Split (1)

train · 1.8M rows

text stringlengths 0 6.86k
meanwhile on the 28th brigade 's left flank the shropshires met slight resistance securing hill 210 southwest of kowang @@ san by 10 10 they were then relieved by the canadians by nightfall in preparation for the third phase of the operation the brigade plan was now a day behind schedule although with the unexpected ease experienced by the canadians overall the divisional attack was still running according to plan however determined to hold on following the loss of hill 355 the chinese moved in fresh troops heavily reinforcing a number of positions including maryang san

= = = fall of maryang san 5 october 1951 = = =

the final objective was maryang san a steep hill rising 200 metres ( 660 ft ) above the valley about 2 @@ 500 metres ( 2 @@ 700 yd ) north of hill 355 however following the delay in capturing hill 355 hassett would not be ready to implement his plan until early the next day as such the third phase would begin on 5 october with the royal northumberland fusiliers scheduled to attack an intermediate objective hill 217 adjacent kowang @@ san before assisting the australians assault hill 317 the australians moved into position northeast of hill 199 on the afternoon of 4 october while over the night of 4 / 5 october the divisional artillery hit chinese positions with two batteries of 8 @@ inch ( 200 mm ) howitzers and another two 155 @@ millimetre ( 6 @@ 1 in ) batteries supplementing them air strikes by the mustangs of no 2 squadron south african air force were also planned targeting chinese concentrations north and west of the objectives to cut @@ off supplies and reinforcements both the australians and fusiliers were scheduled to begin their attacks at first light at 05 45 following a heavy artillery preparation
in the dark the fusiliers moved off but amid dense fog they found it difficult to maintain their bearings and were not in position in time to commence the attack as planned by 10 00 they had struggled to within 300 metres ( 330 yd ) from their objective and following further delays the assault was commenced at 11 00 after initially achieving surprise a number of the forward chinese outposts fell to the fusiliers occupying strong defensive positions on hill 217 the chinese regained the initiative however and poured heavy machine @@ gun and rifle fire onto the attackers as they crossed the valley forcing them to withdraw after suffering heavy casualties and running low on ammunition having expected the main axis of assault from the south the chinese positions were stronger than previously considered and the fusiliers were unable to gain the summit despite one company gaining a toehold on the summit by midday
earlier that morning at 04 45 b and d companies 3 rar had moved north across the valley while anti @@ tank platoon crossed the imjin taking up positions further north in order to protect the right flank the assaulting companies would then move west towards a series of objectives before assaulting hill 317 initially 3 rar was to attack from the east while 1 rnf would attack from the southwest through hill 217 however with the fusiliers facing stiff resistance on hill 217 itself they were unable to get forward to assist the previous attempts to capture maryang san had failed due to the approach to steep eastern slopes of the feature being across a wide open valley that was dominated by enfilade fire from mutually supporting chinese positions consequently the australians planned to cross the valley under cover of darkness and position themselves on the chinese flank in the foothills before scaling the position at first light a company would create a diversion on the left flank while b company would clear the lower slopes before d company passed through to assault the chinese main defensive position known as the ' victor ' feature in a one @@ up one @@ in @@ depth assault however following the casualties of previous nights on hill 199 220 and 355 and the effect of constant shelling 3 rar was now reduced to just 320 men in contrast the australians faced two fresh chinese battalions on maryang san in total about 1 @@ 200 men
