id
int64 39
7.75M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
2,881,031 |
# Mike Komisarek
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1998--99 New England Jr. Coyotes EJHL 53 17
1999--2000 U.S. NTDP Juniors USHL 51 5
1999--2000 U.S. NTDP U18 NAHL 1 0
1999--2000 U.S
| 49 |
Mike Komisarek
| 1 |
2,881,065 |
# Electric (Richard Thompson album)
***Electric*** is the fourteenth studio album by Richard Thompson, released in 2013.
## Overview
The album was recorded in Buddy Miller\'s home in Nashville in May 2012. Thompson took his stripped down \"electric trio\" band (himself, bass player Taras Prodaniuk and drummer Michael Jerome) to the sessions. Miller produced, played some rhythm guitar parts and brought in some local players to augment the trio, notably Stuart Duncan and Siobhan Maher Kennedy. The bulk of the recording was finished in two weeks, with Miller overdubbing Alison Krauss\'s vocal parts on \"The Snow Goose\" later on.
The tracks were recorded on 16-track tape before being digitized for further manipulation in Pro-Tools.
## Release
Following its release, the album peaked at number 16 on the UK Album Chart and number 75 on the *Billboard* 200, making it the highest-charting album of Thompson\'s career in either country.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Richard Thompson, except \"So Ben Mi Ch\'a Bon Temp\" (written by Vecchi, arranged by Thompson):
1. \"Stony Ground\" -- 4:42
2. \"Salford Sunday\" -- 4:08
3. \"Sally B\" -- 4:04
4. \"Stuck on the Treadmill\" -- 4:20
5. \"My Enemy\" -- 5:37
6. \"Good Things Happen To Bad People\" -- 5:21
7. \"Where\'s Home?\" -- 3:30
8. \"Another Small Thing in Her Favour\" -- 5:06
9. \"Straight And Narrow\" -- 4:13
10. \"The Snow Goose\" -- 5:06
11. \"Saving The Good Stuff For You\" -- 3:54
A Deluxe Edition with a bonus disc was also made available. The bonus disc contains four outtakes from the \'Electric\' sessions and three additional tracks from other Thompson albums
1. \"Will You Dance, Charlie Boy\"
2. \"I Found A Stray\"
3. \"The Rival\"
4. \"The Tic-Tac Man\"
5. \"Auldie Riggs\" (from *Cabaret Of Souls*)
6. \"Auldie Riggs Dance\" (from *Cabaret Of Souls*)
7
| 305 |
Electric (Richard Thompson album)
| 0 |
2,881,092 |
# Endau
**Endau** is a small town in Mersing District, Johor, Malaysia. It lies on the northern tip of east Johor, on the border with the Pahang state.
## Name
The town was named *Endau* after a Peranakan Indian who resided in the area. In the 19th century it was known to the British as *Blair\'s Harbour*.
## History
The town was opened by Dato\' Mohd Ali by an order from Temenggong Ibrahim. The town expanded due to its location as the center of economy for the people who worked in the trading, fishing and logging sectors at that time.
During World War 2, the Japanese created a small settlement of Chinese from Singapore called the Endau settlement, to alleviate food shortages. It was abandoned after the Japanese surrender.
## Economy
The town is one of the largest fishing ports on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
## Education
### Primary school {#primary_school}
1. Sekolah Kebangsaan Teriang
2. Sekolah Kebangsaan Telok Lipat
3. Sekolah Kebangsaan Tanjung Resang
4. Sekolah Kebangsaan Pusat Air Tawar
5. Sekolah Kebangsaan Penyabong
6. Sekolah Kebangsaan Lembaga Endau
7. Sekolah Kebangsaan Labung
8. Sekolah Kebangsaan Bandar Endau
9. Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) St Joseph (M)
10. Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Kampung Hubong
11. Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Chiao Ching
### Secondary school {#secondary_school}
1. Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ungku Husin
## Climate
Endau has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round and with extremely heavy rainfall in December. `{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = Endau
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 28.9
| Feb high C = 29.8
| Mar high C = 31.0
| Apr high C = 32.2
| May high C = 32.4
| Jun high C = 31.9
| Jul high C = 31.4
| Aug high C = 31.3
| Sep high C = 31.3
| Oct high C = 31.3
| Nov high C = 30.2
| Dec high C = 28.9
| Jan mean C = 25.7
| Feb mean C = 26.3
| Mar mean C = 26.8
| Apr mean C = 27.4
| May mean C = 27.6
| Jun mean C = 27.2
| Jul mean C = 26.7
| Aug mean C = 26.7
| Sep mean C = 26.6
| Oct mean C = 26.7
| Nov mean C = 26.2
| Dec mean C = 25.7
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 22.6
| Feb low C = 22.9
| Mar low C = 22.7
| Apr low C = 22.7
| May low C = 22.8
| Jun low C = 22.5
| Jul low C = 22.1
| Aug low C = 22.1
| Sep low C = 22.0
| Oct low C = 22.2
| Nov low C = 22.3
| Dec low C = 22.5
|rain colour=green
|Jan rain mm=456
|Feb rain mm=260
|Mar rain mm=220
|Apr rain mm=149
|May rain mm=149
|Jun rain mm=142
|Jul rain mm=160
|Aug rain mm=143
|Sep rain mm=180
|Oct rain mm=213
|Nov rain mm=411
|Dec rain mm=695
|source 1 = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/760015/
|title = Climate: Endau
|publisher=Climate-Data
| 537 |
Endau
| 0 |
2,881,102 |
# John Rockefeller Prentice
**John Rockefeller Prentice** (December 17, 1902 -- June 13, 1972) was an American attorney and member of the prominent Rockefeller family. He was born to Chicago lawyer Ezra Parmalee Prentice and Alta Rockefeller Prentice in New York. Prentice\'s maternal grandfather was the Standard Oil tycoon, John D. Rockefeller (1839--1937).
## Biography
While attending Yale University, Prentice became a member of the Skull and Bones society and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He graduated in 1928. During his years at Yale, Prentice had accumulated debts and consequently was cut off from his parents. He worked in Boston for a wholesale hardware firm for four years to make enough money to return to Yale. Upon his return to the Ivy League school, Prentice continued to work to support himself. He graduated from Yale Law School in 1932 and practiced law with a Chicago law firm throughout the 1930s. In March 1941, before the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, Prentice volunteered in the U.S. Army as a private. While serving in the Pacific Theatre of World War II, he became a captain in the artillery.
Prentice became a cattle breeder and is known as a pioneer of artificial insemination in farm animals as a means of improving their genetic pool.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On August 11, 1941, Prentice married Abbie Cantrill. The couple had one daughter, Chicago philanthropist, Abra Prentice Wilkin
| 234 |
John Rockefeller Prentice
| 0 |
2,881,110 |
# Static spherically symmetric perfect fluid
In metric theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, a **static spherically symmetric perfect fluid** solution (a term which is often abbreviated as **ssspf**) is a spacetime equipped with suitable tensor fields which models a static round ball of a fluid with isotropic pressure.
Such solutions are often used as idealized models of stars, especially compact objects such as white dwarfs and especially neutron stars. In general relativity, a model of an *isolated* star (or other fluid ball) generally consists of a fluid-filled interior region, which is technically a perfect fluid solution of the Einstein field equation, and an exterior region, which is an asymptotically flat vacuum solution. These two pieces must be carefully *matched* across the *world sheet* of a spherical surface, the *surface of zero pressure*. (There are various mathematical criteria called matching conditions for checking that the required matching has been successfully achieved.) Similar statements hold for other metric theories of gravitation, such as the Brans--Dicke theory.
In this article, we will focus on the construction of exact ssspf solutions in our current Gold Standard theory of gravitation, the theory of general relativity. To anticipate, the figure at right depicts (by means of an embedding diagram) the spatial geometry of a simple example of a stellar model in general relativity. The euclidean space in which this two-dimensional Riemannian manifold (standing in for a three-dimensional Riemannian manifold) is embedded has no physical significance, it is merely a visual aid to help convey a quick impression of the kind of geometrical features we will encounter
| 261 |
Static spherically symmetric perfect fluid
| 0 |
2,881,116 |
# Washington SyCip Graduate School of Business
The **Washington SyCip Graduate School of Business**, or simply **WSGSB**, is the business school of the Asian Institute of Management in Manila, Philippines. It is one of the leading business schools in the Asia-Pacific region, especially in the fields of finance and marketing. The SyCip MBA program is one of the most recognized in the region.
## Programs
The school offers the following programs:
- Executive Master of Business Administration
- Master of Business Administration
- Master of Management
## Faculty
The faculty is led by its School Head Felipe O. Calderon, CPA, CMA, PhD
| 102 |
Washington SyCip Graduate School of Business
| 0 |
2,881,123 |
# Hart Wand
**Hart Ancker Wand** (March 3, 1887 -- August 9, 1960), was an American early fiddler and bandleader from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. He was of German extraction. In the musical world he is chiefly noted for publishing the \"Dallas Blues\" in March 1912 (copyrighted in September). \"Dallas Blues\" was an early example of published twelve-bar blues song.
Little is known about Wand. He was named for his maternal grandfather, Hart P. Ancker. Wand was an 89er, coming with his parents, a brother, and two sisters from Kansas at age two. His father John, an immigrant from Frankfurt, Germany, and successful druggist in Topeka, immediately after the run set up a tent drugstore in what would become Oklahoma City. After his father\'s death in 1909, Hart Wand took control of the Wand & Son manufacturing plant in Oklahoma City, and kept up his musical interests. Wand moved his business to Chicago sometime before 1920, and by 1920 had settled in New Orleans. He traveled through Europe, Latin America, and Asia for his business. Samuel Charters, who interviewed Wand for his book *The Country Blues* (1959), stated that Wand was respected and well liked in New Orleans. Wand\'s wife, Alberta, died in 1982
| 203 |
Hart Wand
| 0 |
2,881,125 |
# Chronosophy
**Chronosophy** is the neologistic designation given by scholar Julius Thomas (J.T.) Fraser to \"the interdisciplinary and normative study of time *sui generis*.\"
## Overview
### Etymology
Fraser derived the term from the Ancient Greek: χρόνος, *chronos*, \"time\" and σοφία, *sophia*, \"wisdom\". *Chronosophia* is thus defined as the \"specific human skill or knowledge . . . pertaining to time . . . \[which\] all men seem to possess to some degree . . .\".
### Purpose
Fraser outlined the purpose of the discipline of chronosophy in five intentions, as follows:
1. to encourage the search for new knowledge related to time;
2. to set up and apply criteria regarding which fields of knowledge contribute to an understanding of time, and what they may contribute;
3. to assist in epistemological studies, especially in those related to the structure of knowledge;
4. to provoke communication between the humanities and the sciences using time as the common theme; and
5. to help us learn more about the nature of time by providing channels for the direct confrontation of a multitude of views.
### Assumptions
According to Fraser, any pursuit of chronosophical knowledge necessarily makes two assumptions:
1. When specialists speak of \'time\', they speak of various aspects of the same entity.
2. Said entity is amenable to study by the methods of the sciences, can be made a meaningful subject of contemplation by the reflective mind, and can be used as proper material for intuitive interpretation by the creative artist.
Fraser labeled these two assumptions the *unity of time*. Together they amount to the proposition that all of us, working separately, are nevertheless headed toward the same central idea (i.e., *chronosophia*).
In contradistinction to the aforementioned, Fraser posits the *diversity of time*: the existence of time\'s myriad manifestations, which \"hardly needs proof; it is all too apparent.\"
The continued qualitative and quantitative mediation of the unresolvable conflict between the unity and diversity of time would thus be the sole methodological criterion for measuring chronosophical progress. This conflict manifests itself not so much as between the humanities and the sciences (although this interpretation is cogent and apt), but rather between knowledge felt (i.e., *passion*) and knowledge understood (i.e., knowledge *proper*). Fraser envisions the total creativity of a society as being dependent on the effectiveness of \"a harmonious dialogue between the two great branches of knowledge.\" He observes (paraphrasing Giordano Bruno): \"The creative activity of the mind consists of the search for the one in the many, for simplicity in variety. There is no better and more fundamental problem than the problem of time in respect to which such \[a\] search may be conducted. It is always present and always tantalizing, it is the basic material of man\'s rational and emotive inquiries.\"`{{page needed|date=May 2016}}`{=mediawiki} Just as a mature individual can reconcile within themselves the unity and diversity of day-to-day noetic existence, so too could a mature social conception of time mediate the difference between---and perhaps ultimately reconcile---the unity and diversity of time.
### Organization
Chronosophy defies systematic organization, for---like philosophy---it is a kind of ur-discipline, subsuming all other disciplines through a proposed unifying characteristic: temporality. (Hence, the possibility of producing a branch of knowledge lacking temporal import, e.g. \[arguably\] ontology and/or metaphysics, remains; however, \"atemporality\" is still, by definition, a temporal category: a regress ensues.)
Fraser wrote that a successful study of time would \"encourage communication across the traditional boundaries of systems of knowledge and seek a framework which . . . may permit interaction of experience and theorizing related to time without regard to the sources of experience and theory.\" Thus, the only methodological commitment that a chronosopher need make is to interdisciplinarity.
While Fraser neglects to develop a systematic chronosophical methodology in *The Voices of Time*, he does proffer a selection of idiomatically interdisciplinary categories to spur the research of future scholars:
- surveys of historical and current ideas of time in the sciences and in the humanities;
- studies of the relation of time to ideas of conceptual extremities such as a) to motion and rest, b) to atomicity and continuity, c) to the spatially very large and very small, and d) to the quantities of singular and many;
- comparative analysis of those properties of time that various fields of learning and intuitive expressions designate unproblematically as \"the nature of time\";
- inquiries into the processes and methods whereby man learns to perceive, proceeds to measure, and proposes to reason about time;
- exploration of the role of time in the communication of thought and emotion;
- search for an understanding of the relation of time to personal identity and death;
- research concerning time and organic evolution, time and the psychological development of man, and the role f time in the growth of civilizations; and
- determination of the status of chronosophy vis-à-vis the traditional systems of knowledge.
The nature of the above categories would require that chronosophy be regarded as an independent system of experiential, experimental, and theoretical knowledge about time.
### General characteristics {#general_characteristics}
In general, chronosophical pursuits are characterized by
1. expansion beyond or abandonment of \[traditional areas of\] specialization, and
2. the espousal of interdisciplinary or pan-disciplinary methodologies;
\(1\) is a weak criterion, while (2) is a strong one.
Neither of the above criteria make reference to time or temporality; for while the ontological possibly of timeless knowledge must always remain, admission of this possibility begs the question (*petitio principii*): e.g., what form does timeless knowledge take? how would it come to us? how could we ever be separated from such knowledge to begin with? *et cetera ad nauseam*. The admission is therefore a paradox (akin to Wittgenstein\'s seventh proposition in *Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus*: \"Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.\"). We must conclude that the proposal of the possibility of timeless knowledge is both necessary and senseless, a conceptual counterpart to the tautologous nature of the concept of time. Should we come to possess knowledge of that which is \"beneath\" or \"behind\" time (or, alternatively, conclude we could never have lost possession of it), there would be no discernible need for further chronosophical inquiry---in the face of such eternal truth, it would instead be chronosophy as currently conceived that would appear both necessary and senseless.
Hence: all disciplines are necessarily chronosophical (until proven otherwise).
Caveat: for the sake of logicality, future manifestations of chronosophy may resemble more closely some methods of knowing than others; however, due to the character of the \"problem\" of time no chronosophical endeavor could ever be thoroughly purged of its interdisciplinary perspectives: a satisfactory theory of time must necessarily satisfy a wide variety of specifications (i.e., by definition a satisfactory or sufficient chronosophy would accommodate every office of human knowledge as pertains to the subject, time).
| 1,127 |
Chronosophy
| 0 |
2,881,125 |
# Chronosophy
## Overview
### Envoi
Why should we afford time this privileged status among our speculative and empirical undertakings?
A Fraserian chronosopher would argue that mediation of the problem(s) of time is essential to the creation and retention of individual and social identity. Hence, as long as we---as individuals and as social groups---continue to partake in the process of clarifying and defining our individual and collective identities over and against those of the world (in whole or in part) around us, the necessarily contemporaneous clarification and definition of the problem(s) of time must, by extension (*mutatis mutandis*), be universal and continuous
| 102 |
Chronosophy
| 1 |
2,881,154 |
# John Pawson
**John Ward Pawson** `{{Post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{Post-nominals|country=GBR|RDI}}`{=mediawiki} (born 1949, Halifax, England) is a British autodidact designer whose work is known for its minimalist aesthetic.
## Biography
Pawson was born and brought up in Halifax, Yorkshire, the youngest of five children. Coming from a wealthy family, he was schooled at Eton. After a period in the family textile business Pawson left for Japan in his mid-twenties, moving to Tokyo during the final year of his stay, where he visited the studio of Japanese architect and designer Shiro Kuramata. On his return to England he enrolled at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, leaving to establish his own practice in 1981.
Pawson never sat the requisite exams to practise as an architect and as such is known as an \'architectural designer\'. In 2013, the Architectural Registration Board (ARB) of UK asked Dezeen magazine not to refer him as architect although this was criticised by the publication.
Pawson\'s work focuses on ways of approaching fundamental problems of space, proportion, light and materials.
Whilst private houses have remained at the core of the work, projects have spanned a wide range of scales and building typologies, from the Sackler Crossing across the lake at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, a flagship store for Calvin Klein and major commissions for Ian Schrager, to ballet sets, yacht interiors, a new Cistercian monastery in Bohemia and a Second World War telecommunications bunker in Berlin. John Pawson transformed a former bunker into The Feuerle Collection. The practice is currently involved in the creation of a new permanent home for the Design Museum in London.
An exhibition of Pawson\'s work was held at the Design Museum in September 2010.
In May 2018, Pawson\'s first photography exhibition took place at The Store X, 180 Strand, London. All 320 images from his series [Spectrum](https://ashadeofpale.com), first published as a book by [Phaidon](https://www.phaidon.com/store/architecture/spectrum-9780714875286/) of the same name, were shown as an architectural installation. The immersive experience used the entirety of the gallery space, where the chromatic spectrum was legible from both ends of the room.
He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to Design and Architecture.
## Awards
- Blueprint Architect of the Year (2005)
- RSA Royal Designer for Industry (2005)
- Region Skane Award (2006)
- Wallpaper\* House of the Year (2006)
- Stephen Lawrence Prize (2008)
- Fondazione Frate Sole International Prize for Sacred Architecture (2008)
- RIBA National Award (2008)
- RIBA Arts & Leisure Regional Award (2008)
- RIBA London Special Award (2008)
- German Design Council Interior Designer of the Year (2014)
## Notable projects {#notable_projects}
London\'s Cannelle Cake Shop, several Calvin Klein stores; such as the ice palace on Madison Avenue, work for Jigsaw (clothing retailer), New Wardour Castle apartments (2001), the Nový Dvůr Monastery, Abbaye Notre-Dame de Sept-Fons, Czech Republic (2004), Hotel Puerta America, Madrid (2005), Medina House in Tunis, and the Sackler Crossing, a walkway over the lake at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2006). [Claridges ArtSpace and cafe](https://www.thetimes
| 511 |
John Pawson
| 0 |
2,881,159 |
# Lilith (Marvel Comics)
**Lilith** is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first version is the daughter of Dracula. The second version is a demon.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
The first character named Lilith was the daughter of Dracula. Like her father, she is also a vampire, although her powers and weaknesses differ from most other vampires. She first appeared in *Giant-Size Chillers Featuring The Curse of Dracula* #1 (June 1974), and was created by Marv Wolfman and Gene Colan. Most of her solo appearances were written by Steve Gerber, who would later use a supporting character he created for these stories, Martin Gold, in the two-issue miniseries *The Legion of Night*. The character subsequently appeared in *Vampire Tales* #6 (August 1974), *The Tomb of Dracula* #23 (August 1974), 25 (October 1974) and 28 (January 1975), *Dracula Lives!* #10-11 (January--March 1975), *Marvel Preview* #12 (September 1977), *The Tomb of Dracula* #60 (September 1977), *Marvel Preview* #16 (June 1978), *The Tomb of Dracula* #66-67 (September--November 1978), *The Tomb of Dracula* (vol. 2) #5-6 (June--August 1980) and *The Uncanny X-Men Annual* #6 (1982). Her apparent \"death\" occurred in *Doctor Strange* (vol. 2) #62 (December 1983). She made a posthumous appearance in *Doctor Strange, Sorcerer Supreme* #9 (November 1989). Lilith returned years later in *Ghost Rider* (vol. 3) #82-85 (February--May 1997), *Spider-Man Unlimited* (vol. 2) #20 (May 1998), *Dracula: Lord of the Undead* #1-3 (December 1998), *Witches* #2 (August 2004), *Nick Fury\'s Howling Commandos* #2-6 (January--May 2006), and *Legion of Monsters: Morbius* #1 (September 2007). Lilith received an entry in *The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition* #18 and in *The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Horror 2005*.
The second character named Lilith is a demon sorceress who is known as the \"Mother of All Demons\". She first appeared in *Ghost Rider* (vol. 3) #28 (August 1992).
| 317 |
Lilith (Marvel Comics)
| 0 |
2,881,159 |
# Lilith (Marvel Comics)
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
### Dracula\'s daughter {#draculas_daughter}
Lilith is Dracula\'s oldest child and is his only child by his first wife, Zofia, who was forced on Dracula by his father through an arranged marriage. After Dracula\'s father died, he renounced Zofia and forced her and their infant daughter to leave Castle Dracula so that he could marry his second wife, Maria, the woman he truly loved. Lilith was raised by Gypsies to whom she had been entrusted after her mother\'s suicide. Lilith\'s foster-mother was the Gypsy elder Gretchin. When Lilith was a young girl, Dracula, now a vampire thanks to the Gypsy woman Leandra, attacked and murdered many Gypsies, including Gretchin\'s son Arni, enraging her into seeking revenge. She cast a spell upon Lilith to make her into a vampire, but one with rather different powers: unlike conventional Marvel Comics vampires, she did not fear holy symbols, was not able to be killed by being out in the daylight and did not need to sleep in a coffin lined with her native soil. As part of the curse, she would haunt Dracula, ever opposing him, until Dracula was finally, irrevocably destroyed. Whenever she was \"killed\", she would be reborn by her spirit taking over the body of an innocent woman who wanted her father dead; this included the ability to shift forms and clothing between Lilith\'s own form and that of her \"hostess\".
Lilith normally appeared, when in her own form, as a tall, beautiful woman with long black hair and a family resemblance to Dracula, dressed in a red and black skin-tight costume and cape with a bat-like ornament in her hair. As a vampire, she could change into a wolf, a bat, or mist (the latter either wholly or partially), and had limited control over weather, as well as the ability to command bats, wolves, dogs, rats and mice. Although she could drink blood, she was not dependent upon it for sustenance.`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=May 2011}}`{=mediawiki}
In the modern era, Lilith\'s spirit possessed a woman named Angel O\'Hara, who had come to hate her father and want him dead when he accidentally killed her husband, Ted Hannigan, after finding out that she had married him secretly and was carrying his child. Lilith killed Angel\'s father, but allowed her to live her life when Lilith was not using their shared body. Angel was eventually physically separated from Lilith by Viktor Benzel, a distant descendant of Gretchin and the heir, along with his brother Karl, to much of her occult knowledge; Viktor used this knowledge to create separate bodies for Angel and Lilith.
At one point, Lilith and Dracula agreed to avoid each other, but the agreement broke down. When Dracula was stripped of his vampiric powers toward the end of the 70-issue series *The Tomb of Dracula*, he asked Lilith to bite him and restore his powers, only to be refused. In issue #5 of *The Tomb of Dracula* magazine that soon followed, Lilith and Dracula fought once more and Dracula revealed to Lilith that the curse that made her his eternal nemesis also prevented her from being able to actually kill him. Lilith was destroyed, along with her father and the rest of Earth\'s vampires, when Doctor Strange used the Darkhold\'s Montesi Formula to eliminate vampirism and all vampires from the world. The Montesi Formula eventually weakened and both Lilith and her father returned to life.`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=November 2018}}`{=mediawiki} Lilith subsequently appeared as Dracula\'s antagonist in the three-issue *Dracula: Lord of the Undead* limited series in 1998, and as an agent of Nick Fury\'s Howling Commandos in 2006.
#### Reception
Lilith, the daughter of Dracula, was ranked #24 on a listing of Marvel Comics\' monster characters in 2015.
In 2021, *Screen Rant* included Lilith in their \"Marvel: 10 Most Powerful Vampires\" list.
In 2022, *CBR.com* ranked Lilith Drake 6th in their \"10 Most Important Marvel Vampires\" list.
| 652 |
Lilith (Marvel Comics)
| 1 |
2,881,159 |
# Lilith (Marvel Comics)
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
### Mother of All Demons {#mother_of_all_demons}
The demon Lilith is an ancient demon goddess and sorceress. She gives birth to demons called the Lilin which have lives of their own, but always remain obedient to their mother.
Lilith is an immortal who had lived in the city of pre-Cataclysm Atlantis, one of its few survivors. Over the centuries, she gave birth to many of her children -- (the Lilin) -- including Creed, Pilgrim, Fang, Doc, Meatmarket, Skinner, and Nakota. Trapped in the leviathan Tiamat by Atlantean sorcerers, she used her vast magics to influence outside affairs. While thus imprisoned, she encountered Danny Ketch\'s spirit, and then appeared in a vision to Blackout.
Lilith was finally released from her ancient imprisonment by two unknowing scientist explorers. Discovering that her Lilin children had been scattered across the dimensions centuries ago and that many of them were destroyed by the Ghost Rider and Johnny Blaze, she soon made enemies of them. She recruited the Lilin and Blackout, and sent Blackout, Creed, and Pilgrim to abduct Johnny Blaze\'s son, Craig Blaze. She sent the Lilin Fang to attack Morbius the Living Vampire. She witnessed the Ghost Rider and Johnny Blaze\'s battle with Steel Vengeance. Alongside the Lilin, she abducted Doris Ketch, Jack D\'Auria, and Arthur and Stacy Dolan. She transformed the Darkholders\' ninjas and sent them to kill Victoria Montesi. Alongside the Lilin, she battled the Ghost Rider, Johnny Blaze, and the Darkhold Redeemers. She then sent the Lilin Skinner to attack the Ghost Rider and Johnny Blaze. She then hired the Nightstalkers to kill the Ghost Rider and Johnny Blaze. Alongside the Lilin, she again battled the Ghost Rider, Johnny Blaze, Morbius, the Nightstalkers, and the Darkhold Redeemers.
After many attempts to kill the two, her enemies list grew to include Doctor Strange, Morbius the Living Vampire, the Witches, the Nightstalkers and the Midnight Sons. In her first attempt, she and most of her children were killed.`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2011}}`{=mediawiki} Many months later, her children were reborn with the assistance of Meatmarket, a child that Lilith did not expect would help her. This time, they are allied with Centurious the Soulless Man. Their goal was to claim the mystical artifact called the Medallion of Power, and kill its inheritors, Johnny Blaze, Danny Ketch, and Vengeance. Lilith and her offspring betrayed Centurious and allied with his most hated enemy, Zarathos. However, the Midnight Sons banished Lilith and her offspring to the Shadowside.`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2011}}`{=mediawiki} Zarathos was later turned into stone and killed. Lilith returned to the stony Zarathos, saying she abandoned her old offspring and replaced it with his offspring, promising vengeance for the both of them.`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2011}}`{=mediawiki}
Lilith was one of several demonic beings imprisoned within Avalon at the start of the Secret Invasion, but was then freed by Pete Wisdom during Captain Britain and MI3\'s battle with the Skrulls. Lilith subsequently joins Satannish and the other freed creatures in killing the invading Skrulls, after hearing them state that any magical creatures that do not serve the Skrulls will not be tolerated.
Lilith later joins Dracula\'s inner circle as he plans to invade the United Kingdom.
During the \"Blood Hunt\" storyline, Victoria Montesi summons Lilith to deal with a possessed man.
#### Powers and abilities {#powers_and_abilities}
Lilith is widely described as one of the most magically skilled demons in the Marvel Universe; regarded as both a sorceress and a goddess. She is able to manipulate eldritch energy for several effects; to strike her opponents and even obliterate them when she exerts her full power on lesser creatures, conjure protective shields capable of protecting vampires from sunlight, fashion new Lilin either from nothingness or by converting other creatures, and to teleport herself or summon others. She is far more powerful and resilient than any of her children, making her a considerable challenge for the likes of the Ghost Rider. Additionally, she is able to summon her demon children to Earth and the more demons she \"births\", the more her physical strength increases. Through her genesis-based attributes Lilith can literally give birth to countless races beyond those of the demonic Lilin; ranging from humans to mutants and mystical beasts, etc. She can just as easily revitalize any of her fallen brood through the act of rebirthing after they die. She does so either through natural copulative procreation, consuming prior offspring, conjuring them out of nothingness, conversion of other species or through asexual reproduction. Her power also enables her to transmigrate living souls consumed into new entities, respawning them as any given species she desires at a later date in time. She can even rebirth herself, as her prior forms often burn out over the course of time, into a younger, stronger body than the last.
## In other media {#in_other_media}
- The second incarnation of Lilith appears as a boss in *Ghost Rider*, voiced by Carolyn Hennesy.
- The second incarnation of Lilith makes a cameo appearance in Morrigan\'s ending in *Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3*.
- The second incarnation of Lilith appears in *Marvel\'s Midnight Suns*, voiced by Jennifer Hale. This version is a powerful sorceress who previously worked with her sister, the Caretaker, to defeat Hiram Shaw. When Lilith tried to use the *Darkhold* to cure her infant child of a deadly disease, Caretaker took both from her. In response, Lilith struck a deal with the *Darkhold*{{\'}}s creator Chthon to serve him in exchange for sparing her child. Chthon agreed and transformed her into the horned \"Mother of Demons\". She was eventually placed into eternal slumber until HYDRA awakens her in the present in a bid for world domination
| 945 |
Lilith (Marvel Comics)
| 2 |
2,881,165 |
# Kol Tsion HaLokhemet
**Kol Tsion HaLokhemet** (*קוֹל צִיּוֹן הלוֹחֶמֶת*) (lit. \"Voice of Fighting Zion\") was the underground radio station of the Irgun.
## History
Kol Zion HaLokhemet was operated from February 1939. It may have been the first underground radio station in the world. It was located opposite Meir Park, in Tel Aviv.
The radio station used its broadcasts to give information about the goals and intentions of the Irgun. Irgun leader Menachem Begin, who eluded capture during the struggle with the British during the period of the British Mandate of Palestine, used Kol Zion to communicate with the Jews of Palestine. For example, he declared: \"Not only were Jews injured and thousands of pounds worth of damage done to Jewish property in Jerusalem. Our national pride was injured as well. Once again we became \'protected Jews\' as British troops pretended to defend us\...\"
In 1939 Esther Raziel-Naor, the sister of fellow Irgun leader David Raziel, became the first broadcaster of the radio station.
