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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5216.0 - Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2000
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 15/11/2000
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Contents >> Chapter 14: Final consumption expenditure >> Expenditures on individual and collective goods and services
Expenditures on individual and collective goods and services
14.329 In the SNA93, final consumption expenditure is incurred only by general government, NPISHs and households. All of households' consumption expenditure is incurred on their own behalf. Consumption expenditure by general government, on the other hand, is either for the benefit of the community at large (collective consumption) or for the benefit of individual households. By convention, all consumption expenditure by NPISHs is treated as being for the benefit of individual households. This distinction between collective and individual consumption expenditure is of considerable importance in the system of national accounts. Consumption expenditures by general government and NPISHs on behalf of households (their individual consumption expenditures) are undertaken for the purpose of making social transfers in kind. They cover the non-market output of both general government and NPISHs, which is delivered to households free or at prices that are not economically significant, as well as goods and services bought from market producers and provided to households free or at prices that are not economically significant. Social transfers in kind are recorded differently from other transfers in kind.
Individual goods or services
14.330 Individual goods and services are essentially 'private', as distinct from 'public' goods. They have the following characteristics:
• it must be possible to observe and record the acquisition of the good or service by an individual household or member thereof and also the time at which it took place;
• the household must have agreed to the provision of the good or service and taken whatever action is necessary to make it possible - for example, by attending a school or clinic; and
• the good or service must be such that its acquisition by one household or person, or possibly by a small, restricted group of persons, precludes its acquisition by other households or persons.
14.331 The reference to a small, restricted group of persons is needed because certain services are provided to small groups of people simultaneously; for example, several persons may travel in the same bus, train, ship or plane or attend the same class, lecture, concert or live theatre performance. However, these are still essentially individual services if there is a restriction on the number of individuals who can consume them. Other members of the community are excluded and derive no benefit from them.
14.332 From a welfare point of view, the important characteristic of an individual good or service is that its acquisition by one household, person or group of persons brings no (or very little) benefit to the rest of the community. While the provision of certain individual health or education services (for example, vaccination or immunisation) may bring some external benefits to the rest of the community, in general the individuals concerned derive the main benefit. Thus, when a government unit incurs expenditures on the provision of individual goods or services, it must decide not only how much to spend in total but how to allocate, or distribute, the goods or services among individual members of the community. From the point of view of economic and social policy, the way in which they are distributed may be as important as the total amount spent.
Collective services
14.333 Most goods can be privately owned and are individual in the sense used here. On the other hand, certain kinds of services can be provided collectively to the community as a whole. The characteristics of these collective services may be summarised as follows:
• collective services can be delivered simultaneously to every member of the community or of particular sections of the community, such as those in a particular region of a locality (but not small, restricted groups as defined in paragraph 14.331);
• the use of such services is usually passive and does not require the explicit agreement or active participation of all the individuals concerned; and
• the provision of a collective service to one individual does not reduce the amount available to others in the same community or section of the community. There is no rivalry in acquisition.
14.334 The collective services provided by government consist mostly of the provision of security and defence, the maintenance of law and order, legislation and regulation, the maintenance of public health, the protection of the environment, research and development, etc. All members of the community can benefit from such services. As the individual use of collective services cannot be recorded, individuals cannot be charged according to their use or the benefits they derive. There is no market to allocate collective services, and these services must be financed collectively - e.g. out of taxation or other government revenues.
The borderline between individual and collective services
14.335 Expenditures incurred by governments at a national level in connection with individual services such as health and education are treated as collective when they are concerned with the formulation and administration of government policy, the setting and enforcement of public standards, the regulation, licensing or supervision of producers, etc. For example, the expenditures incurred by Ministries of Health or Education at a national level are included in collective consumption expenditures as they are concerned with general matters of policy, standards and regulation. On the other hand, any overhead expenses connected with the administration or functioning of a group of hospitals, schools, colleges or similar institutions are included in individual expenditures. For example, if a group of private hospitals has a central unit which provides certain common services such as purchasing, laboratories, ambulances, or other facilities, the costs of these common services would be taken into account in the prices charged to patients. The same principle is followed when the hospitals are non-market producers: all the costs which are associated with the provision of services to particular individuals, including those of any central units providing common services, are to be included in the value of expenditures on individual services.
The classification of individual and collective government expenditures
14.336 COFOG (see paragraph 14.300) is a classification of transactions designed to apply to general government and its subsectors. This classification is used to help distinguish between expenditure by government on individual services and collective services. By convention, all government final consumption expenditures under each of the following headings are treated as expenditures on individual services, except for expenditures on general administration, regulation, research, etc.:
4Education
5Health
6Social security and welfare
8Recreation, sport and culture
14.337 In addition, expenditures under the following subheadings should also be treated as individual when they are important:
7Part of the provision of housing, part of the collection of household refuse
12Part of the operation of transport system
Non-market services to enterprises
14.338 Many government expenditures benefit enterprises as much as households; examples are expenditures on the cleaning, maintenance and repair of public roads, bridges, tunnels, etc. including the provision of street lighting. These are individual services for which consumption can be monitored, and for this reason they are frequently provided on a market basis by charging tolls on road usage. However, it would be difficult to separate the services provided free to households from those provided free to enterprises and, by convention, all these expenditures are treated as collective final expenditure.
14.339 Enterprises also benefit from a number of genuinely collective services such as the research and development undertaken by non-market producers, the provision of security by the police, fire services, etc. The use of such collective services by individual enterprises cannot be recorded, so that expenditures on such services have to be treated as government final consumption expenditure.
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2901.0 - Census Dictionary, 2011
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/05/2011
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
2011 Census Dictionary >> Glossary >> Number of Bedrooms in Private Dwelling (BEDD)
Number of Bedrooms in Private Dwelling (BEDD)
This dwelling variable provides a count of the number of bedrooms in each occupied private dwelling, including caravans in caravan parks.
Housing authorities and other users of ABS information use these data:
• to provide an indication of dwelling size; and
• to provide an indication of overcrowding by calculating occupancy ratios (i.e. the number of people per room/bedroom).
When calculating occupancy ratios, it is preferable to base them on the number of people usually resident rather than the number of people present in the household on Census Night.
See also Dwelling.
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4711.0 - Occasional Paper: Hospital Statistics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 1999-2000
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/12/2002
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SUMMARY
This publication provides information for the 1999-2000 financial year about the diagnoses of people identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in public and private hospital morbidity collections, and the procedures performed on them in hospital. Comparisons undertaken between Indigenous and non-Indigenous rates are based on population estimates for the same period.
The quality of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander hospital data is limited by the extent to which Indigenous status is accurately recorded in hospital morbidity collections, which may have varied with time. Changes in the coding practice for diagnosis and procedures presents a further challenge when conducting time series analysis. These issues preclude the direct comparison of the 1999-2000 Indigenous hospital morbidity collection with data from earlier years.
Obtaining high quality Indigenous data has been recognised as a key outcome across all levels of government. Recent work coordinated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), in partnership with State and Territory authorities, has resulted in improvements in the completeness with which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are identified in administrative collections, including hospital morbidity collections. These programs are continuing, but there is further progress yet to be made.
In 1999-2000 the hospital separations statistics indicate that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander persons were hospitalised at twice the rate of non-Indigenous Australians. However, this publication notes that the identification of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients in hospital records is considered to be incomplete in most jurisdictions, and therefore the true hospital separation rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples would be even higher.
Two-thirds of all separations occurred in public hospitals, but 97% of separations recorded for patients identified as Indigenous occurred in public hospitals. Both males and females who were identified as Indigenous had higher separation rates than the non-Indigenous population for all age groups.
A major reason for hospitalisation (principal diagnosis) for persons identified as Indigenous was 'care involving dialysis', used in the treatment of kidney failure. 'Care involving dialysis' accounted for 29% of all separations for patients identified as Indigenous. Males identified as Indigenous were six times as likely to be hospitalised for 'care involving dialysis' as non-Indigenous males, and Indigenous females 14 times as likely to be hospitalised for this reason.
Other key reasons for hospitalisation of persons identified as Indigenous were conditions associated with 'pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium'; 'injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes'; and 'respiratory diseases'. For most broad diagnosis types shown in this publication (i.e., for each chapter in The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision, Australian Modification), Indigenous persons were more likely than non-Indigenous persons to be hospitalised. The exceptions were for 'neoplasms', 'diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissues', and 'congenital anomalies'.
Analysis of procedures in this publication takes all recorded procedures into account, reflecting a recent acute health sector shift away from the separate concepts of principal and additional procedures. Admitted patients identified as Indigenous were less likely than non-Indigenous patients to have one or more procedures recorded.
In 1999-2000, haemodialysis accounted for the majority of procedures for patients identified as Indigenous. Other common types of procedures performed on patients identified as Indigenous were 'allied health interventions', and 'obstetric procedures'.
Both males and females identified as Indigenous were more than twice as likely as non-Indigenous persons to be admitted to hospital in South Australia, Western Australia, and the Northern Territory. However, it is noted that the variability in Indigenous identification across jurisdictions makes it difficult to compare hospital data between States and Territories.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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*An epic of epic epicness*
Stephen Hawking says we shouldn’t send signals to the Universe in search of Aliens
Share it with your friends:
Date: Apr / 26 / 2010 + Comments: 0
The great scientist, Stephen Hawking (68 years old), recently said in a new Discovery Channel Documentary, titled Universe:
We only have to look at ourselves to see how intelligent life might develop into something we wouldn’t want to meet. I imagine they might exist in massive ships, having used up all the resources from their home planet. Such advanced aliens would perhaps become nomads, looking to conquer and colonize whatever planets they can reach. Trying to make contact with alien races is a little too risky. If aliens ever visit us, I think the outcome would be much as when Christopher Columbus first landed in America, which didn’t turn out very well for the Native Americans.
So we should silence all of the projects that are sending sounds and signals to the Universe, since the worst case scenario would be an invasion to Earth.
Hawking also suggests that most of this alien life will be the equivalent of microbes or simple animals, the sort of life that has dominated Earth for most in the beginning.
__
Via Gizmodo
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Post author: Daniel Semper
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Aeromental 2007 - 2012 ★ ☆ All the best people are crazy ☆ ★
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Research article
Role of PII proteins in nitrogen fixation control of Herbaspirillum seropedicae strain SmR1
Lilian Noindorf1, Ana C Bonatto2, Rose A Monteiro1, Emanuel M Souza1, Liu U Rigo1, Fabio O Pedrosa1, Maria BR Steffens1 and Leda S Chubatsu1*
Author Affiliations
1 National Institute of Science and Technology for Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19046, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
2 Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19071, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Microbiology 2011, 11:8 doi:10.1186/1471-2180-11-8
Published: 11 January 2011
Abstract
Background
The PII protein family comprises homotrimeric proteins which act as transducers of the cellular nitrogen and carbon status in prokaryotes and plants. In Herbaspirillum seropedicae, two PII-like proteins (GlnB and GlnK), encoded by the genes glnB and glnK, were identified. The glnB gene is monocistronic and its expression is constitutive, while glnK is located in the nlmAglnKamtB operon and is expressed under nitrogen-limiting conditions.
Results
In order to determine the involvement of the H. seropedicae glnB and glnK gene products in nitrogen fixation, a series of mutant strains were constructed and characterized. The glnK- mutants were deficient in nitrogen fixation and they were complemented by plasmids expressing the GlnK protein or an N-truncated form of NifA. The nitrogenase post-translational control by ammonium was studied and the results showed that the glnK mutant is partially defective in nitrogenase inactivation upon addition of ammonium while the glnB mutant has a wild-type phenotype.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that GlnK is mainly responsible for NifA activity regulation and ammonium-dependent post-translational regulation of nitrogenase in H. seropedicae.
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Research article
Prolonged outbreak of Serratia marcescens in Tartu University Hospital: a case–control study
Vivika Adamson1*, Piret Mitt1, Heti Pisarev2, Tuuli Metsvaht3, Kaidi Telling1, Paul Naaber4 and Matti Maimets1,5
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Infection Control, Tartu University Hospital, Puusepa 1a, 50406, Tartu, Estonia
2 Department of Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
3 Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Intensive Care Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
4 Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
5 Department of Internal Medicine, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Infectious Diseases 2012, 12:281 doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-281
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/12/281
Received:22 September 2011
Accepted:23 October 2012
Published:31 October 2012
© 2012 Adamson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The aim of our study was to investigate and control an outbreak and identify risk factors for colonization and infection with Serratia marcescens in two departments in Tartu University Hospital.
Methods
The retrospective case–control study was conducted from July 2005 to December 2006. Molecular typing by pulsed field gel electrophoresis was used to confirm the relatedness of Serratia marcescens strains. Samples from the environment and from the hands of personnel were cultured.
Results
The outbreak involved 210 patients, 61 (29%) developed an infection, among them 16 were invasive infections. Multivariate analysis identified gestational age, arterial catheter use and antibiotic treatment as independent risk factors for colonization and infection with Serratia marcescens. Molecular typing was performed on 83 Serratia marcescens strains, 81 of them were identical and 2 strains were different.
Conclusions
Given the occasionally severe consequences of Serratia marcescens in infants, early implementation of aggressive infection control measures involving patients and mothers as well as the personnel is of utmost importance.
Background
Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are at high risk of nosocomial infection (NI) [1-3]. NIs due to gram-negative rods are usually caused by bacterial strains that have already colonized the infants [4]. Most neonates acquire Enterobacteriaceae, primarily different strains of Klebsiella sp, E. coli and Enterobacter sp. Serratia sp. is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that may colonize the nasopharynx and the gut and occasionally causes invasive (bloodstream infection, meningitis, pneumonia) and noninvasive (urinary tract, conjunctivitis) infections in neonates. During the last decade several articles have been published about outbreaks caused by Serratia sp., especially in neonatal intensive care units [5-9]. Independent risk factors for colonization and infection with Serratia sp. are not well established, but low birth weight, prematurity, prolonged hospital stay, antibiotic use and mother’s infections prior to delivery have been found to be risk factors according to some investigators [5,6,9,10]. The aim of our study was to describe the outbreak and identify risk factors for colonization and infection with Serratia marcescens in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) and the Neonatal Unit (NU) in Tartu University Hospital from July 2005 to December 2009.
Methods
Setting
Tartu University Hospital is a 960-bed tertiary care teaching hospital with approximately 43 000 admissions annually. The study was conducted in two units: a 9-bed PICU and a 24-bed NU, which serve 300 and 800 admissions per year, respectively. Approximately 2/3 of PICU patients are neonates and 1/3 older children. Neonates, who no longer require intensive care are transferred to NU on the same floor. If the condition should worsen, neonates can be transferred back to PICU.
Neonatologists and trained neonatal nurses work in the units. The nurse to patient ratio is usually up to 1:2 in PICU, in NU there is a separate nurse for patients requiring intermediate care (6 beds) and two nurses for the other patients.
The antibiotic policy at the time of our study recommended benzylpenicillin/ampicillin and gentamicin as the first-line empirical treatment for suspected early-onset sepsis. This study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu (UT REC), 215/T-8.
Microbiological methods
In order to investigate the outbreak samples for surveillance, cultures were obtained from nares and rectum of all patients on admission and twice a week as part of standard care in both units. Nasal and rectal swabs were plated on agar (DNAase Agar Test Agar with Methyl Green, Becton Dickinson, USA) selective for Serratia species.
Isolates of Serratia marcescens from clinical or screening specimens were identified by using the identification method routinely employed in our clinical microbiology laboratory and verified by biochemical identification system VITEK2 Compact (BioMerieux, France) using GN card. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [11]. All isolates were stored at −80°C for future analysis.
Environmental cultures were obtained from potential sources such as sinks, soaps, different surfaces (incubators, perfusors), medical equipment (oxygen tubes, oxygen masks, feeding syringes, breast pumps) and opened vials and bottles (antibiotics, saline and glucose solutions). In addition, hands of the personnel were cultured twice. Pre moistened swabs (APTACA, Amies transport medium, Italy) were used for obtaining cultures from the environment as well as from the hands of health care workers. The specimens were plated and evaluated in the same manner as the patients’ surveillance cultures.
Typing
Molecular analysis of each isolate was performed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). DNA plugs were prepared by following manufacturer’s instructions for the GenePath Group 3 Reagent kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). After restriction enzyme digestion with 25 U of SpeI, gels were electrophoresed for 22 h at 14°C at a constant voltage 6V/cm using the CHEF-DR III system (Bio-Rad). Isolates were considered to be the same genotype using the criteria described by Tenover et al [12].
Case–control study
To identify risk factors for colonization or infection with Serratia marcescens we conducted retrospective case–control study among patients hospitalized from July 2005 to December 2006 (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Epidmic curve for an outbreak with Serratia marcescens in Tartu University Hospital. (white box - colonization, black box - infection in unit A, gray box - infection in unit B, I - invasive infection).
A case was defined as a neonate, who was admitted to PICU or NU during the period from July 2005 to December 2006 with at least one clinical or surveillance culture positive for Serratia marcescens. Neonates whose cultures remained negative for Serratia marcescens served as controls. Children older than 28 days were not included in the case–control study.
Colonization was defined as a positive culture for Serratia marcescens in the absence of infection symptoms. Infection was defined as presence of infection symptoms simultaneously with isolation of Serratia marcescens from a clinical specimen.
Risk factors were evaluated retrospectively from medical records including demographic characteristics, gestational age, birth weight, Apgar scores, duration of mechanical ventilation, exposure to indwelling devices, nutrition (parenteral and enteral feeding), surgery and antimicrobial therapy. Finally, risk factors for colonization and infection were analyzed separately.
Statistical analysis
Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odd ratios and 95% confidence limits to describe differences in risk factors. Significant factors from univariate analysis were used to perform multivariate analysis. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
The statistical analyses of the data were performed using the statistical software package R 2.4.0 - A Language and Environment.
Results
Outbreak description
The outbreak investigation was conducted in two departments after Serratia marcescens was isolated from blood cultures of three patients in short intervals. The retrospective analysis of the microbiology laboratory database showed that Serratia marcescens colonization or infection had not been detected in neither of the departments during two previous years (2003 and 2004).
From July 2005 to December 2009 a total of 210 patients with Serratia marcescens colonization or infection were identified. At the end of 2006 and in the beginning of 2007 the number of cases reached the maximum and began to decrease in 2008.
In 2010 there have been no cases. The distribution of cases by months and exact numbers per 1000 bed days are presented on an epidemic curve (Figure 1).
Out of 210 patients 111 (53%) were males and 99 (47%) females. Most of them (n=181) were neonates, 27 children were under the age of 1 year and 2 children were older than 1 year. Among all neonates (n=181) 27 (15%) were born at term and 154 (85%) were preterm (birth before 37 weeks of gestation). Among preterm neonates 67 had a birth weight <1500 g and 22 weighed <1000 g.
Out of 210 patients 61 (29%) developed an infection: 16 of these were invasive infections (bloodstream infection, meningitis). 149 of these patients were colonized, most of them at more than one site.
The mean length of stay in PICU until the first positive culture was 12.4 (range 1 to 64) days and in NU 11.8 (range 1 to 74) days.
Case–control Study
The case–control study included 105 case-patients and 206 control-patients. Risk factors associated with acquisition of Serratia marcescens in univariate analysis are presented in Table 1. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was performed to control confounding variables. Multivariate analysis identified gestational age, arterial catheter use and antibiotic treatment as independent risk factors for colonization and infection with Serratia marcescens (Table 2).
Table 1. Univariate anaysis of risk factors associated with Serratia marcescens infection or colonzation
Table 2. Multivariate analysis of factors associated with Serratia marcescens colonization or infection
The analysis of risk factors for colonization and infection separately showed that statistically significantly more arterial catheters had been used in infected patients (OR 1.67 CI95% 1.16 – 2.4).
Genotyping and Antibiotic Susceptibility
Molecular typing was performed on 83 Serratia marcescens strains, 81 of them were identical (clone A, Figure 2) and 2 strains were different (clone B). All isolates were in vitro susceptible to cefotaxime, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, imipenem, gentamicin, amikacin and ciprofloxacin. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam and cefuroxime.
Figure 2. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis of Serratia marcescens strains isolated from infected or colonized patients and environment. M - lambda marker; lane 1 - environmental culture; lane 2–17 strains from infected or colonized patients.
Infection control measures
All cultures (n= 189) obtained from inanimate surfaces in the wards were negative for Serratia marcescens with the exception of the 0.9% NaCl syringe, which was used for a child, who had been previously colonized with Serratia marcescens.
None of the cultures obtained from personnel hands yielded Serratia marcescens.
Attempts were made to separate infected neonates from non-infected neonates. Cohorting the personnel turned out to be a problem due to the lack of health care workers.
In order to improve the availability of hand antiseptics, dispensers of hand antiseptics were placed at all incubators. The personnel was educated to revise the rules of hand hygiene and attention was paid to the compliance with hand hygiene recommendations. The usage of hand antiseptics was calculated on the basis of pharmacy’s database.
According to the recommendations of the infection contol team, disposable feeding syringes were taken into use and breast pumps were made available in every patient room in the NU. The algorithm of cleaning the breast pumps was also intensified. The ward was supplied with an instrument washing machine.
Discussion and conclusion
Serratia sp., formerly considered to be a benign commensal only, is now recognized as an important cause of outbreaks, especially in neonatal intensive care units 16,22. According to our knowledge this is the largest published outbreak in terms of case numbers and duration.
Our study showed that gestational age, antimicrobial therapy and arterial lines are significantly associated with colonization and infection with Serratia marcescens.
The development of the intestinal microflora starts at birth and is influenced by various factors such as gestational age, mode of delivery, local environment, type of feeding and antibiotic treatment [13,14].
The role of antibiotics as a risk factor has been investigated in several similar case–control studies [5,6,9,10]. Statistically significant associations between previous antibiotic treatment of mothers [5,6] and neonates [10] have been found by some authors. It is known that antibiotic treatment may affect the colonization with gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotic therapy suppresses formation of normal flora, reduces remarkably colonization resistance and increases risk of acquiring a nosocomial strain [4]. It is difficult to estimate to what extent antibiotic treatment influenced our outbreak. We suppose that our empirical antibiotic treatment didn`t influence the acquisition of Serratia significantly, the major factor was rather the poor compliance to infection control measures. We did not change the guidelines of empirical antibacterial treatment at a time of the outbreak, because in similar studies its significance in terminating the outbreak has remained unclear [16].
The second finding was the presence of an arterial line as an independent risk factor for colonization and infection with Serratia marcescens. Other studies have also shown invasive intravascular devices as risk factors for colonization and infection with Serratia sp.[5,17,18]. However, Maragakis et al. [17] suppose that these are rather markers of severity of illness and susceptibility of a patient to infection than independent risk factors. We also agree with this statement and presume that the usage of these devices has probably no direct causal role in colonization with Serratia marcescens. On the other hand, invasive device use increases the number of contacts with personnel and thus, in case of suboptimal hand hygiene, increases the possibility of transmission. In order to improve insertion and care of intravascular catheters, including arterial catheters, a guideline was drawn up and implemented.
As in most of the other outbreak studies, the reservoir and mode of transmission remained unknown also in our study. We suppose that asymptomatic patients are the most important reservoir of Serratia sp., because after the implementation of screening policy (included samples from nasopharynx and rectum) and isolation precautions the number of new cases decreased significantly. As in our study the gastrointestinal tracts as well as respiratory tracts of neonates were frequently colonized, we agree with Giles et al. [19] that during Serratia sp. outbreak both respiratory and gastrointestinal samples should be collected in order to maximize the identification of colonized infants.
There is a likelihood that the organisms may have been transmitted via the hands of health care workers and mothers. This hypothesis is supported by the evidence that no other cultures taken from the environment were positive. However, cultures taken from the hands of health care workers were negative. In 2001–2003 a study conducted in New York Presbyterian Hospital in New York City aimed to determine the relative frequency of potential horizontal transmission between patients and health care workers in the NICU. This large prospective study indicated a potentially higher probability of cross-transmission with certain gram-negative bacilli, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens via the hands of health care workers [20]. We speculate that in addition to personnel, mothers may have had a role in transmission of Serratia sp. in the ward. Hand hygiene rules were explained to mothers, but their compliance was not followed routinely. Unfortunately no samples were cultured from mothers’ hands during the outbreak.
Closing the ward temporarily has been an efficient measure to terminate an outbreak [6,21]. This option was under discussion in our case, but it was not possible to transfer intensive care patients to another hospital (due to long distance) or to open an additional ward (lack of qualified personnel). It was also impossible to employ additional personnel.
Limitation of our study concerns the aspect that among control patients there could be patients colonized with other bacteria due to the fact that a selective culture for Serratia sp. was used for screening. It is possible that previous colonization with other gram-negative bacteria causes colonization resistance of the gastrointestinal tract and reduces the opportunity to colonize with potentially pathogenic microorganisms such as Serratia marcescens. On the other hand, as the length of stay in PICU was 12.4 days till the first positive culture and in NU 11.8 days, there is a possibility that case-patients were colonized with other gram-negative bacteria also by that time.
In conclusion, we can say that as the implementation of infection control measures was delayed, the outbreak lasted a long time. In order to terminate an outbreak caused by Serratia sp. promptly, early implementation of thoroughly considered aggressive infection control measures involving patients and mothers as well as the personnel is of utmost importance. Continued attention should be paid on optimizing antibiotic usage.
Competing interests
All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.
Authors’ contributions
VA planned the study, carried out the data collection and analysis, performed PFGE of all collected strains and drafted the manuscript. HP participated in the design of the study and performed statistical analysis. PM participated in the design of the study and data analysis and drafted the manuscrip. TM participated in coordination of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. KT participated in the data collection and helped to carry out the molecular studies PN helped to plan and design the study, participated in coordination in the field of microbiology and drafted the manuscript. MM conceived the study and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the Ministry of Education and Research of Estonia (targeted financing SF0180081s07).
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Research article
Reassuring and managing patients with concerns about swine flu: Qualitative interviews with callers to NHS Direct
G James Rubin1*, Richard Amlôt2, Holly Carter2, Shirley Large3, Simon Wessely1 and Lisa Page1
Author Affiliations
1 King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Weston Education Centre (PO62), Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RJ, UK
2 Health Protection Agency, Emergency Response Department, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
3 NHS Direct, Strawberry Fields, Berrywood Business Village, Tollbar Way, Hedge End, Hampshire, SO30 2UN, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Public Health 2010, 10:451 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-451
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/451
Received:17 November 2009
Accepted:2 August 2010
Published:2 August 2010
© 2010 Rubin et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
During the early stages of the 2009 swine flu (influenza H1N1) outbreak, the large majority of patients who contacted the health services about the illness did not have it. In the UK, the NHS Direct telephone service was used by many of these patients. We used qualitative interviews to identify the main reasons why people approached NHS Direct with concerns about swine flu and to identify aspects of their contact which were reassuring, using a framework approach.
Methods
33 patients participated in semi-structured interviews. All patients had telephoned NHS Direct between 11 and 14 May with concerns about swine flu and had been assessed as being unlikely to have the illness.
Results
Reasons for seeking advice about swine flu included: the presence of unexpectedly severe flu-like symptoms; uncertainties about how one can catch swine flu; concern about giving it to others; pressure from friends or employers; and seeking 'peace of mind.' Most participants found speaking to NHS Direct reassuring or useful. Helpful aspects included: having swine flu ruled out; receiving an alternative explanation for symptoms; clarification on how swine flu is transmitted; and the perceived credibility of NHS Direct. No-one reported anything that had increased their anxiety and only one participant subsequently sought additional advice about swine flu from elsewhere.
Conclusions
Future major incidents involving other forms of chemical, biological or radiological hazards may also cause large numbers of unexposed people to seek health advice. Our data suggest that providing telephone triage and information is helpful in such instances, particularly where advice can be given via a trusted, pre-existing service.
Background
The 2009 outbreak of influenza A (H1N1), or 'swine flu,' killed 457 people in the UK between April 2009 and March 2010 [1]. Although the illness turned out to be relatively mild for most people, the early stages of the outbreak were characterised by uncertainty as to the nature and severity of the illness, with concern being expressed about the ability of medical services to cope with the volume of patients who might require help. While most attention focused on the ability of hospitals and primary care trusts to care for patients suffering from swine flu, [2] in practice most people who initially sought help did not have the illness. In the UK, NHS Direct, which is a 24 hour telephone and online health advice and information service staffed primarily by nurses and health information advisors, received approximately 63 000 calls relating to swine flu in the first month of the outbreak [3]. During the same period only 185 cases of swine flu were confirmed across the UK [4]. Although the tendency for large numbers of unaffected individuals to seek advice and assistance from the health services is a common occurrence during major public health incidents, [5,6] little evidence exists as to what factors motivate these patients to seek help. A common assumption is that this group consists of worried patients who require reassurance. [e.g. [7,8]]
The role of NHS Direct in providing information and reassurance to concerned members of the public during the swine flu outbreak sat within a broader strategy designed to relieve pressure on primary care physicians. After the World Health Organisation declared on 29 April that a pandemic was imminent, widespread Government advertisements about the condition began to appear in the UK, including an information leaflet delivered to every house in the country [9]. These mass media campaigns were supplemented by websites and an automated telephone line which contained more detailed information. Members of the public were advised that if they had "just returned from Mexico or an affected country" and "think [you] might have swine flu" they should check their symptoms on-line, call the automated telephone number and then telephone either their GP or NHS Direct "if you have taken these steps and are still concerned." [9] Similar remote triage systems have also been used in other countries during both the swine flu outbreak and in previous major public health incidents [10,11]. Similar systems are also recommended for future incidents [5,6].
While patients typically report that NHS Direct is a helpful and reassuring source of information and advice during normal circumstances, [12] whether this holds true during a major public health incident is less certain. Such incidents are often characterised by high levels of uncertainty about the severity of the risk that people face, uncertainty as to who is most at risk, the presence of conflicting advice from experts and official agencies, and extensive media coverage and speculation. All of these issues tend to increase levels of public concern [13] and make it difficult to provide effective reassurance to patients. Indeed, during one previous major incident in the UK, some people who spoke to NHS Direct or to the UK's Health Protection Agency by telephone reported that this contact added to their confusion or made them suspicious as to why they had been asked to contact these services at all [14].
In this study we used qualitative interviews with patients who contacted NHS Direct about swine flu during the early stages of the outbreak in order to assess whether the advice and reassurance given to them adequately met their needs and to explore the factors that were most reassuring for patients. Because we were also interested in understanding why people contacted the health services about swine flu during this period, despite most not having been exposed to the illness, we also asked a range of questions relating to patients' motivations for seeking advice.
Methods
Participants
People were eligible for this study if they had contacted NHS Direct between 11 and 14 May 2009 in order to discuss swine flu, were 18 years or older, spoke English and had received only information or treatment at home advice. Our intention was to interview 30 to 40 patients who met these criteria. From prior experience [14] we felt that this number would allow us to identify the most important reasons people had for making contact with NHS Direct.
Procedure
One NHS Direct call centre participated in the study. Call centre staff assessed eligibility and requested consent for contact details to be passed to us. Staff members were asked to recruit up to five callers each. The interviewers (RA, HC, GJR and LP) called consenting patients and informed them about the purposes of the research. Participants were again asked to verbally confirm their consent to take part in the interviews and were informed that all data would be anonymised by the removal of any personally identifiable material from our transcripts and publications. Participants were then guided through a semi-structured interview lasting 10 to 15 minutes (see Appendix 1). The questions asked in these interviews were specifically chosen in order to explore several key topics of interest that were identified a priori. We also asked one item adapted from the state trait anxiety inventory: "when you called NHS Direct, how worried were you about the swine flu outbreak?" [15] Permitted responses were 'very much,' 'moderately,' 'somewhat' and 'not at all.'
Analyses
Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed. Qualitative analysis was conducted using a technique akin to a framework approach, [16] in that we approached the data with a set of pre-determined main themes in mind which we wished to explore. These were: reasons for wanting to speak to someone about swine flu; reasons why any prior information sources had not been sufficient; reasons motivating patients to speak to NHS Direct rather than to a different healthcare provider; reasons why speaking to NHS Direct had been reassuring; reasons why speaking to NHS Direct had provoked concern or anxiety; and reasons for wanting to seek more advice about swine flu after speaking to NHS Direct. We first looked for quotes from each transcript which related to one of these main themes. Within each theme, we then grouped quotes together which appeared to reflect the same underlying sub-theme, using an iterative process of refining and re-labelling these sub-themes. Once themes were identified, two researchers re-examined each transcript and identified how many participants had explicitly mentioned each sub-theme to ensure that they reflected general experiences among our participants rather than idiosyncratic findings relating to single people.
Ethics
The National Research Ethics Service advised us to treat this study as a service evaluation, exempt from research ethics approval.
Results
Between 11 and 14 May, the call centre received 583 calls concerning swine flu, of which 349 received home care advice and 40 received information only. 45 patients gave permission for their details to be passed to us. Of these, we interviewed 33. 32 participants were interviewed within two weeks of their contact with NHS Direct; the remaining participant was interviewed after 16 days.
Our participants included 19 women (58%), had a median age of 33 years (range: 19 to 79), and were predominantly white British (n = 24, 73%), with the remainder being 'mixed White' (4, 12%), Indian (2, 6%) and 'other Asian,' Black African or Turkish Cypriot (1 each, 3%). Three participants had called NHS Direct on behalf of a relative.
Levels of worry before calling NHS Direct
Fifteen participants (45%) reported that when they had called NHS Direct they were 'not at all' worried about swine flu. Eight were 'somewhat' worried, seven were 'moderately' worried and three were worried 'very much.'
Qualitative results
Appendix 2 summarises the sub-themes that emerged within each of our main themes.
Reasons for seeking advice about swine flu
Only two participants were asymptomatic when they initially sought information about swine flu. For them, the main motivating factor for seeking advice was a desire to discuss prophylaxis.
The remaining 31 participants had experienced flu-like symptoms or were phoning on behalf of someone who had. Within this group, the unusualness of their symptoms was often described as an important factor motivating them to seek advice, with unusualness typically defined in terms of unexpected severity or duration. For example, one participant noted that "I've had a cold and I've had the flu and it only lasted about 2 days. But I had this about a week and a half. It's the first time I've had a cold that long and I was just thinking the worst." Some participants also mentioned that they wanted information about any distinguishing characteristics of swine flu, particularly in terms of its symptoms.
Concern or uncertainty about having been exposed to swine flu was an additional factor motivating some participants to seek advice. Their explanations suggested a variety of perceptions as to what might count as exposure, ranging from mixing with others who had returned from an affected region ("I'm a teacher, and a number of the kids had come back from the States, so I thought it was a possibility"), to having been in roughly the same location as a known case ("I came down with flu symptoms and I work at [an] airport. And there was two confirmed cases of swine flu gone through"), to being among unknown people ("I'm in a [waiting room] where patients are coming in all the time. Nobody is walking round with a label or a badge on saying 'I've just been to Mexico'"). In contrast, other participants sought advice due to concern that they might expose others. For example, one commented that "I work with children all day, so it's more for my fear that if I've got something like that, then it would go amongst children," while another explained that "I just phoned up to make sure that I didn't have [swine flu]..., because I was visiting my parents and they're quite elderly and I was a bit worried."
Pressure from others was important for many participants. For some, this pressure came from friends or family. For others, it came from their employer and was not always well-received (e.g. "I kind of thought I just had a bug. My school wouldn't let me go back until I'd had it confirmed that I didn't have swine flu... I thought it was quite a ridiculous assumption").
For some patients, another motivation for seeking advice was a desire to obtain "peace of mind," "confirmation," or "reassurance" that they did not have swine flu. These participants appeared to recognise that they were unlikely to have it, but felt that they should err on the side of caution nonetheless (e.g. "[I wanted] to confirm that I hadn't got this flu virus. So it was more so, you know, 'you definitely haven't.' That was the reassurance I needed").
Finally, some participants mentioned that personal risk factors had increased their motivation to speak to someone, for example age or pre-existing chronic illness.
Information sources tried before calling NHS Direct
Before telephoning NHS Direct, participants had variously sought information from the NHS Direct website, the Government leaflet on swine flu, their GP, other official websites, a pharmacy and a hospital. Three themes emerged as to why people felt they needed additional advice despite having already used these sources. First, a common reason was simply because the participant had been explicitly told that they needed to seek help from elsewhere. Second, people who had used an internet resource or the Government leaflet also made comments suggesting that they now wanted to speak to a human, because "you can read so much in a leaflet, and you can watch so much, but I think when you speak to someone it's a bit more reassuring." Finally, a lack of trust in the initial source was important for some participants.
Why NHS Direct?
Five themes reflected why participants eventually called NHS Direct, rather than seeking advice elsewhere. For some participants, it was because they had been informed that NHS Direct was the most appropriate place to get help, while others commented that using a telephone service would reduce their chances of giving swine flu to friends, family members or colleagues. Also important was the ease with which NHS Direct could be accessed. As one participant noted "it's a lot less hassle than going to your GP." Trust in NHS Direct was mentioned by many participants. This often related to a previous positive experience with them (e.g. "any time I ring NHS Direct about anything, it's always reassuring"). Finally, some participants mentioned that they wanted to avoid burdening other medical services.
Reasons why speaking to NHS Direct had been reassuring
Most participants did obtain reassurance from speaking to NHS Direct. Although some indicated that speaking to NHS Direct had not been reassuring, in each instance this reflected the fact that the participant had not been worried to begin with. One factor underlying the reassurance was the ability of staff to explicitly rule out swine flu. In addition, providing an alternative explanation for symptoms was mentioned as reassuring (e.g. "I wanted to check that there were just other kinds of flu bugs going around, because it surprised me that at this time of year I should be having these sort of symptoms. So really I wanted somebody to say yes there are, they do last a few days, it's all perfectly normal").
Helping patients to understand that they were only at risk of catching swine flu if they had been in close contact with a known case was also reported as reassuring. For example, one participant was reassured after finding out that "you definitely need to have had contact for a sustained period, i.e. over an hour," while another remembered being told that "nobody in [my area] had been confirmed as contracting swine flu, so therefore the likelihood [that I had caught it] was probably extremely small." For other participants, it appeared that confusion still existed about their potential for having been exposed. For some, this emerged as only a minor nagging doubt. For others, it was a more central issue which diminished the reassurance that they had obtained. For example, one participant was unhappy that she had been asked if her family member had come into contact with a known case and commented that; "well you don't know, that's the thing. They were very unhelpful... It just wasn't reassuring... They say you don't fit the criteria, but according to that list [of symptoms], you know, everything that she had is on that list."
While factual aspects of their call relating to diagnoses or exposure were helpful for many patients, less tangible aspects relating to the credibility, expertise or professionalism of NHS Direct were also reported as reassuring. This was suggested by comments such as "[I was] talking to someone who knew what they were talking about," "it wasn't just a quick chat [but] I didn't feel like I was wasting their time," "they were quite, what's the word, quite warm" and "[she] was the first person I spoke to that I felt I had any confidence in." Related to this, the simple action of telling the patient that they could call back if they had any additional concerns was explicitly cited as reassuring by some participants.
Did speaking to NHS Direct provoke concern or worry?
None of the participants were able to identify any aspect of their call that had caused them concern or worry.
Use of other medical services following contact with NHS Direct
Only one participant reported seeking additional advice about swine flu after speaking to NHS Direct. The employer of this participant had asked her to re-check the cause of her symptoms. She did this by speaking to NHS Direct again and by making an appointment with her GP.
Discussion
Incidents involving the release of a chemical, biological or radiological hazard often result in a large number of unexposed people seeking medical advice [6,7,17-20]. The early stages of the swine flu outbreak was no exception [3]. While previous reports have highlighted the need for strategies that are designed to reduce the number of unexposed patients who seek care in future incidents, surprisingly little is known about the factors which produce this 'surge' of patients [5,6] A common perception has previously been that such patients are "the worried well." [e.g. [7,8]] However, our results suggest that this is inaccurate. For our participants, the presence of worry or a desire for 'peace of mind' were only some of the motivations that were cited for seeking advice: worry was by no means a necessary prerequisite for someone making contact with NHS Direct. By identifying other factors underlying health care use during a major incident we may be able to both reduce the extent to which patients use these services unnecessarily and alter services to ensure that the needs of this patient group are met.
Other reasons for making contact that were identified in this study included a desire for information about prophylaxis and a need to understand how swine flu is transmitted. Partly, these motivations appeared to reflect the perceptions about swine flu that were held by our participants. While a large amount of research has demonstrated that how patients with medical conditions react to their illnesses largely depends on their perception of factors such as the cause, consequences or controllability of their illness, [21] recent evidence also suggests that how healthy people perceive a given illness can determine their desire to engage in behaviours that are intended to prevent them from becoming ill [22]. For example, research by our team has shown that perceptions regarding the infectivity of an emerging infectious disease are a strong predictor of intentions to seek medical advice during a hypothetical outbreak of that disease [23]. Additional research to clarify which perceptions about a major public health incident or a novel hazard are most important in determining how people respond to it is ongoing.
As with previous incidents [14] external pressure from friends, family members and employers was another key reason cited by patients for contacting NHS Direct. While it may be difficult in future incidents to prevent concerned friends and family members from encouraging unexposed individuals to make contact with the health services, providing improved information to employers may be possible. Where relevant, assuring employers that their staff do not require special certification in order to return to work may help to reduce the number of individuals who are encouraged to make contact with health services.
Understanding motivations for health care use is a useful first step in providing unexposed yet concerned patients with appropriate care. In this respect, several aspects of contact with NHS Direct were singled out as particularly useful or reassuring. As might be expected, advice that specifically related to swine flu and the evolving situation was important. But other aspects of the call which did not directly relate to swine flu were also important. In particular, the ability of NHS Direct staff to provide an alternative explanation for symptoms was reassuring for many participants, while elements of the conversation such as the warmth, professionalism or credibility of the staff member were also important. These latter themes, which have been identified before in surveys of NHS Direct users, [12] also helped motivate people to use the service in the first place. While capacity issues may sometimes require the setting up of a new specialist helpline following a major incident, using established services with which people have already formed a relationship and which can advise on a broad range of healthcare topics may be preferable.
Methodological limitations
Given the high workload of NHS Direct staff during our study, the most pragmatic way to obtain sufficient participants for our analysis was to ask call centre staff to recruit up to five participants each. This essentially provided us with a convenience sample. As such, we cannot provide any meaningful response rate for the study: it is not clear how many participants were asked to participate in the research, but declined. Nonetheless, we believe that the themes we identified do reflect the key variables that were important in causing people to seek advice from NHS Direct and to find their contact with NHS Direct reassuring or useful. We have no reason to believe that our sampling excluded a large subset of patients whose experiences or perceptions were qualitatively different from those who were included. Although we were unable to feed back our results to the initial callers in order to gauge their credibility, presentation of our results to an NHS Direct call centre team suggested that the issues we identified did appear to be complete, although it is possible that some small subgroups, such as pregnant women or GPs may have had different concerns when they called in.
The relative importance of each of the subthemes that we identified is less clear. Quantitative research with a more robust sampling strategy would be required to answer questions such as what proportion of patients contact the health services due to worry, what proportion obtain benefit from a discussion of how one can become exposed to a particular hazard, and what proportion remain concerned about a major public health incident despite receiving reassurance.
Whether the sub-themes we identified are more generally applicable to other major incidents involving the release of a chemical, biological or radiological hazard, or whether they are specific to swine flu is also unclear. However, we have previously noted similar themes among members of the public who spoke to the Health Protection Agency following the dispersal of radioactive polonium 210 in central London in 2006 [14]. Additional research to identify the factors that motivate people to contact the health services during future incidents and the key aspects of that contact that help to reassure them is required.
Conclusions
People who contacted NHS Direct about swine flu in the early stages of the outbreak had multiple reasons for doing so. Not all were anxious, while the majority of those who were gained reassurance from clear, factual information conveyed by a trusted source. For future major incidents in the UK, allowing existing services to provide initial telephone triage, advice and reassurance has much to recommend it.
Competing interests
SL is a full-time employee of NHS Direct. She played no role in data collection or in the initial analysis of the data. The authors declare that they have no other competing interests.
Authors' contributions
GJR had the original idea for the study and developed the study design with RA, LP, HC, SL and SW. Preliminary analyses were conducted by GJR, who also wrote the first draft of the paper. All authors contributed to further drafts, had full access to all of the data, and read and approved the final manuscript.
Appendix 1. Open-ended questions used during our interviews with callers to NHS Direct. Interviewers were instructed to prompt for further detail as necessary
• Why did you call NHS Direct?
• Did you think that you, or a friend or relative, might have been exposed to swine flu?
• What were you hoping to get out of your call?
• Why did you contact NHS Direct rather than, say, your GP or local hospital?
• Before you called NHS Direct, had you tried to get advice or information from anywhere else about swine flu? Where had you tried? How useful did you find that?
• When you spoke to NHS Direct, what did they tell you?
• Did you find that reassuring or useful?
• What was the most reassuring part about your contact with NHS Direct?
• Did anything about your contact with NHS Direct make you concerned or worried?
• Is there anything that NHS Direct could have said or done that would have helped you more?
• Do you still have any unanswered questions about swine flu?
• Since you called NHS Direct, have you got more information about swine flu from anywhere else?
• Is there anything else you think we should pass on to NHS Direct that might help them to improve their service?
Appendix 2: Sub-themes which emerged following a qualitative analysis of interviews with 33 patients who called NHS Direct about swine flu, but who probably did not have swine flu
Reasons for seeking advice about swine flu
• Desire to discuss prophylaxis
• Experiencing unusual symptoms
• Seeking information about distinctive characteristics of swine flu
• Concern or uncertainty about exposure to swine flu
• Concern about exposing others to swine flu
• Pressure from others
• Peace of mind, confirmation or reassurance that patient does not have swine flu
• Risk factors such as having a young child or a medical comorbidity
Reasons why any initial source of information was not sufficient
• Participant was told to seek help elsewhere
• Participant wanted to speak to a human
• Participant lacked trust in the initial source
Reasons why the participant called NHS Direct
• Participant was told that NHS Direct was the appropriate place to seek help
• It lessens the chance of spreading the infection compared to going elsewhere
• Ease of access
• Participant trusted NHS Direct more than other sources
• Participant did not want to tie up other medical resources
Reasons why speaking to NHS Direct was reassuring
• Ruling out swine flu-based on answers to the patient's questions
• Providing an alternative explanation for symptoms
• Clarifying the nature of 'exposure'
• The perceived credibility, expertise or professionalism of NHS Direct
• Being offered the chance to call back if necessary
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the NHS Direct staff who initially informed and sought consent from potential participants, to Kate Hardie who assisted with data coding and analysis, and to the participants themselves.
Funding for this survey was provided by the National Institute for Health Research, as part of a Career Development research training Fellowship awarded to GJR. RA and HC are supported as full-time employees of the Health Protection Agency. SW is funded by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London. The funders played no role in the study design, the collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of their funders or employers.
References
1. Hine D: The 2009 influenza pandemic: An independent review of the UK response to 2009 influenza pandemic. London: UK Cabinet Office; 2010.
2. Department of Health: Pandemic Flu: Managing Demand and Capacity in Healthcare Organisations. (Surge). London: Department of Health; 2009.
3. Chapman N, Wogan M: NHS Direct Chief Executives Report. [http:/ / www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/ about/ minutesofmeetings/ ~/ media/ files/ boardpapers/ june2009/ bm_230609_chiefexecutivesreport.ash x] webcite
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4. Health Protection Agency: HPA Weekly National Influenza Report. [http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1243467927021] webcite
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5. Rubin GJ, Dickmann P: How to reduce the impact of "low risk patients" following a bioterrorist incident: Lessons from SARS, anthrax and pneumonic plague.
Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 2010, 8(1):37-43. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. Engel CC, Locke S, Reissman DB, DeMartino R, Kutz I, McDonald M, et al.: Terrorism, trauma and mass casualty triage: How might we solve the latest mind-body problem?
Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 2007, 5:155-163. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Smithson AE: Rethinking the lessons of Tokyo. In Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat. Edited by Smithson AE, Levy L-A. Washington D.C.: Henry L. Stimson Center; 1999.
8. Lister S: Britain prepares for 65,000 deaths from swine flu.
The Times 2009 2009., 1:
9. Important information about swine flu - leaflet NHS Scotland; NHS Wales; Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety; NHS; 2009.
10. Mott JA, Treadwell TA, Hennessy TW, Rosenberg PA, Wolfe MI, Brown CM, et al.: Call tracking data and the public health response to bioterrorism-related anthrax.
Emerg Infect Dis 2002, 8(10):1088-1092. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text
11. Kaydos-Daniels SC, Olowokure B, Chang HJ, Barwick RS, Deng JF, Lee ML, et al.: Body temperature monitoring and SARS fever hotline, Taiwan.
Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10(2):373-376. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
12. O'Cathain A, Munro JF, Nicholl JP, Knowles E: How helpful is NHS Direct? Postal survey of callers.
BMJ 2000, 320:1035. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
13. Hohenemser C, Kates RW, Slovic P: The nature of technological hazard.
Science 1983, 220:378-384. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14. Rubin GJ, Page LA, Morgan O, Pinder RJ, Riley P, Hatch S, et al.: Public information needs after the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko with polonium-210 in London: cross sectional telephone survey and qualitative analysis.
BMJ 2007, 335:1143. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
15. Marteau TM, Becker H: The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Speilberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI).
Br J Clin Psychol 1992, 31:301-306. PubMed Abstract
16. Pope C, Ziebland S, Mays N: Analysing qualitative data. In Qualitative Research in Health Care. Edited by Pope C, Mays N. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2008:63-81.
17. Petterson JS: Perception vs. reality of radiological impact: the Goiania model.
Nuclear News 1988, 31:85-90.
18. Bleich A, Dycian A, Koslowsky M, Solomon Z, Wiener M: Psychiatric implications of missile attacks on a civilian population.
JAMA 1992, 268:613-615. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
19. Tham KY: An emergency department response to severe acute respiratory syndrome: A prototype response to bioterrorism.
Ann Emerg Med 2004, 43:6-14. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
20. Chen SY, Ma MHM, Su CP, Chiang WC, Ko PCI, Lai TI: Facing an outbreak of highly transmissible disease: Problems in emergency department response.
Ann Emerg Med 2004, 44:93-5. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
21. Weinman J, Petrie KJ, Moss-Morris R, Horne R: The illness perception questionnaire: A new method for assessing the cognitive representation of illness.
Psychology and Health 1996, 11:431-445. Publisher Full Text
22. Figueiras MJ, Alves NC: Lay perceptions of serious illnesses: An adapted version of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R) for healthy people.
Psychology and Health 2007, 22(2):143-158. Publisher Full Text
23. Rubin GJ, Amlot R, Rogers MB, Hall I, Leach S, Simpson J, et al.: Public perceptions of and reactions to pneumonic plague.
Emerg Infect Dis 2009, 16:120-122.
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/10/451/prepub
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Research article
Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey
Teresa To1,2,3,9*, Sanja Stanojevic1, Ginette Moores1,4, Andrea S Gershon1,2,3,5, Eric D Bateman6, Alvaro A Cruz7 and Louis-Philippe Boulet8
Author affiliations
1 Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3 The Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
5 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
6 University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
7 ProAR - Núcleo de ExcelênciaemAsma, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
8 Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
9 Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
BMC Public Health 2012, 12:204 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-204
Published: 19 March 2012
Abstract
Background
Asthma is a major cause of disability, health resource utilization and poor quality of life world-wide. We set out to generate estimates of the global burden of asthma in adults, which may inform the development of strategies to address this common disease.
Methods
The World Health Survey (WHS) was developed and implemented by the World Health Organization in 2002-2003. A total of 178,215 individuals from 70 countries aged 18 to 45 years responded to questions related to asthma and related symptoms. The prevalence of asthma was based on responses to questions relating to self-reported doctor diagnosed asthma, clinical/treated asthma, and wheezing in the last 12 months.
Results
The global prevalence rates of doctor diagnosed asthma, clinical/treated asthma and wheezing in adults were 4.3%, 4.5%, and 8.6% respectively, and varied by as much as 21-fold amongst the 70 countries. Australia reported the highest rate of doctor diagnosed, clinical/treated asthma, and wheezing (21.0%, 21.5%, and 27.4%). Amongst those with clinical/treated asthma, almost 24% were current smokers, half reported wheezing, and 20% had never been treated for asthma.
