a benefit production of *Hamlet* for Lester Wallack, played at Daly\'s Theatre in May 1888.
She died of a stroke in New York City in January 1889 at the age of 39 and was buried in the Beth Olam Cemetery in New York City.
## Publications
Dolaro\'s play, *In the Fashion* (later known only as *Fashion*), ran in New York between 1887 and 1888. Her *Mes amours: Poems, Passionate and Playful*, based on love letters that she had received, was published in 1888. She also wrote a play called *Justine*.
Dolaro also wrote novels, including:
- *The Princess Daphne*, Belford, Clarke & Co. (US), 1888 (Edward Heron-Allen with Selina Dolaro -- a tale of psychic vampirism, involving mesmerism, doppelgangers and metapsychosis)
- *Bella Demonia*, Belford, Clarke & Co. (US), \[c.1889\] (ghost written for Dolaro by Heron-Allen -- an historical novel concerning the Russo-Turkish War of 1877--78), published shortly after her death by *Lippincott\'s Magazine*
- *The Vengeance of Maurice Denalguez*, Belford, Clarke & Co. (US), \[c.1889\] (ghost written for Dolaro by Heron-Allen)
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,905 |
New York State Route 142
|
**New York State Route 142** (**NY 142**) is a north--south state highway in Rensselaer County, New York, in the United States. The southern terminus is at an intersection with NY 7 in the hamlet of Brunswick Center within the town of Brunswick. Its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 4 (US 4) in the neighborhood of Lansingburgh within the city of Troy. NY 142 serves as a northeasterly bypass of Troy.
## Route description {#route_description}
NY 142 begins at an intersection with NY 7 (Hoosick Street) in the community of Brunswick Center, New York. The route heads to the northwest along Grange Road through the residential community, intersecting with local roads. At an intersection with County Route 144 (CR 144), also the eastern terminus of former NY 317, NY 142 passes through a large condominium complex before bending to the west and into Vanderheyden Park. Paralleling to the north of the park, NY 142 intersects with a former alignment of itself through Brunswick. At the intersection with Farrell Road, NY 142 turns northward into farmlands until the intersection with Haleah Drive in the city of Troy. There, NY 142 becomes known as Livingston Street and passes around a large pond. At an intersection with CR 128 (Plank Road), NY 142 turns along Northern Drive and intersects with NY 40 (Leversee Road).
NY 40 and NY 142 have a short concurrency before NY 40 turns southward along Oakwood Avenue towards downtown Troy. At an intersection with Gurley Avenue, NY 142 continues along Northern Drive and enters the local greens on Oil Mill Hill. There, the highway intersects with CR 116 (Oil Mill Hill Road). A short distance later, NY 142 re-enters downtown Troy passing through the residential and commercial districts. At the intersection with 125th Street, the designation turns off of Northern Drive and heads westward into the Lansingburgh district. There NY 142 terminates at an intersection with US 4 (Second Avenue).
## History
The portion of 125th Street and Northern Drive from US 4 (2nd Avenue) to Old Mill Hill Road was originally designated as part of NY 40 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. NY 40 was realigned by 1932 to follow Leversee Road and Oakwood Avenue through the eastern outskirts of Troy. Its former routing along 125th Street and Northern Drive was incorporated into the new NY 142, a route extending from US 4 in Troy to NY 7 in Brunswick Center, c. lk=no.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,927 |
Erik Abrahamsson
|
**Erik Adolf Efraim \"Erik Aber\" Abrahamsson** (28 January 1898 -- 19 May 1965) was a Swedish athlete. He won the national long jump title in 1921--1923 and a bronze medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was also an acclaimed bandy and ice hockey player, part of the Swedish team that won the 1921 European Championships.
In 1914 Abrahamsson started playing bandy with Södertälje SK (SSK). Later he took up ice hockey in 1921 and played with AIK, IFK Stockholm, and the Swedish national ice hockey team, winning the Ice Hockey European Championship 1921. Together with his elder brother Carl, Abrahamsson managed to convince the Södertälje SK board of directors to incorporate ice hockey in the club in 1925. The club is still a major team in Sweden\'s major league, Elitserien. Later, in the same year 1925, SSK played in the Swedish championship final for the first time, and SSK won the title as Swedish champions, with Abrahamsson in the team and after his brother scored the gaming winning goal against Västerås SK.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,930 |
Bertil Albertsson
|
**Bertil Ebbe Gustaf Albertsson** (1 September 1921 -- 3 March 2008) was a Swedish runner. He competed in the 5000 m and 10000 m events at the 1948 and 1952 Olympics and finished in 3--12 place, winning a bronze medal in the 10000 m in 1948. Albertsson won eight national titles: in the 5000 m in 1947, 1949 and 1951--53, and in the 10000 m in 1948, 1950 and 1954.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,934 |
Perfect (Polish band)
|
**Perfect** is a Polish rock band founded in 1977 by drummer Wojciech Morawski, bass guitar player Zdzisław Zawadzki and lead guitar player Zbigniew Hołdys. They are one of the all-time most popular rock bands from/in Poland.
## History
Initially, the band played easy-listening pop music under the name *Perfect Super Show and Disco Band*. Their line-up included Basia Trzetrzelewska, who would later join Matt Bianco. After her departure in 1980, the band changed their name to \'Perfect\' and turned to hard rock music with Grzegorz Markowski as their lead vocalist. In 1981, Perfect recorded their debut album that sold almost one million copies in Poland alone. It included their first hits, *Nie płacz Ewka* (\"Don\'t Cry, Eve\") and *Chcemy być sobą* (\"We Want to be Ourselves\"), released as a 7-inch single. Their second album, *UNU*, released in late 1982, in a period when martial law was introduced in Poland. It sold less than half million copies (vinyl + CD reissue) and included another classic song: *Autobiografia* (\"Autobiography\"), dedicated to a Polish rock-and-roll generation that grew up under communist rule. In 1983, Perfect released their first live album that sold 200 000 copies. Subsequently, they disbanded, only occasionally appearing on stage -- in 1987 (Poland), 1989 and in the early 1990s, when they toured in the United States twice. The original line-up without Holdys reunited in 1994 and recorded their fourth studio album *Jestem* (\"I am\") which included another hit *Kołysanka dla nieznajomej* (\"A Lullaby for a Stranger\"), and sold over 130 000 copies. The band remained active until 2021.
Before 2021, the band wanted to do a farewell tour, they released their last single *Głos* (voice) in 2020 and started touring all across Poland. On the 27 April 2021, Grzegorz Markowski announced via the Facebook page of his daughter that his health was going down. The rest of the band said they would play on \"for Grzegorz\". That never happened. Instead, a few weeks later the band disbanded.
## Band members {#band_members}
### The last line-up {#the_last_line_up}
- Dariusz Kozakiewicz -- lead guitar `{{small|(1978, 1997–2021, 2023)}}`{=mediawiki}
- Grzegorz Markowski -- lead vocals `{{small|(1980–1983, 1987, 1993–2021, 2023)}}`{=mediawiki}
- Jacek Krzaklewski -- rhythm guitar `{{small|(1989–2021, 2023)}}`{=mediawiki}
- Piotr Urbanek -- bass guitar `{{small|(1998–2021,.2023)}}`{=mediawiki}
### Past members {#past_members}
- Jolanta Darowna - vocals (1977-1978)
- Marta Figiel - vocals (1977-1979)
- Ewa Konarzewska - vocals (1977-1980)
- Barbara Trzetlewska (1977-1979)
- Anna Pietrzak - vocals (1980)
- Zbigniew Hołdys - guitar, vocals (1978-1992)
- Winicjusz Chróst - guitar (1977-1978, died in 2021)
- Ryszard Sygitowicz - guitar (1980-1982, 1993-1997)
- Andrzej Urny - guitar (1982-1994, died in 2021)
- Paweł Dąbrowski - bass guitar (1977-1978)
- Zdzisław Zawadzki - bass guitar (1978-1982, died in 1998)
- Andrzej Nowicki - bass guitar (1982-1987, 1993-1998, died in 2000)
- Mieczysław \"Mechanik\" Jurecki - bass guitar (1989-1992)
- Wojciech Morawski - drums (1977-1980)
- Piotr Szkudelski - drums (1980-2020, died in 2022)
- Paweł Tabaka - keyboards (1977-1978, 1978-1979)
- Antoni Kopff - keyboards (1978)
- Krzysztof Orłowski - keyboards (1980)
## Touring members {#touring_members}
- Krzysztof Patocki - drums (2020)
- Sławomir Puchała - drums (2020-2021, 2023)
### Timeline
Source:
ImageSize = width:800 height:400 PlotArea = left:110 bottom:120 top:0 right:30 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1978 till:03/31/2019 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy
Colors =
`id:vocals value:red legend:Vocals`\
`id:guitar value:green legend:Guitar`\
`id:bass value:blue legend:Bass guitar`\
`id:drums value:orange legend:Drums`\
`id:keyboard value:purple legend:Keyboard`\
`id:lines value:black legend:Studio albums`
LineData =
`at:09/01/1981 color:black layer:back`\
`at:09/01/1982 color:black layer:back`\
`at:06/01/1994 color:black layer:back`\
`at:10/01/1997 color:black layer:back`\
`at:09/20/1999 color:black layer:back`\
`at:04/01/2004 color:black layer:back`\
`at:10/09/2010 color:black layer:back`\
`at:06/09/2014 color:black layer:back`
Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:2
ScaleMajor = increment:2 start:1978 ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1978
BarData =
`bar:Ewa text:"Ewa Konarzewska"`\
`bar:Maria text:"Maria Figiel"`\
`bar:Jolanta text:"Jolanta Darówna"`\
`bar:Basia text:"Basia Trzetrzelewska"`\
`bar:Anna text:"Anna Pietrzak"`\
`bar:Markowski text:"Grzegorz Markowski"`\
`bar:Holdys text:"Zbigniew Hołdys"`\
`bar:Chrost text:"Winicjusz Chróst"`\
`bar:Krokodyl text:"Dariusz Kozakiewicz"`\
`bar:Sygit text:"Ryszard Sygitowicz"`\
`bar:Urny text:"Andrzej Urny"`\
`bar:Krzak text:"Jacek Krzaklewski"`\
`bar:Dabrowski text:"Paweł Dąbrowski"`\
`bar:MorskiPies text:"Zdzisław Zawadzki"`\
`bar:Karakul text:"Andrzej Nowicki"`\
`bar:Jurecki text:"Mieczysław Jurecki"`\
`bar:Urbanek text:"Piotr Urbanek"`\
`bar:Morawski text:"Wojciech Morawski"`\
`bar:Szkudel text:"Piotr Szkudelski"`\
`bar:Tabaka text:"Paweł Tabaka"`\
`bar:Antoni text:"Antoni Kopff"`\
`bar:Orlowski text:"Krzysztof Orłowski"`
PlotData=
`width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)`\
\
`bar:Szkudel from:06/01/1980 till:06/30/1983 color:drums`\
`bar:Szkudel from:01/01/1987 till:12/31/1987 color:drums`\
`bar:Szkudel from:01/01/1989 till:01/01/1991 color:drums`\
`bar:Szkudel from:01/01/1994 till:end color:drums`\
`bar:Holdys from:01/01/1978 till:02/28/1978 color:guitar`\
`bar:Holdys from:01/01/1978 till:02/28/1978 color:vocals width:3`\
`bar:Holdys from:06/01/1978 till:06/30/1983 color:guitar`\
`bar:Holdys from:06/01/1978 till:06/30/1983 color:vocals width:3`\
`bar:Holdys from:01/01/1987 till:12/31/1987 color:guitar`\
`bar:Holdys from:01/01/1987 till:12/31/1987 color:vocals width:3`\
`bar:Holdys from:01/01/1989 till:01/01/1991 color:guitar`\
`bar:Holdys from:01/01/1989 till:01/01/1991 color:vocals width:3`\
`bar:Sygit from:06/01/1980 till:12/31/1981 color:guitar`\
`bar:Sygit from:01/01/1994 till:12/31/1997 color:guitar`\
`bar:Markowski from:12/01/1980 till:06/30/1983 color:vocals`\
`bar:Markowski from:01/01/1987 till:12/31/1987 color:vocals`\
`bar:Markowski from:01/01/1994 till:end color:vocals`\
`bar:MorskiPies from:03/01/1978 till:12/31/1981 color:bass`\
`bar:Karakul from:01/01/1982 till:06/30/1983 color:bass`\
`bar:Karakul from:01/01/1987 till:12/31/1987 color:bass`\
`bar:Karakul from:01/01/1994 till:12/31/1998 color:bass`\
`bar:Urbanek from:01/01/1999 till:end color:bass`\
`bar:Urny from:01/01/1982 till:06/30/1983 color:guitar`\
`bar:Urny from:01/01/1987 till:12/31/1987 color:guitar`\
`bar:Urny from:01/01/1994 till:12/31/1994 color:guitar`\
`bar:Krzak from:01/01/1989 till:01/01/1991 color:guitar`\
`bar:Krzak from:01/01/1995 till:end color:guitar`\
`bar:Krokodyl from:01/01/1998 till:end color:guitar`\
`bar:Jurecki from:01/01/1989 till:01/01/1991 color:bass`\
`bar:Basia from:03/01/1978 till:12/31/1978 color:vocals`\
`bar:Ewa from:01/01/1978 till:06/01/1980 color:vocals`\
`bar:Jolanta from:01/01/1978 till:02/28/1978 color:vocals`\
`bar:Chrost from:01/01/1978 till:02/28/1978 color:guitar`\
`bar:Morawski from:01/01/1978 till:06/01/1980 color:drums`\
`bar:Tabaka from:01/01/1978 till:02/28/1978 color:keyboard`\
`bar:Tabaka from:07/01/1978 till:12/31/1978 color:keyboard`\
`bar:Orlowski from:12/01/1979 till:06/01/1980 color:keyboard`\
`bar:Anna from:12/01/1979 till:06/01/1980 color:vocals`\
`bar:Krokodyl from:03/01/1978 till:06/01/1978 color:guitar`\
`bar:Dabrowski from:01/01/1978 till:02/28/1978 color:bass`\
`bar:Antoni from:03/01/1978 till: 07/01/1978 color:keyboard`\
`bar:Maria from:01/01/1978 till:07/01/1978 color:vocals`
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Certifications |
+=======================================================================================+===========================================+======================+====================+
| POL\ | | | |
| Peak chart positions in Poland: | | | |
| | | | |
| - *Perfect*: | | | |
| - *XXX*: | | | |
| - *DaDaDam*: | | | |
| - *Live*: | | | |
| - *Katowice Spodek Live \'94*: | | | |
| - *Z Archiwum Polskiego Radia, Vol. 20 -- Perfect*: | | | |
| - *Perfect Symfonicznie*: | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| *Perfect* | - Released: 1981 | 1 | - ZPAV: Platinum |
| | - Label: Polskie Nagrania Muza | | |
| | - Formats: LP, CD, CS, digital download | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| *UNU* | - Released: 1982 | --- | |
| | - Label: Tonpress KAW | | |
| | - Formats: LP, CD, CS, digital download | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| *Jestem* | - Released: 1994 | --- | - ZPAV: Gold |
| | - Label: Koch International | | |
| | - Formats: CD, CS | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| *Geny* | - Released: 1997 | --- | - ZPAV: Gold |
| | - Label: Izabelin Studio | | |
| | - Formats: LP, CD | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| *Śmigło* | - Released: 1999 | --- | |
| | - Label: Universal Music Poland | | |
| | - Formats: CD, CS | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| *Schody* | - Released: April 1, 2004 | --- | |
| | - Label: Universal Music Poland | | |
| | - Formats: LP, CD | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| *XXX* | - Released: November 9, 2010 | 1 | - ZPAV: Gold |
| | - Label: EMI Music Poland | | |
| | - Formats: CD, digital download | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| *DaDaDam* | - Released: June 9, 2014 | 2 | - ZPAV: Platinum |
| | - Label: Polskie Radio/Warner Music | | |
| | - Formats: CD, digital download | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| *Muzyka* | - Released: October 14, 2016 | \- | |
| | - Label: Polskie Radio | | |
| | - Formats: CD, digital download | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| \"---\" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
### Live albums {#live_albums}
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
+=======================================================================================+=======================================+======================+
| POL\ | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Live* | - Released: 1983 | 40 |
| | - Label: Savitor | |
| | - Formats: LP, CD, digital download | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Live April 1\'1987* | - Released: 1987 | --- |
| | - Label: Pronit, Polton | |
| | - Formats: LP, CD, CS | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Katowice Spodek Live \'94* | - Released: 1994 | 37 |
| | - Label: Armco Music | |
| | - Formats: CD, CS | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Suwałki Live \'98* | - Released: 1998 | --- |
| | - Label: Universal Music Poland | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Live 2001* | - Released: 2001 | --- |
| | - Label: Universal Music Poland | |
| | - Formats: CD, CS | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Perfect - Trójka Live* | - Released: 2007 | --- |
| | - Label: 3 Sky Media Presspublic | |
| | - Formats: CD, CS | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Z Archiwum Polskiego\ | - Released: 2009 | 14 |
| Radia, Vol. 20 -- Perfect* | - Label: Polskie Radio | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Z wtorku na środę* | - Released: April 20, 2009 | --- |
| | - Label: Metal Mind Productions | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Perfect Symfonicznie* | - Released: October 19, 2009 | 16 |
| | - Label: Metal Mind Productions | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
| \"---\" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+
### Video albums {#video_albums}
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| Title | Album details | Certifications |
+========================+===================================+================+
| *Z wtorku na środę* | - Released: June 18, 2007 | - ZPAV: Gold |
| | - Label: Metal Mind Productions | |
| | - Formats: DVD | |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| *Perfect Symfonicznie* | - Released: October 19, 2009 | - ZPAV: Gold |
| | - Label: Metal Mind Productions | |
| | - Formats: DVD | |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| | | |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,938 |
Émile Ali-Khan
|
**Musood \"Émile\" Ali-Khan** (6 June 1902 -- date of death unknown) was a French sprinter. He competed at the 1920 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 4×100 metre relay events and finished in fifth and second place, respectively. The same year he won the national title in the 100 m and equalled the world record over 60 metres (6.8 s).
Ali-Khan started training in sprint while studying at the Lycée Masséna in Nice. He stopped competing individually in 1921, but continued to run relay races.
Some sources give his date of death as 12 May 1960 but this is actually the day that Prince Aly Khan died.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,949 |
Lists of female state governors
|
For lists of **female state governors**, see:
- Argentina: List of female provincial governors in Argentina
- Australia: List of female state governors in Australia
- Brazil: List of female state governors in Brazil
- India: List of female governors and lieutenant governors in India
- Mexico: List of female state governors in Mexico
- Russia: List of female governors in Russia
- United States: List of female governors in the United States
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,955 |
Tomer Haliva
|
**Tomer Haliva** (*תומר חליבה*; born September 27, 1979) is an Israeli football full back playing for Maccabi Be\'er Sheva.
Haliva began his career as a defender for Hapoel Be\'er Sheva youth team, and in 1997-1998 season he moved to the first team of the club. He played for Be\'er Sheva sporadically until 2004--2005, moving to other lower league clubs the likes of Hapoel Tzafririm Holon (national league at the time) and Hapoel Mashosh-Segev Shalom (Liga Bet).
In 2005-2006 Haliva transferred to Beitar Jerusalem and a year later he moved to Hapoel Tel Aviv and signed a 3 years-contract, but on January he transferred to F.C. Ashdod.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,959 |
Mark Finn
|
**Mark Finn** (born October 1969) is an American science fiction and fantasy writer, essayist, and playwright. In 2007 he was nominated for World Fantasy Special Award: Professional.
## Biography
Finn\'s earliest published work was a series of comic book stories that he wrote and drew for Absolute Comics, notably the "Punk" series he created with William Traxtle and Shane Campos, among others, from 1991 to 1994. He left comics in the mid-90s to concentrate on fiction writing. He also wrote a number of essays and articles for Playboy's online website before establishing his own weekly self-distributed column, "Finn\'s Wake."
Finn worked for Chessex Manufacturing for a year, serving as their editor-in-chief, where he worked on a number of product lines including *Lost Worlds*, *Sherlock Holmes, Consulting Detective*, and helped design a variety of ancillary game product tie-ins for *Vampire: the Masquerade*, *Call of Cthulhu*, Chessex\'s Speckled Dice line, and others.
Finn returned to Texas in the late 1990s and formed Clockwork Storybook with fellow writers Chris Roberson, Matthew Sturges, and Bill Willingham. Their monthly shared world anthology of urban fantasy centered on the fictitious city of San Cibola, California, and the magical inhabitants that lived side-by-side with the normal citizens. From this collective, Finn published the novels *Gods New & Used* and *Year of the Hare*, the first collection of stories revolving around Sam Bowen. Finn later became a contributing editor for RevolutionSF.com and wrote a number of articles and reviews to the website.