In September 1945 the radio station was used to attack Chaim Weizmann, of the Jewish Agency, as a \"Jewish Quisling.\"
In August 1946 the station was used to call for a revolt and war against the Palestine Administration.
In November 1946 the station was used to denounce as lies British assertions that the Irgun intended to assassinate members of the government and the military. That same month the Irgun used the station to appeal to the Haganah to join it in fighting the British. It also used the station that month to indicate that it would be expanding its activities outside of Palestine.
In December 1947, the station was used to announce \"Enough \[with restraint\]. From now on we \[shall attack\] the nests of murderers.\" When the Irgun was attacked by the Haganah at the Altalena, Begin used the radio station to urge his men not to counter-attack. while at the same time excoriating David Ben-Gurion.
A number of its radio broadcast transcripts between 1936 and 1948 are collected by *Psychological Warfare and Propaganda: Irgun Documentation*
| 341 |
Kol Tsion HaLokhemet
| 0 |
2,881,168 |
# National Scout Movement of Armenia
The **National Scout Movement of Armenia** (*Հայաստանի Ազգային Սկաուտական Շարժում, ՀՄԸՄ-ՀԱՍԿ*); (Hayastani Azgayin Scautakan Sharjum Kazmakerputiun, HASK), is the primary national scouting organization of Armenia. It became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1997 and a member of the European Scout Region in 2023. The coeducational National Scout Movement of Armenia has 1,473 members as of 2021.
## History
Scouting in Armenia was founded in 1912, then later developed abroad among the refugees who had survived the genocide of 1915-1916 and among those that had fled the new communist occupation of their lands, at which point Scouting ceased to exist in Armenia.
*Haï Ari* (in French *Association des Scouts Armeniens*, in English Association of Armenian Scouts) was a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 1928 to 1997. The organization was recognized in exile, with headquarters and approximately 1,100 members in France.
In 1978, Dr. Kourkène Medzadourian was awarded the *Bronze Wolf*, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting.
1994 saw the formation of the Armenian National Scout Movement. As of 2004, HASK had over 2,368 members, both male and female. In order to permit entry into the World Organization for Scouting in Armenia, the French-based Armenian Scouts withdrew membership in the World Organization, which passed to HASK on April 18, 1997. On that date, the number of national member organizations of the World Organization rose to 144. The new Armenian National Scout Movement was represented at the 18th World Scout Jamboree in the Netherlands.
The Scout Motto is *Misht Badrast*, *Always Ready* in Armenian. The Armenian noun for a single Scout is Սկաուտ, transliterated Scaut.
The Scout emblem incorporates the national colors as well as Mount Ararat, also an element of the coat of arms of Armenia.
On 30 September 2023, it was decided to dissolve the Eurasian Scout Region. As such, the National Scout Movement of Armenia subsequently joined the European Scout Region on 1 October 2023
| 349 |
National Scout Movement of Armenia
| 0 |
2,881,169 |
# Malampuzha
`{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malampuzha-I
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|49|N|76|39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Malampuzha Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 174.58
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11,879
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627638-malampuzha-i-kerala.html |title=Malampuzha-I Population - Palakkad District, Kerala}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 678005,678651
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0491
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL-09]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
Parliament constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Assembly constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Malampuzha Assembly constituency|Malampuzha]]
}}`{=mediawiki} **Malampuzha** is a town in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India. It is located about 3.5 km from Malampuzha Dam and 14 km from Palakkad city.
## Transport
- Nearest railway station: Palakkad Junction - 15 km
- Nearest airport: Coimbatore International Airport - 55 km
## Malampuzha Dam and Gardens {#malampuzha_dam_and_gardens}
Malampuzha Dam and Gardens are located 8 km from Palakkad town. It was built in 1955 and the garden was renovated in 2012. The main attractions are the suspension bridge, the cable car ride and the fantasy park. There are several gardens, including one Japanese garden. The Yakshi statue of Kanayi Kunjiraman is also reputed even though the nudity of the structure is not approved by the conservative society of Kerala. The dam is accessible by bus and the last bus returns to town by 8.00 pm. The nearest railway station is Palakkad Junction which is otherwise known as Olavakkode.
## Important Landmarks {#important_landmarks}
- Sai Nursing Hospital
- Akathethara Railway Gate
- Shabri Ashram
- NSS College of Engineering
- Christian Brethren Church
- Govt ITI Malampuzha
- SI-MET Nursing College
- Ashram Tribal School
- Madurai Veeran Temple
- National Fish Seed Farm
- Malampuzha Dam and Gardens
## Suburbs and Villages {#suburbs_and_villages}
- Alamkode (7C), Neelikkad, Rail Nagar, Andi Madam and Sneha Nagar
- Nadakkavu, Kallekkulangara, Devi Nagar and Chithra Junction
- Shiva Nagar, Shastha Nagar, Manthakkad and NPM Nagar
- Kripa Sadan Nagar and Shri Krishna Nagar
## Politics
Malampuzha assembly constituency is part of Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency
| 508 |
Malampuzha
| 0 |
2,881,175 |
# Encore (S.H.E album)
***Encore*** (`{{zh|t=安可}}`{=mediawiki}) is the sixth studio album by Taiwanese girl group S.H.E. It was released on November 12, 2004, by HIM International Music. This is the first album that S.H.E released in the autumn, on account of Selina\'s graduation from university. A second *Encore (DVD Plus Edition)* was also released.
The album was commercially successful upon release, peaking at number one on the album charts in Malaysia and Singapore. It sold over 2 million copies throughout Asia by August 2005.
## Background and release {#background_and_release}
\"候鳥\" (Migratory Bird) was composed by Jay Chou and features Chinese music elements. It was the Mandarin theme song of Japanese film, *Quill*. This song was written on behalf of Ella\'s previous relationship which had ended on a bad note. After \"我愛你\" (I Love You) was produced, Sweetbox re-sang it as \"More than Love\".
## Accolades
The track \"Migratory Bird\" won one of the Top 10 Songs of the Year at the 2005 HITO Radio Music Awards presented by Taiwanese radio station Hit FM. It was also nominated for Top 10 Gold Songs at the Hong Kong TVB8 Awards, presented by television station TVB8, in 2005. *Encore* was awarded one of the Top 10 Selling Mandarin Albums of the Year at the 2005 IFPI Hong Kong Album Sales Awards, presented by the Hong Kong branch of IFPI.
## Music videos {#music_videos}
The music video for \"我愛你\" (I Love You) was filmed in Shanghai. There are two versions of the video: a 3-minute TV version, and a 12-minute full version. The 12-minute version features two elderly people who reflect upon their love life back when they were still young.
In 1940s Shanghai, the girl tells her lover that her family is moving to Taiwan, likely due to the Chinese Civil War. She gives the boy a box containing her love inside, and leaves in tears. In 1989, the girl, now a grandmother of at least two children, receives a letter from the boy, now a single elderly man. Unlike the grandmother, who seems to enjoy life with her husband, children and grandchildren, the old man has been waiting for the past few decades for his lover to come back to Shanghai
| 369 |
Encore (S.H.E album)
| 0 |
2,881,177 |
# Takeshi Miyazawa
**Takeshi Miyazawa** (born April 19, 1978) is a comic book artist who was born in Canada and attended Queen\'s University in Ontario to study art. His art style incorporates a manga sensibility. He is the co-creator of Marvel Comics character Amadeus Cho together with writer Greg Pak
| 50 |
Takeshi Miyazawa
| 0 |
2,881,183 |
# Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park
The **Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park**, formerly known as **The Buffalo Naval and Servicemen\'s Park**, is a museum on the bank of the Buffalo River in Buffalo, New York. It is home to several decommissioned US Naval vessels, including the *Cleveland*-class cruiser `{{USS|Little Rock|CG-4|6}}`{=mediawiki}, the *Fletcher*-class destroyer `{{USS|The Sullivans|DD-537|6}}`{=mediawiki}, and the submarine `{{USS|Croaker|SS-246|6}}`{=mediawiki}. All three are open to the public for tours.
## History
In 1976, the Buffalo Urban Renewal Agency and the Buffalo Naval and Servicemen\'s Park requested the United States Department of the Navy supply a decommissioned naval vessel to construct a naval park. The construction of the Buffalo Naval and Servicemen\'s Park (later named the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park) started in 1977. The park was opened to the public on July 4, 1979. The *Cleveland*-class cruiser `{{USS|Little Rock|CG-4|6}}`{=mediawiki} and the *Fletcher*-class destroyer `{{USS|The Sullivans|DD-537|6}}`{=mediawiki} were part of the original display. In 1988, the *Gato*-class submarine `{{USS|Croaker|SS-246|6}}`{=mediawiki} was added. In 1989, *Croaker* underwent a refit. The ships in the park remain property of the United States Navy, which inspects them annually.
The park has gone through a few major changes in recent years. In 2003, the ships were moved slightly to the foot of Pearl and Main streets. The park now abuts Buffalo\'s Canalside and the historic Commercial Slip within it. New structures were added including a new museum, and the new Liberty Hound restaurant opened in the summer of 2012.
On December 16, 2017, `{{USS|Little Rock|LCS-9}}`{=mediawiki} was commissioned at the park alongside its namesake `{{USS|Little Rock|CG-4}}`{=mediawiki}. The commissioning was the first time a United States Naval vessel was commissioned alongside its namesake.
## Displays
Along with the ships, there are a variety of smaller vehicles, vessels, and aircraft are also on display at the park. These include the Gyrodyne X-Ron 1 Rotorcycle one-man helicopter used by the US Marine Corps in the late fifties and early sixties, an Army M41 Walker Bulldog tank, a Marine Corps M-84 armored personnel carrier, a UH-1 Huey flown in Vietnam, an Air Force F-101 Voodoo flown by the New York Air National Guard\'s 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station, a *Nasty*-class PTF boat, the PTF-17 used by the Navy in Vietnam, a Navy FJ Fury (FJ-4) jet (equivalent to the Air Force\'s F-86 Sabre), and a USAAF P-39 Airacobra manufactured at Bell Aircraft in Buffalo which saw service in World War II. The sail and rudder of the submarine `{{USS|Boston|SSN-703|6}}`{=mediawiki} are also on display here.
The park is located in the Canalside District near the KeyBank Center and LECOM Harborcenter in downtown Buffalo. Hours vary by season, but the park is closed from December to March
| 454 |
Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park
| 0 |
2,881,185 |
# Trattoria
A **trattoria** is an Italian eatery, generally less formal than a *ristorante* (`{{literally|[[restaurant]]}}`{=mediawiki}) but more formal than an *osteria*.
A trattoria rooted in tradition, typically, is without a printed menu, with casual service, wine sold by the decanter rather than the bottle, low prices, and a menu of modest but plentiful offerings that follow regional and local recipes rather than *haute cuisine*. Sometimes, food is served family-style, at common tables. Optionally, a trattoria may offer takeaway. This tradition has waned in recent decades. Many trattorie have taken on some of the trappings of a *ristorante*, providing relatively few concessions to the old rustic and familial style. The name trattoria has also been adopted by some high-level restaurants.
## Etymology
The word *trattoria* is cognate with the French term *traiteur* (a caterer providing takeaway food). Derived in Italian from *trarre*, meaning \'to treat\' (from the Latin *tractare*/*trahere*, \'to draw\'), its etymology has also been linked to the Latin term *littera tractoria*, which referred to a letter ordering provision of food and drink for officials traveling on the business of the Holy Roman Empire
| 184 |
Trattoria
| 0 |
2,881,189 |
# Huguenot Memorial Bridge
**Huguenot Memorial Bridge** is located in Henrico County and the independent city of Richmond, Virginia. It carries State Route 147 across the former Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (now the James River Line of CSX Transportation), the James River and Kanawha Canal, and the James River in the Fall Line region above the head of navigation at Richmond.
The Huguenot Memorial Bridge, which connects Southside (Richmond, Virginia) to urban Richmond, was completed in 1950. The 2900 ft (884 m) span replaced the low-level Westham Bridge which had been built as a toll bridge in 1911. The old bridge was subject to flooding and was inadequate for traffic in the growing suburban area.
The Huguenot Memorial Bridge was named in honor of the French Huguenot settlers who came to the area in the 18th century to escape religious persecution in France. It is owned by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) and is the westernmost bridge over the James River in the metropolitan Richmond area that is open to pedestrians.
## History
**Westham Bridge** crossed the James River between Henrico County and Chesterfield County. The bridge was located between Bosher Dam and Williams Island Dam just west of the 7 miles of rapids and falls which constitute the fall line of the James River at Richmond, Virginia.
Built as a toll bridge in 1911, it was named for the nearby Westham Station of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway near the north end. Also nearby at the north end were the remains of the James River and Kanawha Canal.
The privately held company which financed the bridge, Southampton Bridge Corporation, was headed by developer George Craghead Gregory, who also had plans to extend a streetcar line from an existing line at Westhampton Park (now the University of Richmond) to the suburban community of Bon Air. Originally developed as a popular resort, Bon Air had become a bedroom community of Richmond. Between the James River and Bon Air, Gregory controlled large land areas along the proposed rail line which he hoped to develop. However, despite his plans, aside from grading of right-of-way, Gregory\'s planned streetcar line did not materialize.
After 1933, State Route 147 was routed across the Westham Bridge. It connected River Road and Westham Parkway in Henrico with Southampton Road and the new Huguenot Road in Chesterfield.
In 1950, the Westham Bridge, which had been subject to flooding and was inadequate for traffic in the growing suburban area, was replaced by the new Huguenot Memorial Bridge.
The 1950 original bridge was facing significant structural issues. After years of problems maintaining the deck and pavement, as of 2008, a replacement was included in the limited number of high priority projects underway with the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). Construction began in 2010 and completed in 2013
| 467 |
Huguenot Memorial Bridge
| 0 |
2,881,199 |
# Signalling Connection Control Part
The **Signalling Connection Control Part** (**SCCP**) is a network layer protocol that provides extended routing, flow control, segmentation, connection-orientation, and error correction facilities in Signaling System 7 telecommunications networks. SCCP relies on the services of MTP for basic routing and error detection.
## Published specification {#published_specification}
The base SCCP specification is defined by the ITU-T, in recommendations [Q.711](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.711/en/) to [Q.714](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.714/en/), with additional information to implementors provided by [Q.715](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.715/en/) and [Q.716](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.716/en/). There are, however, regional variations defined by local standards bodies. In the United States, ANSI publishes its modifications to [Q.713](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.713/en/) as ANSI T1.112. The TTC publishes as JT-Q.711 to JT-Q.714, and Europe ETSI publishes *[ETSI EN 300-009-1](http://webapp.etsi.org/workprogram/Report_WorkItem.asp?WKI_ID=6605):* both of which document their modifications to the ITU-T specifications.
## Routing facilities beyond MTP {#routing_facilities_beyond_mtp}
Although MTP provides routing capabilities based on the Point Code, SCCP allows routing using a Point Code and Subsystem number or a Global Title.
A Point Code is used to address a particular node on the network, whereas a Subsystem number addresses a specific application available on that node. SCCP employs a process called Global Title Translation to determine Point Codes from Global Titles so as to instruct MTP on where to route messages.
SCCP messages contain parameters which describe the type of addressing used, and how the message should be routed:
- **Address Indicator**
- **Routing indicator**
- *Route on Global Title*
- *Route on Point Code/Subsystem Number*
- **Global title indicator**
- *No Global Title*
- *Global Title includes Translation Type (TT), Numbering Plan Indicator (NPI) and Type of Number (TON)*
- *Global Title includes Translation Type only*
- **Subsystem indicator**
- *Subsystem Number present*
- *Subsystem Number not present*
- **Point Code indicator**
- *Point Code present*
- *Point Code not present*
- **Global Title**
- **Address Indicator Coding**
- *Address Indicator coded as national* (the Address Indicator is treated as international if not specified)
| 316 |
Signalling Connection Control Part
| 0 |
2,881,199 |
# Signalling Connection Control Part
## Protocol classes {#protocol_classes}
SCCP provides 4 classes of protocol for its applications:
- **Class 0**: Basic connectionless.
- **Class 1**: Sequenced connectionless.
- **Class 2**: Basic connection-oriented.
- **Class 3**: Flow control connection oriented.
The connectionless protocol classes provide the capabilities needed to transfer one Network Service Data Unit (NSDU) in the \"data\" field of an XUDT, LUDT or UDT message. When one connectionless message is not sufficient to convey the user data contained in one NSDU, a segmenting/reassembly function for protocol classes 0 and 1 is provided. In this case, the SCCP at the originating node or in a relay node provides segmentation of the information into multiple segments prior to transfer in the \"data\" field of XUDT (or as a network option LUDT) messages. At the destination node, the NSDU is reassembled.
The connection-oriented protocol classes (protocol classes 2 and 3) provide the means to set up signalling connections in order to exchange a number of related NSDUs. The connection-oriented protocol classes also provide a segmenting and reassembling capability. If an NSDU is longer than 255 octets, it is split into multiple segments at the originating node, prior to transfer in the \"data\" field of DT messages. Each segment is less than or equal to 255 octets. At the destination node, the NSDU is reassembled.
### Class 0: Basic connectionless {#class_0_basic_connectionless}
The SCCP Class 0 protocol class is the most basic of the SCCP protocol classes. Network Service Data Units passed by higher layers in the originating node are delivered by the SCCP to higher layers in the destination node. They are transferred independently of each other. Therefore, they may be delivered to the SCCP user out-of-sequence. Thus, this protocol class corresponds to a pure connectionless network service. As a connectionless protocol, no network connection is established between the sender and the receiver.
### Class 1: Sequenced connectionless {#class_1_sequenced_connectionless}
SCCP Class 1 builds on the capabilities of Class 0, with the addition of a sequence control parameter in the NSDU which allows the SCCP User to instruct the SCCP that a given stream of messages should be delivered in sequence. Therefore, Protocol Class 1 corresponds to an enhanced connectionless protocol with assurances of in-sequence delivery.
### Class 2: Basic connection-oriented {#class_2_basic_connection_oriented}
SCCP Class 2 provides the facilities of Class 1, but also allows for an entity to establish a two-way dialog with another entity using SCCP.
### Class 3: Flow control connection oriented {#class_3_flow_control_connection_oriented}
Class 3 service builds upon Class 2, but also allows for expedited (urgent) messages to be sent and received, and for errors in sequencing (segment re-assembly) to be detected and for SCCP to restart a connection should this occur.
## Transport over IP networks {#transport_over_ip_networks}
In the SIGTRAN suite of protocols, there are two primary methods of transporting SCCP applications across Internet Protocol networks: SCCP can be transported indirectly using the *MTP level 3 User Adaptation* protocol (M3UA), a protocol which provides support for users of MTP-3---including SCCP. Alternatively, SCCP applications can operate directly over the *SCCP User Adaptation* protocol (SUA) which is a form of modified SCCP designed specifically for use in IP networking.
ITU-T also provides for the transport of SCCP users over Internet Protocol using the *Generic Signalling Transport* service specified in [Q.2150.0](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.2150.0/en/), the *signalling transport converter* for SCTP specified in [Q.2150.3](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.2150.3/en/) and a specialized *Transport-Independent Signalling Connection Control Part* (TI-SCCP) specified in [T-REC-Q.2220](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.2220/en/). TI-SCCP can also be used with the *Generic Signalling Transport* adapted for MTP3 and MTP3b as described in [Q.2150.1](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.2150.1/en/), or adapted for SSCOP or SSCOPMCE as described in [Q.2150.2](http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.2150.2/en/)
| 598 |
Signalling Connection Control Part
| 1 |
2,881,218 |
# Shoji Jo
is a Japanese former professional footballer who played as a forward. He played for the Japan national team.
## Club career {#club_career}
He was born on the island of Hokkaido and began his footballing career with JEF United Ichihara in 1994. He quickly established himself, scoring twelve goals in his first season; he scored his first goal on his debut against Gamba Osaka on 12 March.
After three seasons with JEF United Ichihara, Jo moved to the Yokohama Marinos (later *Yokohama F. Marinos*) in 1997. His performances in the 1998--99 season led to a loan move to the Spanish Primera División team Real Valladolid. He failed to make an impact with the club, making just 15 appearances and scoring two goals before sustaining a knee injury. After his return to Japan, Jo struggled to reestablish himself as a regular goal scorer with the Marinos and Vissel Kobe, with whom he joined in 2002. He joined Yokohama FC in 2003, where he scored 12 goals in his first season with them. He helped his club to become J2 Champions in 2006 gained and promotion to J1, but he retired from playing after that season.
## International career {#international_career}
On 20 September 1995, Jo debuted for the Japan national team against Paraguay.
He made his first appearance in an international competition with the Japan U-23 national team in the 1996 Summer Olympics.
In October 1996, he played for the Japan senior team for the first time in a year. He also played at the 1996 Asian Cup in December. After the 1998 World Cup qualification in 1997, Japan qualified for the 1998 World Cup for the first time in their history. He played at the 1998 World Cup and the 1999 Copa América. He played all matches in both competitions. He played 35 games and scored 7 goals for Japan until 2001.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Club
Club Season League National cup
------------------------ ------------ ----------- ------ ------- --------------
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps
JEF United Ichihara 1994 J1 League 33 12 2
1995 43 14 0
1996 23 9 1
Total 99 35 3
Yokohama F. Marinos 1997 J1 League 21 12 2
1998 31 25 1
1999 25 18 3
2000 4 2 0
2001 25 2 1
Total 106 59 7
Real Valladolid (loan) 1999--2000 La Liga 15 2
Vissel Kobe 2002 J1 League 25 1 1
Yokohama FC 2003 J2 League 33 12 1
2004 35 8 2
2005 40 12 1
2006 43 12 0
Total 151 44 4
Career total 396 141 15
: Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
### International
National team Year Apps Goals
--------------- ------ ------ -------
Japan 1995 1 0
1996 3 0
1997 13 4
1998 10 1
1999 5 0
2000 2 2
2001 1 0
Total 35 7
: Appearances and goals by national team and year
: *Scores and results list Japan\'s goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Jo goal.*
No
| 503 |
Shoji Jo
| 0 |
2,881,229 |
# Association of Scouts of Azerbaijan
The **Association of Scouts of Azerbaijan** (*Azərbaycan Skautlar Assosiasiyası*, ASA) the national Scouting organization of Azerbaijan, was founded in 1997, and became the 150th member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement on 20 August 2000. In 2017 it was admitted as a full member in the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. The coeducational association has 1,571 members as of 2021, about 35% are girls.
## History
ASA was founded on October 11, 1997, when Namik Jafarov, former president of the association, gathered the first members of the new movement and held the first Scout camp in Nabran. On August 20, 2000, ASA was invited to join WOSM and the Eurasia Scout Region. Branch offices exist in Shaki Rayon, Barda Rayon, Nakhchivan, Ismailli Rayon, Khachmaz Rayon, Zaqatala Rayon, Aghjabadi Rayon, Ganja, and Yevlakh Rayon.
As of 2004, there are 1,356 registered Scouts and leaders. Half of the registered Scouts live in the capital city of Baku. The remainder is spread throughout the countryside. Scouts of Azerbaijan participated in the 1998--1999 World Scout Jamboree in Chile, as well as several regional National Jamborees, and the second Eurasian Scout Conference, held in Baku in September, 2004.
The Scouts are members of the National Assembly of Youth Organizations of the Republic of Azerbaijan (NAYORA).
There was a parliamentarian interest group to create an Association of Azerbaijan Girl Guides, but this lapsed prior to 2003. A delegation from the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts visited Azerbaijan between 29 and 31 January 2016 and discussed the possibilities of membership in the WAGGGS by 2017. Members of the WAGGGS delegation met with the president and national committee of ASA, Baku, Sheki, and Bilasuvar Scout groups, NAYORA president Seymur Huseynov, Deputy Minister of Youth and Sport of the Republic of Azerbaijan Intigam Babayev, and Head of the Department İndira Hajiyeva.
In January 2019, a new fourth iteration of branding for the ASA was launched, which incorporates the Azerbaijan carpet of Gasimushagy subgroup, *ophrys caucasica*, and clover as stylized form of the heraldic trefoil, used as the main element in the logo of most Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting organizations.
## 2019-2023
In October 2023, the ASA joined the European Scout Region, as the Eurasian Scout Region was dissolved.
## Ideals and program {#ideals_and_program}
The Scout Motto is *Daima Hazır*, *Be Prepared* in Azeri. The Azeri noun for a single Scout is *Skaut*.
The Scout emblem incorporates the tricolor blue-red-green colors of the flag of Azerbaijan with two five edged stars rounded by rope and tied in a reef knot at the bottom. The Scout uniform consists of a khaki-colored shirt with shoulder straps, with adjustable sleeves, khaki-colored trousers or shorts, with a brown belt, and a tricolor blue-red-green neckerchief with a white border edge.
- 6--12 Cub Scouts
- 12--18 Scouts
- 18-above Rovers and Leaders
The Scout promise is \"On my honor I promise that I will do my best, to do my duty to my community and Azerbaijan, to help other people at all times, to obey the Scout Law.\"
## Emblem
Azərbaycan Skautlar Assosiasiyasının ilk loqosu.png\|1997-2013 Association_of_Scouts_of_Azerbaijan_2016-2019
| 526 |
Association of Scouts of Azerbaijan
| 0 |
2,881,233 |
# Ajigonomi
**Ajigonomi** is a blend of Japanese arare produced by the Bourbon food company. It consists of various kinds of rice crackers and peanut based items together with tiny dried fish.
Three variations are sold:
1. Standard *ajigonomi*
2. Spicy *ajigonomi* (*karakuchi ajigonomi*)
3. Black *ajigonomi* (*kuro ajigonomi*)
Each 100g of *ajigonmi* contains 471 calories.
The *gonomi*, meaning \"preference\", in the name of the snack is the rendaku version of the *konomi* in okonomiyaki, although *ajigonomi* is not related to okonomiyaki
| 82 |
Ajigonomi
| 0 |
2,881,271 |
# Dániel Berzsenyi
**Dániel Berzsenyi** (`{{IPA|hu|ˈdaːniɛl ˈbɛrʒɛɲi}}`{=mediawiki}; 7 May 1776 in Hetye (now Egyházashetye) -- 24 February 1836 in Nikla) was a Hungarian poet.
Berzsenyi was one of the most contradictory poets of Hungarian literature. He lived the life of a farmer, and wished to be close to the events of Hungarian literature. This contradiction, which he believed he could solve, made him a lonesome, introverted and bitter poet. His works show signs of classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism.
## Biography
Berzsenyi was born the only child of an old noble family. Although his father had a degree in law, he worked on his farm and didn\'t practise as a lawyer. The father believed that his weak and sickly son must first get physically strong working on the farm. In his opinion, teaching children is only acceptable after the age of ten.
In the autumn of 1788, the 12-year-old Berzsenyi began his studies at the evangelical lyceum in Sopron. He spent seven years there, with shorter and longer interruption. Due to his over-age, he had a hard time conforming himself to the discipline of the school and came up often against the customs; he often missed his lessons. In 1793, he left Sopron without finishing his studies and enlisted into the army, but he stayed there only for less than a year.
Although he never finished his studies, the years spent in Sopron left a deep impression in him. He read many books, acquired outstanding knowledge of the main subjects of that age, of the Latin and German language. His works point to the fact, that he knew the Roman mythology well, and that his ideal was the Roman Horace.
His father found Berzsenyi\'s behavior in Sopron unacceptable, and the relationship of son and father got worse and worse. Due to his frequent conflicts with his father, he didn\'t return home from Sopron, but travelled to Nikla, to his uncle. He returned to his father for a few years, but the situation became even worse with the death of his mother in the autumn of 1794, who was a lightning rod of some kind between the two men.
### Poetic era {#poetic_era}
As an \"escape\" from his father, he married the 14-year-old Zsuzsanna Dukai Takács, the daughter of a wealthy noble and settled with her on her farm near Sömjén. Berzsenyi became a self-supporting and outstanding farmer. In 1804, they moved to Nikla, Somogy county. On the outside, he seemed to be satisfied, but his works prove this wrong. On one hand, he was truly satisfied with his achievements as a farmer. On the other hand, he suffered from the lack of people he could converse with about literature or sciences.
Berzsenyi wrote poems from age twenty (1796), but hid them from his friends and family. In 1803, János Kis, an evangelic cleric and the godfather of one of his children, caught him while he was writing. Kis discovered the poet in Berzsenyi, and sent three of his works to Ferenc Kazinczy, who was rather enthusiastic about them. (A magyarokhoz - *To the Hungarians*; Nagy Lajos és Hunyadi Mátyás - *Louis the Great and Mathias of Hunyad*; A reggel - *The dawn*)
In 1808, he sent János Kis a whole book of verse with 77 poems. Unfortunately, he didn\'t date the poems, making it impossible to tell the exact time he wrote them. Kis sent them on to Ferenc Kazinczy to support their printed publishment. Kazinczy read them and sent Berzsenyi his first, enthusiastic mail. Naturally Berzsenyi sent his reply, and their long mailing began.
He left Nikla very rarely, he didn\'t like going away from home. He only visited Pest only twice: in March 1810, and at the end of May 1813. The first time he met Kazinczy\'s poet friends, waking dispositions for each other. (Pál Szemere, Ferenc Kölcsey, Michaly Vitkovics and István Horvát) In 1812, he spent a week in Vienna. Here, he had a picture painted of himself in preparation for the front cover of his book.
| 669 |
Dániel Berzsenyi
| 0 |
2,881,271 |
# Dániel Berzsenyi
## Biography
### Scientific era {#scientific_era}
After 1810, he had a rather unproductive era, possibly due to the matters of farming and quarrels with his family. His loneliness, his mood, prone to melancholy, and versatile health made him very vulnerable. From 1816 on, he had problems with his health almost every year. He read Kölcsey\'s strict, sometimes unfair recension in this unlucky state of body and mind. The recension was published in the issue of Tudományos Gyűjtemény (*Scientific Collection*) in July, 1817. Berzsenyi felt the criticism degrading, undeserved and unfounded. He believed that it was a personal attack and that it was Ferenc Kazinczy behind the recension. Their mailing was suspended for three years.
After Kölcsey\'s recension Berzsenyi wrote only a few more poems. His greatest wish was to give Kölcsey an appropriate answer. In his first indignation he wrote his anti-recension without any scientific preparation, as - until this time - he didn\'t study aesthetics. Although he sent it to the editors of Tudományos Gyűjtemény (*Scientific Collection*), but it was never published. He never got the manuscript back, despite his pressing requests.