Conclusions
This study provides a global estimate of the burden of asthma in adults, and suggests that asthma continues to be a major public health concern worldwide. The high prevalence of smoking remains a major barrier to combating the global burden of asthma. While the highest prevalence rates were observed in resource-rich countries, resource-poor nations were also significantly affected, posing a barrier to development as it stretches further the demands of non-communicable diseases.
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Aerosol Optical Depth of MODIS Imagery over Bright Coastal Water: A Regression Technique
Abd Rahman Mat Amin, Khiruddin Abdullah, Mohd Rivaie
Abstract
The contribution of sediment and bottom reflectance in the MODIS imagery over bright coastal water contaminate visible and near infrared channels. This contribution leads to the saturation in the ocean color channels and error in the MODIS derived product over that areas. The saturation in the ocean color channels lead to no aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved by MODIS algorithm over very turbid areas. The sediment contributions will increase the reflectance in the visible and near infrared channel that is used in the MODIS aerosol algorithm. This area is then masked using sediment masking algorithm. In this paper, a simple method to estimate the AOD over bright coastal water with high sediment and bottom reflectance contributions is proposed. The first seven MODIS solar channels centered at 0.47, 0.55, 0.66, 0.86, 1.24, 1.64 and 2.13 µm, originally designed for remote sensing over land and cloud properties have been utilized in this study. The algorithm is based on the excess reflectance at 0.55, 0.66 and 0.87 µm wavelength using the power law model that can be associated to the presence of sediment. The excess value of the reflectance is discarded, to obtain the atmospheric contribution in the data. Aerosol contribution over bright coastal water areas is then compared with AOD of 0.869 µm using regression technique. This study shows that the AOD and aerosol retrieved are in high correlation with R is greater than 0.90. The AOD map from the applications of the algorithm were constructed and extrapolated for the saturated channels areas. The sample result of AOD map from several MODIS datasets acquired over the Gulf of Martaban is presented.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Modern Applied Science ISSN 1913-1844 (Print) ISSN 1913-1852 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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"url": "www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/projected-change-in-minimum-river/mail_password_form",
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"warc_url": "http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/ie"
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Introduction
Ireland’s location on the western edge of the European continent is a very obvious driver of the diversity that sets the state apart from the continent of Europe. History and religion, climate and geology - which themselves have all been influenced by that physical location – have also played an important part in the development of the modern state. These factors have shaped political, economic and social development and the evolution of governance practices including environmental protection and management.
Environmental Governance
The Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government (DEHLG) has primary responsibility for environmental policy. In some areas, such as in climate change, responsibility rests across a number of departments including the DEHLG, Department of Transport, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. The implementation of national policy often falls under the remit of local government (i.e., Local Authorities). Local Authorities have responsibility for local development and waste management planning, as well as the enforcement of environmental regulations in their functional area. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is a statutory body responsible for protecting the environment, including the licensing and enforcement of activities with the potential to cause serious pollution.
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Difference between revisions of "Panda How to add 2 USBs"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
(Assembly)
(Notes)
Line 55: Line 55:
* First few pins of J6
* First few pins of J6
[[File:j6_detail.jpg|600x]]
[[File:j6_detail.jpg|600x]]
<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>
Revision as of 19:20, 10 February 2011
Contents
Introduction
• You can add 2 additional USB ports to the Pandaboard development platform.
Materials
These are the materials you will need in addition to your Pandaboard.
• A PC USB Thingy
• A 2 x 4 pin header .1" centers
Pinout
• Detail of one of the Thingy's pigtails
The Red (VCC) wire will connect to J6 Pin 1 (USB Port 3) or 2 (USB Port 4)
The White (D-) wire will connect to J6 Pin 3 (USB Port 3) or 4 (USB Port 4)
The Green (D+) wire will connect to J6 Pin 5 (USB Port 3) or 6 (USB Port 4)
The Black (Gnd) wire will connect to J6 Pin 7 (USB Port 3) or 8 (USB Port 4)
The fifth pin (shield) is not connected.
Earlier versions of the Pandaboard had connections for the shield, but they were dropped in favour of some additional GPIOs.
• J6 Pinout
Assembly
Here is what the header will look like when soldered to J6 of the Pandaboard.
• Solder the header into the J6 pins closest to the WIFI module
• Detail of the header soldered into J6
• Plug in the pigtails making sure that the RED wire end of the connectors are plugged into the pins nearest the WIFI module
• Detail of the Thingy plugged into the Header at J6
Notes
Most PC USB Thingy's have a standard pinout that is compatible with J6
• First few pins of J6
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Find Death or Burial Information in Wales Before 1536Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Select one of the following options for step by step instructions on using the record to find death and burial information in this time period.
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Mapleton, Utah Classes 2013Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 06:14, 4 February 2013 by ElizabethSnow (Talk | contribs)
Mapleton Utah FHC
MAPLETON FAMILY HISTORY CENTER NIGHT CLASSES
FEBRUARY
Date
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Family History Consultant Training
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President’s Weekend-
NO CLASS
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"Where Do I Start?:
A basic research plan for beginners"
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Use your computer knowledge to find your ancestors
Charlie and Patti Coombs
Idea share, what’s new, training, news for Mapleton FHC
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 580454, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/580454
Research Article
Imaging of Scarce Archaeological Remains Using Microwave Tomographic Depictions of Ground Penetrating Radar Data
1Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment IREA CNR, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Napoli, Italy
2Utsi Electronics Ltd., Sarek, Newton Road, Harston, Cambridge CB22 7NZ, UK
3Institute for Archaeological and Monumental Heritage IBAM CNR, Via Monteroni, Campus Universitario, 73100 Lecce, Italy
4Department of Civil Engineering, University of Greenwich London SE10 9LS, UK
Received 10 March 2012; Accepted 23 May 2012
Academic Editor: Danilo Erricolo
Copyright © 2012 Francesco Soldovieri et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The Romano-British site of Barcombe in East Sussex, England, has suffered heavy postdepositional attrition through reuse of the building materials for the effects of ploughing. A detailed GPR survey of the site was carried out in 2001, with results, achieved by usual radar data processing, published in 2002. The current paper reexamines the GPR data using microwave tomography approach, based on a linear inverse scattering model, and a 3D visualization that permits to improve the definition of the villa plan and reexamine the possibility of detecting earlier prehistoric remains.
1. Brief Description of the Archaeological Site
This paper deals with the reexamination of the data collected during GPR surveys collected with the aim of a prospecting of an ancient Roman Villa in Barcombe. The villa lies in a field on the perimeter of the Barcombe village in East Sussex, England (see Figure 1). The site came to the attention of the Mid Sussex Field Archaeological Team (MSFAT) and the University College London Field Archaeological Unit (UCL, subsequently replaced by the Centre for Continuing Education of the University of Sussex, CCE) because it was in danger of disappearing altogether without being adequately recorded [1]. In common with many other UK sites of the period, the site had been extensively robbed out in the centuries following its demise in order to provide building material for the adjacent village and its associated farms. This is a common problem with Romano-British sites in the UK. In addition, the site is positioned on the ridge of a field in agricultural use and has therefore been extensively ploughed out. As a result, the archaeological evidence was sparse and the remained part was being rapidly eroded.
Figure 1: Location of the Barcombe Romano-British Villa.
2. GPR Survey and First Results
In April 2001, a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey was jointly carried out by Professor AM Alani of the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Portsmouth and by Utsi Electronics Ltd, on behalf of the archaeological team put in charge of exploring the villa. The work was aimed at investigating the possibility of mapping both the villa and earlier prehistoric remains on the same ridge.
The survey also provided comparative material for other geophysical survey methods employed by the archaeologists, especially the electrical resistivity method. The results of the GPR survey, including a comparison with the evidence from the electrical resistivity field test, were published in 2002 [2].
Using a 40 m by 60 m grid laid out by the archaeological team, a Groundvue 1 system, manufactured by UTSI Electronics, was used to perform a survey along parallel transects at intervals of 50 cm (Figure 2). The GPR system was equipped with antennas of central frequency 400 MHz, linearly polarised, parallel to each other and orthogonal to the direction of the B-scan. The sampling interval along the line of survey was 5 cm, and probing was carried out to 40 ns. A Wide Angle Reflection and Refraction (WARR) calibration [3], carried out at the time of the survey, provided a value of the relative dielectric permittivity equal to 12.5, which implies a propagation velocity of the electromagnetic waves in the soil equal to about 0.085 m/ns. At this velocity, 40 ns is equivalent to an investigation depth of 1.7 m.
Figure 2: Brief description of survey plan of the villa site showing the position of the survey reference lines and of the first survey transect ().
Two partial orthogonal surveys were carried out at a transect spacing of 1 m in order to check that the survey direction was not materially biasing the results. For the case at hand, the main limiting factor on the achieved GPR images proved to be the scarcity of remains, rather than the direction of survey, and thus no further use was made of the orthogonal survey.
The original GPR data were first processed (using the ReflexW software package [4]) by applying background removal [5], adding time-based gain, averaging over 2 traces in order to reduce noise resulting from the relative movement of the antennas across the ploughed field and finally applying a Bandpass Butterworth filter from 200 to 600 MHz (the nominal frequency range of the antennas). The 2-dimensional profiles were regrouped so to build a 3-dimensional cube and the constant time slices extracted [6]; on the basis of maximum signal return, the constant time slices at 16 ns, 25 ns, and 29 ns, about corresponding to the depth 68 cm, 106, cm and 123 cm, are here presented (Figures 3, 4, and 5). In particular, the images of Figures 35 correspond to the rectangle in dashed line in Figure 7.
Figure 3: Time Slice at c. 16 ns (about 68 cm) showing the extant archaeological remains. The wings of the villa are put into evidence by the red dashed circles.
Figure 4: Time slice at c. 25 ns (about 106 cm) showing the extant archaeological remains. The corridor between the wings of the villa is put into evidence by the red dashed tilted ellipse, and the ditch is put into evidence by the yellow dashed lines.
Figure 5: Time slice at c. 29 ns (about 123 cm) showing the extant archaeological remains. The corridor between the wings of the villa is put into evidence by the red dashed tilted ellipse, the ditch is outlined by the yellow dashed lines, and the eastern end of the corridor by the dashed red rectangle.
Although the overall outlines of the villa reflected a pattern similar to those from the electrical resistivity (ER) surveys (see Figure 6, where these features are all visible together), the GPR time slices also illustrated the variation of patterning with depth. This variation along the depth appears to be primarily the result of differential stripping out of the stone for reuse elsewhere. A secondary effect was the necessity of underpinning the villa along its northern and western edges, presumably because of slippage due to the adjacent backfilled prehistoric ditch (Figure 7).
Figure 6: Resistivity Survey of Barcombe Romano-British Villa. The corridor between the wings of the villa is put into evidence by the red dashed tilted ellipse, the ditch is outlined by the yellow dashed lines, and the wings of the villa by the red dashed circles.
Figure 7: Excavation plan of Barcombe Romano-British Villa. The area of the GPR survey is put into evidence by the black dashed rectangle.
Processed data (time slices) did not produce any evidence of extended floors despite the presence of tesserae in and around the surveyed site. Subsequent excavation of the site did not reveal any evidence of any preserved floor either.
The prehistoric remains identified in the original site plan were not confirmed in the time slices produced, presumably because the electromagnetic properties of these features were too close to those of their surrounding environment.
Let us outline that, actually, some additional survey transects were completed to the south of the villa too, but this data was not used for interpretation because the results had been heavily affected by signals from small metal objects such as washers and coins buried within the first few centimetres of land surface. These metal objects were originally sown over the entire site in order to prevent pilfering of the site by local metal detector operators. By the time that the GPR survey was carried out, most of the metal had drifted southwards under the influence of rain and ploughing to the lower part of the field. Since no useful data could be extracted from this area, the data from the final 10 m to the south of the survey was excluded from interpretation and analysis.
3. Reexamination of the Data: The Microwave Tomographic Approach
Although the main limiting factor of this data set is and always will be the relative lack of material remains, re-processing GPR datasets with alternative methods has provided interesting results in other archaeological and civil engineering investigations [7, 8].
The decision was therefore taken to reexamine this dataset to see if the delineation of the villa could be improved and whether or not it was possible to detect the traces of prehistoric activity in the images.
This motivated the choice to reprocess the data by a microwave tomographic approach, which is an inverse scattering technique applied to the scenario at hand [914]. In particular, in this paper, we adopted a strategy aimed to provide a pseudo-3D representation of the investigated scene. This approach has been already applied with regard to the archaeological site of Ballachulish [8, 15].
The approach can be summarised as follows: first, a 2D linear scalar tomographic algorithm is applied to each B-scan (transects); afterward, the 2D tomographic reconstructions are joined to build up a 3D cube, from which horizontal or vertical slices can be extracted. In this paper, we will present the reconstruction outcomes as horizontal depth slices. The 2D tomographic reconstructions have been achieved thanks to a microwave imaging algorithm based on the Born Approximation (BA) that has been already described in detail in other papers [12, 13, 16] and falls within in a well-known specific literature [918]. BA is useful when penetrable objects are under investigation, as in the case of this paper where the attention is mainly focused on buried archaeological artefacts. As is well known, BA provides accurate results for the forward problem, that is, the determination of the field scattered from a known object, under the hypothesis of weak scattering targets [19, 20], that is when the dielectric characteristics of the buried objects are only slightly different from that of the host medium and when the extent of the target is not too large in terms of probing wavelength.
When an inverse scattering problem is tackled, the hypothesis of weak scattering from the target can be relaxed at the cost of renouncing to the “quantitative” reconstruction of the dielectric permittivity. In fact, the adoption of a Born model inversion scheme allows to detect, to localize, and to determine the geometry of the buried target even in the case of strong scattering objects, as has been theoretically postulated on the basis of the support of the secondary sources [19, 21] and as many numerical and experimental tests have shown [8, 2224].
Here, we briefly present the adopted inversion approach just for consistency purposes.
The two-dimensional geometry of the problem is depicted in Figure 8. The background inhomogeneous scenario is built up of two homogeneous half-spaces separated by a planar interface at z = 0. The upper half-space is made up of air with absolute dielectric permittivity . The lower half-space (supposed homogeneous) shows a relative dielectric permittivity , possibly complex to account for losses in the propagation medium. The incident field source is a time-harmonic (time dependence exp(j2πft)) filamentary y-directed electric current, invariant along the y-axis. The data are multifrequency in the band []. A multimonostatic measurement configuration is considered where the transmitting and receiving antennas are placed in the same point. The relevant targets are invariant along the y-axis, and their cross-section is enclosed in the rectangular investigation domain (see Figure 8). We assume the relative dielectric permittivity profile (possibly complex to account for losses in the targets) inside the investigation domain D as the unknown of the problem. Accordingly, the inverse problem is recast in terms of the contrast function [13, 16, 22], defined as Under BA, the relationship between the unknown contrast function and the scattered field data is provided by the following linear integral equation in frequency domain [9, 13, 16, 22]: where is the circular frequency, is the wave-number in the soil, and is the electric scattered field along the air-soil interface collected at the abscissa (let us remember that we are considering a multimonostatic configuration, that is, the source and observation points are the same). The scattered field is given as the difference between the total field and the incident (or unperturbed) field. The incident field is essentially given by the sum of the direct talk between the antennas and the field reflected by the air-soil interface. When the antennas are moved at the air-soil interface, these two subparts are customarily superposed in time domain and also their spectra develop on the same band, so that it is hard to distinguish them from each other. The scattered field is instead the signal backscattered by the buried objects. is the external Green’s function of the problem. The expressions of the Green’s function and of the incident field, accounting for a half space 2D scalar model with the observation line put at the air soil interface, are given by [9, 13, 19]: where being the imaginary part of the square root less than or at most equal to zero. In (4), the source is assimilated to a filamentary current, where is the level of the current, and the absolute magnetic permeability of the free space, equal to H/m.
Figure 8: Geometry of 2D inverse scattering problem.
For a more detailed dealing, reader is referred to [9, 13, 17] and references therein. The linear integral relationship (2) is discretized into a linear algebraic system by means of the Method of Moments, where the unknowns are the expansion coefficients of the contrast function along the chosen functional basis. Point matching is adopted in the data space. The inversion of the resulting matrix is performed by a Truncated Singular Value Decomposition (TSVD) [25], which provides a satisfying robustness of the solution algorithm with respect to the uncertainties and the noise on the data.
The reconstruction results will be given as the spatial map of the modulus of the retrieved contrast, and therefore the regions where the modulus of the contrast function is significantly different from zero express the position and the geometry of the buried objects.
Some preprocessing is needed to pass from the total field GPR data collected in time domain to the scattered field data in frequency domain suitable for the inversion in frequency domain. This is accomplished by means of a two-step procedure. The first one is to mute (after zero timing) the first part of the time domain traces, which approximately corresponds to erase the direct coupling between the transmitting and receiving antennas and the contribution due to the air/soil interface. This step provides an estimation of the scattered field in time domain directly from the data. The second step consists in Fourier transforming the time-domain scattered field so to achieve the scattered field data in frequency domain.
4. Inversion Results
The data processing regarded 63 profiles with a length of 56 meters, so the reconstruction was concerned with an area of m2. The processed B-scans have been then exploited to achieve a pseudo-3D visualization of the investigated area [8, 15]. The processing was performed with a common PC, and it was not possible to process simultaneously all the data contained within a B-scan profile (transect). Thus, we adopted the following strategy: for each 56 m long scan (transect) profile, we performed 14 tomographic reconstructions (each of which relative to a 4 m long investigation domain). The parameters of the inversion for each single reconstruction are reported in the Table 1.
Table 1: Parameters adopted in the inversion scheme.
Accordingly, by considering the central frequency 325 MHz, achieved from the data (which means m), the volume of the investigated scene is .
The results are presented in terms of constant depth slices achieved through the following steps(i)The 3D volume is built up by joining side to side the 63 tomographic reconstruction of 56 m length;(ii)The constant depth slice is fixed and visualised in two modalities below reported. The first “visualization modality” is carried out by normalizing the modulus of the contrast function at the depth at hand with respect to its maximum value. A threshold at 0.2 has been applied too in order to enhance the visibility of the weakest scattering targets. Hence, the represented quantity is the normalized modulus of the retrieved contrast where the final scale of the images is (0.05–0.2).
The second “visualization modality” is achieved performing a preliminary interpolation of the modulus of the contrast function over the constant depth section by a median filtering. This filtering is two dimensional, and each output pixel contains the median value in the M-by-N (M = 3, N = 6) neighborhood around the corresponding pixel in the input image (this procedure is carried out by the routine MEDFILT2 command in MATLAB).
The tradeoff between the two visualizations is that the first one gives a cleaner image and so makes possible a better interpretation of the overall content of the buried scenario, whereas the second one enhances some weaker scatterer otherwise possibly “covered” by the stronger scattering targets.
Figures 913 depict the constant depth slices at depth of 0.5 m, 0.63 m, 0.75 m, 1, 1.25 m, respectively; for each figure, the panels (a) and (b) depict the reconstruction according to the first and second visualization modality, respectively.
Figure 9: Tomographic constant depth slice at 0.5 m: (a) section not interpolated; (b) section interpolated by a median filtering.
Figure 10: Tomographic constant depth slice at 0.63 m: (a) section not interpolated; (b) section interpolated by a median filtering.
Figure 11: Tomographic constant depth slice at 0.75 m: (a) section not interpolated; (b) section interpolated by a median filtering.
Figure 12: Tomographic constant depth slice at 1 m: (a) section not interpolated; (b) section interpolated by a median filtering.
Figure 13: Tomographic constant depth slice at 1.25 m: (a) section not interpolated; (b) section interpolated by a median filtering.
5. Results Interpretation, Conclusions, and Future Developments
When comparing the results of the resistivity survey, the excavation, and the GPR survey, it is important to realise that the area covered by the surveys is in any case only a part of the full excavated area. All three depictions of the villa (resistivity, classical GPR processing, microwave tomography) show a winged corridor villa. The ER data also indicate the presence of a circular anomaly at the southern side of the villa. This feature does not appear in the GPR data because it lies in an area containing many small metal objects which obscure the materials underneath. On the other hand, only the GPR survey provides high-resolution details about the depth of the anomalies. The distribution of strong signal returns in the time slices indicates the position of some flints.
At c. 69 cm, the main outlines are those of the villa wings, as outlined by the red dashed circles in Figure 3. By c. 1.08 m, although the western wing is still visible, the major feature is constituted by the corridor to the north and specifically the western end of this corridor. This is put into evidence by the dashed red ellipse in Figure 4. A similar pattern but with more details about the eastern end is visible by c. 1.23 m. This is put into evidence by the dashed red ellipse in Figure 5. The eastern boundary wall is also visible at this depth, as put into evidence by the dashed red rectangle in Figure 5.
Since the strongest signal responses from the wing foundations occur at a shallower depth than those from the footings of the northern corridor, the time slice sequence might suggest that the wings are successive (Figures 3 to 5). However, the excavation evidence shows that this is not the case [2], and a more likely explanation lies in the need to reinforce the footings in the area of the underlying prehistoric ditch along the inside of the west and north walls in order to either prevent or remedy the potential undercutting of these two walls (Figure 7). The excavation results indicated that the underlying ditch had caused structural problems which had required additional underpinning. Although the ditch is not itself visible in the time slices, the extent of the strong signal returns in the time slice is a good match for the position of this feature. In particular, it is put into evidence in Figures 4 and 5 by means of two yellow dashed lines and is outlined in its entirety in Figure 7.
Let us now turn to the time slices from the reprocessed GPR data, that as said have been taken at 0.5 m, 0.63 m, 0.75 m, 1 m, and 1.25 m.
The first of the slices at 0.5 m depth (see Figure 9) is shallower than the “traditionally processed” time slices. In addition to the two wings being visible, it indicates some building remains associated with the southern edge of the corridor that are not visible in the figure at the depth of 16 ns (Figure 3). The pattern is similar to the ER data of Figure 6.
At 0.63 m, the outline of the main building is very similar to that at 16 ns, corresponding to 69 cm (compare Figures 3 and 10). The southern wall of the villa appears more straight within the inversion result, and there are two faint parallel lines toward the northern part of the villa, put into evidence by the dashed rectangle in Figure 10. Unfortunately, this area was not excavated and it is therefore impossible to confirm that these are archaeological features. The strength of the signal in the slice, however, is similar to that of the eastern boundary wall as processed in Figures 4 and 5. This makes us think that these two faint lines might correspond to real anomalies.
At 0.75 m (Figure 11), the result is again similar to that achieved from the conventional processing at 0.69 m (Figure 3). The two faint parallel lines to the north of the villa are still visible (and again put into evidence by the superposed ellipses), and the definition of the back (north east) wall of the villa corridor is clearer than in the 0.69 m time slice (compare Figures 3 and 11). The eastern faint parallel line is close to the position of an underlying ditch visible in the excavation plan (see Figures 7 and 11), but it is not possible to state if the two features are in fact related. The reprocessed data provide the hypothesis that these two linear features may form three sides of a rectangular room immediately adjacent to the villa toward its northern part (Figures 7 and 11).
Unlike the shallower ones, there is a very striking difference in the time slices at about 1 m depth (see Figures 4 and 12). The conventionally processed data (Figure 4) highlights the north and south walls of the rooms along the northern edge of the villa and some details to the East of the building. With a coarser definition, but still clearly visible, part of the corridor to the south of these rooms can be appreciated too, as well as both the wings of the villa and the footprint of the boundary wall leading southwards from the villa. In the reprocessed data (Figure 12), the time-slice at the depth of 1 m in the first visualization modality shows only western wing and the junction of two walls. In the second visualization modality, instead, although the lines are faint, a large part of the structure of the villa walls is visible. The results at depths of about 1.25 m are more similar (see Figures 5 and 13). At this depth, most of the outline of the villa, with the notable exception of the east wing, is visible, and the definition in the conventional processing is sharper at this depth. In conclusion, some details seem to be better identified from the first processing and some from the other one, so that the interpretation can be enhanced by the comparative analysis of the results achieved under both approaches.
6. Conclusions
In this paper, we have presented a reprocessing of archaeological GPR data already studied before with a classical migration-based processing. Of course, the reprocessing of the Barcombe data through microwave tomography techniques cannot substitute for the lack of physical remains on site. Notwithstanding, it does show that it is possible to detect some fainter feature than those previously detected, notably in the 0.5 m time slice (where the data is effectively validated by both the excavation plan and the resistivity survey) and in the 0.75 m time slice (that suggests at least one additional feature). Had the processing been carried out at an earlier date, it would have been possible for the archaeological team to investigate this area. Unfortunately, this is no longer possible. The reprocessing of the data has illustrated the complementary nature of the two processing techniques and has a potential usefulness in the detection of faint archaeological remains.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the late David Coombs of the Mid Sussex Field Archaeology Team for the data from the resistivity survey; David Rudling of MSFAT and CCE for the excavation plan and information on the excavation. This work has been performed as an activity of “Active and Passive Microwaves for Security and Subsurface imaging (AMISS)” EU 7th Framework Marie Curie Actions IRSES Project (PIRSES-GA-2010-269157).
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Bibliography: Equator and Segregation
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Title: Equator and Segregation
Author: Brian Aldiss
Year: 1973
Type: COLLECTION
Select 2 publications to diff:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Molecules 2012, 17(11), 12636-12641; doi:10.3390/molecules171112636
Article
Two Novel Phenolic Compounds from the Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L.
1 Chemistry Science and Technology School, Zhanjiang Normal University, 29 Cunjin Road, Zhanjiang 524048,China 2 School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering of Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resource, Guilin 541004, China
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 20 September 2012; in revised form: 22 October 2012 / Accepted: 22 October 2012 / Published: 25 October 2012
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
Download PDF Full-Text [229 KB, uploaded 25 October 2012 11:38 CEST]
Abstract: Two novel compounds, 1α-methoxy-3β-hydroxy-4α-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-1, 2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalin (1) and 1α,3β-dihydroxy-4α-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalin (2), were isolated along with six known compounds 38 from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. This paper reports the isolation and full spectroscopic characterization of these new compounds by NMR, UV, IR and MS data.
Keywords: Cyperus rotundus L.; phenolic compounds; isolation; characterization
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Zhou, Z.; Yin, W. Two Novel Phenolic Compounds from the Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L.. Molecules 2012, 17, 12636-12641.
AMA Style
Zhou Z, Yin W. Two Novel Phenolic Compounds from the Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L.. Molecules. 2012; 17(11):12636-12641.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Zhou, Zhongliu; Yin, Wenqing. 2012. "Two Novel Phenolic Compounds from the Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus L.." Molecules 17, no. 11: 12636-12641.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Sensors 2010, 10(4), 2957-2974; doi:10.3390/s100402957
Article
Development of an Indoor Location Based Service Test Bed and Geographic Information System with a Wireless Sensor Network
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 28 January 2010; in revised form: 2 March 2010 / Accepted: 11 March 2010 / Published: 30 March 2010
Download PDF Full-Text [615 KB, uploaded 30 March 2010 11:50 CEST]
Abstract: In order to provide the seamless navigation and positioning services for indoor environments, an indoor location based service (LBS) test bed is developed to integrate the indoor positioning system and the indoor three-dimensional (3D) geographic information system (GIS). A wireless sensor network (WSN) is used in the developed indoor positioning system. Considering the power consumption, in this paper the ZigBee radio is used as the wireless protocol, and the received signal strength (RSS) fingerprinting positioning method is applied as the primary indoor positioning algorithm. The matching processes of the user location include the nearest neighbor (NN) algorithm, the K-weighted nearest neighbors (KWNN) algorithm, and the probabilistic approach. To enhance the positioning accuracy for the dynamic user, the particle filter is used to improve the positioning performance. As part of this research, a 3D indoor GIS is developed to be used with the indoor positioning system. This involved using the computer-aided design (CAD) software and the virtual reality markup language (VRML) to implement a prototype indoor LBS test bed. Thus, a rapid and practical procedure for constructing a 3D indoor GIS is proposed, and this GIS is easy to update and maintenance for users. The building of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan is used as an example to assess the performance of various algorithms for the indoor positioning system.
Keywords: wireless sensor network; indoor positioning system; geographic information system; location based service
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Jan, S.-S.; Hsu, L.-T.; Tsai, W.-M. Development of an Indoor Location Based Service Test Bed and Geographic Information System with a Wireless Sensor Network. Sensors 2010, 10, 2957-2974.
AMA Style
Jan S-S, Hsu L-T, Tsai W-M. Development of an Indoor Location Based Service Test Bed and Geographic Information System with a Wireless Sensor Network. Sensors. 2010; 10(4):2957-2974.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Jan, Shau-Shiun; Hsu, Li-Ta; Tsai, Wen-Ming. 2010. "Development of an Indoor Location Based Service Test Bed and Geographic Information System with a Wireless Sensor Network." Sensors 10, no. 4: 2957-2974.
Sensors EISSN 1424-8220 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Draft Proposal for Thursday 10/27 General Assembly: Community Relations
Posted by & filed under Assemblies, Past Proposals.
Merchants Alliance Proposal – This is a draft for the GA – it has NOT been approved!
Some local merchants have been supporting us. To support them and keep access to facilities it would be helpful if we showed consistent consideration of their needs.
They are requesting that we:
• Look presentable meaning wearing shirts and shoes:
• Don’t eat outside food
• Don’t hang out more than 30 min
• Buy something if you are going to spend time more than just using bathrooms
I propose that Community Relations be empowered to hand out a flier explaining explaining what the GA has agreed in terms of treatment of local merchants that says:
The GA has come to a consensus on the following points. We will ask all Occupiers and allies to:
• Display non-violence, quietness, kindness and understanding at all times when dealing with our merchant neighbors, even when there is a dispute being discussed.
• Buy at least some product for each 1 hour we stay on merchant premises.
• Dress presentably including wearing shirts and shoes.
• Avoid consuming food and drink from outside.
• Remain awake while on merchant premises.
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Maloof Lab
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 12:45, 3 December 2008 by Jmjimenez (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Room 2115
Section of Plant Biology
1002 Life Sciences, One Shields Ave.
University of California Davis
Davis, CA 95616
Contact
Home Research Publications Protocols Resources Announcements
Research
How do organisms adapt to different environments? We are interested in understanding the genetic and molecular changes that take place as organisms adapt to different environments. Which genes change, what types of genetic changes occur, and how do these changes affect the organism at the biochemical, physiological, and ecological levels?
Since plants are rooted in their environment, they are particularly adept at coping with their environment. Furthermore different species, and populations within species, have adapted to different environments. Therefore plants are well suited for studying adaptation mechanisms.
Because light is fundamental to plant growth, we have focused on how plants sense and respond to environmental light cues. We are focused on light perception by the phytochrome photoreceptors. Phytochromes sense red and far-red light and provide information about the density of neighboring foliage (among other things).
We work on Arabidopsis thaliana and related species and use a combination of molecular genetic, quantitative genetic, and molecular evolution techniques. Please see naturalvariation.org for information about some of our collaborators who are taking similar approaches.
read more...
Lab Members
Visiting Scientist
Former Members
Publications
• Filiault DL, Wessinger CA, Dinneny JR, Lutes J, Borevitz JO, Weigel D, Chory J and Maloof JN. (2008) Amino acid polymorphisms in Arabidopsis phytochrome B cause differential responses to light. PNAS 105, 3157-3162.
• Nozue K, Covington MF, Duek PD, Lorrain S, Fankhauser C, Harmer SL, Maloof JN. (2007) Rhythmic growth explained by coincidence between internal and external cues. Nature 448, 358-361.
• Balasubramanian, S., Sureshkumar, S., Agrawal, M., Michael, T.P., Wessinger, C., Maloof, J.N., Clark, R., Warthmann, N., Chory, J., Weigel, D. (2006) The PHYTOCHROME C photoreceptor gene mediates natural variation in flowering and growth responses of Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Genet 38, 711-5.
Announcements
Funding
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Rival Egyptian parties sign document renouncing violence
PanARMENIAN.Net - Rival Egyptian parties signed a document renouncing violence during a meeting called by the country's top Islamic scholar to end a crisis that has triggered street violence, attendee Ahmed Maher wrote on his Twitter feed, according to Reuters.
Maher, founder of the April 6 activist movement, wrote that the signatories included liberal politician Mohamed ElBaradei, leftist leader Hamdeen Sabahi and "all the heads of the Egyptian political parties".
The meeting chaired by Sheikh Ahmed al-Tayyeb, head of al-Azhar mosque and university, included the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood's political party, Saad el-Katatni, and Mahmoud Ezzat, the Brotherhood's deputy leader.
Partner news
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Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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[910b] from acting fraudulently in regard to these matters also, by setting up shrines and altars in private houses, thinking to propitiate the gods privily by sacrifices and vows, and thus increasing infinitely their own iniquity, whereby they make both themselves and those better men who allow them guilty in the eyes of the gods, so that the whole State reaps the consequences of their impiety in some degree—and deserves to reap them. The lawgiver himself, however, will not be blamed by the god; for this shall be the law laid down:—Shrines of the gods no one must possess
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
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Danny Sullivan's Response to Seth Godin
Jul 9, 2004 • 3:21 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Engine & SEO Theory
Several days ago, Kim Krause wrote here on the topic of Is SEO a "Black Art"? where she links to a blog entry by guru marketer Seth Godin. Since then a lot of discussion has been taking place in the SEO/SEM forums. Danny Sullivan, editor of Search Engine Watch shot off an email to Seth Godin.
After receiving Seth Godin's response, Danny's reaction was "Personally, I'm rather tired of the entire SEM industry being tarred with the same brush. I'm giving a lot of thought to what I'll say about this in my keynote for the next SES show. My feeling is that something needs to happen to clean our image up. We can reopen the whole "ethical/white hat" debate, but I don't see that as the solution."
Danny has been discussing this topic at Cre8asite Forum and Search Engine Watch Forums.
Previous story: Trade Articles, Not Links
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Military-industrial complex
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is part of the Center for Media & Democracy's focus on the fallout of nuclear "spin."
The phrase military-industrial complex was first used on January 17, 1961, by President Dwight D. Eisenhower [1] in his farewell address to the nation in what is called his Military Industrial Complex Speech:
"In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.
"We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together."
His children suggest that in an earlier draft of the speech, he refered to the "military-industrial-congressional complex". [2] [3]
The military-industrial complex is generally defined as a "coalition consisting of the military and industrialists who profit by manufacturing arms and selling them to the government." (War profiteering) Eisenhower related, however, that until World War II, the United States did not have an armaments industry. Even though "American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well," the United States could "no longer risk emergency improvisation" of the country's national defense.[4]
The United States, he continues, had been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. At that time, the U.S. was annually spending more on military security "than the net income of all United States corporations." This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry, he said, was "new in the American experience" and that there was an imperative need for this development.[5]
Contents
Post Viet Nam 1970s
"In the mid-1970s, the industry and its allies in the Pentagon, on Capitol Hill, and in organizations like the right-wing Committee on the Present Danger (CPD), were looking for ways to reverse the decline in military spending in the wake of the Vietnam War. The 1976 election of Jimmy Carter, who campaigned on a platform of promoting human rights and curbing the arms trade, got the industry’s back up, prompting the creation of a specific industry lobbying group, the American League for Exports and Security Assistance (ALESA). ALESA was explicitly designed to thwart Carter’s efforts on this front." [6]
The Reagan 1980s
"The arms industry was the direct beneficiary of these developments, as it backed the CPD’s preferred candidate, Ronald Reagan, in his 1980 bid to oust Carter from the White House. The weapons manufacturers ultimately over-reached during the Reagan years, leading to several high-profile scandals. These included the so-called 'spare parts' scandal that revealed charges of $600 for toilet seats and $3,000 for coffee pots, which were in fact just the symbols of an entire procurement system run amok." [7]
Weapons Procurement 1998-2003
In 1999, according to Foreign Policy in Focus, "the military-industrial complex did not fade away with the end of the cold war. It has simply reorganized itself."
"As a result of a rash of military-industry mergers encouraged and subsidized by the Clinton administration," it continues, "the Big Three weapons makers--Lockheed Martin Corporation, Boeing Corporation, and Raytheon Corporation--now receive among themselves over $30 billion per year in Pentagon contracts. This represents more than one out of every four dollars that the Defense Department doles out for everything from rifles to rockets." [8]
When this article was posted in 1999, the Clinton Administration five-year budget plan for the Pentagon called for a 50% increase in weapons procurement, which would be an increase from $44 billion per year to over $63 billion per year by 2003. Additionally, the arms industry launched "a concerted lobbying campaign aimed at increasing military spending and arms exports. These initiatives are driven by profit and pork barrel politics, not by an objective assessment of how best to defend the United States in the post-cold war period." [9]
The New Military-Industrial Complex
Writing for the March 2003 issue of Business2.0, Ian Mount, David H. Freedman, and Matthew Maier address what is now called the New military-industrial complex. As anyone who has been following the current war in Iraq is well aware, "the nature of the battle" is "unlike anything the world has ever known." Afghanistan, the writers say, "provided a glimpse of the latest generation of high-tech weaponry, but it was only a glimpse. A major assault by combined American forces will provide a full demonstration of the military's new doctrine of faster, lighter, smarter warfare -- combat in which cutting-edge technology becomes U.S. troops' deadliest weapon. The Pentagon calls this new doctrine RMA, for revolution in military affairs, and it's made possible not just by fresh thinking in the Pentagon but also by a subtle shift in the ranks of U.S. defense contractors. In building its new high-tech arsenal, the United States has also created a new military-industrial complex." [10]
"When it comes to military spending, the tradition of the iron triangleCongress, the Pentagon, and defense industries—joining to push costly weaponry is nothing new." In his speech, Eisenhower said that "The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist." [11]
The Military-Industrial-Think Tank Complex
According to the January/February 2003 Multinational Monitor:
Each major element of the George Walker Bush administration's national security strategy -- from the doctrines of preemptive strikes and "regime change" in Iraq, to its aggressive nuclear posture and commitment to deploying a Star Wars-style missile defense system -- was developed and refined before the Bush administration took office, at corporate-backed conservative think tanks like the Center for Security Policy, the National Institute for Public Policy and the Project for a New American Century.
Unilateralist ideologues formerly affiliated with these think tanks, along with the 32 major administration appointees who are former executives with, consultants for, or significant shareholders of top Defense contractors, are driving U.S. foreign and military policy.
The arms lobby is exerting more influence over policymaking than at any time since President Dwight D. Eisenhower first warned of the dangers of the military-industrial complex over 40 years ago.
It is not just industry-backed think tanks that have infiltrated the administration. Former executives, consultants or shareholders of top U.S. defense companies pervade the Bush national security team.
Exploiting the fears following 9/11, and impervious to budgetary constraints imposed on virtually every other form of federal spending, the ideologue-industry nexus is driving the United States to war in Iraq and a permanently aggressive war-fighting posture that will simultaneously starve other government programs and make the world a much more dangerous place.
The overarching concern of the ideologues and the arms industry is to increase military spending. On this score, they have been tremendously successful. In its two years in office, the Bush administration has sought more than $150 billion in new military spending, the vast majority of which has been approved by Congress with few questions asked. Spending on national defense is nearing $400 billion for fiscal year (FY) 2003, up from $329 billion when Bush took office.
Top Ten Companies 2002
Quotes
"Down the long lane of the history yet to be written America knows that this world of ours, ever growing smaller, must avoid becoming a community of dreadful fear and hate, and be instead, a proud confederation of mutual trust and respect.
"Such a confederation must be one of equals. The weakest must come to the conference table with the same confidence as do we, protected as we are by our moral, economic, and military strength. That table, though scarred by many past frustrations, cannot be abandoned for the certain agony of the battlefield."—Eisenhower, Farewell Address, 17 January 1961.
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Place:Clarkson, Grayson, Kentucky, United States
Watchers
NameClarkson
TypeCity
Coordinates37.495°N 86.223°W
Located inGrayson, Kentucky, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Clarkson is a city in Grayson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 794 at the 2000 census. Once called Grayson Springs after a nearby resort, the name was changed in 1882 to honor the resort's owner, Manoah Clarkson. It is known for its Honeyfest and is home to the The Walter T. Kelley Company, a manufacturer of beekeeping equipment.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Clarkson, Kentucky. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > Microdata by Catalogue Number
Microdata by Catalogue Number
48. Health
4807.0Information Paper: National Nutrition Survey, Basic CURF, 1995
4807.0.30.001Microdata: National Nutrition Survey Basic CURF, 1995
4840.0Microdata: Patient Experiences in Australia, Expanded CURF, Jul 2009 to Dec 2009
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5206.0 - Quarterly Estimates of National Income and Expenditure, Sep 1975
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 19/12/1975
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Continued by: Quarterly Estimates of National Income and Expenditure, Australia
Supplement issued as: Australian National Accounts: Historical Estimates (Cat number 5207.0)
This publication has been scanned from the paper version using character recognition software. This provides a full-text searching capability once downloaded.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Methods & Standards > Papers by Catalogue Number
Papers by Catalogue Number
82. Manufacturing and energy - general
8205.0Information Paper: Availability of Statistics Related to Manufacturing, 1997
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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243 reputation
15
bio website agiletech.ie
location London, United Kingdom
age 32
visits member for 1 year, 7 months
seen Feb 14 '12 at 19:00
stats profile views 10
Programmer for 20y (since I was 11). Architect/Lead for hundreds of complex web projects.
Ambition: Implement web development environment based on Object-Oriented patterns similar to Graphics User Interface and make it really simple to use.
Open-Source Project I work on, Agile Toolkit (). It grew quickly to become a great alternative to development with conventional frameworks.
I am also an entrepreneur, a CTO, a Consultant, a husband and a proud father. Get in touch with me, I love feedback and project-based work offers!
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Practical Investigations of the Method for Indirect Control of Acoustic Load Parameters
V.N. Khmelev, R.V. Barsukov, D.V. Genne, D.S. Abramenko, E.V. Ilchenko
Abstract
Article is devoted approbation of a method of indirect control of parameters of acoustic loading. Results of measurement of parameters of acoustic loading are presented.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Applied Physics Research ISSN 1916-9639 (Print) ISSN 1916-9647 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Efficacy of Single and Combined Leaf Powder of Nicotiana Tabacum L. [Solanales: Solanaceae] with Reduced Rates of Pirimiphos-Methyl in Management of Sitophilus Zeamais Motschulsky [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]
J. E Idoko, R. A. Adebayo
Abstract
The toxicity effects of the combination of Nicotiana tabacum leaf powder and pirimiphos-methyl dust as a
treatment is compared with sole treatment of the powder and dust in this study. All laboratory experiments were
conducted under prevailing conditions of 28±30C and 70±5% relative humidity. Contact toxicity of Nicotiana
tabacum powder was tested on Sitophilus zeamais at 0.4g and 0.01g of pirimiphos-methyl powder per 20g of
maize seeds singly. The toxicity of combined powder of N. tabacum at 0.2g with 0.0013g, 0.0025g and 0.005g of
pirimiphos-methyl dust per 20g of maize seeds was also tested. These treatments significantly (p>0.05) reduced
the weight loss and adult emergence of S. zeamais. The powder and dust also caused high mortality to S. zeamais
when applied.
The efficacy of the Nicotiana tabacum was better when applied singly at 0.4g than when combined with dust of
pirimiphos-methyl at reduced rates. Irrespective of the treatment used in the study, the response of Sitophilus
zeamais was found to be dependent on the concentration. Adult mortality increases with concentration, while
adult emergence reduces. The results of this study revealed the effects of combined botanicals with reduced rates
of conventional insecticides as an alternative in the management of stored product insect pests.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN 1916-9752 (Print) ISSN 1916-9760 (Online)
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You are here: Home » Content
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Gridview that exports selected rows to Excel
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Gridview that exports selected rows to Excel (Unpublished)
This article describes how to display data in a Gridview and allow the user to select rows which can then be exported to Excel. Full support for sorting and paging.
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CLR 4.0: Corrupted State Exceptions (Unpublished)
CLR 4.0 will not allow you anymore to catch exceptions that may corrupt the state of the current running process, the CLR 4.0 introduced this new concept of Corrupted State Exceptions (i like to think of those as Super Exceptions), those exceptions that could corrupt the state of the process and causing losing user data or weird application behaviors
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Programming for the future of mobile (Unpublished)
I have been working on something small on the side lately. I hardly have anything to show for it though, most of it is still being shaped in my head. Anyhow, a very important part of the front-end is built using jQuery mobile. Although the framework hasn't been released - release candidates are available though -, it's something you should start looking into today. Why? Because the browser is the future of mobile applications. With the Flash and Silverlight bombs that were dropped today, I am even mo...
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Bristol-Myers Offers $4.5 Billion For Biotech Cancer Drug Maker ImClone – How Long Before the Biotech Bubble will burst
As drug patents begin to expire, pharma is looking for ways to fill the pipelines and biotech drugs appear to be one of the hottest avenues to fill the pipelines, we recently saw Cougar Biotech purchased by J and J. One thing I think we forget about though is that we don’t have the lock on cancer research here in the US and we are in the age of the internet and transparency. If it doesn’t get done here, we are finding it gets done somewhere else outside the US.
If we price ourselves out of the market, you can almost be assured it will get done somewhere else, whether it’s another company or moving the biotech company offshore, either and/or can happen. With Roche, layoffs are already starting since the Genentech acquisition, and it’s just a sign of the times and there’s the competition from bio-similar drugs on the horizon which would offer similar drugs at a much lower price. Competition is fierce today, more so than it has ever been and will continue, so the dollar amounts of value we place on research and development are sure to come under the same levels of monetary adjustment as what has happened in almost every other industry. I have seen just about every type of intellectual property or parts there of leaked on the web and when dollars are high it makes one wonder as desperation sets in and drugs are priced out of the reach of citizens, how much more of this will happen, again in the biotech business where lives are at stake. BD
Bristol-Myers Squibb offered to buy its biotech partner ImClone Systems for $4.5 billion in cash yesterday, seeking to return to its days as a top cancer drug producer and to transform itself into a next-generation biopharmaceutical company.
Bristol, which already owns about 17 percent of ImClone and has teamed with the New York biotech to develop a cancer drug, delivered its proposal to ImClone Chairman Carl C. Icahn. Bristol, which is also based in New York, proposed purchasing the remaining ImClone stock at $60 a share, a 30 percent premium over Wednesday's closing stock price.
Bristol-Myers Offers $4.5 Billion For Cancer Drug Maker ImClone - washingtonpost.com
Hat Tip: Pharmagossip
UnitedHealth To Spend Tens of Million of Dollars with Cisco to Build Nationwide Telehealth Network
Not too long ago UnitedHealthCare announced the forming of their 24/7 physician web consultations program and is soliciting for physicians who want to earn extra money by doing on line consultations, and it appears now there’s more to invest to ensure this service can go everywhere, millions of dollars with Cisco to make sure everyone can have a web visit. Don’t get me wrong, I like the technology and what web meetings can do, but what about paying claims? What kind of company is this anymore?
OptumHealth (Subsidiary of UnitedHealthCare) Teams Up With American Well for 24/7 Physician Consults
Every physician I come across has very few kinds words to say about dealing with them as it is a headache. I would rather see the company pay claims and work more as a team player instead of going 100% towards business intelligence and I think we have lost our balance with technology being used in a fashion that denies people healthcare. Sure Cisco has the technology to do this, but wouldn’t something like this be better done in another fashion? I’m sure there’s money to be made to lease the agreements out to other insurers to use the network, such as the Ingenix data base service was so more money can be made in that effort too. Has the FTC granted approval for this? I guess we will know more next week after the scheduled news conference.
It does make one stop and think about who is running this country as of late it sure sounds like health insurance companies certainly have a stronghold since they have all the money made over the years and paying claims seems to be a second hand business. In retrospect it’s almost too bad that these folks with their huge reserves of cash didn’t step in to bail out their compadres also in the insurance business. I guess if it gets worse President Obama could always pull a Roosevelt like what was done with Schering back at the end of World War II and seize all the assets of the companies, but that’s pretty drastic but at the rate we are going things are not getting any better in a hurry and technology and use of algorithms for risk management decisions is running all over everyone, Congress and White House included. White House is making great efforts but Congress still seems to be so technology challenged and still living in the 70s.
If you happened to listen to Wendell Potter discuss with Bill Moyer about what happened to him, as he put it out there pretty blatantly as to what happens when you are on the inside as you are so caught up in the statistics and dollar reports, you forget that all those number represent humans, as what had happened to him over the years until he saw a taste of reality and asked “what country am I in” when watching all the volunteers take care of those who needed healthcare but could not afford it, in tents set up for the day. Perhaps United has the same goal as Blue Cross to be “carrier of choice for national accounts.” at any cost. BD
UnitedHealth Group Inc., a health insurance giant that operates in Colorado, is making another major foray into health information technology.
UnitedHealth plans to spend tens of millions of dollars on a partnership with Cisco Systems Inc. to build a nationwide “telehealth” network using Cisco video conferencing technology.
The goal is to provide patients in rural and underserved urban areas with real-time, remote doctor appointments. The technology in some cases will reach patients via 18-wheel trucks carrying videoconfering equipment.
UnitedHealth, Cisco partner on telehealth tech - Denver Business Journal:
Related Reading:
Texas Joining the Ingenix Inquisition with Introducing Bill for New Penal Codes – Fraud Against Practitioners
The 2 New Hot Words in Healthcare: Algorithms and Whistleblowers
The AMA and the California Medical Association file legal suit – WellPoint and Ingenix
The search for John Doe – Who’s running the queries (Algorithms) and wants to know
The Ingenix Inquisition – Hearing Requested by Senator Rockefeller
Prescriptions risk score used to deny health insurance
Injured Pfizer Biotech Talks About Biotech Safety and How She Became Infected and Sick at the Lab - Pfizer Won’t Release Health Records to Her Physician
This is very interesting listening to one molecular researcher speaking about safety in the work place, unlike other workplace areas, Biotech areas are not covered by OSHA. The molecular researcher caught a virus from someone else doing work at here workstation. The video is well worth listening too especially when she also talks about the roof of the facility blowing up.
She was working with stem cell research and with various viruses. Pfizer will not release her medical records. It took 2 years to find out what she had been exposed to. What is shocking is that it was ruled that “trade secrets” were ruled as more important than her being able to get her health records. Genetically engineered viruses are created in all labs so cures can be created. They are cells that can make animals sick, so they can make humans sick too. She brings up some very good points about Biotech safety being needed everywhere.
What is scary is the changing of the coatings of a virus made for research, supposedly they do not replicate but by doing so, a virus could change properties and become airborne. Epidemics could be created if accidentally released in the wild. The government has guidelines, but no real laws and want to keep it that way so as not to interfere with progress and there’s no way they want the news getting out to the public. She’s calling for scientists to stand up and speak out for public health and safety standards in Biotech. Watch the last few minutes of the somewhat lengthy video though as she speaks of another injured worker, again from a virus in the lab. BD
Check out this video about Becky McClain. Becky was a safety officer at Pfizer’s CT facility where she was exposed to what she calls biological hazards, specifically viruses and EBSCs (embryonic stem cells). She claims to be seriously ill as a result of the contaminants, although doesn’t quite explain what her disease is. She says she was hospitalized and seriously ill.
Still, she talks about how Pfizer was lax about protecting researchers, told her to stop documenting safety hazards after she complained how people ate lunch in the lab (a big NO NO!!!). She was eventually given the axe for complaining too much! She has been fighting since that time to obtain the right to her exposure records which are necessary for healthcare and compensation for her injuries. Pfizer still refuses to release these records.
Becky McClain, worked at the Pfizer laboratory in Connecticut and was working on stem cell research when she incurred biological exposures while on the job. She has been fighting since that time to obtain the right to her exposure records which are necessary for healthcare and compensation for her injuries. The company still refuses to release these records. The federal lack of protection of the introduction of new technology in the workplace is a growing danger not only to those technology workers but the public at large.
Injured Pfizer Researcher Comes Forward
Mayor Doesn’t Qualify for Health Insurance Benefits and Now He Has to Pay the City Back
This is probably one of the dumbest stories I have heard with health insurance, shoot if you can’t get health insurance with the job, why run? Besides the pay is not that good.