Finn served as the creative director for the Violet Crown Radio Players, an audio theater troupe based in Austin, Texas, from 2002 to 2007. He has written several original scripts to critical acclaim and also adapted novels and short stories to an old time radio format, most notably "The Adventures of Sailor Steve Costigan", and "King Kong", which was nominated for a B. Iden Payne award.
He has been active in Robert E. Howard studies since 2002 and is now considered to be a scholar in the field. His biography of Howard, *Blood & Thunder: The Life & Art of Robert E. Howard* (Monkeybrain, Inc.), was released in November 2006 at the World Fantasy Convention and was a finalist for the 2007 Locus Awards for Best Non-Fiction. For his work on *Blood & Thunder*, Finn was nominated for the 2007 World Fantasy Award in the Special Award Professional category. Finn won the 2005 Cimmerian Awards for Outstanding Achievement, Best Essay (for "Fists of Robert E. Howard" from *The Barbaric Triumph*), and the Emerging Scholar plus the 2007 Awards for Outstanding Achievement, Book By A Single Author (for *Blood & Thunder*) and Outstanding Achievement, Website (along with Leo Grin, Rob Roehm and Steve Tompkins for The Cimmerian blog).
In 2013, 2014 and 2016 Finn was named one of the top movie critics in Texas by the Texas Associated Press Managing Editors awards.
Finn is a founding member of [the Gentlemen Nerds](http://thegentlemennerds.com/) podcast.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,960 |
Forest Hill, Ohio
|
**Forest Hill** is a historic neighborhood spanning parts of Cleveland Heights and East Cleveland, Ohio, and is bordered to the north by Glynn Road, the south by Mayfield Road, by Lee Boulevard to the west and North Taylor Road to the east. Forest Hill was once the beloved summer home of oil magnate John D. Rockefeller and his family. John D. Rockefeller Jr. purchased the estate from his father in 1923 and, with New York City architect Andrew J. Thomas, planned an upscale residential and commercial development featuring distinctive French Norman style architecture. Although the Great Depression forced Rockefeller to suspend operations, following World War II others were drawn to Forest Hill to build comfortable colonial and contemporary ranch homes on the remaining open land. Design principles of the Rockefeller-Thomas plan were extended to the later development and today Forest Hill is a rich tapestry of people, homes and gardens.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,962 |
Frost/Nixon (play)
|
***Frost/Nixon*** is a 2006 British historical play by Peter Morgan. The play is based on a series of controversial televised interviews granted by former U.S. president Richard Nixon to English broadcaster David Frost in 1977. The interviews focused on Nixon\'s administration, including his role in the Watergate scandal that ultimately led to his resignation as president.
## Performance history {#performance_history}
The play premiered at the Donmar Warehouse theatre in London in August 2006, directed by Michael Grandage and starring Michael Sheen as the talk-show host and Frank Langella as the former president. *Frost/Nixon* received enthusiastic reviews in the British press. It then played at the Gielgud Theatre in London\'s West End, again starring Langella and Sheen.
On March 31, 2007, the play began previews on Broadway. It officially opened as a limited engagement at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre on April 22 and closed on August 19, after 137 performances. The cast included Langella, Sheen, Remy Auberjonois (John Birt), Shira Gregory (Evonne Goolagong), Corey Johnson (Jack Brennan), Stephen Kunken (James Reston Jr.), Stephen Rowe (Swifty Lazar/Mike Wallace), Triney Sandoval (Manolo Sanchez), Armand Schultz (Bob Zelnick) and Sonya Walger (Caroline Cushing).
TimeLine Theatre Company in Chicago ran the play from August 21 to October 10, 2010.
In regional theatre, *Frost/Nixon* made its Ohio premiere at the Rabbit Run Theatre in Madison, Ohio. The U.S. Rocky Mountain regional premiere was directed and designed by John Thornberry for Longmont Theatre Company in Longmont, Colorado, and ran from November 4 to 19, 2011.
The show received its Philadelphia premiere with New City Stage Company December 5, 2013 to January 4, 2014. The show was a combination of the stage play and the screenplay for the film *Frost/Nixon* and received wide acclaim. Dan Olmstead, who portrayed Richard Nixon, received a Barrymore Award nomination, and Russ Widdall, who portrayed David Frost, received a citation from *Philadelphia Weekly* for one of the 2014\'s most notable performances.
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
### Original Broadway production {#original_broadway_production}
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| Year | Award ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result |
+=================================+============================+===============================================+==================+========+
| 2007 | Tony Award | Best Play | | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | | Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play | Frank Langella | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | | Best Direction of a Play | Michael Grandage | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Play | Peter Morgan | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | | Outstanding Actor in a Play | Frank Langella | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | | Outstanding Director of a Play | Michael Grandage | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | | Outstanding Music in a Play | Adam Cork | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | Outer Critics Circle Award | Outstanding New Play | | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | | Outstanding Actor in a Play | Frank Langella | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | | Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play | Stephen Kunken | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | | Outstanding Director of a Play | Michael Grandage | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | | Outstanding Lighting Design | Neil Austin | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
| | Drama League Award | Distinguished Production of a Play | | |
+---------------------------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------------+--------+
## Feature film {#feature_film}
Ron Howard directed a 2008 film adaptation of the play. The film was produced by Imagine Entertainment and Working Title Films for Universal Pictures. Shooting began on August 27, 2007. Langella and Sheen reprised their roles for the film.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,124,970 |
Clinohedrite
|
**Clinohedrite** is a rare silicate mineral. Its chemical composition is a hydrous calcium-zinc silicate; CaZn(SiO~4~)·H~2~O. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system and typically occurs as veinlets and fracture coatings. It is commonly colorless, white to pale amethyst in color. It has perfect cleavage and the crystalline habit has a brilliant luster. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a specific gravity of 3.28--3.33.
Under short wave ultraviolet light it fluoresces a rich orange color. It is frequently associated with minerals such as hardystonite (fluoresces violet blue), esperite (fluoresces bright yellow), calcite (fluoresces orange-red), franklinite (non-fluorescent) and willemite (fluoresces green).
Clinohedrite was found primarily at the Franklin zinc mines in New Jersey, the type locality, but has also been reported from the Christmas mine, Gila County, Arizona, and the Western Quinling gold belt, Gansu Province, China.
It was first described in 1898 and was named for its crystal morphology from the Greek *klino* for incline, and *hedra* for face.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,040 |
Shūkan Gendai
|
is a general-interest weekly magazine published by Kodansha in Tokyo, Japan.
## History and profile {#history_and_profile}
*Shūkan Gendai* was started in 1959. The magazine has its headquarters in Tokyo. It is published by Kodansha, the largest publishing house in Japan, which covers entertainment news, as well as hard news such as interviews with the Prime Minister of Japan and other VIPs in the political and financial world. It also contains essays and opinions by well-known authors in serial form. In its photo section, it runs news photos in both black and white and in color.
The magazine competes primarily with three other weekly magazines: *Shūkan Bunshun*, *Shūkan Shincho* and *Shūkan Post*.
Although the magazine is aimed primarily at businessmen in their 40s to 60s, recently the female readership has been increasing, with 30% of the readership now female as against 10% in the past.`{{When|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
*Shūkan Gendai* is well known for its anti-nuclear power stance including opposing the restarting nuclear power stations.
In November 2012 the magazine was verbally warned by the Japanese authorities due to the obscene photos of female genitalia published.
In 2001 *Shūkan Gendai* had a circulation of 720,000 copies. It was 383,860 copies in 2010 and 407,949 copies in 2011.
## List of manga {#list_of_manga}
- *Onward Towards Our Noble Deaths*, by Shigeru Mizuki
- *Path of the Assassin*, by Kazuo Koike and Goseki Kojima
- *Samurai Executioner*, by Kazuo Koike and Goseki Kojima
- *Tokumei Kakarichō Tadano Hitoshi*, by Kimio Yanagisawa
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,048 |
Lark (train)
|
The ***Lark*** was an overnight passenger train of the Southern Pacific Company on the 470 mi run between San Francisco and Los Angeles. It became a streamliner in 1941 and was discontinued on April 8, 1968. The *Lark* ran along the same route as the *Coast Daylight* and was often pulled by a locomotive wearing the famous *Daylight* paint scheme of orange, red, and black.
## Overview
After 1941, Southern Pacific trains 75 (northbound) and 76 (southbound) were deluxe all-room Pullman (sleeping car) trains between San Francisco\'s Third and Townsend Depot and Los Angeles\'s Union Station. The last two cars in each consist of the *Lark* ran along the east side of San Francisco Bay to Oakland and were known as the *Oakland Lark*. The *Lark* was to overnight travelers what the *Morning Daylight* and *Noon Daylight* were to day travelers in the San Francisco--Los Angeles market: safe, reliable, deluxe transportation. The *Lark* was the only streamlined all-room sleeping car train to operate entirely within a single state and the only all-room train operating strictly on the West Coast.
The train\'s namesake, though neither nocturnal nor native to the New World, has historically symbolized the arrival of a new day, mainly through Chaucer (*The Knight\'s Tale* of *The Canterbury Tales*) and Shakespeare\'s sonnets which describe the lark\'s singing at first light.
## History
The Southern Pacific Railroad started overnight trains 75 and 76, the ***Lark***, on May 8, 1910. The SP ensured first-class service with the latest equipment, top-flight restaurant and lounge service and a choice of accommodations. In 1921 the schedule was 13¾ hours each way.
The *Padre* ran overnight between Los Angeles and Oakland on the Coast Line; it was replaced in 1931 by the ***Oakland Lark*** that ran Oakland to San Jose and was coupled onto the *Lark* to continue to Los Angeles. (Oakland had another SP overnight train, the *Owl* between Oakland Pier and Los Angeles via the San Joaquin Valley and Tehachapi Loop.)
In 1937, Southern Pacific introduced the *Coast Daylight*, a colorful set of streamlined cars in red and orange pulled by a 4-8-4 \"Northern\" steam locomotive streamlined in the same colors. In 1940 the SP added a second *Daylight* to the Coast Route and in July 1941 started the *San Joaquin Daylight* via Fresno.
On March 2, 1941, the *Lark* became a streamlined 12-hour train with cars in two shades of gray pulled by the same locomotives that pulled the *Daylights*. This *Lark* had three of the five types of pre-war lightweight streamlined Pullman cars: the 100-series 10-roomette, 5-double bedroom; the 200-series 4-double bedroom, 4-compartment, 2-drawing room; and the 300-series 13-double bedroom. Food and beverage service was provided by the Lark Club, a three-car articulated food service unit (kitchen/crew dormitory car, dining room car, and tavern-lounge car from front to rear) that became known for late-night business transactions and a place to share a nightcap, and in the morning, offered a full breakfast menu. Late-night refreshments were also offered in the 400-series sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation car which had two bedrooms, a compartment and a drawing room and carried the illuminated *Lark* drumhead on the rear (and formed half of the peacetime *Oakland Lark*).
The two original observation cars, which had been built in April 1941, had short working lives -- the 400 was wrecked at Wellsona, California on September 19, 1941, while the 401 was written off after an accident at Casmalia, California, on December 5, 1942. They were replaced by the Pullman reassigning existing cars -- the second 400 was the former 1939 New York World\'s Fair exhibition car *American Milemaster*, the replacement 401 was previously the experimental *Muskingum River*. Both cars were rebuilt with flat-ended observation lounges in 1956.
During World War II, coaches were added to the train along with 500-series 6-section, 6-roomette, 4-double bedroom cars reassigned from Overland Route service to the *Oakland Lark*. A few 9000-series 10-roomette, 6-double bedroom and 9300-series 22-roomette sleeping cars were built for the train in 1950, replacing some of the 1941 cars which were reassigned to other SP trains. Diesels replaced the last steam locomotives in January 1955.
More businessmen were leaving the train for the airlines. On July 15, 1957, the *Lark* was combined with the *Starlight*, an overnight chair car train. The *Lark* kept its name and number but was no longer all-Pullman. The *Oakland Lark* was discontinued in 1960. The 1960s saw the removal of the triple-unit diner/lounge and the replacement of the two-tone gray color scheme by silver with a red stripe. The \"Daylight\" colors were also gone from the locomotives, replaced by dark gray with a red nose. By the mid-sixties an average of fewer than 100 passengers were riding.
The Southern Pacific tried to discontinue the *Lark* in late 1966 but public outcry and newspaper editorials urged the California Public Utilities Commission to order service for one more year. By the end of 1967, the *Lark* was down to a baggage car, one sleeping car, a couple of chair cars, and an Automat car, pulled by a 3600 hp EMD SDP45. The train was still numbered 75 and 76. The *Lark* was finally discontinued on April 8, 1968.
## Communities served {#communities_served}
Stations in parentheses:
- San Francisco, California (Third and Townsend Depot);
- Oakland, California (Oakland Pier) -*Oakland Lark* discontinued, 1960;
- Burlingame, California;
- Palo Alto, California -- *Stanford University*;
- San Jose, California (San Jose Diridon station);
- Watsonville Junction, California -- *Watsonville/Santa Cruz*;
- Salinas, California (Salinas Intermodal Transportation Center) -- *Monterey Peninsula*;
- San Luis Obispo, California;
- Guadalupe, California -- *Santa Maria*;
- Santa Barbara, California;
- Ventura, California;
- Glendale, California -- *Hollywood/Burbank/Pasadena*;
- Los Angeles, California (Los Angeles Union Station)
## Locomotives
The SP assigned streamlined GS-3 and GS-4 4-8-4 \"Northern\" steam locomotives painted in the *Daylight* colors of two shades of orange. The SP never painted any locomotives in the *Lark* colors of two-tone gray.
They were replaced by American Locomotive Company (ALCO) PA-1 cab units and PB-1 booster units and General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD) E7A cab units and E7B booster units diesel locomotives in two-shades of orange, later painted dark gray with red nose.
Other equipment used included EMD F7A cab units and F7B booster units. These were originally painted black (described as \"Black Widow\") with silver nose and two-shades of orange stripes, later painted dark gray with red nose. During its final months, the train was powered by EMD SDP45 hood units painted dark gray with red nose.
## Equipment used {#equipment_used}
First Consist Car Type Second Consist
--------------- ---------- ----------------
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,049 |
Architecture of Turkey
|
`{{Culture of Turkey}}`{=mediawiki} The **architecture of Turkey** includes heritage from the ancient era of Anatolia to the present day. Significant remains from the Greco-Roman period are located throughout the country. The Byzantine period produced, among other monuments, the celebrated Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul). Following the arrival of the Seljuk Turks in the 11th century, Seljuk architecture mixed Islamic architecture with other styles of local architecture in Anatolia. The Ottoman Empire ushered in a centuries-long tradition of Ottoman architecture up until the early 20th century.
In the first years of the Turkish republic (after 1923), Turkish architecture was influenced by earlier Seljuk and Ottoman architecture, in particular during the First National Architectural Movement (also called the Turkish Neoclassical architecture movement). However, starting from the 1930s, architectural styles began to differ from traditional architecture, also as a result of an increasing number of foreign architects being invited to work in the country, mostly from Germany and Austria. The Second World War was a period of isolation, during which the Second National Architectural Movement emerged. Similar to Fascist architecture, the movement aimed to create a modern but nationalistic architecture.
From the 1950s the nation became more internationally connected, which enabled Turkish architects to experiment with new styles and become increasingly inspired by their counterparts in the rest of the world. However, they were largely constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources until the 1980s. Thereafter, the liberalization of the economy and the shift towards export-led growth paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence on architecture in Turkey.
## Pre-modern era {#pre_modern_era}
### Greco-Roman era {#greco_roman_era}
The ancient Greeks founded many city-states along the Aegean shores in western Anatolia and beyond. During the Hellenistic period, the Kingdom of Pergamon was one of the most powerful and the site of the city of Pergamon is one of Turkey\'s UNESCO World Heritage Sites today. Anatolia continued to prosper in the Roman era and cities such as Ephesus and Sardis, in addition to Pergamon, grew considerably during this time. Many of the Greco-Roman sites in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of present-day Turkey thus preserve substantially, if not primarily, Roman constructions.
### Byzantine era {#byzantine_era}
*Main article: Byzantine architecture* The Byzantine era followed the division of the old Roman Empire into eastern and western halves in the late 4th century. The Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, had its capital at Constantinople, present-day Istanbul. Byzantine architecture started as a continuation of late Roman architecture but it further developed over the following millennium. The Hagia Sophia, a massive domed church completed in 537 under Justinian I, is the greatest achievement of Byzantine architecture. It exercised significant influence on subsequent Byzantine church architecture and eventually on Ottoman architecture. The Byzantine style is also known for its sophisticated mosaic art. A major example of this art in the late Byzantine period is the 14th-century Chora Church (present-day Kariye Mosque) in Istanbul.
### Seljuk and Beyliks era {#seljuk_and_beyliks_era}
Architecture under the Anatolian Seljuks incorporated an eclectic mix of influences, adopting local Byzantine, Armenian, and Georgian elements and combining them with designs from Islamic Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Central Asia. Their monuments were largely built in dressed stone, with brick used for minarets. Decoration was concentrated around certain elements like entrance portals and took the form of elaborate stone carving (e.g. the Ince Minareli Medrese and the Divriği complex), occasional *ablaq* stonework (e.g. Alâeddin Mosque in Konya), and large surfaces covered in tilework (e.g. Karatay Medrese).
As Anatolia fragmented into Beyliks during the later 13th and 14th centuries, architecture became even more diverse, particularly in western Anatolia, where proximity to the Byzantine and Mediterranean worlds encouraged further experimentation and syncretism.
## Ottoman era (14th to early 20th centuries) {#ottoman_era_14th_to_early_20th_centuries}
The architecture of the early Ottomans experimented with different building types, including single-domed mosques, multi-domed buildings, and religious buildings with T-shaped floor plans. This eventually evolved into the Classical Ottoman style that was consolidated during the 16th and 17th centuries. This style, drawing strong influence from the Hagia Sophia, produced grand imperial mosques designed around a central dome and a varying number of semi-domes. This period is also associated with the most famous Ottoman architect, Mimar Sinan (d. 1588). Among his over 300 designs across the empire, his most important works include the Şehzade Mosque in Istanbul, the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul, and the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne. In decorative arts, Iznik tiles reached their artistic peak and were used in many buildings.
After the 17th century, Ottoman architecture was increasingly open to outside influences. Shifts during the Tulip Period were followed by the appearance of the Ottoman Baroque style in the 1740s. In the 19th century, Western European influences increased and architects such as the Balyans produced eclectic works like the luxurious Dolmabaçe Palace. In the early 20th-century, a kind of Ottoman revivalism known as the First National Architectural Movement was led by architects like Mimar Kemaleddin and Vedat Tek.
## 1920s to early 1930s: First national architectural movement {#s_to_early_1930s_first_national_architectural_movement}
The *First National Architecture Movement* (Turkish: *Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık Akımı*) was an architectural movement led by Turkish architects Vedat Tek (1873--1942) and Mimar Kemaleddin Bey (1870--1927). Followers of the movement wanted to create a new and \"national\" architecture, which was based on motifs from Seljuk and Ottoman architecture. The movement was also labelled *Turkish Neoclassical* architecture, or the *National Architectural Renaissance*. Other prominent followers of this movement were Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu (1888--1982) and Giulio Mongeri (1873--1953). Notable buildings from this era are the Istanbul Main Post Office (1905--1909), Tayyare Apartments (1919--1922), Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han (1911--1926), State Art and Sculpture Museum (1927--1930), Ethnography Museum of Ankara (1925--1928), Bebek Mosque, and Kamer Hatun Mosque.
Italian architect Raimondo D\'Aronco served as the chief palace architect to the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II in Istanbul for 16 years. D\'Aronco designed and built a large number of buildings of various types in Istanbul. The stylistic features of his works can be classified in three groups: Revivalism, reinterpretation of the Ottoman forms, Art Nouveau and Vienna Secession. Art Nouveau was first introduced to Istanbul by D\'Aronco, and his designs reveal that he drew freely on Byzantine and Ottoman decorations. D\'Aronco also mixed Western and Oriental styles in his work, which was likewise a notable characteristic of the designs of Alexander Vallaury in the same period.