In the next years, the place of poetic creation was taken by scientific works and the study of aesthetics and literature: he tried to make up for the gaps in his knowledge. The \"appropriate\" answer was published in 1825 with the title \"Észrevételek Kölcsey recenziójára\" (*Observations about Kölcsey\'s recension*) in the September issue of the Tudományos Gyűjtemény (*Scientific Collection*) - he spent eight years making it. He refused Kölcsey\'s pretensions based on the aesthetics of classicism in the name of romanticism: he is a poet who cannot be judged by the rules of hellenism. (By 1825 Kölcsey changed his previous poetic-aesthetic views)
Berzsenyi spent most of his time on sciences, the numerous essays show this. He published \"A versformákról\" (*About versifications*). Between 1829 and 1834, he wrote \"Kriticai levelek\" (*Critical letters*) as well. In 1830 he became the first provincial member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His inaugural was published in 1833 with the title \"Poetai harmonistica\" (*Poetical harmony*). In this essay he favored the aesthetic thesis of classicism over those of romanticism: the main regularity in the world is the harmony. In 1833, he also wrote \"A magyarországi mezei szorgalom némely akadályairul\" (in modern English: *About some obstacles of farming in Hungary*).
In the last years of his life, he ailed almost all the time: he cured himself in Balatonfüred and the medicinal baths of Buda. He often attended the conferences of the Tudós társaság (roughly: *Scientific group*) and planned to move to the capital), but couldn\'t finish this plan.
He died on 24 February 1836 in Nikla. Kölcsey\'s expiatory memorial heroic was read by Michael Helmeczy on the Academy.
## Work
Horatius\' poetry and his philosophy - abstention from extreme emotions, the golden middle course - seemed to determine his life and poetry. Most of the criticals of his age described him as Horatius-copyist. He often used ancient verse forms and applied them successfully to the Hungarian language.
Berzsenyi got classicist inspiration from Horace and the Hungarian Benedek Virág, but he couldn\'t possibly be successful in forcing the views of ancient poets on himself. Behind the antique verse forms it isn\'t the classical balance and harmony we can find: it is the longing for these qualities. His closing to romanticism from classicism can be addressed to the works of German poets and writers like Gessner and Matthisson.
Two styles were present in his poetry at the same time - just as the land-owner and the poet in his life, but slowly his ideals were worn out by reality. Disappointment, disillusioned distress take the place of his dreams. In his poem \"Barátaimhoz\" (*To my friends*) he says his earlier feelings, dreams to be pointless and remembers his poetic work in past time
| 640 |
Dániel Berzsenyi
| 1 |
2,881,288 |
# C2H4O2
**C~2~H~4~O~2~** may refer to:
**Compounds sharing the molecular formula**:
- Acetic acid
- Dihydroxyethene isomers:
- 1,1-Dihydroxyethene
- (E)-1,2-Dihydroxyethene
- (Z)-1,2-Dihydroxyethene
- Dioxetane isomers:
- 1,2-Dioxetane
- 1,3-Dioxetane
- Glycolaldehyde
- Methyldioxirane
- Methyl formate
- Oxiranol
| 39 |
C2H4O2
| 0 |
2,881,304 |
# Dwight Washington
**Dwight Marlon Washington** (born 5 March 1983) is a West Indian international cricketer.
Washington made his first-class debut as a fast bowler for West Indies B in the Carib Beer Cup in 2003--04, taking 20 wickets at 22.00 and earning a place in a strong Carib Beer XI against the England XI at the end of the season. Against Guyana, batting in his usual position of number 11, he scored 58 off 58 balls, including six sixes.
He played for Jamaica in the 2004--05 season, taking 19 wickets at 16.84 and helping Jamaica win the title. He took 4 for 18 and 5 for 20 in the match against Windward Islands at Nain. He was selected to play in the Fourth Test against South Africa later that season, but took no wicket for 93 on a batsmen\'s pitch that produced 1462 runs (including a Test record eight centuries) and only 17 wickets.
He toured Sri Lanka with West Indies A in June and July 2005, then played three matches for Jamaica in the KFC Cup later that year, then dropped out of top-level cricket at the age of 22
| 192 |
Dwight Washington
| 0 |
2,881,306 |
# Atenteben
The ***atenteben*** *(atɛntɛbɛn)*`{{which lang|date=September 2021}}`{=mediawiki} is a bamboo flute from Ghana. It is played vertically, like the European recorder, and, like the recorder, can be played diatonically as well as chromatically. Although originally used as a traditional instrument (most often in funeral processions), beginning in the 20th century it has also been used in contemporary and classical music. Several players have attained high levels of virtuosity and are able to play Western as well as African music on the instrument.
The instrument originated with the Akan ethnic group of south-central Ghana, particularly in the region of the Kwahu Plateau. It was first popularized throughout the nation by the Ghanaian musicologist Ephraim Amu (1899--1995). It was also featured in the Pan-African Orchestra led by Nana Danso Abiam, and Dela Botri, a former member of the Orchestra, is among Ghana\'s foremost exponents of the instrument. Since 2004, Botri has combined the atenteben with hiplife music on his recordings.
The instrument is used in many schools and universities across Ghana, both as a solo and ensemble instrument. An instruction manual for the *atenteben* has been written by Kwasi Aduonum (born 1939), a Ghanaian educator, scholar, and composer from the Kwahu Plateau region.
The Nigerian composer Akin Euba featured a children\'s *atenteben* ensemble in his opera *Chaka: An Opera in Two Chants* (1970).
The atenteben flute is one of the most versatile musical instruments found in Ghana. The modern atenteben flute, built in B flat and C, was developed by the musicologist, composer, and flutist Ephraim Amu (1899-1995), whose pioneering work established a notated musical tradition for the instrument and included the instrument into the curriculum of major educational institutions in Ghana, notably, the Achimota Secondary School and University of Ghana.
The B flat atenteben is a transposing instrument, i.e. its music is written in a tone higher than the actual sounds, but a written music for the C atenteben (also referred to as atenteben-ba) directly agrees with the sounds on piano.
It is an end-blown instrument with six top holes and one bottom hole. Its embouchure at the mouth of the pipe consists of a piece of wood (fipple) made to fit tightly into the pipe with a narrow slit through which sound is produced by blowing.
The instrument originates from Tweneduruase in the Kwahu Plateau of south-central Ghana. The Kwahus are part of the Akan tribes of Ghana, sharing a boundary with the Akyem in the south and east and with the Asante in the north and west.
Atenteben comprises two Akan names, i.e., \"atente\" and \"ben\". *Atente* is a plural word derived from *otente*, the name of an Akan traditional hand drum with two heads covering both ends - thus, \"one otente drum\" but \"two atente drums\", and \"ben\" means flute or an instrument of the aerophones family. The atente drums were the principal instruments that accompanied this flute, hence the name atenteben (or the flute accompanied by the atente drums).
The early 20th-century atenteben flute (now obsolete) is five-holed and horizontally-blown with four top holes and one bottom hole. Traditionally, its music was pentatonic or hexatonic and associated with funerals more than with recreational activities. The instrument was popular through the first half of the 20th century but declined in the late 1950s in favor of the modern atenteben.
Repertoire for the modern atenteben was usually written in C Diatonic or C Mixolydian. This limitation was due to the absence of a playing technique that could produce the accidental sounds of the flute. Amu wrote extensively for the atenteben choir comprising as large as 16 to 32 players, sometimes in combination with a choir and non-melodic percussion instruments. J. H. K. Nketia, K. Aduonum, Akin Euba are among those who have written for atenteben and other African and/or Western instruments.
In 1979, the neo-traditional art music composer and founder of the Pan African Orchestra of Ghana, Nana Danso Abiam (b. 1953) introduced chromaticism and atonality in atenteben music with a new fingering mechanism that he had developed at the Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana, Legon. This playing mechanism employed for the first time, cross-fingerings and halving-fingerings among other over-blowing techniques that produced the entire range of chromatic and harmonic sounds of the flute.
Today, atenteben music attracts a large following. Composers of diverse backgrounds have come to recognize the ease with which the instrument can be adapted to different genres of music.
Its tuning, though, is yet to be perfected. Because different sizes of bamboo offshoot are utilized in its construction, microtonal disparities sometimes do occur in the main octaves making ensemble playing difficult. It also requires a fine-tuning device to enable it to accommodate other instruments whose overall tuning may be slightly sharp or flat
| 790 |
Atenteben
| 0 |
2,881,320 |
# Abra Prentice Wilkin
**Abra Prentice Wilkin** (born July 30, 1942) is an American philanthropist. She is the daughter of John Rockefeller Prentice (1902--1972) and his wife, Abbie Cantrill Prentice. Wilkin is a great-granddaughter of Standard Oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller (1839--1937). Prentice Wilkin attended both The Latin School of Chicago and The Ethel Walker School in Simsbury, Connecticut.
She has been married twice. Her first marriage was to journalist Jon Anderson, and she has three children from that marriage: two daughters, Ashley Anderson Norton and Abra Anderson, and a son, Anthony Anderson. The couple was divorced in 1976 and Anderson died in 2014 aged 77. After their divorce, she married James Wilkin, a consultant on architectural millwork. There are no children from this marriage.
Some of Wilkin\'s contributions to the city of Chicago include the Prentice Pavilion (the largest birthing center in the Midwest region and among the top 25 birthing centers in the United States) and the Prentice Women\'s Hospital, which is affiliated with Lurie Children\'s Hospital and Northwestern Memorial Hospital on the Northwestern University medical campus near downtown Chicago. Wilkin is currently a trustee of The Taft School in Watertown, Connecticut and the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago. She is a former trustee of The Ethel Walker School and The Latin School of Chicago
| 217 |
Abra Prentice Wilkin
| 0 |
2,881,331 |
# Urretxu
**Urretxu** (Spanish, *Villareal de Urrechu*) is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, northern Spain.
Situated on the Urola river, it is contiguous with the larger town of Zumarraga immediately to the south, with the river making the boundary between them
| 52 |
Urretxu
| 0 |
2,881,332 |
# Tetsuzan Nagata
was a Japanese military officer and general of the Imperial Japanese Army best known as the victim of the Aizawa Incident in August 1935.
Nagata was an influential military figure in the Meiji government and the *de facto* leader of the *Tōseiha* faction during the *Gunbatsu* political rivalry within the Imperial Japanese Army. Nagata was assassinated by Saburō Aizawa of the rival *Kōdōha* faction and his death triggered events that led to the February 26 Incident.
## Early life {#early_life}
Tetsuzan Nagata was born on 14 January 1884 in Suwa, Nagano Prefecture, the third son of Shigeru Nagata, director of the local Takashima Hospital. Nagata\'s family were wealthy and he descended from a long line of physicians in service of the Suwa Domain. Nagata was childhood friends with Shigeo Iwanami, the founder of Iwanami Shoten, and the two had a lifelong friendship. Nagata attended Suwa Higher Elementary School in Suwa where he was classmates with Sakuhei Fujiwhara, the namesake of the Fujiwhara effect. In 1895, Nagata transferred to an elementary school in Tokyo until 1898 when he began attending the military school of the Imperial Japanese Army in the city.
## Military career {#military_career}
Nagata graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy at the top of the list in October 1904 and from the Army Staff College in November 1911. Nagata served as military attaché to several Japanese embassies in Europe before and during World War I, including Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany. Upon Nagata\'s return to Japan in February 1923, he was assigned to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, where he served as administrator of various departments, and was regarded as an expert on Germany. Nagata was promoted to colonel in March 1927 and received command of the IJA 3rd Infantry Regiment. Nagata was promoted to major general in 1932, and became the commander of the IJA 1st Infantry Brigade in 1933. According to the testimony of Lieutenant-General Kajitsuka Ryuji, Chief of the Medical Department of the Kwantung Army, at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials in late 1949, in the 1930s, Nagata was the \"most active supporter\" of the program of conducting bacteriological or germ (biological) warfare put forth by Shirō Ishii. Ryuji testified that Ishii kept a bust of Nagata in his offices at Unit 731 headquarters in Pingfan District because he was \"so grateful\" to Nagata for his support. Ryuji identified Nagata as Chief of the Military Affairs Department of the Ministry of War.
| 411 |
Tetsuzan Nagata
| 0 |
2,881,332 |
# Tetsuzan Nagata
## Death
By the mid-1930s, Nagata was considered the leader of the *Tōseiha*, the moderate political faction that opposed the radical *Kōdōha* during the *Gunbatsu* period within the Japanese military. Nagata was responsible for planning Japan\'s national mobilization strategy as Chief of Mobilization Section, Economic Mobilization Bureau, Ministry of War, to put both the military and the civilian economy on a total war footing in times of national emergency. Nagata\'s ideas and actions earned him the violent animosity of the *Kōdōha*, who regarded him as the \"chief villain\" for collusion with corrupt party politics and the *zaibatsu*. In July 1935, Nagata\'s political manoeuvres led to the forced retirement of Jinzaburō Masaki, the Inspector-General of Military Training and a leading member of *Kōdōha*. Masaki\'s forced retirement angered his friend Lieutenant-Colonel Saburō Aizawa, a particularly radical member of *Kōdōha*.
On 12 August 1935, Nagata was assassinated by Lieutenant Colonel Saburo Aizawa for reputedly putting the Army \"in the paws of high finance\" and in retaliation for Masaki\'s forced retirement, which became known as the Aizawa Incident. He entered Nagata\'s office in Tokyo and cut him down with his sword, making no attempt to resist arrest by military police and reportedly said that he \"was in an absolute sphere, so there was neither affirmation nor negation, neither good nor evil\". Nagata was posthumously promoted to lieutenant general and the Army Minister Senjūrō Hayashi was forced to resign over the affair. Nagata\'s assassination increased the political polarization within the Imperial Japanese Army, prompting further retaliation between factions that resulted in the February 26 Incident in February 1936, effectively eradicating the *Kōdōha* and granting the *Tōseiha* total influence within the army. Aizawa was executed by firing squad in July 1936 after a high-profile court martial trial held by the IJA 1st Division
| 300 |
Tetsuzan Nagata
| 1 |
2,881,334 |
# Serpent's Embrace
***Serpent\'s Embrace*** is the fourth studio album by the German symphonic black metal band *Agathodaimon*. It was released 21 June 2004 through *Nuclear Blast* records. On 25 August 2008, Polish record label *Metal Mind Productions* reissued the album as a remastered digipak edition. The reissue is limited to numerated 2000 copies and was digitally remastered using 24-Bit process on golden disc.
The album had a more progressive style compared to previous albums. *Allmusic* described the album as one that \"does not play by pre-established black metal rules\" and a \"genre-busting\" LP.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
- The bonus CD tracks 1-3 are demo versions, and 5-8 are taken from the band\'s 1997 Near Dark demo.
## Personnel
- Sathonys - guitars, clean vocals
- Matze - drums
- Frank \"Akaias\" Nordmann - vocals
- Felix Ü
| 139 |
Serpent's Embrace
| 0 |
2,881,336 |
# Usurbil
**Usurbil** (*Usúrbil*) is a town and region located in the province of Gipuzkoa in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, in the North of Spain.
It lies in an area well known for its sagardotegiak (cider houses) and the area adjacent to the river for its eels.
## Geography
### Boroughs
- At the centre of the town are the old boroughs of *Elizalde*, *Kaxkoa*, *Kaleberri* usually simply called *Usurbil*. Most of the population is concentrated here.
- *Aginaga* is an area of the town associated with eel fishing and on the road from Usurbil to Orio. It has some 450 inhabitants and forms its own parish.
- *Atxegalde* district is located next to the motorway. It has around 500 inhabitants.
- *Txikierdi* is a small settlement near Lasarte-Oria. It is surrounded by industrial units and forms the Urbil Industrial Estate.
- *Kalezar* is a borough near the centre along a street leading onto the hill that dominates the valley of the Oria. It is the location of a medieval settlement and its name translates as \"the old street\". It has about 650 inhabitants.
- *Urdaiaga* (or *San Esteban*) is located on the western edge of the town. Its traditional name is of Urdaiaga but is more commonly known by the name of the church. It has 175 inhabitants.
- *Santu Enea* is located on the western bank of the Oria river. It has slightly over 500 inhabitants.
- *Zubieta* is a district split between the municipalities of Donostia and Usurbil. Zubieta is on the western bank of the Oria river and is an enclave of Donostia between Usurbil and Lasarte-Oria.
- *Txoko Alde*
- *Santu-Enea*
### Neighbouring areas {#neighbouring_areas}
To the north Usurbil borders Donostia\'s Igeldo and Añorga boroughs, to the east Lasarte-Oria and *Zubieta* in the southeast. In the south it borders Zizurkil and to the west Aia and Orio. Donostia, the capital of the region is about 11 km away, Lasarte-Oria 2 km and Orio 10 km.
### Climate
| 335 |
Usurbil
| 0 |
2,881,336 |
# Usurbil
## History
The oldest traces of human presence of the area are on the mountain called *Andatza* which has numerous neolithic tumuli and menhirs.
It is commonly believed that what is currently Usurbil formerly formed part of the administrative region of Hernani which extended into the area between the river Urumea and Oria.
The oldest inhabited area appears to have been on the left bank of the Urumea, broadly corresponding to the modern Urdaiaga. In a document dating back to the 13th century there is mention of a *Monasterio de San Esteban* which has by now disappeared but forms the foundation of the present day hermitage of San Esteban. Next to the monastery the tower-house of Urdaiaga was constructed in the 14th century which gave the area its name.
During the 12th century an important tract of land in Usurbil was donated to a monastery of Orreaga in Navarre. They remained with the monastery until they were confiscated by Mendizabal in 1836. Following their confiscation the area of Mount Irisasi and Andatza were forested and form one of the best preserved areas of forest in Gipuzkoa even today.
In 1180 King Sancho VI of Navarre added Usurbil and most of Zubieta into the boroughs of Donostia. At that time the population was living in small scattered settlements which formed the nuclei of modern-day Urdaiaga and Aginaga and the parish church was built in its present location. The most powerful family were the Atxegas who owned a tower-house next to a strategic river crossing on the Oria.
This situation remained until 1371 when the Castilian King Henry II of Castile granted the right to the inhabitants of San Salvador to form a new settlement called *Belmonte de Usurbil*, independent of Donostia. The new settlement was built on a hill some distance away from the Oria river and the parish church to avoid the influence of the Atxega family, leaving the church halfway between the new settlement and the Atxega tower-house. The borders continued to shift, Oria originally forming part of Usurbil until 1379 when it became an independent town. The areas on the western bank of the Oria also were not part of the town originally.
Towards the end of the 14th century the borough of Zubieta was given the choice between remaining with Donostia or joining Usurbil. 14 households stayed with Donostia, the remaining 7 joined Usurbil.
The old layout of Belmonte de Usurbil was simple, essentially consisting of two parallel streets. It corresponds well with the modern borough of Kalezar.
In 1486 a fire broke out and destroyed Belmonte de Usurbil completely. As the power of the Atxega family had waned, Belmonte was also less importance and during the 16th century the other boroughs of Aginaga, Urdaiaga, Zubieta and Elizalde began to challenge the privileges held by Belmonte, such as the prohibition of setting up slaughterhouses outside the town walls. Especially Aginaga initiated numerous court cases.
As the old centre declined, new areas developed that would one day become the centre of the town. The borough of Elizalde - Basque for \"side of the church\" - started out as a small number of houses built against the church walls. As a result of the incessant legal challenges between Aginaga and Belmonte, the town council relocated to Elizalde in 1672 and by the end of the 17th century, Belmonte and Elizalde were already of a similar size.
The changing place names also bear witness to this power shift, with *Kaleberri* (new street) now contrasting with Belmonte\'s new name, *Kalezar* (old street).
In 1826 Usurbil formed a union with neighboring Orio and Zizurkil, the Union of Andatzabea, to pay for a common representative to the Gipuzkoako Batzar Nagusiak or Grand Council of Gipuzkoa.
## Economy
The traditional industries of Usurbil were ironware, anchor and ship building, making use of the surrounding abundance of woodland. At the shipyards of Mapil in Aginaga ships for the Spanish Navy were built.
Industrialisation arrived in Usurbil in 1934 when a Michelin tire factory was built between Usurbil and Hernani, giving work to many locals. Due to the distance Usurbil itself was not majorly affected but Lasarte, which was much closer, changed radically and grew into a town of some 20,000 inhabitants. Despite lower production, the factory continues to be a major employer in the area with some 1700 employees. It also happens to be one of the few factories producing Michelin motorcycle tires worldwide.
A sizeable number of SME\'s are located in the area too. Important ones are Ingemar, cutters and polishers of marble and granite, Victorio Luzuriaga Usurbil in Txikierdi, a smelter. Both employ some 300 staff each.
| 776 |
Usurbil
| 1 |
2,881,336 |
# Usurbil
## Administration
------ ----------------------------------
2007 Xabier Mikel Errekondo (EAE-ANV)
2003 Luis María Ormaetxea (EA)
1999 José Antonio Altuna (EH)
1995 José Antonio Altuna (HB)
1991 José Antonio Altuna (HB)
1987 José Antonio Altuna (HB)
1983 Martín Larrañaga (EAJ-PNV)
1979 Andrés Bruño (EAJ-PNV)
------ ----------------------------------
: List of mayors
In Usurbil the Basque nationalist parties commonly attract between 75-80% of the votes. These are almost equally divided between the moderate nationalists and the leftist nationalists. After the restoration of democracy in Spain, the first two mayors belonged to the EAJ-PNV. When EA split away from the EAJ-PNV in 1986, the next three mayorships fell to Herri Batasuna (four, counting EH the successor party from HB) under Jose Antonio Altuna for 16 years. When Herri Batasuna was made illegal, Altuna could not stand for re-election in 2003 and Luis Maria Ormaetxea of EA became mayor.
In the last elections for the Basque Government in 2005, the Basque nationalist coalition PNV-EA won, taking 39.3% of the vote, followed by the independentist EHAK with 33.3%, PSE-EE/PSOE with 11%; the independentist Aralar with 6% and Partido Popular with 5.8%.
## Gastronomy
There are two gastronomical products that have given fame to Usurbil: glass eels and cider. Glass eels used to be common in most Basque rivers and in the Oria used to come upstream as far as Aginaga, whose inhabitants became expert angula fishers. *Angulas de Aguinaga*, made with oil and capsicum are famous throughout Spain. Glass eels have become rare as a result of pollution and have pushed up the price considerably.
Sagardoa (cider) is another important product and together with Astigarraga and Hernani, it is one of the main cider towns in Gipuzkoa. Cider production hit a low in the 1980s and of the three factories producing sparkling cider or *sidra achampañada* in the area, only one remains. From 1981 onwards, Usurbil pioneered the *Sagardo Eguna* (cider day), giving new impetus to the industry so successfully that other towns have taken up the idea. Today cider production is on the increase again and so the area still boasts many traditional and modern sagardotegiak.
## Sport
The main sport facility of the town is the *Polideportivo Oiardo* that was opened in 1990. This multi-purpose centre has capacities for 500 spectators, a covered swimming pool, squash courts, a gym and an outdoor football pitch. Most local sports clubs are based here, for example the *Usurbil Kirol Elkartea* (Usurbil Sports Club), the *`{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516184106/http://www.jcusurbil.com/ Judo Club Usurbil]}}`{=mediawiki}* (Spanish) and karate clubs and *Andatza KKE*.
There is also a football stadium, *Harane*, owned by the city council. The *Usurbil Futbol Taldea* football team are based here.
More sporting facilities exist at the *Ikastola Udarregi* school which has a multi-purpose fronton and a concrete track. The *Kontseju Zaharra* fronton is located in the centre of Usurbil, next to the church. It is a covered fronton with additional tracks for the Basque rural sports. Aginaga and San Esteban-Urdaiaga also have covered pelota pitches. Zubieta has a fronton built for the *joko-garbi* variant of pelota which is very rare today in Gipuzkoa.
## Famous people {#famous_people}
- Imanol Agirretxe (1987); footballer for Real Sociedad
- Jose Antonio Artze (1939); writer and musician who with his brother was instrumental in the revitalisation of the txalaparta
- Xabier Bengoetxea; footballer
- Xabier Carbayeda Etxeberria (1966); cyclist and sport director of `{{UCI team code|Euskaltel}}`{=mediawiki}
- Xabier Mikel Errekondo (1964); international handball player
- Andoni Iraola (1982); former footballer for Athletic Bilbao and current AFC Bournemouth manager.
- David Asensio López (1980); footballer for various teams including Athletic Bilbao
- Haimar Zubeldia (1977); cyclist for professional road racing cyclist who rides for UCI ProTeam `{{UCI team code|TFR}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Félix Mendizábal (7 March 1891 -- 15 July 1959) was a Spanish sprinter
| 628 |
Usurbil
| 2 |
2,881,349 |
# National University of Callao
The **National University of Callao** is a post-secondary institution in the Bellavista District of the Constitutional Province of Callao in the country of Peru. It was established on 2 September 1966.
This scholarly institute retains its original technical character, unique to Peru. The University has maintained its technical character, and has grown to eleven departments, fifteen professional schools, and a postgraduate school.
## Departments
The university had in 1967 the following departments:
- Hydrobiological and fishing research
- Industrial chemistry
- Naval, industrial, mechanical, and electrical engineering
- Economic and administrative sciences
| 97 |
National University of Callao
| 0 |
2,881,350 |
# Sydney Heads
The **Sydney Heads** (also simply known as **the Heads**) are a series of headlands that form the 2 km wide entrance to Sydney Harbour in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. North Head and Quarantine Head are to the north; South Head and Dunbar Head are to the south; and Middle Head, Georges Head, and Chowder Head are to the west and within the harbour. The Heads are contained within the Sydney Harbour National Park.
Some features located on the heads are heritage-listed on the Australian National Heritage List; such as the Hornby Lighthouse, located on South Head, Australia\'s third-oldest lighthouse; Macquarie Lighthouse, Australia\'s first lighthouse, located 3 km to the south on Dunbar Head; and the former Quarantine Station on North Head.
## North Head {#north_head}
North Head is a headland south-east of the suburb of Manly. It is part of Sydney Harbour National Park. The headland is a promontory of sandstone and is 3.85 km2 in area.
### Sydney Quarantine station {#sydney_quarantine_station}
The heritage-listed former Quarantine Station is located on North Head and is one of the few facilities that operated in each state of Australia from the mid-to-late-1800s until the 1980s. From 1828, Spring Cove, on the western side of North Head, was used to quarantine new arrivals to Sydney to minimise the spread of communicable diseases such as cholera, smallpox and whooping cough, amongst other communicable diseases. In 1832, the whole area of North Head was set aside for a quarantine station. A permanent quarantine facility was set up in 1837 and continued to operate until 1984. The buildings and site was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999, the entire 277 ha North Head site to the Australian National Heritage List on 12 May 2006, and now forms part of the Sydney Harbour National Park.
The site contains the remnants of Colonial New South Wales period buildings and equipment which were the best available means of combating major contagious diseases and hygiene-related conditions brought to the colony by ship. Soon after Federation the Commonwealth Government initiated a major building and infrastructure program which also remains largely intact today. This program included similar, but smaller, quarantine stations around Australian ports, of which North Head is the only remaining example. This site dealt with major shipping-related epidemic outbreaks which took place up until the 1940s. As such, the quarantine complex represents one of the most complete collection of buildings, equipment and a setting showing how life was lived among the struggles and successes in public health of Australia\'s past.
After 1945 the requirements for quarantine changed to small air-travel family groups serving periods of observation due to a lack of required inoculations. To these groups the site provided a scenic haven in a rustic historic setting. Many of the inscriptions on the local sandstone outcrops record the names and reasons why previous colonial and latter occupants found themselves in such a place. The buildings remain much as they had been in a former age and provided an opportunity for air-travel \'patients\' to become acquainted with a unique collection of historic ephemera. In 1970 the then Officer-in-Charge at the station, Herbert Lavaring, was awarded a Queens Birthday Honors Award (BEM) for his efforts in keeping the historic site preserved while also creating a practical, enriching environment for patients and the public to enjoy. The steam-powered laundry and fumigation autoclaves are a unique collection of industrial technology from the past; they provide an insight into the technology required to deal with combating hygiene-related and other readily communicable diseases in an age before antibiotics and vaccinations.
In 1975, Vietnamese refugees were housed there, and in 1975 and 1976, Cyclone Tracy victims from Darwin, Northern Territory were also housed there. The station was finally closed in 1984 and the management of the site passed to the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service. The facility is now a tourist facility and part of the former Quarantine Station may be leased for accommodation.
The nearby Inner North Head clifftops have many inscriptions from the quarantine period as well as the remnants of 1940s coastal defenses in the form of two gun sites, a range-sighting post, four ammunition storage bunkers and a fortified outhouse. This location has been the site of erosion and geo-technical instability. It may be subject to natural rockfalls as the erosion process continues.
### Defence facilities {#defence_facilities}
From 1934, defence facilities were installed on the headland but were wound down in 1945. From 1953, there was a School of Artillery, which used the former defence facilities. The harbour reserve was established in 1979. The School of Artillery relocated to Puckapunyal army base in Victoria in 1998, but an artillery museum remained on the headland. In 2001, the site was passed to the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust for management. In 2010 the artillery collection was moved to The Army Museum Bandiana in Bandiana, Victoria; the Trust plans to establish an exhibition on the defence of Sydney on the site. There are still remains of the gun emplacements and artificial tunnels used by the army, many of which can be seen by the public or on guided tours.
| 864 |
Sydney Heads
| 0 |
2,881,350 |
# Sydney Heads
## North Head {#north_head}
### Australian Institute of Police Management {#australian_institute_of_police_management}
Also located on North Head is the Australian Institute of Police Management, housed in a secure compound which has been the \'Seamen\'s Quarters\' of the quarantine station, a place where sailors with acquired STIs were treated and securely confined behind high sandstone walls (prior to the development of modern antibiotics).
## South Head {#south_head}
South Head is a headland, part of Sydney Harbour National Park, to the north of the suburb of Watsons Bay.
A twenty-minute foreshore walk on the South Head Heritage Trail offers dramatic views of Middle Head, Manly, North Head and the Tasman Sea. Starting at the delightful Camp Cove Beach, an 1870s cobblestone path leads first to Lady Bay (also known as Lady Jane) Beach, one of three in Sydney where nude bathing is lawful. It then loops around the headland, passing Hornby Lighthouse, its lightkeepers\' cottages, and several gun emplacements from the end of the 19th century.
HMAS *Watson*, the Royal Australian Navy training base, is also located at South Head.
| 180 |
Sydney Heads
| 1 |
2,881,350 |
# Sydney Heads
## Middle Head {#middle_head}
Middle Head is a headland between North Head and South Head, beside Middle Harbour. It is part of Sydney Harbour National Park.
Middle Head has an extensive network of defence fortifications and tunnels, including the Middle Head Fortifications, the Georges Head Battery and the Lower Georges Heights Commanding Position and other forts located around Sydney Harbour. The fortifications feature \"Tiger Cages\", where the military trained soldiers by simulating prisoner of war conditions in Vietnam.