He can’t get health insurance as he’s not a full time employee. He just quietly joined and somewhere along the line was approved though and he only makes 12k a year. Now they want the 17k spent in medical expenses back and he has paid 3k thus far and the city says they need the money as they are having a hard enough time with enough money to keep the sewers up and running, so it appears in this case the sewers win when money is scarce. BD
Some Park City aldermen have called for the resignation of Mayor Steve Pannell and are demanding that he reimburse the tiny town for up to $17,000 in unauthorized medical insurance premiums.
During a time when health insurance costs have soared, the aldermen say, they believe it was no accident that the mayor quietly joined a plan intended for full-time employees.
As a part-time elected official, Pannell is not eligible for municipal medical benefits. An exception would require City Council approval, according to state law. He signed up for the coverage in November 2007, with the help of his daughter, Amy Sutton, a city employee, and his wife, Denise, according to a document obtained by the Tribune.
"It was a stupid, stupid, stupid mistake," said Pannell, who makes earns $12,000 annually as mayor. "I intend to make this right. I will pay it back."
Mayor urged to quit over health insurance -- chicagotribune.com
“In God we trust; all others must bring data” – Blue Cross Blue Shield Invests in more Business Intelligence Software
“In God we trust; all others must bring data.” W. Edwards Deming…it certainly seems to fit today. The software is there to “help the companies achieve their vision”, but by today’s standards, what are those visions and do they take into consideration humans? I am guessing from reading the article here that further collaboration on data between branches/offices and perhaps even patient data will be more accessible and afford the offices to make and project outcomes anticipated changes. Health Insurance lives by business intelligence, not by humans.
Here’s the vision of the consortium from the website, no mention of taking care of people though through better healthcare, it’s emphasis is strong market relationships…somewhat sounds like Wall Street to me.
“Consortium Health Plans will be a key enabler of Blue Cross Blue Shield Plans' continued strong growth in national accounts by providing market intelligence, strong market relationships and leading-edge sales tools.”
If you have never really seen some of the capabilities of what business intelligence software can provide it is astounding and you or me as a patient look like one big pie chart up on the computer screen as well as the traditional statistical data. All the complicated algorithms are also there to project what our future healthcare cost will be, but over the years information has been dirty to a degree so all of this may not be 100% correct. In this platform they are using some web 2.0 capabilities that also allows for synchronization at home level. Even though this is a less expensive way for them to do business, do you think premiums would reflect this, probably not.
The only defense one has with data is the personal health record as big conglomerates continue to tally up and add up the data they have on us, so if we don’t have our own, we suffer and are at the mercy of what they have on file and present. When cost goes up, they will be able to more quickly adjust the premiums in an upward fashion and compare regions all over the system in a few seconds. The mission of the consortium from the website, still sounds like Wall Street to me, the position appears to be the big focus, and one other item to think about, where’s the individual here, it appears this is geared towards major companies.
“The mission of Consortium Health Plans is to position Blue Cross Blue Shield as the carrier of choice for national accounts.”
Guess individual humans don’t account for much anymore…..BD
- Consortium Health Plans (the Consortium) is a national coalition of 39 regional and independently operated Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) Plans located across the United States. The Consortium provides national sales support to its members. This includes market intelligence and sales data that enable these regional health insurers to effectively collaborate and compete for national accounts.
-- The Consortium's legacy business intelligence (BI) platform was largely hand-coded and run on a data warehouse that had hit a performance ceiling. The system was difficult and expensive to maintain, and it could not adequately scale or adapt to new user requirements. The Consortium needed a BI solution that allowed members to quickly tailor sales efforts to changing market conditions while doing so at a lower cost.
-- Axis Group rapidly delivered a complete enterprise business intelligence solution that met the Consortium's business and budget requirements. Using the Kalido® Information Engine(TM) to automate many aspects of design and development, Axis Group re-architected Consortium's prior data warehouse into a new and more scalable data warehouse -- a core component of any BI solution -- in 30 days. The Consortium's Information Data Store 2.0 (IDS 2.0) went into production in November 2008. It manages data from five discrete external source system applications and is accessed by more than 100 users daily.
http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/national-coalition-of-blue-cross,885165.shtml
Why Doesn’t Anyone in Congress or at the AMA Talk about their Healthcare – Do They Use Any New Technology Themselves, like a Glucose Meter or a PHR – Magpie Healthcare?
I try to do my best to keep new technology relating to healthcare posted on this blog and I post about all the agreements that different companies offer and recently about the AMA working on an agreement with HealthVault, which is a good thing, but gosh, do they not have any information to share about their own experiences? The AMA doesn’t have a forum that I could find and back in January Kaiser and Microsoft had to tell the Senate what a PHR was, even though they have been around for 2 years now, so again why do they tell us this is all “good” for us, are they not part of “us” and in turn fight technology themselves?
This is the age of the internet and exchanging information, so what’s with it with these folks, can’t the cat come out of the bag here or is there a cat in the bag in the first place? I think with all the healthcare reform talk that is going around we have a terrible showing from out leaders and those in positions to be role models, are they chicken? Are we going to have “Magpie Healthcare” reform instead of the “real” thing?
The lack of participating at the top levels and lack of transparency make for a very untrusting public for the most part and I find it sad that more effort is not being made to relate to the citizens of the US like humans. I was always under the impression that “us” meant all of “us”, but it appears we have a phenomenal amount of leaders who for whatever reason are afraid to take the dive and roll up their sleeves and participate. What are those hidden BMIs out there, inquiring minds may want to know. BD
Do You Know What Your Doctor Is Talking About – Read up and help stamp out “Magpie Healthcare”
It is not the first time Washington has been disconnected from the general public, but recent discussions over health care reform reveal a D.C. establishment fixated on arguments not central to the general public.
New technologies furthermore give consumers greater control over medical information and treatment. Regardless of what policy decisions Washington makes, America is moving towards “consumer-directed” health care that will transform the practice of medicine. The monopoly over medical treatment held by physicians and hospitals is eroding. In the future, people will use remote sensors to monitor glucose levels and blood pressure; electronic medical records will be utilized for storing information. Information technology will produce the real long-term revolution in health care.
Think tank details its ideas for use of health IT records – Do they use a PHR?
The Health Care Disconnect - Brookings Institution
You Do have to let Kids be Kids – They Outsmarted the Adults and Put the Pedometers on their Dogs
Boy depending on the dog, they had to have some outstanding results! I like devices as much as the next person but the human side and reasoning seems to always get left out. A while back I did a post about a similar study with kids being stuck with heart rate monitors to curb their social behavior, what a bunch of junk. Here’s the entire post below, and maybe they might work better with a dog?
The pedometers are not as intrusive as with the heart monitors and wanting kids to look at them to help control their behavior, heck I wouldn’t want to wear one of those for that reason either and like I stated below I would be figuring some way to ditch it too as the implementation and use was wrong with living a life. Where’s the parent role here? Is a siren going to go off saying “danger, danger” when an upset mood is detected? It all comes back to education and not having a device in some area to try and force compliance when it comes to good healthy living, devices can and will be trashed if not used correctly. BD
Intrusive Technology?
Schoolchildren given heart-rate monitors to curb anti-social behavior
I write quite a bit about new healthcare technology and this article somewhat relates to some of the monitoring devices we are now seeing in healthcare. Schools in London are now testing the device that is strapped on to a child who is determined to be unruly. The devices are slated to also help the children recognize their own trigger points and better deal with their anger, something we as humans have done as parents and teachers, so now instead of perhaps a little human intervention, the child is now being left with a device to educate oneself instead of some nice warm direction from a human?
There are many such devices making their way in to our lives, non regulated as far as how they are used and perhaps not enough education out there to suggest how to perhaps effectively use such devices, such as home monitoring devices for seniors. Some of the information offered from devices is good, such as notifying of a fall for a caregiver as an example, but how far does it go to where the caregiver relies on the device and the whole idea of human interaction disintegrates?
Devices can be helpful, but hopefully not to the point where we forget how to bond as humans. If I were perhaps an unruly child myself, I might be entertaining how to “ditch” it, or somehow make sure it finds its way to the trash compactor. The related reading section has some posts about medical devices and what they can offer, but again the deal is are we using technology constructively, or simply putting a device in a place where normal human intervention might be better. There is nobody minding the store on much of it and there simply needs to be a balance and not a shift to hooking us up to devices that offer very little warmth and human interaction, and not just working to convey and institute the “big brother” society of information management.
The gadgets are normally used by athletes to track the intensity of their heart rate during exercise. But a health trust is now testing the devices to help measure the anger levels of children. They hope it will allow them to pre-empt playground fights and classroom disruption.
Children with behavioral problems aged seven to 15 wear the monitors strapped to their chest during lessons, break and at home with their families. Nurses and psychologists work out each child's "danger level" heart rate and the device bleeps when the level is reached. Teachers or parents alerted by the monitor can then take action to calm or distract the child.
The Health Blog was impressed by the cleverness of some 11- and 12-year-old obese children in east London, who were participating in an exercise research study.
The kids were supposed to be wearing pedometers to measure the number of steps they were taking each day. But some of those in the study got the bright idea to clip the pedometers to the collars of their pet dogs, upping the distance the youngsters appeared to be moving each day, according to the BBC.
So it goes in conducting research studies in the real world. Studies that use so-called self-report measures, in which individuals have to recall and record their own actions or attitudes, have to be looked at with some skepticism because they depend on participants’ ability or willingness to report accurately.
Kids Fool Obesity Researchers, Put Pedometers on Dogs - Health Blog - WSJ
TV Networks Don’t want the Tax Deductions for Pharma Ads to Go Away – Will Cost Jobs, But Would It Mean Cheaper Drugs?
When you stop and think of all the money spend on advertising, it’s a big chunk, but on the other hand it is up to the Drug business to support television? It’s not going to hurt the drug companies to lose the tax deductions as they probably spend much more than that in legal fees every year. If it means cheaper and less expensive drugs, I wouldn’t complain or miss the Viagra specials that run every night during Nightline, or any of the others for that matter, but those seem to get the most play for some reason or another. They all start running together after a while with people with smiling faces and the side effects drill down to squeeze those in just as minimally as possible.
Some are almost beginning to resemble some type of 60 second fairy tale, but most are boring and I go to the web for what I need to know. Every other industry has had to dig in deep with losses in the last couple of years, give the tax breaks to the hospitals, they need it worse. Generic drugs seem to do fine without advertising. BD
TV networks are lobbying against a measure that would end tax deductions for drug-company advertising, a change they claim would threaten jobs, not to mention ad spending on the networks, notes Dow Jones Newswires.
Charles Rangel, the House Ways and Means Committee chairman, is considering a plan to drop the drug-advertising deduction to raise as much as $37 billion over 10 years toward overhauling the health-care system. Rangel has said his committee needs to come up with $600 billion from new taxes over the decade to help finance planned changes.
TV Networks Go to Bat for Drug Makers (and Themselves) - Health Blog - WSJ
Wendell Potter Speaks on PBS with Bill Moyer on Health Insurance Reform – The Industry Did Not Keep Their Word (Video Previews)
Wendell Potter speaks out, former health insurance executive speaks out. He stated if the industry had kept their word, he wouldn’t be here now. While employed there, he said he really didn’t get it and toward the end started beginning to question what was going on. For a little flash back in the 2nd video he brings a few slides back from Sicko. Just a couple weeks ago he testified in front of the US Senate.
When he took a trip and saw doctors set up to take care and see patients in “animal stalls” it all began to hit home when visiting in Tennessee. With the tents he noticed there was no privacy for the patients and very long lines of patients waiting to be treated with many driving miles to be seen. He said he had been out of touch and totally insulated. The calls with the analysts and numbers were the entire focus he states distracts from the real situation that behind all of this are human lives.
This is part 2 – preview for the entire broadcast to be run on PBS at the links below. He states we should not fear government involvement with healthcare and states Sicko should have had a much broader impact with the reality it brought to the screen. BD
Health insurance companies vs. Michael Moore. Bill Moyers interviews former health insurance industry executive Wendell Potter, who left the field after almost 20 years to become a health reform advocate. Check out Potters take on the campaign against Michael Moores film Sicko and tune in to Bill Moyers Journal, Friday, July 10, 2009 at 9PM on PBS (check local listings http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/abo... for his experiences inside the health insurance industry, their work fighting a public option, and the insurance companies close ties to Washington. The entire interview will be available after broadcast at http://www.pbs.org/moyers .
Related Reading:
Senate Testimony – Insurers Confuse Consumers and Dump Those Who are Sick, a Wall Street Run System
How Similar is Wall Street to the Health Insurance Business
If you Lie – You Die said the Insurance Carrier (You did not report your acne)
Francis Collins named Director - “Cracking the Code” at the NIH
Genomics is playing a huge role in the development of drugs and medicines used to treat cancer. Being able to define and identify one marker, one gene and modify how it reacts is the real basic simple explanation as to how this works. With Mr. Collins at the helm, genomics will certainly be in the forefront and focused when it comes to furthering efforts with personalized medicine and mesh the for profit and non profit efforts for a unified department. BD
Francis Collins former head of the National Human Genome Research Institute Said to be the Top Candidate to run the NIH
President Barack Obama on 8 July nominated physician and geneticist Francis Collins as the next director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).Collins, 59, steered the public effort to sequence the human genome, racing the privately-funded team spearheaded by J. Craig Venter to a history-making tie in 2000, when both teams were lauded at the White House for completion of a 'rough draft' of the genome. For 15 years, until last year, he oversaw the NIH's genomics efforts, directing the National Center for Human Genome Research in Bethesda, Maryland, which in 1997 became the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).
Francis Collins named as NIH chief : Nature News
Related Reading:
George Church Says Microsoft and Google are Helping with the Growth of Personalized Medicine
An Introduction to Genomics – Humans have Bugs just like Windows does and It’s all about the Code
Steven Pinker, Harvard Professor of Psychology talks about his genome, what he found out, what he learned, and how the psychological interpretations are somewhat still up for discussion
Precision Medication – Lack of Education Holding up Progress for Personalized Medicine
Study indicated 1 out of 3 Cases of Breast Cancer are Over Treated
This is an interesting report as we are all advised to be screened, but I believe the point of the study is to indicate that advanced stages of breast cancer are declining and some did not end up needing treatment at all with perhaps a very slow growing form or tiny spot of cancer. Screening can help keep an eye on the issue for future treatments. A study found similar results for prostate cancer as well, that 2 out of 5 cases found via screening were not a threat as the cancer cells or tumors were very slow growing. In either case, the more screenings that are done, more cases will be found. BD
LONDON—One in three breast cancer patients identified in public screening programs may be treated unnecessarily, a new study says. Karsten Jorgensen and Peter Gotzsche of the Nordic Cochrane Centre in Copenhagen analyzed breast cancer trends at least seven years before and after government-run screening programs for breast cancer started in parts of Australia, Britain, Canada, Norway and Sweden.
Overall, Jorgensen and Gotzsche found that one third of the women identified as having breast cancer didn't actually need to be treated.
Some cancers never cause symptoms or death, and can grow too slowly to ever affect patients. As it is impossible to distinguish between those and deadly cancers, any identified cancer is treated. But the treatments can have harmful side-effects and be psychologically scarring.
Experts said overtreatment occurs wherever there is widespread cancer screening, including the U.S.
Britain's national health system recently ditched its pamphlet inviting women to get screened for breast cancer, after critics complained it did not explain the overtreatment problem.
Study: 1 in 3 breast cancer patients overtreated - Boston.com
Wrong-site Surgery – CMS Clarifies the Rules
Payments that can be billed separately such as anesthesiologists and radiologists can also be denied which was something they felt needed to be clarified if an event occurs and those that come in to rescue, the surgeons if needed are not paid as well. BD
There was much publicity when the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) placed wrong-site surgery on the list of “Never Events” for which Medicare would not pay hospitals. In publishing the “Never Events” list, CMS said that the federal government would no longer pay hospitals when the wrong surgical procedure was performed. Few people, including hospitals, argued with the idea that hospitals should not be paid for doing the wrong surgical procedure. By denying payment to hospitals, CMS decided that hospital leadership needed to ensure that proper procedures were followed to prevent these wrong surgeries.
What the public may be surprised to know is that as recently as the first half of 2008 (prior to implementation of the “Never List”), twenty percent of Joint Commission surveyed hospitals were cited for failing to have a proper “time out’, part of the Universal Protocol, the process designed to prevent wrong-site surgery. To properly implement this patient safeguard, all members of the surgical team (surgeons, nurses, anesthesiologists) must stop what they are doing and participate in the “time out”.
“Medicare will also not cover hospitalization and other services related to these non-covered procedures.“ These include:
All services provided in the operating room when an error occurs are considered related and therefore not covered.
· All providers in the operating room when the error occurs, who could bill individually for their services, are not eligible for payment.
· All related services provided during the same hospitalization in which the error occurred are not covered.
Physicians Beware: CMS Ups the Financial Ante on Wrong-site Surgery : Hospital Accreditation
California Medical Data Breach Reports Growing – Get Rid of Those Unencrypted USB Drives
If you are still carrying around records on a non encrypted USB drive, you might want to think twice about it if you are in California. As you can read the cases are varied and some reported by patients, I would guess the patients reporting finding out that someone potentially had some of their confidential information. Again, I am still surprises to see hospitals still allow physicians to connect one to their system, especially after the big virus issue suffered by the DOD as an example.
Store data on a secured server to be safe and make sure it is encrypted and lock down computers from using Peer to Peer music networks too as a lot of data gets exposed that way with users who end up sharing everything on their PC. One of the biggest errors I have seen is the one below, the devices were encrypted, but passwords were taped on the devices.
If You Take the Time to Encrypt Medical Information – Don’t Tape the Passwords on the Container or Flash Drive – NHS Security Breach
California officials have received more than 800 reports of health data breaches in five months after a new state law went into effect January 1.
The law requires health care organizations in California to report suspected incidents of intentional and unintentional unauthorized breaches of a patient’s personally identifiable health information to the California Department of Public Health.
The agency, however, says it was surprised by the large number of reports it received in such a short period, according to the Journal of the American Health Information Management Association, and expect that number to increase dramatically.
Of the cases reported, which also include complaints from patients, officials have conducted full investigations on 122 cases so far and confirmed 116 as actual breaches. The types of breaches run the gamut from unintentionally faxing a patient’s chart or test reports to the wrong phone number to intentional snooping by workers. Most of the breaches reported so far have been unintentional.
California led the way in data breach laws when it passed the first notification law, which went into effect in July 2003. It requires entities doing business in California to notify consumers when their personally identifiable information is breached, such as a name and Social Security or credit card number. The law helped expose the extent of the data-breach problem and prompted other states to follow suit with their own laws. California’s new medical data breach law is the first in the nation and is being closely watched by other states. Healthcare providers, however, have criticized it for being too rigid.
New Law Floods California With Medical Data Breach Reports | Privacy Digest
Related Reading:
USB Memory Stick Round 2 – More Medical Record Information on a Lost Drive
Security tightened over data loss – Flash Drives Can be One of HealthCare’s Biggest Nightmares
Healthcare Workers Sharing Music and they could also be sharing Medical Records and Files
Eliminating Vicodin and Percocet would Lower Doctor’s Options for Treatment
Is it an option to prescribe oxycodone or hydrocodone without acetaminophen as they would be stronger? With the focus on acetaminophen with the liver the numbers of overdoses appear small, but you could do the same thing with alcohol and there are deaths every year with an overdoes of liquor too. As the doctors state, if taken as directed, there’s not an issue, like for a few days after surgery. Removing the Tylenol doesn’t seem like a very good approach if you are trying to reduce the amount of people addicted, and if they are abusing drugs, somewhere along the line the liver may be affected in some other way too. If e-prescribing were allowed on additional medications, it would make it easier for the doctors to track too.
I know I certainly needed a couple pills after some oral surgery a few years ago with my bone being cut in my jaw, but after 2 days I was done with pain pills, a legitimate reason for Vicodin. BD
Dr. Scott A. Berger hands out Vicodin nearly every day for pain relief from herniated discs and minor surgical procedures.
Yet, if a powerful Food and Drug Administration panel has its way, the most commonly prescribed drug in the United States soon will be off the market.
Last month, the FDA's federal advisory panel voted 20-17 to ban Vicodin and Percocet, drugs that combine hydrocodone and oxycodone with acetaminophen. An overdose of acetaminophen can cause liver damage or even death. Dr. Graham Whitfield, an orthopedic surgeon in West Palm Beach, doesn't understand the logic behind banning a drug which, when taken as prescribed, won't harm a patient.
The FDA has yet to announce whether it will follow its panel's recommendations. "These drugs have what is a ceiling effect, above which they really do not give more pain relief, but rather side effects," Berger said. "You may prescribe Percocet for five to six days after an operation, but then you no longer need the medication. They can be useful in the chronic setting provided they are limited in quantity and used in an as-needed setting."
Doctors say an FDA ban on Vicodin and Percocet would limit their treatment options
US medical Isotope Shortage Getting Worse – Update
Next week things could get worse too as the reactor in the Netherlands goes offline for it’s annual scheduled maintenance. The Chalk River reactor and the one in the Netherlands have been producing 70% of the world’s supply of isotopes. I was at a hospital yesterday listening to the nuclear medicine department having to re-schedule a patient due to lack of isotopes, so the shortage is alive and well here in the US. We need to at some point in time have our own created in the US, and it appears the Obama administration is now addressing the situation too.
In a related story, patients in Canada were re-scheduled for treatment as the plane was delayed for take off. BD
Isotope Shortage Beginning to be Felt at USC Medical and other Facilities in US and Canada - Update
US hospitals and patients are now suffering “the most significant shortage that we have seen to date” according to a letter sent yesterday to customers of one of the larger distributors of medical radioisotopes.
The shortage, reported here on June 19, was first created by the May shutdown of Canada’s 52-year-old Chalk River reactor in eastern Ontario which produces half of the US supply of medical isotopes used in scans that help diagnose heart disease and the spread of cancer. Initially thought to be offline for only a month, this second shutdown in less than two years will likely be much longer. Hospitals around the country have begun to ration many important diagnostic tests and even close down clinical cancer trials.
In an open presentation yesterday at the National Academies, the Department of Energy (DOE) revealed that the Obama Administration has allocated $120 million over 4 years to develop the US production of medical isotopes using safer low-enriched uranium (LEU), rather than the nuclear weapons-grade, highly enriched uranium (HEU) that is used by the existing producers.
Critical US medical radioisotope shortage sparks Obama administration response
Related News:
Isotope Update: Plant Could be Down for Months – Nuclear Medicine Diagnostics Can Expect Delays
Isotope Factory Shut Down again in Canada – Surgeries and Procedures could Face Delays
FDA Approves Lung Cancer Drug – Alimta from Lilly
The drug had been approved to treat cancer from asbestos exposure a few years ago. Since I am on the topic of lung cancer, I did an interview not too long ago about Rosetta Genomics, who has a test to diagnose “cancer of the unknown” in the lungs. Thousands never find out exactly what type of cancer they have and the test is about 99% accurate, why have the test, your treatment may vary depending upon the type of cancer you have. If cancer migrated from the liver for example, a different plan of action may be required with different drugs. BD
Rosetta Genomics Cancer Test now Available in 48 States – Cancer of the Unknown
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Alimta (pemetrexed), the first drug available for maintenance therapy of advanced or metastatic lung cancer.
Patients with cancer often receive maintenance therapy to prevent the disease from progressing after their tumor has shrunk or the disease has stabilized in response to chemotherapy. Alimta disrupts metabolic processes that are dependent on the B-vitamin folate, a necessary ingredient for cell reproduction.
Reported adverse events included damage to blood cells, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, and skin rash.
Rosetta Genomics Interview – microRNA for Diagnosing Lung Cancer Tumors
FDA Approves Lung Cancer Drug
Security on Data at Healthcare Facilities Goes Beyond Just Medical Records – The Software run Air Conditioning Systems
Security personnel and the companies used to provide this service too are getting smarter when it comes to data. This man was arrested by the FBI with an attempt to take over the air conditioning system, which is run by software. Imagine a building with no air and what it would do to all the medical equipment that relies on constant temperatures to function. This is just one more example of needing the “smart people” with some IT background in key positions everywhere and the need for further education in this area as software is running about 95% of the decision making processes we used today. BD
This tale may make you put down your coffee and verify how tightly you protect computer servers at your hospital and any leased facilities.
The FBI arrested a man whom authorities said hacked into a Dallas healthcare building's IT system and was prepared to take over the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. The suspect, who worked as an overnight security officer for the site, allegedly had bigger plans of using the compromised computers to instigate a massive attack on other computers elsewhere.
Consider asking your own security director and emergency planner about this type of scenario, or better yet, have them conduct a drill on it. As you'll see, the details truly meet the popular notion of "pushing the envelope" with drill scenarios.
McGraw's immediate actions could have allowed him to shut down the HVAC system at a Dallas building which contains the Carrell Clinic orthopedics facility and North Central Surgical Center. A loss of air-conditioning in the hot Texas weather could have threatened the safety of patients, staff members, and visitors. McGraw "did jeopardize [the HVAC] system," Colvin said. "It's frightening."
McGraw worked at the building as a contracted security officer and was employed by United Protective Services, Inc., in Dallas, according to authorities.
HVAC System Allegedly Compromised by Hacker—Who is Also a Security Officer - www.healthleadersmedia.com
Dr. Arnold Klein Talking about Diprivan Used by Michael Jackson
This is from the Larry King show. Dr. Klein was his dermatologist and is not one of the 5 doctors being questioned.
He speaks of the time in London when he went off to get off some of the addictive drugs and takes some opportunities to really poke at the FDA and their approval processes.
http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/showbiz/2009/07/08/sot.klein.diprivan.cnn?iref=videosearch
California Managed Care Office Shuts Down Labor Health Insurance Scheme – Kaiser Offered All Alleged Victims New Policies
The same individuals had consumer complaints in six other states and the Managed Care office states they were able to catch the scheme before any policy holders were left holding the bag. Kaiser stated that “payments were made late” at best. Who can and will you trust with health insurance today? What is strange is that the insurance plan owners stated they never had more than 50 members, while Kaiser stated there were more than 500 individuals affected. BD
California regulators said they had shut down a labor union health insurance scheme that put hundreds of consumers at risk of losing coverage.
The Department of Managed Health Care said Tuesday that it had obtained an order from an administrative judge barring Raymond and Jean Palombo of Riverside from selling health maintenance organization and preferred provider organization policies in California.
The department contended that the Palombos conspired with a union to collect premiums from members but then failed to pay the premiums in full to Kaiser Permanente, the contracted health plan. That, the department said, put nearly 500 people in jeopardy of losing their health coverage. Acting on a consumer complaint from 2007, the department said it discovered that the Palombos had been barred from insurance sales in six states, including Texas, Oklahoma and Florida.
Kaiser spokesman Jim Anderson said that "many payments were late at best."
California regulators shut down alleged health insurance scheme - Los Angeles Times
Cancer Patients in California Getting IOUs – Trading has Begun Online with Craig’s List
Most of the larger banks have stated they will not accept them either, such as Bank of America after July 10th. California’s credit rating is now only two steps above “junk” status. It also has the lowest rating of any state.
This is sad for patients who need their cancer treatment or services provided by companies who take care of the disabled. The California treasurer said Monday that his office would not redeem i.o.u.’s held by third parties unless they were accompanied by a notarized bill of sale. Where is this all going to go? It almost appears to be opening another sub trading market. BD
Court-appointed lawyers, cancer patients and alcoholics in treatment programs have become the latest victims of California's financial crisis, as the state grapples with a budget deficit that has ballooned to $26bn.
The state has been forced to issue IOUs after starting its fiscal year with a huge deficit and no budget in place.
Cancer patients, people suffering from genetic diseases and drug and alcohol users in county-funded treatment programs will be affected by the cash shortage.
The state yesterday moved to control online trading in the thousands of IOUs after the notes began appearing on Craigslist, the internet advertising site. The IOUs are transferable, which means they can be bought and sold. SecondMarket, a New York-based firm that trades illiquid assets such as bankruptcy claims, private company stock and so-called toxic assets, has been gearing up to trade the IOUs if there is demand.
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/19f0d3e4-6b56-11de-861d-00144feabdc0.html
FedEx bans cell phones at the workplace – When Is Device Manners Policy Going to be Ready to Use
Here’s one transportation company stepping up to the plate with banning cell phones at the work place. UPS and other companies have already done the same. We do hear the issue though of what if it is an emergency, then what, how do you reach someone. We live in cellular phone worlds today and sometimes someone may not even have a work phone number to call in case of an emergency. This is a bit of a toss up, but if cell phone use had not been abused, well we would not be at this crossroad.
This brings me around to mentioning one of my “favorite” Microsoft patented technologies and I hope this gets out there soon, the restricted cell phone zone, “device manners policy”. This should be standard in every movie theater for that matter. What makes this desirable is the fact that you can programmatically stop calls, cameras, etc and only allow text messages while in the “zone”, leave the zone and back to normal. It could also serve to restrict everything, but by leaving open text messages it would prove to be an outlet for emergencies. The wireless carriers would also need to cooperate with the project. Just think of the possibilities and it sure makes it easier not to have to police and watch for cell phones. BD
From a post back in June…Device Manners Policy from Microsoft
This is either the best or worst idea ever, depending on your point of view. Microsoft has patented what it calls a "device manners policy" (DMP), a wireless zone-enforced device protocol that allows local operators to turn certain features off (or on) based on local manner and safety policy.
Similar to how wireless service on planes can lock out voice but allow data, Microsoft's DMP concept would allow local czars to enforce, for example, "no talking out loud" or "no photography" rules. Audio recording could be disabled at concerts, video recording killed at theaters, and ringers turned off at funerals. Of course, this all requires manufacturers to comply with the DMP protocol in their devices. In the end, we'd be looking at a pre-movie PSA that says "your phone is now being put on silent" rather than "please turn off your cell phone.
Indianapolis - A major Indianapolis employer is telling workers to leave cell phones in their cars. FedEx is joining a number of companies restricting or even banning cell phones on the job.
FedEx is prohibiting personal cell phones in the workplace. A thousand hourly employees at its Indianapolis transportation hub were told not to even bring their phones into the building, the company citing concerns for safety and security.
FedEx bans cell phones at work - WTHR | Indianapolis
Related Reading:
Silent Cell Phones at School or in Selected areas of Medical Facilities?
Microsoft's Device Manners Policy Patent Enforces "No-Talking Zones"
Maggot News – Clinical Trials, Wound Care and Surgical Theatre Closings in the UK
If individuals have wounds that will not heal, the University in Cardiff can perhaps enroll you in the trial. A children’s hospital in Bristol in the UK is also using maggots and honey.
“At Bristol Children's Hospital, nurses are using manuka honey – which is made from bees that feed on flowers found only in New Zealand – to treat severe nappy rash, particularly on babies who have undergone chemotherapy and for lesions caused by meningococcal septicaemia.”
But wait over at Aberdeen, some of these maggots may have gotten lose or got in without being invited as 3 surgical theatres had to be closed due to maggot infestation. I don’t think these maggots are in the same class as mentioned in the two articles above. I think we have a case here of the good maggot and the bad maggots. BD
Cardiff University is teaming up with Bridgend-based ZooBiotic, the UK's only commercial producer of medicinal-quality larvae for the 12-month trial.
Eight hospitals across England and Wales will collaborate on the project.
Researchers will gather evidence over 12 months how effective maggots can be in speeding up healing and cutting the length of hospital stays.
This is a randomized clinical trial which is the gold standard for producing evidence."
Joyce Coopey, who is 75 and from Newport is one of the first recruits to the trial.
She sustained a leg injury when a thief snatched her handbag, throwing her onto a gravel path in the process.
ZooBiotic now produces 600,000 maggots, and 1,500 dressings per month from its pharmaceutical production unit, supplying a client base of more than 4,000.
BBC NEWS | UK | Wales | Patients wanted for maggots trial
Life Sustaining Medical Devices – How Dependable are They Says the FDA
This is something I’m sure that goes through the mind of everyone who has one. The FDA is taking a closer look and as well as durability of the device, the software also needs to be scrutinized as well, as these devices are doing more than just sustaining life, they now report data.
FDA Wants Data on Older Medical Devices – Hip joints, dental implants and spinal surgery screws
Medtronic – 1000s of the Sprint Fidelis Defibrillator Cables May Stop working in the next few years
St. Jude has one that send the information right to an EMR or PHR that is FDA approved. Biotronik has one that sends text messages, somewhat of an eerie feeling knowing you might be a walking/talking text message machine inside.(grin)
Biotronik Home Monitoring – Cardio Implant that sends email, SMS or faxes
In the US, Clinical Trials are still being conducted, more information available here. So now we have a device that has a mind of it’s own, well sort of. Biotronik is located in Europe and now with the home monitoring features, the devices will alert your physician, and again, earlier notification will hopefully save a few lives. All in all the FDA has a much bigger job ahead with devices and might need to hire some real time programmers too to make sure the software works as designed too as devices get more complicated with additional features for them to disperse as they all start sending to your PHR in the very near future. BD
In a recent follow-up letter, FDA scientists pleaded with president Obama to revisit the approval of medical devices that involved questionable judgment. An FDA-wide email in March promised the new FDA commissioner will revitalize the agency and work hard to support scientific integrity.
Safety concerns over life sustaining medical devices. - WQAD
“Capitalism: A Love Story'” – Michael Moore’s New Movie
First we had “Sicko” and now the sequel…BD
Michael Moore is Back with a Preview of His New Movie – Save our CEOs A Sequel to “Sicko”?
Michael Moore's opting to spoof romantic conventions in titling his upcoming documentary "Capitalism: A Love Story," which addresses the causes of the global economic meltdown.
"It will be the perfect date movie," Moore said in an announcement Wednesday. "It's got it all -- lust, passion, romance and 14,000 jobs being eliminated every day. It's a forbidden love, one that dare not speak its name. Heck, let's just say it: It's capitalism."
Moore and Overture Films had announced previously that the film would be released domestically on Oct. 2 -- a year and a day after the U.S. Senate voted to approve a $700 billion bailout of Wall Street. Paramount Vantage will handle international distribution.
The film is described as focusing on "the disastrous impact that corporate dominance and out-of-control profit motives have on the lives of Americans and citizens of the world."
Michael Moore unveils title of new doc - Entertainment News, Exclusives, Media - Variety
Related Reading:
Madoff's Scheme – One Reason To Put the “Smart People” in the Right Places So We Don’t Get Fooled Again
Michael Moore – New Movie and looking for Wall Street Informers and Whistleblowers
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EBC Exercise XX Ideas
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 14:36, 9 November 2012 by Yoder (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Embedded Linux Class by Mark A. Yoder
Here are some ideas for future projects.
• Use mmap to access gpio. See 16x24 Red LED Matrix
• Port mmap code from Bone to xM. Need to look up new register addresses.
• Use uart to drive serial LED matrix
Embedded Linux Class by Mark A. Yoder
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Difference between revisions of "RPi Expansion Boards"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
(Current expansion boards)
(MiniPiio RS232)
Line 69: Line 69:
=== MiniPiio RS232 ===
=== MiniPiio RS232 ===
[http://zuzebox.wordpress.com/2012/06/24/minipiio-rs232-v0-10/ MiniPiio RS232] is a small(50x40mm) add-on board which provides a basic RS232 to TTL interface for the RPi. It uses a 3.3V MAX3232 to provide the RS232 interface.
+
[http://zuzebox.wordpress.com/2012/06/24/minipiio-rs232-v0-10/ MiniPiio RS232] is a small (50x40mm) add-on board which provides a basic RS232 to TTL interface for the RPi. It uses a 3.3V MAX3232 to provide the RS232 interface.
=== MiniPiio ULN2803 ===
=== MiniPiio ULN2803 ===
Revision as of 19:20, 26 June 2012
Contents
Back to the Hub.
Hardware & Peripherals:
Hardware and Hardware History.
Low-level Peripherals and Expansion Boards.
Screens, Cases and Other Peripherals.
Introduction
On the Raspberry Pi, there are several connections which can be used for expansion:
• The Rpi GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins are exposed, that means that expansion boards are able to talk directly to the CPU.
• The DSI connector will allow low-level interfacing with LCDs and other displays.
• The CSI connector will allow camera modules to be added in future.
Current expansion boards
Arduino Shield and Raspberry Pi
a little board with Arduino socket and Raspberry Pi socket you can power the boards with 12Volt or 5Volt http://www.progetti-hw-sw.it/raspberry.htm
Buffer Board
Buffer Board How to make a Pi Buffer on Veroboard. Each of the 14 outputs can drive up to 500mA using a Darlington array.
Buzzberry Buzz-Board Interface
Buzzberry is an interface board enabling expansion using the Buzz-Board modular system designed primarily for educational use.
CJE/4D RTC
On 2nd January 2012, CJE/4D announced that they have a real-time clock (RTC) expansion board in the works: [1]
GertBoard
main page: RPi Gertboard
This board is a buffer between your Rpi and the real world, use it to flash LEDs on and off, drive motors, run sensors and all that other fun stuff.[1]
GPIO isolated expansion/RTC
UT Electronics is developing a expansion board containing a fully isolated 16-I/O I2C GPIO expander and RTC, with extensive options for further expansion. C and Python libraries will be available at launch. The board will probably be sold as a kit, with SMT components already in place.
aLaMode
“À la mode” is an Arduino clone specifically designed to interface with the Raspberry Pi. You can of course connect a standard Arduino to a Pi USB port using a cord, but when you want a turnkey solution, how about an Arduino compatible “plate” (shield) that fits right on top of the Raspberry Pi with direct access to GPIO port? The Linux side handles all of the displays, human interfaces, and number crunching. The low power Arduino compatible “à la mode” board handles sensors, servos/motors, and provides a highly accurate real time clock.
Piface
Piface is simpler than the RPi Gertboard (it's aimed at less experienced users), but also intended to connect to PCs and Android to be platform agnostic
Pi232 RS232 board
Pi232 is an RS232 expansion board that plugs onto GPIO connector.
PiDuino
Youtube video showing prototype board
Pi Plates
Announcement
Prototyping plate announcement
Pi-Wire
Pi-Wire Homelabs are developing options for connection of a 1-wire bus to the RaspberryPi. Boards include SPI breakout connections for future boards.
Ponte
PONTE initial post An arduino shield bridge from Omer and SKPang
Quick2Wire GPIO Expansion Board
Quick2Wire GPIO board and experimenters kit is an extension board for the Raspberry Pi that has level converters to allow the driving of TTL and real world devices such as LED's and switches. It will also provide an experimenters kit, a software framework and a number of tutorials.
Raspberry Pi IO Interface
forum thread showing 'paper mockup'. Another buffered IO expander.
Relay board and Raspberry Pi GPIO
a board with 8 relays and 8 input with a Raspberry Pi socket you can power the boards with 12Volt, the board has a DIN rail container http://www.progetti-hw-sw.it/raspberry.htm
MiniPiio DIO16
MiniPiio DIO16 is a small (50x40mm) add-on board which provides an additional 16-channels of Digital Input/Outputs for the RPi. It can use either a MCP23S17 (SPI) or MCP23017 (I2C) Port Expander.
MiniPiio RS232
MiniPiio RS232 is a small (50x40mm) add-on board which provides a basic RS232 to TTL interface for the RPi. It uses a 3.3V MAX3232 to provide the RS232 interface.
MiniPiio ULN2803
MiniPiio ULN2803 is a small(50x40mm) add-on board which connects a ULN2803 Darlington Driver chip to the RPi's GPIO allowing the RPi to control circuits which more current to drive them.
RPi MIDI Breakout Board
RPi MIDI Breakout Board is a simple MIDI breakout board for the Raspberry Pi using the hardware UART from the RPi's expansion interface
RPi Protoboard SM
RPi Protoboard SM is a simple prototype board for the Raspberry Pi
another link to the same project?
RPi "UserPort"
RPi UserPort is a digital and analogue I/O board for the Raspberry Pi. UserPort replicates the original BBC Micros digital User Port and Analogue Port but uses more modern components such as the MCP23S17 16-ch GPIO and MCP3204 4-ch 12-bit ADC.
rpi_serial
BitWizard has a Raspberrypi serial breakout board. It breaks out four serial buses from the GPIO port.
BitWizard then has a series SPI (or I2C) expansion boards that can be daisy-chained off the SPI (or I2C) buses of the expansion board. A virtually unlimited number of expansion boards can be connected. Expansion boards are available that drive a simple 16x2 text LCD, more general purpose IOs, servos, temperature sensors, relays, optocouplers etc.
RPi RS232 Breakout Board
RPi RS232 Breakout Board is a simple RS232 breakout board for the Raspberry Pi
Slice of Pi
Slice of Pi Ciseco have produced a convienient small break out board for the Raspberry PI. XBee style connector for XRF / XBee / RN-XV / XBT / RF-BEE etc. Has the SPI and I2C pins on one standard 8 way header and the Raspberry PI's 8 general purpose I/O pins on another for easy access. Comes as a kit of parts that needs to be soldered. Construction is very easy and suitable for children with basic soldering skills.
XBee ZB SMT Backpack
The Raspberry Pi XBee ZB SMT Backpack by bootc is a carrier board for Digi XBee ZB SMT modules. These are different to the normal XBee modules because they are surface mount and additionally can interface to a host using SPI as well as serial. The backpack also features 3 LEDs for status signals as well as two FTDI headers (one for the RPi and one for the XBee), as well as being able to host a 'normal' XBee module (though of course you can't use SPI with those).
References
1. http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/411
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RPi Guides
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 17:52, 22 January 2013 by Wibble82 (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Back to the Hub.
Community Pages:
Tutorials - a list of tutorials. Learn by doing.
Guides - a list of informative guides. Make something useful.
Projects - a list of community projects. Help others out.
Tasks - for advanced users to collaborate on software tasks.
Datasheets - a frambozenier.org documentation project.
Education - a place to share your group's project and find useful learning sites.
Community - links to the community elsewhere on the web.
Games - all kinds of computer games.
Introduction
This page contains a set of guides to show readers how to do useful tasks. These guides focus on achieving a goal as simply as possible, with the aim to build the confidence of the reader. Hopefully, the reader will also be inspired to learn at the same time.
The Raspberry Pi Forum has a list of Project Ideas & Links, to help people get started.
Please add links to your guides (and ones you find interesting).
Fill in each section:
• Guide Title (as a link to the project webpage or connected wiki page)
• Guide Description (including any additional links or information
• Tags (key words related to the project, i.e. LCD Screen, Teaching, Python)
• Author(s) or group who have produced it (also if it is an Open/Community Project for anyone to contribute)
• Guide Status (Not Started/In-Progress/Available).
Absolute beginners
Suitable for absolute beginners who have never experimented with Linux before.
Guide Title and Link
Guide Description
Tags
Author
Status
Installing Chromium web browser
Installing the Chromium web browser on Debian.
Chromium
bredman
Ready for testing
Easy
Suitable for beginners who are confident typing commands into Linux but need a lot of guidance.
Guide Title and Link
Guide Description
Tags
Author
Status
Network Attached Storage
Network Attached Storage - Basic concept: A place to save copies of all your important files
Samba
bredman - Open Project
Tested on Debian, some help needed with Fedora chapter
Connect your RPi to your MS Windows machines
The guide above is a full NAS setup - This guide/script just configures and installs a very simple setup to allow you to read/write to your RPi files
Samba
Simon Walters - Open Project
Tested on Raspbian
Python 3 on Debian
Installing the latest Python 3 and common modules on Debian.
Python
croston
Tested. Needs more modules adding
Debian Auto Login/Startx
How to launch LXDE without the need of a username/Password in Debian.
LXDE, Boot, Login, Auto
Ian Hartwell (helpme1986)
Early draft.
RPiForked-Daapd
How to install Forked-Daapd, an itunes media server
Debian, streaming,
Greg (pr1sm)
Early draft.
Setting up a static IP in Debian
How to set-up a static IP in Debian
Debian, Static IP
sleepy
Available
Text to Speech (Speech Synthesis)
Three easy methods of getting your Raspberry Pi to talk
Raspbian
StevenP
Draft
Medium
Suitable for beginners who are willing to experiment and only need a little guidance.
Guide Title and Link
Guide Description
Tags
Author
Status
Classroom Boot Server
Classroom boot server - Basic concept: A PXE server to allow cheap computers without hard disks to boot into Windows or Linux.
PXE, netboot
bredman - Open Project
Lots of random text, needs organisation and testing
Installing Ruby on Rails
Installing Ruby on Rails and common modules on Debian.
Ruby, Rails
Erik
Partially tested. Still early draft.
Share your screen with VNC
Installing Vino to allow remote control of the screen from another computer.
Vino, VNC
Jaix Bly
Draft.
Remote Control of a Raspberry with VNC
Installing VNC to allow remote control a X11 session (not the console) from another computer.
VNC
Simon H
Early draft.
Remote Destop Server for Raspberry
Installing XRDP to allow Remote Desktop / Terminal Server on Raspberry Pi.
rdp, xrdp
Jaix Bly
Draft.
iSCSI support and boot
Adding iSCSI initiator/target support, setting up iSCSI initiator, and configuring booting from an iSCSI volume.
iSCSI, netboot
Alex (nidO)
Early draft, tested
Send email containing Pi ip address on boot
Send email containing the ip of your Pi so you can access via SSH or other network protocol when your ip changes (moving networks) and you are working headless
SSH, email, python
--Geraldcor 03:36, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
Early draft, tested
Connecting securely to TightVNC over the Internet
Guide to installing Tightvnc server on the Raspberry Pi and securing it using ssh to allow connecting over the Internet.
VNC, ssh
Stewart Watkiss
Available
Configuring a LAMP webserver
Guide to configuring the Raspberry Pi as a LAMP (Linux, Apache, Mysql, PHP) webserver.
apache, mysql, php
Stewart Watkiss
Available
Storage Filer/NAS via Chef
Turn-key package to turn a machine into a storage filer / NAS. Developed and tested on a RaspberryPi. Still in early development. Deploys with Chef.
samba, nfs, chef
Eric Windisch
Alpha/early-stage
Raspberry Pi WiFi Hotspot
Turn your Raspberry Pi into a WiFi hotspot!
wifi, hotspot, hostapd
Isaac Smith
Works like a charm.
Raspberry Pi / Arduino Serial Communication
Raspberry Pi talking to Arduino over serial uart
arduino, serial, uart
Chris Cummings
Works perfectly!
Advanced
Suitable for confident users who want to try something more advanced.
Guide Title and Link
Guide Description
Tags
Author
Status
building and installing OpenELEC
How to build and install OpenELEC,a embedded Multimedia Distro. You can learn (cross)compiling, building packages from source, how buildsystems are working and what is needed to install a OS on a SD-card for Raspberry Pi.
XBMC, HTPC, Multimedia, Distro, compiling
Stephan Raue
Available
Using Skypekit
How to get started using Skypekit to make calls & chat. This is currently only useful for advanced users & developers.
Skype, Skypekit
Henry Cooke
Alpha.
Pre-configuring SD card with a static IP address
Guide to pre-configuring a SD image so that it boots with a static IP address. Useful for running headless without needing to know what DHCP address will be allocated.
networking, tcpip
Stewart Watkiss
Available
Sending remote commands to our Pi thanks to Pastebin
A guide to send remote commands to our Pi just by editing a pastebin!
remote commands, notsureifuseful
Itxaka Serrano Garcia
Available
References
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Pendleton County, West VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:10, 2 May 2012 by Jaburgess (Talk | contribs)
Pendleton County, West Virginia
Map
Location in the state of West Virginia
Location of West Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1787
County Seat Franklin
Courthouse
United States West Virginia Pendleton County
Contents
County Courthouse
Pleasants County
301 Court Lane #101
Saint Mary's, WV 26170
304-684-3542
• County Clerk has birth, marriage, death, and probate records from 1853
• Clerk Circuit Court has divorce and court records[1]
History
Parent County
1787--Pendleton County was created 4 December 1787 from Augusta, Hardy and Rockingham Counties (Virginia).
County seat: Franklin [1]
Boundary Changes
See an interactive map of Pendleton County boundary changes.
Record Loss
Places / Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Census
For tips on accessing Pendleton County, West Virginia census records online, see: West Virginia Census.
LDS Ward and Branch Records
1810 Census of Pendleton County, Virginia
1850 Pendleton County Census
1910 Pendleton County Census
1930 Pendleton County Census Information
• Franklin
• Zigler
Court
Genealogy
• [Coberly] Harter, Mary. "James Cunningham of Western Virginia," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1985):9-16; Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1985):109-116. Digital version at American Ancestors ($). FHL Book 975.5 B2vg v. 29 (1985).
• [Cunningham] Harter, Mary. "James Cunningham of Western Virginia," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1985):9-16; Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1985):109-116. Digital version at American Ancestors ($). FHL Book 975.5 B2vg v. 29 (1985).
• [Harper] Rutherford, William Kenneth and Anna Clay Rutherford. Genealogical History of Our Ancestors. Revised Edition. 2 vols. Lexington, Mo., 1977. FHL Book 929.273 R933ra 1977 v. 1-v. 2.
• [Skidmore] Skidmore, Warren. Thomas Skidmore (Scudamore), 1605-1684, of Westerleigh, Gloucestershire, and Fairfield, Connecticut; His Ancestors and His Descendants to the Ninth Generation. 1980. FHL Book 929.273 Sk32sk; 1985 edition: FHL Book 929.273 Sk32sk 1985; 1998 edition: FHL CD-ROM.
• [Van Deventer] Vandevander, Paul J. and Ida Christobelle Van Deventer. The Van Deventer Family, 1550-1977. Parsons, W.Va.: McClain Print. Co., 1978. FHL Book 929.273 V286v.
• [Van Deventer] Arthaud, John Bradley and Catherine DeEtte Arthaud. The Mary Coberly and William Van Deventer Family of Pendleton and Randolph Counties, West Virginia, An Annotated Index to Paul J. Vandevander's The Van Deventer Family 1550-1977. Columbia, Mo., 1988. FHL Book 929.273 V286v index.
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Map of 1850 Virginia and West Virginia
Military
Revolutionary War
• A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services: With their Names, Ages, and Places of Residence, as Returned by the Marshalls of the Several Judicial Districts, Under the Act for Taking the Sixth Census]. 1841. Digital versions at U.S. Census Bureau and Google Books. 1967 reprint: FHL Book 973 X2pc 1840. [See Virginia, Western District, Pendleton County on page 135.]
• Rejected or Suspended Applications for Revolutionary War Pensions. Washington, D.C., 1852. Reprinted by Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1969, and 1991. Reprints include "an Added Index to States." FHL Book 973 M24ur; digital version at Ancestry ($). [Includes veterans from this county; Virginia section begins on page 238.]
Civil War
Civil War Links
West Virginia, Civil War Service Records of Union Soldiers, 1861-1865
Sons of Confederate Veterans, Brig. Gen. James Boggs' Camp # 1706
Dewayne Borror, Commander
304-358-2746
mailto:borror@corlink.comborror@corlink.com
Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, 7th WV Infantry Camp #7
P.O. Box 622
Franklin, WV 26807
304-358-3261
pendhist@mountain.net
Naturalization
Newspapers
Pendleton Times
P.O. Box 906
Franklin, WV 26807-0906
Probate
Pendleton County, West Virginia 1788 - 1970 Will Books
West Virginia Will Books
Research Guides
• "A Guide to the Counties of Virginia: Pendleton County," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1976):119-123. FHL; digital version at American Ancestors ($).
Taxation
How can West Virginia tax lists help me?
Vital Records
West Virginia Vital Records - Birth - Death - MarriagesChurch
Societies and Libraries
Pendleton County Historical Society
Main Street
Franklin, West Virginia 26807
Family History Centers
• <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Introduction to LDS Family History Centers">Introduction to LDS Family History Centers</a>
• <a _fcknotitle="true" href="Franklin West Virginia Family History Center">Franklin West Virginia Family History Center</a>
Web Sites
Genealogy courses: Learn how to research from an expert in Fun Five Minute Genealogy Videos.
http://www.cyndislist.com/us/wv
Pendleton County, West Virginia Microfilms at the Library of Virginia
Learning How to Edit our Wiki Sites
References
1. 1.0 1.1 The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
October 26, 2007
The AdSense Loop
I didn't want to post about this, but Google disappointed me enough to do it. Last week, I received a message from AdSense that informed me I was "displaying Google ads in a manner that is not compliant with [their] policies". More specifically, the problem was the usage of "Google Brand Features", such as the "Google" from this blog's URL.