<File:Istanbul> Grand Post Office.jpg\|Istanbul Main Post Office in Sirkeci, designed by Vedat Tek (1905--1909). <File:FatihBelediyeBinası.jpg%7COld> Fatih Municipality Building built by Yervant Terziyan <File:4th> Vakıf Han.jpg\|Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han in Eminönü, designed by Mimar Kemaleddin Bey (1911--1926). <File:Tayyare> Apartments.jpg\|Tayyare Apartments in Laleli, Istanbul, designed by Mimar Kemaleddin Bey (1919--1922). <File:Ziraat> Bankası 5.JPG\|First Ziraat Bank Headquarters in Ankara, designed by Giulio Mongeri (1925--1929). <File:Ankara> asv2021-10 img64 Arts and Sculpture Museum.jpg\|State Art and Sculpture Museum in Ankara, designed by Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu (1927--1930). <File:Ethnography> Museum of Ankara.jpg\|Ethnography Museum of Ankara was designed by architect Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu (1925-1928). <File:Ankara> Palas 1.JPG\|Ankara Palas Hotel <File:TR> Denizli asv2020-02 img14 Gazi School.jpg\|Denizli Gazi Mustafa Kemal Elementary School (1932)
## 1930s to 1950s: Modernism and foreign influence {#s_to_1950s_modernism_and_foreign_influence}
The Bauhaus style Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion (1935) and the Art Deco style Ankara Central Station (1937) are among the notable examples of this era. As there were not enough architects in Turkey until the 1950s, various architects were invited by the government from Germany, Austria, Switzerland and France, in order to manage the rapid construction of the new capital Ankara. About 40 architects and urban planners designed and oversaw various projects (mostly in Ankara, and to a lesser extent in Istanbul and İzmir) between 1924 and 1942. Among them were Gudrun Baudisch, Rudolf Belling, Paul Bonatz, Ernst Arnold Egli, Martin Elsaesser, Anton Hanak, Franz Hillinger, Clemens Holzmeister, Henri Prost, Paolo Vietti-Violi, Werner Issel, Hermann Jansen, Theodor Jost, Heinrich Krippel, Carl Christoph Lörcher, Robert Oerley, Bernhard Pfau, Bruno Taut and Josef Thorak.
Selected examples of buildings from this era are the Bauhaus style Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion (1935) designed by Seyfi Arkan; the Art Deco style Ankara railway station (1937) designed by Şekip Akalın; the Court of Cassation building (1933--35) designed by Clemens Holzmeister; the Faculty of Languages, History and Geography building (1937) of Ankara University designed by Bruno Taut; and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey building (1938--63) designed by Clemens Holzmeister.
<File:Florya001.jpg%7CDesigned> by Seyfi Arkan, Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion (1935) is a notable Bauhaus style building in Istanbul. <File:Atatürk> Boulevard, Exhibition House (Sergi Evi), 1934 (16826593236).jpg\|Ankara Opera House, designed by Şevki Balmumcu (1933--34) and renovated by Paul Bonatz (1946--47). <File:Ankara> Train Station.JPG\|Designed by Şekip Akalın, Ankara Central Station (1937) is a notable Art Deco design of its era. <File:Dil> ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Binası, Ankara.jpg\|The Faculty of Languages, History and Geography building (1937) of Ankara University was designed by Bruno Taut.
### Second national architectural movement {#second_national_architectural_movement}
The Stripped Classicism movement of the late 1930s and early 1940s in Europe and North America sought a modern interpretation of Neoclassical architecture. The movement had a particularly notable impact on Fascist architecture in Italy and Nazi architecture in Germany, which aimed to develop the modern versions of the architecture of the Roman (Italy) and Holy Roman (Germany) empires, according to their ideologies. In the same period, there was a trend towards creating a new national architecture in Turkey, which was called the *Second National Architectural Movement* (Turkish: *İkinci Ulusal Mimarlık Akımı*). The foreign architects employed in Turkey in this period (especially from Germany and Austria) played an important role in the introduction of this architectural movement and its style. The pioneers of the movement in Turkey were Sedad Hakkı Eldem, Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi and Emin Halid Onat. To lead this movement, Professor Sedad Hakkı Eldem held National Architecture seminars at Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, focusing on traditional Turkish house styles.
Like their contemporary equivalents in Europe and North America, the government buildings of this style in Ankara and Istanbul typically had large proportions (high ceilings, high windows, etc.) to give the impression of a strong state authority. Some of them also had monumental facade designs reminiscent of Neoclassical architecture; but with more modern and plain rectangular shapes, symmetry, simplicity, and a general lack of ornateness.
Some of the buildings in this style are the Ankara Opera House, designed by Şevki Balmumcu (1933--34) and renovated by Paul Bonatz (1946--47); the TCDD General Headquarters Building designed by Bedri Uçar in 1938; Istanbul University Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature buildings (1944--52); Anıtkabir (1944--53); Istanbul Radio Headquarters (1945--49); Şişli Mosque (1945--49); and the Çanakkale Martyrs\' Memorial (1954--60). The movement was particularly influential between 1935 and 1950. From the 1950s, the influence of this style diminished due to the next wave, especially International Style and Rationalism.
<File:Ankara-Hukuk-Fakültesi.jpg%7CThe> Faculty of Law building (1937) of Ankara University. <File:Süleyman> Demirel Funeral 1.jpg\|The Grand National Assembly of Turkey building (1938--63) in Ankara was designed by Clemens Holzmeister. <File:Ankara> asv2021-10 img22 TCDD building.jpg\|TCDD General Headquarters Building, designed by Bedri Uçar (1939--41). <File:Mersin> Halkevi.jpg\|The Halkevi in Mersin, designed by Ertuğrul Menteşe (1944--46). <File:Istanbul> UniversityFaculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings2.jpg\|Istanbul University Faculty of Science and Faculty of Literature Buildings, designed by Sedad Hakkı Eldem and Emin Halid Onat (1944--52). <File:Ankara> asv2021-10 img04 Anıtkabir.jpg\|Anıtkabir in Ankara, designed by Emin Halid Onat and Ahmet Orhan Arda (1944--53). <File:İstanbul> radio1.JPG\|Istanbul Radio Hall, designed by Doğan Erginbaş, Ömer Güney and İsmail Utkular (1945). <File:Çanakkale> Martyrs Memorial - panoramio.jpg\|Çanakkale Martyrs\' Memorial, designed by Feridun Kip, Doğan Erginbaş and İsmail Utkular (1954--60).
## 1950s and more Western influence {#s_and_more_western_influence}
At the beginning of the 1950s, a new generation of architects such as Nevzat Erol, Turgut Cansever, Abdurrahman Hancı, Cengiz Bektaş, Hayati Tabanlıoğlu, Enver Tokay, İlhan Tayman and Yılmaz Sanlı became more influential in the architectural arena. These were architects who either studied in Europe or had information of the modernist architecture of the time. Their quest for modernist architecture was in line with the International Style and Rationalism. However, the development of the Turkish economy was an important factor as well. Even though Turkish architects were able to follow up on the modern design of important architects of the time, they were constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources.
Selected examples of buildings from this era are the Anadolu Club Hotel (1951--1957) in Büyükada designed by Turgut Cansever and Abdurrahman Hancı; Hilton Istanbul Bosphorus (1952--1955) designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and Sedad Hakkı Eldem; Istanbul Municipality Headquarters (1953--1960) designed by Nevzat Erol; Emek Business Center (1959--1965) in Ankara designed by Enver Tokay and İlhan Tayman; and Tekel Headquarters (1958--1960) in Istanbul designed by Yılmaz Sanlı and İlhan Tayman.
One of the most important developments of this period was the establishment of the *Chamber of Architects of Turkey* in 1954. Various professional organizations for architects had existed beforehand, but there were no laws for the architectural profession until 1954. Brutalist architecture become popular during 1950s, the work of Behruz Çinici in Middle East Technical University is the best example of this era.
<File:Vraagteken> vlucht Lockheed Electra naar Istanbul Hilton Hotel, Bestanddeelnr 910-7821.jpg\|Hilton Istanbul Bosphorus was designed in 1952 by SOM and Sedad Hakkı Eldem. <File:İstanbul> 5882.jpg\|Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality City Hall was designed in 1953 by Nevzat Erol. <File:Gezi> Park from the Marmara hotel.jpg\|InterContinental Hotel, formerly Sheraton Istanbul, was designed in 1959 by AHE and Rolf Gutbrod. <File:METU>, Faculty of Architecture (14826812816).jpg\|Middle East Technical University Faculty of Architecture <File:Rıza> Derviş House (14483169380).jpg\|Rıza Derviş House, also known as Derviş Manizade Mansion, built 1956--1957, is one of two buildings designed by Sedad Hakkı Eldem that was realized on Büyükada
## 1960s and 1970s {#s_and_1970s}
Following the 1960 coup d\'état, Turkey endured various kinds of political and economic crises which affected the construction industry as well as the architectural sector. Despite these hardships, architects were able to design some important buildings. Abandoning Rationalism, Turkish architects tried to design their buildings in more flexible and fragmented forms. Important works from this period are the Vakıflar Hotel in Istanbul (1968, today the *Ceylan Intercontinental Hotel*), Middle East Technical University Campuses (1961) in Ankara, Istanbul Manufacturers\' Market (1959), Turkish Historical Society Building (1967), Grand Ankara Hotel (1960, today the Rixos Grand Ankara Hotel) and Atatürk Cultural Center (1969) in Istanbul.
As a result of economic and social turbulence, architecture in Turkey suffered also in the 1970s. There were no significant breakthroughs during this period. Some important designs from the 1970s are the Turkish Language Association Building (1972), Atatürk Library (1973) and Abdi İpekçi Arena (1979).
<File:Radisson> Blu Hotel.JPG\|Radisson Blu Hotel in Ankara, originally built as Stad Oteli (1970), was designed in 1964 by Doğan Tekeli, Sami Sisa and Metin Hepgüler. <File:AtaturkCulturalCenterIstanbul.jpg>\|Atatürk Cultural Center (1969) on Taksim Square in Istanbul, designed by Hayati Tabanlıoğlu. <File:The> Bosphorus Bridge (8425286568).jpg\|The Bosphorus Bridge (1973) in Istanbul was designed in 1968--1970 by Gilbert Roberts and William Brown. <File:The> Marmara Istanbul 2.jpg\|The Marmara Hotel (1976) at Taksim Square was designed in 1972 by Fatin Uran. <File:A> view of the BDDK building, Atatürk Avenue in Ankara.jpg\|BDDK Building (1975) in Ankara, originally the Türkiye İş Bankası headquarters, designed by Ayhan Böke and Yılmaz Sargın.
## 1980s and 1990s {#s_and_1990s}
In January 1980, the government of Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel began implementing a far-reaching reform program designed by then Undersecretary of the Prime Ministry Turgut Özal to shift Turkey\'s economy toward export-led growth. These reforms had a positive effect on the construction industry and architecture. New methods such as prefabrication and curtain wall systems were introduced to Turkish architects and contractors in the 1980s. In addition, steel, aluminum, plastic and glass production increased, which allowed architects to free themselves from rigid forms.
Until the 1980s, the government sector was the leading client when it came to architecture and construction. However, the liberalization of the economy paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence. Notable architects from this period include Behruz Çinici, Merih Karaaslan, Sevinç Hadi, Şandor Hadi, Ersen Gürsel, Mehmet Çubuk, Doğan Tekeli, Sami Sisa, Emre Arolat, Murat Tabanlıoğlu, Melkan Tabanlıoğlu, Hüsrev Tayla, Doğan Hasol, Atilla Yücel, Sema Soygeniş, Murat Soygeniş and Kaya Arıkoğlu, among others.
## 21st century {#st_century}
When architects and structural engineers collaborate they can design buildings which are more sustainable.
<File:QNB> Finansbank Kristal Kule.jpg\|Finansbank Tower and Istanbul Sapphire on Büyükdere Avenue <File:Avrupa-office-atasehir.jpg%7CAvrupa> Office in Ataşehir <File:Kanyon> Mall Istanbul 14.jpg\|Kanyon Shopping Mall <File:Ish> Bank Buildings 0733.jpg\|Türkiye İş Bankası Tower 1 (1995--2000) in Levent, Istanbul <File:Sapphire> building 9010.jpg\|Istanbul Sapphire in Levent (2006--2011) is currently the tallest building in Istanbul and Turkey, and the 4th tallest in Europe. <File:Hudavendigar> Park in Bursa Turkey.jpg\|Skyline of Bursa <File:EAA> MINICITY.jpg\|Minicity Theme Park, Antalya (2004) <File:EAA> Raif Dinçkök Yalova Cultural Center.jpg\|Raif Dinçkök Yalova Cultural Center, Yalova (2011) <File:EAA> Maslak No.1 Office Building.jpg\|Maslak No.1 Office Building, Istanbul (2014) <File:EAA> Zorlu Center.jpg\|Zorlu Center, Istanbul (2013) <File:EAA> St.Regis Intanbul.jpg\|St.Regis Istanbul, Istanbul (2015) <File:YalikavakPalmarina.jpg%7CYalikavak> Palmarina, Bodrum (2014) <File:Sakirin> mihrap.jpg\|Sakirin Mosque, The mosque\'s architect is believed to be the first woman to design a mosque. (2009) <File:Ahmet> Hamdi Akseki Camii 01.jpg\|Ahmed Hamdi Akseki Mosque <File:Folkart> 2021.jpg\|İzmir Folkart Towers <File:TV> tower, Istanbul ( 1100239).jpg\|Küçük Çamlıca TV Radio Tower <File:Skyland> Istanbul.jpg\|Skyland İstanbul <File:Le> Méridien Istanbul Etiler Hotel 4.jpg\|Le Méridien in Etiler, Istanbul <File:Mistral> and Ege Perla.jpg\|Mistral Office Tower in İzmir <File:Yavuz> sultan selim köprüsü (cropped).jpg\|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (2016)
### Earthquakes
In earthquake-prone areas, all buildings built to [20th century standards](https://teknolojikkazalar.org/get_file?id=4acb555634176) may be dangerous, but shortly after the 1999 İzmit earthquake, which killed over 17 thousand people, a new seismic code was brought into force to protect against earthquakes in Turkey. Also following that earthquake a so-called earthquake tax was raised during the government of Bülent Ecevit. Initially thought as a temporary tax, it became permanent. In 2007 the seismic code was strengthened. However, it is alleged that builders often ignored the rules due to corruption. After the 2011 Van earthquakes Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said: \"Municipalities, constructors and supervisors should now see that their negligence amounts to murder.\" In 2018, a zoning law gave amnesties to some unlicensed buildings and some with unlicensed floors.
Further resilience over the 2007 code was mandated in the 2018 Turkish Seismic Code, which took effect on 1 January 2019. Improvements included design supervision and site specific hazard definitions, and for new buildings in vulnerable regions required rebar in high quality concrete. Beams and columns in those buildings must be in the right place to properly absorb shaking. The code is said by foreign experts to be very modern and similar to US codes. However, these 21st century building codes were not very well enforced.
In a bid to shore up support going into the 2018 Turkish presidential election, the government offered amnesties for violations of the building code, allowing non-compliance to continue with the payment of a fee. This poor enforcement of seismic codes was a contributing factor to the devastation of the 2023 Turkey--Syria earthquakes in which over 42,000 people died in Turkey. There were high incidences of support column failure leading to pancake collapses, which complicated rescue efforts. Experts lamented the practice would turn cities into graveyards. The 2023 Turkey--Syria earthquakes collapsed many older buildings and some recent ones: the Environment and Urbanization Ministry is assessing the damage.
Unreinforced masonry buildings are vulnerable. Many older buildings in Istanbul are vulnerable to pancake collapses. Retrofitting old buildings is possible but expensive. Although over 3 million housing units nationwide were strengthened in the 2 decades before 2023, as of that year many apartment blocks do not meet 21st century standards. Building with wood has been suggested.
### Climate change {#climate_change}
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,074 |
Serous demilune
|
**Serous demilunes**, also known as **Crescents of Giannuzzi** or **Demilunes of Heidenhain**, are cellular formations in the shape of a half-moon (hence the name \"demilune\") on the mixed submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
Serous demilunes are the serous cells at the distal end of mucous acini, the secretory endpieces of certain salivary glands. These demilune cells secrete the proteins that contain the enzyme lysozyme, which degrades the cell walls of bacteria. In this way, lysozyme confers antimicrobial activity to mucus.
The serous demilune is an artifact from traditional methods of preparing samples. Samples are traditionally preserved and fixed in formaldehyde. When samples were preserved by quick-freezing in liquid nitrogen and then fixed with osmium tetraoxide in acetone, no demilunes were found. Examination showed that the serous cells and mucosal cells were aligned in the acinus. The traditional preparation caused mucous cells to swell during fixation which results in the serous cells being popped out of their alignment. After sectioning the serous cells resembled the common demilune shape, and were so named.
When the gland has this demilunar structure, it has mucoserous acini producing both serous and mucous secretions.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,081 |
Kenny Werner
|
**Kenny Werner** (born November 19, 1951) is an American jazz pianist, composer, and author.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Brooklyn, New York, on November 19, 1951, and then growing up in Oceanside, Long Island, Werner began playing and performing at a young age, first appearing on television at the age of 11. Although he studied classical piano as a child, he enjoyed playing anything he heard on the radio and improvisation was his true calling. In high school and his first years of college he attended the Manhattan School of Music as a classical piano major.
His aptitude for improvisation led him to the Berklee College of Music in 1970, where he met and studied with his first piano/spiritual teacher, Madame Chaloff. From Boston, Werner traveled to Brazil with the saxophonist Victor Assis Brasil. There he met Assis\'s twin brother, Brazilian pianist Joao Assis Brasil. His studies with Joao and Madame Chaloff would lead to the writing of the book *Effortless Mastery*.
## Later life and career {#later_life_and_career}
Werner started his own trio in 1981 with drummer Tom Rainey and bassist Ratzo Harris. The Kenny Werner Trio matured for fourteen years, touring in America and Europe and recording four albums along the way.
In the 1980s, he became the pianist for The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra (now known as the Vanguard Jazz Orchestra). Challenged by Lewis and Bob Brookmeyer to write for the band, he produced his first compositions and arrangements for jazz orchestra, consequently leading him to write for the bands in Europe including the Cologne, Danish, and Stockholm Jazz Orchestras, the Umo Jazz Orchestra of Finland and several times as the guest composer and soloist with the Metropole Orchestra of Holland. Since then Werner has had commissions to write for large ensembles such as jazz orchestras, full orchestras and most in 2007, wind ensemble, choir and string quartet as featured on his album *No Beginning, No End* (2009).
Werner continued to play duo with Toots Thielemans for seventeen years. They recorded an album together and Werner received a Grammy nomination for his composition, \"Inspiration.\" For twenty years, he was musical director for Broadway star Betty Buckley. They made six albums together and she has sung his arrangements for small bands and orchestras. He and Joe Lovano have recorded and collaborated on each other\'s projects for over 40 years.
During the 1990s, Werner made three award-winning albums: *Kenny Werner at Maybeck*, *Concord Duo Series, Vol. 10*, and *Live at Visiones*.
In 2000, Werner formed a trio with Ari Hoenig on drums and Johannes Weidenmueller on bass, with Werner acting as composer, arranger, and pianist. In 2007, he released his first album for Blue Note, *Lawn Chair Society*, featuring Chris Potter, Dave Douglas, Scott Colley, and Brian Blade.
Werner was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for the album *No Beginning No End* (Half Note, 2010), which explored tragedy and loss, death and transition, and the path from one lifetime to the next. The album featured Joe Lovano, Judi Silvano, and over seventy musicians.
In 1996, Werner wrote a book about the psychological aspects of music in *Effortless Mastery -- Liberating the Master Musician Within.* He lectured to support the book.