HMAS *Penguin* is located at Middle Harbour
| 88 |
Sydney Heads
| 2 |
2,881,353 |
# Misleading or deceptive conduct
**Misleading or deceptive conduct** (often referred to as just **misleading conduct**) is a doctrine of Australian law.
Section 18 of the *Australian Consumer Law*, which is found in schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, prohibits conduct by corporations in trade or commerce which is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive. The states and territories of Australia each have Fair Trading Legislation either containing similar provisions in relation to misleading or deceptive conduct by individuals, or simply applies the federal law to the state or territory. Section 12DA of the *Australian Securities and Investment Commission Act* 2001 prohibits misleading or deceptive conduct in financial services.
The doctrine aims primarily to provide consumer protection by preventing businesses from misleading their customers. However, it extends to all situations in the course of trade or commerce. A range of remedies are available in the event of misleading or deceptive conduct.
## Application
The prohibition on misleading conduct is set out in section 18(1) of the *Australian Consumer Law*:
: \"A person must not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive.\"
The *Australian Consumer Law* defines conduct as:
: \"\...doing or refusing to do any act, including the making of, or the giving effect to a provision of, a contract or arrangement, the arriving at, or the giving effect to a provision of, and understanding or the requiring of the giving of, or the giving of, a covenant;\"
Section 18 of the *Australian Consumer Law* essentially mirrors the previous ban on misleading or deceptive conduct in section 52 of the Trade Practices Act.
The elements required to establish misleading or deceptive conduct are:
1. the impugned conduct was done in trade or commerce;
2. the impugned conduct was, in all the circumstances, misleading or deceptive;
3. the claimant relied on the conduct; and
4. as a result of its reliance on the conduct, the claimant suffered a loss.
### Trade or commerce {#trade_or_commerce}
\"Trade or commerce\" is given its ordinary construction, and applies not only to transactions between corporations and consumers, but to anyone providing or acquiring goods or services. However, purely private or domestic transactions will not be captured within the ambit of section 18.
### Misleading or deceptive {#misleading_or_deceptive}
Unlike related doctrines in contract or tort law, such as the tort of deceit and misrepresentation, misleading or deceptive conduct applies to any conduct that is, or is likely to be, misleading or deceptive, and does not require the making of a representation.
Conduct is likely to mislead or deceive where there is a \"real and not remote\" chance that it will mislead or deceive, which can be true even where the probability of misleading or deceiving is less than 50%. When the allegedly misleading or deceptive conduct is directed towards the public at large, the relevant reaction is that of the ordinary or reasonable members of the class of prospective purchasers. If the conduct is directed at specific individuals, the conduct as a whole is relevant, considering the nature of the parties and transaction.
### Reliance and intent {#reliance_and_intent}
Misleading or deceptive conduct is a \"strict liability\" offence, in that it does not matter whether the conduct was intended to mislead or deceive, or even whether the claimant could reasonably have protected its interests. This means that so long as there is an element of reliance on the part of the claimant, a respondent could be found to have engaged in misleading or deceptive conduct even if they had every reason to believe that their representations were true.
The reason for strict liability in this instance that a person making a representation is always better placed to know about whether or not it is true than the person relying on the representation, so the law is constructed to shift the onus of ensuring that the representation is true onto the person making it. This is in contrast to the traditional common law principle of \"caveat emptor\" or \"let the buyer beware\".
### Loss
As a tort-style offence applying to cases of \"pure economic loss\" (as opposed to physical harm), a cause of action in misleading or deceptive conduct will only accrue from the time that any loss is suffered -- i.e. conduct could be misleading and deceptive, and a person could rely on it and still have no claim. There would only be a claim when that person suffers a loss as a result of the conduct.
### Other relevant matters {#other_relevant_matters}
Individuals may be ancillary liable for breaches of s18 if they are \"knowingly concerned\" in the breach.
Where conduct is a representation about the future (as opposed to a representation about present facts), then that conduct will be taken to be misleading if the person making it cannot show they made the representation on reasonable grounds. In these situations, representations about the future are presumed to be misleading, and the burden of proof is on the person making the representation to produce evidence to show that they had reasonable grounds.
| 853 |
Misleading or deceptive conduct
| 0 |
2,881,353 |
# Misleading or deceptive conduct
## Application
### Contractual modification {#contractual_modification}
Parties to a contract cannot exclude liability for misleading or deceptive conduct under section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law. Terms that purport to do so will be unenforceable to protect the public interest in ensuring that statutory remedies are available to persons who are misled or deceived into entering an agreement. As was stated in reference to section 52 of the *Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth)*, the modern equivalent of which is section 18 of the *Australian Consumer Law*: `{{Quote|text=49. Irrespective of the construction of these two special conditions it does not matter ultimately whether the impugned conduct with which this case is concerned falls literally within them or not. Section 52 is a section in the consumer protection provisions of an Act concerned to protect the public from misleading or deceptive conduct and unfair trade practices which may result in contravention of the Act. It has been held that exclusion clauses, of which special conditions 6 and 7 are examples, cannot operate to defeat claims under s. 52. It may be ... that such exclusion clauses will generally be ineffective because they cannot break the nexus between the conduct in contravention of s. 52 and the making of the agreement in issue. ...
50. There are wider objections to allowing effect to such clauses. Otherwise the operation of the Act, a public policy statute, could be ousted by private agreement. Parliament passed the Act to stamp out unfair or improper conduct in trade or in commerce; it would be contrary to public policy for special conditions such as those with which this contract was concerned to deny or prohibit a statutory remedy for offending conduct under the Act.<ref name="1988 FCA 40"/>{{rp|at [49]-[50]}}}}`{=mediawiki}
## Exceptions
Despite the strict liability nature of the offence, a person will not be deemed to have engaged in misleading or deceptive conduct where:
1. the circumstances make it apparent that the person is not the source of the information and that it expressly or impliedly disclaims any belief in its truth or falsity and is merely passing on the information for what it is worth;
2. the person, while believing the information, expressly or impliedly disclaims personal responsibility for what it conveys, for example, by disclaiming personal knowledge; or
3. the person, while believing the information, ensures that its name is not used in association with the information.
| 405 |
Misleading or deceptive conduct
| 1 |
2,881,353 |
# Misleading or deceptive conduct
## Remedies
### Fines
There are no pecuniary penalties available for a breach of section 18. However, for a breach of many of the related provisions in the *Australian Consumer Law*, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) can seek pecuniary penalties of up to \$1.1 million from corporations and \$220,000 from individuals.
### Damages
A victim of misleading or deceptive conduct is only entitled to damages (i.e., monetary compensation) if they have suffered loss or damage as a result of the conduct. The measure of loss or damage here is generally the same as it is in contract law or tort law. Since 2004, if a victim contributed to the loss or damage that they suffered, then the court can reduce the amount of damages that they are awarded, in a similar fashion to the reduction of damages in a negligence claim if the plaintiff is guilty of contributory negligence. However, if the person engaging in the conduct intended to mislead or deceive, or was fraudulent in their conduct, then the courts cannot reduce the damages.
There is a limitation period of six years on actions for damages
| 194 |
Misleading or deceptive conduct
| 2 |
2,881,355 |
# Peninsula College
**Peninsula College** is a public community college in Port Angeles, Washington, on the Olympic Peninsula. It is part of the Washington Community and Technical Colleges system and offers Bachelor of Applied Science in Management and Behavioral Healthcare degrees, transfer Associate degree programs, professional-technical degrees and certificates, community education courses, and pre-college courses. It also has distance education and online learning options.
Peninsula College\'s service district encompasses Clallam and Jefferson Counties and extends from the Pacific Ocean at Neah Bay to Brinnon on Hood Canal.
## History
The college was founded in 1961 by a group of local citizens who wanted to be able to continue their education without having to travel to college centers in Bremerton or across Puget Sound. The first classes were held in a small building on the Port Angeles High School campus, but the number of students who enrolled in the college grew larger than the available facilities could accommodate. Construction of a permanent campus began in 1964, and a year later the first classes were held on the present site of Peninsula College in Southeast Port Angeles, with additional classes offered across the service district. Today, the main campus covers 75 acres (30.4 ha) of land and houses 15 buildings, including the first Longhouse built on a community college campus in the United States. Its focus is on meeting the higher education and workforce development needs of its service area.
## Facilities
### Port Angeles Campus {#port_angeles_campus}
The main Port Angeles campus has computer labs, lecture halls, a student childcare center, gymnasium, fitness center, soccer field, and student union building, known as the Pirate Union Building or PUB. The PUB houses a theater, art gallery, food services, a bookstore, lounge area, and student government offices. Since 2001, more than three-quarters of the college\'s original structures have been remodeled or replaced. These include Maier Hall, completed in 2011; a Library/Media Center, completed in 2008; Keegan Hall, completed in 2007; and a Longhouse, completed in 2007.
Maier Hall is the largest building on campus, at 62,950 square feet (5,850 m^2^). The facility includes classrooms, a Basic Skills Center, faculty offices, and a learning lab area that includes computer, math, English, and foreign language labs.
The 56,000-square-foot (5,200 m^2^) Keegan Hall Science and Technology Building contains a lecture hall, 13 labs, five classrooms, faculty offices, and two conference rooms in two separate wings---a Science Wing and a Technology Wing.
The newest building on campus, the 41,650-square-foot (3,870 m^2^) Allied Health and Early Childhood Development Center, opened in March 2017. Along with teaching labs and spaces for health and early childhood education programs, this building also houses the on-campus childcare center.
The Peninsula College Longhouse (ʔaʔk̓ʷustəƞáwt̓xʷ) was the first longhouse in the nation built on a community college campus. A collaboration between the college and six local tribes: Hoh, Quileute, Makah, Port Gamble S\'Klallam, Jamestown S\'Klallam, and Lower Elwha Klallam, the Longhouse serves as a cultural center on campus, hosting frequent campus, community and tribal events.
The 26,680-square-foot (2,480 m^2^) library is a central teaching-learning resource with a smart classroom, individual and group study areas, conference rooms, print and nonprint collections, and research workstations. Its focus is on supporting the curriculum of Peninsula College alongside collecting and supporting the works of scholars associated with the college and the area.
### Forks Campus {#forks_campus}
The Forks campus is located in Forks, Washington, 57 miles (92 km) west of Port Angeles. The site includes classrooms, conference rooms and study areas, and serves the West End of the Olympic Peninsula.
### East Jefferson County locations {#east_jefferson_county_locations}
Peninsula College has two locations in East Jefferson County---the main campus located in historic Fort Worden in Port Townsend, and a second site, the Jefferson Education Center, located in Port Hadlock. Basic Skills, English as a Second Language, GED classes, community education classes, and Professional Development and Business Training are offered. The Fort Worden location, recently renovated, received an honorable mention award at the AIA Washington Council Civic Design Awards Ceremony in 2017 based on its preservation of historic aspects while creating a modern learning environment.
## Academics
Peninsula College offers Bachelor of Applied Science (BAS) degrees in Management and Behavioral Health. These four-year degrees enable applicants with AAS, AAS-T, AA, and AS degrees to combine their lower-division technical or transfer preparation with upper-division credits in behavioral health or management, including specialized coursework in entrepreneurship and marketing, tribal management, IT management, and human resources management. The college also awards three associate degrees designed for transfer to baccalaureate institutions awarding the Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degrees: Associate in Arts, Associate in Science, and Associate in Business Education. The Associate of Arts degree is one of the highest enrolled programs at Peninsula College. Additionally, the college awards the Associate in Applied Science and Associate in Applied Science--Transfer degrees in addition to professional and technical education programs.
| 814 |
Peninsula College
| 0 |
2,881,355 |
# Peninsula College
## Student demographics 2021-2022 {#student_demographics_2021_2022}
As an open-access institution, Peninsula College admits all persons, provided they are eighteen years of age or older; or are a high school graduate or equivalent; or have applied for admission under the provisions of a student enrollment options program such as Running Start, a successor program, or other local enrollment options program.
During the 2021--2022 academic year, Peninsula College students had the following student profile:
- FTE Student Count: 1495
- Female: 62%
- Male: 31%
- Not exclusively male or female: 1%
- Median Age: 25
- Students of color (of those reporting): 35%
- Students who work while attending classes: 21%
- Students with children (of those reporting): 27%
## Athletics
Peninsula College competes in the Northwest Athletic Conference (NWAC) as the Pirates, fielding men\'s and women\'s teams for soccer and basketball. The teams have received the following conference championship titles:
### NWAC Championships {#nwac_championships}
1970 MBB, 2010 MSOC, 2011 MBB, 2012 MSOC, 2012 WSOC, 2013 MSOC, 2013 WSOC, 2015 MSOC, 2015 WBB, 2016 WSOC, 2018 WSOC, 2019 MSOC, 2021 WSOC, 2023 MSOC
### Division Championships {#division_championships}
- Women\'s soccer: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, spring 2021, fall 2021, 2022, 2023
- Men\'s soccer: 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, spring 2021, fall 2021, 2022, 2023
- Women\'s basketball: 2018--19, 2021--22, 2022--23
- Men\'s basketball: 2022--23
## Accreditation
Peninsula College is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities (NWCCU) to award associate and applied baccalaureate degrees. Its next evaluation will be in Spring 2018. Peninsula College is approved by the Veterans Administration for attendance by veterans under Public Laws 550 and 894
| 283 |
Peninsula College
| 1 |
2,881,356 |
# Zerain
**Zerain** is a town and municipality located in the Goierri region of the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, northern Spain
| 28 |
Zerain
| 0 |
2,881,357 |
# Zestoa
**Zestoa** (*Cestona*) is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Zestoa
| 0 |
2,881,360 |
# Ewart Astill
**William Ewart Astill** (1 March 1888 -- 10 February 1948) was, along with George Geary, the mainstay of the Leicestershire team from 1922 to about 1935. He played in nine Test matches but was never picked for a home Test or for an Ashes tour. However, for the best part of three decades he was a vital member of a generally struggling Leicestershire team. With no amateur able to play frequently for the county, Astill became the first officially appointed professional captain of any county for over fifty years in 1935. The county enjoyed a useful season, but at forty-seven years of age, Astill was only a stop gap before an amateur of the required standard and availability could be found. He was a nephew of Leicestershire fast bowler Thomas Jayes.
## Pre-1914 career {#pre_1914_career}
Astill began his career at the age of eighteen in 1906. He played only one match that season, but his medium-paced right-hand bowling on the treacherous pitches of the following season was so difficult that he took in county cricket 74 wickets for 16.58. The following year, Astill was Leicestershire\'s chief bowler with 84 wickets. His thirteen for 61 against Derbyshire on a treacherous pitch was a result he was never able to beat for twenty-five years after that. He again did well in 1909, but struggled in 1910 and 1911 and was dropped from his team.
In the wet summer of 1912, Astill regained his place but was expensive considering the favourable conditions, and on the firmer wickets of 1913 he could not retain his place. In 1914, he played only five matches.
## War service {#war_service}
During the war, Astill gained a commission in the Machine Gun Corps. He played only thrice in 1919 because he was late to be demobilised as he was overseas (Snow p. 247).
## Great years {#great_years}
Astill started his career low in the batting order but emerged after the war number four or five. His maiden century in 1921 was against newly promoted Glamorgan at Swansea. He completed the double in each season from 1921 to 26, and again from 1928 to 30. He took over 150 wickets in 1921 and 144 in 1922, and his bowling, even if his action was not as high as in the 1900s, was always steady and occasionally deadly. Only in 1927 did he fail to take 100 wickets, but that season Astill made his highest first-class score of 164 against Glamorgan. In all he took 100 wickets in nine seasons and passed a thousand runs in eleven.
Astill, was never seriously in the running for a tour to Australia, but toured the West Indies with private parties during the middle 1920s, and played in five Tests on matting in South Africa in 1927/28, and four against the West Indies in 1929/1930, although he was not effective in those matches. In 1926/27 he was a member of the party that toured India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma with the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), playing 24 matches and taking 71 wickets. His form declined from 1933 onwards.
## Later years {#later_years}
Although Astill retired at the end of 1937, Leicestershire was short of effective players and he was forced to come out of retirement twice in 1938 and in 1939. During World War II Astill rejoined the Army but later resigned his commission on the grounds of health. His health subsequently declined; he died in Leicester Hospital at age 59. He is buried in Welford Road Cemetery.
## Other interests {#other_interests}
Ewart Astill was also a champion billiards player and according to EE Snow(p. 194), was a noted player of trick shots. He was also an accomplished singer and accompanist
| 621 |
Ewart Astill
| 0 |
2,881,361 |
# Zizurkil
**Zizurkil** (Spanish, *Cizúrquil*) is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa, in the Autonomous Community of Basque Country, northern Spain
| 23 |
Zizurkil
| 0 |
2,881,381 |
# Boom Crash Opera
**Boom Crash Opera** are an Australian pop rock band formed in late 1984. Initially based around the songwriting partnership of Richard Pleasance and Peter Farnan, the band was later joined by Dale Ryder (vocals), Peter \'Maz\' Maslen (drums) and Greg O'Connor (keyboards). Pleasance developed tinnitus from constant exposure to loud live music and left in 1992 to pursue a solo career as an artist and producer. O'Connor departed in 1994.
Current line-up includes Dale Ryder (vocals), Peter \'Maz\' Maslen (drums), Peter Farnan (guitar) and John Favaro (bass).
Their highest-charting albums are *Boom Crash Opera*, *These Here Are Crazy Times!* and *Fabulous Beast*. Their top 20 singles are \"Great Wall\", \"Hands up in the Air\" (both 1986), \"Onion Skin\" (1989) and \"Gimme\" (1994). In the United States \"Onion Skin\" reached No. 8 on the *Billboard* component chart Modern Rock Tracks. Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane noted that the group had a \"strong visual image and the uncanny ability of its principal songwriters to pen catchy, commercial songs ensured a string of successful releases\".
## Career
### 1985--1986: Formation and early years {#formation_and_early_years}
Boom Crash Opera were formed in late 1984 in Melbourne with a line up of Peter Farnan (ex-Urtle Urtle Urtle, Serious Young Insects) on guitar, keyboards and backing vocals; Peter \'Maz\' Maslen (ex-One Hand Clapping) on drums, percussion and backing vocals; Greg O\'Connor; Richard Pleasance (ex-Government Drum, Bang, One Hand Clapping) on bass guitar, guitar and backing vocals; and Dale Ryder on lead vocals.
Serious Young Insects had formed in 1980 with Peter Farnan on vocals and guitar, Michael Vallance on vocals and bass guitar and Mark White on vocals and drums. Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane described Serious Young Insects as a \"quirky, three-piece Melbourne new wave band\". They issued an album, *Housebreaking* (May 1982), and three singles. Lisa Perry of *The Canberra Times* praised the album: \"several times I had to check the cover to see if there were not also some session musos or others contributing to the sounds I was hearing. For a three-piece combo, these lads sure make a good sound\". Pleasance, a classically trained guitarist, was a fan and briefly joined the group before it broke up in the following year.
In September 1985 three Australian journalists, Paul Gardiner, Jane Gardiner and Toby Creswell, listed twelve groups as The Next Big Thing, with Boom Crash Opera described as \"\[o\]ne name that stands out \... a Melbourne band that has every A-and-R man and his dog salivating. There are some other bands which, if not attracting the same sort of frenetic endorsement, are nevertheless on the minds of the scouts\".
Farnan described his bandmates, other than Pleasance, to *The Canberra Times*{{\'}} Pollyanna Sutton in May 1986 \"\[t\]he others are sort of from nowhere \... Drummer Peter \"Maz\" Maslen, has and still does a lot of recording sessions, in early 1984 he met Richard in this avante-garde band called One Hand Clapping, then played together with Venetta Fields in the time just before Boom Crash Opera. Dale came out of the blue, he has done some singing with bands but never had a serious crack at it until now.\"
| 526 |
Boom Crash Opera
| 0 |
2,881,381 |
# Boom Crash Opera
## Career
### 1987--1992: From \"Great Wall\" to Pleasance leaving {#from_great_wall_to_pleasance_leaving}
Boom Crash Opera were signed to WEA and in April 1986 they released their debut single \"Great Wall\", which was produced by Steve Brown. \"Great Wall\" reached No. 5 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart in the next month. The track was written by Ryder, Pleasance and O\'Connor. According to Farnan: \"Richard wrote the music and Dale helped him finish the words, but they did not know what they wanted to write about so I suggested they write about the Hume Weir. Like, it isn\'t specifically about the Hume Weir but they used the idea about a dam wall that dams up fear and prejudice, it is also the wall that shores up relationship\". McFarlane described it as an \"exuberant\" single, which \"established the hallmarks of \[their\] sound: the tight, funky rock of the music, the boom-like crack of the drums and the work song chant of the vocals\". The group toured the Australian pub rock circuit promoting the single.
Their second single, \"Hands up in the Air\", followed in August, which peaked at No. 16. It was written by Pleasance, Ryder and Farnan; and was produced by Brown. A music video was directed by Kimble Rendall (ex-XL Capris, Hoodoo Gurus). At the ARIA Music Awards of 1987 the group were nominated for three awards: Highest Selling Single for \"Great Wall\", Best New Talent for both singles, and Best Video for \"Hands up in the Air\". At the *Countdown* Music and Video Awards of 1986, held in July 1987, \"Great Wall\" won Best Debut Single. A self-titled debut album, followed in September 1987, which was recorded in London and produced by Alex Sadkin (Grace Jones, Duran Duran, James Brown, Simply Red, Talking Heads). Both \"Great Wall\" and \"Hands up in the Air\" were remixed for their album versions. After recording the album Sadkin travelled to the Bahamas to work, where he died in a car accident in July.
*Boom Crash Opera* reached No. 19 on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart, and was certified as a gold album. Stuart Coupe of *The Sydney Morning Herald* reported there were \"impressive notices\" for the album and that the group had \"been tipped for mega-stardom\". Follow-up singles were \"City Flat\" (June 1987), \"Her Charity\" (September) and \"Love Me to Death\" (March 1988), which were \"minor hits\". Coupe felt that \"City Flat\" was \"\[o\]ne of the more outstanding tracks\" and it \"appears to paint a fairly bleak picture of \[their\] home town\". AllMusic\'s Kevin Hayes compared their sound to Tears for Fears, Icehouse and INXS. He felt it was an \"impressive debut. Pete Maslen\'s drumming keeps pulse. A pensive guitar leads into the most brilliant of bridges and a lilting melody underpinned by Richard Pleasance\'s strong bassline\". However \"Hands up in the Air\" was \"musically strong but weak in its lyrics \... It\'s a wonder it made the album, let alone became a single \... \[it has a\] teeny naïveté\".
In August 1989 they released a single, \"Onion Skin\", ahead of their second album *These Here Are Crazy Times* (October), which was produced by Jimmy Iovine, Pete Smith and Pleasance, and mixed by Nick Launay. The album reached No. 10 on the ARIA Albums Chart, it spent 40 weeks in the Top 50, and achieved a double platinum certificate. Allmusic\'s Jonathan Lewis opined that \"\[it was\] slick, commercial pop. As in previous outings, lead singer Dale Ryder\'s effortless (although somewhat limited) vocal delivery and Richard Pleasance\'s skillful guitar work helped disguise the fact that underneath the catchy melodies and slick production, there wasn\'t a lot of substance to \[their\] music\". \"Onion Skin\" peaked at No. 11 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was followed by four more singles, \"Get Out of the House!\" (September), \"The Best Thing\" (December), \"Dancing in the Storm\" (April 1990) and \"Talk About It\" (July). \"Dancing in the Storm\" also featured in the 1990 Australian comedy film *The Big Steal*.
In 1990 they released a compilation album, *Look! Listen!!*, which featured remixed versions of songs from their first two albums plus two new songs. At the end of that year Pleasance was diagnosed with tinnitus and was unable to perform with the group. He was temporarily replaced on bass guitar by former bandmate from Serious Young Insects, Vallance. During his break from the band, in 1991, Pleasance released his debut solo album, *Galleon*. Late that year Boom Crash Opera released a four-track extended play, *Dreams on Fire*, with both Pleasance and Vallance aboard. The EP was produced by Keith Forsey and the band; it appeared on the ARIA Singles Chart Top 50, and featured the track, \"Holy Water\". In 1992 they travelled to Los Angeles and began work on a follow-up album, *Fabulous Beast*. However, during early writing sessions, Pleasance left the band and returned to Australia; he was temporarily replaced by Dorian West on bass guitar (ex-Wildland). It was during the recording of *Fabulous Beast* that the band found themselves impacted by the 1992 Los Angeles riots. The song \"The Last Place on Earth\", that appears on the album was inspired and written as a result of this experience. The final vocal line of Ryder\'s in the song which is \"just look out the window\", has his voice actually breaking due to being so emotionally moved by the experience.
| 897 |
Boom Crash Opera
| 1 |
2,881,381 |
# Boom Crash Opera
## Career
### 1993--1997:*Fabulous Beast* to *Gizmo Mantra* {#fabulous_beast_to_gizmo_mantra}
After Boom Crash Opera returned from L.A. Ian Tilley joined on bass guitar, keyboards and backing vocals, as the permanent replacement for Pleasance following the departure of Dorian West. In late 1992 they released a single, \"Bettadaze\". The track was written by Farnan and O\'Connor and early in 1993 the Liberal Party wanted to use it for their federal election campaign theme but were refused permission. \"Bettadaze\" was followed in March by the related album, *Fabulous Beast*, which was produced by Forsey, Don Gehman, and the group. It peaked at No. 15, while it provided two further singles \"In the Morning\" and \"This Isn\'t Love\". *The Canberra Times*{{\'}} Bevan Hannan noted the album\'s \"overall strength\" was \"especially evident when you compare it to\" their previous work. It had an \"acoustic flavour\" which Hannan found \"striking\" with \"In the Morning\" as the \"best example\" of the style.
The group toured Australia to promote the album and its singles and were \"road testing songs\". In October they headlined the World\'s Biggest Barbie in Canberra with Weddings Parties Anything as their support act. Farnan described how they had been \"flogging our wares\" to Nicole Leedham of *The Canberra Times*. He noted that \"Rock and Roll bands are strange, creative beasts \... We indulge ourselves now and again and take a radical left-hand turn and get off the track\". He remembered playing alongside Weddings Parties Anything \"\[t\]hey started at about the same time as us and we were sharing bits of equipment while we were both getting established\". Mark Wallace, piano accordionist of the latter group, agreed that the two bands had an affinity but \"\[we\] haven\'t seen them for a couple of years\".
The four remaining members: Farnan, Maslen, Ryder, and Tilley, continued the band and in October 1994 they issued a single, \"Gimme\", on their newly signed label, BMG. It reached No. 14 and was followed by their next single, \"Tongue Tied\", which appeared in the top 30 in February 1995. The parent album, *Born* was released in March and was produced by Farnan and Neil Wiles, and engineered by Kalju Tonuma. It was issued in a double CD package with space reserved for a second disc, *Born Again*, which was due to be released in April. McFarlane declared the album was a \"tougher affair which found the band embracing hi-tech pop, techno-metal and all manner of sound effects and cyberpunk studio trickery\". Although \"Gimme\" had received generous radio airplay and the album had reached the top 40, BMG scrapped the release of the second part, *Born Again*.
In November 1997 Boom Crash Opera released a studio album, *Gizmo Mantra*, which was produced by Daniel Denholm, Kalju Tonuma and the group. Pulling back from the electronic sounding previous album, *Gizmo Mantra* was a return to the melodic rock sounds of earlier work. It included the singles, \"All\" and \"Dreaming up a Fire\" -- the latter had been written by Farnan and Pleasance at the time of the *Dreams on Fire* sessions. However *Gizmo Mantra* failed to reach the top 50. McFarlane noted that \"after 1997 \[the band\] disappeared from view\" but during their main career they had a \"strong visual image and the uncanny ability of its principal songwriters to pen catchy, commercial songs ensured a string of successful releases\".
| 561 |
Boom Crash Opera
| 2 |
2,881,381 |
# Boom Crash Opera
## Career
### 1998--2015: Later works {#later_works}
Boom Crash Opera continued performing and releasing material. In August 1998 BMG issued a compilation album, *The Best Things -- Greatest Hits*, which featured their singles from previous albums plus two tracks, \"Soundtrack\" and \"Radio\", from their unreleased album, *Born Again*.
In 2002 Robert Doyle the Opposition Leader of Victoria used \"Dancing in the Storm\" as his theme during the Liberal Party\'s state election campaign launch in November. The band were not asked their permission, and would have refused if asked according to Pleasance who had co-written the track with Farnan. He said the pair would consult their lawyers \"about possible copyright action\". Pleasance opined that the group would not allow any political party to use their music, \"It\'s just not what the songs are about\". The Liberal Party\'s campaign failed: Steve Bracks and his Australian Labor Party won the election.
In 2008 Hook N Sling released a dance re-make of the 1989 single, \"The Best Thing\", featuring on Ministry of Sound Sessions 5. On 5 April 2009 the group performed at Alistair Knox Park, Eltham for A Day of Healing -- a benefit concert to support the Country Fire Authority and affected communities following the Black Saturday bush fires. During those bush fires the group had been in Pleasance\'s studio in Hepburn Springs, recording an acoustic disc for *Dancing in the Storm*.
On 1 May 2009 Boom Crash Opera released *Dancing in the Storm* as part of the Liberation Blue series. It comprises a compilation CD with acoustic re-workings of their songs and a live DVD recorded during the Fabulous Beast Tour. The acoustic disc had the line up of Ryder on vocals, Farnan on acoustic guitar, Maslen on drums, Pleasance on acoustic bass guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin, sitar and Oud, and Tilley on bass guitar. Pleasance guested with the band for the first time since 1992. The live DVD was from a performance for MTV Australia\'s *Unplugged*, at Melbourne\'s Channel Nine studios, back in June 1993. Both discs were engineered and produced by Pleasance. The band promoted *Dancing in the Storm* with a national tour.
The band\'s song \"Dancing in the Storm\" was used in 2010 for the Mt Franklin Water TV ad. On 12 February 2012 the group performed at the St Kilda Festival. Three releases were issued on 18 October 2013 by Liberation Records; *The Best Things -- Greatest Hits*, and album of rare tracks called *The Lost Things* and a 4-CD set called *Rattle it Out*.
### 2016--present: Band changes {#present_band_changes}
In March 2016, Drummer Peter \'Maz\' Maslen advised media that original member and lead singer Dale Ryder had resigned from the band, replaced by Andrew De Silva. The band toured across Australia throughout 2016 and January 2017. Ryder rejoined in 2019.
In March 2025, the band released their first new single in 28 Years \"Latest Hustle\".