This is the second time I receive this message from Google. Last year, a post from Philipp Lenssen's Google Blogoscoped made Google change its mind. Thanks to Matt Cutts and other Googlers, I got this reply:
"While we do require that publishers obtain permission before running AdSense ads on Blogger sites that contain Google Trademarks in the URL, we've re-reviewed your site and are happy to grant you permission to continue running ads on googlesystem.blogspot.com."
This week, Google disabled the ads again, for the same reasons as before, but this time I didn't receive any reply from Google. It's strange to see this if you think that Google Operating System has never mislead people into thinking it's an official Google blog and the usage of "Google" in a subdomain should be allowed: "Don't register Google trademarks as second-level domain names," says one of the many Google guidelines. There are many important sites that use "Google" as part of the subdomain or domain name and Google still serves ads for these sites. What's more, I received permission to run ads on this blog.
unhappyGoogleTMUsers++;
Update (13 hours later).
unhappyGoogleTMUsers--;
Interesting response from Google: "As you know, we value automation, and sometimes, that automation is unable to parse nuances that separate illegal use from legal use." Hopefully, Google will do a better job at detecting the AdSense policy violations in the future and will adopt a clearer set of rules.
Thank you, Matt Cutts and Vic Gundotra.
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RECENT ADVANCES IN COASTAL STRUCTURE DESIGN
Charles E. Lee
Abstract
The type and scope of work accomplished and responsibility and authority of the office to which he is attached is indicative of the interests of an author and of the information available to him. It is therefore pertinent to cover in this general section a summary of the responsibility and the delegated authority of the Corps of Engineers as regards Coastal Engineering.
The subject of recent advances in coastal structures is quite broad and complex and modern design practice incorporates old and new findings. This paper discusses various aspects of proper modern design of breakwaters and jetties with special attention to newer findings, their proper application and the means by which the findings were made. The Corps has the responsibility for the planning, investigation, design and construction of Federal civil works navigation projects. This consists generally of harbor and channel works. Their responsibility extends to the control of all works, private or governmental, to assure that navigation will not be adversely affected. They are also charged with the responsibility of planning, investigation, design and construction of Federal civil works projects involving shore protection from wave and currents, protection from effects of hurricane, tsunamis and tidal flooding, and of beach erosion control. The accomplishment of such a mission therefore includes research of an applied nature to permit advancement in knowledge and technique. Most of this research is based on small scale model studies accomplished at the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and at the laboratory of the Corps of Engineers Beach Erosion Board in Washington, D. C. In addition a limited number of prototype studies are being initiated in the charge of the staffs of various District Engineers.
Keywords
breakwater design; structure design
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Applied Virtual Environments: Applications of Virtual Environments to Government, Military and Business Organizations
Patrick D. Allen, Chris C. Demchak
Abstract
Virtual environments (VEs) such as Second Life or World of Warcraft can be more than entertainment; they also offer new ways to test concepts and prototypes, train employees, and anticipate actions of an opponent. The U.S. military and other government organizations are applying VEs to support achieving training, operational, and rehearsal objectives. Business enterprises are starting to use virtual realities to lower costs and increase capabilities. This paper provides a systematic characterization and analysis of the features of VEs that improve organizational effectiveness. The paper describes: first, the key elements of a virtual world; second, the Use Modes or methods by which virtual worlds can be used to achieve a wide range of business or military objectives; third, a categorization of the wide range of application areas to which VEs can be applied; and lastly, the current limitations, emerging opportunities, and future research recommendations for using VEs to achieve organizational objectives.
Keywords
Government, Business, Military, Computer-supported collaborative work, Virtual reality
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
The full website for the Journal of Virtual Worlds Research can be found at: http://jvwresearch.org
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[maemo-developers] Nokia PUSH N900. Now open for submissions.
From: Thomas Waelti twaelti at gmail.com
Date: Wed Sep 16 22:14:25 EEST 2009
The hackers' guide mentions the "light sensor, proximity sensor, and IR port".
Can someone from Nokia already anwer some questions about these three interfaces?
Glancing at http://wiki.maemo.org/Documentation/Maemo_5_Developer_Guide/Architecture/System_Software#Mode_Control_Entity_.28MCE.29, it seems that MCE is used to control light sensor and proximity sensor. While it seems that some parts of MCE are available through D-Bus according to http://maemo.org/api_refs/5.0/beta/mce-dev/ (LED, vibrator), the control light sensor and proximity sensor are not mentioned. Are/will the be available through D-Bus, too? Or is there another preferred method to communicate with MCE for these sensors? What kind of "values" or information can the proximity sensor offer?
What is the exact specification and intended purpose of the IR port? (It seems to be a bit of an easter egg, but Irreco is already available for Maemo 5, so I guess the port is available as a serial device - source isn't available yet, however). And: Any range information?
For happy hacking, it would be nice to have this information available.
Thanks! (and special thanks to the persons getting the IR port onboard!!!)
-Tom
> Hacker's Guide released: http://bit.ly/3epzBN
> Any info if the sample projects will make it to the Maemo Summit?
More information about the maemo-developers mailing list
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Sunday, June 24, 2012
Liberation from Aaron Barak's Belligerent Occupation
In an April interview, Talia Sasson said in an interview with TOI's David Horwitz that
if Edmund Levy’s committee decides to tell the government that the territory of Migron can be taken despite the Supreme Court’s decision and they decide to do it, who knows? They can do anything. It’s 11 o’clock in the morning now? They can say it’s 11 at night. What can I tell you? I have no words.
Well, Makor Rishon this past Friday has reported that the special experts' committee of the outpost/satellite communities is adopting the legal position which I, and others, have been promoting for years.
On its front page, we can read that the committee members, former Supreme Court Justice Edmund Levy, District Court Judge Techiya Shapira and former Ambassador and Foreign Ministry Legal Advisor Allan Baker will be recommending to the Prime Minister that the opinion of former Supreme Court President Justice Aaron Barak be rejected.
That opinion, which accepted the clearly wrong concept that Judea, Samaria and Gaza were to be considered as "belligerently occupied", (see: "...such also is the law of belligerent occupation, in the framework of which Israel acts in the occupied territories" and in 2002's HCJ 7015 & 7019/02: Judaea and Samaria and the Gaza Strip are effectively one territory subject to one belligerent occupation by one occupying power, and they are regarded as one entity by all concerned, as can be seen, inter alia, from the Israeli-Palestinian interim agreements" although revpages 615-616 here but see Howard Grief here) may finally be overruled and the correct, just and correct legal standing of those areas will be established.
Those areas of the former Mandate for Palestine were illegally occupied by Jordan. They cannot have been "occupied" by Israel as they were a part of the territory to become the Jewish National Home. The state and waste lands in those regions were to be used, if not privately owned, to facilitate "close Jewish settlement". And as I have been championing, all property that was a gratis gift of the rulers of Jordan and upon which no building was built, no house was constructed, no field was planted and harvested nor any taxes paid should be returned to its previous legal status as state land and we have solved the articially created problem of "illegal construction".
As the Jewish Press has it, too:
The 90-page report, including addenda, discusses at length the issue of the outposts. Levy, Baker and Shapira fundamentally reject the legal line used by Attorney Talia Sasson in her report on the outposts. To their understanding, the vast majority of outposts can be defined as legal, since they are within the master planned areas of legal settlements whose establishment was approved by the government. The committee further recommends that the Nature and Parks Authority [headed by former Yesha Council senior member and Gush Etzion Regional Council Chairman Shaul Goldstein - YM] declare thousands of acres in the Judea and Samaria as national parks, to facilitate the preservation of their environmental resources. With the conclusion of the committee’s work the ball returns to the court of Prime Minister Netanyahu and Justice Minister Ne’eman, who ordered the report.
Could it be that we are on the brink of a major legal revolution, or, actually, a restoration?
A restoration of national sovereignty, of national standing, of national pride?
^
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
I quote others in order to better express myself. Montaigne, Michel Eyquem De
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There is no such thing as a nonpolitical speech by a politician. Nixon, Richard M.
Source: Vice President RICHARD M. NIXON, address to Radio-Television Executives Society, New York City, September 14, 1955, as reported by The Christian Science Monitor, September 15, 1955, p. 6.This is not in the press release of the speech. · This quote is about uncategorised · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. He was also the 36th Vice President (19531961) serving under Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon redefined the office of Vice President, making it for the first time a high visibility platform and base for a presidential candidacy. He is the only person to have been elected twice to the Vice Presidency and twice to the Presidency, and the only president to have resigned that office. His resignation came in the face of imminent impeachment related to the Watergate scandal.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
There is always some frivolity in excellent minds; they have wings to rise, but also stray. Joubert, Joseph
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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One great lesson that we can learn from its systematic absence in the work of the grand theorists is that every self-conscious thinker must at all times be aware of--and hence be able to control--the levels of abstraction on which he is working. The capacity to shuttle between levels of abstraction, with ease and with clarity, is a signal mark of the imaginative and systematic thinker. Mills, C. Wright
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Your Morning Dump… Where Wojo Fires Back
Chuck - Red's Army February 13, 2010 Uncategorized 3 Comments
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them
here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there's nothing quite
as satisfying as a good morning dump.
This is how it goes. I break a story on the Celtics, Danny denies it
and then everybody finds out it’s accurate. It’s also been confirmed by
some other people out there. The story’s 100 percent accurate. They’ve
talked. Danny’s thing was you can go back and perhaps talk to ownership
or bring it to them, or that’s just what he said. But they’ve talked,
names have been exchanged and it’s exactly how I portrayed it. I didn’t
say it was imminent. I didn’t say it was about to happen. It’s exactly
what happens this time of year, which is a trade discussion. Last week
or 10 days ago when I said they’re shopping Ray Allen, and they said,
‘No, we’re not.’ Well, guess what? They’re shopping Ray Allen. This
idea that they’re taking calls on Ray, it’s not accurate. Every GM in
the league will tell you, they’re actively looking."
Adrian Wojnarowski on 98.5 The Sports Hub (via Boston.com)
It's a moot point now. Dallas is close to a deal with Washington for Caron Butler. Will the Celtics still have interest in Antawn Jamison? Maybe… but Steve Bulpett says Butler is the guy the Celts really want.
“Is this what the basis of All-Star Weekend is going to be like
right here?” said Garnett, smiling and shaking his head after the first
question about his physical state, and its effect on his game.
“I’m good, man,” he said. “New things and revelations that come to
you make you stronger. With my injury I’ve acquired some patience and
understanding in my body. But it’s still driving ahead 100 percent.
“I’ll speak one time about my health,” he said to another question.
“It’s great. I’m happy to be here in the game, and other than that I’m
not going to make this weekend about my leg.
Herald – KG's Knee Deep in Media Focus
The questions about KG's knee will cease, once he plays like it's no longer bothering him.
On Page 2, Rondo has some fun with reporters.
The guy was looking for cool answers, and Rondo was selling him a used car. Only the guy didn’t know it…
“Hidden talents?” he said. “Singing. You know, I’ve got a rap CD coming out in like two weeks.”
The guy nodded. Rondo had him on the line and began reeling him in
further. He responded to the next question by saying he’d like to
collaborate with Keri Hilson “because she’s hot right now.” He was
asked what was blowing up on his iPod and said “Beyonce, Keyshia Cole,
Drake. That’s about it.”
The man thanked Rondo and left. Only after a couple of media types more
familiar with Rondo’s sense of humor laughed did he offer a slight
grin. The poor guy, he was told, would soon be looking for that CD.
Herald – Rondo Delivers on Point
The rest of the links:
Globe – Rondo Omission From Team USA 'Miscommunication' | Garnett Embraces Break | Herald – Cs Deal with Rumors | Ainge – There's Nothing Close | CSNNE – Wojo: Rumor is True | ESPN Boston – Greetings From Dallas | Cavs Talking Amar'e Deal | ESPN – Rooks Top Sophs | DeRozan Earns Spot in Dunk Contest | SI.com – League Seeks Huge Salary Cuts
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"url": "wikitravel.org/wiki/en/index.php?diff=1574730&oldid=1299761&title=Bardstown",
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Difference between revisions of "Bardstown"
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m
(Full Menu)
Line 155: Line 155:
*'''Asian Garden Restaurant''', 1442 E. John Rowan Blvd., (502) 348-1688.
*'''Asian Garden Restaurant''', 1442 E. John Rowan Blvd., (502) 348-1688.
*'''BJ's Bar & Grill''', 1008 Commerce Blvd., (502) 348-5070.
*'''Blue Dragon''', 966 Chambers Blvd., (502) 348-1900.
*'''Blue Dragon''', 966 Chambers Blvd., (502) 348-1900.
*'''China Star''', 317 Ky Home Square, (502) 348-2588.
*'''China Star''', 317 Ky Home Square, (502) 348-2588.
Revision as of 19:29, 5 November 2010
Bardstown is a city in the Kentucky Derby Region, located 40 miles southeast of Louisville. It is the county seat of Nelson County.
Contents
Get in
By Car
The main east-west route is the Bluegrass Parkway, bringing in traffic from Elizabethtown and I-65 South, 20 miles west. It also brings in Lexington traffic from the east. The two Bardstown exits are Exit 21 (US 31E) and Exit 25 (US 150). Nelson County also has exits off the parkway at Exit 10 (KY 52) to Boston and western Nelson County and Exit 34 (KY 55) to Bloomfield and eastern Nelson County.
Two roads arrive from Louisville. KY 245 (New Shepherdsville Road until it enters the city and becomes John Rowan Boulevard) funnels traffic from Exit 112 off of I-65 in Bullitt County. The grade is good on this road. The other route is US 31E-150 which comes directly from Louisville. The road is narrow and winding at spots, but does offer nice views of the Nelson and Spencer County countryside.
By Air
Samuels Field (designated BRY) is located two miles southwest of Bardstown on US 62, Boston Road. The airport has a single paved runway 5000 feet by 75 feet, designated 02/20, with a 4000-foot parallel taxiway and a connecting taxiway to the aircraft parking apron. The runway is equipped with Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MARL), Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL) and Precision Approach Path Indicators (PAPI) all radio controlled at 122.80MHz. An Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) is also available on 119,925MHz or by phone at (502)348-1867. Land facilities consist of a 1600 square foot terminal and administration building, 2000 square yards of apron, a 10 unit T-Hangar, 3 conventional storage hangars, and auto parking. There is 100LL Avgas and Jet A fuel system with a 24 hour self serve credit card system.
Louisville International Airport is located 40 miles northwest of Bardstown at the junction of I-65 and I-264. It is the closest airport with commercial passenger jet service. Airlines serving Louisville include American, Continental, Delta, Northwest, Frontier, Midwest, Southwest, United and US Airways. It is also a major shipping hub for UPS.
By Train
There is no Amtrak rail service in or near Bardstown. The closest Amtrak station is in Cincinnati, 150 miles away.
Get around
See
Distilleries & Wineries
• Four Roses Distillery, 624 Lotus Rd., Coxs Creek, (502) 543-2264, [1]. See bottling done by hand and smell aging bourbon in white oak barrels. Gift shop and free private tours.
• Heaven Hill Distilleries Bourbon Heritage Center, 1064 Loretto Rd., (502) 337-1000, [2]. State-of-the-art visitor center is designed to provide the ultimate educational and entertainment experience. Tour a working rickhouse, see a movie and receive a tutored tasting in the "Taste of Heaven" barrel-shaped tasting room.
• Jim Beam American Outpost, 149 Happy Hollow Rd., Clermont, (502) 543-9877, [3]. Learn the rich heritage and modern-day production method of this 200-year-old distillery. Enjoy sampling bourbons while viewing the Beam family home, a National Historic Site.
• Maker's Mark Distillery, 3350 Burk's Springs Rd., Loretto, (270) 865-2099. [4]. Enjoy the sounds and smells of this uniquely crafted small batch bourbon. Purchase a souvenir bottle and hand-dip it in Maker's signature red wax (must be 21 to purchase and dip).
• Springhill Winery & Plantation B'nB, 3205 Springfield Rd., Bloomfield, (502) 252-9463, [5]. Tour the winery cellar and experience winemaking, enjoy the historic display of Kentucky's wine heritage and browse the gift shop and tasting room. Stay overnight in the Victorian Plantation Manor.
Mansions & Houses
• Chapeze House, Kentucky's Home for Bourbon, 107 E. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 507-8338 or (800) 704-4917, [6]. A historic Kentucky mansion located on the Courthouse circle. Hosts Kentucky bourbon and American whiskey tastings and the Kentucky Bourbon Cooking School. The proprietors are Kentucky Colonel Michael Masters, The Host of Kentucky and Margaret Sue Masters, The Kentucky Hostess. This famous couple have been featured on Food Network TV, The Travel Channel and The Fine Living Channel.
• My Old Kentucky Home State Park, 501 E. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 348-3502 or (800) 323-7803, [7]. Federal Hill was the inspiration for Stephen Foster's ballad "My Old Kentucky Home" (also the state song of Kentucky). Built in 1812, it is featured on the Kentucky state quarter.
• Wickland, Home of Three Governors, 550 Bloomfield Rd., (502) 348-4877 or (800) 638-4877. Self-guided architectural tour. Considered one of the best Federal-style houses in Kentucky, it was built about 1825-1828. Also, exhibits focusing on the three governors, the Civil War and black history.
• Rosemark Haven (old Bruntwood), 714 N.3rd Street, (502) 348-8218, [8]. Completed in 1848, now operated as a restaurant, and bed & breakfast. Located on north side of central bardstown. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Museums & Memorials
• Bardstown/Nelson County Historical Museum, 223 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-2999. Located in Spaulding Hall, this extensive collection includes an original porcupine-quill-decorated Indian coat and one of the first Kentucky long rifles made in Bardstown. A variety of historical artifacts, up to and including World War II is on display.
• Civil War Museum of the Western Theatre, Museum Row, 310 E. Broadway, (502) 349-0291, [9]. Located in Old bardstown Village, it is one of the best Civil War museums in the US. It has many artifacts from Civil War battles throughout the region, focusing mainly on the war's imprint on western states. The museum houses a collection of photographs, uniforms, cannons, flags, battle wagons, medical equipment, weapons and personal items.. The museum plays host to Civil War Living History Weekends throughout the year when en-campment demonstrations recreate old times. Soldiers in period costumes will demonstrate skills such as cooking, musket, artillery and calvery firing.
• Kentucky Railway Museum, 136 S. Main St., New Haven, (502) 549-5470 or (800) 272-0152, [10]. Bells. lights and steam whistles abound at Kentucky's official railway museum. The 5,000-square-foot museum contains a collection of artifacts, tools and photos, which interpret the story of America's rail system. There is also a railroad gift shop filled with train memorabilia, or watch several train layouts in the model train facility. Take a ride through the scenic Rolling Fork River Valley, with a 1940's vintage dining car. The Railway Museum hosts a number of events, including murder mysteries, Halloween and Christmas events.AAA discount.
• Old Bardstown Village, Museum Row, 310 E. Broadway, (502) 349-0291. The village is a recreation of a 1790 frontier community, home to settlers exploring the west. Eight original and authentic log cabins, each 150-200 years old, highlight a creek that runs through the grounds and supplies power to Brown's Grist Mill. Each cabin houses a different display, such as the history of Native Americans from the southwest and southeast, a recreated blacksmith shop, a wheelwrights shop, a still house and Captain Bean's Tavern. Demonstrations of flint knapping, arrowhead making, ancient spear throwing, ax making and ancient fire making.
• Old County Jail, 111 W. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 348-5551 or (800) 948-5551. Includes a tour of the original 1819 jail. All furnished with antiques and heirlooms. A chilling look at conditions in this jail that was in operation until 1987.
• Oscar Getz Museum of Whiskey History, 114 N. 5th St., (502) 348-2999. An extensive collection of the liquor memorabilia of Oscar Getz and other distillers from the 1700's to today. On display are George Washington's mill stone, Prohibition prescriptions, a replica of Lincoln's Tavern in Illinois and Carrie Nation's hatchet.
• War Memorial of Mid-America, Museum Row, 202 E. Broadway, (502) 349-0291. This memorial pays tribute to all those who served in order to uphold freedom during America's wars, and dedicated and devoted themselves to the cause. The exhibit concentrates on the role mid-Americans played in conflicts from the Revolutionary War to Desert Storm, depicted through artifacts and graphics.
• Wildlife & Natural History Museum, Museum Row, 310 E. Broadway, (502) 349-0291. This recently added museum boasts an exhibit of more than 100 life-sized animals, including an extensive display of these creatures in their natural habitat, and many varieties of fossils and minerals
• Women in The Civil War Museum, Museum Row, 310 E. Broadway, (502) 349-0291. In the historic Wright-Talbott House, this museum displays artifacts from Civil War-era women who served as homemakers, nurses and factory workers. It tells the stories of the women who even served on the battle lines as soldiers and spies. Elaborite, authentic dresses from the era are also on display.
Sports
• Bluegrass Speedway, US 31E SOUTH at Bluegrass Parkway, (502) 349-1241, [11]. A high banked, half-mile clay oval track featuring four divisions of racing weekly: Late Models, Open-wheeled Modifieds, Bluegrass Sportsman and Street Stock Sportsman.
Do
Festivals & Events
• Antique Show & Sale Late March-Early April
• Kentucky Bourbon Festival Sampler Late April
• Bourbon Open Golf Tournament Mid May
• Summer Band Concert Series Fridays June-Labor Day
• Wine & Cheese Tasting Early June
• Stephen Foster-The Musical June-August
• Moonlight Big Band Concert Late June
• Kentucky Bourbon Festival Mid September
• Bardstown Arts, Crafts and Antiques Fair Mid October
• Flint Knapping Old Barstown Village Mid October
• Christmas 'Round Bardstown Thanksgiving-Christmas
• My Old Kentucky Home Candlelight Tour Late November-Early December
• Candlelight Tour of Homes Early December
Golf
Bardstown is a golf lover's dream with numerous championship courses in the area, each offering 18 holes of play:
• Cedar-Fil Golf Course, 2330 New Shepherdsville Rd. (KY 245 West), (502) 348-8981
• Maywood Golf Club, 130 Maywood Ave. (US 150 South of Blue Grass Pkwy), (502) 348-6600, [12].
• Kenny Rapier Golf Course at My Old Kentucky Home State Park, 668 Loretto Rd. (KY 49), (502) 349-6542, [13].
• Woodlawn Springs Golf Club, 103 Woodhill Rd. (Off US 62), (502) 348-2200, [14].
Tours
• Around The Town Carriage, 223 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-0331. Carraige ride provides a slow-paced way to see the sites of Bardstown. Offers carraiges, buggies and a stagecoach to tour just about any size group.
• Heaven Hill Trolley, 1 Court Sq., (502) 510-0012. Tour history in style with an introductory tour of Bardstown's many attractions including the Heaven Hill Bourbon Heritage Center.
• Horizon Hoppers Adventure Services, Bardstown/Nelson County Airport-US 62 WEST (502) 507-9364, [15]. Find out why the sky is not the limit. It is only the beginning. Full service adventure outfitter, including chartered flights, hiking, camping and sightseeing tours.
• Walking Tour (502) 348-4877 or (800) 638-4877. Based at the Welcome Center, 1 Court Sq. Self-guided tours of downtown Bardstown with maps available.
Buy
• ...at Mary's, 214 N. 3rd St., Custom framing, antiques, fine art.
• Barbara's, 109 W. Flaget Ave., (502) 348-2519. Furniture, gifts, Vera Bradley.
• Barbie D's Gifts, 145 S. Main St., New Haven, (502) 549-7497. Books, cards, pottery, angels, consignments and more.
• Bardstown Book Sellers, 129 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-1256. Kentucky authors, religious gifts, quaility music, candles.
• Bella Salon & Spa, 104 Manor Ave, #101, (502) 348-3331, [16]. Salon and day spa services.
• Gloriela's Boutique, 117 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-6052.
• Marshall's Jewelers, 106 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-5723. Quality jewelry made to last.
• Merle Norman, 105 W. Flaget Ave, (502) 348-1057. Cosmetic studio.
• Nettie Jarvis Antiques, 111 Taylorsville Rd., Bloomfield, (502) 252-9555, [17]. Fine Kentucky & American Antiques.
• Plantation Furniture & Designs, 112 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-3554. Distinctive home furnishings and design.
• Rooster Run General Store, 6515 New Shepherdsville Rd., Hwy. 245 (between Bardstown and I-65), (502) 348-8753. Once upon a time a woman went looking for her husband at Evans' Beverage Depot (he was known to stop there and linger a bit after work most days). When the wife showed up at the depot, the husband took off rather quickly, causing the other men to laugh and one to remark "Look at that rooster run." Former owner Joe Evans knew a good thing when it knocked on his door, and put a running rooster on a ball cap and the giant Ozzie Frank, a.k.a. The Big Rooster, out in front of his store, and a local legend was born. Today, Rooster Run is known worldwide. It's still a good place to grab a bite to eat and visit with friends and neighbors, buy gas for your car, or purchase a Kentucky souvenir. The giant Ozzie Frank rooster was named after Evans' daughter's Cabbage Patch doll and a community bus driver named Frank.
• Santa's Haven, 208 N. 3rd St., Unusual home decor.
• The Stage Shop, Inc., 4936 Louisville Rd., (502) 348-0860, [18]. Finest in western wear and saddlery, plus everything for your horse.
• Toddy's Liquors, 110 S. 4th St., (502) 348-1444. Single barrel bourbons, miniture gift baskets,Maker's Mark Candy, Gethsemani Farms products.
Eat
There is the usual selection of fast food national chains.
Delis
• Bardstown Bowling Center, 1012 Commerce Blvd, (502) 348-2003.
• Bardstown Express Food, 985 Bloomfield Rd., (502) 348-0912.
• Boone's Butcher Shop, 100 Old Bloomfield Pk., (502) 348-3668.
• Busy Bee Chevron, 1411 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-1411.
• Five Star Food Mart, 4 locations: 122 E. Stephen Foster Ave, 1855 New Haven Rd., 207 W. John Rowan Blvd., 610 Bloomfield Rd.
• Keene's Depot 8 Old Bloomfield Pk., (502) 348-3594.
• Parkway Mini Mart, 1545 New Haven Rd., (502) 348-2049.
• Speedy Mart, 603 Bloomfield Rd., (502) 348-3770.
• Thompson Food Mart, 2 locations: 509 W. Stephen Foster Ave., 706 N. 3rd St.
• Wal-Mart, 3795 E. John Rowan Blvd., (502) 349-6007.
Full Menu
• Asian Garden Restaurant, 1442 E. John Rowan Blvd., (502) 348-1688.
• Blue Dragon, 966 Chambers Blvd., (502) 348-1900.
• China Star, 317 Ky Home Square, (502) 348-2588.
• Dagwood's, 204 N. Third St., (502) 348-4029.
• Quality Inn - Grape Garden, 1875 New Haven Rd. (502) 348-9253, [19].
• Due West B-B-Q, 962 Chambers Blvd, (502) 349-1307.
• El Camino Real Mexican Restaurant, 885 Pennsylvania Ave., (502) 349-7193.
• Hunan Chinese Restaurant, 708 Bloomfield Rd., (502) 349-0716.
• Kreso's Family Restaurant & Mozart Cafe, 219 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-9594
• Kurtz Restaurant, 418 E. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 348-8964, [20].
• Los Nopales, 942 Chamber Blvd., (502) 350-4981.
• Rosemark Haven Italian Restaurant, 714 N.3rd Street. (502) 348-8218, [21].
• Old Talbott Tavern, 107 W. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 348-3494 or (800) 482-8376, [22].
• Xavier's Restaurant, 112 Xavier Dr., (502) 349-9464.
Specialty Menu
• Bearno's, 962 Chambers Blvd., (502) 348-4848, [23].
• Bryan's Hog Wild BBQ, 607 W. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 350-0107.
• David's Lounge, 624 Bloomfield Rd., (502) 348-4484.
• Hadorn's Bakery, 118 1/2 W. Flaget Ave., (502) 348-4407.
• Hurst Drug Store Soda Fountain, 102 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-9261.
• Hurst Restaurant, 829 Loretto Rd., (502) 348-8929.
• Jazzy's Pub, 114 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-9070.
• Maxine's, 420 Cathedral Manor, (502) 348-3459.
• My Old Kentucky Dinner Train, 602 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-7300, [24].
• The Old Stable, 116 W. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 348-3040.
• Rosebud Lunch Cafe, 714 N. 3rd St. (502) 348-8267, [25].
• Stephen Foster Restaurant, 503 W. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 348-5076.
• Still Bill's Restaurant & Lounge, 109 Guthrie Dr., (502) 349-2007.
• Tom Pig's Restaurant, 622 Bloomfield Rd., (502) 348-9404.
Drink
Bars
The Bourbon Capital of the World, Bardstown and Nelson County are wet.
• Rosemark Haven Wine Bar, 714 N.3rd Street, (502) 348-8218, [26]. Wine served by flight, glass & bottle. Beer from Kentucky and around the world.
• Bourbon Bar at Old Talbott Tavern, 107 W. Stephen Foster Ave, (502) 348-3494 or (800) 482-8376. Very good selection of Bourbons, served by the flight or glass.
Coffeehouses
• Java Joint, 126 N. 3rd St., (502) 350-0883. Cappuccinos, espressos, sandwiches, soups, desserts.
Sleep
Bed & Breakfasts
• Beautiful Dreamer, 440 E. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 348-4004 or (800) 811-8312.
• Colonel's Cottage Inn-Pioneer Park, 114 S. 4th St., (502) 507-8338 or (800) 704-4917, [27].
• Colonel's Cottage Inn-Millstone, 107 E. Broadway, (502) 507-8338 or (800) 704-4917, [28].
• The Homestead, 3944 Bloomfield Rd., (502) 349-1777.
• Jailer's Inn, 111 W. Stephen Foster Ave, (502) 348-5551 or (800) 948-5551.
• Old Kentucky Home Stables and Bed & Breakfast, 115 Samuels Rd., Coxs Creek, (502) 349-0408
• Old Talbott Tavern, 107 W. Stephen Foster Ave, (502) 348-3494 or (800) 482-8376, [29].
• Red Rose Inn, 209 E. Stephen Foster Ave, (502) 349-3003 or (888) 707-0033.
• Rosemark Haven, 714 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-8218 or (888) 420-9703, [30]. Classic Bardstown bed and breakfast in central bardstown with Italian restaurant, wine bar & and lunch cafe.
• Shadowlawn, 216 Flaget Ave., (502) 331-9588.
• Springhill Winery & Plantation B&B 3205 Springfield Rd., Bloomfield, (502) 252-9463.
• The Veranda, 405 N. 3rd St, (502) 350-3423.
• Victorian Lights, 112 S. 3rd St., (502) 348-8087.
Campgrounds
• Holt's Campground, 2351 Templin Ave (KY 1430), (502) 348-6717.
• My Old Kentucky Home State Park Campground, 668 Loretto Rd. (KY 49), (502) 348-3502 or (800) 323-7803,v.
• White Acres Campground 3022 Boston Rd. (US 62 East), (502) 348-9677.
Hotels & Motels
• Bardstown Parkview Motel, 418 E. Stephen Foster Av., (502) 348-5983 or (800) 732-2384, [31].
• Best Value Inn, 1714 New Haven Rd. (Exit 21 off Bluegrass Pkwy) (502) 348-1112 or (800) 251-1962.
• Best Western General Nelson Inn, 411 W. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 348-3977 or (800) 225-3977.
• Comfort Inn, 984 Frost Ave, (502) 349-9400 or (800) 228-5150.
• Quality Inn-Bardstown, 1875 New Haven Rd. (Exit 21 off Bluegrass Pkwy) (502) 348-9253 or (866) 348-6900, [32].
• Hampton Inn, 985 Chambers Blvd. (off KY 245 West) (502) 349-0100 or (800)HAMPTON, [33].
• Old Bardstown Inn, 510 E. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 349-0776 or (800) 894-1601.
• Old Kentucky Home Motel, 414 W. Stephen Foster Ave., (502) 348-5979 or (800) 772-1174,[34].
• Ramada-Bardstown, 523 N. 3rd St., (502) 349-0363 or (800) 2RAMADA, [35].
• Wilson Motel, 530 N. 3rd St., (502) 348-3364.
Get out
Louisville, 40 miles northwest of Bardstown , is Kentucky's largest city and home to Churchill Downs, site of the Kentucky Derby and Derby Museum. The city also offers museums to Louisville Slugger baseball bats and boxing legend Muhammad Ali.
Hardin County, 20 miles west, contains Fort Knox, an army base containing the US Gold Bullion and Patton Museum. Nearby Elizabethtown houses the Schmitts Coca Cola Museum. It is also the setting of the Orlando Bloom/Kirsten Dunst movie "Elizabethtown"
Hodgenville, 20 miles to the southwest, is the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site houses a replica of the log cabin Lincoln was born in.
Lexington, 50 miles to the east, is the horse capital of the world. Yearling sales, where horses are sold for millions of dollars, takes place at Keeneland Race Course, where racing is held in April and October.
Boating interests are available at Taylorsville Lake State Park, 20 miles northeast of Bardstown. The lake also offers plenty of fishing, hunting and wildlife viewing. Tanglewood Golf Course offers 18 holes of championship golf.
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Bogotá
From Wikitravel
South America : Colombia : Andino : Bogotá
Revision as of 05:15, 28 June 2012 by Wrh2 (Talk | contribs)
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Bogotá is the capital city of Colombia.
Bogota cityscape
Understand
With a population of about 8.8 million people, Bogota sits approximately 8,660 feet (2640 m) above sea level in the Colombian Andes region. Orientation is relatively easy, as the mountains to the east are generally visible from most parts of the city.
To understand the sheer size of the city, consider that Mexico City and New York City are the only North American cities larger than Bogotá. In fact, in 2008 the World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) from the United Kingdom ranked Bogotá as a world city comparable to San Francisco, Washington DC, Dubai, Buenos Aires or Berlin, grouped by their economical, political and cultural developments. What this means for the traveler is a world class urban destination.
Bogotá is a city of contrasts, and as such it offers a unique experience to its visitors. Prepare to find a hectic balance between the new and the old; the peaceful and the frantic. Encounter century-old plazas and churches shadowed by towering skycrapers. Find peaceful treelined bicycle routes cut through by wild-traffic avenues. Bogota is a city with many layers. From internationally recognized universities to regional offices for multinational companies, Bogota is Colombia's capital for official business dealings. It is a city that caters to a population that has been exposed to European and North American influences, which ensures that anything from traditional dishes (Ajiaco) to sushi or fast food restaurants can be found. It's one of the most modern and metropolitan cities of South, Central America and the world. Bogota is divided by 4 sections: The South which is mainly the poorer section of the city; El Centro, which translates "Center", is the city's original Downtown and hosts most of its traditional heritage locations, city and public offices, and financial headquarters. El Occidente, which is home to Bogota's major sporting venues and outdoor parks, as well as residence areas for main middle and some upper class living; and The North which is where most modern development has taken place, and combines many upscale living spaces with affluent shopping centers, boutiques, cafes, nightclubs, and many new business neighborhoods offering headquarters to many multinational corporations.
During the last decades, due to the city's exponential growth, some of neighboring towns have been absorbed and are now considered within the metropolitan area of Greater Bogotá, like Suba, Soacha and Fontibón.
Orientation
Centro Internacional is located between downtown, La Macarena and Chapinero
The city of Bogotá is divided into 20 distinct localities, or Districts, and every visit to this city should include touring at least three or four of them, depending on the purpose and extent of one's travel. The must-see Districts are:
• La Candelaria: The colonial district is officialy the first neighborhood of Bogotá . Colombia's capital city was founded here in 1538 by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada y Rivera in a spot known today as El Chorro de Quevedo. The next year, authorities re-founded the city a few blocks away at what is now known as the Plaza de Bolívar. Bogotá then grew up around the neighborhood. Because the city expanded west and north, La Candelaria retained much of its colonial atmosphere. The neighborhood is full of cobblestone streets and centuries-old houses. It is now a tourist attraction and university district, as well as the site of Colombia's government. Here you'll find most of the public buildings, both from the City and the Country's government. Historical squares, 400 year old churches, picturesque narrow streets are all here, mixing along modern development of financial business hightowers and you can find Travel operators who offer City tour in Bogotá and La Candelaria on of them is [1]Bogotravel Tours] they offer Walking tours and Bike tours to enjoy La Candelaria.
• Chapinero : North of La Candelaria, it comprises the new downtown areas of the city, combining office space, residential areas and hundreds of alternatives for shopping, dining and sightseeing. In a city famous for its wild traffic, you'll really enjoy the walks that can be had around El Nogal, La Cabrera and Chicó Reservado. Begin at Carrera 7a around streets 79 or 80, and zig-zag your way down and north until you find the Parque 93. Along the way, you will find tree-lined narrow streets, personality-ridden shops and boutiques, and eccentric dining alternatives. Don't hesitate in stopping for a world famous coffee in any location, and zip your way through all the bars and clubs surrounding the Zona Rosa. Make it through to the beautiful green park of Virrey and walk down its creek for a breath of fresh air. By the time you reach the 93 you'll be glad to take the opportunity to sit down, rest, and people-watch in one of its many terraces. Between the Calle 65 and Calle 45 you can find Chapinero Alto, one of the most "alternative" neighborhoods in the city. Named as well as "Chapigay" or "Gay Hills", this part of the city is inhabitated by the larger part of the LGBTI population of Bogotá, and it's considered one of the most gay/lesbian tolerant zones of the metropolis. Between Calle 65 and Calle 74 and Carrera 7 and Carrera 3 you can find the Zona G (G for Gourmet) where you can find the most prestigious restaurants of the city covering a large range of cuisines.
• El Salitre makes for a unique sightseeing experience with its ample offerings in public venues for Sports and Outdoor activities. Here sports fans will find the Football (Soccer) Stadium, the Olympic Water Complex (biggest and most modern of South America), and the city's league venues for all sorts of disciplines like tennis, track and field, basketball, volleyball and bowling all within walking distance of each other. Outdoor fans will find the city's biggest Public Park (Simón Bolívar), home to the most crowded open-air concerts and festivals year-round, and favorite destination for all sorts of activities such as jogging, biking, kite-flying, pedal-boating, etc. Culture fans will be at home with the district's offerings of Museums, including a Botanical Garden displaying the most amazing floral showcase of the continent. The district also contains Ciudad Salitre, the best planned residential zone of the city where upper middle class and some of the upper class of the city has its residency; this part of the city offers a very good mix of services, residence and infrastructure.
• La Macarena : A bohemian neighborhood around the bullfight ring full of artsy cafes, art galleries and great restaurants.
• Parque de la 93: A trendy section of Bogotá with nightclubs and cafes frequently visited by Bogota's "jet set".
• San Victorino : Located in the center of the city just in front of TransMilenio's station, Av. Jimenez. There you will find a plaza surrounded by all kinds of cheap stores selling different types of goods, from clothes to food and pets. If you do go, do not take anything with you; gringos are not well received there and may get robbed.
• Usaquén : The northernmost district, home to many sightseeing locations, modern business squares, and traditional architecture examples. The main square is the meeting point of the area where you can find pretty nice restaurants and bars. But walk around and find more great places to eat and drink. It serves as a hub to connect with outer destinations north from the city, which include many attractions within nearby towns.
Not for tourists but with some appeal for the hardcore traveler, other districts include: Antonio Nariño, Bosa, Ciudad Bolívar, Engativá, Fontibón, Kennedy, Los Mártires, Puente Aranda, Rafael Uribe Uribe, Suba, Sumapaz, Barrios Unidos and Tunjuelito.
Get in
By plane
The city is served by El Dorado International Airport (IATA: BOG) (ICAO: SKBO) (~20 minutes from downtown in a taxi), that receives several flights daily from New York City, Washington D.C., Atlanta, Houston, Miami, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale, Paris, São Paulo, Madrid, Barcelona, Frankfurt, Mexico City, San José (Costa Rica), Lima, Buenos Aires, Panamá City, Quito, Guayaquil, Oranjestad (Aruba), Willemstad (Curaçao) and Toronto among others. Tourists can also take advantage of the convenient connections and direct flights from Los Angeles, Washington, Santo Domingo, San Juan, Punta Cana, Valencia (Venezuela), Havana, Montego Bay, London, Frankfurt and Orlando. Many international airlines such as JetBlue, United, Delta, Iberia, Air France, Lufthansa, Air Canada, American Airlines, LAN, Mexicana, Gol, Copa, Avianca, Aero República, Aerolíneas Argentinas, Spirit, TACA, and AeroGal among others.
Domestic flights are served by many airlines including Avianca (main Colombian airline), Aero República (a Continental-owned domestic airline) and Aires. Domestic flights of Avianca are served from the Puente Aereo terminal, next to El Dorado terminal, and features WiFi access to the Internet from almost every location. There are more than 20 daily flights to the 2 airports located in Medellín, over 15 daily flights to Cali and more than 10 to Cartagena. Taxis are regulated, reasonably priced and safe from the airport. El Dorado Airport is undergoing a complete makeover, which will end in 2012 and will make it bigger and more comfortable. El Dorado is also the third busiest airport in Latin America and the largest by cargo movement.
To get out from the airport into the city there are a couple of options: 1) Regulated taxis. You first have to search for a stand where you will have to point out your destination and then they will print out a ticket indicating the price you will have pay. Then, pick up a taxi from the line and explain to the driver your destination. At the end of the journey you will have to pay ONLY what is printed out in the ticket. The typical price will range from 15.000 up to 25.000 COP. 2) Bus. Walking only some meters outside the main door entrance, you will find a "paradero" (bus stop) with frecuent busetas passing by. Although this is by far the cheapest option (around 1.500 COP), it can be daring if you don't know the city already, since the bus only indicates the main places where it passes by. However, bus drivers are very friendly and quite helpful, and you can ask them to indicate you when the bus is passing a certain point of the city. A good option is to ask him to drop you close by a Transmilenio station and then continue your trip from there.
By bus
The safety of bus travel in Colombia has greatly improved in recent years. However, foreigners should be cautious not to travel to areas of unrest and travel only during the day. Do not carry large amounts of cash with you as robberies are known to occur along some routes. Service in the 'upscale' buses is very good and they are very comfortable. Pick the most expensive service (just a couple of dollars extra) as these buses tend to be newer and better mechanical condition. Bogotá is also building 2 new terminals, one located far south and one on the north corner to serve buses going on those directions.
Currently, buses run in and out of Bogota's main station, El Terminal de Transporte de Bogota [2]. The station is clean and has standard amenities. Located at Calle 22 B, No 69-59, multiple bus companies have regular routes to destinations around the country. To get there from the airport, you can take a short taxi ride.
Take into consideration that most of the restaurants serving within the terminal can be expensive by Colombian standards, but well served. In case of need, it may be advisable to order a dish for 2 people or just to check places around the station.
The Terminal is divided in several color-coded areas that indicate the destinations to which comapanies in that area travel to : Yellow = South, Blue = East and West, Red = North and International, Purple = Arrivals.
Search Engine by Destination [3] Destino=Destination Empresa=Bus Company. Simply enter destination and a list of companies serving that route will return along with average prices.
Some common bus companies in Colombia that are found in this Terminal are :
• Expreso Bolivariano [4] : This company has one of the most extensive networks. Some international destinations as well.
• Coomotor [5] : Mostly destinations in Southern Colombia.
Get around
The city of Bogota is built on a grid system. Carreras (streets) are abbreviated as Cr., Kra., and Cra. and run parallel to the mountains from South to North. Carreras are numbered by ordinal numbers, for example Cr.3 is read Carrera tercera and not Carrera tres.
The calles (also streets) cross the Carreras and run from East to West. Calles are abbreviated as Cll. and Cl.
Avenidas, abbreviated as Av, are usually larger and main streets. The numerical system for the Avenidas is used but some have names that are more commonly used such as Avenida Jimenez. Each address consists of a series of numbers, for example: Calle 16 # 2-43 which indicates that the building is on street 16 (Calle 16) 43 meters ahead from the intersection with street 2 (Carrera 2).
By taxi
Taxi cabs are ubiquitous and affordable yet if travelling to the heart of the city, can be very slow due to the infamous Bogota traffic. It is very dangerous to flag them on the street - you might be a victim of Bogota's infamous "Paseo Millonario" (Millionaire Ride), in which the cab driver picks up his accomplices along the way and together they take your valuables, including money from your credit/debit cards. They can also be reached by phone, which is highly recommended for security reasons, at 599-9999, 311-1111 or 411-1111. If calling for a taxi, the driver will want to confirm that it is you who called by asking for a "clave" (key), which is always the last two digits of the phone from which you called to request the taxi. Each taxi has a meter which should increment one tick every 1/10 kilometer or 30 seconds and starts at 25 ticks. The rate chart is printed on a card in the taxi. Nearly all taxi drivers will try to take advantage of you in one way or another; be sure the taxi meter is started when you begin your trip. Tipping is never necessary - be sure to count your change and be on the lookout for both counterfeit coins and notes. There are surcharges for the airport, holidays, and nights (after 8PM). Surcharge details are printed on the fare card. Surcharge for ordering a taxi arriving at your house is currently 600 pesos, surcharge after 8PM is 1.600 pesos, even if you are starting your trip before that time. Holidays and Sundays are also surcharged 1.600 pesos. Lock the doors of the taxi, especially after dark. If you experience a problem in a taxi or with the driver, dial 123 to report a complaint with the police. You should also call the company with which the taxi is registered.
As of 2012, "Paseo millonario" is a very common crime in Bogota. If you can, avoid taking taxis at all.
By Transmilenio
Bogota's new rapid bus service is extremely affordable, clean and efficient. It carries commuters to numerous corners of the city in exclusive lanes, bypassing the notorious city traffic; however, there are some main routes that are not yet reached by Transmilenio. Tickets cost 1,750 COP. The vehicles used in that systems are articulated buses; they are fast and safe, but could be full during the afternoon times. The system also uses different kinds of stations: the simples offers bus services at the right and left sides (north-south;east-west) and the intermediates are usually located in middle points and have complete services, such as elevators, station libraries, bikes parks, restrooms. Alimentadores services (buses that reach zones the articulated buses do not) and the portals, the 7 arrival and departure places of the buses, are located near the entrances to the city. Service ends averagely at 10 or 11PM. Additionally, intercity buses from the metropolitan area also arrive at these stations.
By bus
Privately owned buses cruise all the main thorough fares and many side streets, and are the principal form of transport for the working class and student class. Though they do follow specific routes, they do not have bus "stops"; you merely call to them like taxis and they will stop for you where you are standing. Placards in the large front windows list destinations, either neighborhoods or main street names. Upon entering you will be asked for the fare; if you are not traveling alone you may be asked "Para ambos?", for example, meaning "For both?", to see if you are paying for just yourself or for your companion. Then you pass through a turnstile to the seating areas. The buses come in three sizes, usually, long (like a school bus), medium and small (called busetas). All have turnstiles. To exit these buses, you go to the back door and either push a button located usually on one of the hand rails or next to the exit, or simply call out "Aqui, por favor!" or "Pare!" (Stop!). Passengers are often expected to embark and disembark even from the middle of the street.
Sometimes vendors are allowed to enter the buses to sell candy or small gift items (occasionally donating one to the driver for the privilege). Or, you may find entertainers such as singers or guitar players, and even the more creative of the street beggars who will regale you with a long, poetic story of their sad situation before asking for donations. Even in the smallest buses, cramped full of people standing and sitting, it is a common sight. Interestingly, a recent Grammy-nominated singer named Ilona got her start performing on buses around Bogota.
The cost for riding on a private bus normally costs 1450 COP during the day and 1500 COP during the night.
By colectivo
Colectivos cover practically every major route of the city, and can generally be flagged down at any point on a main road. Watch these small buses for lists of destinations displayed on their windshields, or ask the driver (in Spanish) if he passes the neighborhood or intersection you are going to. Not very comfortable, but they are faster than a common bus and it's also used as a shuttle for routes that don't have so much affluence, it can take you almost anywhere.
By bicycle
Bogotá has Latin America's largest network of bicycle routes, called 'Ciclorutas.' On Sunday's and public holidays, many main and secondary roads are closed to cars for the Ciclovia from 7AM to 2PM, a special feature of Bogotá, where people can run, bicycle, inline skate or just watch from the side. There are refreshment stands along the way and most parks host some type of event such as yoga, dancing, stretching, spinning, etc. To get a bicycle you can rent a bike or going for a guided Bike tour on Bogota's Ciclorutas or participating in the Ciclovia are fun and healthy ways to get to know the city, and to get closer to the people. One of the travel operators to get a Bike is [6]Bogotravel tours who offer many kind of bicycles and tours it is located in La Candelaria, Bogotá Address: Calle 16 No 2-52.
See
Bogota Street in the old downtown part of La Candelaria
La Candelaria
View of La Candelaria, with central Bogotá in the background
Home of author Jose Vargas Vila
Many landmark events in the history of Colombian and South American independence took place in the La Candelaria, district including the near killing and escape of Simon Bolivar, the execution of revolutionary heroine Policarpa Salavarrieta, known as 'La Pola,' and the Grito de Libertad, known as the beginning of the region's revolution. And the district is indeed teeming with history, and there are a lot of interesting museums and old churches in what is the oldest Bogotá neighborhood. Some streets are reserved to pedestrians. The most important places are La Catedral, Plaza de Bolivar, Palacio de Nariño, Iglesia del Carmen, Biblioteca Luis A Arango (blaa), the Colonial Art Museum and the old architecture of the houses and buildings, almost all of the museums charge no admission. La Candelaria also contains numerous Catholic Churches, many of them centuries-old. The Colombian-American and Colombian-French cultural centers are located in La Candelaria, and a Colombian-Spanish cultural center is under construction.
• Casa de Moneda, Calle 11 No. 4-21 (Next to Museo Botero), 343-1223. M-F : 10AM to 8PM , Tu : closed / Sa : 10AM to 7PM / Su : 10AM to 4PM. Has a collection of Colombian coins and the history of moneymaking. Free entrance.
• Cultural Heritage Museum.
• Donación Botero, Calle 11 No. 4-41, ''+57 1'' 343-1331, [7]. W-F 10AM-8PM, Sa 10AM-7PM and Su 10AM-4PM. Collection of paintings donated by Botero to Bogota. Besides work of Botero the collection contains work from Picasso, Renoir, Monet, Dali and others. Free entrance.
• Gold Museum (El Museo del Oro), Calle 16 No. 5-41 (On one side of the Parque Santander), ''+57 1'' 284-7450 (fax: ''+57 1'' 343-2222), [8]. Tu-Sa : 9 to 6 / Su : 10 to 4. Impressive collection of gold and pre-Colombian artifacts from Colombia and surrounding nations. Don't miss this museum. The Gold Museum is unique and you won't find a better place to see the pre-Spanish artwork on gold. La Casa del Florero was the site of an 1810 protest by Colombians considered to be the initiation of the revolt against Spain. The Botero Museum contains both works by Fernando Botero, Colombia's most famous artist, and the contents of his private collection, including works by Picasso, Renoir, Dali and others. The museum was under renovation, up until October 2008 and as of then its open to the public once more so don't miss it out. 2,800 COP.
• Banco de la Republica Art Collection (Museo Botero), Calle 11 No. 4-41. Tu-Sa:10AM-7PM, Sun and holidays 10AM-4PM Closed on Mon, including holiday Mondays. Exhibits Permanent Banco de la República Art Collection consisting of nearly 3,000 paintings, sculptures and assembly of Colombian and Latin American masters from the XVI century to our days. Visitors may appreciate a selection of Colombian painters works, for instance Gregorio Vázquez de Arce y Ceballos, the most important Colony painter, Alejandro Obregón, Enrique Grau, Latin American as Rufino Tamayo, David Alfaro Siqueiros and many other globally renowned.