## Awards
- Grants, National Endowment for the Arts, 1985, \'87, \'93, \'95
- Guggenheim Fellowship, 2010
- Distinguished Artist Award for Composition, New Jersey Council of the Arts, \"Kandinsky\"
## Discography
### As leader {#as_leader}
- *The Piano Music of Bix Beiderbecke, Duke Ellington, George Gershwin, James P. Johnson* (Finnadar, 1978)
- *Beyond the Forest of Mirkwood* (Enja, 1980)
- *Introducing the Trio* (Sunnyside, 1989)
- *Uncovered Heart* (Sunnyside, 1990)
- *Sail Away* with Tom Harrell (Musidisc, 1991)
- *Press Enter* (Sunnyside, 1992)
- *Meditations* (SteepleChase, 1993)
- *Gu-Ru* (TCB, 1994)
- *At Maybeck* (Concord, 1994)
- *Paintings* (Pioneer, 1994)
- *Live at Visiones* (Concord Jazz, 1995)
- *Chris Potter/Kenny Werner* (Concord Jazz, 1996)
- *A Delicate Balance* (RCA Victor, 1997)
- *Remembrance* (SYDA, 1998)
- *Unprotected Music* (Double-Time, 1998)
- *Beauty Secrets* (RCA/BMG, 1999)
- *Hope* with Dave Schroeder (Laurel Tree, 2000)
- *Heart to Heart* with Betty Buckley (KO, 2000)
- *Old Friends* (Laurel Tree, 2000)
- *Toots Thielemans & Kenny Werner* (Verve/North Sea, 2001)
- *Form and Fantasy* (Double-Time, 2001)
- *Celebration* with Alex Riel (Stunt, 2001)
- *Beat Degeneration Vol. 2* (Night Bird Music, 2002)
- *Naked in the Cosmos* (Jazz \'n\' Pulz, 2002)
- *Unleemited* with Lee Konitz (Sunnyside/Owl, 2001)
- *Tchat* with Rémi Bolduc (Justin Time, 2003)
- *Peace* (Half Note, 2004)
- *Democracy* (Half Note, 2006)
- *Lawn Chair Society* (Blue Note, 2007)
- *Delirium Blues Project* with Roseanne Vitro (Half Note, 2008)
- *Play Ballads* (Stunt, 2008)
- *With a Song in My Heart* (Venus, 2008)
- *Walden* (Cowbell Music, 2009)
- *New York Love Songs* (OutNote, 2010)
- *No Beginning No End* (Half Note, 2010)
- *Institute of Higher Learning* (Half Note, 2011)
- *Balloons* (Half Note, 2011)
- *Me, Myself & I* (Justin Time, 2012)
- *Breaking Borders #1* (Cowbell Music, 2012)
- *Collaboration* with Hein Van de Geyn, Hans Van Oosterhout (Challenge, 2013)
- *Coalition* (Half Note, 2014)
- *Poesia* with Joyce Moreno (Pirouet, 2015)
- *The Melody* (Pirouet, 2015)
- *Animal Crackers* (Pirouet, 2017)
- *The Space* (Pirouet, 2018)
- *Solo in Stuttgart* (SWR, 2019)
- *Church On Mars* (Newvelle, 2019)
- *Somewhere* with Peter Eldridge (Rosebud Music, 2019)
### As sideman {#as_sideman}
**With Mel Lewis Jazz Orchestra**
- *20 Years at the Village Vanguard* (Atlantic, 1986)
- *Soft Lights and Hot Music* (Musicmasters, 1988)
- *The Definitive Thad Jones* (Musicmasters, 1989)
- *The Definitive Thad Jones Volume 2* (Musicmasters, 1990)
- *To You: A Tribute to Mel Lewis* (Musicmasters, 1991)
**With Joe Lovano**
- *Tones, Shapes & Colors* (Soul Note, 1986)
- *Village Rhythm* (Soul Note, 1989)
- *Landmarks* (Blue Note, 1991)
- *Universal Language* (Blue Note, 1993)
- *Celebrating Sinatra* (Blue Note, 1997)
**With Archie Shepp**
- *I Know About the Life* (Sackville, 1981)
- *Soul Song* (Enja, 1982)
- *Down Home New York* (Soul Note, 1984)
- *The Good Life* (Varrick, 1984)
**With others**
- Rez Abbasi, *Third Ear* (Cathexis, 1995)
- Harry Allen, *I Love Mancini* (BMG/Novus, 2002)
- Jamie Baum, *Sight Unheard* (GM, 1996)
- Alan Baylock, *Two Seconds to Midnight* (Sea Breeze, 2003)
- Jane Ira Bloom, *Art and Aviation* (Arabesque, 1992)
- Don Braden, *The Open Road* (Double-Time, 1996)
- Randy Brecker, *Randy Pop!* (Piloo, 2015)
- Betty Buckley, *With One Look* (Sterling, 1994)
- Betty Buckley, *Stars and the Moon* (Concord, 2001)
- Scott Colley, *Portable Universe* (Free Lance, 1996)
- Duduka Da Fonseca, *Samba Jazz Fantasia* (Art Music, 2002)
- Santi Debriano, *Soldiers of Fortune* (Free Lance, 1990)
- Peter Erskine, *Sweet Soul* (Novus/RCA 1991)
- Peter Erskine, *Behind Closed Doors Vol. 1* (Fuzzy Music, 1998)
- Robin Eubanks, *Karma* (JMT, 1991)
- Chico Freeman, *Tangents* (Elektra Musician, 1984)
- George Garzone, *Moodiology* (NYC, 1999)
- George Garzone, *Night of My Beloved* (Venus, 2008)
- Jamey Haddad, *Names* (Ananda, 1983)
- Tom Harrell, *Labyrinth* (RCA Victor, 1996)
- Jerome Harris, *Algorithms* (Minor Music, 1986)
- Christopher Hollyday, *And I\'ll Sing Once More* (Novus, 1992)
- Joyce Moreno, *Music Inside* (Verve Forecast, 1990)
- Joyce Moreno, *Language and Love* (Verve, 1991)
- Gary Keller, *Blues for an Old New Age* (Double-Time, 1999)
- Nigel Kennedy, *(Blue Note, Sessions* (Blue Note, 2006)
- Lee Konitz, *Zounds* (Soul Note, 1992)
- Anders Koppel, *Everything Is Subject to Change* (Cowbell Music, 2012)
- Anders Koppel, *Past Present Future* (Cowbell Music, 2017)
- Michel Legrand, *Legrand* (Nougaro Capitol/Blue Note, 2005)
- Dave Liebman, *Fire* (Jazzline, 2018)
- Joe Locke, *Present Tense* (Steeplechase, 1990)
- Andy McKee, *One World* (Consolidated Artists, 2002)
- Vince Mendoza, *Nights On Earth Art of Groove* (MIG, 2011)
- Charles Mingus, *Something Like a Bird* (Atlantic, 1980)
- Ferenc Nemeth, *Triumph* (Dreamers Collective, 2012)
- Ed Neumeister, *Ed Neumeister Quintet* (Timescraper, 1997)
- Judy Niemack, *Straight Up* (Free Lance, 1993)
- Judy Niemack, *\...Night and the Music* (Free Lance, 1997)
- Octurn, *Round* (W.E.R.F., 2000)
- Jim Pepper, *Comin\' and Goin* \' (Europa, 1983)
- Dave Pietro, *Forgotten Dreams* (A Records, 1994)
- Dave Pietro, *Wind Dance* (A Records, 1998)
- Chris Potter, *Concentric Circles* (Concord, 1994)
- Chris Potter, *Concord Duo Series Volume Ten* (Concord Jazz, 1994)
- Mike Richmond, *New Blues* (Nuba/Karonte, 1993)
- Alex Riel, *The Riel Deal* (Stunt, 1995)
- Alex Riel, *Rielatin* (Stunt, 2000)
- Ali Ryerson, *Portraits in Silver* (Concord Jazz, 1995)
- Loren Schoenberg, *S\'Posin\'* (Jazz Heritage, 1991)
- Maria Schneider, *Evanescence* (Enja, 1994)
- Judi Silvano, *Dancing Voices* (JSL, 1992)
- Tessa Souter, *Nights of Key Largo* (Venus, 2008)
- Special EFX, *Global Village* (GRP, 1992)
- Andy Statman, *Between Heaven & Earth* (Shanachie, 1997)
- Toots Thielemans, *The Live Takes Vol. 1* (Narada, 2000)
- Toots Thielemans, *One More for the Road* (Verve, 2006)
- Roseanna Vitro, *Passion Dance* (Telarc, 1996)
- Roseanna Vitro, *Catchin\' Some Rays* (Telarc, 1997)
- Nils Wogram, *New York Conversations* (Mons, 1994)
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,094 |
Valdemir Pereira
|
**Valdemir dos Santos Pereira** (born November 15, 1974, in Cruz das Almas, Bahia) is a Brazilian former professional boxer who competed from 2001 to 2006 and held the IBF featherweight title in 2006. As an amateur Pereira represented Brazil at the 2000 Olympics, reaching the round of 16 of the featherweight bracket.
## Amateur career {#amateur_career}
As an amateur, Pereira fought as a Featherweight for the Brazilian Olympic Team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney:
- Defeated James Swan (Australia)
- Lost to Ramazan Palyani (Turkey)
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Known as \"Sertão\", Pereira turned pro in 2001 and won the vacant IBF Featherweight Title with a decision victory over Fahprakorb Rakkiatgym in January 2006. He lost the title in his first defense, via disqualification against Eric Aiken later that year, due to excessive low blows. A rematch was scheduled but never materialized. He is now living at Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil.
## Professional boxing record {#professional_boxing_record}
Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
---- -------- -------- ----------------------------- ------ -------------------------------------- ------------- ---------- -------
25 Loss 24--1 Eric Aiken 8 (12), `{{small|1:37}}`{=mediawiki} 13 May 2006
24 Win 24--0 Yuri Romanovich UD 10 9 Apr 2006
23 Win 23--0 Fahprakorb Rakkiatgym UD 12 20 Jan 2006
22 Win 22--0 Victor Hugo Paz UD 10 23 Jul 2005
21 Win 21--0 Euclides Espitia TKO 3 (8) 28 May 2005
20 Win 20--0 Whyber Garcia UD 12 28 Jan 2005
19 Win 19--0 Pastor Humberto Maurin UD 12 11 Dec 2004
18 Win 18--0 Emmanuel Lucero 10 13 Aug 2004
17 Win 17--0 Julio Cesar Alganaraz 4 (8), `{{small|3:00}}`{=mediawiki} 1 May 2004
16 Win 16--0 Rogers Mtagwa TKO 8 (10), `{{small|2:36}}`{=mediawiki} 3 Jan 2004
15 Win 15--0 Luis Enrique Adame UD 10 9 Aug 2003
14 Win 14--0 Oney Hellems TKO 2 (10), `{{small|2:59}}`{=mediawiki} 15 Mar 2003
13 Win 13--0 Ronaldo Lima TKO 2 (?) 16 Feb 2003
12 Win 12--0 Marcos Badillo 6 13 Dec 2002
11 Win 11--0 Jose Claudio Da Silva KO 4 (6) 24 Aug 2002
10 Win 10--0 Robert Enriquez TKO 4 (6), `{{small|1:29}}`{=mediawiki} 3 Aug 2002
9 Win 9--0 Cirilo Coronel Campos TKO 2 (6) 18 May 2002
8 Win 8--0 Sergio Gustavo Rodriguez KO 2 (8) 23 Mar 2002
7 Win 7--0 Almir Fernandes de Oliveira KO 1 (10) 26 Feb 2002
6 Win 6--0 Gutemberg Ferreira 6 21 Dec 2001
5 Win 5--0 Sebastiao Macaris TKO 2 (4) 17 Nov 2001
4 Win 4--0 Julio Cesar Soares KO 2 (?) 21 Sep 2001
3 Win 3--0 Renato Pedro KO 2 (4) 27 Jul 2001
2 Win 2--0 Jose Acioly de Barros 2 (4) 23 Jun 2001
1 Win 1--0 Ronaldo Conceicao 4 (4) 6 Mar 2001
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,109 |
Nuclear transport
|
**Nuclear transport** refers to the mechanisms by which molecules move across the nuclear membrane of a cell. The entry and exit of large molecules from the cell nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation, macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association with transport factors known as **nuclear transport receptors**, like karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit.
## Nuclear import {#nuclear_import}
Protein that must be imported to the nucleus from the cytoplasm carry nuclear localization signals (NLS) that are bound by importins. An NLS is a sequence of amino acids that acts as a tag. They are most commonly hydrophilic sequences containing lysine and arginine residues, although diverse NLS sequences have been documented. Proteins, transfer RNA, and assembled ribosomal subunits are exported from the nucleus due to association with exportins, which bind signaling sequences called nuclear export signals (NES). The ability of both importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by the Ran small G-protein.
G-proteins are GTPase enzymes that bind to a molecule called guanosine triphosphate (GTP) which they then hydrolyze to create guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and release energy. The RAN enzymes exist in two nucleotide-bound forms: GDP-bound and GTP-bound. In its GTP-bound state, Ran is capable of binding importins and exportins. Importins release cargo upon binding to RanGTP, while exportins must bind RanGTP to form a ternary complex with their export cargo. The dominant nucleotide binding state of Ran depends on whether it is located in the nucleus (RanGTP) or the cytoplasm (RanGDP).
## Nuclear export {#nuclear_export}
Nuclear export roughly reverses the import process; in the nucleus, the exportin binds the cargo and Ran-GTP and diffuses through the pore to the cytoplasm, where the complex dissociates. Ran-GTP binds GAP and hydrolyzes GTP, and the resulting Ran-GDP complex is restored to the nucleus where it exchanges its bound ligand for GTP. Hence, whereas importins depend on RanGTP to dissociate from their cargo, exportins require RanGTP in order to bind to their cargo.
A specialized mRNA exporter protein moves mature mRNA to the cytoplasm after post-transcriptional modification is complete. This translocation process is actively dependent on the Ran protein, although the specific mechanism is not yet well understood. Some particularly commonly transcribed genes are physically located near nuclear pores to facilitate the translocation process.
Export of tRNA is also dependent on the various modifications it undergoes, thus preventing export of improperly functioning tRNA. This quality control mechanism is important due to tRNA\'s central role in translation, where it is involved in adding amino acids to a growing peptide chain. The tRNA exporter in vertebrates is called *exportin-t*. Exportin-t binds directly to its tRNA cargo in the nucleus, a process promoted by the presence of RanGTP. Mutations that affect tRNA\'s structure inhibit its ability to bind to exportin-t, and consequentially, to be exported, providing the cell with another quality control step. As described above, once the complex has crossed the envelope it dissociates and releases the tRNA cargo into the cytosol.
## Protein shuttling {#protein_shuttling}
Many proteins are known to have both NESs and NLSs and thus shuttle constantly between the nucleus and the cytosol. In certain cases one of these steps (i.e., nuclear import or nuclear export) is regulated, often by post-translational modifications.
Nuclear import limits the propagation of large proteins expressed in skeletal muscle fibers and possibly other syncytial tissues, maintaining localized gene expression in certain nuclei. Combining both NESs and NLSs promotes propagation of large proteins to more distant nuclei in muscle fibers.
Protein shuttling can be assessed using a *heterokaryon fusion assay*.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,110 |
Andrei Safonov
|
**Andrei Safonov** (*Андре́й Миха́йлович Сафо́нов*; born 6 June 1964) is a politician from Transnistria. He lives in Bender, Transnistria\'s second largest city.
## Biography
Safonov ran for president against incumbent president Igor Smirnov in the election held on December 10, 2006, and came third with 3.9% of the vote.
He is a former teacher of literature and a former member of the parliament of the MSSR (Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic), within the USSR. After Transnistria\'s declaration of independence, September 2, 1990, he founded the official news agency *Olvia Press*. He was subsequently appointed Minister of Education, Science and Culture, a post he held until 1999 when he formed an opposition movement to Igor Smirnov and an opposition newspaper, founded in 2000, called *Novaia Gazeta*.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,130 |
Tarantula (Mystikal album)
|
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 191, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{album chart|Billboard200|25|artist=Mystikal|access-date=May 8, 2015}}
^
```
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,134 |
Tom Barrett (baseball)
|
**Thomas Loren Barrett** (born April 2, 1960) is an American former second baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (1988--1989) and Boston Red Sox (1992). He was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed. In a three-season career, Barrett posted a .202 batting average with nine runs and four RBI in 54 games played.
He was drafted by the New York Yankees in the 26th round of the 1982 MLB draft from the University of Arizona. Barrett was selected to participate in the 1984 Southern League All-Star Game while playing for the Nashville Sounds, the Double-A affiliate of the Yankees. He remained in New York\'s farm system until being traded to the Philadelphia Phillies on December 11, 1986.
After his playing career, Barrett managed two seasons in the Red Sox organization. He managed the Sarasota Red Sox in 1995 and the Michigan Battle Cats in 1996.
Barrett\'s older brother, Marty Barrett, played with the Boston Red Sox and San Diego Padres between 1982 and 1991.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,137 |
The Plot Against the Giant
|
\"**The Plot Against the Giant**\" is a poem from Wallace Stevens\'s first book of poetry, Harmonium. It was first published in 1917, so it is in the public domain. `{{quote box|bgcolor=lightyellow
|title = The Plot Against the Giant
|quote =
{{center|''First Girl''}}<poem>
When this yokel comes maundering,
Whetting his hacker,
I shall run before him,
Diffusing the civilest odors
Out of geraniums and unsmelled flowers.
It will check him.
</poem>
{{center|''Second Girl''}}<poem>
I shall run before him,
Arching cloths besprinkled with colors
As small as fish-eggs.
The threads
Will abash him.
</poem>
{{center|''Third Girl''}}<poem>
Oh, la...le pauvre!
I shall run before him,
With a curious puffing.
He will bend his ear then.
I shall whisper
Heavenly labials in a world of gutturals.
It will undo him.
</poem>}}`{=mediawiki} Stevens was called \"the Giant\" in his Harvard days, and he confessed in an interview a year before his death that \"\[i\]n my younger days I liked girls. But let\'s not stress that. I have a wife.\" The mumbling giant, perhaps a lumberjack sharpening his axe, may be compared to the bucks whose course is changed by the firecat poet in \"Earthy Anecdote\", here replaced by three girls. The poet challenges and changes the ordinary. The yokel may be checked, abashed, and undone. Maybe he is changed.
The poem\'s theme of beguiling female and bumbling male can be compared to \"Last Looks at the Lilacs\" and \"Two Figures in Dense Violet Night\".
Buttel detects a hint of the work of the Pointillists in the \"cloths besprinkled with colors / As small as fish eggs.\"
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,143 |
Steve O'Donnell (writer)
|
**Steve O\'Donnell** is an American television writer. His credits include *Late Night with David Letterman*, *The Simpsons*, *Seinfeld*, and *The Chris Rock Show*.
## Biography
Steve O\'Donnell was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and graduated with an A.B. degree from Harvard College in 1976. He also completed graduate studies in American history at Columbia University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
## Career
O\'Donnell worked on Letterman nearly since the show\'s inception. The Top Ten List was originally created during O\'Donnell\'s time as head writer, and lists were written in collaboration with other staff writers on the show. According to O\'Donnell, the Top Ten List was an \"almost simultaneous inspiration arriving from staffers Jim Downey, Randy Cohen and Robert \"Morty\" Morton --- largely prompted by the ridiculous \'eligible bachelor\' lists in a local New York paper that included the 78-year-old Bill Paley. \'Why, we can put such nonsense together ourselves!\' we exclaimed. And we did.\" He later co-authored several of the Top-ten books based on the show.Sources for top-ten list:
-
-
- He was seen occasionally on *Late Night* in comedic sketches, perhaps most notably in the recurring \"plays\" put on by the Peace Through Dramatization Players. During Letterman\'s final season, O\'Donnell wrote and spoke about his time as head writer on the show, and compiled his own list of the show\'s \"top ten\" moments for *The New York Times*.
O\'Donnell was later the head writer of *Jimmy Kimmel Live!*, from the show\'s debut in January 2003 until 2008. He occasionally appeared front of the camera in bits for the show as well.
In addition to his tenure as head writer of Letterman and Kimmel, O\'Donnell worked as a writer and producer on *The Bonnie Hunt Show*, *The Dana Carvey Show*, *Norm Macdonald Live*, and *Why? with Hannibal Buress* on Comedy Central. He continued his work with Norm Macdonald as a writer on *Norm Macdonald Has a Show* for Netflix.
He has appeared in additional brief on-screen roles in *Strangers With Candy* and *The Sarah Silverman Program*.
He won Primetime Emmy Awards in the \"Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program\" category on four occasions: for *Late Night with David Letterman* in 1984, 1986, and 1987 and for *The Chris Rock Show* in 1998.
In 2017, the Writers Guild of America presented O\'Donnell with the Herb Sargent Award for Comedy Excellence. A video appearance from recently retired David Letterman was part of O\'Donnell\'s introduction.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Steve is the identical twin of Mark O\'Donnell, the Tony Award-winning co-writer of the Broadway musical *Hairspray* who died on August 6, 2012. Steve supported his brother by encouraging California voters to vote no on Prop. 8 in 2008.
## Simpsons Episodes Written by O\'Donnell {#simpsons_episodes_written_by_odonnell}
- All Singing, All Dancing
- The Joy of Sect
## Seinfeld Episodes Written by O\'Donnell {#seinfeld_episodes_written_by_odonnell}
- The Pothole
- The Checks
## Space Ghost: Coast to Coast Episodes Written by O\'Donnell {#space_ghost_coast_to_coast_episodes_written_by_odonnell}
- Hungry
- Late Show
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,170 |
No Holding Back
|
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 123, column 35):
unexpected 'b'
{| cellpadding="3" align="center" border:3px solid;"
^
```
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,171 |
Duke (surname)
|
**Duke** is a surname meaning \'the leader\' or \'son of Marmaduke\'. It is the 856th most common surname in the United States.