## Members
### Current members {#current_members}
- Peter Farnan -- guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1985--present)
- Peter Maslen -- drums, percussion, backing vocals (1985--present)
- John Favaro -- bass, backing vocals (2010--present)
- Dale Ryder -- lead vocals, harmonica (1985--2016, 2019--present)
### Former members {#former_members}
- Richard Pleasance -- bass, guitar, backing vocals (1985--1992, guest 2009)
- Greg O\'Connor -- guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1985--1994, guest 2009)
- Michael Vallance -- bass (1991--1992)
- Dorian West -- bass (1992)
- Ian Tilley -- bass, keyboards, backing vocals (1992--2009)
- Andrew De Silva -- lead vocals (2016--2018)
| 579 |
Boom Crash Opera
| 3 |
2,881,381 |
# Boom Crash Opera
## Careers outside the band {#careers_outside_the_band}
After the 1993 tour promoting *Fabulous Beast*, Boom Crash Opera took a break. Farnan had produced the debut album, *This Is the Sharp* (September 1993), for The Sharp, a three piece pop-rock band from Collingwood. He has also produced and written with artists such as Rachael Kane, and Cade.
Maslen has performed live and/or as a recording drummer for many Australian artists including: Natalie Imbruglia, Delta Goodrem, Mark Seymour and The Undertow, Men at Work, The Seekers, Tripod, Shellie Morris, Tex Perkins, Felicity Urquhart, Belinda Emmett, Vika and Linda, Archie Roach, Ollie Olsen, Bodyrockers, Icehouse, Shannon Noll, Jimmy Barnes, Kylie Minogue, Diesel, Jimmy Little, Troy Cassar-Daley, Colin Hay, Olivia Newton-John, Ian Moss and James Reyne.
Pleasance\'s 1991 solo album, *Galleon*, included contributions from Paul Hester and Deborah Conway. It was critically acclaimed and received five nominations at the ARIA Music Awards of 1992. Pleasance then promoted the album, as a support act on Elvis Costello\'s tour of Australia. Pleasance co-produced and performed on the debut album by Deborah Conway, *String of Pearls*. In 1995 Pleasance released his second solo album, *Colourblind*. In 1998 Pleasance wrote and produced the theme for the popular Australian TV series, *SeaChange*.
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
- *Boom Crash Opera* (1987)
- *These Here Are Crazy Times!* (1989)
- *Fabulous Beast* (1993)
- *Born* (1995)
- *Gizmo Mantra* (1997)
- *Dancing in the Storm* (2009)
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
### ARIA Music Awards {#aria_music_awards}
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.
Year Award For Result
------ ------------------------ ------------------------------------------ --------
1987 Best New Talent \"Great Wall/Hands Up in the Air\"
Best Video \"Hands Up in the Air\" (Kimble Rendall)
Highest Selling Single \"Great Wall\"
1990 Best Video \"Onion Skin\"
Best Cover Art *These Here Are Crazy Times*
Best Group *These Here Are Crazy Times*
1991 Best Group \"Look! Listen
1992 Best Video \"Holy Water\" (Paul Elliott)
1993 Best Video \"Bettadaze\" (Paul Elliott)
### Countdown Australian Music Awards {#countdown_australian_music_awards}
*Countdown* was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974 to 1987, it presented music awards from 1979 to 1987, initially in conjunction with magazine *TV Week*. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards
| 397 |
Boom Crash Opera
| 4 |
2,881,388 |
# Smooth-toothed pocket gopher
The **smooth-toothed pocket gophers**, genus ***Thomomys***, are so called because they are among the only pocket gophers without grooves on their incisors. They are also called the western pocket gophers because they are distributed in western North America. They are considered distinct enough from other pocket gophers to be recognized as a separate subfamily or tribe.
## Natural history {#natural_history}
*Thomomys* gophers are highly fossorial. They rely on their incisors for digging more than most other gophers. They feed on plants, largely from beneath the surface, but they do come above ground at night. Roots, stems, leaves, and bulbs are eaten. When not directly in an agricultural field they are a benefit to humans by enriching soil and preventing runoff.
## Species
Over one hundred subspecies have been described, but not all are currently recognized by modern authorities`{{according to whom|date=January 2014}}`{=mediawiki}. Like many fossorial rodents, *Thomomys* shows a great deal of allopatric variation.
- ***Thomomys***
- Subgenus *Megascapheus*
- *Thomomys atrovarius*
- *Thomomys bottae* - Botta\'s pocket gopher
- *Thomomys bulbivorus* - Camas pocket gopher
- *Thomomys nayarensis*
- *Thomomys sheldoni*
- *Thomomys townsendii* - Townsend\'s pocket gopher
- *Thomomys umbrinus* - southern pocket gopher
- Subgenus *Thomomys*
- *Thomomys clusius* - Wyoming pocket gopher
- *Thomomys idahoensis* - Idaho pocket gopher
- *Thomomys mazama* - Mazama pocket gopher (including the extinct subspecies *Thomomys mazama tacomensis* - Tacoma pocket gopher)
- *Thomomys monticola* - mountain pocket gopher
- *Thomomys talpoides* - northern pocket gopher
## General characteristics {#general_characteristics}
*Thomomys*, commonly referred to as smooth-toothed pocket gophers, is a group of rodents belonging to the family Geomyidae. Members of *Thomomys* are unique among gophers in that they have smooth upper incisors, free of the grooves that are common in other species. All species share the trait of fur-lined, external cheek pockets that allow them to move food material to and from their underground dwellings. Size varies among species, but commonly ranges from the size of a smaller mole to a larger rat. Coloration can range from yellow, to grey, to brown, and even black. They are all full-bodied with squat legs, short hair, and small eyes and ears.
Pocket gophers have special visual adaptations to match their extreme and unique subterranean lifestyle. Though the size of their eyes are typical for rodents, the lens is able to transmit light rays that fall into the ultraviolet range. They possess three different photopigments: two cone pigments specific to 367 nm and 505 nm, and a rod pigment at 495 nm. Overall, the pocket gophers have less rod density than nocturnal rodents.
## Habitat
Members of *Thomomys* inhabit southwestern Canada, the western United States, and a large percentage of Mexico. They thrive in fertile land often used for agriculture, but can be found in many different localities. They prefer areas with high primary productivity and nitrogen soil concentrations.
## Diet
They are fossorial herbivores that consume an extensive amount of food for their body size. This could be due to the fact that they expend copious amounts of energy excavating and maintaining their elaborate tunnel systems. It is estimated that burrowing uses 360-3400 times the amount of energy required for above-ground travel. They selectively consume underground parts of perennial and annual grasses, forbs, and woody plants. They are also known to forage above ground, usually close to their burrow entrances. They are choosy and prefer certain species and parts of plants, perhaps due to their high daily energy expenditure.
| 579 |
Smooth-toothed pocket gopher
| 0 |
2,881,388 |
# Smooth-toothed pocket gopher
## Behavior and environmental effects {#behavior_and_environmental_effects}
### Tunneling and mounds {#tunneling_and_mounds}
*Thomomys* pocket gophers live underground and create extensive systems of tunnels through which they traverse. They move earth from below ground, and deposit it above ground in piles known as mounds. In snowy regions, they create tunnels through the snow known as earthcores. Earthcores and mounds together can cover up to 30% of the surface in highly excavated areas. The most prominent ecological effect would be that of their tunneling and mounds. The mounds are thought to increase ecological diversity of plants by providing a space for fugitive species that would otherwise have been eliminated due to competition over time. The flora of mounds differs noticeably from the surrounding areas, often with increased numbers of forbs and annuals. The actual mound soil differs in composition from that of the surrounding area as well, creating a different texture and water-holding potential. The ecological impact of this is still relatively unexplored.
### Effects on agriculture and development {#effects_on_agriculture_and_development}
These gophers are able to alter the mineral availability, organic molecule concentration, texture, and moisture content of soil. This can be either a benefit or a nuisance depending on the soil condition and usage. In arid or semi-arid environments, these changes enhance vegetation growth and soil quality. They are thought to be able to help generate and regenerate prairie lands that have degraded. However, they are commonly known as pests in areas of agriculture and development. They have and can cause a heavy loss to farmers by consuming the roots or underground crops themselves. Farmers try to control and limit their population in crop areas using a variety of means. In the wild however, their presence is encouraged and advantageous.
#### Control and eradication {#control_and_eradication}
Many different methods have been used to try to eliminate overpopulation of pocket gophers. These include chemicals, propane blasting, and trapping. A park in Penn Valley, CA installed owl boxes to encourage the habitation of barn owls, a natural pocket gopher predator.
Recommendations released by the University of California, Davis suggest the use of a gopher probe to locate the main burrow. Then a shovel can be used to widen the opening to the main burrow and traps can be set at opposite directions within the burrow. A wide array of different traps can be used, including the choker-style box trap and the pincher trap. Baiting a trap is not always necessary, though it may afford quicker or better results. Lettuce and other vegetables can be used as the bait. It is best to cover the traps with canvas or dirt to conceal the light. If two days pass without success, it is advisable to move the traps. Toxic bait can also be used, but involves a different trap placement strategy.
Fumigation is usually unsuccessful because gophers can quickly seal off their burrows at the first whiff of fumes. The exception to this is fumigation with aluminum phosphide; however, this can only be used by a professional.
Gas explosives and flooding have commonly been utilized to force gophers from their burrows, and while sometimes successful, are not guaranteed to achieve full eradication
| 528 |
Smooth-toothed pocket gopher
| 1 |
2,881,398 |
# Railroad Wars
**Railroad Wars** were business rivalries between railroad companies, which occurred frequently in American history. Although they were usually little more than legal disputes inside a courtroom, they sometimes turned into armed conflicts. There has been competition between railroad companies since the beginning of railroading in the United States, but violent confrontations were most common in the final quarter of the 19th century, particularly in the Old West.
## Wars
### Placer County Railroad War {#placer_county_railroad_war}
One of the first railroad wars in Old West history was the Placer County Railroad War in California. In 1864, the Sacramento Valley Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad began competing for the ownership of a road from Ashland to a point just outside Auburn Station, which was in the process of being abandoned by the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada Railroad. Because the Sacramento Valley company was in need of American-made rail for use in the First transcontinental railroad, the abandonment of the Sacramento, Placer and Nevada road gave them an opportunity to purchase new rail cheaply. To the contrary, the Central Pacific was interested in completing the road to Auburn.
In order to stop the destruction of the road by the Sacramento Valley company, Central Pacific convinced a local Welshman named Griffith Griffith, who owned a granite quarry along the road, to sue the former for threatening his business. Griffith was successful and on June 15, 1864, he received a court order to stop the destruction of the road. The Sacramento Valley company ignored the order though and on July 2 they began disassembling the road for use elsewhere.
In response, the sheriff of Placer County assembled his deputies and arrested some railroad workers at Auburn Station. However, on July 9, the disassembling of the road was resumed so the deputies attempted to stop it again. But, before they were successful, the Justice of Lincoln arrived and arrested the deputies for disturbing the peace. When he learned of this, the sheriff of Placer County ordered the Auburn Greys, a local militia, to pick up where his deputies had left off. During the following encounter, the militia opened fire on a crew of workers as they were removing the tracks. Others were arrested and put in jail. The road was safe for the time being, but, soon after, the California Supreme Court got involved and sided with the Sacramento Valley Railroad. Now that the Sacramento Valley company had permission from the state to continue removing the road, the Central Pacific was forced to build their own line to Auburn, which was completed on May 13, 1865.
| 434 |
Railroad Wars
| 0 |
2,881,398 |
# Railroad Wars
## Wars
### Colorado Railroad War {#colorado_railroad_war}
The Colorado Railroad War, also known as the Royal Gorge Railroad War, was fought in the late 1870s between the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and the smaller Denver and Rio Grande company. In 1878, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe was competing against the Denver and Rio Grande to put the first line through Raton Pass. Both railroads had extended lines into Trinidad, Colorado and the pass was the only access to continue on to New Mexico. There was a great deal of legal maneuvering, and even threatened violence between rival gangs of railroad workers. To break the impasse, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe hired a number of local gunfighters in February 1878. Faced with this threat, and running out of money, the Denver and Rio Grande was forced to cede the pass to its rivals. The initial dispute was over without a shot being fired. However, the next year a silver strike in Leadville brought the struggle back to life.
Now both railroads were competing to put track along the narrow Royal Gorge. The Denver and Rio Grande had hired its own gunfighters so the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe decided to strengthen its forces. On March 20, 1879 the railroad hired Bat Masterson to put together a group of gunmen. Masterson\'s force included such famous fighters as Doc Holliday, Ben Thompson, Dave Rudabaugh and Mysterious Dave Mather, as well as about seventy others. This impressive force had great success through early June 1879, but, on June 10, the state Fourth Judicial Circuit, with the later concurrence of the federal courts, ruled in favor of the Denver and Rio Grande, changing matters entirely. With the assistance of the sheriffs in the counties through which the railroads passed, the Denver and Rio Grande mounted an attack on its rival\'s forces. There was heavy fighting at the Santa Fe\'s garrisons in Colorado. The garrisons in Denver and Colorado Springs fell quickly. Masterson\'s headquarters in Pueblo held out the longest, but they eventually conceded defeat. Later, there were some bloodless skirmishes, but the war was essentially over with the Denver and Rio Grande in control of the Royal Gorge.
| 369 |
Railroad Wars
| 1 |
2,881,398 |
# Railroad Wars
## Wars
### Enid-Pond Creek Railroad War {#enid_pond_creek_railroad_war}
The Enid-Pond Creek Railroad War was a dispute between the citizens of two Oklahoma counties and the Rock Island Railroad. In the late 1880s, the Rock Island Railroad built a line into the Indian Territory, entering near Caldwell, Kansas and following the Chisholm Trail. At part of the infrastructure, the company established railroad stations near several of the existing stagecoach stations along the trail. Two of the stations, Pond Creek, built at Pond Stage Stand on Round Pond Creek, and Enid, built at Skeleton Station near the Skeleton Ranch headquarters, would become involved in a controversy between the railroad and the United States Department of the Interior.
The problems began when the Department of the Interior set about opening the Cherokee Outlet to settlement. Hoping to lessen the problem of county seat wars, a common event in newly settled areas of the Old West, the Department of the Interior divided the Cherokee Outlet into counties and assigned them county seats. Pond Creek was chosen as the seat of \"L\" County and Enid became the seat of \"O\" County. Following the announcement of the official county seats, several Cherokee citizens began claiming land allotments, choosing sites near Pond Creek and Enid. Subsequently, railroad officials were accused of conspiring with the Cherokee to speculate on town development. Accordingly, officials in the Department of the Interior moved the government approved towns to different locations nearby, effectively creating two new towns.
A land run opened the Cherokee Outlet in 1893 and settlers, mostly from Kansas, occupied all four town sites; railroad Pond Creek, government Pond Creek, railroad Enid, or North Enid, and government Enid, or South Enid. The Rock Island Railroad responded to the government\'s action by refusing to stop trains at the government towns. Initially, the citizens in both government towns protested to get the railroad to provide them service and the Oklahoma Territorial government and United States House of Representatives supported them. However, the United States Senate took the railroad\'s side and refused to act. Government officials then informed the Rock Island Railroad that they had to furnish mail service to the two government towns. The Rock Island company responded by installing a type of hook on their trains to pick up and deliver mail without having to slow down. When the mail pouches broke open, furious citizens claimed it was done intentionally. The people of Enid then passed an ordinance setting a speed limit for trains passing through the town, but the Rock Island Railroad ignored it.
Citizens in both government towns attempted to flag down trains or force them to stop by placing dummies on the tracks and leaving wagons and debris across the rails. When that failed, the citizens resorted to violence. In June 1894, the people of Pond Creek tore up about a hundred yards of railroad and wrecked a freight train. By July, citizens were shooting at passing trains and placing bombs on the railroad tracks. Later that month, a group of unknown assailants sawed partially through a number of wooden supports on the trestle near Enid, which led to the wrecking of another freight train.
To restore order, men of the United States Marshals Service and United States Army troops from Fort Reno and Fort Supply were sent in to patrol the railroad right-of-way. Violence continued, though. Finally, the United States Senate decided to intervene and on August 8, 1894, President Grover Cleveland signed an act which required railroads \"to establish and maintain passenger stations and freight depots at or within one-fourth of a mile of the boundary limits of all town sites established prior to August 8, 1894, in said Territories.\" Soon after, railroad Pond Creek was renamed Jefferson and relocated to higher ground; government Pond Creek remained, but \"L\" County was eventually renamed Grant County and the seat was moved to Medford. Railroad Enid became North Enid and government Enid, or South Enid, became the present-day Enid, the seat of Garfield County.
### Deschutes Railroad War {#deschutes_railroad_war}
The Deschutes Railroad War began in 1908 when two competing railroad companies, the Deschutes Railroad and the Oregon Trunk Railway, started racing to build a line from the mouth of the Deschutes River across central Oregon. The Deschutes Railroad, a Union Pacific subsidiary, was owned by Edward H. Harriman and the Oregon Trunk was owned by James J. Hill.
Harriman was the first to begin construction and, after surveying the area, he decided that the eastern side of the river would be the best route. Soon after, Hill began building his own line on the western side. Later on, however, in the Deschutes River Canyon, the two roads actually ran side-by-side or shared the same rails and terminals. Over the following years, there were multiple legal disputes to decide which company should have sole access to the canyon, but railroad workers went even further. Competing construction crews would often blow up the other side\'s supplies by igniting their black powder stores. They also dumped boulders onto camps below and engaged in small gunfights. Casualties remained light though and by 1912 the two railroads were operating on mostly separate lines, thus removing the cause for hostility
| 869 |
Railroad Wars
| 2 |
2,881,402 |
# USS Schmitt
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 4, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
^
``
| 19 |
USS Schmitt
| 0 |
2,881,421 |
# Enteroctopus
***Enteroctopus*** is an octopus genus whose members are sometimes known as **giant octopuses**.
## Etymology
The generic name *Enteroctopus* was created by Alphonse Tremeau de Rochebrune and Jules François Mabille in 1887 and published in 1889, joining Ancient Greek *ἔντερον* \'gut\' and *ὀκτώπους*, thus \'octopus \[with arms similar to\] guts.\'
## Description
*Enteroctopus* is a genus of generally temperate octopuses. Members of this genus are characterized by their large size and are often known as giant octopuses. *Enteroctopus* species have distinct longitudinal wrinkles or folds dorsally and laterally on their bodies. Their heads are distinctly narrower than the mantle width. The hectocotylus of the males in this genus, found on the third right arm, is long and narrow in comparison with other genera in the family Octopodidae, often comprising one-fifth the length of the arm. Octopuses in this genus have large, paddle-like papillae instead of the more conical papillae in other octopus genera.
## Species
**Genus *Enteroctopus*** at present consists of four species, tabulated below:
Image Scientific name Common name Distribution
------- ------------------------------ ------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Enteroctopus dofleini* giant Pacific octopus coastal North Pacific, along California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Alaska, Russia, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula
*Enteroctopus magnificus* southern giant octopus waters off Namibia and South Africa.
*Enteroctopus megalocyathus* southern red octopus southeastern coast of South America along the coasts of Argentina and Chile up to the Chiloé Archipelago, and the Falkland Islands.
*Enteroctopus zealandicus* yellow octopus waters surrounding New Zealand.
### Type species {#type_species}
*E. membranaceus* has often been regarded as type species of the genus, not because it was designated as such by Rochebrune and Mabille when they erected the genus, but because it was the first named species in the genus. Robson in his 1929 monograph of octopods regarded *E. membranaceus* as a *species dubium* because the original description was insufficient to identify an individual species, the holotype was an immature specimen, and the type specimen no longer existed.
As such, the genus was considered invalid until Hochberg resurrected it in 1998. Hochberg noted that Robson had considered *E. membranaceus* a junior synonym of *E. megalocyathus*, the second species assigned to the genus by Rochebrune and Mabille in their 1889 description. Additionally, since Rochebrune and Mabille did not actually assign type status to *E. membranaceus*, Hochberg concluded that *Enteroctopus* was indeed a valid genus and transferred type-species status to *E. megalocyathus* based on his conclusion that *E. megalocyathus* and *E. membranaceus* are the same species.
## Distribution
Species in the genus *Enteroctopus* are restricted to the temperate areas of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. *E. dofleini* is the only member of the genus found in the Northern Hemisphere, and also the most widely distributed: It is found from Southern California, along the North Pacific Rim to Japan, including the Okhotsk and Bering Seas. The other three species are found in the Southern Hemisphere; *E. megalocyathus* occurs on the southeastern coast of South America, *E. magnificus* on the southwestern coast of Africa from Namibia to Port Elizabeth, South Africa, and *E. zealandicus* in temperate New Zealand.
## Size
The member of this genus that best embodies the common name \"giant octopus\" is *Enteroctopus dofleini*, which holds the record of being the world\'s largest octopus based on direct measurements of a 71 kg individual, weighed live. This octopus had a total length near to 3.5 m. The remaining members of the genus are substantially smaller, with *E. megalocyathus* having an average mass of 4 kg and reaching a total length of 1.0 m. *E. magnificus* reaches a total length of around 1.5 m
| 596 |
Enteroctopus
| 0 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
***Che*** is a two-part 2008 epic biographical film about the Argentine Marxist revolutionary Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara, directed by Steven Soderbergh. Rather than follow a standard chronological order, the films offer an oblique series of interspersed moments along the overall timeline. *Part One* is titled *The Argentine* and focuses on the Cuban Revolution from the landing of Fidel Castro, Guevara, and other revolutionaries in Cuba to their successful toppling of Fulgencio Batista\'s dictatorship two years later. *Part Two* is titled *Guerrilla* and focuses on Guevara\'s attempt to bring revolution to Bolivia and his demise. Both parts are shot in a cinéma vérité style, but each has different approaches to linear narrative, camerawork and the visual look. It stars Benicio del Toro as Guevara, with an ensemble cast that includes Demián Bichir, Rodrigo Santoro, Santiago Cabrera, Franka Potente, Julia Ormond, Vladimir Cruz, Marc-André Grondin, Lou Diamond Phillips, Joaquim de Almeida, Édgar Ramírez, Yul Vazquez, Unax Ugalde, Alfredo De Quesada, Jordi Mollá, Matt Damon, and Oscar Isaac.
Filmmaker Terrence Malick originally worked on a screenplay limited to Guevara\'s attempts to start a revolution in Bolivia. When financing fell through, Malick left the project, and Soderbergh subsequently agreed to direct the film. He realized that there was no context for Guevara\'s actions in Bolivia and decided that his participation in the Cuban Revolution and his appearance at the United Nations in 1964 should also be depicted. Peter Buchman was hired to write the screenplay --- the script was so long that Soderbergh decided to divide the film into two parts: one chronicling Cuba, the other depicting Bolivia. Soderbergh shot the installments back-to-back starting at the beginning of July 2007, with *Guerrilla* first in Spain for 39 days, and *The Argentine* shot in Puerto Rico and Mexico for 39 days.
*Che* was screened as a single film at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival. Del Toro won the Best Actor Award, and the film received mostly positive reviews. IFC Films, which holds all North American rights, initially released the combined film for one week on 12 December 2008 in New York City and Los Angeles to qualify for the year\'s Academy Awards. Strong box office performance led to the \"special roadshow edition\" being extended in NYC and LA, and later expanded into additional markets. It was released as two separate films, titled *Che Part 1: The Argentine* and *Che Part 2: Guerrilla*, and further distribution followed. The Independent Film Channel released the films via video on demand and on Region 1 DVD exclusively from Blockbuster. As a whole, *Che* grossed US\$40.9 million worldwide, against a budget of US\$58 million.
| 437 |
Che (2008 film)
| 0 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
## Plot
### Part 1: The Argentine {#part_1_the_argentine}
In Havana in 1964, Che Guevara is interviewed by Lisa Howard who asks him if reform throughout Latin America might not blunt the \"message of the Cuban Revolution\".
In 1955, at a gathering in Mexico City, Guevara first meets Fidel Castro. He listens to Castro\'s plans and signs on as a member of the July 26th Movement.
There is a return to 1964 for Guevara\'s address before the United Nations General Assembly in New York City, where he makes an impassioned speech against American imperialism, and defends the executions his regime has committed, declaring \"this is a battle to the death.\"
March 1957. Guevara deals with debilitating bouts of asthma as his group of revolutionaries meet up with Castro\'s. Together, they attack an army barracks in the Sierra Maestra on 28 May 1957. After that, they begin to win over the rural peasant population of Cuba and receive increasing support, while battling both the government and traitors in their midst. Gradually, however, the government loses control of most of the rural areas. Soon afterward, the 26 July Movement forges alliances with other revolutionary movements in Cuba, and begin to assault towns and villages. Most fall to the rebels with little to no resistance.
On 15 October 1958, the guerrillas approach the town of Las Villas. The Battle of Santa Clara is depicted with Guevara demonstrating his tactical skill as the guerrillas engage in street-to-street fighting and derail a train carrying Cuban soldiers and armaments. Near the film\'s end, they are victorious. With the Cuban Revolution now over, Guevara heads to Havana, remarking \"we won the war, the revolution starts now.\"
### Part 2: Guerrilla {#part_2_guerrilla}
The second part begins on 3 November 1966 with Guevara arriving in La Paz, Bolivia disguised as a middle-aged representative of the Organization of American States hailing from Uruguay, who subsequently drives into the mountains to meet his men. The film is organized by the number of days that he was in the country. On Day 26, there is solidarity among Guevara\'s men despite his status as a foreigner. By Day 67, Guevara, however, has been set up for betrayal. He tries to recruit some peasants only to be mistaken for a cocaine smuggler, and the Bolivian Communist Party, led by Mario Monje, refuse to support the armed struggle. On Day 100, there is a shortage of food and Guevara exercises discipline to resolve conflicts between his Cuban and Bolivian followers.
By Day 113, some of the guerrillas have deserted, and, upon capture, have led the Bolivian Army to the revolutionaries\' base camp, which contained vast stockpiles of food, much-needed supplies, and intelligence identifying much of the group as Cubans. Much to Che\'s disappointment Tamara \"Tania\" Bunke, Guevara\'s revolutionary contact has botched elaborate preparations and given away their identity. On Day 141, the guerrillas capture Bolivian soldiers that refuse to join the revolution, but soon free them so they can return to their villages. Bolivian President and dictator René Barrientos calls upon the United States for help. CIA and US Army Special Forces advisers arrive in Bolivia to supervise anti-insurgent activity and to train the Bolivian Army. On Day 169, Guevara\'s visiting friend, the French intellectual Régis Debray, is captured at Muyupampa by the Bolivian Army along with two of Che\'s last contacts with the outside world. A Bolivian airstrike then occurs against Che\'s guerrillas on Day 219, driving them deeper into hiding. By this time, Che has split his forces; his best fighters travel with him in one column, while another column contains other personnel, including Tania, and carries much of the remaining supplies.
Guevara grows sick and by Day 280 can barely breathe as a result of his acute asthma. Nevertheless, he continues to lead his group towards the other column of revolutionaries. On Day 302, the Bolivian Army wipes out the other column, killing Tania Bunke, Juan Acuña Ñunez, and several others in an ambush as they attempt to cross the Vado del Yeso after a local informant tells the Bolivian troops about the movements of the rebels. By Day 340, Guevara is trapped by the Bolivian Army in the Yuro Ravine near the village of La Higuera. Che is wounded and captured. The next day, a helicopter lands and Cuban American CIA agent Alejandro Ramírez (a fictionalized version of Félix Rodríguez) emerges to interrogate Che, but without success. The Bolivian high command then phones and orders Guevara\'s execution (using the code \'Order 600\'). He is shot to death by a half-drunk Bolivian army sergeant on 9 October 1967, and his corpse lashed to a helicopter\'s landing skids and flown out.