Catedral Primada
• Museum of Colonial Art, Carrera 6 No. 9-77, 341 6017 (). Tu-Sa 10AM to 5:30PM / Su from 10AM to 3:30PM. Under Eduardo Santos administration on August 6, 1942 the Colonial Museum containing Viceroy-ship art, silver plates, the Virgin of the Light and the most characteristic Gregorio Vásquez de Arce y Ceballos collection, among other valuable Colombian culture treasures opened its doors. Declared National Monument National in 1975, Las Aulas Cloister is one of the oldest buildings in Bogotá.
• Museum Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 8 #6-87, 289-6275 (). M-F : 8AM to 5PM / Sa : 8AM to 2PM. Centered around the life of the revolution martyr. Showcases his mapping expedition of Colombia and how he contributed to the revolution by building a fort and a riffle factory in Antioquia. Free entrance.
• Museum of Regional Costumes.
• Museum of Religious Art.
• National Police Historical Museum, Calle 9 No. 9-27, 233 5911 – 281 3284. M-F : 8AM to 12PM and 1PM to 5PM / Sa : 8AM to 2PM. Its main interest resides in the rooms dedicated to the hunt of Pablo Escobar. Guided tours in Spanish and English. Free entrance.
• Bogotravel Tours, Calle 16 No. 2-52, ''+57 1'' 282-6313 (), [9]. W-F 09AM-6PM, Sa 08:30AM-6PM and Su 08:00 AM-5PM. Offer FREE tourist information (Maps, Guides etc) and different ways to see a lot of Bogotá as City tours, Bike tours, Walking tours, Party bus tours,Emerald tours and Spanish - English classes in live. Bike retals from $15.000 Cop / Usd $9 and Tour from $30.000 Cop / Usd $20.
San Diego
• Cerro de Monserrate. A true beautiful panoramic view of the city is only a funicular or transferico ride away. You can take the Funicular up and Transferico down, or vice versa. You have the option to buying one way tickets, too. You will have the most amazing views and also enjoy Colombian or French food in the two full-service restaurants at the top. There are also souvenir stalls on the weekends. Remember to bring a warm coat, because it is chilly up there. On Sunday is a very crowded place, so be ready to get into a long line. It is very important to also wear sunscreen and hat because at such a high altitude, you will burn very easily even if it is "cloudy". This is especially true if you are going around noon. You can also hike up the stone-set path up Monserrate like the locals do. It takes approximately 1-1.5 hours up and approximately 45 minutes down. Remember to allot more time if you are not accustomed to being 2 miles above sea level. April 2010 update: the hiking trail is closed, but hardcore travellers can find a way - but take care of mugging while entering the walking path! 14,000 COP round trip (9,000 COP on Sundays).
• Torre Colpatria, Carrera 7 # 24 - 89. Bogota's tallest building and one of South America's tallest buildings is in El Centro. You can visit the panoramic deck on the top of building on Saturdays and Sundays; make it a must see. 3,000 COP.
• Museo Nacional, Carrera 7 No. 28-66, ''+57 1'' 334-8366 (), [10]. Tu 10AM-8PM; W,Sa 10AM-6PM; Su 10AM-4PM. The National Museum is the oldest in the country and one of the oldest in the continent, built in 1823. Its fortress architecture is built in stone and brick. The plant includes arches, domes and columns forming a sort of Greek cross over which 104 prison cells are distributed, with solid wall façade. The museum houses a collection of over 20,000 pieces including works of art and objects representing different national history periods. Permanent exhibitions present archeology and ethnography samples from most antique Colombian men vestiges, 10,000 years BC, up to XX century indigenous and afro- Colombian art and culture. Founders and New Kingdom of Granada room houses rich Liberators and other Spanish authorities iconography; the round room exhibits a series of oleos synthesizing Colombia painting history. Free in 2010 to celebrate two hundred years of Bogota.
• Museum of Modern Art of Bogota (MamBo), Calle 24 No. 6-00, (571) 286 0466 / (571) 293 3109, [11]. Tue to Sa : 10AM to 5:30PM / Su 10AM to 3:30PM. Exhibits a complete collection of modern art work basically consisting of drawing, paintings, engraved work, sculpture and assembly. Houses work of Colombian masters Fernando Botero, Alejandro Obregón, Enrique Grau and Édgar Negret, among many other together with important Latin American artists pinacotheca. The moderns building, designed by architect Rogelio Salmona, achieves optimum space and natural light management. Adult : 4000 COP / Student : 2000 COP.
• Planetario Distrital, Carrera 7 Calle 26, 334-4546 (), [12]. Dome cinema as well as telescope observation on Friday nights.
• Plaza de Toros de Santamaria, Carrera 6 No. 26-50, 334-1482. Santa Maria's bullring
• Photography Museum
North
• Hacienda Santa Bárbara, Carrera 7 No. 116 - 05. A 19th century house that belonged to Pepe Sierra, one of the wealthiest Colombians in that time, that became a mall in late 80's. Famous for its cafés (some of them nationally renowned) and not as crowded as other malls.
• Parque & Museo El Chico, Calle 93, Carrera 7, [13]. Old hacienda located in a nice park with botanic information. Guided tour of the interior with its antique furniture. Adult : 2,500 COP / Student : 1,500 COP.
West
• Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis, Calle 63 No 68-95, 4377060, [14]. 2,000 COP.
• Maloka, Cra 68D No 24A-51 (Neighborhood El Salitre), (), [15]. Built in 1998, Maloka is one of the only science centers in South America. It houses interactive exhibitions about biodiversity, physics, telecommunications, conquest of space and environment protection as well as the only dome theater of the continent. Interactive exhibitions : 9,000 COP / Dome theater : 11,000 COP.
Do
Parque Los Periodistas
Downtown Day Tour
No visitor to Bogota skips the historic Downtown and La Candelaria neighborhood. In fact most affordable lodging and dining options can be found this side of town making it highly desirable by low-budget travelers and backpackers, given its close location to many of the city's attractions. Start your way on Avenida Septima and Calle 14, just arriving Parque Santander. Take the opportunity to visit the world famous Museo del Oro, or Gold Museum for its legendary El Dorado collections. Then continue south one block up to Avenida Jimenez and give your camera a workout at one of Bogota's most famous and historic intersections, where a couple of ancient churches and 19th century buildings collide. Turn east (towards the mountains) and walk up Avenida Jimenez alongside downtown's famous Eje Ambiental or Environmental Axis, which is a section of the avenue that has been closed off to vehicles except Transmilenio, to make way for a generous tree-lined pedestrian sidewalk and an enclosed water stream. Many historic and famous buildings are located alongside the Eje Ambiental, home to Bogota's most renowned and traditional companies like El Tiempo and the Bank of the Republic. A few blocks east just past the Parque de los Periodistas the Eje Ambiental starts bending northwise, so leave the axis and turn south instead via one of the small streets that branch into the neighborhood and make your way up to Calle 13 and Carrera 2, el Chorro de Quevedo, unofficial center of La Candelaria, where it is argued that the City of Bogota was founded back in 1538. Today, bohemian life meets to enjoy arts, culture and music at this spot. On the way make sure to take in the whimsical coloring and architecture of the neighborhood's streets and colonial houses. Continue on Carrera 2 southward a couple of blocks up until Calle 11, and turn west once again just in front of La Salle University: You'll be glad you do since you've been climbing constantly eastward so enjoy your walk back down. Make sure to notice the eccentric street names found on picturesque signs at every corner. Make your way down west on Calle 11 and you will pass by the Museo Botero, museum showcasing some of famous Colombian painter Botero's private art collection and work. Another block down is the Centro Cultural Garcia Marquez, modern cultural center and venue that includes Library, Art Galleries, concert halls and lesson rooms, with year-round events and displays for all tastes and audiences interested in culture and the arts. Continue down west and reach the Plaza de Bolivar, the city's overwhelming main square surrounded by neoclasic government palaces and the Catedral Primada, largest church in the country. After taking in the many sights, you might want to leave the square southbound for a couple of blocks on Carrera Septima to check out the Presidential Palace and its Presidential Guard. Finally turn around back Carrera Septima northward until you find Transmilenio, just about where you started!
Performances and Festivals
• Every Friday and Sunday night, Avenida Septima is closed and you can see all sorts of street performers, live music, magic shows, etc. and buy crafts and other good. If you don't mind crowds its worth a visit.
• Check out the Iberoamerican Theater Festival, the biggest theater festival in the world (occurs every two years in April).
Other activities
International football game at El Campin Stadium
• Catch a football (soccer) game at El Campin Stadium. Easily accessible by Transmillenio and with a capacity of 48,000 spectators, it hosts games for the Colombian international squad as well as for professional league home teams Millionarios and Santa Fe. Avoid the north and south section for these home games which are populated by rival supporter groups; instead get a ticket for the eastern or western wings. International game tickets start at 20,000 COP and home games at 16,000 COP.
• Take a cab or Transmilenio to a working class neighborhood in the southside. Sit down in a 'panaderia' (bakery), order a "colombiana" brand soda and some good bread...sit down and breathe the environment of the regular Colombian...don't narrow yourself to the upscale Norte. Since picking out one of these neighborhoods can be dangerous, the best ones to do so: Santa Isabel, 20 de Julio, The Tunal area.
• Go to Parque Simon Bolivar and chill like rolos (Bogota citizens) do, walk around the cities biggest park or ride the train.
• Ciclovía. Every Sunday and Monday holiday from 7AM to 2PM major avenues are closed to cars and thousands of people turn out to bicycle, skate, jog and walk. You can join up on foot, or by renting a bicycle in the Candelaria neighborhood with Bogotravel tours.
• Hike. Who would have imagined that there exists a fascinating natural wonder right in the heart of Bogotá? The wetlands of the Sabana (savannah) de Bogotá is where the rivers slow down a bit to rest on the plateau and “clean up” after flowing down from mountains. The water then continues to flow into the valleys to rejoin with the rivers below, including the Bogotá and Magdalena rivers.
Learn
Bogota has numerous educational institutions. Some of the better known universities include: Universidad Nacional [16], Universidad de America [17], Universidad de los Andes [18], Pontificia Universidad Javeriana [19], Universidad Piloto de Colombia [20], Universidad del Rosario (www.urosario.edu.co),Universidad Externado [21],Universidad Santo Tomas [22], Universidad de la Sabana [23], Universidad de la Salle [24],Spanish World Institute Bogotà [25]and LCI Bogotà [26]. However, there are many privately and publicly funded universities and Schools.
If you want to learn Spanish, universities are a good option since they have all inclusive plans. They not only offer Spanish courses but also Mandarin, Japanese, French, German, Italian, etc. Also, many embassies have institutions that teach languages, including Spanish, for foreign people, such as the Centro Colombo Americano, the British Council, The Italian Institute, The French Alliance and the Brazil-Colombia Cultural Institute (IBRACO).
Talk
The Spanish spoken in Bogotá is considered among the most neutral and clear in the world. If you know the basics, you'll probably be fine. Bogotá is full of English academies and bilingual schools, so English is spoken by many young people. The most "touristy" areas are full of young students who go to bilingual schools, and generally, they will help you translate. Colombians love to show off the best of their country to reduce the negative image it has among foreigners.
Work
Officially, it is not legal to work in Colombia without a proper working visa. Visas can be obtained by employers on your behalf.
There is also a significant market for English and other language teachers. English translation or editing jobs are possible to find under the table.
Buy
Local products worth bringing home include :
• Inexpensive handicrafts and jewelry from vendors. One of the cheapest and picturesque places to buy handicrafts is Pasaje Rivas (Calle 9 no. 9). You can access the narrow hall filled with small stores crossing Plaza de Bolívar, where de Major's and president's office is located.
• Coffee-based products
• Leather handbags, shoes, and wallets.
• Uncut and cut emeralds brought in from the world's best emerald mines
• Inexpensive silver jewelry
• Dress suits and shoes
In Usaquen you can find a huge flea market on Sundays.
Malls
• Santa Fe, Autopista Norte Calle 183 costado occidental, [27]. One of the newest malls in Bogota and second-largest in South America is located 5 minute walk north of the Portal del Norte Transmillenio station. It has a wide variety of shops, designer stores, and a food court with many local and international choices. A very fun and modern place.
• Unicentro. A very modern mall with many western retail shops. It is localed at Carrera 15 between Calles 120 and 127.
• Hacienda Santa Barbara, Carrera 7 No. 115-60. A shopping mall made out of an old "hacienda" in the trendy bohemian neighbourhood of Usaquén. On Sundays the Usaquén flea market is just a block north.
• La Zona T, Calle 82 Cra 11. The chicest area of Bogota is surrounded by the upscale malls of Centro Andino, Atlantis Plaza and El Retiro which holds various upscale boutiques such as Lacoste, Louis Vuitton, Versace, Bulgari, Cartier, Loewe and many more.
• More Affordable Shopping Malls : Plaza de las Americas, Ciudad Tunal, Tintal Plaza, Amazonas and Unicentro de Occidente.
Camping and outdoors equipment
• Thundra Outdoors, Calle 82, No 12-62 (Close to Andino shopping mall and la Zona T.), 1-5300645 / 310 2578180, [28]. 10AM to 7:30PM. Outdoors equipment : camping, trekking and climbing gear.
• MonoDedo, Cr.16 No 82-22, (+57-1) 616 3467 (), [29]. Outdoors equipment and climbing information.
• Home Center, (Portal Norte). Tents and sleeping bags at cheaper prices.
Football jerseys
• El Mundo De La Camiseta, Cra. 10 #11-85 (San Victorino), 312 310 0039 / 311 811 4032. Located upstairs, has replicas of football jerseys. 15,000 to 25,000 COP.
• La Superliga, Calle 11 #11-67 Local 7-8 (San Victorino), 342 9408 / 283 5379 / 314 244 7644 (). Replicas of football jerseys as well as official ones at good prices. 15,000 to 45,000 COP.
Eat
Arepas: Corn flour based pancakes, sometimes made with cheese or slightly salted.
Empanadas: The closest comparison would be pastries. These are popular all over South America, so generally each country/region has their own recipe. The filling usually consists of meat, potato, vegetables and rice wrapped in a corn flour crust.
Tamal: Usually eaten for breakfast. A mixture of meat, chicken, potato, vegetables and yellow corn wrapped in plantain leaves and then boiled. Should be accompanied by a large mug of hot chocolate.
Ajiaco: Traditional thick soup based on three kinds of potatoes, chicken, avocado, dairy cream, herbs, corn, among others. Typically from the altiplano region.
Plenty of options. These are only a few and are divided by areas. However, it is very difficult to find a decent Chinese/Japanese restaurant. Do not expect much even if you find any, since most of them are "fake" oriental restaurants.
Centro
• Henry Comida Rapida, Carrera 1 and Calle 19 (On the Los Andes University Plaza). Fast food joint for the nearby university, order a godzilla and you'll be served with what is most likely the biggest empanada of the continent !
• Asociación Construimos Futuro, Calle 15A #2-21, La Candelaria (Below hospedaje Sugamuxi), 3374323/27 (). Cooperative of social economy with friendly and helpful staff. Good and varied breakfasts and lunches. The association holds a supermarket besides as well. Around 7000 pesos for breakfast or meal of the day.
• PitaWok, Carrera 4 #14-88, La Candelaria, 562 75 94. Small and friendly restaurant with excellent Middle-East and Thai food: shawarmas, kebabs, pitas, Wok dishes and Arabian pastries. Food delivery as well. From 5000 pesos.
• La Monapizza, Carrera 4 #12-25, La Candelaria, 282 16 65, [30]. Excellent pizzeria with sizes ranging from pizzeta to grande. The pequeña is more than enough for one person. From 8000 pesos for the small pizza.
• Tapas Macarena, Cra. 4A # 26-01, La Macarena, 2439004. If you like tapas, you'll love this place. Tapas inspired by Spain, including a wide variety of beer and wine pairings. At least $150 per person.
• La Taperia, Cra. 4A No. 26 B - 12, La Macarena, 8053252. The second tapas bar in Bogota. Great food and drink selection. Live Flamenco music on Thursdays. At least $150 per person.
Usaquen
Located a couple blocks north from the Hacienda Santa Barbara shopping mall, this is the little pueblo in the big city (Roughly Calle 120 / Carrera 5). Colonial structures, some small shops and boutiques, flea market on Sundays, and a variety of restaurants around a traditional town square :
• Cadaqués, Calle 119B # 5-43 (First street north of the northeast corner of the park, going east towards the large parking lot, right side), +57 1 6201199 (), [31]. Lunch and Dinner. Spanish/Catalonian Fusion cuisine, including Paella, tapas, fideuá, and seafood, along with eclecltic local ingredients. Molecular cooking is a feature. Between 15,000 and 35,000 pesos.
• Thezera, Cra. 5 # 117-55 (East passed Usaquen's central park, on the last street go South, and it's 2 houses down), +57 1 215-5290 (), [32]. Lunch and Dinner. International cuisine including; Peppered New York Strip, Rosemary Chicken, Tuna Tartar, Lamp Chops, Coconut Breaded Grouper, and Ceviche. Live Jazz on Thursdays. Between 12,000 and 36,000 pesos.
Zona G
This zone has some of the finest eateries in Bogota. Within a few small blocks you will find plenty of options. The restaurants are more oriented toward fine dining more so than night club type activity. If you want elegant or romantic, this is a good choice. These are five star restaurants. By looking at the addresses below, you can tell that these restaurants are all neighbors.
• Astrid y Gaston, Carrera 7 No 67-64, +57 1 211-1400, [33]. The restaurant offers the flavors of Peruvian cuisine in Bogota. Reservations are required, so do call ahead!
• Bagatelle, Calle 70 A No. 4-99, +57 1 321-3475, [34]. Once a bakery, this restaurant has the feel of a Parisian cafe. It serves crepes, sandwiches, and salads, as well as breakfast and brunch. The Bagatelle is famous for its pan de chocolate.
• Clowns Deli, Calle 70 A No. 4-45, +57 1 248-0254, [35]. Clowns Deli offers sandwiches and salads for a reasonable price.
• Criterion, Calle 69A No. 5-75, +57 1 310-1377, [36]. This contemporary restaurants offers its patrons French-influenced, gourmet dishes. The menu consists of a variety of starters and meats, and also offers its guests a tasting menu that changes weekly. Criterion was awarded the Five Star Diamond Award in 2008; the only restaurant in Colombia to receive the recognition.
• Gostinos 69, Carrera 5 No. 69A-30, +57 1 313-0612. Gostinos 69 offers its patrons seafood at reasonable prices.
• Harry Sasson Restaurante, Calle 83 No. 12-49, +57 1 616-4520, [37]. Chef Harry Sasson creates delectable, international dishes with Asian influences. This restaurant also has a wide variety of wines from all over the world, including Argentina, France, and California.
• La Hamburgueseria, Calle 70 No. 4-69, +57 1 321-3350, [38]. La Hamburgueseria is not fast food restaurant, but does offers a great variety of hamburgers and sandwiches, made from the best ingredients. This restaurant has many other locations, so be sure to check out the website to find the one closest to you!
• La Table de Michel, Calle 69A No. 4-15, +57 1 347-7939, 347-7939. La Table de Miguel offers excellent French dishes. They also have a wine list made up of mainly French wines, but also a few Chilean. The great thing about this restaurant is that the menu is translated into various languages for the convenience of the diner.
• Nazca, Calle 74 No 5-28, +57 1 321-3459, [39]. This Peruvian restaurant serves up to 96 people, and has a 'launch area,' where those waiting for tables can snack. The principle dish of Nazca is ceviche.
• SUNA, Camino Natural, Calle 71 No. 4-47, +57 1 212-3721, [40]. Organic Restaurant and Market. Suna serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. This environmentally-friendly restaurant offers a menu consisting of organic, vegetarian, raw, and vegan dishes.
• Tony Roma's, Carrera 6 No. 69 A-20, +57 1 249-5271. This American chain-restaurant serves traditional American bbq, including short ribs and seafood.
Zona T and Zona Rosa
This zone has a mix of good dining, discos, shopping malls and more. It gets crowded on the weekend, and is popular with foreigners.
• Balzac, Calle 83 No. 12-19, +57 1 610-5210, 610-6206. French cuisine.
• Cafe Tostion, Carrera 12A No. 83-80, +57 1 610-5154 (), [41]. Names after the Colombian sportsman, this coffee shop offers a wide variety of traditional coffees. Coffee grains are also available for purchase.
• Casa Mexicana, Calle 80 No. 14-08, +57 1 218-2874, 257-3407 (). As the name suggests, this restaurants offers traditional Mexican dishes, and includes a variety of beers, tequilas, and margaritas.
• Club Colombia, Avenida 82 No 9-16, +57 1 249-5681, 321-0704. Colombian cuisine.
• Crepes & Waffles, Carrera 12A No. 83-40, +57 1 256-4683, [42]. This chain restaurant has great crepes, both sweet and savory, and waffles, as well as soups and salads, for a great price!
• Hard Rock Cafe Bogota, Calle 81 No. 13-05, +57 1 530-2200. The world-famous Hard Rock Cafe offers all of its favorites in a great atmosphere.
Drink
Restaurant Andres Carne de Res
• Andres Carne de Res, (Chia), 863-7880 (), [43]. Andres Carne de Res is actually a little out of town in the town of Chia, but the trip is well worth the effort. Movers, shakers and the beautiful people descend on the sprawling bar, grill and restaurant nightly. The decor is unique, the vibe amazing, and once you are done eating the dancing goes on until the wee hours. Make sure you have someone to take you home again. Cover: 15,000 COP.
• Andres D.C. (De Corazon), Calle 82 # 11 - 57, 863-7880. Opened in September 2009, this is an extension of the Chia Restaurant right next to la Zona T and thus a lot more accessible. It stretches over 4 floors in the Retiro shopping mall and is a bit more orientated towards dining than partying. The menu has 32 pages and offers more than 800 options. Plan on spending a lot of money.
• Bogota Beer Company, [44]. Bogota´s very own brewery! Try the "Jirafa" (giraffe) which is a 1 yard long glass full of the Beer of your choice, or the "Campín Calamari" and the "Cedritos Chips" (All dishes are named after Bogota´s most famous neighborhoods).
• Cl 85 No 13-06 (Calle 85), 256-6950.
• Cra 11A No 93-94 (Parque de la 93), 621-9914.
• Av 19 No 120-74 (Pepe Sierra), 214-5464.
• Cra 6 No 119-24 (Usaquén), 620-8444.
• Cl 82 No 12-10 (Zona Rosa, in front of the Andino Mall), 611-1254.
• CHA-CHA, Cra. 7 No 32-16, 350-0202. One of the most exclusive night clubs, located on the 41st floor of what once was the Hilton Hotel, today just an abandoned building. It is in the "Ball Room" of the old hotel, and keeps the traditional elegant decoration. Crystal Chandeliers meet Electronic music. Has amazing views of the city at night and an amazing terrace to hang out. Frequently visited by world famous DJs. Cover : 15,000 COP.
• Escobar y Rosas, Cra 4 No 15-01 (Candelaria), 341-7903. W to Sa : 5PM to 2:30AM. Located in La Candalaria and mostly frequented by students, gringo hunters, and backpackers, this pharmacy converted discoteca features a bar and a packed dance floor downstairs. Cover : 10,000 COP.
• Gato Gris, Cra 1A No 13-12 (Candelaria). This place is just charming in many ways. It is right at the Chorro de Quevedo, the birthplace of Bogotá. It has many nooks and levels, perfect for little intimate gatherings. Great rooftop with fireplaces and views of downtown Bogotá. Italian dishes are delightful, ceviche not so much.
• Gato Negro, Cl 93A No 11A-47 ((Parque de la 93)), 6215364, [45]. 12:00 pm to 2:30 am. Bogota´s icon since 1996. Right on the Parque de la 93, it is one of the most intimate and romantic restaurants in town. With it views from its open terrace and warm ambience and decor, it is a classic timeless spot for locals and visitors alike.
• Gnoveva, Calle 84 Bis No 14A-08. Very cheap. Lower prices, the music and the people are great, no cover and a bottle of aguardiente is $35000 pesos.
• Kubiko Bar, Carrera 12A No 83-49 (Zona T), ''+57 1'' 236-1613. This bar offers imported beers and great cocktails, they also featured a live DJ that plays the latest electronic music. No cover.
• Kukaramakara, Carrera 15 No. 93-57 (Near Lola), 642-3166, [46]. The environment and decoration of this place has the perfect combination of modern club elements and traditional artesanal environment from Colombia´s ancestors. Also features a local band every Friday and Saturday night that performs Latinamerican singer´s songs. Cover : 15,000 COP.
• Lola, Cra 15 No 93-37, 605-4405 (), [47]. Frequented mostly by students and people looking to have fun, on a well located spot for lower prices than those found on the "Zona T" or the Park on 93rd St. Cover : 10,000 COP.
• Pravda, Cll. 83 No 12-20 (Zona T), 257-2088. Best Martinis in town, also a little pricey. Try the Lychee Martini.
• Salto del Angel, Cra 13 No 93A-45 (Parque de la 93), 622-6437, [48]. One of the coolest spots in Bogota, it is the place to see all the football matches with your buddies, beers and really, really good food on Sundays, and on Saturdays, Fridays and Thursdays it is the place to see all the beautiful people dancing salsa and vallenato music on the tables. Great environment but get there early or make a reservation. Cover : 10,000 COP.
Also visit other local nightclubs where most North residents go like Gavanna, Velvet, Amatista, Barbarosa, Salome Pagana (Salsa Dancing club) or Nabu (Most located in the "Zona Rosa" one of the trendiest parts of Bogotá).
Sleep
If you are going to stay in Bogota, keep in mind the location; Most low-budget visitors choose to stay in La Candelaria, the colonial neighborhood in the center of the city. There are many cheap, nice hostels where you can meet travelers from all around the world. The historic district as well as all the major museums and some nightlife options are within walking distance. Common precautions apply as in any major south american city : do not walk alone, carry as little cash as possible and leave the passport and credit card at the hotel. Pressure from neighborhood groups to oust the remaining criminals has caused police presence to increase but you must always remain cautious. Check the location very carefully before you choose a place to stay, security is worse in the tiny deserted streets uphill and closer to Egypto neighboorhood. You'll find several hotels in the upscale northern districts like Zona T or Parque de la 93. Security won't be such an issue but prices are much higher. Nevertheless, you won't have any problem hailing a taxi at 6AM in the morning because your hotel would be just around the corner from the nightclub. On the other hand, you can find low to medium price hotels around downtown or near universities (i.e. Chapinero Neighborhood).
Note than most hostels carry a strict no drugs due to the negative effects that these activities have on Colombian's and their way of life. Cocaine use not only supports armed battles but also destroys Amazon rainforest through its production. Child prostitution is also a current issue for many hostels and hotels who are fighting to prevent this from becoming a way of earning an income for young Colombians.
Hostels
• Anandamayi Hostel, Calle 9 No. 2-81 La Candelaria, (+571) 341-7208 (), [49]. Anandamayi is a very comfortable and inexpensive hostel in the most beautiful colonial house in la Candelaria old town. Hostel Prices 9-14 USD. Very nice vibe (the owner is a Buddhist lady), but it is quite a few blocks walk from the Transmilenio (calle 16 vs. calle 9). This area is known to be dangerous at night. Hostels like Fatima are better located.
• Bogota B&B hostel, Av. Calle 32 No. 15-63 Teusaquillo (close to transmillenio bus station profamilia), (+571) 323 2428 (), [50]. checkout: 10AM, but you can stay at the hostel till late night. A 5 min. walk from the national museum and the national parc is a quiet nice safe hostel with nice personal athmosphere. 15 min. walk to Candelaria, but take care at night. The hostel also includes a nice kitchen, clean rooms and dorms, 1 outdoor patio, a big living room with 2 hammocks, TV and DVD-Player, free coffee, good Wi-Fi and 1 Internet terminal (but weak computer), laundry facilities (20,000 COP for 10kg=22pounds of washing and drying) Dorm bed : 18,000 COP / Single with shared bath : 30,000 COP / Twin : 50,000 COP / Double with bath : 60,000 COP.
• Chapinorte Hostel Bogota, calle 79 14-59 apt 301 & 402 (Zona Rosa), + [57] [1] 256 2152 - 3176406716 (), [51]. Is the prefered accommodation for backpackers and world travelers who visit the safest and funniest area within Bogota: Zona Rosa, T Zone and Park 93.
They are the first one hostel in north Bogota, surrounded by the most importat universities, embassies, parks, shopping and finnacial centers, banks, restaurants, bike roads,theatres, T & G Zone, Park 93 and not away from the historical, cultural and tourist centers. The rooms are spacefull, lightly, comfortables and includes wi-fi, towel, breakfast and hotel taxes. [52].
• The Cranky Croc, Calle 15 No. 3-46 La Candelaria, (+571) 342 2438 (), [53]. In the heart of La Candelaria is the newest and cleanest hostel in Bogota. Run by Aussia ex-pat Andy and his crew, this historic building has been completely remodeled and features a wet bar, indoor barbecue and cafe serving breakfast and the Friday night all you can eat barbecue. The hostel also includes a huge kitchen, clean rooms and dorms with lots of hot water, 2 outdoor patios, free coffee, excellent Wi-Fi and Internet terminals, laundry facilities, and motorcycle/car parking at a small additional fee. Dorm bed : 20,000 COP / Single with shared bath : 40,000 COP / Double with bat : 60,000 COP.
• Destino Nómada Hostel, Calle 11 No. 1-38 La Candelaria, (+571) 352-0932 (), [54]. The hostel is located right in the middle of 'La Candelaria', Bogotá´s historical center. From the Hostel's street, you will be able to reach all the most important cultural spots, and a party area within just a few blocks. The hostel is surrounded by 2 of the biggest universities in Bogotá (Externado and La Salle), which keeps the area full of students always willing to interact with fellow travelers and makes the location safer as it's up to the next door museums, theatres, famous restaurants and again the universities to keep it that way and 24/7. The hostel includes free coffee and a local drink called 'Agua de Panela', free towels and linens, pick up service from/to the airport, TV room, High Speed Internet Access with enough computers & Free WI-FI, fully equipped Kitchen, Bar with budget drinks and specials, BBQ every Friday and more. The hostel also receive Credit and Debit Cards.
• Hospedaje Cacique Sugamuxi, Calle 15A No. 2-19, La Candelaria, (+571) 337-4326 (), [55]. Upstairs, very secure and a bit quieter than the other english-speakers hangouts. Dorms from COP$ 19.000-45.000.
• Hostal Colonial La Quinta, Calle 13A No. 1-43 La Candelaria, +571 284 7696 (), [56]. checkout: 1PM. Good location, breakfast included, 24-hour security, free wifi, laundry for 2,000 COP, TV Dorm bed: USD $10 / Double room with shared bathroom: USD $25 / Double room with private bathroom: USD $30.
• Hostal Fatima, Calle 14 No. 2-24, La Candelaria, (+571) 281 6389 / (+571) 283 6411 (), [57]. . Including breakfast costs a little more, Free internet (but old hardware). The hostel probably has the most beautiful interior in La Candelaria, but mattresses are not solid enough. Hot water is limited by electric heating system. They have opened up a bar as well, which can be fun on some nights. Rates from 18,000 COP.
• Hostal Martinik, Cr. 4 No. 11-88, La Candelaria, (+571) 2833180, [58]. checkin: 1PM.; checkout: 12PM.. New Hostal, opened jan. 2010, in a huge colonial house in the popular Candelaria district. Close to Bogotas major sites such as the Botero Museum or the Gold Museum. Offers clean rooms, new mattresses and FITTED sheets, big fully-equipped kitchen, hot water, laundry facilities, high-speed wi-fi internet and coffee. It can get a little noisy at night though. There is a big patio area, with hammocks and barbecue and a TV-Room. Hammock: 10.000, Dorms: 15.000 - 24.000, Private and Doubles: 25.000 - 50.000. Every fifth night is half price . Rates from 10,000 COP to 50,000 COP.
• Hostal Sayta, Calle 12B No. 0-57 La Candelaria (One block from the Chorro de Quevedo), 2810387 (), [59]. The tastefully decorated Sayta Hostal is located in a calm and safe part of the "La Candelaria" old town. There is free coffee, Internet and Wifi, hot showers and great rooms with comfortable beds. Friendly owners, too. From 20'000 COP for a dorm bed and 48'000 COP for a private room.
• Hostal Sue, Calle 16 No. 2-55, La Candelaria, (+571) 334 8894 (), [60]. This hostel is quickly becoming one of the most popular backpacker's hangout, with everything a traveller could want - Great facilities, fully equipped kitchen, sociable bar and courtyard, fun activities and a perfect central and safe location - especially close to the many museums, including Botero and Gold Museum, and the great night life of Candelaria. Rated to have best hot Showers in South America by travel guide, with rooms and bathrooms cleaned daily, not to mention the beds are made up daily! Friendly and helpful bi-lingual staff.Laundry Service. Free Locker. Cable TV with many DVDs. Free Internet Access and wi-fi plus most travellers favourite - Table Tennis. www.suecandelaria.com call 571 334 8894 or email hostalsuecandelaria@yahoo.com Rates from 20,000 COP to 55,000 COP.
• Musicology Hostel, Calle 9 No. 3-15, La Candelaria, (+571) 286 9093 (), [61]. New hostel - opened in 2009, located in a colonial house in La Candelaria district. The hostel offers free breakfast, free internet, bar with food and alcohol, TV room, Spanish classes, hot showers, laundry service. Prices from 15,000 COP.
• North House Hostel Zona Rosa, Cra. 18 No. 80-66, Zona Rosa, (+571) 8136398, [62]. checkin: 1PM.; checkout: 12PM.. New Hostel in the heart of the exciting Zona Rosa, much safer than La Candelaria. Close to everything. Offers clean rooms, new mattresses, big fully-equipped kitchen, hot water, laundry facilities, wifi and coffee, and nice private backyard. Dorms: 17.000 - 20.000, Private and Dobles: 25.000 - 50.000. Rates from 17,000 COP to 20,000 COP.
• Platypus Hostel, Calle 16 No. 2-43, La Candelaria, (571) 281 1801 (), [63]. Located in the old Candelaria district, it is owned and run by a friendly and helpful Colombian named German (pronounced 'Herman'). The hostel is usually over-crowded and the facilities are too old, beds are neither good nor clean and hot water is not stable. Prices seem like overcharged as there are better hostels around. However, it's still the most famous place in La Candelaria. The hostel offers free coffee, internet facilities and hot showers. Included in the Platypus portfolio are Platypus 2 and 3, where those wishing to stay for longer can take advantage of having their own room at discounted rates. Make sure you book for Platypus in advance as they very seldom have availability on arrival. The best reason for staying here is German's knowledge but he is rarely around nowadays (*At the time of writing, in June 2009, travelers get robbed every night near Platypus. As the location is well-known for local robbers, usually they await victims in front of Platypus at night. Better to avoid staying at Platypus at the moment). Dorm bed : 18,000 COP / Private rooms from 33,000 COP.
Budget
• Hotel Aragon, Carrera 3 No. 14-13, ''57'' 342-5239, ''57'' 284-8325 (fax: ''57'' 342-6387). If the Platypus is full, you can try this hotel a few blocks down. It's actually a hotel so there are no dormitories. The owner has a notorious reputation for fighting with guests. The place is basic and a little dated but the rooms are fairly clean and there's hot water all the time (but it may not be on your floor). If your room faces the street, you may not be able to sleep because of the noise. Also,be sure to get a receipt when you pay.(You can find other hotel options in the neighborhood if you look). Single room : 25,000 COP with shared bath.
• Hotel Dorantes, Calle 13 No. 5-7, La Candelaria, 3346640 / 3415365 (), [64]. Hot water (not electric), beautiful building in need of attention. WiFi may be available (just ask for the key). Clean and friendly. Unique charm and kitsch. Avoid Friday and Saturday night if you plan to fall asleep before 3:00AM - perfect if you want to join the partying taking place outside. Huge double room : 45,000 COP.
• Hotel Internacional, Carrera 5 No. 14-45, La Candelaria, 341-3151 (), [65]. A safe, inexpensive alternative to hostels. Shared bathrooms down the hall with strong hot water. No TV in rooms. Internet computers available in lobby. Shared kitchen available to guests. Tourist information in several languages. Clean private rooms from 17,000 COP.
Mid-range
• Arlington Place, Calle 109 No. 19-51 Plaza de Navarra Bogota, +571-6197053, [66]. All rooms have stylish and spacious apartments that are equipped with cable TV, coffee/teak maker, fully equipped kitchen, living room, and a private balcony. Some of its amenities are high speed Internet connection, 24-hour security, airport transfers, and laundry services. Rates on official website start at USD 129.00.
• A Bogotá on Holidays, Calle 51a #74-20 Normandia II Sector, (+57) 17575121, [67]. All rooms equipped with Living area, Telephone, Wi-Fi Internet access, Private toilet and shower with hot water. Some of its facilities and services are Room service, Airport transfer, Wi-Fi Internet access, Terrace. Rates on official website start at COP 88,000.00.
• Hotel Casa Deco, Calle 14 No. 2-30, ''57'' 283-7032 (), [69]. Very close to mayor Touristic attractions like Gold Museum ,Botero museum, Monserrate, excellent service and great breakfasts. Rooms COP$218,000.
• Hotel Casona del Patio, Carrera 8 No. 69 - 24, ''57'' 2128805 (), [70]. Located at the G Zone (or Gourmet Zone) in the north of Bogota, the neighborhood is known for its restaurants and the financial sector of the 72 street. COP$120,000.
• Hotel Chorro de Quevedo, Calle 13 b n. 1-53, Barrio La Candelaria Centro, Bogota, +57- 1- 3426204, [71]. All the rooms have a bathroom and television with cable (lots of English language channels). The staff are really friendly, and ready and willing to offer travel advice. A great base to explore La Candelaria. Breakfast included.
• Hotel Egina Bogota, Carrera 14a # 119 - 16 Bogota Colombia, +5716371610, [73]. 44 accommodations, Standard Rooms, Junior Suites and Business Class rooms, all equipped with Cable TV, Wi-Fi Internet access and Mini-bar. Facilities and services are Restaurant and bar, Room service and Wi-Fi Internet access. From COP 195,000.00.
• Hotel Emaus Bogota, Carrera 4 No. 69a - 46, +5715442005, [74]. Boutique rooms, all equipped with 29-inch LCD TV with cable channels, Wi-Fi Internet access and Mini-bar. Facilities and services are Jardin de Emaus restaurant, 24-hour front desk, Laundry service and Ironing service. From USD 160.00.
• Hotel Excelsior, Carrera 14 # 86A-96, 57-1-2184311, [75].
• Hotel Park Way, Av. Carrera. 24 No. 39 B-32 La Soledad, (57-1) 288 5090, [76]. Hotel Park Way offers single, double and triple rooms with 24-hour internet connection, mini-bar and breakfast. Its facilities and services include Wi-Fi internet access, cultural artifacts shop, fax and laundry services.
• Lloyd's Apartasuites, Carretera 11 # 94-71, +5716055757, [77]. A/C apartasuites equipped with cable TV, shower with bath tub, sofa, phone and mini-bar. Some of its facilities and services are Wi-Fi internet access,laundry and ironing services, room service and airport transfer. From 127.32 USD.
• Hotel Lourdes, Calle 63 No. 15-61, ''57'' 255 36 13 (), [78]. Located nearby the Transmilenio this nice hotel offers great value for money, including free internet and TV. Single rooms with private bath COP$70,000.
• Hotel Le Manoir Bogota, Calle 105 N 17 A 82 Bogota Colombia, 5716371610, [79]. Junior Room, Twin Room, Suite and Penthouse. all equipped with TV with cable channels, Wi-Fi Internet connection and Mini-bar. Facilities and services are Banquet facilities, Fitness room/ gym, Laundry service. From COP 215,000.00.
• Hotel San Sebastian, Avenida Jimenez No. 3-97, ''57'' 337-5031 (), [81]. This comfortable and convenient hotel located in the pleasant area of La Candelaria offers 36 excellent accommodation, a stones throw from the top sights in Bogota.
• Tivoli Suites, Carrera 17 109A 1-99, (571) 6370411, [82]. All rooms equipped with Cable TV, DVD player, Telephone, Private toilet and shower. Some of its facilities and services are Business center, meeting/ banquet facilities, 24-hour front desk and baggage storage. From COP 200,000.00.
Splurge
• 84DC Hotel, Calle 84 No 9-67, Barrio la Cabrera, (+571) 4870909, [84]. 84DC Hotel provides standard, business rooms and junior suite with 42-inch colored TV, mini-bar and Wi-Fi internet access. Its facilities and services include conference room, fitness room, room and laundry service.
• Bogota Marriott Hotel, Av. El Dorado n.º 69b - 53, Bogotá, Colombia, +57 1 4851111 (fax: +57 1 4851112), [85]. The Bogota Marriott has 264 rooms and 15 suites with service high speed internet, desk for visitors to the city for work and soundproof windows. It offers spacious meeting rooms, pool, gym, 3 treatment rooms for massages and spa services, a Japanese restaurant and other Italian food. Prices range between $200 - $800.
• Cabrera Imperial, Calle 83 9 2-100, (571)7560356, [86]. It offers rooms equipped with kitchen with microwave oven, air-conditioning, safe, cable television and DVD player. Some of its facilities and services are indoor swimming pool, sauna, fitness room, room service, car rental and airport transfer. Rates start at 537,600.00 COP.
• Hotel Centro Internacional, Carrera 13A # 38-97, Toll Free 018000 915086, Móvil 310 883 8446, [87]. Hotel Centro Internacional offers 52 air-conditioned rooms all equipped with TV with cable channels, mini-bar, high-speed Internet access, and has a complimentary American breakfast. Some of its facilities and services include restaurant, travel agency, car rental, currency exchange, and medical services. starting from $88.
• Lugano Imperial Suites, Calle 70A 7-62, (571)313 1113, [88]. It offers 36 suites apartment, fully furnished short and long term special stays for families and executives. It offers rooms equipped with home theater, kitchen and broadband Internet access. Some of its facilities and services are restaurant, bar, sauna, massage service, concierge and rooms service. Rates start at 462,000.00 COP.
• Richmond Suites Hotel, Calle 93 #18-81, (571) 6235623, [89]. It offers 32 suites apartment, fully furnished for short or long special stays for families and executives. It offers rooms equipped with air-conditioning, 32-inch cable TV, DVD player, fully equipped kitchen with mini-bar and microwave oven. Some of its facilities and services are fitness center, restaurant, business center, 24-hour room service and safe deposit boxes. Rates start at 290,000.00 COP.
• JW Marriott, Charleston Hotel, Hotel Casa Medina, Sofitel Victoria Regia, Habitel Hotel, Embassy Suites, La Fontana Hotel, Bogotá Royal, Andino Royal, Hacienda Royal, Casa Dann Carlton, Meliá Santa Fe, Radisson, La Boheme Royal, Pavilion, Bogotá Plaza, Cosmos 100 Hotel y Centro de Convenciones, Hotel Capital, Tequendama Crowne Plaza Hotel, among others.
Stay safe
In the first months of 2011 there have been a large number of armed robberies against tourist establishments, with armed robbers taking over entire hostels and holding tourists to ransom. The Canadian Foreign Affairs Department have updated their travel warnings.[90] Bogota is not as dangerous as it is perceived to be. The crime rate per capita shows that it is safer than Washington D.C. and most other Latin American cities, such as Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Caracas, Mexico City and Guatemala City. It is very difficult to find drugs or be forced to buy them unless you go looking for them. Do, however, be careful outside the city especially at night.
Bogota's major safety problems are the drugged, homeless people that are found all around the city and muggers with knives. Avoid walking alone, and also avoid taking cabs in the streets; call them by phone!
Common sense prevails and note that driving a Mercedes through a poor neighborhood may be unpleasant for both you and the locals (just like anywhere else in the world).
Stay healthy
Bogotá's water is potable and of great quality. It actually is one of the finest waters in the world, but foreigners may want to mix bottled and tap water for the first few days. Bogotá has no tropical diseases like malaria because of its altitude. Altitude sickness is, in fact, the largest health problem affecting foreigners. Generally, a few days without hard physical activity or time spent in a mid-altitude city like Medellín will do the trick. If you have heart disease or a respiratory condition, talk to your doctor. El Dorado Airport provides wheelchairs for travelers with special needs. Private hospitals offer excellent health care.
Cope
Embassies
• Austria, Carrera 9 No 73-44, Piso 4, Edificio Fiducafé, +57 1 326-3680/90 (, fax: +57 1 317-7639), [91].
• Belgium, Calle 26 No 4A-45, Piso 7, +57 1 282-8901.
• Brazil, Calle 93 No 14-20, +57 1 218-0800.
• Canada, Carrera 7 No 114-33, Piso 14, +57 1 657-9800 (, fax: +57 1 657-9912), [92]. M-Th 8AM-12:30PM, 1:30PM-5PM, F 8AM-1:30PM.
• China, Carrera 16 No 98-30, Santa Fe de Bogota, +57 16223235, consular office +57 1 6223126 (, fax: +57 1 6223114), [93].
• France, Carrera 11 No 93-12, +57 1 618-0511, [94].
• Germany, Ave El Dorado - Cra. 69 No 25B-44, Piso 7, Edificio World Business Port, +57 1 4232600, [95].
News outlets
The most important media for Bogotá are:
• El Tiempo [97] is the country's largest daily with a heavy focus on the capital.
• El Espectador [98] has a liberal point of view and also a heavy focus on Bogotá.
• City TV [99] is the local commercial television station.
• Radio Santa Fé [100] is the local radio station.
For news and travel information on Bogotá in English:
Get out
• Visit nearby towns like Chia, La Calera, Cajica, Tabio, Zipaquira and La Vega. You can find cheap and fast transportation to any of this destinations from the Terminal de transportes and from most, you can return the same day. But it's a good idea to get out, Bogotá is a chaotic city surrounded by lots of relaxed and peaceful places.
• Choachí is the best kept secret in town. This small village 50 min. East of Bogotá is reached after climbing up and down a tall mountain, so tall you can see Monserrate at your feet. Local cooking, hot springs and a great Swiss restaurant await for you at your destination.
Catedral de Sal in Zipaquirá
• Catedral de Sal de Zipaquirá, [103]. An impressive Cathedral hewn out of a salt mine in Zipaquira. A visit is by guided tour. English, German, French, and Spanish guides are available. To get there you can take a share or private guided tour or take the Transmilenio to Portal del Norte and then a bus to Zipaquirá (2 hours / 5,750 COP). Consider taking a taxi (4000 COP), as it is a 20-minute uphill walk from where the Zipa bus drops you off. You can walk back through the town and enjoy nice views. The current cathedral is the second construction and opened in 1995 after the first one had to close because of safety concerns. Entrance : 20,000 COP.
• Laguna del Cacique Guatavita, 57 + 1 + 2826313. Closed every Mondays if Monday is a holiday. This spiritual lake is where the legend of El Dorado originated. The Muisca Indian King used to have religious ceremony in the middle of the lake, painted all his body with gold dust, and threw gold things offered in sacrifice into the lake. English/Spanish guided tour is available. The journey will take little more time than to Zipaquirá. Foreigners : 13,600 COP / Colombians : 8,800 COP.
• Andrés Carne de Res (Restaurant and dance) Amazing steak and a great place to party. Do not miss it if you want to see how important food and dancing is for Colombians! Calle 3 # 11A -56 Phone: 863-7880 (Chía) Live music is one the best "rumbiaderos" (nightclubs). It is located about 15 mins north of Bogotá.
• Bogotá as a hub to visit other places in Colombia As the capital city is centrally located you can easily visit many distinct destinations as the Amazon Jungle (1.5 hrs by plane), Spanish colonial cities Cartagena or Popayán (1 hr flight), modern cities like Medellín located in an impressive Andean valley or Cali at the foothills of the Andes.
To get to the airport from the city, you may use Taxi or a public buseta (van). As of August 2011, there is currently no Transmilenio route to the airport, as it is under construction. A way to get by public transport is either to go to the Calle 19, which from the Candelaria where most foreigners tend to stay, is only 4-5 blocks away. Catch a bus that says "Aeropuerto". Or go the Avenida 26 which is the street that goes directly to the airport. Also look for buses that state "Aeropuerto" there. This journey may take around 45 Minutes from the city center depending on the traffic conditions, but is significally cheaper than taking a taxi anywhere in the city (1.300 COP vs. around 25.000 COP).
This is a guide article. It has a variety of good, quality information including hotels, restaurants, attractions, arrival and departure info. Plunge forward and help us make it a star!
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Nairobi
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Nairobi is the capital of Kenya and the largest city in the country.
Understand
Nairobi has a population of between three and four million. Situated on the Nairobi River, the city is not only the largest and fastest growing city in Kenya, but one of the largest in Africa.
History
The word Nairobi derives from a water hole known in Maasai (an Eastern Nilotic language) as Enkare Nyirobi, which means “cool waters“. Nairobi, which was a swamp area, was founded in 1899 and was first a railway camp for the Uganda Railway. The city became Kenya’s capital, which was Mombasa initially, and it also became the capital of the British East Africa Protectorate in 1905. With the spread of plagues in the early 1900s, the town was burnt down and had to be rebuilt. Having a railroad system in the system helped it to have drastic growth, becoming the second largest city in Kenya behind Mombasa. The city of Nairobi also grew due to administration and tourism businesses (mostly big game hunting). The British, who were one of Kenya’s colonizers, set up shop in Nairobi leading to the creation of big hotels primarily for the British hunters. Also, Nairobi has an East Indian community, who are the descendents of original colonial railway labourers and merchants.
Get in
Citizens from most countries will have to obtain a visa upon arrival. Currently, this costs US$50 for a single-entry visa and $100 for a multiple-entry visa (Euros, British Pounds and Swiss Francs are accepted as well). However, some countries require a visa before arrival, and some don't require one at all. For more information, see the Kenya article. If you are only traveling through the country via a connecting flight and will not leave the secure area of the airport you will not need a visa. The yellow fever vaccination is no longer required if you're coming from EU, Asia or North America. However, a vaccination certificate might be required if you're coming from a country where yellow flu is endemic.
By plane
Regular flights to Nairobi are operated by Air France, Virgin Atlantic, Air Kenya, Kenya Airways, KLM, British Airways, Turkish Airlines,Emirates, Egypt Air, Qatar Airways, Lufthansa and Swiss. Kenya Airways is the national airline and travels throughout Europe, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. Nairobi’s main airport is JKIA Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (IATA: NBO), which is 15 km (9 mi) southeast from the center of the city. If taking a taxi from JKIA, use a reputable taxi, many are waiting outside to give you conveyance, and the cost should be very near 1,500KSh to the city centre; Westlands or such places more west or north will be more. When taking a taxi to your accommodation, do not be inveigled into taking their recommendation for accommodation although this is very at your own risk. There is also Wilson Airport, 11 km (7 mi) south from the city's center, that is for domestic flights, more lighter, Cessna-type aircrafts can be seen there. The military/ government airport is in Eastleigh district (pron: "East-Lee"), a very large residential area of housing in the east/north-east of Nairobi, but the government airport is fenced around and does not handle civilian traffic. From the center, you can take Bus #34 for 50KSH, to the international airport, from in front of the Ambassador Hotel.
By train
The city is also accessible by trains, with daily arrivals and departures at the Nairobi Railway station. The trains go east to Mombasa and west to Kisumu. There are 3 classes: First, Second and General. First and Second are sleepers. First have 2 seats in a cabin, Second have 4. In Second Class genders are separated unless you purchase the entire compartment of 4 seats. First-class costs around $50 all inclusive: bedding, breakfast, dinner; Second is $35 all inclusive. Both can be purchased without bedding or food. Tickets have to be booked through the office on Station Road in south-central Nairobi, or online.
By bus
Kenya’s bus system is mostly reliable. There are many bus companies that have routes going to and from the country’s different cities, including Nairobi, which is the centre of the bus network.