## Etymology
The first is that the surname Duke and its variant, Dukes, are both derived from the various Middle English words *duc,* *duk,* and *douc,* which all came from the Old French word \"duc.\" This ultimately stemmed from the Latin *dux,* meaning \"leader,\" and is a derivative of *ducere,* \"to lead.\" The surname was evidently acquired by someone who was looked upon as a leader, not denoting one of noble birth since many captains or military leaders were titled landholders who would have taken their last names from their estates. The surname Dukes translates literally as \"Duke\'s son.\"
Alternatively, it has been suggested by scholars that the surname is simply a shortened form of Marmaduke, which is from the Irish *Maelmaedoc*, meaning \'servant of Maedoc.\' St Maedoc was a Christian missionary in 7th Century Wales and Ireland. As a Plantation surname, it can be found primarily in east Ulster and has been Gaelicised as Diúc.
References date back to the late twelfth century, with Herbert le Duc, a member of the Knights Templar, using the Gallicized version of the name. From 1190 to 1191, Roger le Duc was Sheriff of London, and three generations of his family succeeded him in this office. The Pipe rolls for Berkshire refer to Adam Duke in the year 1198, and in 1214 one Henry Dukes is recorded in the Curia Regis rolls for Warwickshire.
Finally, there is an alternate version of the name that stems from a deviation of the surname "Duck" which is ultimately derived from an incorrect anglicisation of Ó'Leocháin, Ó'Lothcháin, or Úa Lothcháin. Modern day residents of Counties Longford, Westmeath and Roscommon in Ireland hold the name Duke derived from this root. This modern day area is roughly approximate to the area controlled by the Ua Lothcain Sept of the Gailenga Móra in Gaelic Ireland.
## Dukes
*Dukes* is a patronymic form of the surname Duke that originated in medieval England, of Anglo-Norman origin. The meaning is derived from *son* or *descendant of Duke*, which was originally recorded *le Duc*, a term used to mean \"leader\" before it became associated with a specific rank of the nobility. It is an uncommon name; the 2000 United States Census showed it to be the 1,577th most popular surname, while the United Kingdom Census of that same year showed it to be the 1,749th most popular.
### Earliest usage {#earliest_usage}
The earliest recorded uses of the surname include:
- *Ralph* or *Radulphus Dux* in 1199, Buckinghamshire,
- *Arnold de Dukes* in 1200, Cambridgeshire,
- *Henry* or *Henricus Dukes* in 1214, Warwickshire.
## History
Records indicate name-holders came to England during and in the decades following the Norman Conquest, but its usage became more common in the reign of Richard I and especially in the time of King John. In Queen Elizabeth's long reign the surname often appeared among the rolls of her ennobled subjects who were prominently mentioned in the annals of her time.
Duke families were also found very early in Ireland. According to O'Hart\'s *Irish Pedigrees*, Vol. II, some were residing in County Westmeath in the Fifteenth century. The will of one William Duke, of Kyllenagh, Kildare, recorded 1551, is found in the records at Dublin. After this early date, the family name appears with more or less variation in form, and with increasing frequency upon the pages of the Irish Public Records. Hanna, in his *Scotch-Irish Families of Ulster*, estimates that there were in 1890 within the province of Ulster 268 persons bearing the name Duke.
Thus the Dukes were one of the ancient families of England and of Ireland. They are among the earliest recorded by Burke in his pedigrees of the nobility and of the landed gentry. The first mention made of them by this authority was the aforementioned Roger le Duc, sheriff of London. The names of Duke and Dukes have been well-established in the Americas, with one of the earliest arrivals to New England being one Captain Edward Duke in 1634. Humphrey Dukes sailed to Barbados with his wife and servants in 1630.
## Notable people named Duke {#notable_people_named_duke}
- Duke (Cambridgeshire cricketer), given name unknown, active 1831
- Annie Duke (born 1965), American poker player
- Basil W. Duke, Confederate general
- Benjamin Newton Duke, (1855--1929) American tobacco philanthropist
- Bill Duke (born 1943), African-American actor and director
- Bryce Duke, (born 2001), American soccer player
- Charles Moss Duke Jr. (born 1935), American astronaut
- David Duke (born 1950), American white-nationalist activist
- David Duke, (born 1978), Scottish footballer
- Donald Duke, former governor of Nigeria
- Doris Duke (1912--1993), American philanthropist
- Doris Duke (soul singer) (1941--2019), African-American gospel and soul singer
- Dylan Duke (born 2003), American ice hockey player
- Edmund Duke (1563--1590), English Catholic martyr
- Edward Duke (1779--1852), English antiquary
- Geoff Duke, English champion road racer
- George Duke (1946--2013), African-American singer-songwriter and musician
- George Duke (footballer) (1920--1988), English footballer
- Henry Duke, 1st Baron Merrivale, judge and Chief Secretary for Ireland 1916--1918
- James A. Duke (1929--2017), American botanist
- James Buchanan Duke (1856--1925), American entrepreneur and philanthropist
- James \"Red\" Duke (1928--2015), American surgeon
- Jas H. Duke (1939--1992), Australian writer
- Jessamyn Duke (born 1986), American mixed martial artist
- John Woods Duke (1899--1984), American composer and pianist
- Kacy Duke, American fitness instructor and life coach
- Ken Duke (born 1969), American golfer
- Khalid Duke (born 2001), American football player
- Lynne Duke (1956--2013), American journalist and writer
- Matt Duke, English footballer
- Mike Duke, American business executive
- Mitchell Duke (born 1991), Australian soccer player
- Norm Duke, American bowler
- Patty Duke (1946--2016), American actress
- P. J. Duke (1925--1950), former Cavan Gaelic footballer
- Raoul Duke, alter-ego to Hunter S. Thompson, used as both a character and a pen name
- Robert Duke, songwriter pseudonym of Joe Meek
- Robin Duke, Canadian actress and comedian
- Steve Duke, American saxophonist
- Vernon Duke, Russian composer and songwriter
- Washington Duke (1820--1905), American entrepreneur
- Wesley Duke, former American football player
- William Duke, Scottish lieutenant governor of Bengal
- Zach Duke, American baseball player
## Notable people named Dukes {#notable_people_named_dukes}
- Alan Dukes (born 1945), Irish politician
- Ashley Dukes (1885--1959), English playwright
- Ben Dukes, American independent Country music singer
- Bill J. Dukes, American politician
- Carol Muske-Dukes, American author and poet
- Chad Dukes (American football), former NFL and Arena Football player
- Chad Dukes (radio personality), co-host of the *Big O and Dukes Show*
- Charlene Dukes, American academic administrator
- Cuthbert Dukes (1890--1977), English pathologist
- Daragh Dukes, musician and producer of Irish rock band Headgear
- David Dukes (1945--2000), American stage and TV actor
- Derrick Dukes, African-American wrestler
- Elijah Dukes, African-American baseball player
- Gordon Dukes (1888--1966), American track and field athlete
- Harry Dukes (1912--1988), English footballer
- Hazel Nell Dukes (1932--2025), American anti-racism activist
- Jamie Dukes, former professional football player and NFL Network analyst
- Joanna Dukes, English actress
- Kevin Dukes, American guitarist
- Leopold Dukes (1810--1891), Hungarian historian of Jewish literature
- Mike Dukes (1936--2008), American football player
- Paul Dukes (1889--1967), English journalist and MI6 officer
- Philip Dukes (born 1968), English classical viola soloist
- Ramsey Dukes, pseudonym of occultist Lionel Snell
- Rob Dukes, lead singer for American metal band Exodus
- Tom Dukes, American baseball player
- Walter Dukes (1930--2001), African-American basketball player
## Fictional Characters named Duke or Dukes {#fictional_characters_named_duke_or_dukes}
- Heather Duke, a character in the 1988 teen film *Heathers*, and it\'s musical and TV adaptations
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,177 |
Conservative Collegiate Forum
|
The **Conservative Collegiate Forum** (CCF) was the British Conservative Party\'s national student organisation from 1986 to 1998. It was the successor to the Federation of Conservative Students. From 1990 onwards, the organisation was widely but unofficially known as Conservative Students. CCF existed until the merger with Young Conservatives and Conservative Graduates in 1998 to create Conservative Future.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,178 |
Rhys Huber
|
**Rhys Huber** (born June 24, 1986) is a Canadian former voice actor. He has done English-language voice work for both Western animation and anime. His most notable role is Li Showron in *Cardcaptors*.
## Filmography
- *Cardcaptors* as Li Showron
- *Dragon Booster* as Pyrahh\'s Brother (ep. 3)
- *Nilus the Sandman* as Gus (ep. 1)
- *Rainbow Fish* as Rainbow Fish
- *Ranma ½* as Satori (ep. 135)
- *Salty\'s Lighthouse* as Salty
- *Spider-Man Unlimited* as Shayne Jones
- *What About Mimi?* as Russell Van Eden (seasons 1-2)
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,179 |
Mykola Avilov
|
**Mykola Viktorovych Avilov** (*Микола Вікторович Авілов*, *Николай Викторович Авилов*, born 6 August 1948) is a retired Ukrainian Soviet decathlete who competed at the 1968, 1972 and 1976 Olympics. He won a gold medal in 1972, setting a new world record, a bronze in 1976, and finished fourth in 1968. He is the only Olympic champion in decathlon from the Soviet Union.
Unusually tall for his time Avilov first played basketball, then changed to high jump in 1962, and only in 1966 turned to decathlon. He won that event at the 1970 Universiade and finished second in 1973. In 1971 he married Valentyna Kozyr, an Olympic high jumper. Avilov retired in 1980 after finishing fifth at the Soviet Championships. He then coached athletics in Ukraine, Iraq, China, Egypt and the Seychelles.
In the 2015 Odesa regional election Avilov was elected into the Odesa Oblast parliament as the first of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc\'s election ballot.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,185 |
Mbulelo Botile
|
**Mbulelo Botile** (born 23 July 1972) is a South African former professional boxer who competed between 1989 and 2005. He is a world champion in two weight classes, having held the International Boxing Federation (IBF) bantamweight title from 1995 to 1997, and the IBF, and International Boxing Organization (IBO) featherweight titles from 2000 to 2001.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Botile turned pro in 1989 and won his first twenty-one bouts, including fifteen straight to set up a shot at the IBF Bantamweight title against Harold Mestre in 1995. Botile won with a second-round KO. He successfully defended the title five times before losing the belt to Tim Austin in 1997, by a seventh-round TKO.
Botile moved up in weight and in 2000 took on IBF Featherweight title and IBO title of Paul Ingle, winning the belt with a twelfth-round TKO. He lost a decision in his first defence against Frank Toledo in 2001 and then moved up to Super featherweight. He took on former champion Cassius Baloyi in 2002, losing by an eleventh-round TKO. Botile retired after the loss, but came back in 2005, only to be knocked out by Anthony Tshehla.
Botile later stated that the injuries caused to Paul Ingle, during the bout in 2000, had caused him such distress, that he had never felt focused on boxing again.
## Professional boxing record {#professional_boxing_record}
Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
-------- -------- -------------------- ------ --------------------------------------- ------------- ---------- -------
Loss 27--4 Anthony Tshehla KO 7 (12), `{{small|1:33}}`{=mediawiki} 11 Mar 2005
Loss 27--3 Cassius Baloyi TKO 11 (12), `{{small|2:58}}`{=mediawiki} 26 Oct 2002
Loss 27--2 Frank Toledo UD 12 6 Apr 2001
Win 27--1 Paul Ingle TKO 12 (12), `{{small|0:20}}`{=mediawiki} 16 Dec 2000
Win 26--1 Héctor Lizárraga 10 19 Nov 1999
Win 25--1 Maxim Pugachev TKO 3 (8), `{{small|1:55}}`{=mediawiki} 24 Sep 1999
Win 24--1 David Turner UD 10 18 Nov 1998
Win 23--1 Dino Olivetti RTD 5 (10) 28 Jul 1998
Win 22--1 Mustapha Hame UD 10 21 Mar 1998
Loss 21--1 Tim Austin TKO 8 (12), `{{small|2:20}}`{=mediawiki} 19 Jul 1997
Win 21--0 Aristead Clayton UD 12 26 Nov 1996
Win 20--0 Marlon Arlos 8 (12), `{{small|3:00}}`{=mediawiki} 29 Jun 1996
Win 19--0 Ancee Gedeon KO 11 (12), `{{small|0:35}}`{=mediawiki} 2 Apr 1996
Win 18--0 Reynaldo Hurtado KO 2 (12), `{{small|2:58}}`{=mediawiki} 25 Nov 1995
Win 17--0 Sammy Stewart UD 12 4 Jul 1995
Win 16--0 Harold Mestre KO 2 (12), `{{small|1:24}}`{=mediawiki} 29 Apr 1995
Win 15--0 Eddy Saenz TKO 4 (10) 4 Mar 1995
Win 14--0 Jose Ayala UD 10 19 Nov 1994
Win 13--0 Javier Diaz 10 15 Oct 1994
Win 12--0 Derrick Whiteboy 12 29 May 1994
Win 11--0 Sipho Cekiso KO 2 (8) 9 May 1993
Win 10--0 Raymond Molefi TKO 6 (?) 26 Sep 1992
Win 9--0 Zolani Makhubalo PTS 10 12 Apr 1992
Win 8--0 Mxolisi Mayekiso PTS 8 17 Nov 1991
Win 7--0 Philani Kali TKO 2 (8) 14 Oct 1991
Win 6--0 Xolile Duda KO 2 (6) 25 Nov 1990
Win 5--0 David Molahloe TKO 2 (6) 14 Oct 1990
Win 4--0 Thembikile Blaweni KO 1 (4) 26 Aug 1990
Win 3--0 Dolly Qhoni 6 5 May 1990
Win 2--0 Dallas Mooi 3 (6) 29 Oct 1989
Win 1--0 Makhosandile Mbiza 3 (6) 30 Jul 1989
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,206 |
Divine Songs (Swamini Turiyasangitananda album)
|
***Divine Songs*** is an album by Swamini Turiyasangitananda, formerly known as Alice Coltrane. It is an album composed of devotional songs from the Hindu religion. The songs are accompanied by Turiya\'s signature playing on the Wurlitzer organ. She plays the songs on the organ, beginning with the traditional Indian mode, but then improvises and stretches it until it turns back on itself musically. Her use of breaks, syncopation, and harmonic invention re-images the songs as something original and nearly unclassifiable.
## Reception
In an article for *The Guardian*, Jennifer Lucy Allan described *Divine Songs* as \"a mind-blowing psychedelic vision of what transcendence might sound like,\" and wrote: \"Its lavish string sections and sung chants combine with luminous synths whose pitch arches upwards as if in salutation. It\'s an unbeatable cosmic power-up. Coltrane is not often considered the creator of synthesiser masterpieces, but this album demands a reassessment in that respect.\"
David James of Optimistic Underground called the album \"the purest expression of the spiritual drone jazz sound that Alice had been perfecting ever since establishing the Shanti Anantam Ashram in the decade prior,\" and commented, \"The atmosphere cracks open with harp and strings, shining brightly around her transcendent voice. It might not be for the casual fan, but if you\'re tuned in to the celestial vibe Alice developed in the years after her husband, John Coltrane, died, you\'ll settle in perfectly here.\"
Writing for The Hum, Bradford Bailey stated that the album is \"drenched in introspection and sorrow -- her voice plumbing the depths of beauty and loss.\"
Composer Courtney Bryan remarked that, when listening to \"Keshava Murahara\", she \"treasure\[s\] \[Coltrane\'s\] compositional genius --- the grounding presence and modal harmonies of the organ, the evocative chanting of the bhajans, the soaring strings, and the otherworldly synthesizer that in the final minute illustrates what it may feel like to transcend this material existence to higher realms of spiritual consciousness.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Rama Rama\" -- 7:34
2. \"Keshava Murahara\" -- 9:43
3. \"Er Ra\" -- 4:50
4. \"Madhura Manohara Giridhari\" -- 6:45
5. \"Deva Deva\" -- 7:28
6. \"Chandra Shekara\" -- 5:09
7. \"Om Shanti\" -- 6:51
8. \"Rama Guru\" -- 5:46
9. \"Hari Narayan\" -- 4:38
## Personnel
- Alice Coltrane -- vocals, organ, synthesizer
- Students of the Vedantic Center: backing vocals, percussion
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,210 |
Mogyoktang
|
***Mogyoktangs*** (`{{ko-hhrm|hangul=목욕탕|hanja=沐浴湯}}`{=mediawiki}) are Korean public bathhouses. Typical facilities in the bathhouses include lockers, showers, hot tubs, steam rooms, massage areas, and barbershops. Unlike the generally more elaborate *jjimjilbangs*, which can include facilities such as sleeping areas, snack bars, and PC bangs, *mogyoktangs* are usually only bathhouses and not open 24 hours. They are also divided into men-only and women-only sections.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,211 |
Kelvinbridge railway station
|
**Kelvinbridge** was a railway station for the Kelvinbridge area in the West End of Glasgow, close to Kelvinbridge subway station on the Glasgow Subway.
## Chronology
This station was opened on 10 August 1896.
It served as the mainline station for taking visitors to the 1901 Glasgow International Exhibition.
It was closed to passengers on 4 August 1952 and to freight on 6 July 1964, with the line being closed on 5 October 1964.
The building was destroyed by fire in August 1968.
## Description of the site {#description_of_the_site}
The line entered the station site in the south east corner passing under Gibson Street next to the River Kelvin and ran alongside the east side of the river until reaching the north west corner when it crossed the river prior to passing under Caledonian Crescent where the station building was located. The goods yard was located to the east of the line, and was converted to a park and ride car park in 1965.
The station building was designed by well known Glasgow architect James Miller who designed many other Caledonian Railway stations, including Botanic Gardens which was the next stop on the line. It was in a style similar to other stations designed by Miller at the time. It was destroyed by a fire started by children while abandoned in August 1968. The outer walls with some decorative stonework as well as the base of an entrance vestibule with the pattern and fragments of the black and white checked floor tiles remain. Above the station site and mouth of the tunnel is Caledonian Mansions which was built by the Caledonian Railway company on land it purchased for tunnel construction. The company\'s monogram is still visible on the east side of the mansions on Caledonian Crescent, just uphill from the station site.
At the north west corner of the site the formation of the line from the station towards Botanic Gardens passes under Otago Street where the station buildings were located, before entering the tunnel under Great Western Road.
It was through the tunnel (at the south of the site) to Stobcross that the River Kelvin flowed when it burst its banks at the site of the station goods yard in December 1994. As part of the flood defence measures put in place, a bank was put in place in front of the tunnel mouth.
## Gallery
<File:Kelvinbridge> GCR Station (2).jpg\|Looking across the railway bridge towards the location of the station buildings. <File:Kelvinbridge> Cresswelll Street Bridge.jpg\|The line passing under Caledonian Crescent. <File:Tunnel> to Botanic Gardens from Kelvinbridge.jpg\|The entrance of the tunnel to Botanic Gardens. <File:Tunnel> to Stobcross from Kelvinbridge (1).jpg\|The entrance to the tunnel to Stobcross. Image:Tunnel to Stobcross from Kelvinbridge (2).jpg\|Under the bridge is the bank put in place following the December 1994 flood to prevent water flowing down the tunnel.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,219 |
Peter Simpson (Scottish footballer)
|
**Peter Simpson** (13 November 1904 -- March 1974) was a Scottish footballer of the 1920s and 1930s who set many scoring records.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Early career {#early_career}
Simpson was born in Leith and began his career with local side Leith Amateurs, before joining Division Two side St Bernard\'s for the start of the 1925--26 season. He scored 12 times in his first 7 games for \"Saints\" and eventually totalled 33 goals for the season. However, the 1926 General Strike had severe financial ramifications for Scottish lower-league sides, and part way into the 1926--27 season Simpson left St Bernard\'s for English non-league side Kettering Town.
At Kettering, Simpson did well and his break came, in a game for Kettering playing against Crystal Palace in an FA Cup First Round tie in 1928. Though he failed to find the net, Simpson impressed Palace manager Fred Mavin who signed him the following summer.
### Crystal Palace {#crystal_palace}
Simpson made his Crystal Palace debut in the fifth game of the 1929--30 season against Norwich City and scored a hat-trick, and by March of that season, had scored 27 goals in 27 league and cup games. This alerted the big clubs of the time to his talent, and a transfer away from Selhurst Park seemed certain. However, the Palace directors put a huge price-tag on his contract, and no move came. He finished the season, and improved on his record up until March, finally having netted 36 times in 34 games.