b company commanded by captain henry nicholls led off shrouded in the heavy mist and with visibility limited in the thick vegetation it drifted to the right off the intended axis of advance having lost direction suffering a similar fate as the fusiliers <unk> the assaulting companies became separated and the battalion attack turned into a series of independent company attacks d company slowly continued forward however and when the mist lifted suddenly at 11 20 they were left dangerously exposed still only halfway up the slope to their objective the australian approach had surprised the chinese however who were apparently expecting the assault from the north and d company succeeded in closing to within grenade range of the chinese on victor during a fierce twenty @@ minute fire @@ fight the australians cleared their first objective with the assistance of direct fire from supporting tanks and indirect fire support from artillery losing three killed and 12 wounded included among the australian wounded was the company commander and one of the platoon commanders both of whom remained in command despite gunshot wounds chinese losses included 30 killed and 10 captured
during the initial phase a company had attacked southwest along a spur leading to hill 317 and had met stiff opposition the diversion was largely successful however causing the chinese to reinforce against the attack which they believed to be the main effort meanwhile d company continued to press their attack along the high ground towards the ' uniform ' feature assaulting the deeply entrenched chinese positions which included heavy automatic weapons by 16 00 it had successfully captured the last of the intermediate objectives assigned to it and a platoon from b company was pushed forward to assist in the clearance of the feature later lieutenant lg clark was awarded the military cross while sergeant wj rowlinson was awarded a bar to his distinguished conduct medal for their actions during the fighting by this time total chinese casualties included 98 killed and 40 captured while the australians believed that a large number of chinese had also been wounded following the progress of b and d companies c company was moved up behind them and with the capture of final objective they immediately commenced an assault on hill 317 capturing 10 prisoners for no loss although the chinese had been well dug @@ in there were no barbed wire obstacles to hamper the attackers and the australians had rapidly gained the position by 17 00 maryang san had fallen to the australians with the chinese withdrawing under heavy artillery mortar and machine @@ gun fire
on hill 217 the fusiliers had maintained the pressure on the chinese throughout the day however they were still unable to capture the feature regardless the efforts of the fusiliers in conjunction with a company 's diversionary attack and the rapid advance of d company with tank and artillery support had carried the day a company continued to attack against heavy opposition and indirect fire slowly pushing the chinese defenders back later a platoon was detached to assist c company consolidate the defence of maryang san following its capture while the remaining two platoons were withdrawn rearwards again under heavy artillery fire indeed although it had played a supporting role in the attack the efforts of a company had been vital suffering 20 casualties while killing at least 25 chinese and capturing two now with maryang san captured the australians began digging @@ in modifying the south @@ facing linear chinese trench system into an all @@ round defensive position with mutually supporting weapons pits fully expecting a chinese counter @@ attack that evening <unk> moved the assault pioneer platoon to bolster the hasty defences meanwhile the chinese still occupied three key ridgeline positions the ' sierra ' feature the ' hinge ' and the summit of hill 317 itself which they continued to furiously defend these would be the scene of considerable fighting in the days to come as the australians attempted to clear them