By matatu
Matatus (14-18 seater minibuses) and shuttles (6 seater cars) are convenient, inexpensive (and often the only) modes of public transport for connecting Nairobi with towns and tourist destinations in the Rift Valley and Central Highlands such as Naivasha, Nyeri, Nanyuki, Isiolo, and Thika. Matatus can be obtained from the River Road area. Extreme caution should be exercised in this area because petty theft is a major concern and valuables such as mobile phones and wallets should not be prominently displayed here, particularly after dark and even while in the matatu (see safety section below). The best method of connecting to a matatu is to arrange for a taxi to drop you off and pick you up directly at the location of the matatu that you are boarding or alighting from. If you're boarding a matatu from Nairobi, tell the taxi driver your destination and they will drop you off at the correct location. If you are being picked up, then tell the taxi driver the location you're coming from as well as the matatu company that you are using (your ticket should have the operator's name). It is best to arrange for a taxi from the hotel you're staying at. Matatu prices can cost anything from 200 KSh (matatu to Naivasha) to 450 Ksh (shuttle to Nanyuki). The price is dependent on the distance of travel.
By boat
Entry into Nairobi by boat is of course not possible, however one could certainly arrive in Kenya by boat via Mombasa or Lamu, proceeding by road, air or rail to Nairobi. Immigration should be processed at the port facility.
Get around
Be careful getting around Nairobi. Traffic is very bad like any other major city, but if you use common sense and a local or guide you should be able to get where you want.
Car Hire And Rental
Car hire and rental options available are valid. You can hire cars with a driver(Chauffeur driven) or on self drive basis. Nairobi car hire companies offer salons, 4x4 and safari cars.
Carefully read the rental contract to check for rules on insurance liabilities in case of accident / theft of the vehicle.
Nairobi Car Hire [1] offer good services for 4x4 and other categories of cars.
Central car hire [2] are a reliable, trustworthy and helpful rental company based in Nairobi. Two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive vehicles are available and are well maintained.
By taxi
Taxis are not very cheap, but will make city life easier, and safer, at least at night. Prices should always be set before the trip, and paid afterwards. They can be found parked around hotels and tourist areas. The taxis tend to be marked with a yellow line on each side. Your best bet is to ask a local or at your hotel.
By bus (matatu)
Matatus (public minibuses/commuter buses) are generally used for traveling between downtown Nairobi and the suburbs. Matatus vary in size, between the van sized 14 seat Matatus and the larger 50 seat buses. While generally safe, you should be aware that matatus are involved in a high number of accidents every year. Matatus are often overcrowded with more people than seatbelts and therefore can be dangerous if involved in accidents. Because there are no licensing requirements, matatus are often poorly driven, with drivers passing on curbs, speeding, or passing in oncoming lanes while cars are oncoming. On each bus is a conductor who will hang out of the matatu and call out a price (usually between 10ksh and 40ksh) and location the matatu is driving. Recently, the government has decided to ban the 14-seat matatus inside Nairobi, effective January 2011 in hopes of reducing traffic and accidents in town. The best choice is probably the City Hoppa bus service and of late the revived Kenya Bus Service. Beware of traffic jams on the large motorways, not only in the rush hours.
By foot
Walking around Nairobi is fairly easy since the city is small and places are easy to get to. However, there are some areas within the city where tourists should not go, and walking around at night should be minimised. Thugs are rampant in many areas.
By road
Car hire from the airport is possible, and fairly painless with prices in line with other African countries. In the recent past Nairobi had a severe car-jacking problem, but because of increased police check-points it is marginally safer these days. Traveling during the day reduces your chances of getting car-jacked as most car-jackings occur after dark.
See
Nairobi is known as the safari capital of Africa, however the city has still managed to keep up with modernization. Unlike other cities, Nairobi is surrounded by 113 km² (70 mi²) of plains, cliffs and forest that makes up the city’s Nairobi National Park. The city is filled with many things to do during the day and the night. Tourists can have their pick from numerous safaris (wildlife, cultural, sport, adventure, scenic and specialist), ecotourism tours, restaurants, culture, shopping and entertainment. While in Nairobi, tourists can also engage in numerous sports from golf, rugby, athletics, polo, horse-racing, cricket and football (soccer).
The Maasai (Masai) prepare cow for traditional ceremony
• Nairobi National Park, just outside Nairobi. This is home to large herds of Zebra, Wildebeest, Buffalo, Giraffe, Lion, Cheetah, Hippo, Rhino and even birdlife (over 400 species). Here you can also go on the Nairobi Safari Walk, an educational centre to make people aware of wildlife and habitat conservation. Also in the park is the Nairobi Animal Orphanage.
• Sheldrick Elephant Orphanage, close to the Nairobi National Park. This Orphanage takes in elephant calves and rhinos from all over Kenya which were orphaned by poaching.
• Giraffe Centre, in Lang'ata right outside of Nairobi. The Centre breeds the endangered Rothschild Giraffe and has conservation/education programmes for Kenyan children. It also has many warthogs.
• Ol Donyo Sabuk National Park, 65 km from Nairobi, is centred around a 2,146-m (7,141 ft) mountain. This is a mountain forest and plain land, with a large population of Buffalo. It also serves as a refuge for Colobus monkeys, bushbuck, duiker, leopard, and a large variety of bird species.
• 14 Falls, a waterfall at Thika.
• Kenyatta International Conference Center (K.I.C.C), (Central District), [3]. The best place to get that far ranging view over the sprawling, congested metropolis that is Nairobi. You can go up to the saucer-shaped top of the conference centre's round viewing tower and depending on smog and fog, you might be able to see as far as the slums and the national park. 400KSH / 200KSH reduced.
• US Embassy Memorial Site, (Central District), [4]. In 1998 a blast rocked downtown Nairobi. A truck had exploded next to the US Embassy building, reducing it to rubble and killing 212 people some on staff, most bystanders. On the same day, August 7, the US embassy in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, was also subject to a similar terrorist attack. 21 people have been charged with the crime, including Osama Bin Laden. The former embassy site today contains a memorial that can be visited.
• Tana River, is an hour's drive from the city. White water rafting throughout cataracts, which leads to the 14 falls can be done here. The rafting trip also includes a full BBQ lunch.
• Nairobi National Museum, [5]. 8:30AM-5:30PM. Where visitors can learn about Nairobi, its history and culture. The museum celebrated 100 years in 2010.
• National Railway Museum, visitors can learn more about the history of Kenya’s railroads and the Kenya/Uganda railway. It also houses, some of the engines and rolling stock from the country’s colonial period.
• Nairobi Gallery, P.O.Box 40658-00100, +25420216566. This is a museum housing only special exhibits, so the featured artwork is always changing.
• Karen Blixen Museum, P.O Box 40658-00100, +254208002139 (). is based on the Karen Blixen’s book "Out of Africa". Her house is now the home of the museum. It is on the outskirts of Nairobi and a taxi or bus can get you to the museum.
• Bomas of Kenya, portrays Kenya’s culture. Visitors can see exhibits of traditional Kenyan homes, artifacts, dances, music, and song.
• Uhuru Gardens, built in remembrance of the struggle for independence, which Kenya was granted in 1963. The monument is a 24-m (79 ft) high triumphal column supporting a pair of clasped hands and the dove of peace, high over a statue of freedom fighter raising the flag. The monument is surround by fountains and lush-landscaped gardens.
• Westlands by night, Visit the bustling and hip Westlands district, which has turned into the new nightlife center of Nairobi. Many restaurants and bars line the busy Woodvale Grove and Mpaka Road. A visit to 'Tree house' club is a must if you are looking for a spacious one and crowd outnumbered with expats, rather than the otherwise congested natives dominated ones. Traffic can become hectic, well into the early hours. Security is generally tight and the action spills out from packed clubs into the street.
• Jamia Mosque, (Central District), [6]. While Jamia Mosque is tucked away in between other buildings their are striking views to be glimpsed of its intricate structure from many different angles. Easily the most impressive religious structure in the capital, the interior is off-limits to non believers
Do
• Safari in central Nairobi park.
• Try the many excellent restaurants in Nairobi.
• Go dancing and be apart of Nairobi's excellent nightlife
• Go ice-skating at Panari
• Visit Village Market and Sherlocks with your friends
• Go to Maasai market and buy keepsakes for yourself and friends: On Saturday it is at Nairobi High Court parking lot, Village Market on Friday, The Junction on Thursday, Capital Centre on Wednesday. Prepare to haggle and as a guide, pay about half to two thirds of the asking price.
• Do something different visit Kibera, the slums of Nairobi. Guided walks are arranged by Kiberatours.
• Go-Down Arts Centre, (South of Center), +254 (0)20 555770, [7]. A former warehouse turned arts centre - this has also happened in Nairobi and this spot allows you to get a glimpse of what contemporary Kenyan artists are up to, including exhibitions, performances and discussions.
• Kazuri Beads shop - Started in 1977 the workshop of beads is adjacent to Karen Blixen's Museum. Was started by an English women to provide sustainable income to the poor Kenyan women. Has beautiful jewelry created of clay brought from the areas surrounding Mt. Kenya.
• Visit Oloo’s Children Center (OCC) in Kibera: Lend a hand at the volunteer operated school, take a tour of Kibera, and have a cup of tea with the OCC Founder. The founder of the school lives in Kibera and works to provide children in need with education and meals. 616-987-1106
Buy
There are quite a number of networked banking machines in major shopping areas of Nairobi as well as the arrivals area of the airport. A Barlays ATM can be found near Gate 9 within the security area, easily accessible when arriving, and another one on the left side immediately after leaving the security area. Most transactions are cash only, so it is best to have enough cash on hand to pay for purchases and transport. Major banks such as Barclays, Kenya Commercial Bank and Standard Bank give better exchange rates than any of the FOREX bureaus. Independent machines such as Pesa-point have lower cash limits and may have a higher fee. As an example, in 2007 Barclays did not charge any additional fee for a cash withdrawal but gave a lower exchange rate than Kenya Commercial Bank. KCB charges a CDN$5 fee for a withdrawal with a maximum of 40,000/= per day.
Cash is dispensed in units of 1000/=. Note that many smaller businesses will not have much change, so before going shopping for curios be sure to have a good selection of smaller notes.
Forex Bureaus are located in many parts of the city where tourists are common. They will exchange cash of different currencies, and may also accept a personal cheque for Kenyan cash. They will want a photocopy of your passport before they exchange money. Rates are not bad, but will be worse than a banking machine will offer. Be aware that many exchange bureaus and hotels will NOT accept or exchange American currency printed before 2000. When the exchange bureaus do accept pre-2000 notes, they typically offer substantially lower exchange rates than for curreny printed after 2000. Exchange rates are also typically lower for small denomination currency than for $100 and $50 bills.
Credit Cards Many specialty stores will accept international credit cards, however they will normally tell you up front that they will charge you bank fees, typically 5% of the purchase. The Nakumat and Uchumi supermarket chains would accept credit cards without a surcharge.
This may also be a good place to repeat the warning about safety. Pickpockets are rampant in Nairobi and have been known to keep an eye on people getting cash from a machine. It is best to carry cash in a hidden pouch rather than a wallet. Men: do not carry your wallet in your back pocket, and women: do not carry your purse to your side or behind you, particularly in busy locations.
The four primary supermarkets in Nairobi are Tusky's, Uchumi, Naivas and Nakumatt. For goods beyond supermarket fare, try Yaya Centre on Argwings Kodhek Road in the Kilimani area, The Junction on Ngong Road, or the Sarit Centre and Nakumatt Westgate which are both located in the Westlands suburb.
The Sarit Centre will be recognizable to any Western traveller as a shopping mall, with an Uchumi supermarket inside. Clothing, shipping and internet are all available here. In addition, there is a small movie theater. Other malls in Nairobi include Yaya Centre near Hurlingham and The Mall in Westlands.
Nakumatt Westgate is a just finished competitor to Sarit Centre. It is a large building with many spaces for stores to move in to (they have yet to move in at the time of this writing, however the building is still unfinished). Currently, the primary occupant is the Nakumatt itself, which has modeled itself to emulate a Super Wal-Mart type experience.
Any taxi driver will know these two shopping centers by name, so getting there is not a problem.
An additional smaller supermarket, catering more to expatriates, is in ABC Plaza, along Waiyaki Way. Chandarana supermarket carries a wide variety of imported goods, Zucchini greengrocer is a highly dependable spot for clean and varied veggies, and Gilani's is a well stocked western style buchery.
For local curios and souvenirs, the most easily accessible and tourist-friendly is the Maasai Market, held on Fridays at the Village Market, an upscale, open concept shopping center near the United Nations and American Embassy complexes. Bargaining is necessary, and one should probably not spend more than 1000KSh on one item, except in extraordinary circumstances.
For slightly better prices, visit the Tuesday market in town, just down from the Norfolk hotel. This market is less secure, but is larger and offers more variety and opportunity for bargaining.
Another Nakumatt is located at Nakumatt Junction, past Lavington towards the Ngong Racecourse (Horse Flat-Racing takes place 3 Sundays a month, and is a great way to spend an afternoon). The Nakumatt Junction shopping complex features a few more boutiques - one of note being Zebu, a store highlighting local Designer Annabelle Thom's leather bags and more, where you will find higher quality and higher prices for beautiful designs.
Biashara Street, located downtown, is the spot for textiles. Make sure you pick up at least one kikoi or kikoy (a traditional wrap for Swahili men, predominantly at the coast). Haria's Stamp Shop (been around for more than 70 years!) (www.hariastamp.com) has one of the best selections of kikoy as well as other african fabrics and souvenirs.
Eat
Budget
Roast House in the city centre facing the matatu station on Tom Mboya Rd. Regular local prices with more selection, excellent food, friendly service. Very busy at lunchtime.
Habesha near Ya Ya center- great Ethipian food for around 5-6 USD
Mid-range
Nairobi has a fantastic array of mid-range eateries.
Mesob is an authentic Ethiopian restaurant located at the China Centre on Ngong Road near the Chinese embassy. Meals cost around Ksh 500 and the food is excellent.
Java House, with quite a few locations, including The Junction, ABC Place, and close to the United Nations, features a western coffee house menu, from bagels to burritos, with excellent coffees and milkshakes, and a full breakfast menu. 500KSh-750 for a complete meal. Another popular coffeehouse is Dormans
Trattoria is an Italian restaurant. Do not expect anything decent when it comes to the mains (all around 700KSh). However, there is a fabulous and extensive dessert menu, including crepes, tiramisu, souffle, and a coffee granita with fresh cream (250KSh-500).
Motherland, is an authentic ethiopian restaurant with great and affordable food (typical of ethiopian restaurants in Nairobi!).
Havana Bar, Woodvale Grove, Westlands. Popular bar and restaurant with a laid-back Latin theme. Renowned for their sizzling Fajitas, steaks and seafood dishes. Reasonably priced. The kitchen is open daily from noon til late. [8] Tel: 020-4450653
Village Market Food Court, Has an array of different ethnic cuisines, including Thai, Italian, Chinese and German, as well as a Mongolian Barbeque. Good prices as well. Venture further into Village Market to find a good Japanese restaurant as well, though with slightly steeper prices. There are also food courts at other malls in the city.
Nairobi has a wide range of Indian restaurants that speaks to the significant South Asian community in Kenya. The city also offers other restaurants specializing in different European and Asian cuisine.
Common fast food restaurants include Steers, Debonairs, Wimpy, Galito's, local favourite, Kenchic among others.
In addition, there are several local restaurants that cater to local cuisine like sukuma wiki (green spinach-like vegetable, 'Kale' in English), ugali (corn bread, ground maize flour and made to a tasty white bread/porridge form), nyama choma (lit: meat roast), chapati and other specialities.
Splurge
The Carnivore, located just outside the city, close to the Uhuru Gardens, is a luxury restaurant famous for its meats. In 2006, the restaurant was listed as one of the top 50 restaurants in the world. Once seated, different masaai grilled meats will be carried around on sticks and carved to your plate at request. Very expensive by Kenyan standards, beware of additional taxes and catering levys. Reservations might be a good idea, ask at your hotel.
Furusato, located in Westlands, has fantastic Japanese food. For a price.
The Rusty Nail, in Karen, has been super in the past, but mediocre of late. No reason not to give it another chance.
The Lord Errol, past Village Market and into Runda, is said to have very good food, and is popular with the expat crowd.
"Moonflower," on State House hill at the Palacina hotel, is a very upscale bistro / fusion / grill restaurant in a lovely outdoor setting. Fantastic food.
"Pango Brasserie" at the Fairview Hotel features upscale french and continental dishes. Dinner begins in an underground stone winecellar where the chef will send out complimentary tasters while you sip a bottle of wine of your choice.
"Alan Bobbe's Bistro" is a venerable, legendary restaurant now located on Rhapta Road (near St. Marys School). Founded in 1962, the restaurant features French haute-cuisine at about a third of what you would pay in Paris!
Drink
• Club Soundd, junction of Kaunda and Wabera St, +254 722 571 382
• Gipsy:, Opp,Barclays,Bank Westland, Box 40322, Nairobi, Tel: 020 4440964,4440836, Mob: 0733 730529, Email:gipsy@nbi.ispkenya.com
• Klub House 1 (K1):, is located along Ojijo Road in Parklands, Box 33003 - 00600 Nairobi, Tel: +254 20 374 9870, Fax: 254 20 374 7099, Mob:+254 733 77 22 33, Email.info@klubhouse.co.ke. [9]
• Klub House 2 (K2):, Baricho Road, Industrial Area is home to K2 Klubhouse
• Choices:, Majestic House, Moi Avenue, Box 53319, Nairobi, Tel: +254 20 550 629, Mob: +254 722 521, Email: mmuchami@yahoo.com, Leobag Investment Ltd, Baricho Road
• Chillers:, Anniv Towers
• Black Diamond:, many expats and travelers and has a cover band that plays very good music.
• Havana: Its an expats favorite on Thursdays nights. The live band on Saturdays attracts a good cosmopolitan crowd. Bar snacks available throughout the night.[10] Tel: 020-4450653
• Apple Bees: (Strip club) located downtown and recently opened a branch in Parklands, next to the local Police Station.
• Annie Oakley's:Next to Milimani Backpackers, has pool tables, a descent menu, and a big screen with cable TV. another expats favorite hangout.
• Cockpit: Langata Road opposite Uchumi Langata Hyper, not just popular with Wilson Airport pilots
• Barrels: Stripclub. Watch out for police raids
• Red Tape:, Westlands, Mpaka Road, Bishan Plaza, e-mail redtapewesty@gmail.com
• Florida 2000 (F2):, Located at Commerce House, Moi Avenue. [11]
• New Florida Clubs (F1):, The New Florida, locally known as Madhouse or Madi, is in the heart of Nairobi on Koinange Street.
• Pango (F3):, Commerce House, 1st Floor, P.O.Box 55381 - 00200 Nairobi, Tel:+254-20-229036/217269, Email:info@floridaclubskenya.com. The Latest addition to the Florida Group
• Double Inn: Also out in Karen, they show rugby/cricket games and it's always full of expats and white Kenyans. The place to get hammered.
• Seven Seafood & Grill, ABC Place (ABC Place Waiyaki Way), 0737776677, [12]. 24. Amazing seafood and spectacular decor a must visit 2000.
• Klub Zinc Thika (Zinc Club Thika), Kenyatta Hwy (Opp. Total Filling Station Thika), +254202621500, [13]. We pride ourselves as masters of all tastes and genres of music and also the ability to cut across generations as music is 'Food for All'. The music ranges widely from the latest to the golden oldies and in styles such as Rock, Rhumba, Reggae, R n B, Hip Hop, Lingala and Salsa to mention but a few. Patrons are also encouraged to place their requests and dedications to the Djs. The atmosphere is further enhanced by the latest disco lights and effects.
• Shooters & Dips Cocktail Lounge, 4372-00506 (Panari Sky Centre,Mombasa Road opp Simba Colt Offices,5km from JKIA), +254 787 637948 OR 254 725 694 000/1/2, [14]. 5PM. Chill out, relax and unwind at the dazzling Shooters & Dips where the decor transports you to an international surrounding. Listen to handpicked music by the DJ and let yourself go to the rhythm. The bar also offers a varied food menu along with a long list of signature cocktails, fine wines and liquors. Shooters and Dips is the perfect place to meet friends, meet new people and experience Nairobi's nightlife right in the safety of the hotel. 250/=.
• Mercury Lounge ABC, ABC Place (Off Waiyaki Way), 0722309947, [15]. 4pm. Mercury ABC, ABC Place (Off Waiyaki Way), ☎ 0722309947. checkin: 4:00pm. Mercury ABC is an upscale modern cocktail and tapas bar. Open from 4pm to late. Recently put under new management, Mercury is definitely the place to be seen, with a delicious tapas and bitings menu, and the best cocktails and high end spirits array in Nairobi.All major imported and local wine and beers are available chilled to perfection. A popular hangout for expats, well to do locals and local business leaders. A must for any Nairobi traveller. Shooters and cocktails range from $3 to $6 with shooters and high end globally popular wines and spirits from $6-$15. All major credit cards accepted. Ample parking and good security make this one of Nairobi's more popular spots.
• Mercury Irish Pub (The Last Drop), Junction Mall (Corner of Ngong Road and Kingara Rds), 0722309947, [16]. 11:00am. Mercury Pub at the new Junction Mall is the latest and most authentic Irish Pub in Nairobi. The most recent addition to the Mercury Group, the pub specializes in the best steaks in town, a wide range of cocktails, local and imported beers, high end spirits and shooters and a superb wine list. Furnished in beautiful woodwork, leather seating, and with images of colonial Nairobi, it is located in the secure Junction Mall which has ample parking, good security and central location. Doubles up as a popular sports bar on the weekends with multiple screens. A popular expat hangout. A great balcony from which one can sip a cocktail while watching life pass by. Food prices from$10-$15, and all major credit cards are accepted.
Sleep
• Upper Hill Campsite and Backpackers, Hospital Road – Upper Hill (off Hospital Road, on a cul de sac), +254 (0)20 2500218, [17]. Provides a range of budget accommodation. Bringing your own tent is the cheapest way. If you are two people, try to go for a big hire tent which is the better deal than a dorm 500 - 3500 KSh. (S 01 17.161,E36 46.387)
Budget
The area around the main bus station has a ton of budget hotels and you can save on a taxi.
• Terminal Hotel, Moktar Dadah Street opposite Nakumatt, [18]. Spacious rooms with faded simple, decor are on offer here. And at very reasonable prices. Like any place in the city centre it can get loud - but then you are in a prime location just opposite from the Nakumatt shopping centre. If you store you luggage there - consider that you will only get your luggage at the aggreed date because the hotel cleark does not have the key to the "safe room". from 1900KSH (single) / 2100 Double.
• Wildebeest Camp, Kibera Road, near intersection with Ngong Road, next to Chinese embassy. You can get a bed in a dorm here or camp (they provide the tent and bedding) for Ksh 1000 per night per person. They also have larger permanent tents and rooms available at a higher price. The place is clean, secure and popular with backpackers. from 1000 KSh per person for dorm and camping (tent provided).
• Hotel Downtown, Moktar Dadah Street opposite Nakumatt, [19]. checkout: 10AM. In the same league as the Terminal hotel next door or the Parkside across the road, the Downtown hotel has clean rooms and is as the name says: downtown - with all its advantages (shopping centre nearby, etc.) and disadvantages: noise. Note that leaving valuables and especially credit cards in the safe at the front desk for safekeeping is not a good idea. from 1900KSh for singles.
• International Guest House, UpperHill, Matumbato Road (Next to Don Bosco Church, 10 min walk from Kenyatta National Hospital), +254 020 2726966, [20]. With 30 years in the tourism business, owner Tom J. Kamau is happy to custom arrange any additional travel or safari needs. Located on a quite street in Upperhill, this family owned and operated guest house is conveniently located just a few minutes from downtown. Airport pickup and transportation is available for a small fee. Single rooms available from from 600KSh-2000.
• Milimani Backpackers & Safari Centre, PO Box 21005 - 00500. A little further out of the downtown core, about 15 minutes walk down a major, safe road, is Milimani Backpackers on Milimani Road. It has internet, cable TV, WI-FI, hot showers, 24hr self-service bar, popular restaurant, fireplace, and a parking area. They offer dorms, doubles, singles, twins, camping space, permanent tents, and cabins. Milimani also offers good-value safaris and other trips from 600KSh for dorms.
Mid-range
• Olive Gardens Hotel, Argwings Kodhek Rd, Hurlingham (Opposite Nairobi Womens Hospital) (30-min drive from the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.), +254 20 2737854, 2727777, [21]. Olive Gardens Hotel has 62 rooms.
• Ole Sereni Hotel (Sarovar Hotels & Resorts), Mombasa Rd (5 km from Jomo Kenyatta international airport off Mombasa Rd opposite Zain offices), +254 20 390 1000 (), [22]. checkin: noon; checkout: noon. Wildlife resort overlooking the Nairobi National Game Park. (-1.326888,36.845956)
• Country Lodge, [23]. On upper hill, the Country Lodge is aimed at the budget business traveler. Probably the best deal in town.
• Fairview Inn, [24]. Also on upper hill, the Fairview is a lovely old historic hotel, with beautiful grounds and several restaurants. It is quiet at night, a real respite from the city. Rates are relatively low, compared to many of the other hotels listed here. They also rent apartments.
• Holiday Inn Nairobi. Built in the 1940s as the Mayfair Court Hotel, this historic hotel has retained its charm even as it has joined the Holiday Inn family.
• InterContinental Hotel. Located only 5 minutes from the city center and 15 min from the airport with views of the city.
• Nairobi Hilton. Part of the Hilton family of hotels and located near the city center.
• Nairobi Safari Club. Kenya's only all-suite hotel.
• Panafric Hotel. Located in the city centre and only 20 minutes from the airport.
• Karen Blixen Cottages. Located in the suburb of Karen, 32 km (20 mi) from downtown, the cottages offer a unique change from the normal hotel fare.
• Nairobi Serena Hotel. Found in the middle of Nairobi's Central Park this hotel offers great convenience as well as a quiet place to stay.
• Norfolk Hotel. Opened on Christmas Day over 100 years ago, this hotel that has served many special guests is located only 30 min from the airport, and a short distance from the shopping district.
• Safari Park Hotel. Started as a retreat for British Army officers more than 50 years ago, this hotel is only 15 min from downtown.
• The Stanley Hotel. This over 100 year old hotel has recently be renovated back to its days of Victorian perfection. Lcoated in the city's shopping and business district.
• Windsor Golf and Country Club. Located 15 min from the city center, 45 min from the airport. Features a 18 hole golf course on site.
Splurge
• The King Post [[25]. Rhapta Road, Westlands, Nairobi. The King Post brings about a unique architectural synthesis between the East African coast and the lands across the Indian Ocean. it reflects the social and cultural interaction between the regions over more than 2000 years.Accommodation is in 1, 2 or 3 bedroom apartments available on daily basis and long-term.The apartments are secluded but not isolated from the hustle and bustle of the city centre and the main roads being sorrounded by peace, tranquility and security.
• Giraffe Manor. The converted home of the founders of the African Fund for Endangered Wildlife, located a few kilometres from the city center, sitting on 57 ha (140 a) of land. The giraffes can be fed at the front door or even from the second floor bedroom window!
• Ngong House [[26]. 30-min drive from the city center and airport, the Ngong House is on a land that was originally part of a vast coffee estate. Located on the grounds are five traditional looking, yet elegantly decorated tree houses.
Stay safe
Nairobi has a reputation for thievery. Beware of snatch and grab, con artists, or groups of people following you. Scams are elaborate and can involve up to 10 or more people working together. The best advice for a tourist is to stay in the city centre, know where you are at all times, and pretend you know where you're going (even if you don't). If you find yourself in an unfamiliar area your best bet is to find a taxi (although you will probably pay dearly if the driver suspects a panicked westerner!). Don't carry large quantities of money or passports on the street, and assume that anyone trying to engage you is up to no good or trying to sell you something. In recent years, crime has significantly reduced, though one should still be wary. If one stays smart and plays safe, without going around much after dark, Naorobi is a safe place to stay. Most locals are honest people who will happily help you if you approach them.
Kenyans are proud people and there is not a lot of begging like you find in some other countries. Some opportunistic people will hang around shopping centres and beg, but they will generally accept a simple 'sorry' and leave you alone if you do not give. Many of these 'beggars' are middle class kids or adults who have realised they can profit from exploiting white guilt, and should not be encouraged. If you are ever lucky enough to visit a slum as a local (not on some perverse tourist safari) you will discover the poorest of the poor do not even beg.
Outside of tourist and expat communities, young children will become excited at the sight of a white person and may come running towards you to try to shake your hand while yelling out 'mzungu' (white person) or 'how are you?'. Older kids are more reserved, and you should be weary of kids who are older than 9 or 10 who are trying to distract or get close to you.
Slums should be avoided by tourists as you will attract a lot of attention which can quickly turn into a dangerous situation.
Apart from the inner city centre, Nairobi dies out at night. Streets are mostly empty. Do not walk alone after nightfall. Always use taxis. The areas north and east of River Road should be avoided, especially if you're not a local!
Biashara Street is a safe shopping street due to the presence of 10-15 Maasai guards. A place to avoid as a tourist is the City Market; you could end up paying a much higher price than on Biashara Street.
If you are in a matatu and moving slowly through traffic, particularly after dark, you should keep your window closed if your valuables are in reach to prevent people snatching them from the outside (there are thieves who walk through traffic looking for such opportunities). Mobile phones and wallets should be securely kept and not displayed prominently during calls or cash transactions in the River Road area, particularly after dark.
Eastleigh (known as 'little Mogadishu') is an area near the city centre that is decaying due to years of neglect by the government (including the police). It is predominantly populated by Somalian migrants and refugees, and most Kenyans will not go there for fear of their safety. Tourists would be wise to avoid it day and night.
There have been several grenade attacks in the city for which Al-Shabaab have claimed responsibility. These are likely to be ongoing while the Kenyan army has a presence in Somalia. They are random and often fatal, and one should be weary and report any suspicious behaviour.
Stay healthy
It is recommended that before tourists come to Nairobi, that they should be vaccinated well in advance (6 weeks) of their trip. The most common recommended vaccines for people traveling to Africa are Tetanus, Diphtheria, Polio, Typhoid, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Yellow Fever, Rabies and Meningitis.
Food and beverages
Be careful with the food that you eat outside the more upscale establishments. Before eating, make sure that the food is freshly and thoroughly cooked and served hot. Also avoid seafood,apart from the upmarket restaurants and hotels, and make sure that your fruits and vegetables have been properly sterilized in clean water. The safest fruits to eat are bananas and papayas. Do not drink tap water or brush your teeth with it. Only use bottled or canned drinks (especially popular brands). Also, do not use ice as it may also be contaminated water, and remember that alcohol does not sterilize a drink. The general rule of thumb is, the more high end an establishment is, the greater the safety of the food and drink within.
Insects
In Africa you are going to be exposed to yellow fever, dengue fever, other viral diseases, sleeping sickness, filariasis and malaria, although none of these diseases are a concern in Nairobi itself. When insects are biting you should cover up and wear long-sleeved shirts and trousers, socks and pyjamas especially when night falls. It is best to use an insect repellent that contains DEET on your exposed skin and clothing. As for mosquito nets, it is best to use a permethrin-impregnated net along with an insecticide such a pyrethrum coils or an electric mosquito killer during the night. And remember to spray your hotel room every evening.
Heat & Sun
Make sure to drink plenty of fluids (not coffee, alcohol or strong tea) to avoid dehydration. To know if you well hydrated, you body would always produce plenty of clear urine. The average temperature is around 25 C (maximum might reach 30 C) through out the year. People coming from Asian countries like India will not have much problem with the weather, in fact it would definitely seem pleasant all along the year. For people who are from Cold countries it takes them three weeks to become accustomed to the heat. Try to avoid plenty of physical exertion and try to stay in the shade and keep cool as much as possible. Increase the amount of salt intake in your food and water. Also, apply a lot of high factor sunscreen, avoid direct sunlight, and try to wear a hat and shady clothing.
Contact
There are very many internet cafés around Nairobi, but connection speeds and computers are not always super fast, but still you will manage to open your email, probably even use a webcam or watch YouTube. Prices are usually at ranges from 0.5KSh/minute to 1KSh/minute, usually with a minimum fee of 5-20KSh. The more expensive internet cafés are rarely better and the best ones charge 1KSh/minute with discounts for using the internet for longer. Most of the good cafés are found in Norwich Union which has quite a number just opposite Hilton Hotel next to Nandos while the expensive ones are found in malls in Westlands. Although it may be more appropriate for tourists to use the ones in Westlands since they are usually less crowded and are more exclusive but not necessarily faster or better in terms of equipment.
Free wireless internet is available at Java House restaurants and Doorman's coffee shops in the city and malls. Some bars like Havana in Westlands also offer free wifi. The internet cafe in Sarit Centre also has wireless internet available at a good speed and a reasonable price.
Mobile Phones are ubiquitous in Kenya with fairly good coverage from all providers (Safaricom, Orange and Airtel) that extends to most populated parts of the country. Safaricom has the best national coverage especially if you are using 3G data. The phone system is GSM 900 and 3G 2100 (Asian and European standard). Phones and SIM cards are available at many locations throughout Nairobi and the country including at the airport. Phone prices are very competitive and priced for average income Kenyans. A basic phone may be obtained new from an independent dealer for ~2000/=. A vast majority of people use pre-paid phones with scratch-card top-ups available at a huge number of merchants across the country. All phones are sold "unlocked" for use on any network. Much business is conducted via mobile phone, so possession of one for even a relatively short stay in the country can be beneficial. Rates are extremely affordable with in-country calls at around 3/= per minute. Overseas calls cost around 5/= per minute to the United States (~USD$0.06/minute) and 3/= per minute to India (~INR 1.80, USD 0.04) on the Airtel network.
3G data service is available in most coverage areas on Safaricom and is of a fairly high standard. The other networks have 3G in major population areas and EDGE/GPRS everywhere else. If you have a smart phone you should buy a data pack (200mb, 500mb or 1.5gb) or your credit will go down very fast!
Cope
Smoking is against the law out on the streets in the city center (the downtown grid area with numerous skyscrapers). There are certain smoking zones, and outside of the city center it becomes much easier to find locations where it is acceptable. However, a general rule would be to not smoke along the side of any roads or streets with pedestrians and/or vehicles. Be observant and take your cues from other smokers - if there are no smokers or cigarette butts on the ground, it is likely a non-smoking location.
Embassies
• Australia, Riverside Dr (400 m off Chiromo Rd), +254 20 4277100 (fax: +254 20 4277139), [27].
• Cyprus, International House 6th Floor Mama Ngina Street, +254 20 2220881 (, fax: +254 20 312202). M-F: 09:00-16:30.
• Djibouti, Mama Ngina St, +254 20 2122859 (fax: +254 20 313120), [29].
• Eritrea, 2F New Rehema House, Rhapta Rd, +254 20 4441248.
• Greece, 13F Nation Tower, Kimathi St, +254 20 340722 (, fax: +254 20 2216044), [31].
• Indonesia, Menengai Road, Upper Hill P.O.Box 48868 Nairobi, (+254) (20) 714-196 to 198 (, fax: +254 20 713-475), [32].
• Japan, Mara Rd, Upper Hill, +254 20 2898000 (fax: +254 20 2898220), [33].
• Republic of Korea, 15F Anniversary Towers, University Way, +254 20 2220000.
• Rwanda.
• Sudan, Minet ICDC Bldg, +254 20 575159.
• United States, UN Ave Nairobi, +254 20 363-6000 (fax: +254 20 363-3410), [37].
Get out
Lake Naivasha is worth at least a day's visit and has enough to keep you occupied for two or three days. Lakeshore country clubs are a good place for lunch. You can take a boat ride on the lake to see hippos, go for a walk among zebra and giraffes on Crescent Island, ride thoroughbred horses among zebra, giraffes and wildebeest at the Sanctuary Farm, and ride bicycles among wildlife and dramatic scenery at Hell's Gate National Park.
Further afield, Nakuru National Park deservedly warrants a 1-night stay for a late-afternoon and early-morning game drive.
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7215.0 - Livestock Products, Australia, Mar 2002
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7215.0 - Livestock Products, Australia
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1367.5 - Western Australian Statistical Indicators, Sep 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/10/2008
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FEATURE ARTICLE: PREPAREDNESS FOR EMERGENCIES AND HOUSEHOLD ASSISTANCE REQUIRED
EMERGENCIES IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Emergencies can result from a variety of natural hazards, including bushfires, tropical cyclones, severe weather, floods, earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis, as well as man-made events such as chemical spills, oil spills, gas leaks, radiological contamination, explosions and acts of terrorism. Many of these events pose a serious threat to human life, property and community infrastructure and can require a range of interventions from government and volunteer agencies. Geoscience Australia estimates that natural hazards alone cost the nation an average of $1.25 billion per year although the cost of individual hazard events can be much greater.
In Western Australia, most emergency incidents requiring agency intervention result from natural hazards, particularly bushfires, cyclones, storms and associated flooding. The Fire and Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia (FESA) reports that, in the three years to June 2007, career and volunteer firefighters responded to a total of 22,834 grass and bush fires, an average of more than 7,600 a year. Most recently, an emergency was declared during the 2006-07 bushfire season when hundreds of fires burned across the State, including 29 in the south-western region. These required the formation of incident management teams and the coordinated support of 25 local government authorities. In the same three-year period, another 441 hazard events were reported to FESA, some of which did not require an agency response.
Storms, which mostly affect the southern half of Western Australia, generally cause more damage each year than other natural hazards. In 2006-07, the Bureau of Meteorology reported 41 severe storms across the State. These included a tornado in the Australind area that resulted in power outages and damage to 50 homes and commercial properties, seven of which were totally destroyed.
Many parts of Western Australia are prone to flooding, arising either from torrential rain during the monsoonal wet season in the north of the State, or heavy storms during the southern winter. In 2006-07, three major floodings were reported to the emergency authorities, one of which caused significant damage in the town of Esperance and surrounding areas.
The coastal stretch of Western Australia from Exmouth to Broome has the highest incidence of tropical cyclones anywhere in Australia. This region experiences cyclonic winds and associated flooding, high seas and storm surge. During 2006-07, the Western Australian government proclaimed two cyclone events as natural disasters. One of these was Tropical Cyclone George, a category five cyclone which resulted in three fatalities and numerous injuries, as well as extensive property and infrastructure damage in the north of the State. The other, which affected communities in the Great Southern Region, resulted from a deep weather front combining with Tropical Low Isobel. Communities affected by such natural disasters may be eligible for State government funding to assist with their recovery.
INFORMATION NEEDS
There is a growing demand for information on the preparedness of householders for emergency situations and the types of assistance they would require. This article draws on data from the 2007 State Supplementary Survey, Community Preparedness for Emergencies (ABS cat. no. 4818.5), which collected a broad range of information from Western Australian households on these issues.
The article examines household access to relevant communication systems as well as aspects of their emergency preparedness and requirements for assistance. The relationship of these factors to other household characteristics, including geographic location, household composition, age and dwelling tenure type, is also explored.
WESTERN AUSTRALIAN HOUSEHOLDS: OVERVIEW
Geographic Location
Of the estimated 818,900 households in Western Australia in 2007, 75.1% were located in the Perth Metropolitan Region. Of the remaining households, 14.9% were in the Lower Western Region. (For further details of these statistical regions, refer to the Australian Standard Geographical Classification, July 2007, ABS cat. no. 1216.0.) Only 10.0% of households were outside these two most populous regions of the State. Due to the relatively small sample size, particularly outside Perth, most of the regional analysis in this article relates to households in Perth and the remainder of the State (Non-metropolitan region). However, where statistical reliability permits, some smaller area data are presented.
Household Composition
In 2007, persons living alone accounted for one-quarter (26.2%) of all Western Australian households. A similar number of households (25.7%) were couple-only households while 29.7% were couples with children (of all ages). About one in ten households (9.5%) were lone parents with children (of all ages).
Age of household members
In 2007, an estimated 223,900 (27.3%) households in Western Australia had at least one child under 15 years of age while 238,700 (29.1%) households had at least one person aged 60 years or over. (Note: there is some overlap between these categories as a small proportion of households contained persons in both age groups.)
Dwelling Tenure Type
Almost three-quarters (72.2%) of households in the State, in 2007, lived in dwellings that they owned or were purchasing (owner-occupiers). Most of the remaining households (26.6%) lived in rental dwellings while little more than 1% lived in other tenure types.
Communication Systems
Effective modes of communication are invaluable in emergency situations. In particular, they can be used to provide information and advice to households threatened by a bushfire, cyclone, severe storm or other impending local hazard. Household preparedness for emergencies was therefore measured in the survey in terms of access to working portable radios, mobile phones, landline phones and the internet.
Access to communication systems, Western Australia, 2007
Selected characterisitcs
HOUSEHOLDS ('000)
PROPORTION (%)
No portable radio with working batteries
390.7
47.7
No mobile phones
81.5
10.0
No landline telephone connection
87.3
10.7
No internet access
264.7
32.3
Total households
818.9
100.0
In 2007, just under half (47.7%) of Western Australian households had no portable radio with working batteries and almost one-third (32.3%) had no internet access.
Almost all (99.5%) households across the State were connected to the telephone network, via landline, mobile, or both. The largest majority (79.9%, 653,900 households) had both forms of communication while 10.2% (83,600 households) had only mobile phones and 9.5% (77,800 households) had only landlines. Of the estimated 3,800 (0.5%) households in the State with no telephone service of any kind, 3,300 also had no working portable radio.
Preparedness for Emergency Evacuation
As the more commonly occurring natural hazards in Western Australia (bushfires, cyclones, storms and related flooding) sometimes require residents to evacuate their homes, this analysis focuses on measures of community preparedness that are specifically related to household evacuation. These measures include whether households had an exit plan for the dwelling, an agreed meeting place outside the home, access to alternative accommodation and willingness to leave their home in the event of a major emergency.
Fire and emergency authorities generally recognise that households with an exit plan, agreed meeting place and alternative accommodation are able to respond more quickly and appropriately to an emergency evacuation than households whose members have not previously discussed these issues. Willingness to leave the family home is a further factor which authorities must take into account in evacuating any community or residential area. The latter has particular ramifications in the event of a major bushfire where householders are faced with a decision to leave, or stay and defend their homes.
Preparedness for an emergency evacuation, Western Australia, 2007
Selected characteristics
HOUSEHOLDS ('000)
PROPORTION (%)
Exit plan from dwelling
381.1
46.5
Agreed meeting place
85.8
10.5
Have access to alternative accommodation
754.3
92.1
Not willing to evacuate
93.4
11.4
Total households
818.9
100.0
In 2007, the majority of households (88.6%) indicated their willingness to evacuate in the event of a major emergency. Of those who did not wish to evacuate, half (49.6%) reported that they would prefer to stay to fight bushfires and two in five (39.9%) wanted to prevent looting and vandalism of their property.
The majority of households (92.1%) had access to alternative accommodation; however, among households with members whose mobility was impaired due to disability, the level of access to alternative accommodation fell to 88.1%.
Almost half of households (46.5%) reported having an exit plan for their dwelling but only one in ten (10.5%) had an agreed meeting place.
Evacuation Assistance Required
Data are presented below on the different types of assistance required by households in the event of an emergency evacuation. These include the need for assistance to exit the dwelling, assistance with transport and with evacuating household pets.
Assistance to exit the dwelling may be needed by households with young children, elderly household members, or persons with disabilities while lack of access to a motor vehicle can be of crucial importance in enabling a household to evacuate. In addition, the recent experience of New Orleans residents, many of whom saw their family pets perish in Hurricane Katrina, indicates that emergency authorities are likely to pay more attention to the requirements of households with pets in future large-scale evacuations.
Evacuation assistance required, Western Australia, 2007
Selected Characteristics
HOUSEHOLDS ('000)
PROPORTION (%)
Require assistance to exit dwelling
155.3
19.0
Require transport assistance
201.7
24.6
Pets needing evacuation
436.2
53.3
Total households
818.9
100.0
In 2007, almost one quarter (24.6%) of households in Western Australia required transport assistance following an evacuation while more than half (53.3%) required pets to be evacuated.
Assistance to exit the dwelling was required by a smaller, but still substantial, proportion of households (19.0%). The main reason reported for needing this type of assistance was the presence of young children. Of the 155,300 households that needed exit assistance, three-quarters (75%) gave this as their main reason. Mobility impairment was the next most common reason, accounting for 20.5% of these households.
COMMUNICATION
Geographic Location
Around 48% of households, both in Perth and elsewhere in the State, had no working portable radios although households in the non-metropolitan regions had lower levels of access to the internet. In this case, the proportion with no access to the internet was 37.6% compared with 30.6% for Perth households.
In terms of telephone connections, those living outside Perth were also more disadvantaged, with 13.4% having no landline connection and 12.3% having no mobile phone (compared with 9.8% and 9.2% respectively for Perth residents).
While access to mobile phones may be expected to vary with physical distance from transmitters, it is interesting to note that the level of access was lowest in the Lower Western Region, where 15.0% of households had no mobile phones. This compares with 9.2% for Perth residents and 8.5% for residents in the remainder of the State. This may well reflect the greater proportion of older people living in the Lower Western Region.
Household Composition
Couple-only households were most likely to have access to a working portable radio. Only 37.8% of these households had no such access in comparison with 47.7% of households overall.
Persons living alone and households with children (of all ages) were least likely to have access to a working portable radio. Approximately half of all persons living alone (51.5%) and couples with children (50.3%) did not have such a radio while the figure for lone parent households was even higher at 54.6%.
More than one-quarter (26.4%) of persons living alone had no mobile phone and almost one in five (18.3%) had no landline connection. The majority (70.2%) of the 3,800 (0.5%) households in the State with no telephone of any sort were persons living alone. Of the estimated 3,300 households that had neither a telephone connection nor working radio, two-thirds (66.2%) were persons living alone.
A considerable proportion of lone parent households (17.8%) lacked a landline telephone whereas this was much less common among couples with children (3.1%) and couple-only households (6.4%).
Internet access varied considerably according to household type. Whereas only 10.8% of couples with children had no internet connection at home, the figure was considerably higher for lone parent households (33.1%) and persons living alone (58.3%), perhaps reflecting their generally lower disposable income and older age profile.
ACCESS TO COMMUNICATION, By Household Type
Households with older and younger members
While access to a working portable radio was quite low (47.7%) among all Western Australian households, those with children under 15 years were least likely to have such access. Of these 'younger' households, 55.0% reported that they had no portable radio with working batteries. The comparable figure for households containing older members (60 years and over) was much lower at 37.1%.
Not unexpectedly, the pattern was reversed in respect of access to mobile phones and the internet. Less than 2% of households with children under 15 years had no mobile phones and 17.7% had no internet connection at home. The comparable figures for households with persons aged 60 years and over were much higher, at 28.2% and 54.7% respectively.
Tenure type
In 2007, access to most methods of communication was lower for rental dwellings than for those that were owner-occupied. Of the 217,700 Western Australian households in rental accommodation, 55.6% had no working portable radio whereas the comparable figure for households in owner-occupied dwellings was 44.9%.
Those in rental dwellings were also more likely to have no internet access (41.8% compared with 28.6% for owner-occupiers) and were least likely to have a landline telephone connection. More than one-quarter (27.1%) of renters had no landline connection whereas the comparable figure for owner-occupiers was only 4.7%. However, the lack of a landline telephone among renters was partially offset by better access to mobile phones, with only 7.7% having no mobile phone compared with 10.6% of owner-occupiers.
Those in owner-occupied dwellings were more likely to have access to both mobile and landline services (85.1%) than those in rental dwellings (65.7%).
ACCESS TO COMMUNICATION, By Tenure Type
EVACUATION READINESS
Geographic Location
Households outside Perth reported slightly higher levels of readiness for an emergency evacuation than their urban counterparts in terms of having an exit plan (51.5% versus 44.9%). This may reflect the more frequent exposure of residents in rural areas to natural hazards, particularly bushfires and tropical cyclones. In fact, 16.3% of respondents in the non-metropolitan regions of the State indicated that they had previously experienced a major emergency compared with only 5.2% of those in Perth. The proportion with previous experience was considerably lower in the Lower Western Region (12.9%) than in the remaining, generally more remote, portion of the State (21.3%).
EVACUATION RESPONSE, By Region
Households in the East Metropolitan Region had noticeably more experience of major emergencies (9.9%) and were more likely to have an exit plan (51.1%) than others in the metropolitan area. This is perhaps a consequence of their higher levels of exposure to bushfires on the eastern fringes of the city.
Significant differences were also apparent between Perth and non-metropolitan households in their willingness to evacuate in the event of an emergency. While only 11.4% of households across the State expressed unwillingness to evacuate, this figure was higher in the East Metropolitan (16.3%) and non-metropolitan (17.7%) regions, where relatively frequent exposure to natural hazards, particularly bushfires, may result in more households deciding to stay to defend their homes.
Only 10.5% of households across the State had a prearranged meeting place following an emergency evacuation. There were only small regional variations to this figure. Once again, the East Metropolitan Region had the highest proportion (12.1%) while the lowest proportion was in the Central Metropolitan Region (7.6%).
Access to alternative accommodation was universally high, at 90% or more, across both Perth and non-metropolitan regions.
Household Composition
Lone parent households showed the greatest willingness to evacuate in comparison with other family household types. Only 5.1% of these households were unwilling to evacuate in the event of a major emergency, compared with 10.2% of couples with children and 13.3% of couple-only households. For persons living alone, the proportion unwilling to evacuate was a little higher at 14.1%.
Further analysis of households in Western Australia with an exit plan (46.5%) indicates that this relatively high figure is largely driven by persons living alone (62.4%). The latter were much more likely to have an exit plan than other types of households; however, this is not surprising given that single person households are likely to have smaller dwellings, fewer exit options and a reduced need to confer with others.
Almost two in five (39.0%) couples with children indicated that they had an exit plan. This is lower than the comparable proportions for lone parent households (41.9%) and for couple-only households (43.2%).
While only one in ten households across the State had an agreed emergency evacuation meeting place, this proportion would obviously be a little higher if persons living alone were excluded from the total (as they have no other household members to meet). The proportion with an agreed meeting place was higher for couple-only households (15.6%) and lone parent households (15.1%) than for couples with children (13.1%).
Access to alternative accommodation was uniformly high across all household types, exceeding 92% for persons living alone, couple-only households and all families with children.
Households with older and younger members
For households with children under 15 years, the proportion with an exit plan (41.7%) was a little lower than for all households in the State (46.5%). For households with persons aged 60 years and over, the figure was substantially higher, at 56.8%, perhaps reflecting the large proportion who were living alone.
Households with children under 15 years also had low levels of preparedness for evacuation in terms of having no agreed meeting place (10.5%). These findings suggest that families with school-age children could perhaps be targeted for emergency evacuation training through programs offered in the primary and secondary education system.
For households with persons aged 60 years and over, the proportion with an agreed meeting place was a little higher, at 14.1%. (Once again, this proportion would, almost certainly, be higher if persons living alone were excluded.) However, these households with older members were more likely to be unwilling to evacuate their homes in the event of an emergency (14.0%) in comparison with households containing children under 15 years (7.4%).
There was a uniformly high level of access to alternative accommodation, with the figure for both household types being within one percentage point of the figure for all households in the State (92.1%).
Tenure type
The differences between owner-occupiers and renters were negligible in regard to having an exit plan and an agreed meeting place. The proportions for both types of household were, again, within one percentage point of the overall figures for the State (46.5% with an exit plan and 10.5% with an agreed meeting place). However, access to alternative accommodation was lower for rental households (88.9%) than for households who owned or were purchasing their dwelling (93.2%).
NEED FOR EVACUATION ASSISTANCE
Geographic Location
The need for assistance to exit the dwelling varied little between Perth (19.3%) and the remainder of the State (17.9%). Within Perth, the need was highest in the South Western Metropolitan Region (22.9%).
The need for transport assistance was similar across the State, with approximately 25% of households in both the metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions reporting this requirement.
Assistance with evacuating pets was a significant need across Western Australia, although somewhat higher among households in non-metropolitan regions (61.3%) than in Perth (50.6%). The inner city areas in the Central Metropolitan Region of Perth had the lowest need for assistance with evacuating family pets (32.6%).
Household Composition
While almost one in five households in Western Australia (19.0%) reported a need for assistance to exit the dwelling in the event of an emergency, the figure was comparatively low for persons living alone (5.6%) and couple-only households (5.7%). It is likely that many of these households would have contained older persons. Where exit assistance was required, mobility restriction was the main reason cited, by 80.8% of those living alone and 88.2% of couple-only households.