In a final flashback scene, Guevara is aboard the *Granma* in 1956, looking out over the ocean, as the Cuban Revolution is about to begin. He sees the Castro brothers alone at the bow of the ship; Fidel is talking and Raúl is taking notes. Guevara hands a peeled orange to one of his comrades and returns his gaze to the lone brothers before the scene fades to black.
| 850 |
Che (2008 film)
| 1 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
## Cast
+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ### Introduced in Part 1 {#introduced_in_part_1} | ### Introduced in Part 2 {#introduced_in_part_2} | |
| | | |
| - Benicio del Toro as Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara | - Franka Potente as Tamara \"Tania\" Bunke | |
| - Demián Bichir as Fidel Castro | - Gastón Pauls as Ciro Bustos (el Argentino) | |
| - Rodrigo Santoro as Raúl Castro | - Lou Diamond Phillips as Mario Monje | |
| - Santiago Cabrera as Camilo Cienfuegos | - Joaquim de Almeida as René Barrientos | |
| - Catalina Sandino Moreno as Aleida March | - Yul Vazquez as Alejandro Ramírez | |
| - Julia Ormond as Lisa Howard | - Marc-André Grondin as Régis Debray | |
| - Vladimir Cruz as Ramiro Valdés | - Eduard Fernández as Ciro Algarañaz | |
| - Jorge Perugorría as Juan Vitalio \"Vilo\" Acuña | - Cristian Mercado as Guido Peredo Liegue | |
| - Benjamín Benítez as Rodolfo | - Jordi Mollà as Mario Vargas | |
| - Édgar Ramírez as Ciro Redondo | - Pablo Durán as Alberto \"Pancho\" Fernández | |
| - Bruno Bichir as Colonel Rojas | - Óscar Jaenada as David \"Dario\" Ardiazola | |
| - Armando Riesco as Dariel \"Benigno\" Ramírez | - Rubén Ochandiano as Eliseo \"Rolando\" Reyes | |
| - Néstor Rodulfo as Manuel \"Miguel\" Osorio | - Ezequiel Díaz as Jorge Vázquez \"Loro\" Viaña | |
| - Jsu Garcia as Jorge Sotús | - Carlos Acosta-Milian as Antonio Domínguez Flores | |
| - Elvira Mínguez as Celia Sánchez | - Antonio de la Torre as Carlos Fernández | |
| - Alfredo De Quesada as Israel Pardo | - Juan Carlos Vellido as Hernán Plata | |
| - Roberto Luis Santana as Juan Almeida Bosque | - Aaron Vega as José \"Ricardo\" Martínez | |
| - Sam Robards as Tad Szulc | - Roberto San Martín as Gary Prado Salmon | |
| - Victor Rasuk as Rogelio Acevedo | - James D. Dever as Ralph \"Pappy\" Shelton | |
| - Kahlil Mendez as Leonardo \"Urbano\" Núñez | - Mark Umbers as George A. Roth | |
| - Marise Álvarez as Vilma Espín | - Pedro Casablanc as Joaquín Zenteno | |
| - Andrés Manuel Munar as José Iglesias Leyva | - Tomás del Estal as Alfredo Ovando Candía | |
| - Unax Ugalde as Roberto \"El Vaquerito\" Rodríguez | - Giraldo Moisés as Israel \"Braulio\" Reyes | |
| - Othello Rensoli as Harry \"Pombo\" Villegas | - David Selvas as Andrés Selich | |
| - Norman Santiago as Carlos \"Tuma\" Coello | - Enrique Arce as Carlos Pérez | |
| - Pedro Telemaco as Eligio Mendoza | - Cristhian Esquivel as Mario Terán | |
| - Jay Potter as Richard C. Hottelet | - Matt Damon as Father Schwarz | |
| - Stephen Mailer as Paul Niven | | |
| - Jon De Vries as Eugene McCarthy | | |
| - Joksan Ramos as Raúl Chibás | | |
| - Javier Ortiz as Felipe Pazos | | |
| - Michael Countryman as Adlai Stevenson II | | |
| - Oscar Isaac as U.N. interpreter and film narrator | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 566 |
Che (2008 film)
| 2 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
## Production
### Development
Originally, *Che* was intended to be a much more traditional film based on Jon Lee Anderson\'s 1997 biography *Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life*. Actor Benicio del Toro and producer Laura Bickford optioned the film rights to Anderson\'s book. However, after two years they had not found a suitable writer and the rights expired. During this time, Del Toro and Bickford researched the events depicted in *Guerrilla* with the idea of exploring Guevara\'s attempts to start a revolution in Bolivia. Del Toro has said that he previously only thought of Guevara as a \"bad guy\". For his role, Del Toro spent seven years \"obsessively researching\" Guevara\'s life, which made him feel like he \"earned his stripes\" to interpret the character. Preparation included looking at Guevara\'s photographs and reading his personal writings. Del Toro read *Don Quixote*, one of Guevara\'s favorites, and the first book published and given out free after the Cuban Revolution. Del Toro then personally met with people from different stages of Guevara\'s life, including Guevara\'s younger brother and childhood friends, traveling to Cuba where Del Toro met Guevara\'s widow, family, and \"tons of people that loved this man\". The visit included a five-minute encounter at a book fair with Fidel Castro, who expressed that he was happy for the \"serious\" research being undertaken. Such research included collaborating with the three surviving guerrillas from Guevara\'s ill-fated Bolivian campaign and with several guerrillas who fought alongside him in Cuba. While researching for both films, Soderbergh made a documentary of his interviews with many of the people who had fought alongside Guevara. In his encounters with people ranging from fellow guerrillas to Guevara\'s driver, Del Toro described the reaction as \"always the same\", stating that he was \"blown away\" by the \"bucketful of love\" they still harbored for Guevara. In an interview, Del Toro described Guevara as \"a weird combination of an intellectual and an action figure, Gregory Peck and Steve McQueen, wrapped in one\". After the film\'s production concluded, Del Toro professed that \"when you tell the story of Che, you\'re telling a story of the history of a country, so you have to be very careful\".
| 365 |
Che (2008 film)
| 3 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
## Production
### Screenplay
Del Toro and Bickford hired screenwriter Benjamin A. van der Veen to write the screenplay\'s first drafts, and their extensive research took them to Cuba where they met with several of the remaining members of Guevara\'s team in Bolivia as well as the revolutionary\'s wife and children. It was during this phase of development that the filmmakers discovered Terrence Malick had been in Bolivia as a journalist in 1966 working on a story about Che. Malick came on as director and worked on the screenplay with van der Veen and Del Toro, but after a year-and-a-half, the financing had not come together entirely and Malick left to make *The New World*, a film about Jamestown, Virginia. Afraid that their multi-territory deals would fall apart, Bickford and Del Toro asked Steven Soderbergh, who was previously on board as producer, to direct. The filmmaker was drawn to the contrast of \"engagement versus disengagement. Do we want to participate or observe? Once Che made the decision to engage, he engaged fully. Often people attribute that to a higher power, but as an atheist, he didn\'t have that. I found that very interesting\". Furthermore, he remarked that Guevara was \"great movie material\" and \"had one of the most fascinating lives\" that he could \"imagine in the last century\". Bickford and Del Toro realized that there was no context for what made Guevara decide to go to Bolivia. They began looking for someone to rewrite the screenplay; Peter Buchman was recommended to them because he had a good reputation for writing about historical figures, based on a script he worked about Alexander the Great. He spent a year reading every available book on Guevara in preparation for writing the script. The project was put on hold when Bickford and Del Toro made *Traffic* with Soderbergh.
Soderbergh wanted to incorporate Guevara\'s experiences in Cuba and at the United Nations in 1964. Buchman helped with the script\'s structure, which he gave three storylines: Guevara\'s life and the Cuban Revolution; his demise in Bolivia; and his trip to New York to speak at the U.N. Buchman found that the problem with containing all of these stories in one film was that he had to condense time and this distorted history. Soderbergh found the draft Buchman submitted to him \"unreadable\" and after two weeks decided to split the script into two separate films. Buchman went back and with Del Toro expanded the Cuban story for *The Argentine*. Additional research included reading Guevara\'s diaries and declassified documents from the U.S. State Department about his trip to New York and memos from his time in Bolivia.
Soderbergh found the task of researching such a popular historical figure as Guevara a daunting one: \"If you go to any bookstore, you\'ll find an entire wall of Che-related material. We tried to go through all of it, we were overwhelmed with information. He means something different to everyone. At a certain point we had to decide for ourselves who Che was\". The original source material for these scripts was Guevara\'s diary from the Cuban Revolution, *Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War*, and from his time in Bolivia, *Bolivian Diary*. From there, he drew on interviews with people who knew Guevara from both of those time periods and read every book available that pertained to both Cuba and Bolivia. Bickford and Del Toro met with Harry \"Pombo\" Villegas, Urbano and Benigno---three men who met Guevara during the Cuban Revolution, followed him to Bolivia, and survived. They interviewed them individually and then Pombo and Benigno together about their experiences in Cuba and Bolivia. Urbano was an adviser while they were filming in Spain and the actors often consulted with him and the others about specific details, like how to hold their guns in a certain situation, and very specific tactical information.
In December 2008, Ocean Press, in cooperation with the Che Guevara Publishing Project, released *Che: The Diaries of Ernesto Che Guevara*, with a movie tie-in cover. The book\'s aim was to compile all the original letters, diary excerpts, speeches and maps on which Soderbergh relied for the film. The text is interspersed with remarks by Benicio del Toro and Steven Soderbergh.
### Financing
Initially, *Che* was going to be made in English and was met with a strong interest in financing; however, when the decision was made to make it in Spanish and break it up into two films, the studios\' pay-TV deals, which were for English-language product only, \"disappeared\", according to Bickford, \"and, at that point, nobody wanted to step up\". The director defended his decision to shoot almost all of the film in Spanish in an interview: \"You can\'t make a film with any level of credibility in this case unless it\'s in Spanish. I hope we\'re reaching a time where you go make a movie in another culture, that you shoot in the language of that culture. I\'m hoping the days of that sort of specific brand of cultural imperialism have ended\". Both films were financed without any American money or distribution deal; Soderbergh remarked, \"It was very frustrating to know that this is a zeitgeist movie and that some of the very people who told me how much they now regret passing on *Traffic* passed on this one too\". Foreign pre-sales covered \$54 million of the \$58 million budget. Wild Bunch, a French production, distribution and foreign sales company put up 75% of the budget for the two films, tapping into a production and acquisition fund from financing and investment company Continental Entertainment Capitol, a subsidiary of the U.S.-based Citigroup. Spain\'s Telecinco/Moreno Films supplied the rest of the budget.
| 946 |
Che (2008 film)
| 4 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
## Production
### Principal photography {#principal_photography}
In 2006, shortly before the U.N. Headquarters underwent major renovations, Del Toro and Soderbergh shot the scenes of Guevara speaking to the U.N. General Assembly in 1964. The director wanted to shoot the first part of *The Argentine* in Cuba but was prevented from travelling there by the U.S. government\'s embargo. Doubling Santa Clara proved to be difficult because it was a certain size and had a certain look. Soderbergh spent four to five months scouting for a suitable replacement, looking at towns in Veracruz/Yucatán before settling on Campeche, which had the elements they needed.
The original intention was for *The Argentine* to be shot using anamorphic 16 mm film because, according to the director, it needed \"a bit of Bruckheimer but scruffier\". He kept to his plan of shooting *The Argentine* anamorphically, and *Guerrilla* with spherical lenses. Soderbergh wanted to use the new RED One rather than 16 mm film because of its ability to replicate film stock digitally but initially, it was not going to be available on time. However, their Spanish work papers and visas were late and Del Toro and Soderbergh were grounded in Los Angeles for a week. The director was meanwhile informed that the prototype cameras were ready.
Each half of the film focuses on a different revolution, both fundamentally the same in theory but vastly different in outcome, reflecting the Marxist notion of dialectics. Soderbergh wanted the film\'s two parts to mimic the voice of the two diaries they were based on; the Cuban diaries were written after the fact and, according to the director, \"with a certain hindsight and perspective and a tone that comes from being victorious\", while the Bolivian diaries were \"contemporaneous, and they\'re very isolated and have no perspective, at all. It\'s a much more tense read, because the outcome is totally unclear\".
Soderbergh shot the films back-to-back in the beginning of July 2007 with *Guerrilla* shot first in Spain for 39 days and *The Argentine* shot in Puerto Rico and Mexico for 39 days. The director conceived *The Argentine* as \"a Hollywood movie\" shot in widescreen scope aspect ratio, with the camera either fixed or moving on a dolly or a Steadicam. *Guerrilla* was shot, according to Soderbergh, \"in Super-16, 1.85:1. No dollies, no cranes, it\'s all either handheld or tripods. I want it to look nice but simple. We\'ll work with a very small group: basically me, the producer Gregory Jacobs and the unit production manager\". According to the director, the portion set in Cuba was written from the victor\'s perspective and as a result he adopted a more traditional look with classical compositions, vibrant color and a warm palette. With *Guerrilla*, he wanted a sense of foreboding with handheld camerawork and a muted color palette. Soderbergh told his production designer Antxon Gomez that the first part would have green with a lot of yellow in it and the second part would have green with a lot of blue in it.
At the end of *The Argentine*, Soderbergh depicts Guevara\'s derailment of a freight train during the Battle of Santa Clara. In filming the sequence, Soderbergh balked at the digital effects solution and managed to reallocate \$500,000 from the overall \$58 million budget to build a real set of tracks and a train powered by two V-8 car engines. To film the scene, they had six rehearsals, and could only shoot the scene once.
Many aspects of Guevara\'s personality and beliefs affected the filming process. For instance, close-ups of Del Toro were avoided due to Guevara\'s belief in collectivism, with Soderbergh remarking, \"You can\'t make a movie about a guy who has these hard-core sort of egalitarian socialist principles and then isolate him with close-ups.\" According to Edgar Ramirez, who portrays Ciro Redondo, the cast \"were improvising a lot\" while making *The Argentine*, and he describes the project as a \"very contemplative movie\", shot chronologically. While filming outdoors, Soderbergh used natural light as much as possible. Del Toro, who speaks Puerto Rican Spanish, tried to speak the best Argentinean Spanish (Rioplatense Spanish) he could without sounding \"stiff\". Prior to shooting the film\'s final scenes that depict Guevara\'s time in Bolivia at the end of his life, Del Toro shed 35 pounds to show how ill Guevara had become. The actor shaved the top of his head rather than wear a bald cap for the scenes depicting Guevara\'s arrival in Bolivia in disguise.
Soderbergh has said that with *Che*, he wanted to show everyday tasks, \"things that have meaning on a practical level and on an ideological level\", as a \"way of showing what it might have been like to be there\". While addressing the issue after at the Toronto International Film Festival, Soderbergh remarked that he was trying to avoid what he felt were typical scenes for a biographical film and that he would tell screenwriter Peter Buchman, that he was \"trying to find the scenes that would happen before or after the scene that you would typically see in a movie like this\". Soderbergh was not interested in depicting Guevara\'s personal life because he felt that \"everybody on these campaigns has a personal life, they all left families behind, that doesn\'t make him special and why should I go into his personal life and nobody else\'s?\"
Soderbergh decided to omit the post-revolution execution sentences of \"suspected war criminals, traitors and informants\" that Guevara reviewed at La Cabana Fortress because \"there is no amount of accumulated barbarity that would have satisfied the people who hate him\". Soderbergh addressed the criticism for this omission in a post-release interview where he stated: \"I don\'t think anybody now, even in Cuba, is going to sit with a straight face and defend the events. La Cabana was really turned into a Roman circus, where I think even the people in power look back on that as excessive. However, every regime, in order to retain power when it feels threatened, acts excessively \... This is what people do when they feel they need to act in an extreme way to secure themselves\". The filmmaker noted as well that, \"with a character this complicated, you\'re going to have a very polarized reaction\". Furthermore, he was not interested in depicting Guevara\'s life as \"a bureaucrat\", stating that he was making a diptych about two military campaigns, declaring the pictures \"war films\". Soderbergh said, \"I\'m sure some people will say, \'That\'s convenient because that\'s when he was at his worst.\' Yeah, maybe---it just wasn\'t interesting to me. I was interested in making a procedural about guerrilla warfare\".
Soderbergh described the Cuban Revolution as \"the last analog revolution. I loved that we shot a period film about a type of war that can\'t be fought anymore\". Soderbergh said he was open to making another film about Guevara\'s experiences in the Congo but only if *Che* made \$100 million at the box office. It did not.
| 1,159 |
Che (2008 film)
| 5 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
## Distribution
Theatrical distribution rights were pre-sold to distributors in several major territories, including France, the United Kingdom, Scandinavia, Italy, and Japan (Nikkatsu); Twentieth Century Fox bought the Spanish theatrical and home video rights. IFC Films paid a low seven-figure sum to acquire all North American rights to *Che* after production had completed and released it on 12 December 2008 in New York City and Los Angeles in order to qualify it for the Academy Awards. The \"special roadshow edition\" in N.Y.C. and L.A. was initially planned as a one-week special engagement---complete with intermission and including a full-color printed program---but strong box-office results led to its re-opening for two weeks on 9 January 2009 as two separate films, titled *Che Part 1: The Argentine* and *Che Part 2: Guerrilla*. Soderbergh said that the program\'s inspiration came from the 70 mm engagements for Francis Ford Coppola\'s *Apocalypse Now*. The film was expanded to additional markets on 16 and 22 January both as a single film and as two separate films. IFC made the films available through video on demand on 21 January on all major cable and satellite providers in both standard and high definition versions.
### Screenings
*Che* was screened on 21 May at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival reportedly running over four hours. Following this screening, Soderbergh cut 5--7 minutes from each half. It was shown at the 46th New York Film Festival and was shown at the 33rd Toronto International Film Festival as *Che* with a 15-minute intermission and as two separate films, *The Argentine* and *Guerrilla*, where it was considered the festival\'s \"must-see\" film. *Che* made its sold-out L.A. premiere at Grauman\'s Chinese Theatre on 1 November 2008 as part of the AFI Fest.
*Che* was screened in Guevara\'s homeland of Argentina in November 2008. To mark the occasion, the streets of Buenos Aires were decorated with large posters of Del Toro in his role as the guerrilla fighter, unprecedented in the city\'s history. When questioned by the press on Guevara\'s ideas and use of violence, Del Toro stated that if he had lived during the 1960s, he would have agreed with Guevara, and that although he did not support violent revolution now, in the \'60s he may \"have been another person and in agreement with armed war\".
Del Toro and Soderbergh both attended the French premiere in late November 2008, where they took questions from the press. Del Toro remarked that the \"legendary rebel\" was still pertinent because \"the things that he fought for in the late 1950s and mid 1960s are still relevant today\", adding that \"he did not hide behind curtains \... he stood up for the forgotten ones\". When asked why he made the film, Soderbergh stated, \"I needed to make the film, and that is a different feeling. I felt like, if I am worth anything, I have to say yes. I can\'t say no\". The following day, the Dubai International Film Festival would describe Soderbergh\'s narrative as a \"magisterial \... compelling experience\", with Del Toro\'s performance as \"blue-chip\".
*Che* opened in single theaters in N.Y.C. and L.A. where it made \$60,100 with sellouts of both venues. Based on this success, IFC Films executives added two weekends of exclusive runs for the roadshow version, starting 24 December in N.Y.C. and 26 December in L.A. This successful run prompted IFC Films to show this version in nine additional markets on 16 January. For this theatrical promotion, *Che* was shown in its entirety, commercial and trailer free with an intermission and limited edition program book at every screening.
According to *Variety*, it had grossed \$164,142 in one weekend, at 35 locations in North America and \$20 million from a half-dozen major markets around the world, led by Spain at \$9.7 million. `{{as of|2009|May}}`{=mediawiki}, it has grossed \$1.4 million in North America and \$29.8 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of \$30 million. Eventually, *Che* made good profit for IFC Films.
| 665 |
Che (2008 film)
| 6 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
## Reception
### Cannes reaction {#cannes_reaction}
Early reviews were mixed, although there were several critics who spoke glowingly of the project. *Cinematical*{{\'s}} James Rocchi described the biopic as \"expressive, innovative, striking, and exciting\" as well as \"bold, beautiful, bleak and brilliant\". Rocchi went on to brand it \"a work of art\" that\'s \"not just the story of a revolutionary\" but \"a revolution in and of itself\". Columnist and critic Jeffrey Wells proclaimed the film \"brilliant\", \"utterly believable\", and \"the most exciting and far-reaching film of the Cannes Film Festival\". In further praise, Wells referred to the film as \"politically vibrant and searing\" while labeling it a \"perfect dream movie\".
Todd McCarthy was more mixed in his reaction to the film in its present form, describing it as \"too big a roll of the dice to pass off as an experiment, as it\'s got to meet high standards both commercially and artistically. The demanding running time forces comparison to such rare works as *Lawrence of Arabia*, *Reds* and other biohistorical epics. Unfortunately, *Che* doesn\'t feel epic---just long\". Anne Thompson wrote that Benicio del Toro \"gives a great performance\", but predicted that \"it will not be released stateside as it was seen here\". Glenn Kenny wrote, \"*Che* benefits greatly from certain Soderberghian qualities that don\'t always serve his other films well, e.g., detachment, formalism, and intellectual curiosity\".
Peter Bradshaw, in his review for *The Guardian*, wrote, \"Perhaps it will even come to be seen as this director\'s flawed masterpiece: enthralling but structurally fractured---the second half is much clearer and more sure-footed than the first---and at times frustratingly reticent, unwilling to attempt any insight into Che\'s interior world\". In his less favorable review for *Esquire*, Stephen Garrett criticized the film for failing to show Guevara\'s negative aspects, \"the absence of darker, more contradictory revelations of his nature leaves Che bereft of complexity. All that remains is a South American superman: uncomplex, pure of heart, defiantly pious and boring\". Richard Corliss had problems with Del Toro\'s portrayal of Guevara: \"Del Toro---whose acting style often starts over the top and soars from there, like a hang-glider leaping from a skyscraper roof---is muted, yielding few emotional revelations, seemingly sedated here \... Che is defined less by his rigorous fighting skills and seductive intellect than by his asthma\". In his review for *Salon.com*, Andrew O\'Hehir praised Soderbergh for making \"something that people will be eager to see and eager to talk about all over the world, something that feels strangely urgent, something messy and unfinished and amazing. I\'d be surprised if *Che* doesn\'t win the Palme d\'Or \... but be that as it may, nobody who saw it here will ever forget it\".
Soderbergh replied to the criticism that he made an unconventional film: \"I find it hilarious that most of the stuff being written about movies is how conventional they are, and then you have people \... upset that something\'s not conventional. The bottom line is we\'re just trying to give you a sense of what it was like to hang out around this person. That\'s really it. And the scenes were chosen strictly on the basis of, \'Yeah, what does that tell us about his character?{{\'\"}}.
After Cannes, Soderbergh made a few minor adjustments to the film. This included adding a moment of Guevara and Fidel Castro shaking hands, tweaking a few transitions, and tacking on an overture and entr\'acte to the limited \"road show\" version. Moreover, he removed the trial of guerrilla Lalo Sardiñas, which Chicago film critic Ben Kenigsberg found \"regrettable\", stating that it was \"not only one of the film\'s most haunting scenes but a key hint at the darker side of Che\'s ideology\".
| 616 |
Che (2008 film)
| 7 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
## Reception
### NYFF reaction {#nyff_reaction}
In her review for *The New York Times*, based on a screening at the New York Film Festival, Manohla Dargis observes that \"throughout the movie Mr. Soderbergh mixes the wild beauty of his landscapes with images of Che heroically engaged in battle, thoughtfully scribbling and reading, and tending to ailing peasants and soldiers\". According to Dargis, \"Che wins, Che loses, but Che remains the same in what plays like a procedural about a charismatic leader, impossible missions and the pleasures of work and camaraderie\", referring to the \"historical epic\" as \"*Ocean\'s Eleven* with better cigars\". However, Dargis notes that \"Mr. Soderbergh cagily evades Che\'s ugly side, notably his increasing commitment to violence and seemingly endless war, but the movie is without question political---even if it emphasizes romantic adventure over realpolitik---because, like all films, it is predicated on getting, spending and making money\".
Film critic Glenn Kenny wrote, \"*Che* seems to me almost the polar opposite of agitprop. It flat out does not ask for the kind of emotional engagement that more conventional epic biopics do, and that\'s a good thing\". In his review for *UGO*, Keith Uhlich wrote, \"The best to say about Del Toro\'s Cannes-honored performance is that it\'s exhausting---all exterior, no soul, like watching an android run a gauntlet \[sic\] (one that includes grueling physical exertions, tendentious political speechifying, and risible Matt Damon cameos)\". *Slant Magazine* gave *Che* two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, \"The problem is that, despite his desire to sidestep Hollywood bio-hooey, the director is unable to turn his chilly stance into an ideological perspective, like Roberto Rossellini did in his demythologized portraits of Louis XIV, Garibaldi and Pascal\".
In his review for *Salon.com* magazine, Andrew O\'Hehir wrote, \"What Soderbergh has sought to capture here is a grand process of birth and extinguishment, one that produced a complicated legacy in which John McCain, Barack Obama, and Raúl Castro are still enmeshed. There will be plenty of time to argue about the film\'s (or films\') political relevance or lack thereof, to call Soderbergh names for this or that historical omission, for this or that ideological error. He\'s made something that people will be eager to see and eager to talk about all over the world, something that feels strangely urgent, something messy and unfinished and amazing\".
### Miami screening and protest {#miami_screening_and_protest}
On 4 December 2008, *Che* premiered at Miami Beach\'s Byron Carlyle Theatre, as part of the Art Basel Festival. Taking place only a few miles from Little Havana, which is home to the United States\' largest Cuban American community, the invitation-only screening was met with angry demonstrators. The organization Vigilia Mambisa, led by Miguel Saavedra, amassed an estimated 100 demonstrators to decry what they believed would be a favorable depiction of Guevara. Saavedra told reporters from the *El Nuevo Herald* that \"you cannot offend the sensitivities of the people\", while describing the film as \"a disgrace\". A supporter of the demonstration, Miami Beach\'s mayor Matti Herrera Bower, lamented that the film was shown, while declaring \"we must not allow dissemination of this movie\". When asked days later about the incident, Del Toro remarked that the ability to speak out was \"part of what makes America great\" while adding \"I find it a little weird that they were protesting without having seen the film, but that\'s another matter\". For his part, Soderbergh later stated that \"you have to separate the Cuban nationalist lobby that is centered in Miami from the rest of the country\".
### Cuban homecoming {#cuban_homecoming}
On 7 December 2008, *Che* premiered at Havana\'s 5,000+ person Karl Marx Theater as part of the Latin American Film Festival. Benicio Del Toro, who was in attendance, referred to the film as \"Cuban history\", while remarking that \"there\'s an audience in there \... that could be the most knowledgeable critics of the historical accuracy of the film\". The official state paper *Granma* gave Del Toro a glowing review, professing that he \"personifies Che\" in both his physical appearance and his \"masterly interpretation\". After unveiling *Che* in Havana\'s Yara Cinema, Del Toro was treated to a 10-minute standing ovation from the 2,000+ strong audience, many of whom were involved in the revolution.
### New York City debut {#new_york_city_debut}
On 12 December 2008, *Che* was screened at New York City\'s sold out 1,100 person Ziegfeld Theater. Upon seeing the first image on the screen (a silhouette of Cuba), the crowd erupted into a raucous cry of \"¡Viva, Cuba!\" Following the film, and the standing ovation it received, Soderbergh appeared for a post program Q&A. During the sometimes contentious conversation with the audience, in which Soderbergh alternated between defensiveness and modesty, the director categorized Guevara as \"a hardass\", to which one audience member yelled out, \"Bullshit, he was a murderer!\" The filmmaker settled down the crowd and explained, \"It doesn\'t matter whether I agree with him or not---I was interested in Che as a warrior, Che as a guy who had an ideology, who picked up a gun and this was the result. He died the way you would have him die. He was executed the way you would say he executed other people\". Soderbergh ended the 1 am Q&A session by noting that he was \"agnostic\" on Che\'s standing but \"loyal to the facts\", which he insisted were all rigorously sourced.
### Venezuela and President Chávez {#venezuela_and_president_chávez}
On 3 March 2009, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, himself a socialist and admirer of Che Guevara, greeted Del Toro and co-star Bichir at the Presidential Palace in Caracas. The day prior Del Toro attended a screening of the film at a bullfighting ring-turned cultural center, where he was \"mobbed by adoring fans\". Del Toro then visited the state-run Villa del Cine, a film production facility President Chávez launched to help Venezuela produce its own movies as an alternative to what Chávez calls Hollywood\'s cultural imperialism. Del Toro described *Che* as \"a totally Latin American movie\" and stated that he had \"a good meeting with the President\".
| 1,006 |
Che (2008 film)
| 8 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
## Reception
### General reviews {#general_reviews}
*Part One* has a 68% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 142 reviews, and an average rating of 6.5/10. The website\'s critical consensus states, \"Though lengthy and at times plodding, Soderbergh\'s vision and Benicio Del Toro\'s understated performance ensure that *Che* always fascinates.\" Meanwhile, *Part Two* has a 79% rating, based on 52 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website\'s critical consensus states, \"The second part of Soderbergh\'s biopic is a dark, hypnotic and sometimes frustrating portrait of a warrior in decline, with a terrific central performance from Del Toro.\". On Metacritic, the film has a collective weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating \"generally favorable\" reviews.
Scott Foundas of the *LA Weekly* proclaimed *Che* \"nothing if not the movie of the year\". In his review for the *Village Voice*, J. Hoberman wrote, \"At its best, *Che* is both action film and ongoing argument. Each new camera setup seeks to introduce a specific idea---about Che or his situation---and every choreographed battle sequence is a sort of algorithm where the camera attempts to inscribe the event that is being enacted\". Hoberman compared Soderbergh\'s directing style and \"non-personalized\" historical approach on the film to Otto Preminger\'s observational use of the moving camera, or one of Roberto Rossellini\'s \"serene\" documentaries. Armond White, in his review for the *New York Press*, wrote, \"Out-perversing Gus Van Sant\'s *Milk*, Soderbergh makes a four-hour-plus biopic about a historical figure without providing a glimmer of charm or narrative coherence\".
In his review for *The New York Times*, A.O. Scott writes, \"Mr. Soderbergh once again offers a master class in filmmaking. As history, though, *Che* is finally not epic but romance. It takes great care to be true to the factual record, but it is, nonetheless, a fairy tale\". Sheri Linden, in her review for the *Los Angeles Times*, wrote, \"in this flawed work of austere beauty, the logistics of war and the language of revolution give way to something greater, a struggle that may be defined by politics but can\'t be contained by it\". In her review for *The Washington Post*, Ann Hornaday wrote, \"The best way to encounter *Che* is to let go of words like \'film\' and \'movie\', words that somehow seem inadequate to the task of describing such a mesmerizing, fully immersive cinematic experience. By the end of *Che*, viewers will likely emerge as if from a trance, with indelibly vivid, if not more ambivalent feelings about Guevara, than the bumper-sticker image they walked in with\".
*Entertainment Weekly* gave a \"B+\" rating to the first half of the film and a \"C−\" rating to the second half, and Owen Gleiberman wrote, \"As political theater, *Che* moves from faith to impotence, which is certainly a valid reading of Communism in the 20th century. Yet as drama, that makes the second half of the film borderline deadly \... *Che* is twice as long as it needs to be, but it is also only half the movie it should have been\". James Verniere of *The Boston Herald* gave the film a B−, describing the work as a new genre of \"arthouse guerrilla nostalgia\", while lamenting *Che* as the film version of Alberto Korda\'s iconic 1960 photograph Guerrillero Heroico. In Verniere\'s view, so much information was missing that he recommended one first see *The Motorcycle Diaries* to fill in the background.
In her review for *USA Today*, Claudia Puig wrote, \"With its lyrical beauty and strong performances, the film can be riveting. Its excessive length and rambling scenes also make it maddening. It is worth seeing for its attention to visual detail and ambitious filmmaking, but as a psychological portrait of a compelling historical figure, it is oddly bland and unrevealing\". Anthony Lane, in his review for *The New Yorker*, wrote, \"for all the movie\'s narrative momentum, *Che* retains the air of a study exercise---of an interest brilliantly explored. How else to explain one\'s total flatness of feeling at the climax of each movie?\" Taking a more positive stance, film critic Chris Barsanti compared *Che* to a \"guerrilla take on *Patton*\", calling it \"an exceptionally good\" war film, which rivaled *The Battle of Algiers* in its \"you-are-there sensibility\". Roger Ebert awarded the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and addressed the film\'s length: \"You may wonder if the film is too long. I think there\'s a good reason for its length. Guevara\'s experience in Cuba and especially Bolivia was not a series of events and anecdotes but a trial of endurance that might almost be called mad\".
*Film Comment* ranked *Che* as the 22nd-best film of 2008 in their \"Best Films of 2008\" poll. Film critics Roger Ebert, and James Rocchi went further, naming *Che* one of the best films of 2008. The film appeared on several critics\' top ten lists of the best films of 2008.
Looking back at the experience of making *Che*, Soderbergh has said that he now wishes that he had not made the film and remarked, \"Literally I\'d wake up and think, \'At least I\'m not doing that today.{{\'\"}} The director blamed piracy for the film\'s financial failure and felt that \"It\'s a film that, to some extent, needs the support of people who write about films. If you\'d had all these guys running around talking in accented English you\'d \[have got\] your head taken off\".
| 901 |
Che (2008 film)
| 9 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
## Awards
Del Toro received the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival for his performance, and in his acceptance speech dedicated the award \"to the man himself, Che Guevara, and I want to share this with Steven Soderbergh. He was there pushing it even when there \[were lulls\] and pushing all of us\". Guevara\'s widow Aleida March, who is president of the Che Guevara Studies Center, sent a congratulatory note to Del Toro upon hearing the news of his award. Del Toro was awarded a 2009 Goya Award as the best Spanish Lead Actor. Actor Sean Penn, who won an Oscar for his role in *Milk*, remarked that he was surprised and disappointed that *Che* and Del Toro were not also up for any Academy Award nominations. During his acceptance speech for the Best Actor\'s trophy at the Screen Actors Guild Awards, Penn expressed his dismay stating, \"The fact that there aren\'t crowns on Soderbergh\'s and Del Toro\'s heads right now, I don\'t understand \... that is such a sensational movie, *Che*.\" In reference to what Penn deemed a snub, he added \"Maybe because it\'s in Spanish, maybe the length, maybe the politics\".