= = = the hinge 6 8 october 1951 = = =

with both sides exhausted from the fighting the night of 5 / 6 october was less eventful than expected and the australians used the opportunity to develop their position to add further depth to their defences and to probe the chinese positions taylor ordered the australians to capture the central remaining chinese position the sierra feature a wooded knoll halfway between the summit of maryang san and the hinge the next day meanwhile the fusiliers would renew their attack on hill 217 the southern approach to hill 217 had proved to be too strongly defended by the chinese and it became obvious that if it was to be overcome taylor would need to split the fire of its defenders to do this the high ground to the north @@ west of maryang san known as the hinge would be vital indeed adjacent to hill 217 the hinge dominated it from the north as such for the next assault planned for the morning the fusiliers would detach their reserve company to attack the hinge from the east using the australian positions on maryang san as a firm base and thereby allowing them to outflank their opponents on hill 217
at 07 00 on 6 october 9 platoon c company under the command of lieutenant arthur pembroke moved forward to sierra using the heavy mist to conceal their movements under @@ strength and not expecting the feature to be occupied instead the australians found a large number of chinese in well prepared defensive positions without fire support and outnumbered the australians immediately conducted a quick attack and using grenades and bayonets they inflicted heavy casualties on the chinese before forcing the survivors to withdraw although subjected to constant shelling 9 platoon continued to hold the knoll repelling several counterattacks over the next 13 hours cutting down each assault through the tree @@ line and long grass with accurate rifle and machine @@ gun fire forcing the chinese to withdraw leaving their dead and wounded behind one australian was killed in the initial assault on sierra while a number were later wounded during the defence chinese casualties included 19 killed 30 wounded and seven captured pembroke was later awarded the military cross
during the day the fusiliers again assaulted hill 217 from the south and attempted to work their way around the eastern and western flanks of the feature despite preparation by the divisional artillery and the 3 rar machine gun platoon firing their vickers medium machine @@ guns in support from maryang san the fusiliers were unable to make progress due to chinese machine @@ guns located in bunkers at the top of their objective meanwhile their flanking movements were also blocked by chinese small arms and grenades 1 rnf had now taken over 100 casualties during two days of fighting and by the afternoon they were a spent force sensing the fusiliers ' weakness the chinese then launched their own assault forcing them to withdraw in contact previous plans for an assault on the hinge had not occurred due to issues with resupply and the dangerous approach march that would have been required again despite their efforts the fusiliers had failed to capture their objective it seemed that the only way to finally secure hill 217 was along the ridge from hill 317 via the hinge and as such the australians would be tasked with capturing the hinge the following day b company was subsequently allocated the attack in preparation they ascended hill 317 late in the afternoon of 6 october finally securing the crest and at last light joined 9 platoon on the knoll northwest of the summit where they would form up the next day to conduct the assault
in the early hours of 7 october the allied artillery and mortar bombardment began targeting chinese positions on the hinge hassett moved the 3 rar tactical headquarters on to hill 317 just before the assaulting troops stepped off the line of departure allowing him to direct the battle from a forward position and to co @@ ordinate fire support waiting for the fog to lift so that the artillery could fire until the last safe moment the attack finally began at 08 00 b company moved off down the ridgeline with two @@ up and one @@ in @@ depth using the trees and long grass for concealment initially it seemed that the chinese had withdrawn during the night when suddenly the lead australian platoons were engulfed by small arms fire from their rear a series of intense fire @@ fights ensued as the australians fought back and by 09 20 the hinge finally fell with the australians losing two killed and 20 wounded chinese casualties included more than 20 killed as a result of the fighting captain henry nicholls and lieutenant jim hughes were awarded the military cross while corporal j park and corporal ef bosworth were awarded the military medal yet even as the surviving chinese withdrew artillery and mortar fire began to fall on the hinge b company moved quickly to consolidate the position but were hampered by the shelling while they now faced a pressing shortage of ammunition and difficulties evacuating their casualties
for the remainder of the day b company was subjected to intense indirect fire on the hinge as was c company on hill 317 the anti @@ tank platoon and assault pioneer platoon reinforced c company with a platoon of c company moved forward to the hinge to support b company at 20 00 both the hinge and hill 317 were again heavily shelled for 45 minutes heralding the beginning of the inevitable chinese counterattack heavy mist concealed the chinese advance and this assisted many to penetrate the australian perimeter throughout the night of 7 / 8 october the hinge was attacked on three occasions from both the front and the flanks by a force of battalion strength however the australians beat back the chinese in desperate hand @@ to @@ hand combat the chinese swept forward but were stopped by intense small arms and artillery fire during one such assault sergeant pj o 'connell on seeing one of his platoon 's bren gunners wounded manned the light machine @@ gun himself breaking up a chinese assault while controlling the fire of the men around him meanwhile sergeant rw strong arranged the resupply of ammunition to the forward australian sections both were awarded the military medal
the intensity of the fighting had led to a severe shortage of ammunition among the defenders and attempts to resupply the australians were plagued by heavy shelling the use of salvaged ammunition stabilised the situation momentarily after one of b company 's two vickers medium machine @@ guns was destroyed by chinese shelling and its ammunition belts were subsequently broken up and dispersed among the riflemen however this soon resulted in a large number of mechanical failures and weapon stoppages causing additional problems for the defenders the evacuation of casualties was again an issue and the assault pioneer platoon commanded by lieutenant jock mccormick was used as stretcher bearers and to run ammunition forward as were a number of the other specialist platoons their ammunition nearly exhausted the australians resorted to kicking and strangling many of the attacking chinese during the brutal fighting fearing the australians would be overwhelmed by the persistent chinese attacks taylor ordered the borderers and shropshires to detach their korean porters to resupply the australians while a full divisional concentration of artillery was fired in support of 3 rar
ultimately b company succeeded in holding their hastily constructed defensive positions throughout the night and until 05 00 on 8 october when the chinese finally gave up in order to preserve its remaining strength the chinese 191st division was forced to pull back by 3 kilometres ( 1 @@ 9 mi ) surrendering the control of hill 217 without a fight at first light more than 120 chinese dead and wounded lay around the australian defences and in contrast to the savage fighting during the night chinese stretcher parties were allowed to come forward and collect their wounded under a flag of truce the australians had been victorious but were now exhausted after five days of heavy fighting