In the 1930--31 season, he achieved a Palace record, scoring six goals in a 7--2 win over Exeter City, in a Division Three South fixture. He would go on to score 46 goals that season, a Palace record that still stands.
In his first five Palace seasons, Simpson topped the goalscoring charts every time, another unbeaten record.
In the 1934--35 season, Simpson suffered a knee injury. After his comeback, Simpson appeared to be inferior to the player he was before. In April 1935, he scored in a 1--1 draw with Swindon Town which would prove to be his last outing for Palace. He was transferred to West Ham United that summer. His final Palace total was 165 goals, from 195 appearances, a goals-per-game total of 0.85. He also scored 19 hat-tricks for Palace, in four years. His goals and hat-trick totals for Palace are records that are still unbeaten.
### West Ham United, Reading and Aldershot {#west_ham_united_reading_and_aldershot}
After two largely un-noteworthy seasons with West Ham, and still not fully recovered from his injury, he left in 1937, moving to Reading. At Elm Park, despite being towards the end of his career, he seemed to regain some form. He would return to Selhurst Park in early 1938 with \"The Royals\", and score two of Reading\'s three goals, to beat \"The Glaziers\" 3--2. Simpson ended his career with a short spell at Aldershot.
## Biography
After his playing career ended, Simpson returned to the Croydon area, taking over a tobacconist\'s there. He died in Croydon, at the age of sixty-nine. However, though he did not make it into Palace\'s Centenary XI (possibly because the majority of the voters were more accustomed to the talents of later players, Ian Wright and Andrew Johnson, who played in the top division, rather than a vintage great, such as Simpson), the record books of Crystal Palace F.C., continue to show Simpson\'s achievements.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,221 |
Jimmy Constable
|
**James Michael Constable** (born 21 September 1971) is an English pop singer, songwriter and dancer. He is a member of the pop band 911.
## Early life {#early_life}
Constable was born in Oxford Street Maternity Hospital, Liverpool to parents Margaret and Ronnie. He is a fan of Liverpool F.C.
## Career
### 1990s: *The Hitman and Her* {#s_the_hitman_and_her}
Constable began his career in the early 1990s as a dancer on the late-night ITV dance music show *The Hitman and Her*.
### 1995--2000: 911
Whilst on the show, Constable met Simon \"Spike\" Dawbarn and Jason Orange. Having seen how successful the latter went on to become with his band Take That, Constable and Dawbarn put their own band together, and 911 was born. Lee Brennan joined the line-up and they became a trio.
911 spent several months building up a fanbase from scratch, performing gigs in schools and small public venues. After independently releasing two singles which both made the UK top 40, \"Night to Remember\" and \"Love Sensation\", 911 were signed by Virgin Records.
911 sold over 10 million singles and six million albums worldwide before splitting up in 2000. Constable announced the split live on Radio 1 and in 2005 said: \"I didn\'t have any time to get my head around it. I had a lump in my throat saying it, then we came out of Radio 1 and the other two guys went to the pub. I got in my car and took off and I never saw them for two years.\"
### Post-split {#post_split}
After the band split, Constable turned to drink and drugs, admitting \"I found myself in my old single bed with a bottle of Jack Daniel\'s and a bottle of pain killers and thought about ending it there and then. The only thing that stopped me was thinking about the devastation it would cause for my family.\"
Constable return to the music industry in 2006 by taking part in the MTV series *Totally Boyband*. The series followed ex-members of other boy bands forming into a new band, called Upper Street. But their first single was a commercial failure, charting at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart and the band disbanded.
On 28 August 2007, he appeared on the BBC Two game show *Identity*, billed as an \'ex boyband member\'.
### 2012--present: *The Big Reunion* and 911 comeback {#present_the_big_reunion_and_911_comeback}
On 18 October 2012, it was announced that 911, along with B\*Witched, Five, Atomic Kitten, Honeyz and Liberty X, would be reuniting again for the ITV2 documentary series *The Big Reunion*.
Constable also does songwriting for other artists. He has worked with Les McKeown of the Bay City Rollers and Rod Stewart.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Constable was previously in a nine-year relationship with his girlfriend Bernadette Robertson, whom he met in 1985. He proposed to her in 1988 and four years later she gave birth to their son, Scott. In 1994, Constable left Bernadette in order to move to Glasgow, Scotland and focus on his music career with 911, although he did agree to give her away at her next wedding.
Constable lives with his wife Claire (whom he married in 2009) and two other children in St Neots.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Constable became an ambulance driver for the National Health Service.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
------ ---------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------
1998 *Noel\'s House Party* Himself Episode #7.18
2005 *Hit Me, Baby, One More Time* Special TV show
2007 *Identity* Mystery guest (1 episode)
2011 *Celebrity Juice* Special guest (1 episode)
2013 *The Big Reunion* 9 episodes
*Big Brother\'s Bit on the Side* 1 episode (4 August)
*The Big Reunion: On Tour* 3 episodes
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,238 |
Sherilyn Wolter
|
**Sherilyn Marjorie Wolter** (born November 30, 1951) is an American former actress.
## Early life {#early_life}
Wolter was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia. She graduated from Encina High School in Sacramento, California, 1969.
## Career
Wolter starred on the TV series *B. J. and the Bear* in 1981, *The Devlin Connection* in 1982 and then portrayed Celia Quartermaine on the daytime soap opera *General Hospital* from March 17, 1983, to February 26, 1986, and Elena Nikolas on *Santa Barbara* from April-October 1987. She also briefly replaced Hunter Tylo as Taylor Hayes on *The Bold and the Beautiful* in October 1990 and appeared as George on *Guiding Light* from October-November 1993.
Wolter played a blinded artist in the 1989 film *Eyewitness to Murder*, Mitch\'s girlfriend in the first season of *Baywatch* (1990), and Justine Strickland in the 1992 daytime maxi serial *Judith Krantz\'s Secrets* which consisted of 65 episodes and was only shown internationally.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Wolter resides in Hawaii, where she owns a small business and teaches writing classes.
## Filmography
### Film & television (acting) {#film_television_acting}
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
+============+==============================+===================================+========================================================================================================================================================================+
| 1981 | *B. J. and the Bear* | Cindy Grant | Series regular (season 3 only @ 15 episodes) |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1982 | *The Devlin Connection* | Sister Theresa/Elizabeth | Episode: \"Of Nuns and Other Black Birds\" |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *The Juggler of Notre Dame* | Beatrice | Television film (shown around Christmas) |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1983 | *The A-Team* | Carolyn Coulton | Episode: \"Children of Jamestown\" |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1983--1986 | *General Hospital* | *Celia Quartermaine Andrews Holt* | Daytime serial (contract role 3/17/1983 - 2/26/1986) |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1986 | *My Sister Sam* | Heather | Episode: \"Mirror, Mirror on the Wall\" |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1987 | *Matlock* | Whitney Seaver | Episode: \"The Photographer\" |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Santa Barbara* | Eleanor Norris/Elena Nikolas | Daytime serial (recurring role @ April-December) |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1989 | *Father Dowling Mysteries* | Marcella Woolridge | Episode: \"What Do You Call a Call Girl Mystery\" |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Eyewitness to Murder* | Suzanne | Feature flim (not released until December 21, 1990) |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1990 | *Who\'s the Boss?* | Michelle | Episode: \"Dear Landlord\" |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Baywatch* | Amanda Keller\ | Episode: \"Muddy Waters\" (in this episode character\'s name was Ms. Keller)\ |
| | | (3 episodes) | Episode: \"Snake Eyes\"\ |
| | | | Episode: \"Shark Derby\" |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *The Bold and the Beautiful* | Dr. Taylor Hayes | Daytime serial (temporary replacement for Hunter Tylo)\ |
| | | | Episode: #885, #886, #887, #888, #889 & #894 (October) |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Civil Wars* | Elise Mosley | Episode: \"Shop \'Til You Drop\" |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \"Secrets\" by Judith Krantz | Justine Strickland | Contract role\ |
| | | | 65-episode maxiseries (soap opera mostly shown in foreign countries) |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *In the Heat of the Night* | Councilwoman Roslyn Douglas | Episode: \"Judgement Day\" |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Matlock* | Judy Wilson | Episode: \"The Mark\" |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Guiding Light* | George | Daytime serial (guest role @ October-November)\ |
| | | | \ |
| | | | Appeared in 16 episodes from October 19 through November 16, 1993; she may have appeared in the October 11 & 13, 1993 episodes (can\'t find episodes online to verify) |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Monty* | TV Wife | Episode: \"Baby Talk\" |
+------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
### Television (non-acting) {#television_non_acting}
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
+===========+===========================================+===============================+========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| 1981 | *The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson* | Herself/guest | Episode: S19:E99 (January 16, 1981)\ |
| | | | \ |
| | | | Sherilyn appeared as part of the \"Seven Lovelies\" along with Geri Brough, Candi Brough, Sheila Wills, Barbara Horan, Linda McCullough and Judy Landers from B. J. and the Bear. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Women Who Rate a 10* | Herself | NBC Special (February 15, 1981)\ |
| | | | \ |
| | | | Sherilyn appeared with costars Sheila Wills, Barbara Horan, Linda McCullough and Judy Landers from B. J. and the Bear. The special was a tribute to beautiful women of the 1970s and 1980s and was hosted by *Erik Estrada*, *Morgan Fairchild* and *Howard Hesseman*. |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1983-1984 | *Family Feud* | Herself/celebrity contestant\ | Episode: \"Soap Stars and Their Real Life Families Week I; Sherilyn Wolter\'s family vs. Darnell Williams\' family: Game 2\"\" (1983)\ |
| | | (3 games @ 1983)\ | Episode: \"Soap Stars and Their Real Life Families Week I; Sherilyn Wolter\'s family vs. Kim Delaney\'s family: Game 4\"\" (1983)\ |
| | | (2 games @ 1984) | Episode: \"Soap Stars and Their Real Life Families Week I; Sherilyn Wolter\'s family vs. John Stamos\' family: Game 5\"\" (1983)\ |
| | | | \ |
| | | | Episode: \"Love in the Afternoon Daytime Dynasties Week; The Cortlandts vs. The Quartermaines; Game 1\" (1984)\ |
| | | | Episode: \"Love in the Afternoon Daytime Dynasties Week; The Quartermaines vs. The Ryans; Game 4\" (1984) |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1985 | *Hour Magazine* | Herself | Episode: \"May 8, 1985\" |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *The Merv Griffin Show* | Herself | Episode: \"July 26, 1985\" |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *All-Star Blitz* | Herself/celebrity panelist\ | Episode: \"Larry vs. Cheryl\ |
| | | (1 game) | \ |
| | | | Guest panelist along with Betty White (Golden Girls), Ted Shackelford (Knots Landing) and Robert S. Woods (One Life to Live) |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | *Star Games* | Herself/celebrity contestant\ | Episode: \"Fame/Gimme a Break/General Hospital/Police Academy: Round 1\"\ |
| | | (4 games/rounds) | Episode: \"Fame/Gimme a Break/General Hospital/Love Boat: Round 2\"\ |
| | | | Episode: \"Fame/Gimme a Break/General Hospital/The Paper Chase: Round 3\"\ |
| | | | Episode: \"General Hospital/Falcon Crest: Round 4\" (Falcon Crest-Winner) |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,254 |
Henry Cuffe
|
**Sir Henry Cuffe** (1563 -- 13 March 1601) was an English writer and politician, executed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, for treason.
## Biography
### Family connections {#family_connections}
Born in 1563 at Hinton St George, Somerset, he was the youngest son of Robert Cuffe of Donyatt in that county. Of the same family, although the relationship does not seem to have been definitely settled, was Hugh Cuffe, who in 1598 was granted large estates in the county of Cork, and whose grandson Maurice wrote an account of the defence of Ballyalley Castle, County Clare, when besieged in the rebellion of 1641. Maurice Cuffe\'s journal was printed by the Camden Society in 1841, and the writer\'s grandnephew John was created Baron Desart in the Irish peerage in 1733 (the first baron\'s grandson, Otway Cuffe, became viscount in 1781, and Earl of Desart in 1793, and these titles are still extant). To another branch of the Somerset family of Cuffe belonged Thomas Cuffe of Crych, who went to Ireland in 1641, and whose son James was knighted by Charles II and granted land in Mayo and Galway. In 1797 James Cuffe (d. 1821), in direct line of descent from this Sir James Cuffe, was made Baron Tyrawley of Ballinrobe, County Mayo.
### Early life {#early_life}
After receiving his early education at the grammar school of Hinton St. George, Henry Cuffe was elected at the age of fifteen a scholar of Trinity College, Oxford (25 May 1578) by the interest of Lady Elizabeth Powlett of Hinton, who always showed a kindly regard for his welfare. At Oxford, Cuffe exhibited a conspicuous ability, and became a finished Greek scholar. He attracted the attention of Sir Henry Savile, who aided him in his studies, and about 1582 made the acquaintance of John Hotman, a learned French Protestant in the service of the Earl of Leicester. In 1582 and 1583 he corresponded regularly with Hotman, and some of these letters, which prove strong affection between the writers, are printed in \'Francisci et Joannis Hotomanxorum\...Epistolae\' (Amsterdam, 1700). Cuffe proceeded B.A. 13 June 1580, and was elected fellow of his college 30 May 1583, but a severe remark about the practical jokes which the founder of Trinity, Sir Thomas Pope, was fond of playing on his friends, led to his expulsion from the college. In 1586, Sir Henry Savile offered him a tutorship at Merton, and there Cuffe pursued his Greek studies with conspicuous success. On 20 Feb 1588/9 he graduated M.A., and after proving his capacity as a teacher of Greek by holding a lectureship at Queen\'s College, he was in 1590 elected Regius Professor of Greek in the university. This post he held for seven years. He addressed the queen in a Latin speech at Carfax when she visited Oxford in 1592, and was chosen junior proctor 15 April 1594. Very soon afterwards Cuffe abandoned Oxford for London, where he obtained the post of secretary to the Earl of Essex.
### With Essex {#with_essex}
Essex employed a number of educated men, who were chiefly engaged in a voluminous foreign correspondence. At the time that Cuffe entered his service, Edward Reynolds, Sir Henry Wotton, Anthony Bacon, and Temple were already members of Essex\'s household, and the newcomer was described as a \'great philosopher\' who could \'suit the wise observations of ancient authors to the transactions of modern times.\' He accompanied Essex in the expedition to Cadiz in 1596, and wrote an account of it on his return for publication, but this was prohibited by order of the queen and her council. Anthony Bacon, to whom Cuffe confided the manuscript, succeeded, however, in distributing a few copies. On Essex\'s acceptance of the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland, Cuffe sailed to Dublin in the earl\'s company in April 1599. In the following August he visited London to deliver to the queen those important dispatches in which Essex excused himself for his delay in suppressing Tyrone\'s Rebellion. \'Mr Cuffe,\' wrote Rowland White to Sir Robert Sidney (12 Sep 1599), \'hath had access to the queen, who came of purpose marvelously well instructed to answer such objections as her majesty could lay to his \[i.e. Essex\'s\] charge, and I hear that Cuffe hath wisely behaved himself to her majesty\'s better satisfaction\' (*Sidney Papers*). But the royal letter which Cuffe carried back to Essex was not conciliatory, and on 28 Sep, Cuffe accompanied his master on his sudden visit to London which ended in Essex\'s imprisonment. During the latter months of the earl\'s confinement Cuffe appears to have been in continual intercourse with him, and after his release (26 Aug 1600) definitely re-entered his service. He was deeply interested in Essex\'s reinstatement at court, both on grounds of personal ambition and of affection for his employer, and, now that few friends had access to the earl, was much in his confidence.
### Rebellion
For a man of Essex\'s temperament he was the worst possible counsellor. He urged him to seek at all hazards an interview with the queen, and argued that Elizabeth would be unable to withhold her favour from him after she had heard from his mouth the story of his grievances and of the animosity with which the Cecils, Raleigh, and others regarded him. He deprecated all compromise with those he regarded as the earl\'s enemies; taunted Essex with having already submitted voluntarily to many degradations; advised Essex\'s friends to form an alliance with all political malcontents to make themselves a party to be feared; laid his plans before Sir Henry Neville, who had just been recalled from the French embassy and had grievances against the government; and obtained Essex\'s consent to communicate with his old friend Sir Charles Danvers. Cuffe had no clear ideas as to the details of his policy, and did not take part in the secret meetings of Essex\'s friends, whom he had helped to bring together, at Drury House, in November and December 1600. Meanwhile, some of Essex\'s relatives perceived the evil effect on Essex of Cuffe\'s maladroit counsels, and they induced him in November to dismiss him from his service. Sir Gilly Merrick, Essex\'s steward, was ordered to remove him from Essex House. But Cuffe appealed to the good nature of his master\'s friend, the Earl of Southampton, who readily obtained from Essex a rescission of the order (see Wotton). Cuffe\'s work was, however, done. He opposed the appeal to force and took no part in the riot in the city of London on Sunday, 8 Feb 1600/1 (see Devereux, Robert, second Earl of Essex), but with Essex and all his allies was thrown into the Tower. When Essex, just before his execution, requested to be confronted with Cuffe in the Tower (21 Feb 1600/1) in the presence of witnesses, he used the words: \'You have been one of the chiefest instigators of me to all these my disloyal courses into which I have fallen.\'
### Trial and execution {#trial_and_execution}
At the end of February Cuffe answered several questions respecting Essex\'s negotiations with King James of Scotland which the lords of the council put to him. He appears to have told the truth, but his replies show that he had not managed that part of Essex\'s correspondence, which was mainly in the hands of Anthony Bacon. Some days before his execution, however, he wrote to Sir Robert Cecil enclosing a copy of instructions which Essex had prepared for presentation to the Earl of Mar, an ambassador to Elizabeth from James, with the object of so poisoning Mar\'s mind against Cecil and his friends that Mar might communicate suspicion of them to the queen. On 2 March 1600/1 Cuffe was twice re-examined, and explained his negotiation with Sir Henry Neville. Three days later he was put on his trial, with Sir Christopher Blount, Sir Charles Danvers, Sir John Davis, and Sir Gilly Merrick. Cuffe and Merrick were not indicted, like the rest, for open acts of violence. Coke, the attorney-general and prosecuting counsel, denounced Cuffe in the strongest terms, and began his address to the court with the remark that he \'was the arrantest traitor that ever came to that bar,\' \'the very seducer of the earl,\' and \'the cunning coiner of all plots.\' Cuffe replied that he had wished to see his master recalled to the queen\'s favour, but that was the limit of his desire and action. On the day of the rebellion he never left Essex House. Coke thereupon said that he would give him \'a cuff that should set him down,\' and read extracts from Essex\'s and Sir Henry Neville\'s confessions. Sir Charles Danvers\' confession was also put in, and it was stated that, in case of the plot succeeding, Cuffe had been promised the speakership in the next parliament. The jury returned a verdict of guilty against all the prisoners. Cuffe asked for the companionship of a divine before he was executed. On 13 March Merrick and Cuffe were drawn to Tyburn. Cuffe began a speech admitting his guilt while denying many of the charges brought against him. The authorities twice interrupted him, and on the second occasion he \'began to apply himself to his devotions, which he managed with a great deal of fervor,\' and was \'dispatched by the executioner\' (*State Trials,* i. 1410--1451). Bacon in the official \'Declaration of the Treasons,\' 1601, describes Cuffe as \'a base fellow by birth, but a great scholar, and indeed a noble traitor by the book, being otherwise of a turbulent and mutinous spirit against all superiors.\' Francis Osborn, in his \'Advice to a Son,\' illustrates by Cuffe\'s career his warning \'Mingle not your interest with a great one\'s.\'
## Works
In 1607 an editor who signed himself R.M. dedicated to Robert, lord Willoughby and Eresby, a short philosophical and scientific tract by Cuffe. Cuffe here shows wide reading in the writings of the Greek philosophers; a belief in astrology, and faith in a divine providence. In Cott. MS. Nero D. x. is \'De Rebus Gestis in sancto concilio Nicaeno,\' a translation attributed to Cuffe from the Greek of Gelasius Cyzicenus. In Harl. MS. 1327, fol. 58, are to be found *Aphorismes Political, gathered out of the Life and End of that most noble Robert Devereux, Earle of Essex, not long before his death*, a work which is also ascribed to Cuffe. Cuffe assisted Columbanus in his edition (p. 2, Florence, 1598) of Longus\'s *Pastoral of Daphnis and Chloe*, and contributed six Greek elegiacs to William Camden\'s *Britannia.*
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,257 |
3x3 Pro Basketball League
|
**3x3 International Pro Basketball League**was a men\'s and women\'s professional 3x3 basketball league founded in India. Founded in 2017, the competition currently consists of 12 teams in men\'s and 6 in women\'s league.