On 31 July 2009, Del Toro was awarded the inaugural Tomas Gutierrez Alea prize at a Havana ceremony attended by U.S. actors Robert Duvall, James Caan, and Bill Murray. Named after a prolific Cuban filmmaker, the award was voted for by the National Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba. Del Toro remarked that it was \"an honor\" to receive the award and thanked Soderbergh.
*Che* was awarded \"The White Camel\", the top award handed out at the sixth annual Sahara International Film Festival, whose ceremony took place during the spring of 2009 in the Wilaya of Dakhla at the Sahrawi refugee camps of 30,000 residents. Executive producer Alvaro Longoria, attended to accept the award when Del Toro could not because of filming for *The Wolf Man*. After dismounting the prize (which was a literal camel), Longoria remarked that \"this is real, this is what Benicio and Steven tried to tell in the movie. It\'s right here, a people fighting a war for their dignity and their land. The principles of Che Guevara are very important to them.\" However, Longoria returned the live animal before departing, opting for a camel statuette.
| 390 |
Che (2008 film)
| 10 |
2,881,459 |
# Che (2008 film)
## Home media {#home_media}
The film was released on Region 1 DVD in January 2009 exclusively from Blockbuster for 60 days as per an agreement with IFC. The Criterion Collection was originally scheduled to release the film on Region 1 Blu-ray Disc in December 2009. However, the release date was rescheduled to 19 January 2010. The two-disc Blu-ray Disc release features 1080p video and a Spanish DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1 soundtrack (with English subtitles).
Additional supplements include audio commentaries on both films featuring Jon Lee Anderson---author of *Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life*, and a 20-page booklet featuring an essay by film critic Amy Taubin. There are also three short documentaries on Guevara: *Making Che*---a documentary about the film\'s production, *Che and the Digital Revolution*---a documentary about the Red One Camera technology that was used in the film\'s production, and *End of a Revolution*---a 1968 documentary by Brian Moser who was in Bolivia looking for Che when Che was executed
| 163 |
Che (2008 film)
| 11 |
2,881,462 |
# Arachnocampa
***Arachnocampa*** is a genus of nine fungus gnat species which have a bioluminescent larval stage, akin to the larval stage of glowworm beetles. The species of *Arachnocampa* are endemic to Australia and New Zealand, dwelling in caves and grottos, or sheltered places in forests.
A previous placement was in the genus *Bolitophila*. This species and several related species were moved in 1924 to a new genus, *Arachnocampa*, meaning \"spider web-worm,\" for the way the larvae hang sticky silk threads to ensnare prey. The genus *Arachnocampa* belongs in the family Keroplatidae.
## Common features {#common_features}
*Arachnocampa* species have holometabolous metamorphosis with eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Individuals spend most of their lives as larvae.
These flies live from about 6 through 12 months as larvae, depending on food availability. A larva is only about 3--5 mm long when it emerges from its egg, and can grow up to about 3 cm long.
The larva spins a nest out of silk on the ceiling of the cave and then hangs down as many as 70 threads of silk (called snares) from around the nest, each up to 30 or 40 cm long and holding droplets of mucus. The larvae can only live in a place out of the wind, to stop their lines being tangled, hence caves, overhangs or deep rainforest. In some species, the droplets of mucus on the silk threads are poisonous, enhancing the trap\'s ability to subdue prey quickly.
A larva\'s glow attracts prey into its threads. The roof of a cave covered with larva can look remarkably like a blue starry sky at night. A hungry larva glows brighter than one that has just eaten.. Prey include midges, mayflies, caddisflies, mosquitos, moths, and even small snails or millipedes. When a prey animal is caught by a snare, its larva pulls it up (at up to about 2 mm a second) and feeds on the prey. When *Arachnocampa* prey are scarce, larvae may show cannibalism, eating other larvae, pupae or adult flies.
The glow is the result of a chemical reaction that involves luciferin, the substrate; luciferase, the enzyme that acts upon luciferin; adenosine triphosphate, the energy molecule; and oxygen. It occurs in modified excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules in the abdomen. Unlike other insects, *Arachnocampa* tubules have light producing cells at the tips, which function independently of the waste excretion cells.
The body of the larva is soft while the head capsule is hard. When it outgrows the head capsule it moults, shedding its skin. This happens four times throughout its life.
At the end of the larva stage, it becomes a pupa, hanging down from the roof of the cave. The pupa stage lasts about 1 or 2 weeks and it glows intermittently. The male stops glowing a few days before emerging, the female\'s glow increases. The glow from the female is believed to be to attract a mate, and males may be waiting there when she emerges.
The adults of both sexes cannot feed and live only a short time. They glow, but only intermittently. Their sole purpose is to mate, and for the female to lay eggs. Adult insects are poor fliers and so will often remain in the same area, building a colony of glowworms. The female lays a total of about 130 eggs, in clumps of 40 or 50, and dies soon after laying. The eggs hatch after about 20 days and the cycle repeats.
The larvae are sensitive to light and disturbance and will retreat into their nests and stop glowing if they or their snares are touched. Generally they have few predators. Their greatest danger is from human interference.
## Species
- *Arachnocampa buffaloensis* Baker, 2010 is found in an alpine cave on Mount Buffalo in Victoria. Its presence suggests rainforest may have extended up the mountain in the past. This species is listed as a threatened species in Victoria (listed as *Arachnocampa* sp. \"Mount Buffalo glow-worm\").
- *Arachnocampa flava* Harrison, 1966 is found in Queensland. The Natural Bridge in the Gold Coast hinterland is one well-known habitat.
- *Arachnocampa gippslandensis* Baker, 2010 - eastern Victoria
- *Arachnocampa girraweenensis* Baker, 2010 - southeast Queensland and northern New South Wales
- *Arachnocampa luminosa* (Skuse, 1891) is found in New Zealand, in both the North and South islands.
- *Arachnocampa otwayensis* Baker, 2010 - western Victoria
- *Arachnocampa richardsae* Harrison, 1966 is found in New South Wales. The Newnes glow worm tunnel in the Blue Mountains is one well-known habitat.
- *Arachnocampa tasmaniensis* Ferguson, 1925 is found in Tasmania (as the name suggests). One habitat is the Marakoopa Cave, Mole Creek near Cradle Mountain
| 774 |
Arachnocampa
| 0 |
2,881,463 |
# Germanos III of Old Patras
**Germanos III of Old Patras** (*Παλαιών Πατρών Γερμανός Γʹ*; 25 March 1771 -- 30 May 1826), born **Georgios Kontzias** (Γεώργιος Κοντζιάς), was an Orthodox Metropolitan of Patras. He played an important role in the Greek Revolution of 1821, having diplomatic and political activity.
Germanos was born in Dimitsana, northwestern Arcadia, Peloponnese. Before his consecration as Metropolitan of Patras by Patriarch Gregory V, he had served as a priest and protosyncellus in Smyrna. He died in Nafplio.
## Greek Revolution {#greek_revolution}
According to tradition and several written sources, on March 25 (6 April in the Gregorian calendar), the Feast of Annunciation, 1821, Bishop Germanos proclaimed the Greek national uprising against the Ottoman Empire and blessed the flag of the revolution at the Monastery of Agia Lavra. Earlier, another revolt of the Greek War of Independence had also been declared on February 21 by Alexandros Ypsilantis in Iaşi, which was crushed by June 1821
| 158 |
Germanos III of Old Patras
| 0 |
2,881,472 |
# David Neumann
**David Neumann** is an American choreographer, dancer, and actor. He is known for his magnetic energy and his charismatic performances. He is a 2019 Tony nominated choreographer for Hadestown
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in 1965 in Paris, Neumann grew up in South Brunswick, New Jersey, and graduated from South Brunswick High School in 1983. He was infatuated with movement from a young age and had incredible energy as a child. He describes the particular problems this posed for his parents saying that they devised a "weird bungee cord kind of harness thing, so whenever I got a good burst of speed, I would always return to where I started. I was very, very active as a kid."
Neumann eventually used this energy into dance. He was part of his high school\'s dance company and experimented with popular dance forms in clubs and informal performance spaces. He eventually went on to perform with the late club legend Willi Ninja, well known for his appearance in the film Paris is Burning.
Neumann went on to study theater at the State University of New York at Purchase, while continuing to dance. He first started working with Doug Elkins during that time. He went on to be a founding member of the Doug Elkins Dance Company and he worked with them for eight years.
## Career
After his graduation in 1988 Neumann continued dancing and worked with the Doug Elkins Dance Company, with whom he toured nationally and internationally. Neumann has continued to work within the dance field while also expanding to include work in theatre, opera and film. He has worked with directors such as Hal Hartley, Laurie Anderson, Robert Woodruff, Lee Breuer, Peter Sellars, JoAnn Akalaitis, Chris Bayes, Mark Wing-Davey, Daniel Sullivan, Les Waters and Molly Smith.
Neumann has received various critical accolades for his work both as a dance and as a choreographer. Notably he received a Bessie award in 1991 for his performance and in 1998 for his choreography.
Neumann founded his own company called the advanced beginner group in 2001. His work has been supported by various grants including the [Foundation for Contemporary Arts](https://www.foundationforcontemporaryarts.org/) Grants to Artists award (2011), 2009 Creative Capital Award, a 2007 Meet the Composer Grant, a 2004 Rockefeller Foundation Multi-Arts Production grant and a 1993 Princess Grace Fellowship in Theater. This group has received various commissions and most recently appeared at Jacob\'s Pillow Dance Festival.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Neumann is married to singer/actress Erica Sweany
| 415 |
David Neumann
| 0 |
2,881,485 |
# Ini (pharaoh)
**Menkheperre Ini** (or **Iny Si-Ese Meryamun**) was an Egyptian king reigning at Thebes during the 8th century BC following the last king of the 23rd Dynasty, Rudamun.
## Attestations
Menkheperre Ini was probably Rudamun\'s successor at Thebes but was not a member of his predecessor\'s 23rd dynasty. Unlike the 23rd dynasty rulers, he was a local king who ruled only at Thebes for at least 4--5 years after the death of Rudamun. His existence was first revealed with the publication of a dated Year 5 graffito at an Egyptian temple by Helen Jacquet-Gordon in 1979. Prior to 1989, he was conventionally attested by only three documents:
- Graffito No. 11 which dates to Year 5 III Shemu day 10 of an \"Iny Si-Ese Meryamun\" on the roof of Khonsu Temple (as noted by Jacquet-Gordon);
- A bronze plaque in Durham University which preserves his nomen: \"Son of Re Iny\"; and
- A shard from Abydos.
Then in 1989, Jean Yoyotte published an important new study on Ini/Iny\'s reign in a CRIPEL 11 paper. Below is a partial English summary of his article by Chris Bennett:
: Engraved on a bronze plaque in Durham (N 2186) is the cartouche of the \'Son of Re Iny\'. This is surely the same individual as the \'Pharaoh Iny\' known from *Graffito no 11* of the Temple of Khonsu (AEB 79244) where his Vth year is cited. A shard (now lost) from Amélineau\'s work at Abydos bears perhaps another reference to the same king. H. Jacquet-Gordon has shown that the accession of this enigmatic king can be dated c. 780/770 BC or 753/743 BC (calculated here from Table 6 in AEB 86.0470). There exists, however no epigraphic evidence that to prove that the king Mn-hpr-R\' \[\...\]y of the famous poetic stele Louvre C100 and of the calcite jar Cairo CG 18498 is in fact the Kushite Pi\[\'ankh\]y (so AEB 69061); on the contrary, the reconstruction \[In\]y is perfectly acceptable here. Some remarks ensue concerning the use of \'imperial\' and old-fashioned royal titularies, and also archaizing bas-reliefs, during the late TIPE. In this context, the titulary of Iny, which is formally archaizing, can be seen as expressing an ambitious project\....two very unusual epithets of Iny --- \'Creator of the Arts\' and \'Multiplier of\...Warriors\' --- could also suggest a \'Revolutionary\' aspect held by this figure, who was apparently an outsider amongst the Theban \'Sons of Isis Beloved of Amun\" of the 23rd Dynasty.
| 409 |
Ini (pharaoh)
| 0 |
2,881,485 |
# Ini (pharaoh)
## Identity
Yoyotte\'s proposed identification of Menkheperre as the prenomen of King Ini/Iny, was based on his examination of the surviving traces of this king\'s nomen in the Louvre stela which he believed conformed better with the name Iny than the Nubian Dynasty 25 ruler Pi(ankh)y/Piye. His arguments here are today accepted by virtually all Egyptologists including Jürgen von Beckerath in the latter\'s 1999 book on royal Egyptian kings\' names.
It had been previously suggested that Menkheperre was a prenomen or royal title for Piye but this is undermined by the fact that the Nubian king is known to have employed two other prenomens during his lifetime: Usimare and Sneferre. Barring this, Ini was only a local king of Thebes who ruled Egypt concurrently with Peftjaubast of Herakleopolis and Nimlot of Hermopolis. Ini may have been deposed around Piye\'s year 20 invasion of Egypt since he does not appear in the latter\'s year 21 Gebel Barkal Victory stela, but this hypothesis remains to be proven because Piye could well have permitted Ini to remain in power as king of Thebes. In this case, Ini would have been a Nubian vassal in Thebes. Evidence to this effect includes the name of king Ini\'s daughter, Mutirdis (TT410), and the style of Louvre stela C100 which Kenneth Kitchen dated to the early 25th Nubian Dynasty period. However, all three of Ini\'s nomen cartouche on his Louvre C100 stela were erased and his figure was partly damaged which may imply that Piye\'s successor Shabaka removed Ini from power and carried out a damnatio memoriae campaign against his monuments. This would justify the view that Graffito No. 11 was carved not long before the establishment of full Kushite dominion over Egypt by Shabaka who would not have tolerated a native Egyptian king in the important city of Thebes which would pose a threat to the authority of the 25th Nubian dynasty
| 319 |
Ini (pharaoh)
| 1 |
2,881,504 |
# Alida Rockefeller Messinger
**Alida Rockefeller Messinger** (born 1948) is an American philanthropist who is an heir to the Rockefeller family fortune.
A donor to Democratic candidates and environmentalist causes, she is the former of wife of former Minnesota governor and former U.S. Senator Mark Dayton, and also sister to former West Virginia governor and former U.S. Senator Jay Rockefeller. She has notably been a major donor to progressive political causes in her home state of Minnesota.
Outside of activism, she is a former trustee of the Rockefeller Family Fund, a public charity started by her father and his siblings. Her great-grandfather is John D. Rockefeller, the founder of the Standard Oil Company and widely considered to be the wealthiest American of all time and the richest person in modern history.
## Early life and family {#early_life_and_family}
Messinger was born in 1948. She is the youngest daughter of John Davison Rockefeller III (1906--78) and Blanchette Ferry Hooker (1909--92), and a fourth-generation member of the Rockefeller family. Her brother is former Senator John Davison \"Jay\" Rockefeller IV (born 1937).
Messinger\'s father began to teach her about philanthropy when she was five years old. She has said, \"My father and mother\'s greatest fear was that their four children might take their wealth for granted and grow up spoiled and arrogant \... They wanted us to learn early that with wealth comes responsibility.\"
## Philanthropy
Messinger is a major donor to conservation and environmental organizations. Her Alida R. Messinger Charitable Trust also funds conservation and environmental groups, as does the Rockefeller Family Fund, founded in 1967, of which she is a trustee.
Messinger also contributes financially to the Center for Public Integrity. She is a significant political donor to progressive and Democratic causes, donating millions of dollars.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
From 1978 to 1986, she was married to Mark Dayton (b. 1947), the son of Bruce Dayton, who was part of a family that started the retail store that eventually became Target. Dayton later served as a United States senator for Minnesota from 2001 until 2007 and as Governor of Minnesota from 2011 to 2019. Before divorcing in 1986, Messinger and Dayton had two sons together, Eric and Andrew Dayton.
After the divorce, she married William Messinger, president of Aureus, an addiction recovery organization. They have one daughter
| 386 |
Alida Rockefeller Messinger
| 0 |
2,881,507 |
# USS Mattabesett
**USS *Mattabesett**\'\' or***Mattabesset**\'\' may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:
- , a schooner-rigged, wooden hulled, double-ended, sidewheel gunboat that served from 1864 until 1865
- , a gasoline tanker, that served from 1945 until 1968
Category:United States Navy ship names
| 48 |
USS Mattabesett
| 0 |
2,881,513 |
# Salman Raduyev
**Salman Betyrovich Raduyev** (or **Raduev**; *Салма́н Бетырович Раду́ев*; 13 February 1967 -- 14 December 2002) was a Chechen militant and separatist field commander, from 1994 to 1999, who masterminded and was responsible for the Kizlyar hostage taking raid. His activities, in his role as a commander, made him \"Russia\'s second most wanted man.\"
Georgi Derluguian also called him \"the *enfant terrible\]\]*\" of Chechen resistance due to his eccentric behavior outside his military career: he wore a uniform decorated by what he claimed to be the insignia of Genghis Khan, a black military beret like that of Saddam Hussein, an Arab keffiyeh around his neck and aviator sunglasses to hide his face which had been heavily reconstructed after multiple surgeries due to the injuries he sustained as a militant.
Radyev was arrested in 2000 and died in the Russian penal colony White Swan in 2002, under mysterious circumstances.
## Early life {#early_life}
Raduyev was born in 1967 into the Gordaloy teip in Novogroznensky near Gudermes in eastern Chechnya.
During the early 1980s, Raduyev was active in the communist youth league Komsomol of which he eventually became a leader. After attending a high school in Gudermes, Raduyev served from 1985 to 1987 as a construction engineer in a Russian Strategic Rocket Forces unit stationed in the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, where he became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
After demobilization, he studied economics and worked in the Soviet construction industry.
Like other Chechens who sought Islamic education in Central Asia in the early 90s, Raduyev also got a grounding in the Islamic sciences, having studied at a madrasa in Namangan, in Uzbekistan.
After Chechnya declared independence, he was appointed the prefect of Gudermes in June 1992 by his father-in-law, Dzhokhar Dudayev, who was the president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. He also married Dudayev\'s niece.
## Early military career {#early_military_career}
During the First Chechen War, Raduyev became a field commander for the separatist Chechen forces. He fought in the battle of Grozny and was wounded in March 1995 during an attempt to capture him by the Russian special forces.
In October 1995, he led the 6th Brigade based in the strategically important Gudermessky District and was responsible for the Gudermessky, part of the capital Grozny and the town of Argun.
On 14 December 1995, Raduyev, along with Sultan Geliskhanov, led a raid on the city of Gudermes.
On 9 January 1996, Raduyev (allegedly copying Shamil Basayev\'s 1995 Budyonnovsk attack in Chechnya) led a large-scale Kizlyar hostage-taking raid in the neighboring Russian region of Dagestan, where his men took at least 2,000 civilians hostage. The raid, which made Raduyev world-famous, escalated into an all-out battle that ended with the complete destruction of the border village of Pervomayskoye, and led to other Chechen leaders criticizing the attack.
In March 1996, a sniper shot Raduyev in the head, but he survived despite being incorrectly reported dead; Russian special forces claimed to have killed him in revenge for the Kizlyar attack, while other sources said he was shot in a Chechen feud. On 7 March 63 out of 101 deputies of the Parliament of Estonia sent condolences to Dudayev expressing \"deep sympathy with the Chechen people\" on \"the loss of commander Raduyev\", sparking a row with the Russian Duma. Raduyev went for medical treatment abroad.
| 558 |
Salman Raduyev
| 0 |
2,881,513 |
# Salman Raduyev
## Later military career {#later_military_career}
In the summer of 1996, Raduyev returned to the republic and refused the orders of Chechnya\'s acting president, Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, to stop carrying out terrorist operations (such as ordering bombings of trolleybuses in Moscow and train stations in Armavir and Pyatigorsk), in light of the ceasefire and talks that would lead up to the Khasav-Yurt Accord. Raduyev even accused Yandarbiyev of treason for agreeing to a ceasefire and threatened to attack him.
Raduyev, whose face was deformed due to injuries, and now hidden behind the bushy red beard and black sunglasses, was the only field commander to announce openly that the \"war without rules\" with Russia would continue despite the signing of the peace agreement.
In 1997, the newly elected Chechen president Aslan Maskhadov stripped Raduyev of the rank of brigadier general and demoted him to private. However, further action was blocked by opposition from Raduyev-led war veterans, including a prolonged rally in Grozny. This rally ended in a shootout, resulting in the deaths of both the commander of Raduyev\'s militia, Vakha Dzhafarov, and of the Chechen security forces chief Lechi Khultygov. Meanwhile, Raduyev kept claiming responsibility for every explosion in Russia, even including accidental gas leaks. He claimed that Dudayev, who had died in 1996, was still alive and issuing orders to him from \"a secret NATO base in Turkey\" with the goal of the \"liberation\" of the entire North Caucasus.
Raduyev\'s eccentric behavior, however, was not widely popular in Chechnya. Many openly doubted his sanity: in an interview in 1997, Maskhadov described Raduyev as \"mentally ill\". Even Basayev, who has been Raduyev\'s ally in the opposition against Maskhadov, reportedly called him \"crazy\". In October 1997, Raduyev was again severely injured by a car bomb which killed three other people. Previously, he had survived at least two other assassination attempts in April and July 1997.
In September 1998, Raduyev announced a \"temporary moratorium\" on acts of terrorism. Raduyev claimed he had freed nine kidnapped Russian servicemen from their captors. He also came into conflict within Islamist circles and called for a ban of \"Wahhabism\" in Chechnya. On 4 November 1998, Chechnya\'s Islamic court sentenced Raduyev in absence to four years in prison for allegedly attempting to overthrow Maskhadov, but made no attempt to arrest him.
In January 1999, he backed the republic\'s parliament in its conflict with the Sharia Court. His private army-style militia, some 1,000-strong and called \"General Dudayev\'s Army\", was reportedly involved in several train robberies.
In early 1999, Raduyev vanished from the public again while undergoing a major plastic surgery operation in Germany. The alleged implants of titanium earned him the nickname of \"Titanic\" in Russia, while in Chechnya he became popularly known as \"Michael Jackson\", a reference to his plastic surgery. Still seriously ill and recovering from surgery, Raduyev vowed \"reprisals\" against Russia for the March 1999 sentencing of two Chechen women.
In September 1999, at the start of the Second Chechen War, Raduyev organized a rally in Grozny attended by 12,000 people where he urged residents to stay home and prepare to defend the city. His militia was reported to be virtually destroyed by a series of serious setbacks during the early fighting in late 1999, and he stopped talking about planning and organizing new attacks afterward.
| 551 |
Salman Raduyev
| 1 |
2,881,513 |
# Salman Raduyev
## Arrest and trial {#arrest_and_trial}
Raduyev was captured in March 2000 by the Russian special operations FSB unit *Vympel* in his home in Novogroznensky (now Oyskhara, near Gudermes). During the second war Raduyev was very ill and had to go for treatment abroad, so he shaved his beard and moved to a house near the border in preparation for the exit. However, one of his men informed the Russian forces about his location and he was arrested without incident. Russian president Vladimir Putin said that Raduyev had confessed to trying to assassinate Eduard Shevardnadze, the president of Georgia.
Raduyev was tried on 18 different charges, including terrorism, banditry, hostage-taking, organization of murders and organization of illegal armed formations. He pleaded not guilty, maintained he was only following orders, claimed to suffer from no mental disorders, and said he hoped to be released from prison in some 10--12 years. Dozens of witnesses were called to testify, but many of the alleged victims of his actions refused to participate. In December 2001, he was sentenced to life in prison. His appeal was rejected by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in April 2002.
## Death
In December 2002, Raduyev died in the White Swan penal colony in Solikamsk from internal bleeding. The Russian authorities said he was not beaten to death, but died due to \"serious and protracted diseases\". Raduyev\'s body was not returned to his family because of a newly introduced Russian law barring the release of bodies of people convicted (or accused) of terrorism.
The circumstances surrounding the death of Raduyev are not clear, and according to his family and others he was murdered in prison after he refused to talk about the accusations against Akhmed Zakayev, then arrested in Denmark. *Kommersant* daily said that \"the real reason for Raduyev\'s death will probably never be known\", while *Vremya Novostei* suggested that after being forced to give all the information requested from him, he was \"no longer needed\" by the Russian authorities and killed. Amnesty International has called for a full investigation into the circumstances surrounding his death but the request was ignored and his body was not exhumed.
Salman Raduyev left wife and two sons -- Johar and Zelimhan -- who are living abroad
| 378 |
Salman Raduyev
| 2 |
2,881,534 |
# Akiko Suwanai
is a Japanese classical violinist.
At the age of 18, she became the youngest winner of the International Tchaikovsky Competition in 1990. In addition, she was awarded second prize in the Paganini Competition in 1988 and Queen Elisabeth Competition in 1989 and is a laureate of the Music Competition of Japan.
She has studied with Toshiya Eto at the Toho Gakuen School of Music, with Dorothy DeLay and Cho-Liang Lin at the Juilliard School of Music while at Columbia University, and with Uwe-Martin Haiberg at the Universität der Künste Berlin.
Until 2019 she played the 1714 Dolphin Stradivarius, on loan from the Nippon Music Foundation. After it was returned she received the \"Charles Reade\" Guarneri del Gesù on loan from Japanese collector Ryuji Ueno.
## Discography
- *Bruch: Concerto No. 1 / Scottish Fantasy*
: Akiko Suwanai, violin
: Sir Neville Marriner, Academy of St. Martin in the Fields
: November 11, 1997: Philips Classics Records
- *Akiko Suwanai: Souvenir*
: Akiko Suwanai, violin; Phillip Moll, piano
: June 8, 1998: Philips Classics Records
- *Dvořák: Violin Concerto, etc
| 182 |
Akiko Suwanai
| 0 |
2,881,544 |
# Moratorium (entertainment)
A **moratorium** is the practice of suspending the sales of films on home video DVD, VHS, and Blu-ray and boxed sets after a certain period of time. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment was famous for this practice, known as the \"Disney Vault,\" in which it would only sporadically sell home videos of animated films in the Disney catalogue, until 2019 when a program of undeletions and re-releases ultimately restored all Disney titles into simultaneous print on home entertainment for the first time and on the Disney+ streaming service. The 20th Century Fox film library (with the notable exception of *The Rocky Horror Picture Show*) was placed into moratorium and removed from theaters following Disney\'s acquisition of 21st Century Fox in 2019 according to a *Vulture* article; the decision noted the different policies between Fox, which had made most of its film archive available to theaters at all times, and Disney, which did (and does) not.
## History
Disney was the first studio to put its films on moratorium. In 2002, Universal Pictures used this practice with the release of the *Back to the Future* DVD boxed set due to widescreen framing problems. George Lucas also used this practice with the 2004 *Star Wars* original trilogy DVD boxed set. However, the moratorium was lifted on *Back to the Future* in 2009 before the release of the 25th anniversary Blu-ray set on October 26, 2010, and on *Star Wars*, once *Star Wars: Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith* was released to theatres on May 19, 2005, and releasing the original theatrical versions of the original trilogy on DVD on September 12, 2006.
## Controls
Disney itself stated that the practice of moratorium was done to both control their market and to allow Disney films to be fresh for new generations of young children.
The practice of moratorium has been frowned upon by consumers because it forces higher sale prices. A normal DVD that is sold under moratorium can sell at retail for a very high price relative to the general run of DVDs. However, prices are known to drop near the end of the issue. In the past, a moratorium created urgency for people interested in a film to obtain it before it became unavailable. A side effect of the moratorium process was the fact that videos and DVDs of films, once they are placed on moratorium, would become collector\'s items. Additional unintended side-effects to the practice of moratorium had made films a prime target for internet piracy and bootleg sales
| 423 |
Moratorium (entertainment)
| 0 |
2,881,547 |
# Half-Windsor knot
The **half-Windsor knot**, also known as the single Windsor knot, is a way of tying a necktie which produces a neat, triangular knot. It is larger than the four-in-hand knot and Pratt knot, but smaller than the Windsor knot. The half-Windsor is derived from the Windsor in that it is only brought up around the loop on one side rather than both. It works well with light- and medium-weight fabrics
| 73 |
Half-Windsor knot
| 0 |
2,881,557 |
# John Litel
**John Beach Litel** (December 30, 1892 -- February 3, 1972) was an American film and television actor.
## Early life {#early_life}
Litel was born in Albany, Wisconsin. During World War I, he enlisted in the French Army and was twice decorated for bravery. Back in the U.S. after the war, Litel enrolled in the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and began his stage career.
## Career
His Broadway credits include *Sweet Aloes* (1935), *Hell Freezes Over* (1935), *Life\'s Too Short* (1935), *Strange Gods* (1932), *Before Morning* (1932), *Lilly Turner* (1932), *Ladies of Creation* (1931), *Back Seat Drivers* (1928), *The Half Naked Truth* (1926), *The Beaten Track* (1925), *Thoroughbreds* (1924), and *Irene* (1919).
In 1929, he began appearing in films. Part of the \"Warner Bros. Stock Company\" beginning in the 1930s, he appeared in dozens of Warner Bros. films and was in over 200 films during his entire career. He often played supporting roles such as hard-nosed cops and district attorneys. He was Nancy Drew\'s (Bonita Granville) attorney father, Carson Drew, in four films in 1938 and 1939. Among his other films are *They Drive by Night* (1940); *Knute Rockne, All American* (1940); *They Died with Their Boots On* (1941); and *Scaramouche* (1952). His final film role was in *Nevada Smith* (1966).
In the second season of the Disney series *Zorro*, he played the governor of California in several episodes. During 1960 and 1961, he was seen as Dan Murchison in nine episodes of the ABC Western television series, *Stagecoach West*, starring Wayne Rogers and Robert Bray.
He appeared in many other series as well, including the role of Captain David Rowland in the episode \"Don\'t Get Tough with a Sailor\" on the ABC/Desilu Western series *The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp* starring Hugh O\'Brian. In the story line, Rowland, a former captain in the United States Navy, is a wealthy Arizona Territory rancher who operates his own law and private jail near the Mexican border.
Litel appeared in an episode of *I Love Lucy*, "Mr. and Mrs. T.V. Show", airing November 1, 1954.