= = aftermath = =


= = = casualties = = =

four hours later at 09 00 3 rar was relieved on maryang san and the hinge by the borderers having lost 20 killed and 104 wounded chinese casualties on hill 317 had been severe with at least 283 killed ( determined by body count ) and another 50 captured while hundreds more were thought likely to have been killed and wounded later it was estimated that the australians had destroyed at least two chinese battalions during the five @@ day battle 1 rnf once more advanced against hill 217 this time without opposition sending patrols to confirm that the chinese had withdrawn they were met by patrols from 1 kosb on the hinge with the borderers taking control of the area at 11 00 hill 217 was latter occupied on 9 october by the borderers the 3 rar assault pioneer platoon the anti @@ tank platoon and a platoon from c company remained on maryang san however and during the evening of 8 / 9 october the pioneers killed four chinese during a probe on their position they were finally relieved on 9 october for his leadership hassett was immediately awarded the dso while a number of awards were also made to others that had distinguished themselves during the fighting the royal australian regiment was subsequently granted the battle honours kowang @@ san and maryang san today the first battle of maryang san is widely regarded as one of the australian army 's greatest accomplishments of the korean war

= = = assessment = = =

during the battle the british commonwealth logistic system proved robust enough to bear the strain of the fighting without serious disruption although problems were experienced despite difficulties an adequate flow of ammunition equipment food and water was maintained although there were occasions when the australians endured thirst and hunger for several hours 3 rar used 900 @@ 000 rounds of small arms 5 @@ 000 grenades and 7 @@ 000 mortar rounds during the five @@ day battle all of which was moved in man @@ <unk> loads by korean service corps porters and australian soldiers over long distances and extreme terrain often while under fire these resupply operations had required considerable effort and bravery to effect and a number of korean porters were killed and wounded at maryang san
indeed the evacuation of casualties and the resupply of ammunition at times proved problematic and heavy shelling and sniper fire disrupted stretcher parties and porters on a number of occasions resulting in the forward companies running short of ammunition meanwhile the quality of support given to the british and australian infantry by the artillery and tanks was of a high standard and proved a critical factor indeed the tanks had often operated in terrain to which they were unsuited while the new zealand gunners had fired over 50 @@ 000 rounds in direct support of 3 rar blistering the paint off the barrels of their guns air support including that provided by the south african mustangs had been important throughout
the battle was also noted for the pioneering use of tunnel warfare by the chinese in the korean war during the fighting a company of chinese soldiers had defended their positions from a u @@ shaped tunnel capable of housing 100 men which had served as both a bomb shelter and a base for counterattacks the company leader later claimed that the tunnel enabled the defenders to inflict 700 un casualties while suffering only 21 casualties in return impressed by the report the commander of the people 's volunteer army peng dehuai later ordered the construction of 30 @@ metre ( 98 ft ) deep tunnels along the entire front line and it formed a formidable obstacle for un forces to overcome during the stalemate period