## History
3BL is managed by YKBK Enterprise Private Limited, a company registered and headquartered in Gurugram, Haryana. YKBK is the exclusive right holder of operating a Professional 3x3 Basketball League in the Indian subcontinent by FIBA, which includes six countries (India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives and Bhutan). 3BL was founded by Rohit Bakshi. The first season of the league was played in Bengaluru, Delhi, Aizawl, Kolkata, Chennai, and Mumbai.
## Indian teams {#indian_teams}
There are currently 18 teams with international and Indian players, both men and women.
Teams State/City
------------------------ ------------
Ahmedabad Wingers Ahmedabad
Aizawl Legends Aizawl
Bangalore Machas Bangalore
Chandigarh Challengers Chandigarh
Chennai Icons Chennai
Delhi Hoopers Delhi
Goa Snipers Goa
Gurugram Masters Gurugram
Hyderabad Ballers Hyderabad
Kolkata Warriors Kolkata
Lucknow Ligers Lucknow
Mumbai Heroes Mumbai
: Men\'s
Teams State/City
--------------------- ------------
Coimbatore Spunkies Coimbatore
Delhi Divas Delhi
Jaipur Regals Jaipur
Kochi Stars Kochi
Ludhiana Queens Ludhiana
Pune Panthers Pune
: Women\'s
## Seasons
Rank Team M W W% PTS
------ ------------------- ---- ---- ---- -----
1 Delhi Hoopers 30 27 90 580
2 Ahmedabad Wingers 26 16 62 415
3 Bangalore Machas 23 16 70 375
4 Mumbai Hustlers 21 10 48 310
5 Hyderabad Ballers 19 10 53 286
6 Aizawl Legends 18 7 39 251
7 Jaipur Regals 17 7 41 241
8 Chennai Icons 18 7 39 221
9 Kochi Knights 14 4 29 174
10 Goa Snipers 14 5 36 161
11 Chandigarh Beasts 15 3 20 153
12 Kolkata Warriors 13 1 8 121
: Season 1
Rank Team M W W% PTS
------ ---------------------------- ---- --- ---- -----
1 Chandigarh Challengers (2) 10 7 70 197
2 Goa Snipers (5) 10 5 50 187
3 Delhi Hoopers (1) 11 5 45 175
4 Chennai Icon (4) 8 5 62 151
5 Aizawl Legends (6) 8 4 50 128
6 Bangalore Machas (3) 7 1 14 103
: Season 2 (Conference A)
Rank Team M W W% PTS
------ ----------------------- ---- ---- ---- -----
1 Gurugram Masters (2) 12 11 92 247
2 Mumbai Heroes (1) 12 10 83 237
3 Kolkata Warriors (5) 9 3 33 153
4 Hyderabad Ballers (4) 7 1 14 116
5 Lucknow Ligers (3) 8 2 25 108
6 Ahmedabad Wingers (6) 6 0 0 84
: Conference B
Rank Team M W W% PTS
------ ------------------------- ---- --- ---- -----
1 Kochi Stars (6) 10 7 70 160
2 Pune Panthers (4) 11 7 64 176
3 Coimbatore Spunkies (2) 10 6 60 165
4 Jaipur Regals (1) 9 4 44 141
5 Ludhiana Queens (5) 7 2 29 86
6 Delhi Divas (3) 7 1 14 61
: Women
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,294 |
West 49
|
**West 49 Inc.**, is a Canadian specialty retailer of fashion and apparel, footwear, accessories, and equipment related to the action sports lifestyle. The company was founded in 1987 as **Jumbo Entertainment, Inc.** to manage the Jumbo Video franchised video stores. It adopted its current name in 2004 following the sale of its entertainment assets to Quebecor.
The retailer, founded in 1995, operates more than 100 stores across the country and is Canada\'s largest skateboard and snowboard chain. In 2005, it was ranked the 82nd fastest growing company in Canada. West 49 Inc. operates stores under several names: West 49, Billabong, Element Canada, and Amnesia/Arsenic. On November 4, 2013, YM Inc. was confirmed as the new parent company of the retail chain.
## History
West 49 was established in 1995 by CEO Sam Baio, who opened three stores in Ontario, Canada. The company has its origins in May 1987 as Jumbo Entertainment, Inc. when it managed the Jumbo Video video store franchise and at one point claimed to be the third-largest player in the Canadian video rental industry. It was well known for offering free popcorn to customers, regardless of whether they rented videos.
Starting in 2001, West 49 sponsored and hosted an annual international skate event, the West 49 Canadian Open. In 2005, Microsoft joined as a co-sponsor. The West 49 Canadian Open is not on the World Cup Skateboarding event schedule for 2007 and, as of 2013, is no longer active as an annual skateboarding contest event. As of 2005, the company operated 65 locations in seven provinces, employed nearly 1,000 employees, and reported US\$86 million in revenue for the fiscal year ending January 29, 2005.
After financial issues that had been prevalent for many years, the assets of Jumbo Entertainment were purchased by Quebecor in 2004 and the shell company via a reverse takeover renamed the corporate entity to West 49, Inc.
On November 2, 2009, West 49 Ambition Skatecamp premiered on Bite TV. The show follows eight young amateur skateboarders as they vie for a grand prize that includes a profile in *SBC Skateboard* magazine and a chance to compete in the Maloof Money Cup, a professional skateboarding competition. Along with the placement of the chain\'s name in the show\'s title, West 49 is featured in product and logo shots throughout the series.
Two retailers, U.S.-based Zumiez and Australian-based Billabong, engaged in a bidding war to take over the company. In July 2010, Zumiez decided to end its takeover bid, clearing the way for Billabong to acquire West 49. On August 24, 2010, it was announced that shareholders had approved the sale. In September 2013, Billabong started the process of finding a new buyer for the retail chain due to the internal financial problems of the company.
Billabong\'s sale of the West 49 retail chain was announced on November 4, 2013, with fashion retailer YM Inc. identified as the buyer. West 49 will be sold for approximately CAD\$9--11 million after Billabong originally paid CAD\$99 million in 2010. The ownership of 92 West 49 retail stores, located across Canada, will be transferred through the deal.
## Brands
The chain carries an eponymous brand but mostly sells clothing by Californian brands.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,300 |
TAC Colombia
|
**TAC** (acronym of *Transporte Aéreo de Colombia*) is a charter airline based at Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport in Cali, Colombia.
## History
The airline was founded in Manizales, Caldas; as TAC (Taxi Aéreo de Caldas). In 2008, the company was renamed Transporte Aéreo de Colombia.
## Destinations
Country City Airport Notes/Refs
---------- ----------- ---------------------------------------------- ------------
Colombia Cali Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport
Colombia Bogota El Dorado International Airport
Colombia El Charco El Charco Airport
Colombia Guapi Guapi Airport
Colombia Ipiales San Luis Airport
Colombia Medellin Enrique Olaya Herrera Airport
Colombia Pasto Antonio Nariño Airport
Colombia Quidbo El Caraño Airport
Colombia Timbiqui Timbiqui Airport
Colombia Tumaco La Florida Airport
## Fleet
TAC Colombia operates the following aircraft (at September 2020):
Aircraft Total Orders Passengers
-------------------- ------- -------- ------------
Beechcraft 1900D 2 --- 19
Piper PA-31 Navajo 2 --- 8
Let L-410 3 --- 19
Total 7 ---
: TAC Colombia Fleet
TAC Colombia are also looking at getting Embraer Phenom 300\'s in the future.
## Accidents and incidents {#accidents_and_incidents}
- On 14 December 1977, Vickers Viscount HK-1267 was damaged beyond repair at Palo Negro International Airport, Bucaramanga.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- On 26 June 2009, a TAC LET-410 UVP overran the runway upon landing at Capurganá Airport, Chocó. All 21 survived; 3 crew, 18 passengers.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,339 |
1999 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada
|
The table below lists the reasons delivered from the bench by the Supreme Court of Canada during 1999. The table illustrates what reasons were filed by each justice in each case, and which justices joined each reason. This list, however, does not include decisions on motions.
Of the 73 judgments released in 1999, 12 were oral, and 42 were unanimous. There were also 5 motions.
## Reasons
Case name Argued Decided Lamer L\'Heureux-Dubé Gonthier Cory McLachlin Iacobucci Major Bastarache Binnie Arbour
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------- -------------------- ------- ----------------- ---------- ------ ----------- ----------- ------- ------------ -------- --------
*Del Zotto v Canada*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 3 [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20070217074524/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-3/1999rcs1-3.html) January 20, 1999 January 21, 1999
*Zink v Graybec Immobilier Inc*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 6 [2](https://web.archive.org/web/20070317120245/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-6/1999rcs1-6.html) January 21, 1999 January 21, 1999 V
*Chambly (City of) v Gagnon*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 8 [3](https://web.archive.org/web/20070319015339/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-8/1999rcs1-8.html) January 25, 1999 January 25, 1999 V
*Vancouver Society of Immigrant and Visible Minority Women v MNR*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 10 [4](https://web.archive.org/web/20070318221737/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-10/1999rcs1-10.html) February 23, 1998 January 28, 1999
*Cadbury Schweppes Inc v FBI Foods Ltd*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 142 [5](https://web.archive.org/web/20060721004654/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-142/1999rcs1-142.html) April 30, 1998 January 28, 1999
*Ryan v Victoria (City of)*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 201 [6](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023301/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-201/1999rcs1-201.html) June 17, 1998 January 28, 1999
*Chartier v Chartier*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 242 [7](https://web.archive.org/web/20060721004711/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-242/1999rcs1-242.html) November 12, 1998 January 28, 1999
*Sail Labrador Ltd v Challenge One (The)*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 265 [8](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023103/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-265/1999rcs1-265.html) October 9, 1998 February 4, 1999
*R v Godoy*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 311 [9](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325065959/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-311/1999rcs1-311.html) December 2, 1998 February 4, 1999
*R v Ewanchuk*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 330 [10](https://web.archive.org/web/20060822182536/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-330/1999rcs1-330.html) October 14, 1998 February 25, 1999
Case name Argued Decided Lamer L\'Heureux-Dubé Gonthier Cory McLachlin Iacobucci Major Bastarache Binnie Arbour
*R v WS(R)*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 391 [11](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325070030/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-391/1999rcs1-391.html) March 17, 1999 March 17, 1999 V
*Smith v Jones*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 455 [12](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023321/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-455/1999rcs1-455.html) October 8, 1998 March 25, 1999
*R v Sundown*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 393 [13](https://web.archive.org/web/20060828065755/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-393/1999rcs1-393.html) November 3, 1998 March 25, 1999
*Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 497 [14](https://web.archive.org/web/20070114035758/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-497/1999rcs1-497.html) December 3, 1998 March 25, 1999
*Bracklow v Bracklow*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 420 [15](https://web.archive.org/web/20060914014936/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-420/1999rcs1-420.html) November 6, 1998 March 25, 1999
*R v Campbell*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 565 [16](https://web.archive.org/web/20070315153949/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-565/1999rcs1-565.html) May 28, 1998 April 22, 1999
*MJB Enterprises Ltd v Defence Construction (1951) Ltd*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 619 [17](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325022958/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-619/1999rcs1-619.html) April 22, 1999
*R v Trombley*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 757 [18](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325070210/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-757/1999rcs1-757.html) April 23, 1999 April 23, 1999 V
*R v Monney*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 652 [19](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325070020/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-652/1999rcs1-652.html) December 4, 1998 April 23, 1999
*R v Gladue*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 688 [20](https://web.archive.org/web/20060721004800/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-688/1999rcs1-688.html) December 10, 1998 April 23, 1999
Case name Argued Decided Lamer L\'Heureux-Dubé Gonthier Cory McLachlin Iacobucci Major Bastarache Binnie Arbour
*CanadianOxy Chemicals Ltd v Canada (AG)*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 743 December 10, 1998 April 23, 1999
*Quebec (Deputy Minister of Revenue) v Nolisair International Inc (Trustee of); Sécurité Saglac (1992) Inc (Trustee of) v Quebec (Deputy Minister of Revenue)*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 759 April 22, 1999 April 29, 1999
*R v Beaulac*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 768 February 24, 1999 May 20, 1999
*Novak v Bond*, \[1999\] 1 S.C.R. 808 [21](https://web.archive.org/web/20090413051444/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs1-808/1999rcs1-808.html) March 18, 1999 May 20, 1999
*M v H*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 3 [22](https://web.archive.org/web/20060910122718/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-3/1999rcs2-3.html) March 18, 1998 May 20, 1999 1 2
*Corbiere v Canada (Minister of Indian and Northern Affairs)*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 203 [23](https://web.archive.org/web/20060725074734/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-203/1999rcs2-203.html) October 13, 1998 May 20, 1999
*R v Stone*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 290 [24](https://web.archive.org/web/20060717062729/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-290/1999rcs2-290.html) June 26, 1998 May 27, 1999
*R v White*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 417 [25](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325070200/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-417/1999rcs2-417.html) November 13, 1998 June 10, 1999
*R v G(B)*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 475 [26](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023331/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-475/1999rcs2-475.html) January 29, 1999 June 10, 1999
*Hickey v Hickey*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 518 [27](https://web.archive.org/web/20060721004827/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-518/1999rcs2-518.html) February 18, 1999 June 10, 1999
Case name Argued Decided Lamer L\'Heureux-Dubé Gonthier Cory McLachlin Iacobucci Major Bastarache Binnie Arbour
*Winko v British Columbia (Forensic Psychiatric Institute)*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 625 [28](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325022949/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-625/1999rcs2-625.html) June 15, 16, 1998 June 17, 1999
*R v LePage*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 744 [29](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023417/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-744/1999rcs2-744.html) June 15, 16, 1998 June 17, 1999
*Orlowski v British Columbia (Forensic Psychiatric Institute)*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 733 [30](https://web.archive.org/web/20060923185557/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-733/1999rcs2-733.html) June 15, 16, 1998 June 17, 1999
*Jacobi v Griffiths*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 570 [31](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325022939/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-570/1999rcs2-570.html) October 6, 1998 June 17, 1999
*Bese v British Columbia (Forensic Psychiatric Institute)*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 722 [32](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023353/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-722/1999rcs2-722.html) June 15, 16, 1998 June 17, 1999
*Bazley v Curry*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 534 [33](https://web.archive.org/web/20060721004841/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-534/1999rcs2-534.html) October 6, 1998 June 17, 1999
*Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v Dobson*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 753 [34](https://web.archive.org/web/20071017155509/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-753/1999rcs2-753.html) December 8, 1998 July 9, 1999
*Best v Best*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 868 [35](https://web.archive.org/web/20060702190535/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-868/1999rcs2-868.html) February 17, 1999 July 9, 1999
*Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 817 [36](https://web.archive.org/web/20060903114056/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-817/1999rcs2-817.html) November 4, 1998 July 9, 1999
*M & D Farm Ltd v Manitoba Agricultural Credit Corp*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 961 [37](https://web.archive.org/web/20070225105402/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-961/1999rcs2-961.html) January 26, 1999 September 2, 1999
Case name Argued Decided Lamer L\'Heureux-Dubé Gonthier Cory McLachlin Iacobucci Major Bastarache Binnie Arbour
*Delisle v Canada (Deputy AG)*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 989 [38](https://web.archive.org/web/20070313154610/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-989/1999rcs2-989.html) October 7, 1998 September 2, 1999
*United Food and Commercial Workers, Local 1518 v KMart Canada Ltd*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 1083 [39](https://web.archive.org/web/20070313154740/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-1083/1999rcs2-1083.html) February 15, 16, 1999 September 9, 1999
*British Columbia (Public Service Employee Relations Commission) v British Columbia Government Service Employees\' Union*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 3 [40](https://web.archive.org/web/20060818051618/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-3/1999rcs3-3.html) February 22, 1999 September 9, 1999
*Allsco Building Products Ltd v United Food and Commercial Workers, Local 1288*, \[1999\] 2 S.C.R. 1136 [41](https://web.archive.org/web/20070317120315/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs2-1136/1999rcs2-1136.html) February 15, 1999 September 9, 1999
*Westbank First Nation v British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 134 [42](https://web.archive.org/web/20060913023800/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-134/1999rcs3-134.html) June 21, 1999 September 10, 1999
*New Brunswick (Minister of Health and Community Services) v G(J)*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 46 [43](https://web.archive.org/web/20060721002653/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-46/1999rcs3-46.html) November 9, 1998 September 10, 1999
*Fraser River Pile & Dredge Ltd v Can-Dive Services Ltd*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 108 [44](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023439/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-108/1999rcs3-108.html) February 25, 1999 September 10, 1999
*Winters v Legal Services Society*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 160 [45](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325070101/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-160/1999rcs3-160.html) December 3, 1998 September 15, 1999
*Wells v Newfoundland*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 199 [46](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023452/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-199/1999rcs3-199.html) May 17, 1999 September 15, 1999
*R v Liew*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 227 [47](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023518/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-227/1999rcs3-227.html) March 19, 1999 September 16, 1999
Case name Argued Decided Lamer L\'Heureux-Dubé Gonthier Cory McLachlin Iacobucci Major Bastarache Binnie Arbour
*Francis v Baker*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 250 [48](https://web.archive.org/web/20060702190546/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-250/1999rcs3-250.html) April 27, 1999 September 16, 1999
*R v Marshall*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 456 [49](https://web.archive.org/web/20060915100254/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-456/1999rcs3-456.html) November 5, 1998 September 17, 1999
*Poulin v Serge Morency et Associés Inc*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 351 [50](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023529/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-351/1999rcs3-351.html) April 21, 1999 September 17, 1999
*Perron-Malenfant v Malenfant (Trustee of)*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 375 [51](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325070241/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-375/1999rcs3-375.html) March 15, 1999 September 17, 1999
*Des Champs v Conseil des écoles séparées catholiques de langue française de Prescott-Russell*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 281 [52](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325070221/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-281/1999rcs3-281.html) November 10, 1998 September 17, 1999
*Abouchar v Ottawa-Carleton French-language School Board -- Public Sector*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 343 [53](https://web.archive.org/web/20070220101412/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-343/1999rcs3-343.html) November 10, 1998 September 17, 1999
*R v Lance*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 658 [54](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023621/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-658/1999rcs3-658.html) October 7, 1999 October 7, 1999 V
*Shell Canada Ltd v Canada*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 622 [55](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325070302/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-622/1999rcs3-622.html) June 14, 1999 October 15, 1999
*Royal Bank of Canada v W Got Associates Electric Ltd*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 408 [56](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023538/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-408/1999rcs3-408.html) December 2, 1998 October 15, 1999
*R v W(G)*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 597 [57](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023609/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-597/1999rcs3-597.html) June 16, 1999 October 15, 1999
Case name Argued Decided Lamer L\'Heureux-Dubé Gonthier Cory McLachlin Iacobucci Major Bastarache Binnie Arbour
*R v Fleming*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 662 [58](https://archive.today/20070325070313/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-662/1999rcs3-662.html) October 15, 1999 October 15, 1999 V
*R v F(WJ)*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 569 [59](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325070251/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-569/1999rcs3-569.html) May 19, 1999 October 15, 1999
*R v Brown*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 660 [60](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023631/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-660/1999rcs3-660.html) October 15, 1999 October 15, 1999 V
*Guarantee Co of North America v Gordon Capital Corp*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 423 [61](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023549/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-423/1999rcs3-423.html) June 17, 1999 October 15, 1999
*R v Groot*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 664 [62](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023641/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-664/1999rcs3-664.html) November 5, 1999 November 5, 1999 V
*R v Timm*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 666 [63](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023652/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-666/1999rcs3-666.html) November 12, 1999 November 12, 1999 V
*R v Mills*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 668 [64](https://archive.today/20070313154620/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-668/1999rcs3-668.html) January 19, 1999 November 25, 1999
*R v Davis*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 759 [65](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023114/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-759/1999rcs3-759.html) February 26, 1999 November 25, 1999
*65302 British Columbia Ltd v Canada*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 804 [66](https://web.archive.org/web/20070318004002/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-804/1999rcs3-804.html) April 20, 1999 November 25, 1999
*Renaud v Quebec (Commission des affaires sociales)*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 855 [67](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023703/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-855/1999rcs3-855.html) December 8, 1999 December 8, 1999 V
Case name Argued Decided Lamer L\'Heureux-Dubé Gonthier Cory McLachlin Iacobucci Major Bastarache Binnie Arbour
*R v Pelletier*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 863 [68](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325070325/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-863/1999rcs3-863.html) December 13, 1999 December 13, 1999 V V
*R v Terceira*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 866 [69](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023713/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-866/1999rcs3-866.html) December 16, 1999 December 16, 1999 V
*British Columbia (Superintendent of Motor Vehicles) v British Columbia (Council of Human Rights)*, \[1999\] 3 S.C.R. 868 [70](https://web.archive.org/web/20070325070334/http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999rcs3-868/1999rcs3-868.html) October 13, 1999 December 16, 1999
## Justices of the Supreme Court {#justices_of_the_supreme_court}
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Justice | Reasons written | Votes cast | \% Majority |
+===============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+===============================================+===============================================+=================+
| Chief Justice Antonio Lamer | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | 37 of 43 |
| | | 5 | \ | 0 | \ | 1 | \ | 2 | \ | Total=08 | | | 31 | \ | 1 | \ | 0 | \ | 3 | \ | Total=35 | | |
| | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | |
| | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Puisne Justice Claire L\'Heureux-Dubé | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | 56 of 62 |
| | | 5 | \ | 5 | \ | 2 | \ | 1 | \ | Total=13 | | | 41 | \ | 5 | \ | 0 | \ | 3 | \ | Total=49 | | |
| | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | |
| | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Puisne Justice Charles Gonthier | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | 59 of 62 |
| | | 4 | \ | 4 | \ | 0 | \ | 2 | \ | Total=10 | | | 47 | \ | 4 | \ | 0 | \ | 1 | \ | Total=52 | | |
| | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | |
| | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Puisne Justice Peter Cory (retired June 1, 1999) | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | 48 of 51 |
| | | 7 | \ | 0 | \ | 1 | \ | 1 | \ | Total=09 | | | 41 | \ | 0 | \ | 1 | \ | 0 | \ | Total=42 | | |
| | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | |
| | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Puisne Justice Beverley McLachlin | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | 59 of 63 |
| | | 14 | \ | 1 | \ | 0 | \ | 3 | \ | Total=18 | | | 43 | \ | 1 | \ | 0 | \ | 1 | \ | Total=45 | | |
| | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | |
| | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Puisne Justice Frank Iacobucci | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | 63 of 69 |
| | | 17 | \ | 0 | \ | 1 | \ | 3 | \ | Total=21 | | | 45 | \ | 1 | \ | 0 | \ | 2 | \ | Total=48 | | |
| | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | |
| | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Puisne Justice John C. Major | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | 55 of 62 |
| | | 6 | \ | 1 | \ | 0 | \ | 5 | \ | Total=12 | | | 48 | \ | 0 | \ | 0 | \ | 2 | \ | Total=50 | | |
| | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | |
| | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Pusine Justice Michel Bastarache | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | 58 of 58 (100%) |
| | | 11 | \ | 2 | \ | 0 | \ | 0 | \ | Total=13 | | | 44 | \ | 1 | \ | 0 | \ | 0 | \ | Total=45 | | |
| | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | |
| | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Puisne Justice Ian Binnie | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | 61 of 63 |
| | | 8 | \ | 2 | \ | 0 | \ | 1 | \ | Total=10 | | | 51 | \ | 1 | \ | 0 | \ | 1 | \ | Total=53 | | |
| | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | |
| | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Pusine Justice Louise Arbour (appointed September 15, 1999) | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | 7 of 7 (100%) |
| | | 1 | \ | 0 | \ | 0 | \ | 0 | \ | Total=01 | | | 6 | \ | 0 | \ | 0 | \ | 0 | \ | Total=06 | | |
| | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | | | \ | | \ | | \ | | \ | | | |
| | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----------+ | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| This\ | | | |
| **Notes on statistics:** | | | |
| | | | |
| - A justice is only included in the majority if they have joined or concurred in the Court\'s judgment in full. Percentages are based only on the cases in which a justice participated, and are rounded to the nearest tenth of a percent. | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------+
## Key
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,351 |
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07
|
***Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07*** is a sports video game for the Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Xbox, Xbox 360, Wii and as a launch title for the PlayStation 3 version and was published by EA Sports.