He appeared as Mr. Crenshaw in the episode \"The Giant Killer\" of the Western series *Sugarfoot*.
Litel also appeared as Bob Cummings\'s boss Mr. Thackery in the TV series *The Bob Cummings Show* in the early/mid-1950s. Cummings played Robert S. Beanblossom on the show.
## Death
Litel died at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles in 1972.
| 412 |
John Litel
| 0 |
2,881,557 |
# John Litel
## Selected filmography {#selected_filmography}
- *Always Faithful* (1929, Short) as Wayne
- *On the Border* (1930) as Dave
- *Wayward* (1932) as Robert \'Bob\' Daniels
- *Fugitive in the Sky* (1936) as Mike Phelan - aka Roger Johnson
- *Give Me Liberty* (1936, Short) as Patrick Henry
- *Black Legion* (1937) as Tommy Smith
- *Midnight Court* (1937) as Victor Shanley
- *Marked Woman* (1937) as Gordon
- *Slim* (1937) as Wyatt Ranstead
- *The Life of Emile Zola* (1937) as Charpentier
- *Back in Circulation* (1937) as Dr. Eugene Forde
- *Alcatraz Island* (1937) as Garrett Sloane aka \'Gat\' Brady
- *The Man Without a Country* (1937, Short) as Lt. Philip Nolan
- *Missing Witnesses* (1937) as Inspector Robedrt L. Lane
- *Gold is Where You Find It* (1938) as Ralph Ferris
- *A Slight Case of Murder* (1938) as Post
- *Jezebel* (1938) as Jean La Cour
- *Love, Honor and Behave* (1938) as Jim Blake
- *Over the Wall* (1938) as Father Neil Connor
- *Little Miss Thoroughbred* (1938) as Nelson \'Nails\' Morgan
- *My Bill* (1938) as John Rudlin
- *The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse* (1938) as Mr. Monroe, the prosecuting attorney
- *Valley of the Giants* (1938) as Hendricks
- *Broadway Musketeers* (1938) as Stanley \'Stan\' Dowling
- *Nancy Drew\... Detective* (1938) as Carson Drew
- *Declaration of Independence* (1938, Short) as Thomas Jefferson
- *Comet Over Broadway* (1938) as Bill Appleton
- *Wings of the Navy* (1939) as Commander Clark
- *Nancy Drew\... Reporter* (1939) as Carson Drew
- *Secret Service of the Air* (1939) as Saxby
- *You Can\'t Get Away with Murder* (1939) as Attorney Carey
- *Dodge City* (1939) as Matt Cole
- *On Trial* (1939) as Robert Strickland
- *Nancy Drew\... Trouble Shooter* (1939) as Carson Drew
- *Nancy Drew and the Hidden Staircase* (1939) as Carson Drew
- *Dust Be My Destiny* (1939) as Prosecutor
- *On Dress Parade* (1939) as Col. Michael Riker
- *One Hour to Live* (1939) as Rudolph Spain
- *The Return of Doctor X* (1939) as Dr. Francis Flegg
- *A Child Is Born* (1939) as Dr. Brett
- *The Fighting 69th* (1940) as Capt. Mangan
- *Castle on the Hudson* (1940) as Chaplain
- *Virginia City* (1940) as Thomas Marshall
- *It All Came True* (1940) as \"Doc\" Roberts
- *An Angel from Texas* (1940) as Quigley
- *Flight Angels* (1940) as Dr. Barclay
- *Men Without Souls* (1940) as Reverend Thomas Storm
- *Murder in the Air* (1940) as Saxby
- *Gambling on the High Seas* (1940) as U.S. District Attorney
- *The Man Who Talked Too Much* (1940) as District Attorney Dickson
- *They Drive by Night* (1940) as Harry McNamara
- *Money and the Woman* (1940) as Jerremy \'Jerry \' Helm, Bank Manager
- *Knute Rockne, All American* (1940) as Committee Chairman
- *Father is a Prince* (1940) as Dr. Mark Stone
- *Lady with Red Hair* (1940) as Charles Bryant
- *Santa Fe Trail* (1940) as Martin
- *Father\'s Son* (1941) as William Emory
- *The Trial of Mary Dugan* (1941) as Mr. West
- *The Great Mr. Nobody* (1941) as John Wade
- *The Big Boss* (1941) as Bob Dugan
- *Thieves Fall Out* (1941) as Tim Gordon
- *Henry Aldrich for President* (1941) as Mr. Aldrich
- *They Died with Their Boots On* (1941) as General Phil Sheridan
- *Sealed Lips* (1942) as Fred M. Morton / Mike Rofano
- *Don Winslow of the Navy* (1942) as Spencer Merlin
- *Kid Glove Killer* (1942) as Matty
- *Mississippi Gambler* (1942) as Jim Hadley aka Francis Carvel
- *The Mystery of Marie Roget* (1942) as Beauvais
- *A Desperate Chance for Ellery Queen* (1942) as Norman Hadley
- *Henry and Dizzy* (1942) as Mr. Aldrich
- *Men of Texas* (1942) as Colonel Colbert Scott
- *Invisible Agent* (1942) as John Gardiner
- *Henry Aldrich, Editor* (1942) as Mr. Sam Aldrich
- *The Boss of Big Town* (1942) as Michael Lynn
- *Madame Spy* (1942) as Peter Rolf
- *Murder in Times Square* (1943) as Dr. Blaine
- *Henry Aldrich Gets Glamour* (1943) as Mr. Sam Aldrich
- *Crime Doctor* (1943) as Emilio Caspari
- *Henry Aldrich Swings It* (1943) as Mr. Sam Aldrich
- *Submarine Base* (1943) as James Xavier \'Jim\' Taggart
- *So Proudly We Hail!* (1943) as Dr. Harrison
- *Henry Aldrich Haunts a House* (1943) as Mr. Sam Aldrich
- *Where Are Your Children?* (1943) as Judge Edmonds
- *Henry Aldrich, Boy Scout* (1944) as Mr. Sam Aldrich
- *Henry Aldrich Plays Cupid* (1944) as Mr. Sam Aldrich
- *Henry Aldrich\'s Little Secret* (1944) as Mr. Sam Aldrich
- *My Buddy* (1944) as Father Jim Donnelly
- *Murder in the Blue Room* (1944) as Frank Baldrich
- *Faces in the Fog* (1944) as Dr. Mason
- *Lake Placid Serenade* (1944) as Walter Benda
- *Brewster\'s Millions* (1945) as Swearengen Jones
- *Salome, Where She Danced* (1945) as Gen. Lee
- *Crime Doctor\'s Warning* (1945) as Inspector Dawes
- *The Crimson Canary* (1945) as Roger Quinn
- *Northwest Trail* (1945) as Sergeant Means
- *The Daltons Ride Again* (1945) as Mitchael J. \'Mike\' Bohannon
- *The Enchanted Forest* (1945) as Ed Henderson
- *San Antonio* (1945) as Charlie Bell
- *The Madonna\'s Secret* (1946) as Police Lt. Roberts
- *Smooth as Silk* (1946) as Stephen Elliott
- *Night in Paradise* (1946) as Archon
- *She Wrote the Book* (1946) as Dean Fowler
- *The Return of Rusty* (1946) as Hugh Mitchell
- *Sister Kenny* (1946) as Medical Director
- *Swell Guy* (1946) as Arthur Tyler
- *Lighthouse* (1947) as Hank Armitage
- *Easy Come, Easy Go* (1947) as Tom Clancy
- *The Beginning or the End* (1947) as K.T. Keller
- *The Guilty* (1947) as Alex Tremholt
- *Heaven Only Knows* (1947) as Reverend Wainwright
- *Christmas Eve* (1947) as Joe Bland, FBI Agent
- *Cass Timberlane* (1947) as Webb Wargate
- *My Dog Rusty* (1948) as Hugh Mitchell
- *Smart Woman* (1948) as Clark
- *I, Jane Doe* (1948) as Horton
- *Key Largo* (1948) as Dispatcher (uncredited)
- *Pitfall* (1948) as District Attorney
- *Triple Threat* (1948) as Coach Snyder
- *Rusty Leads the Way* (1948) as Hugh Mitchell
- *The Valiant Hombre* (1948) as Lon Lansdell
- *Rusty Saves a Life* (1949) as Hugh Mitchell
- *Shamrock Hill* (1949) as Ralph Judson
- *Outpost in Morocco* (1949) as Col. Pascal
- *The Gal Who Took the West* (1949) as Colonel Logan
- *Rusty\'s Birthday* (1949) as Hugh Mitchell
- *Mary Ryan, Detective* (1949) as Police Captain Billings
- *The Sundowners* (1950) as John Gall
- *Woman in Hiding* (1950) as John Chandler
- *Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye* (1950) as Police Chief Sam Tolgate
- *The Fuller Brush Girl* (1950) as Mr. Watkins
- *Cuban Fireball* (1951) as Pomeroy Sr.
- *The Groom Wore Spurs* (1951) as Uncle George
- *The Texas Rangers* (1951) as Texas Ranger Major John B. Jones
- *Take Care of My Little Girl* (1951) as John Erickson (uncredited)
- *Little Egypt* (1951) as Shuster
- *Two-Dollar Bettor* (1951) as John Hewitt
- *Flight to Mars* (1951) as Dr. Lane
- *Jet Job* (1952) as Sam Bentley
- *Scaramouche* (1952) as Dr. Dubuque
- *Montana Belle* (1952) as Matt Towner
- *Jack Slade* (1953) as Judge Davidson
- *Sitting Bull* (1954) as Gen. Wilford Howell
- *Double Jeopardy* (1955) as Emmett Devery
- *The Kentuckian* (1955) as Pleasant Tuesday Babson
- *Texas Lady* (1955) as Meade Moore
- *The Wild Dakotas* (1956) as Morgan Wheeler
- *Comanche* (1956) as Gen. Nelson A. Miles
- *Runaway Daughters* (1956) as George Barton
- *The Hired Gun* (1957) as Mace Beldon
- *Decision at Sundown* (1957) as Charles Summerton
- *Houseboat* (1958) as Mr. William Farnsworth
- *The Restless Gun* (1958) Episode \"A Bell for Santo Domingo\"
- *Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea* (1961) as Vice-Adm. B.J. Crawford
- *Pocketful of Miracles* (1961) as Police Inspector McCrary
- *Lover Come Back* (1961) as Williams, Ad Council Board Member (uncredited)
- *The Gun Hawk* (1963) as Drunk - Madden\'s father
- *The Sons of Katie Elder* (1965) as Minister
- *Nevada Smith* (1966) as Doctor
## Selected television {#selected_television}
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------------------- -------------------------- ------------------------------------------
1955 Du Pont Cavalcade Theater Dr. William D. Silkworth Season 4 Episode 7 \"One Day at a Time\"
1958 *Wanted Dead or Alive* Judge George Healy Season , Episode \"Sheriff of Red Rock\"
1958 *The Restless Gun* Season 1 finale \"Gratitude\"
1959 *The Restless Gun* Mr
| 1,422 |
John Litel
| 1 |
2,881,558 |
# Bawu
The ***bawu**\'\' (`{{zh|s=巴乌|t=巴烏|p=bāwū}}`{=mediawiki}; also***ba wu**\'\') is a Chinese wind instrument. Although shaped like a flute, it is actually a free reed instrument, with a single metal reed. It is played in a transverse (horizontal) manner. It has a pure, clarinet-like timbre and its playing technique incorporates the use of much ornamentation, particularly bending tones.
The *bawu* likely originated in the Yunnan province of southwest China, it has become a standard instrument throughout China, used in modern Chinese compositions for traditional instrument ensembles. The instrument is also closely associated with Hmong, Yi, Hani and other minority cultures in southwestern China. It is typically used as a solo instrument, and is often featured in film scores; it is sometimes also heard in popular music recordings.
Although the *bawu* is still predominantly performed in China, it has in recent years been adopted by European composers and performers. Rohan Leach from England, Raphael De Cock from Belgium, Seán Mac Erlaine from Ireland and Herman Witkam from the Netherlands have all taken the instrument in new directions. The musician Guo Yue, who now resides in England, has long promoted the instrument and plays it on all of his recordings.
This type of instrument is also used during Chinese New Year by the Taiwanese people next to mainland China.It can be played by breathing in or out.
## Design and construction {#design_and_construction}
The bawu is a free-reed aerophone with a cylindrical bore, made of a tube of bamboo closed off at one end by a natural node. Near the closed end, a small square hole is cut and a thin reed of bronze or copper is fastened, with a low plastic or bone mouthpiece around it. This reed is essentially a very thin sheet of metal with a long and narrow isosceles triangle cut into it, which is bent slightly outwards at rest. When the instrument is blown, this thin triangle moves back and forth rapidly through the space left in the metal sheet from which it was cut, like a swinging door. This vibration sets the air column in the instrument in rapid periodic motion, creating sound. The mouth does not contact the reed. Seven or eight finger-holes are positioned 90 degrees out of line with the reed, though this is adjustable in the common two-piece instruments provided with a metal tenon. The bawu typically has a range of an eleventh: on an instrument in \"G\" (according to Chinese custom the note with three upper finger holes down) this range is from B to E. The range is often misreported as a ninth, omitting two underblown notes. Instruments with mechanical keys are available (usually not in natural bamboo whose irregular shape would complicate construction), which expands the range upwards, or upwards and downwards a few notes. For a diatonic scale, the lower two notes are in the fundamental mode of the reed, and the rest of the range is overblown, exciting the vibratory mode of the resonating pipe. The lowest scale degree, and the lowest overblown note are a minor third apart and fingered the same way; this unusually narrow overblowing behavior suggests the instrument has some irregular overtones outside of the standard harmonic series.
The lowest part of the bawu range is very rich in upper harmonics, the lowest of which have amplitudes almost equivalent to that of the fundamental frequency. This results in a rather buzzing timbre that is vaguely harmonica-like and in terms of sound spectrum very typical of free-reed instruments. As successively higher notes are fingered, the upper harmonics are gradually extinguished; the even harmonics are disproportionately affected, resulting in an odd-harmonic-dominated sound in the upper range similar to the clarinet both in terms of spectrum characteristics and subjective tone color. The underblown notes are close to the fundamental frequency of the reed, but the overblown notes are slightly sharp of the fundamental frequency of the air column, suggesting relatively complex acoustics.
The player can initiate sound by either inhaling or exhaling, similar to the *sheng.* However, the upper notes will not speak and some of the lower notes are out of tune when inhaling.
This design is very similar to the Thai Pi so, common in *piphat* ensembles and the Hmong raj nplaim
| 705 |
Bawu
| 0 |
2,881,572 |
# J. O. M. Roberts
Lieutenant Colonel **James Owen Merion Roberts** MVO MBE MC (21 September 1916 -- 1 November 1997) was one of the greatest Himalayan mountaineer-explorers of the twentieth century; a highly decorated British Army officer who achieved his greatest renown as \"the father of trekking\" in Nepal. His exploratory activities are comparable to those of Eric Shipton and Bill Tilman.
Born in Gujarat, India on 21 September 1916 to Henry and Helen Roberts, Roberts spent his early life in India, where his father was a headmaster. After attending King\'s School, Canterbury and then the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, he was commissioned onto the Unattached List for the Indian Army in August 1936 as a 19-year-old subaltern to satisfy his ardent craving for mountaineering. After a probationary year attached to the 1st Battalion, the East Yorkshire Regiment in India, he was posted to the 1st battalion, 1st (King George V\'s Own) Gurkha Rifles in November 1937.
His first major expedition was the J. Waller-led attempt in 1938 on Masherbrum, 7890 metres, in the Karakoram: the weather was bad, the attempt was unsuccessful and J.B. Harrison and R.A. Hodgkin got severely frostbitten. Roberts himself suffered at high altitude and experienced mild frostbite.
He tried to join the post-monsoon 1939 Everest expedition led by Bill Tilman, but the attempt was called off. That year, he recorded the first of his many first ascents, that of **Guan Nelda**, 6303 metres (now called Chau Chau Kang Nilda) in the Spiti Himalaya. The ascent was remarkable for something which became a Roberts hallmark: he climbed without any other \"sahib\" for company, accompanied only by his Gurkhas. In this he was the true successor of the legendary Dr. A. M. Kellas who had climbed in the same fashion in Sikkim before 1914.
He was selected for the abortive 1940 Everest expedition.
The second major first ascent by Roberts was the 1941 climb of the 6431 metres/21,100 peak locally called *Dharmsura* in the Tos Glacier of Kullu Himalaya. He named it **White Sail**.\<
| 338 |
J. O. M. Roberts
| 0 |
2,881,572 |
# J. O. M. Roberts
## Military career {#military_career}
After serving with the 1st battalion, 1st Gurkhas in North Africa, he returned to India and joined the 153 (Gurkha) Indian Para Battalion. He was dropped into North Burma on 3 July 1942 at the head of a small force to survey the Myitkyina area and then march 150 miles North to Fort Hertz. Roberts\'s party reached Fort Hertz in early August and discovered it was still in British hands. On 13 August, a party led by Capt. G.E.C. Newland of 153 Para dropped in on Fort Hertz with engineering supplies and the hitherto-unusable airfield at Fort Hertz was made operational by 20 August. Roberts and his men were extracted around that date. For this operation he was awarded the Military Cross.
As Major commanding \'A\' Company of the 153 (Gurkha) Para Battalion, he took part in the 50th Para Brigade defence of Sangshak in 1944 against the Japanese thrust towards Kohima. The defence of Sangshak was portrayed by some in the Army High Command as not having been exemplary and Brigadier Hope-Thompson, in local command, took the punishment for that. However Slim, the 14th Army Commander personally sent a dispatch praising the bravery of those involved in the six days and nights of hand-to-hand fighting by a force outnumbered by 18 to 1. In fact the action is noted for the highest number of awards for gallantry issued by the Indian Army for a single action. Roberts fought well. The book about the battle by Harry Seaman has a photograph of him.
He led the first combat paratrooper jump in Southeast Asia on 1 May 1945, dropping with a battalion-size force at Elephant Point, South of Rangoon as part of the operation to capture that city, and was mentioned in Despatches.
After the war he transferred to the British Army\'s Brigade of Gurkhas and was posted in Malaya until 1954. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in May 1955 for service in Malaya and made Member of the Royal Victorian Order in 1961.
He went to Kathmandu in 1958 as military attaché. He retired from the British Army in 1962 as a lieutenant colonel.
| 370 |
J. O. M. Roberts
| 1 |
2,881,572 |
# J. O. M. Roberts
## Postwar climbing career highlights {#postwar_climbing_career_highlights}
- 1946 Eastern Karakorams, reconnaissance (sometimes abbreviated recce) of the Saser Kangri massif. First ascent of Lookout Peak, c. 6142 metres/20150, and Stundok Peak, c.6100 metres/20012 ft. His recce report was the basis on which the successful 1973 Indian expedition to Saser Kangri I, 7672 metres / 25170 feet, opted for a change of approach route from West to East that turned out to be the key to success.
- 1950 The most glorious chapter in Roberts\' mountaineering career began with the opening up of Nepal in the 1950s. Roberts was asked to join a team led by Bill Tilman to the Annapurna massif in 1950. The expedition was \'ill-organised and badly led\' and failed to climb even Annapurna IV, but Roberts saw a lot of the Nepalese mountainscape, seen earlier by only very few people like Toni Hagen and Oleg Polunin. The vale of Pokhara came as an Elysian discovery to Roberts. The same year saw the opening of the successful campaign against the 8000 metre peaks with the French achieving the ascent of Annapurna I.
- 1953 Roberts hoped to be invited to join the 1953 Everest team, but found his hopes fulfilled in a disappointing fashion, being asked to organise the transport of oxygen cylinders to Base Camp. Allowed to depart thereafter, Roberts put the time to good use, exploring three valleys lying South and South-west of Everest, and making the first ascent of **Mera**, 6476 metres (other altitudes exist) on 20 May 1953 with Sen Tensing. In recent times this climb has been downgraded to the first ascent of Mera Central (6461 metres) in some places.
- 1954 First ascent of Putha Hiunchuli, 7246 metres, in the Dhaulagiri group with Ang Nyima on Nov.11 during recce of the massif with G. Lorimer.
- 1956 Reconnaissance of Machapuchare
- 1957 Leader of expedition to Machapuchare (*The Fishes\' Tail*), 6993 metres, the only officially recorded attempt. On 2 June the summit team of A D M Cox and C W F Noyce stopped \'some 50 metres below the North summit\' due to lack of time, so the peak is regarded as unclimbed. No further expeditions are allowed to this superbly beautiful peak which is considered holy: apparently Roberts lobbied the Nepal Govt.to have this peak declared out of bounds! Fluted Peak (21800 ft) was first climbed by this expedition.
- 1960 Leader, of the Army Mountaineering Association Annapurna II expedition, 7937 metres: first ascent achieved. This was Chris Bonington\'s first major Himalayan summit.
- 1962 Leader, Dhaulagiri IV, 7660 metres, expedition: reached 6400 metres on masking peak Dhaulagiri VI.
- 1963 Transport Officer, American Mount Everest Expedition
- 1965 Joint Leader, Dhaulagiri IV expedition
- 1971 Joint leader with Norman Dyhrenfurth of the International Everest Expedition that ended in disaster and acrimony after the death of Indian member H. V. Bahuguna on the West Ridge.
A lifelong votary of \'small party mountaineering\', particularly to unexplored areas and mountains, Roberts disliked the repeated attempts on Everest. \"The big \"first\" was taken for ever in 1953\", he wrote in 1979,\"and other firsts must now be sought - the first ascent by a woman, without oxygen, by such and such a nationality, and, a big prize to come, the first ascent in elastic-sided boots.\" However, he was encouraged by a renewed interest in small expeditions: \"\...there are signs that a renaissance of small party mountaineering (even to the highest summits) is on the way.\"
In 1995 he was given the **Back Award** (instituted 1888) by the Royal Geographical Society.
Roberts founded the first trekking and mountaineering outfit **Mountain Travel Nepal** in 1964 to offer the opportunity for wealthy travellers to enjoy the experience of trekking or climbing in Nepal without problems. His trained Gurkha/Sherpa teams, took care of transportation, camping and local liaison, leaving trekkers free to enjoy the thrills. The first trek he managed was one by three elderly ladies to Everest Base Camp in 1965. He is known and revered as \"the father of trekking in Nepal\".
He acted as bird-collector for the British Museum during the 1950 expedition, and maintained an aviary in Pokhara where he bred pheasants. He wrote a brief outline of his life in August 1997 as a two-part blog called *The Himalayan Odyssey* on the mountaintravelnepal.com website just before he died at Pokhara on 1 November 1997. His ashes were scattered in the Seti Khola which flows down from the \"Fishtail\" mountain
| 749 |
J. O. M. Roberts
| 2 |
2,881,577 |
# Export subsidy
**Export subsidy** is a government policy to encourage export of goods and discourage sale of goods on the domestic market through direct payments, low-cost loans, tax relief for exporters, or government-financed international advertising. An export subsidy reduces the price paid by foreign importers, which means domestic consumers pay more than foreign consumers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) prohibits most subsidies directly linked to the volume of exports, except for LDCs. Incentives are given by the government of a country to exporters to encourage export of goods.
Export subsidies are also generated when internal price supports, as in a guaranteed minimum price for a commodity, create more production than can be consumed internally in the country. (These price supports are often coupled with import tariffs, which keeps the domestic price high by discouraging or taxing imports on the difference between the world price and the mandatory minimum.) Instead of letting the commodity rot or destroying it, the government exports it. Saudi Arabia is a net exporter of wheat, Japan often is a net exporter of rice.
At the WTO\'s Tenth Ministerial Conference, which was held in Nairobi, Kenya from 15 to 19 December 2015, the WTO member states agreed to eliminate export subsidies for agricultural products; least-developed nations had until the end of 2018 to eliminate agricultural export subsidies (until 1 January 2017 in relation to cotton exports), while developed nations agreed to eliminate most such subsidies immediately.
Export subsidies can cause inflation: the government subsidises the industry based on costs, but an increase in the subsidy is directly spent on wage hikes demanded by employees. Now the wages in the subsidised industry are higher than elsewhere, which causes the other employees demand higher wages, which are then reflected in prices, resulting in inflation everywhere in the economy.
Some countries provide indirect export subsidies in the form of tax reductions. In the United States closely held exporters of U.S. made goods may get a reduction of tax using an Interest Charge Domestic International Sales Corporation (IC-DISC). Another example is Armenia. According to Armenian legislation, IT companies that suit several criteria are getting 50% of the income tax they have paid back. In 2022, after the drastic revaluation of Armenian Dram against US Dollar, which could potentially harm exporting industries, a proposal has been put into discussion to return the entire amount of tax paid by IT companies during the previous 4 months
| 404 |
Export subsidy
| 0 |
2,881,581 |
# Ministering
**Ministering** is the term for Christian service given to fellow congregants, known as \"ward members,\" within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Prior to April 1, 2018, a somewhat similar program within the church was termed \"**home teaching**\", \"**block teaching**\", and \"**ward teaching**\", when performed by male priesthood holders and \"visiting teaching,\" when performed by female members of the church\'s Relief Society. The previous dual home- and visiting-teaching programs had been designed to allow families to be provided spiritual instruction in their own homes, in addition to weekly church services. The present joint program deemphasizes teaching, replacing it with prayerful consideration given to the needs of one\'s assigned congregants, finding ways to serve and fellowship them.
In areas with few church members, the local units are called branches, rather than wards. The ministering program operates within these branches in a like manner to the wards.
## History
### Home Teaching and Visiting Teaching programs {#home_teaching_and_visiting_teaching_programs}
Home teaching had been introduced to the church by Harold B. Lee, as part of the priesthood correlation effort. The program took effect on January 1, 1964. It replaced the ward teachers, who had previously had similar responsibilities.
The mandate of the correlation committee was to simplify the curriculum of the church, but Lee used it to implement wider changes. Just three days before Lee made his general conference address announcing the home teaching program, Henry D. Moyle objected to the change during a first presidency meeting on the grounds that the correlation committee was overstepping its bounds and taking responsibility away from the presiding bishop who supervised the ward teaching program. Even though Church President David O. McKay probably agreed with Moyle on this issue, he did not intercede to stop Lee.
In May 1963, a home teaching committee was formed with the purpose of visiting stakes and promoting the home teaching program. The committee was chaired by Marion G. Romney. Thomas S. Monson was asked to be a member of the committee five months before his call as an apostle.
### Ministering program {#ministering_program}
During the church\'s April 2018 general conference, church president Russell M. Nelson announced the retirement of home teaching and visiting teaching and its replacement with \"a newer, holier approach\" called ministering.
## Ministering assignments and responsibilities {#ministering_assignments_and_responsibilities}
A ward\'s elders quorum\'s leadership assigns priesthood-holding companionships to entire household families to be served. Often youth, who are members of the teachers or priests quorums, are assigned as a junior companion to a member of the elders quorum.
The ward Relief Society leadership also assigns its members to companionships. These companionships, which may include youth from the ward\'s Young Women organization as junior companions, serve the needs of women and young women members of a family assigned them.
Sometimes the quorum and Relief Society leaders collaborate in order to create a companionship which consists of a Melchizedek priesthood holder and his wife. All assignments are approved by the bishop or the branch president.
With the approval of a mission president, full-time missionaries of the LDS Church may assist church members with these visits
| 518 |
Ministering
| 0 |
2,881,597 |
# The Eternal Dagger
***The Eternal Dagger*** is a top-down role-playing video game published by Strategic Simulations in 1987. It is a sequel to *Wizard\'s Crown* from 1986. Demons from another dimension are invading the world, and the only item that can seal the portal is the titular dagger. Players can transfer their characters over from *Wizard\'s Crown*, minus whatever magical items they had on them.
## Reception
SSI sold 18,471 copies of *The Eternal Dagger* in North America.
*Computer Gaming World*{{\'}}s Scorpia in 1987 described the gameplay as very similar to that of its predecessor, with a few changed spells and in-battle options. She praised the use of a single character to represent the party, but disliked dungeon combat because of the extra step of maneuvering party members into attack positions. Scorpia also felt the game did not have the same balance as the previous, with magic being a much more effective option overall. She also found combat to be more difficult, with wide discrepancies between the \"quick combat\" option and tactical combat, and monsters that generally take much longer to kill. Scorpia also criticized the new fatigue, which decreases weapon skill as party members go without rest, for lengthening travel time and slowing down the game. She concluded that *The Eternal Dagger* was not of the same quality as its predecessor, and recommended patience when playing the game. In 1993 Scorpia reiterated that *The Eternal Dagger* was \"not as good as the previous game\" and, despite the \"interesting plot idea, this game is only for the patient\".
In his column for *ANALOG Computing*, Steve Panak criticized the game\'s \"overly complex and poorly designed setup procedure and difficult-to-use command structure\", but stated that the time needed to finish the game and its predecessor \"is 50 hours well spent indeed\". The game was reviewed in 1988 in *Dragon* #129 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in \"The Role of Computers\" column. The reviewers gave the game 1`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} out of 5 stars
| 331 |
The Eternal Dagger
| 0 |
2,881,609 |
# Jumpin', Jumpin'
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 154, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{single chart|Australia|2|artist=Destiny's Child|song=Jumpin', Jumpin'|rowheader=true}}
^
``
| 20 |
Jumpin', Jumpin'
| 0 |
2,881,613 |
# Pratt knot
The **Pratt knot** is a method of tying a necktie. It is also known as the **Shelby knot**. The knot was created in the late 1950s by Jerry Pratt, an employee of the US Chamber of Commerce. It was popularized as the Shelby knot after then 92-year-old Pratt taught it in 1986 to television reporter Don Shelby, who he felt had been tying his tie poorly on the air. Shelby then refined the Pratt knot with local clothier Kingford Bavender and wore it on the air with a spread collar where it stood out and attracted attention for its symmetry and trim precision.
The knot is a variation on the Nicky knot. Both the Pratt and Nicky knots are tied inside out, though only the Nicky knot is self-releasing. Before its popularization in a 1989 *New York Times* article, the knot was unknown within the fashion world and not recorded in the tie industry\'s standard reference guide of the time, *Getting Knotted -- 188 Knots for Necks* by Davide Mosconi and Riccardo Villarosa in Milan, Italy.
The Pratt knot uses less length than the half-Windsor or Windsor knots, and so is well suited to shorter ties or taller men. Unlike the four-in-hand knot, the Pratt method produces a symmetrical knot. It is of medium thickness.
Using notation from and according to *The 85 Ways to Tie a Tie*, the knot is tied
- Lo Ci Lo Ri Co T (knot 5).
<File:Tie> diagram inside-out start.svg <File:Tie> diagram inside-out l-c-l i-o.svg <File:Tie> diagram inside-out l-r.svg <File:Tie> diagram inside-out r-c-end
| 261 |
Pratt knot
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.