= = = subsequent operations = = =

operation commando finally ended on 15 october with the us i corps having successfully seized the jamestown line and destroying elements of the 42nd 47th 64th and 65th chinese armies chinese losses were estimated at 21 @@ 000 casualties while un losses were 4 @@ 000 the majority of them in the us 1st cavalry division which had borne the brunt of the fighting although a few hills south of the line remained in communist hands requiring a follow @@ up operation known as operation <unk> which succeeded in capturing these positions by 19 october un supply lines near seoul were now free from chinese interdiction with the peace @@ talks ongoing these operations proved to be last actions in the war of manoeuvre which had lasted the previous sixteen months it was replaced by a static war characterised by fixed defences trench lines bunkers patrols wiring parties and minefields reminiscent of the western front in 1915 17 construction of defensive localities began almost immediately although such operations were confined to the reverse slopes during the day due to artillery and mortar fire which made such operations hazardous patrolling forward of the jamestown line also began in order to prevent the chinese from gaining control of no mans land yet even as the war became a contest of positional warfare and attrition growing western political sensitivities ensured that un commanders were increasingly mindful of limiting casualties
total casualties among the 1st commonwealth division during operation commando amounted to 58 killed and 262 wounded the bulk of which had occurred during the fighting for hill 217 and hill 317 indeed in addition to the heavy casualties suffered by 3 rar 1 rnf had lost 16 killed and 94 wounded the chinese 64th army later received a commendation for keeping their casualties light despite some estimates placing its casualties at higher than 3 @@ 000 throughout the operation 3 rar had played a crucial role and in a bold series of holding and flanking movements coordinated with accurate and sustained artillery and direct tank fire it had driven the chinese from both kowang @@ san and maryang san they had then held the key position against several unsuccessful counterattacks before forcing the chinese to retire a month later maryang san was subsequently retaken by the chinese from the borderers amid fierce fighting at the second battle of maryang san for which private bill speakman was later awarded the victoria cross it was not re @@ gained and remained in chinese hands until the end of the war


= ulysses ( poem ) =

ulysses is a poem in blank verse by the victorian poet alfred lord tennyson ( 1809 1892 ) written in 1833 and published in 1842 in his well @@ received second volume of poetry an oft @@ quoted poem it is popularly used to illustrate the dramatic monologue form facing old age mythical hero ulysses describes his discontent and restlessness upon returning to his kingdom ithaca after his far @@ ranging travels despite his reunion with his wife penelope and son telemachus ulysses yearns to explore again
the character of ulysses ( in greek odysseus ) has been explored widely in literature the adventures of odysseus were first recorded in homer 's iliad and odyssey ( c 800 700 bc ) and tennyson draws on homer 's narrative in the poem most critics however find that tennyson 's ulysses recalls dante 's ulisse in his inferno ( c 1320 ) in dante 's re @@ telling ulisse is condemned to hell among the false counsellors both for his pursuit of knowledge beyond human bounds and for his adventures in disregard of his family
for much of this poem 's history readers viewed ulysses as resolute and heroic admiring him for his determination to strive to seek to find and not to yield the view that tennyson intended a heroic character is supported by his statements about the poem and by the events in his life the death of his closest friend that prompted him to write it in the twentieth century some new interpretations of ulysses highlighted potential ironies in the poem they argued for example that ulysses wishes to selfishly abandon his kingdom and family and they questioned more positive assessments of ulysses ' character by demonstrating how he resembles flawed protagonists in earlier literature