The proportion needing exit assistance was considerably higher among couples with children (38.3%). Interestingly, lone parent households reported less need for assistance of this kind (28.3%).
Approximately one-quarter (24.6%) of households in Western Australia required transport assistance and households with children reported a much higher need. In this case, the need for assistance was similar for couples with children (38.0%) and lone parents with children (39.6%). The need for transport assistance was lowest among couple-only households (9.5%), followed by persons living alone (18.5%).
While 53.3% of households across the State required pets to be evacuated, the comparable figure was higher for households with children, with around two-thirds reporting this type of need. (The figure was 67.8% for couples with children and 62.3% for lone parents with children). However, only 36.3% of people living alone reported this need, perhaps reflecting a lower level of pet ownership or their lower requirement for other types of evacuation assistance.
EVACUATION ASSISTANCE, By Household Type
Households with older and younger members
Although less than one-fifth (19.0%) of households in the State required assistance to exit their dwelling, more than half (52.8%) of those with children under 15 years required such assistance. In contrast, only 13.0% of households with persons aged 60 years or over reported a need for this type of assistance. The findings relating to transport assistance were similar, with more than twice as many households with children (50.3%) reporting this need as households with persons aged 60 years and over (22.1%).
The differences between households with these different age profiles, though less pronounced, were also apparent with regard to pets needing evacuation. Although the overall State figure was high at 53.3%, the comparable figure for households with children was even higher at 66.5% while, for households with members in the older age group, it was only 42.0%.
EVACUATION ASSISTANCE, By Age Group
Tenure type
The need for assistance in the case of an evacuation varied according to tenure type. Those in rental accommodation were likely to have a greater need for assistance to exit the dwelling (20.5%) and for assistance with transport (29.2%) in comparison with owner-occupiers (18.5% and 23.1% respectively).
The greatest difference between the two tenure types was in respect of pets needing evacuation. In this case, the need for assistance was reversed, with 57.4% of owner-occupiers and only 42.7% of rental households reporting this need.
EVACUATION ASSISTANCE, By Tenure Type
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The results of the 2007 survey, Community Preparedness for Emergencies, indicate some household types that may be vulnerable in major emergencies. The information is relevant to government and volunteer agencies in alerting communities to, and providing advice on, emergency situations; in targeting education campaigns to appropriate age and community groups; and in providing appropriate assistance to households in an emergency evacuation.
Some of the more significant findings are summarised below.
Communication
Persons living alone and households with persons aged 60 years or over were the most vulnerable in terms of their reduced access to telephone and internet services.
Of the 3,800 households in Western Australia that had no telephone service of any kind, 70.2% were persons living alone.
Households with persons aged 60 years and over were more likely than younger households to have a working portable radio.
Households in rental dwellings had generally less ability to obtain information about an emergency via a portable radio, landline telephone or the internet but had better access to mobile phones.
Households in the Lower Western Region suffered some disadvantage in relation to mobile telephone connections. These households were more likely than households in Perth and elsewhere in the State to have no mobile telephones, perhaps reflecting the greater proportion of older persons living in that region as well as (in some cases) distance from transmitters.
Evacuation readiness
Households on the eastern fringes of Perth and in the non-metropolitan regions were generally less willing to evacuate in the event of an emergency. However, these are the households most often threatened by bushfires and most likely to be prepared for an evacuation in terms of having an exit plan and an agreed meeting place.
Those living in inner city areas were least likely to have an agreed meeting place but this element of preparedness was consistently low across all households in the State.
Among family households, couples with children were least likely to have an exit plan or an agreed meeting place, indicating the potential value of emergency evacuation training for children in the primary and secondary education system.
Need for evacuation assistance
The need for evacuation assistance was highest among households with children; with more than half of these households requiring transport assistance and assistance to exit their dwelling, and two-thirds requiring family pets to be evacuated.
The need for assistance with pets was high across the State, particularly in outer metropolitan and rural areas.
Households in owner-occupied dwellings were more likely than renters to need assistance with evacuating pets.
Persons living alone and couple-only households, many of which would have contained older persons, had the lowest reported need for assistance with exiting their dwelling.
Households with persons aged 60 years and over had a much lower need for assistance with transport, exiting the dwelling and evacuating pets than households with children under 15 years.
References
Australian Standard Geographical Classification, July 2007, ABS cat.no. 1216.0
Community Preparedness for Emergencies, May 2008, ABS, cat.no.4818.5, data available on request
Websites
Bureau of Meteorology, Severe Storm Summary July 2006 to June 2007, http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/wa/sevwx/summary.shtml
Fire and Emergency Services of Western Australia, Annual reports, http://www.fesa.wa.gov.au/internet/default.aspx?MenuID=261
Geoscience Australia, http://www.ga.gov.au/hazards/introduction.jsp
Reuters, No Pets Left Behind in New Orleans Evacuation, Sep 1, 2008,
http://www.reuters.com/article/reutersComService_2_MOLT/idUSSIB14871620080901
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Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Ecoregions of Argentina
Ecoregions of Argentina
Patagonian steppe landscape in western Argentina. @ C.Michael Hogan
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: C Michael Hogan
WWF identifies fourteen ecoregions the exist entirely or in part in Angentina:
1. Araucaria moist forests
2. Humid Chaco
3. Arid Chaco
4. Southern Andean Yungas
5. Central Andean puna
6. Central Andean dry puna
7. Southern Andean steppe
8. Argentine Monte (Low Monte)
9. Argentine Espinal
10. Humid Pampas
11. Paraná flooded savanna
12. Valdivian temperate forests
13. Patagonian steppe
14. Magellanic subpolar forests
Araucaria moist forests
This ecoregion spans the mountainous areas of southern Atlantic Brazil and extends into northeastern Argentina. These forests are a relict of a once widespread ecosystem of mixed coniferous and broad-leafed trees, spread out across a mountainous landscape. Annual precipitation is high, and ranges from 1300-3000 millimeters (mm). Less than one percent of the ecoregion is covered by protected areas. More reserves are needed to save these biologically rich forest from illegal logging and urban expansion.Most of this ecoregion is on sedimentary rocks of the Paraná Plateaus.
The climate is subtropical with frequent frosts and with no dry season. Annual precipitation shows a significant variation between 1,300 mm and 3,000 mm. The main vegetation is Atlantic moist forest, with a particular 45-meter-tall emergent strata of the Brazilian Araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia). Canopy layers are rich in species of Lauraceae (Ocotea pretiosa, O. catharinense), Myrtaceae (Campomanesia xanthocarpa), and Leguminosae (Parapiptadenia rigida). These forests form complex mosaics of plant associations among the pioneer Brazilian Araucaria and tree species from different types of Atlantic forest. This moist forest ecoregion is recognized as an important Endemic Bird Area. It is also home for Atlantic endemic and threatened vertebrates such as the brown howler monkey (Alouatta fusca) and the red spectacled Amazon (Amazona petrei), which have few populations scattered in remnants of these forests.
Threatened vascular plant species also survive here, including the Brazilian Araucaria. From a evolutionary perspective, Brazilian Araucaria moist forests represent more widespread South America coniferous forests of the past and, therefore, have great importance for conservation. Illegal timber extraction and forest conversion into agricultural lands represent a large threat to the future of these forests because they possess fertile soils that are attractive to agricultural interests.
Humid Chaco
This region is a mosaic of ecosystems, combining woods with savanna. In this mosaic, various species of trees, shrubs, and coarse grass develop and are associated with numerous species of fauna adapted to this diverse environment. Poaching and exploitation of plants are the main threats to the natural habitat in this ecoregion, which has been considerably altered due to cattle raising. The Chaco Humedo ecoregion is located in northeastern Argentina, the center of Paraguay, and small areas in southwestern Brazil. The region slopes gently towards the east and overlooks areas full of depressions. The soils are generally sedimentary, originating from river flows and composed of fine materials. Precipitation varies between 1,300 millimeters (mm) annually in the east and 750 mm in the west.
The vegetation consists of xenophile forests mixed with palm savannas. The grasslands of this region are quite varied depending upon the soils. The fauna is very diversified resulting due to the heterogeneity of the habitat. Among the large mammals we find: maned wolf, black howler monkey, Azara's night monkey, pecaries, giant anteater, capybara, deer, marsh deer, pampas deer, puma, and jaguar. Some of the birds include the ñandú, Crypturellus undulatus, Celeus lugubris, Heterospizias meridionalis, and others. Dinerstein et al. have classified this ecoregion as vulnerable, and of importance on a local and a national scale. Cattle raising and forest exploitation have profoundly changed the composition of the vegetative communities either by destroying the herbaceous layer, eliminating the hardiest forest species or by burning all of the forest for agriculture. Commercial hunting and poaching threaten the fauna chaqueña. Illegal shipments of leather and furs violating the established quotas and/or containing threatened, and thus prohibited, species are found at ports.
Arid Chaco
The Guarani Indians initially described this region as "Gran Chaco", which implies productive hunting grounds. Today much of the northern Chaco is still abundant with large game mammals, suggesting sustainably harvested populations. However, this is no longer the case in much of the southern Chaco where rampant overgrazing and human population growth has preceded the pristine nature of the Chaco. An important migration route, many species of avifauna can be found in this ecoregion throughout the year. More protected areas are needed in order to save this habitat from overwhelming agricultural development.
The Chaco represents a region that was inadequately explored until recently, with new species of large vertebrates such as the Chacoan Peccary (Catagonus wagneri) being discovered as recently as the 1970’s. Moreover, new records of known species are increasingly documented as the international scientific community realizes more fieldwork-hours.
Argentina has several reserves in the Chaco, primarily in the northern Argentine Chaco (RN Formosa, PNs Pilcomayo, Baritú, Callilegua, El Rey, and RPs Agua Dulce, Potreros de Yala, El Bagual), with a couple in the central (RP Los Palmares and RP Copo) and southern (RP Chaco) regions.
Southern Andean Yungas
This ecoregion is extremely fascinating from a biogeographic perspective, as it contains what may be the last of the isolated ‘evergreen’ forests resulting from Quaternary glaciations. This region is rich in fauna species, especially avifauna. Many tropical species meet their southern limits of geographic distribution in this region. The forests of Argentina have suffered more damage than Bolivia. A number of national parks protect the forest of this ecoregion.
This ecoregion essentially forms a mesic habitat that lies between two much drier habitats: the Chaco to the east, and the higher Puna to the west. The habitat is evergreen forest, with canopy height typically not exceeding 15 m. Between 1,200 – 2,500 m the forest is dominated by Andean Alder (Alnus acuminata) and Mountain Pine (Podocarpus parlatorei) or Queñoa (P. australis); at lower elevations these species form a mosaic with other trees, especially Lauraceae and Myrtaceae.
Central Andean puna
This ecoregion is a high elevation montane grassland in the southern high Andes, extending from southern Peru, though Bolivia, into northern Argentina. Open meadows are dotted with an assortment of rock, bunchgrass, herbs, moss, and lichens. The landscape is characteristically mountainous, with snow capped peaks, mountain pastures, high lakes, plateaus, and valleys. The Central Andean Puna, despite its characteristic dryness and because it still maintains nearly unaltered blocks of habitat, represents an important area for the **conservation of endemic species of both flora and fauna. Its climate varies from temperate to cold, it is dry with an average temperature between <0 and 15ºC. Precipitation varies between 250 and 500 millimeters (mm) per year.
This ecoregion rests on formations of volcanic origin subsequent to the formation of the Andes (about 6-8 million years ago). The vegetation is characterized by being notably drier than in the rest of the puna. This ecoregion faces increasing mining activity that is leading to the destruction of its scarce plant cover as well as the contamination of some bodies of water and the soil. In addition, this region has a large number of population centers and highways that cross the Andes, leading to a decline in natural habitat and growing pressures on the existing fauna. Fortunately, a portion of these habitats is represented within some existing protected natural areas and most plant formations are included in these areas. However, there are still some information gaps, particularly in the case of birds, and there are some priority areas to be preserved.
Central Andean dry puna
This ecoregion is a very dry, high elevation montane grassland and herbaceous community of the southern high Andes, extending through western Bolivia and northern Chile and Argentina. The vegetation is characteristically tropical alpine herbs with dwarf shrubs, and occurs above 3,500 meters (m) between the tree-line and the permanent snow-line. Dry puna is distinguished from other types of puna by its annual rainfall, or lack of rainfall. This ecoregion receives less than 400 millimeters (mm) of rainfall each year, and is very seasonal with an eight-month long dry season. The Central Andean Dry Puna is a unique ecoregion with flora and fauna highly adapted to the extreme temperatures and altitudes.
The Andes were formed by large introsions of igneous rock and volcanic activity. The formation was assumed its present form in the Tertiary period approximately 50 million years ago. This ecoregion encompasses many volcanic mountains and the high plateau to the east called the Altiplano. The region lies at an elevation of 3,500-5,000 meters (m) above sea level. The northern part of the ecoregion has a temperature ranging from 8 to 11°C; temperatures in the southern area are lower. The mid-southern sections of the ecoregion are drier than the north, with an annual precipitation that varies from 51 mm to 406 mm.
Southern Andean steppe
The southern Andean steppe ecoregion extends along the high elevations of the Andes of central Argentina and limiting areas of Chile, a generally dry area that includes many of the highest mountains of South America. Several plant genera that are characteristic of the ecoregion have evolved many endemic species in this area. The plants generally show adaptations to extreme dry conditions, cold and wind, and frequently have spines as anti-herbivore defenses and conspicuous flowers to attract pollinators. The fauna is related to that of limiting ecoregions, especially to that of central Andean dry Puna and to the Patagonian steppe.
Argentine Monte
The Argentine Monte is located in north-central Argentina, extending along the eastern foothills of the Andes until it reaches the Patagonian steppe, then extends eastwards to the Pacific Ocean. Here thorn scrub and dry grasslands are common. It is a warm scrub desert extending between the Puna, Patagonia, and Chaco ecoregions. The climate is temperate-arid with very little rainfall (between 80 and 250 millimeters per year). The northern and central regions of the Monte receive rain in summer but in the south is colder and rainfall is distributed throughout the year. The dominant vegetative formation of this ecoregion is scrublands, that at times can be very open. This ecoregion has several endemic species of flora and fauna. The insect fauna is quite well known from the northern part of the Monte where there are a high proportion of endemic genera (10%) and out of species (35%) belong to different families.
Human populations preferred to occupy oases in valleys and other locations close to rivers that make irrigation possible. This is why some sections of the ecoregion were intensively altered but others were not. The forest also underwent significant depredation as man occupied patches and used wood for vineyards, mining, furniture making, construction, and fuel. Overgrazing and deforestation has caused erosion that affected 58 million hectares of the ecoregion. The Monte, as well as in the Chaco and Patagonia lowland, is experiencing seriously damaging effects due to human activities, especially overgrazing by goats, sheep, and cattle; clear cutting for fuel; and land clearing for agriculture, mining, and oil exploration. The deforestation and selective extraction of hardwood and clear cutting of mesquite forests began at the late 19th and early 20th centuries and continues today.
Argentine Espinal
This ecoregion is described as an "espinal", literally meaning a thorny deciduous shrubland forest. The occurrence of this vegetation type is extensive from the central basin of the Paraná River (west of the flooded savannas) westward to the Córdoba Mountains. This region has become developed and cultivated and is threatened by agricultural expansion. In the northern section, the climate is warm and wet with summer rains. It is a mostly flat plain with low hilly areas. In the wetlands we find a very rich and varied fauna, including species adapted to saline environments. The number of avian species recorded is 138, among which we should emphasize the large reproductive colonies of the flamenco chileno (Phoenicopterus chilensis).
This ecoregion has been heavily modified as most of it has been used for agriculture and its forests have been highly exploited and dismantled. The carob tree is a species that has been much used by man, both for the shade it provides and for its fruit that is used as forage for livestock. The Espinal is protected in the Lihué-Calel National Park, La Reforma University Reserve, Chacharramendi Provincial Reserve, and Luro Provincial Reserve. A major threat to the Mar Chiquita lake and the floodplain of the Dulce River within this ecoregion is the growing use of its water by humans in the upper basin.
Humid Pampas
The Humid Pampas ecoregion occupy one of the most human populated areas in Argentina. The ecoregion consists of the plains, many rivers, and lagoons. The natural vegetation in the area is composed of grasslands and xeric woodland. There are various endemic animals that are threatened by habitat destruction and degradation. The ecoregion is considered endangered and is regarded as a high priority conservation area at the regional scale. The Humid Pampas occupy the plains in the east of Argentina, taking up most of the province of Buenos Aires. Horizontal plains and very soft undulations with low peaks that emerge like islands characterize the relief of this area. There are a few slow moving, undulating rivers and many lagoons with fresh and salt water. The pampas plains originated in packed sediment from a large sinking tectonic pit that extends to the Chaco. The climate is hot with rain throughout the year.
The pampas region lacks endemic vegetation of importance. Species in danger of extinction include the pampas deer, a very important herbivore in this area. Little is left of the natural habitat in the Humid Pampas. This is one of the most heavily populated areas of Argentina that has been extensively used for agriculture and cattle grazing. Natural vegetation grows in small patches that persist along the railroad tracks and in some abandoned fields left to rest for many years. Only certain species of animals live in this disturbed and altered habitat. The region has been classified as a maximum priority ecoregion at regional scale. There are two severe threats in the region: conversion of remaining natural habitats for agriculture and degradation through over-grazing are severe threats. Burning and draining of lands are also threatening remaining habitats that could possibly affect protected areas.
Paraná flooded savanna
This flooded savanna, fed by the Paraná river, is located in Argentina. Defined by a almost subtropical temperatures usually found much farther north, this region is rich in flora and fauna that is uncharacteristic of its surrounding regions. A number of national parks protect this habitat, which contains three endemic bird areas. The main threat to this ecoregion is the building of damsand dykes, while hunting, urban expansion, and pollution constitute other threats.
This region includes the floodplains of the middle and lower Paraná river and its tributary the Paraguay river. The southern section includes the Paraná delta and the la Plata river basin. The landscape of this region is represented by low islands that flood and are delimited by the lateral branches and major flows of the great rivers and extensive coastal lowlands.
The permanent presence of large bodies of water create local climatic effects with high ambient humidity and mitigate extreme daily and seasonal temperatures, allowing for the presence of communities and species typical of the humid subtropical regions of the country’s northeast.
The vegetation in this region consists of forest and shrublands in slender coastal strips on albardones [land emerging from the water]; scrublands and pastures on the islands in open waters; hydrophilic and aquatic communities on the shores of rivers and channels; and interior island lagoons.
The forests consist primarily of Salíx humboldtiana (sauce criollo or sauce colorado), Tessaria intergrifolia (aliso), Erythrina crista-galli (ceibo), etc. Aquatic communities include camalotes, primarily of the genus Eichhornia and Reussia, onagraceae like Victoria cruziana (irupé) with large plate-shaped leaves and white flowers with many petals; we also find Cyperus giganteus (pirí), Typha latifolia and T. Domingensis (totoras) and the beautiful blue-flowered pontederiacea Pontederia lanceolata (cucharero)
Valdivian temperate forests
The Valdivian temperate forests and the more hygrophilous vegetation of the Mediterranean area of central Chile, represent a true biogeographic island separated from climatically similar areas by extensive ocean barriers and deserts.
Alerce trees, Lenca, Chile. (Photograph by Marco Cortez)
The Valdivian temperate forest is characterized by its extraordinary endemism (e.g., 90% at the
species level and 34% at the genus level for woody species) and the great antiquity of its biogeographic relationships.
Its taxons show close philogenetic relationships dating back to the early Tertiary, with Gondwanic taxons of Oceania forming more recent relationships with Neotropical taxons, separated from other biotas in South America by the great mountainous barrier of the Andes.
The region's ecosystems are frequently threatened and degraded. Urgent action has been recommended to restore the area's ecology and to preserve its remaining habitats.
Patagonian steppe
This ecoregion extents roughly from the mid-Andean Precordillera southward, ending just north of the Straights of Magellan near the Rio Gallegos. This steppe is bordered on the west by the cold temperate forest slopes of the Andes, and on the east by the Pacific Ocean. It extends north-west as shrubland steppe and to the north as thorn thicket, gradually making the transition to Argentine Monte. This area is a cold desert scrub steppe, with almost constant wind and year round frosts likely. This ecoregion has high levels of endemism in both plants and animals. This Patagonian steppe ecoregion mainly covers the Patagonia region of Argentina from the Atlantic Ocean shore to barely across the border into Chile. A characteristic of the Patagonian climate is the constant drying wind that blows with great force from the western sector, particularly in the summer months. Winter generally lasts for five months from about June to September with averages of the coldest month between 1-3°C below freezing. In general, the vegetation of this steppe ecoregion is xerophytic and highly adapted for protection against drought, wind, and herbivores.
In this ecoregion we find two endemic species of the genus Prosopis, one species of Larrea and species of the genera Lycium and Schinus. The Argentine coasts have high species diversity, including 33 species of cetaceans, 8 species of pinnipeds and more than 450 species of fish in the waters of the Argentine sea. Despite the low density of the human population, this ecoregion has been seriously affected due to the fragility of the environment. This ecoregion has many natural reserves. The major problem is desertification due to over-grazing primarily by sheep, damaging the limited plant coverage and exposing the soil to erosion. In addition, many species of fauna are now in regression due to the tempting prices paid for the skins of chulengos (baby guanacos) and choique rhea feathers. There is also pressure on foxes and pumas from hunting and/or poisoning because they are considered a potential threat to flocks.
Magellanic subpolar forests
The subpolar Nothofagus forests cover the western part of the southern end of South America. The ecoregion is colder and in parts drier than the Valdivian temperate forests, and in general is floristically poorer. The fauna is related to that of the bordering ecoregions, especially to that of the Valdivian temperate forests and the Patagonian steppe. Nevertheless, its varied and majestic landscapes that include high mountain peaks, enormous icefields, and innumerable fjords are inhabited by unique and endemic animal and plant species that are sometimes abundant within this ecoregion. The northern end of the subpolar Nothofagus forests limit with the Valdivian temperate forests and the eastern part with the Patagonian steppe and the Patagonian grasslands. Towards the west the region is in contact with the cold southern Pacific Ocean, and on the high Andes vegetation floristically related to the south Andean steppe appears in parts as interrupted islands.
Permanent snow, ice caps and glaciers are present in the summits of many of the higher elevations. The climate of this area is wet and temperate-cold and very cold at high elevations. The effect of the cold northward Humboldt and Antarctica currents on the western and southern coasts makes the area colder than others at similar latitudes, with mean January (summer) temperatures lower than 10º C. The strong westerly winds blow all year round, producing high rainfall in the windward west side of the mountains and lower precipitation to the east, and no dry season. The vegetation shows principally two types of forest, mainly evergreen Nothofagus betuloides forests to the west and deciduous Nothofagus pumilio and Nothofagus antarctica forests towards the east that extend into Argentina. In the colder areas with high rainfall of the south western most parts of the ecoregion a characteristic vegetation specially termed Magellanic moorland or Magellanic tundra extends through the Chilean archipielago to 48ºS. This tundra is characterized by prostrate dwarf shrubs, cushion plants, grass-like plants and bryophytes on water-logged terrain that in different combinations form vegetation of scrub or bogs. Important levels of endemism are found among plants, with several mostly herbaceous species being confined to the ecoregion.11. Paraná flooded savanna This flooded savanna, fed by the Paraná river, is located in Argentina. Defined by a almost subtropical temperatures usually found much farther north, this region is rich in flora and fauna that is uncharacteristic of its surrounding regions. A number of national parks protect this habitat, which contains three endemic bird areas. The main threat to this ecoregion is the building of dams and dykes, while hunting, urban expansion, and pollution constitute other threats. This region includes the floodplains of the middle and lower Paraná river and its tributary the Paraguay river. The southern section includes the Paraná delta and the la Plata river basin.
Fish perhaps define the most interesting and diverse group in this region with more than 300 species with a predominance of characiforms and siluriforms. Large infrastructure projects such as dykes, dams, waterways, roads, etc. represent a great threat to the flora and fauna of Argentina. In the case of this region, we should add petroleum and mining operations, agriculture, urban expansion, pollution, habitat fragmentation, and poorly-managed tourism. Commercial hunting and poaching also threaten wildlife as illegal shipments of hides and skins, in violation of established quotas and/or involving the hunting of prohibited species, are often detained.
Protected Areas
See also:
Context
Ecoregions are areas that:
[1] share a large majority of their species and ecological dynamics;
[2] share similar environmental conditions; and,
[3] interact ecologically in ways that are critical for their long-term persistence.
Scientists at the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), have established a classification system that divides the world in 867 terrestrial ecoregions, 426 freshwater ecoregions and 229 marine ecoregions that reflect the distribution of a broad range of fauna and flora across the entire planet.
Image by Raul Senzacqua
Citation
World Wildlife Fund, Mark McGinley (Lead Author);C Michael Hogan (Topic Editor) "Ecoregions of Argentina". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth June 27, 2012; Last revised Date March 18, 2013; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Ecoregions_of_Argentina>
The Authors
Known worldwide by its panda logo, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) leads international efforts to protect endangered species and their habitats. Now in its fifth decade, WWF works in more than 100 countries around the globe to conserve the diversity of life on Earth. With nearly 1.2 million members in the U.S. and another 4 million worldwide, WWF is the world's largest privately financed conservation organization. WWF directs its conservation efforts toward three global goals: 1) saving endangered ... (Full Bio)
Mark McGinley is an Associate Professor in the Honors College and Department of Biological Sciences at Texas Tech University. He has conducted research in the evolutionary, behavioral, and community ecology of animals and plants. Dr. McGinley’s recent scholarly interests focus on educating the general public about scientific (particularly environmental) issues. He is currently working closely with students in an interdisciplinary degree program, Natural History and Humanities, which combine ... (Full Bio)
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Scotts Last Expedition: Preface
Scott’s Last Expedition: Preface
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Peter Saundry
Return to Table of Contents of Scott's Last Expedition (e-book)
PREFACE Approve
Fourteen years ago Robert Falcon Scott was a rising naval officer, able, accomplished, popular, highly thought of by his superiors, and devoted to his noble profession. It was a serious responsibility to induce him to take up the work of an explorer; yet no man living could be found who was so well fitted to command a great Antarctic Expedition. The undertaking was new and unprecedented. The object was to explore the unknown Antarctic Continent by land. Captain Scott entered upon the enterprise with enthusiasm tempered by prudence and sound sense. All had to be learnt by a thorough study of the history of Arctic travelling, combined with experience of different conditions in the Antarctic Regions. Scott was the initiator and founder of Antarctic sledge travelling.
His discoveries were of great importance. The survey and soundings along the barrier cliffs, the discovery of King Edward Land, the discovery of Ross Island and the other volcanic islets, the examination of the Barrier surface, the discovery of the Victoria Mountains--a range of great height and many hundreds of miles in length, which had only before been seen from a distance out at sea--and above all the discovery of the great ice cap on which the South Pole is situated, by one of the most remarkable polar journeys on record. His small but excellent scientific staff worked hard and with trained intelligence, their results being recorded in twelve large quarto volumes.
The great discoverer had no intention of losing touch with his beloved profession though resolved to complete his Antarctic work. The exigencies of the naval service called him to the command of battleships and to confidential work of the Admiralty; so that five years elapsed before he could resume his Antarctic labours.
The object of Captain Scott's second expedition was mainly scientific, to complete and extend his former work in all branches of science. It was his ambition that in his ship there should be the most completely equipped expedition for scientific purposes connected with the polar regions, both as regards men and material, that ever left these shores. In this he succeeded. He had on board a fuller complement of geologists, one of them especially trained for the study of physiography, biologists, physicists, and surveyors than ever before composed the staff of a polar expedition. Thus Captain Scott's objects were strictly scientific, including the completion and extension of his former discoveries. The results will be explained in the second volume of this work. They will be found to be extensive and important. Never before, in the polar regions, have meteorological, magnetic and tidal observations been taken, in one locality, during five years. It was also part of Captain Scott's plan to reach the South Pole by a long and most arduous journey, but here again his intention was, if possible, to achieve scientific results on the way, especially hoping to discover fossils which would throw light on the former history of the great range of mountains which he had made known to science.
The principal aim of this great man, for he rightly has his niche among the polar Dii Majores, was the advancement of knowledge. From all aspects Scott was among the most remarkable men of our time, and the vast number of readers of his journal will be deeply impressed with the beauty of his character. The chief traits which shone forth through his life were conspicuous in the hour of death. There are few events in history to be compared, for grandeur and pathos, with the last closing scene in that silent wilderness of snow. The great leader, with the bodies of his dearest friends beside him, wrote and wrote until the pencil dropped from his dying grasp. There was no thought of himself, only the earnest desire to give comfort and consolation to others in their sorrow. His very last lines were written lest he who induced him to enter upon Antarctic work should now feel regret for what he had done.
'If I cannot write to Sir Clements, tell him I thought much of him, and never regretted his putting me in command of the Discovery.'
CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM.
Sept. 1913.
Citation
Project.gutenberg (Content Source);Peter Saundry (Topic Editor) "Scott’s Last Expedition: Preface". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth March 16, 2009; Last revised Date March 16, 2009; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Scott%E2%80%99s_Last_Expedition:_Preface>
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Hardin County, KentuckyEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 19:28, 3 July 2012 by Martywomacksimon (Talk | contribs)
Hardin County, Kentucky
Map
Location in the state of Kentucky
Location of Kentucky in the U.S.
Facts
Founded December 15, 1792
County Seat Elizabethtown
Courthouse
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KYGenWeb Project
who welcome you to contribute.
and its representative
Hardin Co. KYGenWeb
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United States Kentucky Hardin County
Contents
Quick Dates
Hardin County's civil records start the following years:
Birth* Marriage Death* Census Land Probate
1852 1852
*Many years between 1852 and 1911 are missing
County Courthouse
Hardin County Kentucky Courthouse.jpg
Address:
Hardin County Justice Center
120 E. Dixie Ave.
Elizabethtown, Ky. 42701
Phone Numbers:
270-766-5000 or 270-766-5037
Email Address:
Contact Us
Hours of Operation:
Monday: 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Tuesday: 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Wednesday: 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Thursday: 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Friday: 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Local Family Search Center:
Elizabethtown Kentucky
2950 Shepherdsville Rd
Elizabethtown, Hardin, Kentucky, United States
Phone: 270-737-5037
Hours: T,Th 9am-12pm; W 7pm-9pm
History
The county is named after John Hardin (1753-1792), an officer in the Revolutionary War.
A few more interesting history facts Hardin County History Facts
Parent County
1792--Hardin County was created 15 December 1792 from Nelson County.
County seat: Elizabethtown [1]
Boundary Changes
Variant Spellings
Record Loss
Some records were destroyed by fires that occurred on 23 Dec 1864 and 6 Dec 1932.
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Booth Glendale Junction Pierce Mill Star Mills
Cecilia Hansbrough Prichard Place Stephensburg
Colesburg Harcourt Radcliff Summit
Crest Hardin Springs Red Hill Tunnel Hills
Eastview Howard Rineyville Upton
Elizabethtown Howe Valley Rogersville Vertrees
Flint Hill Indian Hills Rose Terrace Vine Grove
Fort Knox Kraft Saint John Vine Grove Junction
Four Corners Limp Seven Corners West Point
Franklin Cross Roads Long View Solway White Mills
Gaffey Heights Melrose Sonora White Mills Junction
Gaithers Nolin Spurrier Younger Creek
Glendale Perryville
Neighboring Counties
Resources
African Americans
The following have information concerning African American research. Both should be used:
Biographies
Cemeteries
Kentucky cemetery records often identify birth, death, relationship, and military information, as well as religious affiliation.
Census
Historical populations
Census Pop.
18003,653
18107,531106.2%
182010,49839.4%
183012,84922.4%
184016,35727.3%
185014,525−11.2%
186015,1894.6%
187015,7053.4%
188022,56443.7%
189021,304−5.6%
190022,9377.7%
191022,696−1.1%
192024,2877.0%
193020,913−13.9%
194029,10839.2%
195050,31272.8%
196067,78934.7%
197078,42115.7%
198088,91713.4%
199089,2400.4%
200094,1745.5%
Est. 200898,5464.6%
http://ukcc.uky.edu/~census/21093.txt
For tips on accessing Hardin County, Kentucky census records online, see: Kentucky Census.
Church
Court
Genealogy
It is anticipated that this bibliography will eventually identify all known family histories published about residents of this county. Use this list to:
• Locate publications about direct ancestors
• Find the most updated accounts of an ancestor's family
• Identify publications, to quote Elizabeth Shown Mills, about an ancestor's "FAN Club" [Friends, Associates, and Neighbors]
Bibliography
• [Bomar] Wilbur, Tom. Eight Bomar Families of Early Hardin, Hart, and Larue Counties, Kentucky and Some of Their Descendants: A Few Allied Families: Bolton, Buckner, Clopton, Cruse, Dye, Ferguson, Hazle, Highbaugh, Hill, Hodge(s) Jaggers, Lamkin Mears, Owen(s), Shelton, Simpson, Waddle, Wheeler. Okemos, Mich.: T. Wilbur, 1997. FHL Book 929.273 B639w
• [Kasey] Schorn, Catherine Scott. "Kaseys in Bedford County, Virginia," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1987):243-248; Vol. 32, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1988):24-32. Digital version at American Ancestors ($). FHL Book 975.5 B2vg v. 31 (1987)-v. 32 (1988).
• [Peebles] Saltzman, Bettie L. Peebles and Linda L. Saltzman McCall. Peebles, 1763-1988. Typescript. 1988 reprint: FHL Book 929.273 P343s.
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Miscellaneous
Newspapers
Obituaries
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
2. Samuel R. Brown, The Western Gazetteer or Emigrant's Directory, Containing a Geographical Description of the Western States and Territories, viz. The States of Kentucky, Indiana, Louisiana, Ohio, Tennessee and Mississippi: and the Territories of Illinois, Missouri, Alabama, Michigan, and North-Western (Auburn, N.Y.: H.C. Southwick, 1817), 89. Digital versions at NIU Library Digitization Projects and World Vital Records ($).
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Illinois SocietiesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 20:05, 17 April 2012 by HealeyJE (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
United States Illinois Illinois Societies
Adopt-a-wiki page
This page adopted by:
Illinois State Genealogical Society
who welcome you to contribute.
Adopt a page today
Chicago Historical Society
Genealogical, historical, lineage, veteran, and ethnic societies often collect, transcribe, and publish information that can be helpful to genealogists. Lineage societies, such as the DAR, Colonial Dames, and the Sons of the American Revolution, require members to prove they are descended from people such as colonists or soldiers. National lineage societies such as the DAR are described in United States Societies.
Genealogical and historical societies can provide historical information about families in the area or ancestors of society members. They may sponsor such activities as The History of Illinois Centennial Farms and Applications for Illinois Prairie Pioneer Certificates, cited in Genealogy.
Genealogical and historical societies occasionally publish transcriptions of original records. Most publish quarterly periodicals, a few of which are listed in Periodicals. Use the Periodical Source Index (Persi) to find periodicals and articles for Illinois localities.
Many counties and some cities have historical and genealogical societies, most of which will be listed in the Directory of Illinois Museums and the book by Reithmaier, both cited in Illinois Archives and Libraries. See United States Societies for a national directory of genealogical and ethnic societies. Also see Illinois Ethnic Groups for additional ethnic organizations.
Statewide Societies
Illinois State Genealogical Society
Illinois State Archives Building, 2nd Floor
Norton Building Capitol Complex
400 E. Spring Street
Springfield, Illinois 62756
The Society is active in preserving and making available data pertaining to individuals, families, and groups who lived in Illinois. They have lists of research resources and databases to find information on Illinois ancestors.
Illinois State Historical Society
210 1/2 S. 6th Street, Suite 200
Springfield, Illinois 62701
217-525-2781
P.O. Box 1800
Springfield, Illinois 62705-1800
The Society promotes awareness, understanding, research, preservation, and recognition of history in Illinois. The location and text of state Historical Markers are online at their website.
Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)
The GAR is the largest Union veterans organization in the country. Over 715 post were organized in Illinois. In 1888 Illinos had 552 post with a membership of 30,293 veterans. List of Illinois posts. Library of Congress has additional information on Illinois posts.
Regional Societies
Genealogical Society of Southern Illinois
John A. Logan College Library
700 Logan College Road
Carterville, Illinois 62918
Telephone: 618-985-2828, Ext. 8338
Hours: vary by season, see website
The Society focuses on Alexander, Clay, Clinton, Edwards, Franklin, Gallatin, Hamilton, Hardin, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Lawrence, Marion, Massac, Monroe, Perry, Pope, Pulaski, Randolph, Richland, Saline, St. Clair, Union, Wabash, Washington, Wayne, White, and Williamson counties. The Society's book and microfilm collection is housed at the John A. Logan College Library. The Society publishes a newsletter (click here for recent issues) and a quarterly journal The Saga of Southern Illinois (click here for a topical index that breaks down what has been published county-by-county).
Chicago Genealogical Society
P.O. Box 1160
Chicago, Illinois 60690-1160
The Society collects and preserves the records of Chicago ancestors, and is working to stimulate an interest in those who contributed to the establishment of Chicago and the surrounding area. The Society has extracted vital records from Chicago-area newspapers that are indexed online. They publish a quarterly Chicago Genealogist (click here for a topical index).
Tri-State Genealogical Society
c/o Willard Library
21 First Avenue
Evansville, IN 47710
Telephone: 812-425-4309
This Society focuses on families in Southeast Illinois, Southwest Indiana, and Western Kentucky. The Tri-State Packet is published quarterly.
Additional resources for Illinois societies may be found in the Illinois-Societies topic page of the Family History Library catalog (FHLC). Copies of records on FHL microfilm and microfiche can be ordered for viewing at FamilySearch Centers . Also find Illinois society resources available at other libraries (WorldCat) . Explore how to search WorldCat and the FHLC .
Web Sites
http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilsgs/ilsocieties.html
http://www.daddezio.com/society/hill/SH-IL-NDX.html
http://geneasearch.com/societies/socil.htm
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Conversation Between kiddo and shabbir
Showing Visitor Messages 1 to 3 of 3
1. 14Nov2009 18:07
shabbir
Some does and you need to check them out. They are offers from various vendors
2. 14Nov2009 17:45
kiddo
hi, I c that there is free magazine, is it like e-book or send home?
I am from Indonesia, can the magazine really send here? is it really free?
and about the double driver, it is an application I saw from an website,
and I thought it'd be useful. But if you mind, it's alright.
3. 30Apr2009 13:24
shabbir
Double Driver post I have moved out for couple of reasons
1. Images are promoting some sites
2. It should go into product showcase.
Let me know if this is your product then I would not mind even giving some donation
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please Help: Help removing all but the FIRST of duplicate records
Light Poster
20Aug2009,02:49 #1
Greetings,
I am trying to remove duplicate records from a table but preserving one of them using temp tables/etc. Pretty much removing duplicates but leaving one of the identical sets.
Example DATA would like like:
col1, col2, col3
20, 1090, bad
22, 1090, bad
25, 1090, bad
28, 1091, good
2350, 2444, bad
2353, 2444, bad
2370, 2444, bad
3000, 5000, good
3005, 5001, good
AFTER the DELETE sql (which I need help with)
example data (based off of above) should look like
col1, [b]col2[/ col3
20, 1090, bad
28, 1091, good
2350, 2444, bad
3000, 5000, good
3005, 50001, good
Please notice that one of each of the sets that had duplicates remains.
The records the new sql would need to focus on would be records on col2 With counts(col2) >1 should not have two col2's with data like 1090. All but one of them would need to be deleted. Doesnt matter which one is left.
Please help!
Light Poster
20Aug2009,02:50 #2
Something I would like to try is building a temp table and just comparing original table to the temp table... Dont know how to do this in informix though.... Here is a sketch.
delete Table1
from origtable Table1, temp_table Table2
where Table1.col2 = Table2.col2
and Table1.col1 > table2.col2
Mentor
20Aug2009,12:21 #3
Don't know if you can do it in a single query but if you SELECT DISTINCT col2 in a cursor, then loop over that cursor you can SELECT MIN(col1) ... WHERE col2=<cursor value>.
Banned
20Aug2009,12:33 #4
Hope he is using SQL lol
Mentor
20Aug2009,15:10 #5
well he referred to SQL in both posts so I would say that's a yes.
naimish likes this
Invasive contributor
23Aug2009,03:19 #6
I think he's referring to generic sql, and the tool he referred is informix.
Does informix has it's own sql language, or it uses T-SQL or PL/SQL
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Photoenergy
Volume 2008 (2008), Article ID 258561, 2 pages
doi:10.1155/2008/258561
Editorial
Preface to the Special Issue on Selected Papers from the Second International Conference on Semiconductor Photochemistry SP-2
1Department of Chemistry, The University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
2Centre for Research in Energy and the Environment, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen AB10 1FR, UK
3Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 IXL, UK
Received 24 December 2008; Accepted 24 December 2008
Copyright © 2008 Russell F. Howe et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The Second International Conference on Semiconductor Photochemistry (SP-2) was set up following the highly successful SP-1 meeting held in Glasgow in July 2001. The conference was scheduled over three days from Monday 23rd July to Wednesday 25th of July 2007 (coincidentally the same days over which SP-1 was held in 2001) at The Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen in the north east of Scotland. As with SP-1, the primary objective of the organisers was to host an inclusive and affordable conference designed to reach as wide an audience as possible. As a result, the meeting again was organised on a nonprofit basis, with an intense programme and few additional “added extras.” The delegate fee was established at an affordable rate of for full delegates and for students which covered attendance of the full conference programme, morning and afternoon tea, and lunch. The ability to allow the low registration fee was facilitated by the very generous support of the conference sponsors and we are extremely grateful to these sponsors who included: Degussa-Huels, Millennium Chemicals, Johnson Matthey, Pilkington Technology, Apache, Halliburton, the Robert Gordon University, the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI), and Hindawi Publishing Corporation for their support. This sponsorship was in various forms, including, money (Degussa-Huels, Millennium Chemicals, Johnson Matthey, Pilkington Technology, and the Society of Chemical Industry), the conference venue (The Robert Gordon University), conference bags (Halliburton and Apache), and support for the conference proceedings (Hindawi Publishing Corporation). The Aberdeen Ambassadors provided an accommodation booking service covering a range of hotel accommodation across the city, and alternative accommodation in the university halls of residence was also available.
The programme started each day at 8.30 am and finished at 18.00. In order to ensure that all participants were able to attend the whole programme, no parallel sessions were scheduled. On Monday and Tuesday evenings, a poster session was held with some liquid refreshment to “facilitate” the networking process. All those who wanted to lecture were given the opportunity to speak, usually for 25 minutes and only three specially invited lecturers were given extended lecture slots of 40 minutes. It was very heartening to find that all the big names in the field agreed unhesitatingly to be present at the conference, even when offered only a 25-minute slot so as to allow many others, possibly less well known, to speak. The conference proved to be exceptionally popular, attracting 200 participants from 34 nations; and the papers contained in this special edition provide just some measure of the diversity of subjects presented and discussed. The conference concluded with a civic reception at the historic Town House in Aberdeen City kindly provided by the Lord Provost and Aberdeen City Council. Plans for SP-3 are already well developed and it is planned to hold this in Glasgow in 12–16th April, 2010 (see http://sp3.ukspc.org.uk/ for further details).
Semiconductor photochemistry has been a topic of intense research interest over the past 25 years, especially with respect to studies utilising titanium dioxide. The research activity has significantly diversified from the early work on photomineralisation of contaminants in water. This is demonstrated by the range of subjects covered in this special edition which include materials preparation, water and air purification, antibacterial effects, sensing properties of semiconductor films, and reactor engineering.
The properties of titania sol-gel catalysts depend strongly on the preparation conditions. The factors involved are discussed in the article by Marugan et al. Visible-light activation of titania photocatalysts is a widely sought objective; Irvine et al. describe a new approach to the preparation of such catalysts. Although titania has been the most widely studied photocatalyst, other transition metal oxides also warrant attention: Liang et al. report the photoelectrochemical characterisation of iron-oxide thin films. Yates et al. describe the visible and UV activity of thin silver films prepared by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Mills and Crow have investigated the factors influencing the wettability of titania films, while Sheel et al. describe the photoactivity of thin silver films and of silver-titania composite films, particularly for biocidal activity. The thin-film theme is continued by Skubal et al., who reviewed their work on self detection and decontamination. The use of oxide semiconductors to detect oxygen through UV-activated luminescence is reported by Mills et al. Dye-sensitized solar cells were reviewed in a plenary presentation by Michael Grätzel; in this volume Holliman et al. describe studies of the uptake of dyes by titania. Mills et al. report a new rapid method for assessing the photocatalytic activity of thin titania films. Reaction pathways in the gas-phase degradation of decane and methanol have been investigated by Balcerski et al., using DRIFT spectroscopy, while Pucher et al. have combined adsorption and photocatalysis in a reactor for gas cleaning. Flores et al. have assessed the durability of silver-modified titania catalysts for degradation of dichloroacetic acid. Removal of hydrocarbons from water, with particular emphasis on reactor design, is covered by Adams et al., while photocatalytic degradation of pesticides is described by Boxall and Muneer. Finally, Mohamed et al. report on the partial oxidation of organic compounds via photocatalysis, a rather neglected subject in comparison with complete oxidation or degradation.
In conclusion, semiconductor photochemistry remains a very active field of research from which a range of practical applications with vast commercial potential is emerging. It will be interesting to see how the field has further developed at SP-3 in 2010. This conference will build on the aims of the previous meetings and feature an additional 1 day international postgraduate symposium so that the younger researchers in the field have an opportunity to present.
Russell F. Howe
Peter K. J. Robertson
Andrew Mills
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Bibliography: Yellow Curtains
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Title: Yellow Curtains
Author: A. M. Burrage
Year: 1927
Variant Title of: The Yellow Curtains (by A. M. Burrage ) [may list more publications, awards and reviews]
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: shortstory
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 1321071
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Nano Express
Electromodulated reflectance study of self-assembled Ge/Si quantum dots
Andrew Yakimov*, Aleksandr Nikiforov, Aleksei Bloshkin and Anatolii Dvurechenskii
Author affiliations
Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:208 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-208
Published: 9 March 2011
Abstract
We perform an electroreflectance spectroscopy of Ge/Si self-assembled quantum dots in the near-infrared and in the mid-infrared spectral range. Up to three optical transitions are observed. The low-energy resonance is proposed to correspond to a band-to-continuum hole transition in the Ge valence band. The other two modulation signals are attributed to the spatially direct transitions between the electrons confined in the L and Δ(4) valleys of the Ge conduction band, and the localized hole states at the Γ point.
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This article is part of the series IFFM&AFM2011 .
Nano Commentary
Adsorption behavior of Eu(III) on partially Fe(III)- or Ti(IV)-coated silica
Hee-Jung Im*, Kyoung Kyun Park and Euo Chang Jung
Author Affiliations
Nuclear Chemistry Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 150 Deokjin-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-353, Republic of Korea
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:51 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-51
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/7/1/51
Received:10 September 2011
Accepted:5 January 2012
Published:5 January 2012
© 2012 Im et al; licensee Springer.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The adsorption behavior of Eu(III) onto silica surface, which was partially coated with Fe(III) or Ti(IV), was investigated to determine Fe(III) or Ti(IV) effects on the surface reaction of lanthanides on mineral surfaces in groundwater. Compared with a parallel uncoated silica, the Fe(III)-coated silica did not enhance the adsorption of Eu(III). However, enhanced adsorption of Eu(III) on the Ti(IV)-coated silica was observed by increasing the amount of Ti(IV) on the silica surface.
Keywords:
partially coated silica; Ti(IV) coating effects; enhanced adsorption; surface complexation.
Introduction
There has been great interest in the immobilizations and adsorption mechanisms of various toxic ions in aqueous solutions by using silica-based sorbents [1-4]. The adsorption reaction of a metal ion onto a metal (hydr)oxide surface is explained in terms of surface complexation. Besides free metal ions, hydrolyzed or complexed species [5], or even the colloidal species can be adsorbed [6]. Surface precipitation may occur even in a concentration below the surface site saturation [7]. Frequently, experimental evidence indicates surface nucleation of metal hydroxides [8].
Due to their ubiquity in soils and sediments and high specific surface area, iron or titanium hydroxides (Fe or Ti oxides) around silicate minerals may play a role in the migration of actinides in groundwater. The interactions of actinides on immobile solid surfaces are important processes that determine retardation during transport. Usually, Eu(III) is considered to be an adequate chemical analogue of radiotoxic nuclides, Am(III) and Cm(III). These actinides consist mainly of long-lived nuclides that emit alpha radiation, and their radioactivity continues for several hundred thousands of years [9].
The following studies have been reported. Fe-modified silica gel was investigated as an adsorbent for humic acids employing an electrostatic binding to Fe and/or in coordination with Fe by direct substitution of OH and Cl on Fe sites [10]. TiO2-coated SiO2 synthesized by hydrolysis and condensation of various silicate and titanate precursors has been actively studied as photocatalysts due to its photocatalytic and photovoltaic effects [11]. Eu(III) sorption onto clay minerals was quantitatively modeled with pH ranging from 3 to 10 using cation exchange reactions for Eu(III)/Na(I) and Eu(III)/Ca(II) [12].
However, Eu(III) sorption onto Fe(III)- or Ti(IV)-coated silica has not received as much attention as UO22+ sorption. The aim of this paper is to study the sorption of Eu(III) from an aqueous solution on Fe(III)- or Ti(IV)-coated silica to understand the trace radionuclide migration which occurs in groundwater.
Experimental section
The chemicals used in this study including silica (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO, USA; particle size 40 to 63 μm; surface area 550 m2/g), ferric nitrate [Fe(NO3)3·9H2O], titanium butoxide [Ti(OBu)4], 1, 10-phenanthroline [C12H8N2], ethanol [C2H5OH], toluene [C6H5CH3], and europium(III) oxide [Eu2O3] were all of high purity and used as received. Perchloric acid [HClO4], hydroxylamine hydrochloride [NH2OH·HCl], sodium perchlorate [NaClO4], sodium hydroxide [NaOH], sulfuric acid [H2SO4], and hydrofluoric acid [HF] were of analytical grade and used without further purification. NaOH solution was titrated with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid [HCl] standard solution (Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA) in the presence of a phenolphthalein indicator.
The dry silica was dispersed in 3.7 M HNO3 for one day and washed with distilled water until the wet silica surface was neutral. Finally, the resulting silica was dried in an oven at 120°C for 6 h and stored in a capped bottle after cooling.
The 11.3 mM Eu2O3 in 20.62 mM HClO4 was prepared as a stock solution for the Eu(III) adsorption tests. The metal-ion concentration of the stock solution was determined with inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrometry [ICP-AES] before diluting for the adsorption experiments. All the solutions were handled under a nitrogen gas flow.
Coated, adsorbed, and desorbed metal concentrations were determined with an ultraviolet and visible [UV-vis] absorption spectrophotometer (Cary 3, Varian, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) and an ICP-AES (ULTIMA 2C, HORIBA Jobin Yvon, HORIBA, Ltd., Minami-ku, Kyoto, Japan). A spectrofluorometer (FS-900CD, Edinburgh Instruments, Livingston, U.K.) was used to obtain appropriate fluorescence spectra.
Partial Fe(III) coating on silica surface
Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (0, 35, 70, 140, 280, and 420 mg) was added with stirring to each silica (50 g) in 500 mL of distilled water. The pH was adjusted to 4.5 with 0.1 M HClO4 or 0.1 M NaOH, and each mixture was stirred for 2 h. The partially Fe(III)-coated silica was glass filtered, washed with a pH 4.5 HClO4 solution and distilled water three times each, and dried at 120°C for 6 h sequentially.
Partial Ti(IV) coating on silica surface
Ti(OBu)4 was slowly added with stirring to each silica (15 g) in C2H5OH and C6H5CH3 (1:1) mixed solution until 0, 5, 10, 20, 100, and 200 mM of Ti(IV) was added in the 50 mL total solution. Then, each mixture was stirred for 2 h. The partially Ti(IV)-coated silica was glass filtered, washed with a C2H5OH and C6H5CH3 (1:1) mixed solution three times, and dried in sequence at 120°C for 6 h.