## New features {#new_features}
The game includes updated graphics, new courses, and other new features.
The \"Game Face\" feature has been vastly improved with more detail and customization available for each body part, and after designing their own golfer, players can choose from 3000 items in the \"Pro Shop\" which allows players to purchase new clothing, clubs, balls, gloves, and other golf-related miscellanea. However, many items are locked at the start of the game, and the player must complete certain tasks to unlock these items.
The \"Game Setup\" in the options menu has been changed vastly, to allow the player to choose their swing style. Another new feature allows players to choose the classic control settings or a newer swing style. There is also the new \"Speed Golf\" setting, which allows players to skip to the next shot after the ball has been struck without watching where the ball lands.
## Game modes {#game_modes}
Seven new game modes have been added (One-Ball, Team One-Ball, no balls, Bloodsome, Greensome, Elimination and Team balls black balls).
### Real time events {#real_time_events}
Several of the older game modes have been improved, such as the \"Real Time Event Calendar\" which allows the player to play special events on different days of the year based on their system\'s internal clock. This has replaced the classic \"Scenario Mode\" but there is now a Real Time Event for every day of the year.
### Greensome/Bloodsome
Two new types of traditional game mode have been added this year, \"greensome\" and \"bloodsome\". In \"greensome\", two teams of two golfers both hit their golf balls from the tee, but after that, only one of the balls is played (this is the team captain\'s choice). Players will then alternate shots with the chosen ball until it is holed. The game of \"bloodsome\" has similar rules, with the exception that the opposing team chooses which ball is played. The scoring system uses match play rules.
### Team tour {#team_tour}
The \"Team Tour\" mode allows players using their own created golfers to build up their own team to travel the world playing in different types of game modes until they reach the final match against Tiger Woods\' team. With each victory, the player is allowed more golfers to be added to their team. The golfers that are available are the golfers that they have just beaten. In each round, the player may also \"Up the Ante\" to gain extra experience and free modifiers if they win under specific circumstances; for example, the \"Beat The Spread\" option for Match Play games starts the opponent 4UP (see match play rules below), and the \"Without a Net\" option means that if the ball goes in the water or out of bounds, the player instantly loses. Team Tour is the quickest way to gain experience.
### Stroke Play {#stroke_play}
Stroke play is in the \"Traditional Game Modes\" section. Stroke Play allows up to four players to compete on a round of 9 or 18 holes on any chosen course with variable difficulty settings (tee color, pin location etc.). All golfers use their own ball. The player numbers determine who tees off first on the first hole, but after the first hole, the player with the lowest score tees off first, then the second lowest score and so on. After the initial tee shot, the player furthest from the hole takes their shot next. However many shots or \"strokes\" the player takes is recorded on the scorecard after each hole.
### Match play {#match_play}
A modified version of stroke play with the exception that the winner of each hole goes \"1UP\" depending on their current score. For example, on the first hole, the score will be \"AS\" (All Square), but the player that wins the hole will then score 1 hole, and their score will change to \"1UP\", meaning that player is winning by one hole. The game continues until either player wins enough holes that the other player(s) cannot win. If there is a situation where a player is the same number up as there are holes remaining (for example, 5UP with 5 holes to play), they are declared to be \"Dormie X\" (where X is the number of holes that player is winning by). Once a player is Dormie, the other player must then win every remaining hole to force Sudden Death, or else the player who is \"Dormie\" wins the match. If a hole is tied, the player who is \"Dormie\" wins, although the score does not change.
### Skillzone
The Skillzone was introduced in *Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003*; it features three unique areas which have 15 targets in each. The player can compete in various games in these areas for extra money to buy items from the pro shop. The three courses available are: *Granite Pass*, *Diablo Valley*, and *The Roof*. The various game modes each have their own rules which players must abide by. The game types are:
- *Target*: The player begins with 15 balls to hit as many of the targets as possible. Successive hits on the targets results in cash being earned and more balls being given.
- *Target2Target*: A variation of \"Target\". The computer randomly picks a target which the player must hit. The same rules as \"Target\" apply.
- *Capture*: This game mode requires 2 human players. The players alternate turns to hit targets and earn money. The first player to hit 5 targets wins. However, a player can \"steal\" a target by landing on the target closer to the bullseye than the opponent.
- *T-I-G-E-R*: A variation of the classic \"Horse\". The player hits a target, and their opponent must match the score (same ring on the particular target) or beat it. The first player to fail to do so receives a letter, and the first to spell \"Tiger\" loses.
### Skills 18 {#skills_18}
This game mode was only introduced in *Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06*, so it is one of the most recent additions. The player chooses a course and difficulty settings to play on before beginning. On each hole there are 3 hovering rings; a large green ring, a medium-sized yellow ring, and a small red ring. The player must attempt to hit their ball through these rings while maintaining a good score (Birdies, Eagles etc.). The harder the ring, the more points it is worth. Hitting the ball through more than one ring in a single shot results in bonus points being awarded.
### Shootout mode {#shootout_mode}
Shootout Mode is entirely different from any of the other game modes. Before the match begins, 2 or more players pick up to 8 golfers per team on 2 teams. These teams then play against each other in stroke play format on each hole of the chosen course. The loser of the hole is eliminated from the match, and the next player in their team takes their place, while the winner keeps playing until he/she is defeated. If players tie on a hole, both players advance to the next hole.
### One-ball/team one-ball {#one_ballteam_one_ball}
In One-Ball, as the name suggests, both players will use only one ball, and will alternate shots with it until the ball is holed. Whoever sinks the ball will win the hole. Although the player is allowed to make it more difficult for their opponent by striking the ball into an undesirable position such as a bunker, the rough, etc., the shot must travel at least half of the distance to the hole on each stroke. If the player fails to do this, he or she will be marked with a \"Betrayal\", and will lose one turn. Similarly, if a player hits the ball out of bounds, he or she will be penalized with a \"Double Betrayal\", and will lose two consecutive turns. This gives the gameplay a tactical twist, in that the players are typically trying to make the worst *legal* shot possible. Additionally, a player must carefully decide when to finally attack the hole, since a narrowly missed putt or chip-in can set up the opponent for an easy hole.
Team-One Ball is played in the same format, but uses two teams of two golfers each.
### Bestball/fourball
These are both 2-team, 4-player (mix of human and CPU players is allowed) games. All four players play all of their balls for the hole, in the same style as what would be if it was a 4-player Stroke Play match. The best scoring golfer on each team\'s score will be applied in either Stroke or Match play.
### PGA tour season mode {#pga_tour_season_mode}
#### General
The PGA Tour Season Mode allows players to play in various tournaments across a 30-year career, using their own created golfer. Each tournament is 72 holes (4 rounds) played at different courses, usually determined by the name of the event (e.g. \"The Pebble Beach Open\" or \"The UK Major Championship\"). The game mode is designed to be as realistic as possible, with players able to view the scoreboard after each hole, which shows the scores for each round, how many holes the golfer has played in the current round and the total number of strokes they have taken.
#### Guests & the cut {#guests_the_cut}
The player whose profile is being used may \"invite\" other human players into the tournaments as guests, but this is only possible in the first round, and the guests must play all four rounds, they cannot skip a round, however, the profile\'s owner (the profile whose PGA Tour Season Mode it is) can choose to \"Cut\" the guest (remove them from the tournament) before any round. Note that guests cannot receive trophies, earn FedEx Cup points or improve their PGA Tour Ranking while playing as a guest. After the second round of a tournament, only the Top 70 golfers in the tournament advance, the rest are cut.
#### Requirements
Some tournaments have specific entry requirements such as \"Top 20 PGA Tour Ranked Players Only\" - if the player does not meet the requirement, they are not allowed to participate in that tournament and the first round will be locked, preventing entry.
#### Match play tournaments {#match_play_tournaments}
Some tournaments such as the *Australian Challenge* and the *EA Match Play Championship* are played against an opponent with match play rules, and guests cannot be invited into match play tournaments.
## \"Game Face\" and \"My Team\" menus {#game_face_and_my_team_menus}
### \"Game Face\" {#game_face}
The \"Game Face\" menu has been combined with a new \"My Team\" option which allows players to modify their skills, buy equipment from the pro shop, change the animations their golfer uses, and change their team\'s logo, name and uniform. However, initially, the player must design his/her custom golfer using the game face option from the main menu. The Game Face feature has been greatly improved, and now the player must customize everything, from muscles on the arms and length of the legs to the smallest detail of wrinkles or the bridge of the nose. The new system also allows players to create the way their golfer looks in terms of body part size, muscle, fat, feature positioning (face) and the overall height.
### \"My Team\" {#my_team}
On entering the \"Game Face\" option and selecting a golfer that has already been created, the player is faced with the \"My Team\" menu which shows the team\'s name and logo at the top of the screen, as well as four portraits of members of the player\'s current team. The portrait of the created golfer also features several menu options including (in no particular order): My Skills, My Appearance, My Animations, Pro Shop, Team Name, Team Logo & Team Uniform. Each of these different menu commands takes the player to different parts of the \"My Team\" area.
- *My Skills*: This option goes to the stats screen, where the player can view and edit their stats, as well as check their current experience and any equipped modifiers.
- *My Appearance*: This option accesses the \"Game Face\" tool to allow the player to make any more changes to the way their golfer looks. Height, size and details can all be changed here just as they could be in the initial character creation.
- *My Animations*: This option allows the player to choose what their golfer does after a good hole such as scoring Birdie or Eagle, what the golfer does after scoring Bogey or worse, and allows the player to buy a new swing style, or customize their own unique swing. Note that customized swings cannot contain modifiers, while most of the swings available to purchase have one level one power modifier.
- *Pro Shop*: The pro shop contains (when everything is unlocked) a total of 3000 items in different categories ranging from Shirts and Pants to Clubs, Gloves and Balls.
- *Team Name*: This allows the player to name their team. As with the player name, there is an 8-character limit.
- *Team Logo*: This allows the player to choose a logo from a long list of pre-made logos or design their own, and even edit pre-made logos with an advanced designing tool that allows players to create almost any image.
- *Team Uniform*: This section allows the player to choose what other members of their team as well as the player will wear. This is somewhat basic, the only option here is to choose the colour of the shirt that the players\' teammate(s) will wear.
## Experience points and stats {#experience_points_and_stats}
By playing in certain game types, the player earns experience points represented by gold markers on the left of the screen. Performing different actions earns different types of experience, for example, hitting a long drive will yield Power experience, while sinking a long putt will give Concentration experience. To use the experience points they have earned, players must go into the Game Face/My Team section and select the option \"My Skills\" - this section shows what level the player\'s stats currently are, how much experience they need to advance to the next level and how much experience they have. If the player has enough experience in either a particular stat, or a combination of that stat and \"General\" experience, they are allowed to increase the stat level by one.
## The roster {#the_roster}
*Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07* features an extensive roster of 53 golfers, 21 of which are real, and the other 32 are fictional golfers designed by EA. Many fictional golfers from previous games return in *Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07*, including as Edwin Masterson, Takeharu Moto and Moa Ta\'a Vatu.
## Reception
*Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07* received \"mixed or average\" reviews on the PC and Wii and \"generally favorable\" reviews on all other platforms, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
*Detroit Free Press* gave the Xbox 360 version a score of three stars out of four and stated that \"The one real knock is that it takes a while for the screen to load in between holes. Also, a large grid that appears when you putt clunks up the play and takes away from the detailed graphics.\" Charles Herold of *The New York Times* gave the Wii version a positive reception, saying, \"I actually got the best results when I sat on my couch and swung the remote from side to side, which generally resulted in straight, powerful drives. But I just didn't feel right playing the game that way; I'm sure Tiger Woods wouldn't approve.\" *The A.V. Club* gave the same version a B and said, \"Every golf and back-injury enthusiast should give this a try. The controls will aggravate for a while, but with enough practice, they\'re a non-issue.\" *The Sydney Morning Herald*, however, gave the game a score of three-and-a-half stars out of five, saying, \"The Xbox 360 version Icon tested features 12 beautifully recreated courses, astonishingly realistic player animation and convincing crowds that even react when you hit a wayward drive in their direction.\"
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,352 |
Botanic Gardens railway station
|
**Botanic Gardens railway station** was a railway station serving the Botanic Gardens located in the Kelvinside area in the West End of Glasgow.
## History
The station was opened on 10 August 1896 by the Glasgow Central Railway. The station building was on ground level, and the platforms were underground, beneath the Glasgow Botanic Gardens. It was closed between 1 January 1917 and 2 March 1919 due to wartime economy, and closed permanently to passengers on 6 February 1939, with the line being closed on 5 October 1964.
## Architecture
The station building was an ornate red brick structure with two towers sporting a clock and Caledonian Railway monogram, topped by domes reminiscent of a Russian orthodox church. The extant, but disused, station building at Possil is of a similar design. It was a well-known landmark along Great Western Road and was designed by the renowned Glasgow railway architect of the period, James Miller.
Miller also designed the next station on the line at Kelvinbridge and went on to design the main buildings for the 1901 Glasgow International Exhibition in nearby Kelvingrove Park and the interiors of the famous Clyde-built ocean liners, the RMS *Lusitania* in 1907 and RMS *Aquitania* in 1914.
## Use following closure {#use_following_closure}
The building was converted into shops after the station\'s 1939 closure and by the late 1960s was occupied by a popular café called \'The Silver Slipper\', a nightclub called \'Sgt. Peppers\' and a plumbers shop, \'Morton\'s\'. It was ravaged by fire on the night of 22 March 1970.
## Destruction by fire {#destruction_by_fire}
Local Glasgow newspapers, the *Evening Times* and the *Evening Citizen*, of 23 March 1970 stated the fire started after a \'Battle of the Bands\' contest had been held in the nightclub and it was likely someone had left a cigarette burning in the attic as it was primarily the roof space that had burned resulting in the decision of the fire brigade to pull down the two domed towers for safety reasons the following day. The cafe owner\'s German Shepherd dog died of smoke inhalation but no humans were injured.
Despite the outer walls of the building remaining intact and the damage confined largely to the roof area, the decision was taken by the then Glasgow Corporation not to undertake repairs and instead to completely demolish the building. At the time of the fire, plans were being considered to demolish the building as part of a controversial scheme to widen Great Western Road and this might lie behind the decision not to repair the building despite its prominent and recognisable presence in the West End for seventy-four years and its housing of three viable local businesses.
## Today
The site of Botanic Gardens Station remains derelict to this day, over fifty years after the fire. The platforms still remain underground where they can be seen from above through still-open air vents in the Botanic Gardens, and the floor of the building is still visible within the fenced-off section of the gardens marking where it stood. The platforms are accessible via the tunnel portal at the Kirklee end of the gardens. An abandoned tramway kiosk designed in the same style as the building and built in 1903 is still present at the site. The site is heavily overgrown, vandalised and dilapidated, and is considered dangerous to enter.
## Redevelopment
In September 2007, it was reported plans were under consideration to redevelop the site as a bar/restaurant/nightclub/exhibition space and miniature railway which would involve completely rebuilding the station building to its original design on its footprint. The plans were met with considerable opposition from local people who organised a campaign group largely objecting to the idea of a nightclub appearing in a tranquil place like the gardens.
It was reported on 17 April 2008 that the campaign against the plans had been successful and Glasgow City Council had abandoned the plans. There are no current plans to redevelop the site.
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
7,125,359 |
Marko Peruničić
|
**Marko Peruničić** (born 1979 in Belgrade, Serbia) is a successful Serbian composer/arranger/producer who has collaborated with over 100 best selling Balkan artists during last 20 years. He is involved in music since his age of 11, initially as the founder, arranger and vocalist of Belgrade\'s youngest hip hop group ever, Belgrade Posse. Together with Darko Asik, he managed Index Radio show \"Do the right thing\" and organized and DJ-ed a number of hip hop events in Belgrade from 1994--1997. As the 16-year-old boy he collaborated with artists like 187 and Gru as arranger and vocalist. On his 19th birthday (14. September), with Nebojsa Arezina, Marko co-founded Atelje Trag, a music production company. Together, they\'ve composed, arranged and produced over 700 songs for leading Serbian artists along with number of Radio and TV commercials and jingles. Atelje Trag also produced some of the biggest concerts and Ceremony shows for clients such as Jelena Karleusa, Natasa Bekvalac and Lepa Brena. Their ambitious and dynamic musical approach led them to the top of Serbian commercial music scene in early 00\'s. In the spring of 2007, Atelje Trag opened their recording studio. Marko Peruničić lives and works in Belgrade, Serbia.
Category:Serbian audio engineers Category:21st-century Serbian engineers Category:Serbian record producers Category:Serbian songwriters Category:Living people Category:1979 births
| 2025-06-20T00:00:00 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.