= = synopsis and structure = =

as the poem begins ulysses has returned to his kingdom ithaca having made a long journey home after fighting in the trojan war confronted again by domestic life ulysses expresses his lack of contentment including his indifference toward the savage race ( line 4 ) whom he governs ulysses contrasts his present restlessness with his heroic past and contemplates his old age and eventual death life piled on life / were all too little and of one to me / little remains ( 24 26 ) and longs for further experience and knowledge his son telemachus will inherit the throne that ulysses finds burdensome while ulysses thinks that telemachus will be a good king most blameless is he centred in the sphere / of common duties ( 39 ) he seems to have lost any connection to his son he works his work i mine ( 43 ) and the conventional methods of governing by slow prudence and through soft degrees ( 36 37 ) in the final section ulysses turns to his fellow mariners and calls on them to join him on another quest making no guarantees as to their fate but attempting to conjure their heroic past

= = = prosody = = =

the speaker 's language is unadorned but forceful and it expresses ulysses ' conflicting moods as he searches for continuity between his past and future there is often a marked contrast between the sentiment of ulysses ' words and the sounds that express them for example the poem 's insistent iambic pentameter is often interrupted by spondees ( metrical feet that consist of two long syllables ) such laboured language slows the poem ( and in other places may cast doubt upon the reliability of ulysses ' utterances )
observing their burdensome prosodic effect the poet matthew arnold remarked these three lines by themselves take up nearly as much time as a whole book of the iliad many of the poem 's clauses carry over into the following line these <unk> emphasize ulysses ' restlessness and dissatisfaction

= = = form = = =

the poem 's seventy lines of blank verse are presented as a dramatic monologue scholars disagree on how ulysses ' speech functions in this format it is not necessarily clear to whom ulysses is speaking if anyone and from what location some see the verse turning from a soliloquy to a public address as ulysses seems to speak to himself in the first movement then to turn to an audience as he introduces his son and then to relocate to the seashore where he addresses his mariners in this interpretation the comparatively direct and honest language of the first movement is set against the more politically minded tone of the last two movements for example the second paragraph ( 33 43 ) about telemachus in which ulysses muses again about domestic life is a revised version [ of lines 1 5 ] for public consumption a savage race is revised to a rugged people
the ironic interpretations of ulysses may be the result of the modern tendency to consider the narrator of a dramatic monologue as necessarily unreliable according to critic dwight culler the poem has been a victim of revisionist readings in which the reader expects to reconstruct the truth from a misleading narrator 's accidental revelations ( compare the more obvious use of this approach in robert browning 's my last duchess ) culler himself views ulysses as a dialectic in which the speaker weighs the virtues of a contemplative and an active approach to life ulysses moves through four emotional stages that are self @@ revelatory not ironic beginning with his rejection of the barren life to which he has returned in ithaca he then fondly recalls his heroic past recognizes the validity of telemachus ' method of governing and with these thoughts plans another journey

= = = publication history = = =

tennyson completed the poem on 20 october 1833 but it was not published until 1842 in his second collection of poems unlike many of tennyson 's other important poems ulysses was not revised after its publication
tennyson originally blocked out the poem in four paragraphs broken before lines 6 33 and 44 in this structure the first and third paragraphs are thematically parallel but may be read as interior and exterior monologues respectively however the poem is often printed with the first paragraph break omitted

= = interpretations = =


= = = autobiographical elements = = =

tennyson penned ulysses after the death of his close cambridge friend the poet arthur henry hallam ( 1811 1833 ) with whom tennyson had a strong emotional bond the two friends had spent much time discussing poetry and philosophy writing verse and travelling in southern france the pyrenees and germany tennyson considered hallam destined for greatness perhaps as a statesman
when tennyson heard on 1 october 1833 of his friend 's death he was living in <unk> lincolnshire in cramped quarters with his mother and nine of his ten siblings his father had died in 1831 requiring tennyson to return home and take responsibility for the family tennyson 's friends were becoming increasingly concerned about his mental and physical health during this time the family had little income and three of tennyson 's brothers were mentally ill just as tennyson 's outlook was improving he was adjusting to his new domestic duties regaining contact with friends and had published his 1832 book of poems the news of hallam 's death arrived tennyson shared his grief with his sister emily who had been engaged to hallam
according to victorian scholar linda hughes the emotional gulf between the state of his domestic affairs and the loss of his special friendship informs the reading of ulysses particularly its treatment of domesticity at one moment ulysses ' discontent seems to mirror that of tennyson who would have been frustrated with managing the house in such a state of grief at the next ulysses is determined to transcend his age and his environment by travelling again it may be that ulysses ' determination to defy circumstance attracted tennyson to the myth he said that the poem gave my feeling about the need of going forward and braving the struggle of life on another occasion the poet stated there is more about myself in ulysses which was written under the sense of loss and that all had gone by but that still life must be fought out to the end it was more written with the feeling of his loss upon me than many poems in in memoriam hallam 's death influenced much of tennyson 's poetry including perhaps his most highly regarded work in memoriam ahh begun in 1833 and completed seventeen years later
other critics find stylistic incongruities between the poem and its author that make ulysses exceptional w w robson writes tennyson the responsible social being the admirably serious and ' committed ' individual is uttering strenuous sentiments in the accent of tennyson the most un @@ strenuous lonely and poignant of poets he finds that tennyson 's two widely noted personae the responsible social being and the melancholic poet meet uniquely in ulysses yet seem not to recognize each other within the text

= = = literary context = = =

tennyson adopts aspects of the ulysses character and narrative from many sources his treatment of ulysses is the first modern account the ancient greek poet homer introduced ulysses ( odysseus in greek ) and many later poets took up the character including euripides horace dante william shakespeare and alexander pope homer 's odyssey provides the poem 's narrative background in its eleventh book the prophet tiresias foretells that ulysses will return to ithaca after a difficult voyage then begin a new mysterious voyage and later die a peaceful unwarlike death that comes vaguely from the sea at the conclusion of tennyson 's poem his ulysses is contemplating undertaking this new voyage
tennyson 's character however is not the lover of public affairs seen in homer 's poems rather ulisse from dante 's inferno is tennyson 's main source for the character which has an important effect on the poem 's interpretation ulisse recalls his voyage in the inferno 's 26th canto in which he is condemned to the eighth circle of false counsellors for misusing his gift of reason dante treats ulisse with his zeal / t <unk> the world as an evil counsellor who lusts for adventure at the expense of his family and his duties in ithaca tennyson projects this zeal into ulysses ' <unk> desire for knowledge
the poet 's intention to recall the homeric character remains evident in certain passages i am become a name ( 11 ) recalls an episode in the odyssey in which <unk> sings about odysseus ' adventures in the king 's presence acknowledging his fame with phrases such as there gloom the dark broad seas ( 45 ) and the deep / <unk> round with many voices ( 55 56 ) tennyson seems to be consciously invoking homer
critics have also noted the influence of shakespeare in two passages in the early movement the savage race that hoard and sleep and feed and know not me ( 5 ) echoes hamlet 's soliloquy what is a man / if his chief good and market of his time / be but to sleep and feed a beast no more tennyson 's how dull it is to pause to make an end / to rust <unk> d not to shine in use ( 22 23 ) recalls shakespeare 's ulysses in troilus and cressida ( c 1602 )
the last movement of ulysses which is among the most familiar passages in nineteenth @@ century english @@ language poetry presents decisive evidence of the influence of dante ulysses turns his attention from himself and his kingdom and speaks of ports seas and his mariners the strains of discontent and weakness in old age remain throughout the poem but tennyson finally leaves ulysses to strive to seek to find and not to yield ( 70 ) recalling the <unk> damnable desire for knowledge beyond all bounds the words of dante 's character as he exhorts his men to the journey find parallel in those of tennyson 's ulysses who calls his men to join him on one last voyage quoting dante 's ulisse
however critics note that in the homeric narrative ulysses ' original mariners are dead a significant irony therefore develops from ulysses ' speech to his sailors come my friends / ' tis not too late to seek a newer world ( 56 57 ) since dante 's ulisse has already undertaken this voyage and recounts it in the inferno ulysses ' entire monologue can be envisioned as his recollection while situated in hell

= = = from affirmation to irony = = =

the degree to which tennyson identifies with ulysses has provided one of the great debates among scholars of the poem critics who find that tennyson identifies with the speaker read ulysses ' speech affirmatively or without irony many other interpretations of the poem have developed from the argument that tennyson does not identify with ulysses and further criticism has suggested that the purported inconsistencies in ulysses ' character are the fault of the poet himself
key to the affirmative reading of ulysses is the biographical context of the poem such a reading takes into account tennyson 's statements about writing the poem the need of going forward and considers that he would not undermine ulysses ' determination with irony when he needed a similar <unk> to face life after hallam 's death ulysses is thus seen as an heroic character whose determination to seek some work of noble note ( 52 ) is courageous in the face of a still hearth ( 2 ) and old age the passion and conviction of tennyson 's language and even his own comments on the poem signify that the poet as was typical in the victorian age admired courage and persistence read straightforwardly ulysses promotes the questing spirit of youth even in old age and a refusal to resign and face life passively
until the early twentieth century readers reacted to ulysses sympathetically the meaning of the poem was increasingly debated as tennyson 's stature rose after paull f baum criticized ulysses ' inconsistencies and tennyson 's conception of the poem in 1948 the ironic interpretation became dominant baum finds in ulysses echoes of lord byron 's flawed heroes who similarly display conflicting emotions self @@ critical introspection and a rejection of social responsibility even ulysses ' resolute final utterance to strive to seek to find and not to yield is undercut by irony when baum and later critics compare this line to satan 's courage never to submit or yield in john milton 's paradise lost ( 1667 )
ulysses ' apparent disdain for those around him is another facet of the ironic perspective he declares that he is matched with an aged wife ( 3 ) indicates his weariness in governing a savage race ( 4 ) and suggests his philosophical distance from his son telemachus a skeptical reading of the second paragraph finds it a condescending tribute to telemachus and a rejection of his slow prudence ( 36 ) however the adjectives used to describe telemachus blameless discerning and decent are words with positive connotations in other of tennyson 's poetry and within the classical tradition where blameless is an attribute of gods and heroes
critic e j chiasson argued in 1954 that ulysses is without faith in an afterlife and that tennyson uses a method of indirection to affirm the need for religious faith by showing how ulysses ' lack of faith leads to his neglect of kingdom and family chiasson regards the poem as intractable in tennyson 's canon but finds that the poem 's meaning resolves itself when this indirection is understood it illustrates tennyson 's conviction that disregarding religious sanctions and ' submitting all things to desire ' leads to either a sybaritic or a brutal repudiation of responsibility and ' life '
other ironic readings have found ulysses longing for withdrawal even death in the form of his proposed quest in noting the sense of passivity in the poem critics highlight tennyson 's tendency toward the melancholic t s eliot opines that tennyson could not tell a story at all he finds dante 's treatment of ulysses exciting while tennyson 's piece is an elegiac mood ulysses is found lacking in narrative action the hero 's goal is vague and by the poem 's famous last line it is not clear for what he is striving or to what he refuses to yield according to victorian scholar herbert tucker tennyson 's characters move through time and space to be moved inwardly to ulysses experience is somewhere out there

= = legacy = =


= = = contemporary appraisal and canonization = = =

the contemporary reviews of ulysses were positive and found no irony in the poem author john sterling like tennyson a member of the cambridge apostles wrote in the quarterly review in 1842 how superior is ' ulysses ' there is in this work a delightful epic tone and a clear impassioned wisdom quietly carving its sage words and graceful figures on pale but lasting marble tennyson 's 1842 volume of poetry impressed scottish writer thomas carlyle quoting three lines of ulysses in an 1842 letter to tennyson
carlyle remarked these lines do not make me weep but there is in me what would fill whole <unk> as i read

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.