Eu(III) adsorption onto Fe(III)- or Ti(IV)-coated silica
In each test, 500 mg of dissimilar Fe(III)- or Ti(IV)-coated silica was placed in a 60-mL beaker, and 20 mL of distilled water was added in the beaker. The total volume of each mixture was adjusted to 50 mL, and the final concentration was 0.1 mM Eu2O3 in 0.18 mM HClO4 with a controlling ionic strength with 0.1 M NaClO4. At this point, for the observation of a pH-dependent adsorption, 0.1 M NaOH under the N2 gas flow in order to eliminate the remaining CO2 in the solution, was properly added to each mixture, and the pH went up to 8 for Eu(III) adsorption tests. The mixture in each polyethylene beaker was stirred for more than 30 min until the pH equilibrium was achieved. The mixture was then analyzed by ICP-AES after being filtered through a 0.1-μm pore-sized membrane filter. Fluorescence of Eu ions on Fe(III)- or Ti(IV)-coated silica was obtained from the sediments.
Results and discussion
It has been known that ≡Si-OH in silica (SiO2) is dissociated into surface ≡Si-O- and free H+ at pH > 3, and as the result, the surface is negatively charged, which is appropriate to incorporate electron-deficient metals to the silica surfaces. Here, Fe(III) or Ti(IV) was primarily fixed on the silica surface through the ≡Si-O-Fe or ≡Si-O-Ti structure. In contrast, Eu(III) ion is easily hydrolyzed [13] and forms insoluble trihydroxide precipitates [14] and polynuclear hydroxo complexes [15]. The hydrolyzed Eu-OH is assumed to be sorbed into Fe(III)- or Ti(IV)-coated silica in aqueous Eu(III) solutions.
Each and every coated Fe ion on the silica surface was stripped using 5 M HCl, and the amount was measured using a UV-vis spectrophotometer by reducing all Fe(III) to Fe(II) with NH2OH·HCl for the production of colored Fe(II)-orthophenanthroline complexes (ferroin, (Phen)3Fe2+), which are sensitive to UV-vis absorption at 510 nm [16]. From the UV-vis absorption spectra, 0, 2.05, 3.81, 7.38, 13.8, and 21.3 μmol/g (Fe/silica) Fe-coated silica was obtained when 0, 35, 70, 140, 280, and 420 mg of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O were added in 50 g of each silica. During this process, the following product is expected:
The adsorption of Eu(III) onto the silica at various pH shows no influence of a surface coating by Fe(III) (Figure 1). In other words, Fe(III) coating on silica surfaces did not enhance adsorption of Eu(III) compared with the uncoated silica. The paper written by Pokrovski et al. [17] states, 'at pH > 2.5 in the presence of aqueous silica (mfe approximately at 0.01 mol/kg), Fe-Fe dimers and trimers shared one or two edges of FeO6-octahedra, and silicon tetrahedra linked to two neighboring Fe octahedral via corners'. Due to linkages to the free corners of FeO6-octahedra, the number of available sorption sites for Eu(III) in FeIII-OH had decreased, and thus, it did not show a significant Fe(III)-coating effect compared with the uncoated silica.
Figure 1. Eu(III) adsorption on partially Fe(III)-coated silica at a concentration of 0.1 mM Eu(III). Eu(III) adsorption ratio is defined as the Eu(III) concentration adsorbed on partially Fe(III)-coated silica versus the initial Eu(III) concentration.
However, as shown in Figure 2, the fluorescence decreased with an increased amount of coated Fe(III) even though the shape of the fluorescence spectra did not change. In Figure 2a, the Eu(III) fluorescence spectra excited at 394 nm were scanned from 525 to 650 nm. This range covers the wavelengths corresponding to 5D0 7FJ (J = 0, 1, and 2) transitions, and the peaks at 588 nm and 613 nm correspond to 5D0 7F1 and 5D0 7F2, respectively. Since the 5D0 7F1 transition is allowed in magnetic dipole and its strength is not sensitive to coordination environment, the decrease in the peak intensity can be explained in terms of a quenching effect. The fluorescence intensities of Eu(III) at 613 nm were quantitatively expressed in Figure 2b according to the amount of coated Fe(III). The 5D0 7F2 transition should also be affected by the quenching effect as with the 5D0 7F1 transition. In contrast, Ti(IV)-coated silica showed higher Eu(III) adsorption capacities while increasing the amount of Ti(IV) on silica surface as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2. Fluorescence spectra and intensities of Eu(III) on partially Fe(III)-coated silica. (a) Fluorescence spectra (λexc = 394 nm), and (b) fluorescence intensities (λexc = 394 nm) of Eu(III) on partially Fe(III)-coated silica at 613 nm, according to the amount of coated Fe(III) at pH 7.
Figure 3. Eu(III) adsorption on partially Ti(IV)-coated silica at a concentration of 0.1 mM Eu(III). Eu(III) adsorption ratio is defined as the Eu(III) concentration adsorbed on partially Ti(IV)-coated silica versus the initial Eu(III) concentration.
The amount of every coated Ti ion on the silica surface was measured using ICP-AES after a pretreatment process with H2SO4-HF solution to remove SiO2. From the ICP-AES analysis, 0, 16.1, 40.5, 63.9, 324, and 407 μmol/g (Ti/silica) Ti-coated silica was obtained when 0, 5, 10, 20, 100, and 200 mM (in other words, 0, 20, 40, 80, 350, and 700 μmol/g (Ti/silica)) of Ti(OBu)4 were added in 15 g of each silica. In this process, the following product is expected:
The Ti(IV)-coated silica exhibited a stronger binding toward Eu(III) than the uncoated silica, and the preferential binding is considered due to a higher metal Lewis acidity of Ti than Si. The hard Lewis acid, Eu(III), forms more stable complexes with hydroxyl ligands on relatively harder TiO2 than those on SiO2. The Eu(III) adsorption processes onto the partially Ti(IV)-coated silica involve the combination of Eu(III) hydrolysis and the adsorption of the hydrolysis product, EuIII-OH, to produce ≡Si-O-Ti-OH-EuIII and/or ≡Si-O-Ti-O-EuIII in addition to ≡Si-OH-EuIII and/or ≡Si-O-EuIII, depending on the pH of the prepared solutions [12].
The enhanced adsorption of Eu(III) onto the silica coated by Ti(IV) is partially confirmed by observing the increase in fluorescence intensities as increasing the amount of Ti(IV) on the silica surface as shown in Figure 4[18]. The fluorescence intensities of Eu(III) at 613 nm were quantitatively expressed in Figure 4b according to the amount of coated Ti(IV). In the case of Eu(III), the maximum fluorescence peaks corresponding to 5D0 7F2 transition at 613 nm were red-shifted in a wavelength nearly 618 nm with an increased coated Ti(IV) (Figure 4a). It suggests the formation of other species with a reduced hydration number such as [≡Si-O-Ti-O]2-EuIII or ≡Si-O-Ti-O-EuIII-OH. No fluorescence-quenching effect of the increased amount of coated Ti(IV) indicates a similar chemical environment between the species reacting with the titanol and silanol functional groups.
Figure 4. Fluorescence spectra and intensities of Eu(III) on partially Ti(IV)-coated silica. (a) Fluorescence spectra (λexc = 394 nm), and (b) fluorescence intensities (λexc = 394 nm) of Eu(III) on partially Ti(IV)-coated silica at 613 nm, according to the amount of coated Ti(IV) at pH 7.
Conclusions
This study shows an example of foreign ion effects on the adsorption of actinide onto a mineral surface. In the case of the Ti(IV) ion for Eu(III) adsorption onto a silica surface, Ti(IV) enhances the adsorptivity as far as it exists as a surface hydroxide. The enhancement in adsorptivity decreases when the surface hydroxide converts to oxide prior to Eu(III) adsorption. In contrast, Fe(III) coating on silica surfaces did not enhance adsorption of Eu(III), nor were there any changes in fluorescence properties compared with uncoated silica.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
H-JI drafted the manuscript, prepared samples, and acquired various adsorption and spectrographic data. KKP conducted the preparation of samples and analysis of data. ECJ coordinated the interpretation of data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the nuclear research and development program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.
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17. Pokrovski GS, Schott J, Farges F, Hazemann J-L: Iron (III)-silica interactions in aqueous solution: insights from x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy.
Geochimt Cosmochi Acta 2003, 67:3559-3573. Publisher Full Text
18. You H, Nogami M: Optical properties and local structure of Eu3+ ions in sol-gel TiO2-SiO2 glasses.
J Phys Chem B 2004, 108:12003-12008. Publisher Full Text
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Dahlquist:Yeast Cold Shock
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Contents
Comparator Expression Datasets
Environmental Stress Response
Cold or Near-freezing
Sahara et al. 2002
• Pub med reference = 12379644
• Full Sahara Paper Here
• Full dataset here
• Strain: YPH500 (MATα, ura3-52, lys2-801, ade2-101, trp1-Δ63, his3-Δ200, leu2-Δ1)
• Media: YPD
• Experimental Conditions
• t0 is A600 = 2.0, 30°C, shaking 100 rpm
• shift to 10°C, shaking 100 rpm, t15, t30, t120 (2 h), t240 (4 h), t480 (8 h)
• Replicates: 2 independent replicates averaged
• Reference sample: t0
• Methods: 15 μg total RNA directly labeled, no dye-swap control except for t0-t0 self-hybe, cDNA microrray
Schade et al. 2004
• Pub med reference = 15483057
• Full Schade Article Here
• Cold Shock Map GenMAPP
• Partial dataset here; have complete dataset from author
• Strains: BY4743 (Mata/Matα, wild type), BSY25 (BY4743, homozygous Δmsn2::kanMX ΔMSN4::kanMX met15)
• Media: YPD
• Experimental conditions
• t0 is A600 = 0.6, 30°C, shaking 170 rpm, shift to 10°C, shaking 170 rpm, t10, t30, t120 (2 h)
• t0 is A600 = 0.4, 30°C, shaking 170 rpm, shift to 10°C, shaking 170 rpm, t720 (12 h)
• t0 is A600 = 0.1, 30°C, shaking 170 rpm, shift to 10°C, shaking 170 rpm, t3600 (60 h)
• Replicates: t0 (2 rep), t10 (3 rep), t30 (3 rep), t120 (2 rep), t720 (2 rep), t3600 (3 rep)
• Reference sample: not stated in paper, assumed to be t0, so the t0 arrays were self-self hybe?
• Methods: 3 μg mRNA directly labeled, dye swap performed, "genomic" microarray, obtained from University Health Network (so likely cDNA)
Kandror et al. 2004
• Full Kandror Article; dataset not available
• Strains: "wild type", specific strain not stated
• Media: YPGal
• Experimental conditions
• "mRNA samples from yeast growing at 30°C or 0°C for 24 hours were analyzed by whole-genome microarray hybridization"
• Replicates: 2 independent replicates averaged
• That's all the information provided in paper.
Murata et al. 2006
• Full Murata Article Found Here
• Murata et al. 2006; Some data available here
• Strain: S288c (MATα SUC2 mal mel gal2 CUP1)
• Media: YPD
• Experimental conditions
• t0 is A660 = 0.5, 25°C, shaking 120-130 rpm, shift to 4°C, shaking 120-130 rpm, t360 (6 h), t720 (12 h), t1440 (24 h), t2880 (48 h)
• Replicates: 5 independent cultures
• Reference sample: A660 = 1.0 (25°C?)
• Methods: 1-2 μg mRNA directly labeled, cDNA microarray, no dye swap
Tai et al. 2007
• Tai et al. 2007
• Pub med reference = 17928405
• Strain: CEN.PK113-7D (MATa)
• Media: defined synthetic medium limited by carbon or nitrogen with all other growth requirements in excess
• Experimental conditions
• dilution rate of 0.03 h-1, stirrer 600 rpm
• Carbon-limiting at 12°C or 30°C; nitrogen limited at 12°C or 30°C; all were anaerobic; steady-state growth
• Replicates: 3 independent replicates for each condition
• Reference sample: none because Affymetrix chips
• Methods: Affymetrix methods
Beltran et al. 2006
Pizarro et al. 2008
Becerra et al. 2003
Regulatory Networks
Other
• Check with online compendia, Hughes and Princeton
Zinc
1. De Nicola R, Hazelwood LA, De Hulster EA, Walsh MC, Knijnenburg TA, Reinders MJ, Walker GM, Pronk JT, Daran JM, Daran-Lapujade P. (2007) Physiological and transcriptional responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to zinc limitation in chemostat cultures.Appl Environ Microbiol. 73(23):7680-7692.
2. Rutherford JC, Bird AJ. (2004) Metal-responsive transcription factors that regulate iron, zinc, and copper homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryot Cell. 3(1):1-13.
3. Rutherford JC, Chua G, Hughes T, Cardenas ME, Heitman J. (2008) A Mep2-dependent transcriptional profile links permease function to gene expression during pseudohyphal growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell. 19(7):3028-3039.
4. Wu CY, Bird AJ, Chung LM, Newton MA, Winge DR, Eide DJ. (2008) Differential control of Zap1-regulated genes in response to zinc deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics. 9:370.
5. Eide DJ. (2009) Homeostatic and adaptive responses to zinc deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 284(28):18565-18569.
6. Eide DJ. (2006) Zinc transporters and the cellular trafficking of zinc. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1763(7):711-722.
7. Eide DJ, Clark S, Nair TM, Gehl M, Gribskov M, Guerinot ML, Harper JF. (2005) Characterization of the yeast ionome: a genome-wide analysis of nutrient mineral and trace element homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genome Biol. 6(9):R77.
8. Eide DJ. (2003) J Nutr. Multiple regulatory mechanisms maintain zinc homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 133(5 Suppl 1):1532S-1535S.
Ribosome Biogenesis Pathway
Genetic Screens
Nitrogen Utilization
• Magasanik B and Kaiser CA (2002) Nitrogen regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 290(1-2):1-18
• This paper outlines the function of GLN3 in the cell in response to poor nitrogen sources [1]
• Bertram PG, et al. (2002) Convergence of TOR-nitrogen and Snf1-glucose signaling pathways onto Gln3. Mol Cell Biol 22(4):1246-52
• Outlines the role of glucose and snf1 [2]
• Cox KH, et al. (2004) Actin cytoskeleton is required for nuclear accumulation of Gln3 in response to nitrogen limitation but not rapamycin treatment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 279(18):19294-301
• Outlines the nonspecific dissociation of Gln3p in the cytoplasm caused by the presence of the actin cytoskeleton [3]
• Cox KH, et al. (2002) Cytoplasmic compartmentation of Gln3 during nitrogen catabolite repression and the mechanism of its nuclear localization during carbon starvation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 277(40):37559-66
• Outlines the mechanism of localization for Gln3p during cellular starvation [4]
• Kulkarni AA, et al. (2001) Gln3p nuclear localization and interaction with Ure2p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 276(34):32136-44
• Describes Ure2p role in the regulation of the function of Gln3p [5]
• Patrice Godard (2007) Effect of 21 Different Nitrogen Sources on Global Gene Expression in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Outlines the effect of varying nitrogen sources to that of transcriptional response variation[6]
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No comment on ANCA refusal to back Obama, Romney - official
PanARMENIAN.Net - U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Eric Rubin refused to comment on the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) statement that neither President Barack Obama nor former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney has earned the Armenian American community's formal backing heading into the November 6th presidential election.
“As a government official, I cannot comment on the upcoming presidential elections,” he told journalists in Yerevan.
Mr. Rubin, however, hailed the developing cooperation between the U.S. and Armenia.
“Neither Barack Obama, who turned his back on the multiple promises he made on Armenian American issues, nor Mitt Romney, who as a former Governor of Massachusetts, has no evident public record on issues of special concern to our community, has earned the support of Armenian American voters," ANCA Chairman Ken Hachikian said earlier.
Partner news
Top stories
Dwelling on the hike in gas prices, Iskandaryan said the change also affected other countries importing Russian gas.
Armen Martirosyan noted that the price rise will further deteriorate the situation in the country, fostering emigration.
In this connection, Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian left for Strasbourg to attend CoE foreign ministers meeting.
Orinats Yerkir party held a political council meeting on May 15, chaired by party leader Artur Baghdasaryan.
Partner news
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[107]
Chapter 12:
• Effects of the battle of Leesburgh, or Ball's Bluff, on public opinion in the country, North and South
• -- the Yankees claim a victory as usual -- General Stone arrested and sent to Fort Warren -- remarkable incidents of the war -- a Fraternal Rencontre -- the negroes with either army -- Humorous incidents -- Evans is sent to defend his native State, South-Carolina -- General D. D. Hill assumes command -- fortifications are erected -- we prepare for winter quarters.
From two or three weeks previous to the battle of Leesburgh, the Northern papers overflowed with joyful expectations regarding the movements then in preparation. The Administration organ at Washington predicted that “in a few days the rebels would suddenly drop out of Leesburgh ;” others said, “We shall begin to make history next week;” “let all prepare for a succession of Union victories that shall eclipse all the doings of the Old World!” It may well be supposed that enough had occurred to disenchant them of these bombastic ideas; but no, the Federal generals, to cover up their defeat by misrepresentation, acknowledged having met with reverses at Ball's Bluff, but triumphantly rejoined-: “We have captured Harrison's Island, and hold it against all efforts of the rebels 1” The fact is, they had always held undisputed possession of the island; yet the mainland was so much higher as to command it, and had our artillery been present in the battle, not twenty men of their whole force could have escaped.
When at length the story was truthfully told by the New-York Times and Tribune, the whole North was thrown into consternation and mourning over “the massacre,” as they termed it, and began reviling each other for urging McClellan to advance at all against Richmond. Massachusetts was particularly affected by the direful news, for two of its “pet” regiments (the Fifteenth and Twenty-third) had suffered fearfully, and many young men of the first families had fallen, including the promising son of the poet, Oliver Wendell [108] Holmes, most of the men having been enrolled in Boston and Worcester. New-York also felt very much humbled on account of the decimation of the Forty-fourth, one of its crack regiments, which boasted of more professional pugilists and blackguards than any other from that State, except the red-legged Fire Zouaves. Pennsylvania was in mourning for the rout of the First California Regiment, (fifteen companies strong,) which had been raised by Baker in Philadelphia, and which was petted and feasted, and paraded at Washington by Lincoln himself, and called the “Invincibles.” Other States had each its special reason for mourning, and so, from one reason or another, the entire press howled over the disaster for a full month.
In the South, however, our success was not regarded with proportionate admiration; the people expected the “boys” to do well, and when their victory was recorded, it only excited smiles and modest comment. As far as our brigade was concerned, scarcely a man spoke of it, save to show how much more might have been gained by the presence of artillery, or if the preliminary movements in which they had been engaged during the previous week had been less fatiguing. General Evans, indeed, was much lauded in the newspapers, biographical sketches appearing from different pens, tending to prove that the General was an extraordinary soldier; the men, however, could not help believing that his plans were faulty, and that had it not been for the ferocity of the troops, the affair would have ended very differently. Be that as it may, the South-Carolinians claimed the battle as theirs, since Evans was of that State; while the gallant Mississippians thought all the honor belonged to them, as they had done all the fighting; and in truth, the Virginians did very little. Poor Stone, the Federal commander, was bullied unmercifully by the Northern press, and being in Washington on business, where he dined with McClellan, he was on the following morning arrested and sent to Fort Warren, without a word of explanation.
Among the numerous incidents that fell under my notice illustrative of the sometimes tragical, sometimes laughable, occurrences of civil war, the following may be mentioned as properly pertaining to the battle of Leesburgh. Two young men, brothers, acquaintances of mine in Kentucky, had always [109] differed in politics, and when the war broke out, Howard, the younger, sought the Southern army, and Alfred that of the North. They shook hands at parting, and said it was probable they should meet again on some field or other. Alfred obtained a captain's commission; Howard, with many fellow-statesmen, shouldered a musket in our regiment. When the battle was over, Howard was searching for the bodies of friends who had fallen by his side, and stumbled over something. “Halloa!” said the object, in a hoarse voice, “who are you?” “I'm a Southerner,” replied Howard; “you are one of the enemy, if I'm not mistaken, and know, of course, that the field is ours.” “Well, yes, I have some faint recollection of a fight; but all I remember is much smoke, a great noise of musketry, and of some active fellow in a white cap knocking me down with a musket, and then I fell asleep.” When they advanced to one of the camp-fires, Howard recognized his brother Alfred, and he himself was the man who had knocked him down with the butt of his musket in the confusion of the battle!
By the next incident I shall relate we were much amused. One of our best soldiers was a rough Scotchman named Black, who had relatives in the South, and, desiring to g6t to them, joined the Northern army, with the intention of deserting at the first opportunity. When on picket guard at the river, he pretended to bathe, and, being a good swimmer, manfully struck out for the Virginia shore. When midway, he turned and shouted: “Good-by, boys; I'm bound for Dixie!” “Come back, or we'll shoot!” answered the guard. “Shoot, and be d-d, you white-livered nigger-thieves,” shouted Black, and in the midst of a shower of Minie balls; he safely landed among us. He willingly entered our service, and proved an admirable soldier. During the battle he performed. many feats of daring, and at night formed one of a corporal's guard who escorted a full company of Federals off the ground. As Black was laughing and joking, the captain of the Federals remarked to him: “I ought to know that voice!-is that you, black?” “That's me!” jocosely replied the Scotchman. “I hope you're well, captain, you and all the boys! I couldn't stay with you, you see; it wasn't because I feared to fight, but I like to fight in the right cause always.” It is needless to say Black was escorting his old company, officers and all. [110] At the commencement of the action our men perceived among the enemy several negroes, who seemed to take great care of themselves, and could not be induced to leave the trees behind which they fought. Many of us took a “pop” at the darkies, but always missed. When the fact became known to our colored boys, who always persisted in going to battle with us, they dropped the wounded they were carrying off, and immediately formed plans for capturing “de black ‘Bolition teeves.” It was very amusing to see their display of generalship. “Go back to the rear, boys,” said the officers, “this is no place for you!” But the darkies would not go back, and lurking behind their masters picked off the enemy's officers at a rapid rate. At last the regiment made a sudden charge, when, to our surprise, we found that not less than half a dozen black fellows had preceded us, and were each bringing out a prisoner of the same color, abusing them roundly, and kicking them unmercifully. “You black rascal you!-does you mean to fight agin white folks, you ugly niggers, you? Suppose you tinks yourself no ‘small taters’ wid dat blue jacket on and dem striped pants. You'll oblige dis Missippi darkey by pulling dem off right smart, if yer doesn't want dat head oa yourn broke.” “You are a mighty smart nigger, you is!” said one. of our cooks to his captive; “comin‘ down Souf to whip de whites! You couldn't stay ‘t home and let us fight de Yanks, but you must come along too, eh I You took putty good care o‘ yourself, you did, behind dat old oak! I was a lookin‘ at yer; and if you hadn't dodged so much, you was a gone chicken long ago, you ugly ole Abe Lincolnite, you!”
Some of our servants were fortunate enough to pick up many valuables, including diamond-pins, watches, rings, and money, and as at Manassas, they selected the finest Federal uniforms they could discover, in which they dressed themselves, and then promenaded round town with their sweethearts. I discovered my servant one morning making coffee, completely dressed in the grandest style, from boots to the gilded shoulder. straps, of some unfortunate Federal officer. In their conversation, they seemed to look upon the Yankees with contempt, and especially because they didn't fight to suit them. “Talk of dem Yanks comin‘ down to whip us! Dey must be sick! Why, massa can whale a dozen of 'em ‘fore coffee is hot, fair [111] fight. Dem Nordon darkies is no ‘count, and yet dey puts on all de airs in the worle. If eber I ketch any of dern darkies comin‘ in my way, or foolin‘ wid me, dis chile is goin‘ to make somebody holler, sure!”
General Evans had received command of all the forces in South-Carolina; and as that State was threatened with invasion, he now hurried forward to perfect arrangements; his successor in our command was General D. H. Hill, (brother-in-law to “StonewallJackson,) and a very superior officer. General Griffith (cousin of the President) commanded the brigade. From the moment of his arrival, Hill was continually in the saddle, and, nearly always alone, soon made himself master of every acre in Loudon County. I shall have to speak of this officer again. He had already achieved fame at Little Bethel as colonel of the Carolina Volunteers, and greatly emulated Jackson in all his doings. Having selected fine sites near the river, he commenced fortifying with great vigor, much to the annoyance of the enemy, who had meditated crossing the ice during heavy winter, and surprising us before reenforcements could march up from Centreville. The mud-work at Fort Evans was also enlarged, covered, made bomb-proof, and pierced for six thirty-two pounders; long lines of rifle-pits were dug during night close to the river and elsewhere; a hill was fortified to the south, commanding Fort Evans; and another, more import. ant still, north of the town, which commanded every approach. Figuratively, our fortifications were lions without teeth; for guns could not be spared at Manassas; and the roads were in such bad order that it required twenty-four oxen to draw one thirty-two-pounder a distance of twenty-five miles, and taking not less than three days to do it. Hill worked hard, however, and placed six heavy pieces in position, and astonished the enemy by shelling them out of their battery behind Edwards's Ferry.
In the mean time it had become apparent to all that some grand move was planning in Maryland; for heavy masses of troops were continually seen moving from point to point. Our cavalry force was therefore increased, and guarded the Upper Potomac; and now all being prepared as far as our means permitted, we committed the event to fortune, and in November received the joyful order to go into winter quarters.
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9. Demosthenes, when he saw the Lacedaemonians bent to assault him both from their galleys and with their army by land, prepared also to defend the place. And when he had drawn up his galleys, all that were left him, to the land, he placed them athwart the fort and armed the mariners that belonged to them with bucklers, though bad ones, and for the greatest part made of osiers. For they had no means in a desert place to provide themselves of arms. Those they had they took out of a piratical boat of thirty oars and a light-horseman of the Messenians, which came by chance. And the men of arms of the Messenians were about forty, which he made use of amongst the rest. [2] The greatest part therefore, both of armed and unarmed, he placed on the parts of the wall toward the land which were of most strength and commanded them to make good the place against the land-forces if they assaulted it. And he himself, with sixty men of arms chosen out of the whole number and a few archers, came forth from the fort to the sea-side in that part where he most expected their landing, which part was of troublesome access and stony and lay to the wide sea. But because their wall was there the weakest, he thought they would be drawn to adventure for that. For neither did the Athenians think they should ever have been mastered with galleys, which caused them to make the place [to the seaward] the less strong; [3] and if the Peloponnesians should by force come to land, they made no other account but the place would be lost. [4] Coming therefore in this part to the very brink of the sea, he put in order his men of arms and encouraged them with words to this effect:
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[24] NOW king Hezekiah being thus delivered, after a surprising manner, from the dread he was in, offered thank-offerings to God, with all his people, because nothing else had destroyed some of their enemies, and made the rest so fearful of undergoing the same fate that they departed from Jerusalem, but that Divine assistance. Yet, while he was very zealous and diligent about the worship of God, did he soon afterwards fall into a severe distemper, insomuch that the physicians despaired of him, and expected no good issue of his sickness, as neither did his friends: and besides the distemper 1 itself, there was a very melancholy circumstance that disordered the king, which was the consideration that he was childless, and was going to die, and leave his house and his government without a successor of his own body; so he was troubled at the thoughts of this his condition, and lamented himself, and entreated of God that he would prolong his life for a little while till he had some children, and not suffer him to depart this life before he was become a father. Hereupon God had mercy upon him, and accepted of his supplication, because the trouble he was under at his supposed death was not because he was soon to leave the advantages he enjoyed in the kingdom, nor did he on that account pray that he might have a longer life afforded him, but in order to have sons, that might receive the government after him. And God sent Isaiah the prophet, and commanded him to inform Hezekiah, that within three days' time he should get clear of his distemper, and should survive it fifteen years, and that he should have children also. Now, upon the prophet's saying this, as God had commanded him, he could hardly believe it, both on account of the distemper he was under, which was very sore, and by reason of the surprising nature of what was told him; so he desired that Isaiah would give him some sign or wonder, that he might believe him in what he had said, and be sensible that he came from God; for things that are beyond expectation, and greater than our hopes, are made credible by actions of the like nature. And when Isaiah had asked him what sign he desired to be exhibited, he desired that he would make the shadow of the sun, which he had already made to go down ten steps [or degrees] in his house, to return again to the same place, 2 and to make it as it was before. And when the prophet prayed to God to exhibit this sign to the king, he saw what he desired to see, and was freed from his distemper, and went up to the temple, where he worshipped God, and made vows to him.
1 Josephus, and all our copies, place the sickness of Hezekiah after the destruction of Sennacherib's army, because it appears to have been after his first assault, as he was going into Arabia and Egypt, where he pushed his conquests as far as they would go, and in order to despatch his story altogether; yet does no copy but this of Josephus say it was after that destruction, but only that it happened in those days, or about that time of Hezekiah's life. Nor will the fifteen years' prolongation of his life after his sickness, allow that sickness to have been later than the former part of the fifteenth year of his reign, since chronology does not allow him in all above twenty-nine years and a few months; whereas the first assault of Sennacherib was on the fourteenth year of Hezekiah, but the destruction of Sennacherib's army was not till his eighteenth year.
2 As to this regress of the shadow, either upon a sun-dial, or the steps of the royal palace built by Ahaz, whether it were physically done by the real miraculous revolution of the earth in its diurnal motion backward from east to west for a while, and its return again to its old natural revolution from west to east; or whether it were not apparent only, and performed by an aerial phosphorus, which imitated the sun's motion backward, while a cloud hid the real sun; cannot now be determined. Philosophers and astronomers will naturally incline to the latter hypothesis. However, it must be noted, that Josephus seems to have understood it otherwise than we generally do, that the shadow was accelerated as much at first forward as it was made to go backward afterward, and so the day was neither longer nor shorter than usual; which, it must be confessed agrees best of all to astronomy, whose eclipses, older than the time were observed at the same times of the day as if this miracle had never happened. After all, this wonderful signal was not, it seems, peculiar to Judea, but either seen, or at least heard of, at Babylon also, as appears by 2 Chronicles 32:31, where we learn that the Babylonian ambassadors were sent to Hezekiah, among other things, to inquire of the wonder that was done in the land.
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Lenovo Wins eTail Search Marketing Award for Global SEO Campaign
Printer-friendly versionPDF version
Covario-supported Campaign Drove Worldwide Visibility, Website Traffic, Social Engagement, and Revenue
SAN DIEGO and PALM DESERT, Calif., Feb. 27, 2013 – In recognition of Lenovo’s recent, successful global SEO (search engine optimization) campaign, the Worldwide Business Research organization presented the company with the 2013 Best-in-Class Award for search marketing at the annual eTail West conference in Palm Desert, Calif., this week.
With the support of Covario, a leading international search marketing agency, the award-winning campaign resulted in keyword rankings, website traffic, social engagement, and revenues on a global scale for Lenovo that were significantly higher than what the company previously experienced.
Although Lenovo ranks near the top in PC shipments worldwide, the company’s Web presence on the major search engines prior to 2012 lagged behind its competition – not at all indicative of the brand’s global reputation or the success of its products.
During 2012, Covario helped Lenovo launch its first global SEO campaign that focused on improving organic search visibility and traffic with consumers who are considering buying a PC. Learning and testing through paid search campaigns (which Covario also manages for Lenovo) led the team to develop strategic SEO recommendations that not only improved visibility, but also engagement and click-through rates from organic search.
The team created a “Search Center of Excellence” and socialized best practices in search and social media marketing across Lenovo’s worldwide organization. The team used these learnings to support new PC-related product launches and categories.
With this solid foundation, Covario and Lenovo achieved dramatic improvements for the company’s 650-plus critical search queries. Organic search visits to the brand’s website increased 50 percent year-over-year. Consumer site visits in the U.S. – among the world’s most competitive PC markets – shot up 84 percent, including first-page visibility for target keywords within just six months.
Most importantly, global revenue also increased year-over-year. Donna Bedford, Lenovo’s global SEO manager, said this shows that new visitors to the site are highly likely to buy a PC.
“We’re seeing the value of integrating SEO into our product landing pages, especially for the products consumers are most interested in finding, such as our IdeaPad Yoga convertible and ThinkPad Tablet 2,” Bedford said. “We’re now capturing Web traffic from thousands of consumers who are searching for information about products yet to go on sale. This allows us to better reach them later when the products become available.”
Additionally, Lenovo has started inserting rich content snippets from product Web pages that show product ratings, reviews, and pricing directly within someone’s search results. Lenovo and Covario also launched content initiatives that went viral on a variety of social platforms, including Facebook and StumbleUpon.
“It’s gratifying to have played a key role in helping Lenovo win the 2013 Search Best-in-Class Award,” said Jeff Johnson, Covario senior vice president and managing director. “While we’ve had a successful long-term relationship with Lenovo primarily built around paid search services, this eTail award demonstrates the value and ROI of integrating SEO best practices with paid search on a global scale.”
# # #
About Covario
Covario is the world’s leading independent search marketing agency. The firm was selected by OMMA as both the 2012 and 2011 Search Agency of the Year. It has also won the OMMA Creative Media Award for Online Search for the last two years in a row with two of its clients. Covario, Inc. is also the parent company of Rio SEO, the leading software provider of SEO, social media, and content marketing automation tools. Headquartered in San Diego, Covario has about 250 team members worldwide, who are also concentrated in Beijing, Chicago, London, New York, Phoenix, San Francisco, Sao Paulo, Seattle, Singapore, Tokyo, and Toronto. The agency’s growing customer base includes world leaders in technology, consumer electronics, retail, ecommerce, financial services, media, entertainment, publishing, and consumer packaged goods. More information is available at http://www.covario.com.
News Source : Lenovo Wins eTail Search Marketing Award for Global SEO Campaign
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Yahoo Ping Pong Table
Mar 29, 2011 • 8:06 am | (0) by | Filed Under Search Engine Photo Of The Day
Boris Johnson, a British Conservative politician and journalist, stopped by to play ping pong on a Yahoo table in London. This is one of 12 specially created Yahoo Ping Pong Tables. He is the Mayor of London.
It was for the Ping! London event in 2010.
This picture was taken back in July 22, 2010. You can see the original on Flickr.
Previous story: Google Geospatial Summit Magnetic Globes
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
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Error!
Success!
Passive FTP and dynamic ports in IIS8 and Windows Azure Virtual Machin
0
kicks
Passive FTP and dynamic ports in IIS8 and Windows Azure Virtual Machin (Unpublished)
Today Windows Azure supports up to 150 endpoints which is great for those applications that rely on persistent connections, like an FTP Server. You can run an FTP Server in 2 modes: •Active mode: The server connects to a negotiated client port •Passive mode: The client connects to a negotiated server port Passive mode is by far the most popular choice since it doesn’t require you to open ports on your machine together with firewall exceptions and port forwarding. With passive mode it’s up to the server to open the required ports. Let’s see how we can get an FTP Server running in Passive mode on Windows Azure…
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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Wikia
SRD:Improved Aura of Despair
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Revision as of 03:11, April 23, 2009 by Dmilewski (Talk)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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Improved Aura of Despair [Epic]
Prerequisite
Cha 25, aura of despair class ability.
Benefit
The character’s aura of despair causes a –4 morale penalty on all saving throws.
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Information for "BeagleBoard/SPI/Patch-2.6.37"
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Johnson County, Tennessee GenealogyEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Tennessee Tennessee Genealogy Johnson County Genealogy
Has anyone studied my Johnson County, Tennessee family before?
Message boards and online family trees can help you learn if someone is actively researching your ancestors. More than # books or articles have been published about Johnson County's families. Descendants of some historic residents have had their DNA tested.
Main article: Johnson County, Tennessee
General
As of November 2010, a query for individuals born in Johnson (County), Tennessee at World Connect, results in more than # entries.
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Mitchell County, KansasEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Kansas Mitchell County
Mitchell County, Kansas genealogy and family history research page. Guide to genealogy, history, and courthouse sources including birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, wills, deeds and land records, Civil War records, family histories, cemeteries, churches, tax records, newspapers, and obituaries.
Kansas
Online Records
Coordinates: 39.99°0′N 91.19°0′W / 39.99°N 91.19°W / 39.99; -91.19
Mitchell County, Kansas
Map
Location in the state of Kansas
Location of Kansas in the U.S.
Facts
Founded February 26, 1867
County Seat Beloit
Courthouse
Photo courtesy [[]]
Address Mitchell County Courthouse
111 S. Hershey Ave.
Beloit, Kansas 67420-0190
Phone: 785.738.3652
Contents
County Courthouse
Mitchell County Courthouse
111 S Hersey Avenue
Beloit, KS 67420
Phone: 785.738.3652
Probate Judge has marriage and probate records.
Clerk District Court has divorce records.
Register of Deeds has land records. [1]
History
Parent County
1867--Mitchell County was created 26 February 1867 from unorganized territory. County seat: Beloit [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Church
Court
Land
Local Histories
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Military
• Mitchell County was not organized until after the Civil War.
Newspapers
Probate
Schools
Beloit, KS High School Alumni Roster: Covers the years 1883-1921
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Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Mitchell County, Kansas page 253, At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
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Infallibility of God
From Issuepedia
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[edit] Overview
The infallibility of God is a key concept in most or all monotheistic religions. It is generally used to justify religious doctrine, with the claim that such doctrine was either spoken directly by God or else written by a person under divine influence. Claims of inaccuracy in transcription are generally addressed by arguments that God, being omnipotent and omnipresent, is able to ensure that His words are accurately copied, translated, and understood at all times. God Himself states in such doctrine that He is infallible and omnipotent, which is how we know that he is able to do this.
All such religious doctrine thereby ultimately rests on an argument from authority – the doctrine is true because God says it is – plus the circular argument that we know the doctrine comes from God because the doctrine says so.
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Modify
Opened 4 years ago
Closed 3 years ago
#3862 closed defect (fixed)
New way is deleted
Reported by: fatbozz Owned by: fatbozz
Priority: normal Component: Core
Version: Keywords:
Cc:
Description (last modified by Gubaer)
Draw node
Then when you want to create new way, press shift.
Draw way
And another click of way delete previous line from way.
Repository Root: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn
Build-Date: 2009-11-06 02:31:36
Last Changed Author: ce
Revision: 2393
Repository UUID: 0c6e7542-c601-0410-84e7-c038aed88b3b
URL: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn/trunk
Last Changed Date: 2009-11-06 01:07:17 +0100 (Fri, 06 Nov 2009)
Last Changed Rev: 2393
Memory Usage: 759 MB / 1339 MB (271 MB allocated, but free)
Java version: 1.6.0_17
Plugins: AgPifoJDirectUploadbuildings_toolsczechaddressdataimportmeasurementmultipolyopenstreetbugsosmarenderremotecontrolroutingtageditorterracerutilspluginvalidatorwmsplugin
Plugin AgPifoJ Version: 18287
Plugin DirectUpload Version: 17532
Plugin buildings_tools Version: 24
Plugin czechaddress Version: 18413
Plugin dataimport Version: 18071
Plugin measurement Version: 17377
Plugin multipoly Version: 18415
Plugin openstreetbugs Version: 18291
Plugin osmarender Version: 18293
Plugin remotecontrol Version: 18417
Plugin routing Version: 18415
Plugin tageditor Version: 18500
Plugin terracer Version: 17874
Plugin utilsplugin Version: 18415
Plugin validator Version: 18453
Plugin wmsplugin Version: 18408
Attachments (0)
Change History (3)
comment:1 Changed 3 years ago by Gubaer
• Description modified (diff)
• Owner changed from team to fatbozz
• Status changed from new to needinfo
comment:2 Changed 3 years ago by anonymous
comment:3 Changed 3 years ago by fatbozz
• Resolution set to fixed
• Status changed from needinfo to closed
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Modify
Opened 3 years ago
Closed 3 years ago
#5563 closed enhancement (fixed)
[PATCH]Unglue relation
Reported by: Kalle Lampila Owned by: team
Priority: normal Component: Core
Version: latest Keywords: relation unglue patch
Cc:
Description
Sometimes it is needed to separate relations that way every relation has individual clone of common ways and nodes.
Example to separate multipolygon areas that use same way or divide bus-stop (with multiple route) to two place.
Currently there is no easy command for that so following patch add new unglue relation action, which duplicate nodes, ways and relations that are used by multiple relations.
Attachments (2)
ungluerelation.patch (8.1 KB) - added by Kalle Lampila 3 years ago.
ungluerelations.png (356 bytes) - added by Kalle Lampila 3 years ago.
Download all attachments as: .zip
Change History (5)
Changed 3 years ago by Kalle Lampila
Changed 3 years ago by Kalle Lampila
comment:1 Changed 3 years ago by Kalle Lampila
• Type changed from defect to enhancement
comment:2 Changed 3 years ago by bastiK
comment:3 Changed 3 years ago by bastiK
• Resolution set to fixed
• Status changed from new to closed
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A TRANSPORT RATE FORMULA FOR MIXED-SIZE SANDS
Mohammad Dibajnia, Akira Watanabe
Abstract
Experiments were conducted on the transport of mixed grain size sands due to nonlinear waves, over both rippled and flat beds. The sand mixture was composed of a fine sand with median diameter of 0.2 mm and a coarse sand with median diameter of 0.87 mm. Conditions for the initiation of sheet flow were investigated and transport rates were measured. It was found that the transport rate of fine sand is significantly reduced by the existence of the coarse sand, whereas the coarse sand behaved almost as if there were no other sand present. A transport rate formula for mixed sands was presented and verified by using the measured data.
Keywords
transport rate; sediment transport; transport formula; mixed size sand
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Monday, May 30, 2011
Memorial Day - Joe Convey
While on our visit to Red Rock Canyon last week, it was the flash of red on a desert background of brown and green that drew my attention. I walked out to pick up what I assumed was a bit of visitor dropped litter. The "litter" was a small red, white and blue American flag.
So it was quite by accident that I came across this memorial plaque and flag for war veteran Joseph Convey. I don't know who Joe was or how he came to be at this final resting place but I think it's fitting to share the following images on this Memorial Day - May 30, 2011
...rest in peace Joe and thanks for your service.
Saturday, May 28, 2011
Differences...
I haven’t been online lately because Claudette and I drove to Las Vegas for a five night “kinda free" vacation deal.
One of the advantages of working as a substitute teacher is that I don’t have to ask for or get approval to take time off. I’m just “not available” to the calling system.
As we aren’t frequent visitors to Vegas (this trip makes twice), it’s always interesting to note differences from our usual environment.
• Don't take any cards from strangers on the street -- especially if your wife is with you.
• Alcohol seems to impair hearing because drunk people talk loud.
• Buy tobacco stocks, there doesn't seem to be any shortage of smokers.
• I played $3 in the slots. Lost it all. Maybe it's a rip off.
• There appears to be more pawn shops per square mile than anywhere else in the country.
• People seem a lot more normal as distance from the Vegas Strip increases.
• There really IS a desert out there. Red Rock Canyon is beautiful this time of year.
• Almost everything is a dam joke at the Hoover Dam.
• Dam that bridge is high. We walked across it both ways. We had to. The eastern end is a dead end.
...and finally:
The world didn't end as predicted the day before we got there
Friday, May 20, 2011
Odd Sub Types...
The following is a guest blog submission from the freshmen H.S. team bloggers Phil & Ted and their take on "odd substitute teacher types" -- Mark
------------------
You walk into class. All of a sudden, you’re back outside class. You walk in again. Then the same thing happens. In the class is a teacher. It’s not your teacher. Then, you wake up, but you’re still in class. Then you wake up again [to a clock radio], and again. It turns out you’re falling off a bridge. Then you wake up again, and you realize the point of this lengthy introduction was to make fun of the movie “Inception.”
But what if you’re teacher didn’t show up for the day? What if it was someone else? In that case a substitute teacher takes over. While most subs are normal, there are basically five slightly less-normal substitutes. They are detailed in this scholarly article (along with common introductions).
The Musically-Oriented Substitute Teacher
“Hello, students [Gmajor7] isn’t the world just full of [changes to a C chord] music? [Breaks into “The Hills are Alive...”][Catches self] Ooo-oooo-ooops [hits D, F#, and A on the “oops”], I forgot to take attendance! [Breaks into “My Favorite Things”].”
This substitute teacher loves music. The classic give-away is carrying an instrument case or in extreme situations, yodeling. The best way to handle this substitute is to play some popular music, which will thoroughly ruin any sense of rhythm and melody the sub possessed previously.
The Inexperienced Substitute Teacher
“Hi, it says here...introduce self...introduce self?...um, my name is Mrs. Someone-needs-to-show-me-the-ropes (my family has gone through a lot of divorces/remarriages).
Now-please, don’t do that, I think the lights are supposed to stay attached to the ceiling (although it isn’t clear in these directions)-who wants to take attendance?”
Due to rising oil prices, some schools grab substitute teachers from their posts at the gas station (…except in Texas, where people stick a tube in the ground to fill up their car. There, schools grab inexperienced subs from college, because, after all, if they got that far, they might as well stop). Needless to say, this sub has no idea what to do, and begins to worship the teacher’s directions, which often include complicated words such as “cabinet” and “desk drawer” (unless, of course, they accidentally picked up the attendance sheet, in which case they worship Andrew Anderson, or whoever else is at the top of the list).
The Last-Minute Sub
“[Panting heavily] Hey, students [breath], sorry I’m late, there was a six-car pileup in my garage. When the helicopters tried to get the news footage, they crashed into my house, so I had to stop and save my California Condor pet, which was glued to the set in the living room watching Fox News. I didn’t get the call to come in until last month, so it was kind of last-minute.”
These subs can be identified by their tie which is suspiciously, meticulously tied in a .5673 Windsor knot (conflicting with their story of being ‘last-minute’. Clearly, they weren’t in traffic, they were stuck in front of a mirror).
The Cheerful
Mentor
“Hiya, students! So glad to see your bright and shiny faces. Just for kicks and giggles, let’s be great friends! I’m supposed to take attendance. Do you guys like attendance? No? Then let’s not take attendance. What’s that, you say? Tuesday is always graffiti practice day? Let’s do it!”
Contrary to popular belief, these subs are not extremely happy. Instead, it is their extreme fear of the students that drives them to attempt to befriend the students (these are the people who attempt to respond to all of their 6,743 Facebook friends every week).
The Story-Teller
“Good morning, students. Oh, speaking of students (and good mornings), did I ever tell you about the time I was caught in a Chilean Mine? No? Well-oh, I have to take attendance first. Speaking of attendance (and first), there was this one week of my life where I got my arm caught in the toaster, seven consecutive days in a row!”
When growing up as a child, these subs had the type of parents who always listened to their child, because, after all, they were “special”. When tossed into the real world (on March 14th, 1987, for you readers keeping track), these subs naturally assumed that everyone would love to listen to them.
These are the five oddest types of substitute teachers. Remember, though, that these are the exceptions, and the substitute that's the norm is more-well, I'm not going there.
Monday, May 16, 2011
A Government Offer...
I got the following notice enclosed with my tax refund...
(Click to enlarge)
Pardon my skepticism in taking any financial advice from an organization that's over $14 TRILLION in debt.
Might I suggest that we can eliminate all demonstrated, ineffective "commissions" like the Federal Financial Literacy and Education Commission as a minuscule step in the right direction?
Sunday, May 15, 2011
Is Subbing a Popularity Contest?
I recognize other subs, if not by name, by sight fairly often after a year or two on the job. So when he entered the staff lounge at lunch time and I hadn’t seen him before, I assumed that he must be relatively new.
I invited him to share the table as we exchanged the customary first time meeting introductions. It turns out that we have very similar histories in how we both arrived in the role of a substitute teacher.
We are about the same age; both came from computer programming backgrounds and ended our careers in much the same manner. The only difference was, his was a layoff five years ago while mine was seven.
I was a bit surprised to find out, since I hadn’t seen him before, that he’s been on the subbing list for this school district for most of those five years and yet we hadn’t run across each other until now.
I originally enrolled in three districts when I first started and quickly reduced that to only a single one after a couple years. I assumed incorrectly that he must have been working other districts and just recently signed for this one.
In comparing “assignment frequency”, he was surprised to hear that I’m averaging 2-3 days a week in this single district we both share while he is having problems getting 2 days a week despite working for four separate districts. Next year, his plan is to enroll in one additional elementary district that has a reputation (not a good one) but has a higher pay rate to increase his assignment chances.
With several newer-hired subs and last year’s change in assignment procedure priorities to favor unemployed teachers, I’m surprised that I’m still working about the same frequency as normal but at fewer schools.
His parting comment: “Doesn’t seem to make any sense…must be a popularity contest.”
Wednesday, May 11, 2011
I Hate Paint…
Spring break ended two weeks ago. My personal “Spring break” continued for an additional week as there were no calls.
With only 20 days left in this school year, I should take all the assignments I can get before the summer income drought begins. So of course, as fate dictates, the first call this week is…Kindergarten!
Now, normally I wouldn’t take this particular class for one reason. This Kinder teacher is the only one I’ve encountered (so far) that has “painting” as a free choice activity at the end of the day. The before class preparation is a time consuming and messy process with the added bonus that some combination of shirt, pants and/or shoes will not escape an inadvertent color makeover before the end of the day.
The tri-sided art station, containing six color pots on each side, meant replacing all 18 pots of paint and cleaning all 18 brushes while attempting to avoid ending up looking like a cast member in a production of “Joseph and the Multicolor Dreamcoat
As per lesson plan instructions, I discarded the 18 old plastic bags of paint and grabbed the box of new plastic bags…There were only four Ziplock bags left in the box!!!
I suddenly realize that I’m at a crossroad with two choices. Do I persistently scour all the cabinets in the classroom looking for a new box of plastic bags or employ the old standard “…can’t find the pencil/book/homework in plane sight” student excuse.
There was no “free choice art” activity today.
Monday, May 09, 2011
HS Intern Interview...
From my online interview questions for the high school tag team bloggers Phil & Ted
1) At what point in your academic (pre-academic?) career did you realize that you had a talent for writing?
While I’d love to capitalize on the “pre-academic” part and say that I actually wrote a few pieces while I was still in the womb, I don’t think you would believe me. Basically, I’d have to say that I started to seriously develop my writing due to my fourth grade teacher. Then, in seventh grade, I had a very funny English teacher, so I began writing humorous pieces. Recently, as a high school freshman, I started publicizing my humor writings in many ways, and was told that my writing, in terms of amusement, was just below watching a cat chase a laser pointer (so, of course, I started a blog). I suppose some of you would call this a talent, but for all I know I can blame both this and my bad teeth on genetics.
2) Do you write for any other media other than the blog? (School newspaper, English composition class, paid essay-writing services for fellow students, wall graffiti...)
Yes, there is a portion of the US federal tax dollars that is allotted to professional graffiti artists, and I think I have really found a niche in train boxcars. Ha ha, not really. So far, I’ve only written for my English class, speeches, my school’s annual literary magazine, and my blog. I would love to write for many other venues, such as my school paper, community paper, and marketing venues (such as advertisements. Something like, “This product has been recommended by your doctor/dentist/favorite celebrity, and is everything you need in life [insert guy, talking fast, with legal disclaimer] except for the various upgrades and other products we sell”).
3) Why blogging? Class assignment, experimentation, fame, fortune, just for fun...?
Well, one of my various classes used a blog, and when I participated, I thought, “Wait, this is online? So, like, anybody could read this? Like, even the life forms that may or may not exist on Mars could read this (assuming that they have a cafe with free wi-fi)? That’s horrible! We must have totally ruined our galactic reputation!” So, naturally, I set out to remedy this (using the principle that too much of a bad thing will eventually become a good thing). It’s an enjoyable experiment, because it provides readers for my writings and uses all sorts of technological skills. I’d love the fame and fortune, but unless the aliens are controlling our minds and don’t mind being the butt of jokes, I don’t think that is too likely at this point (except for, “Alien spaceship descends, fries teenage blogger, and leaves!”).
4) Any goals to turn this into a future career and if so, what area?
I have no definite goals for my career as of yet (aside from not being a technical writer, but, as you, Kauaimark, pointed out, the pay is good), but I would certainly enjoy making humor writing, or another aspect of original humor, a career (such as comedian, author, or politician. You know, “I promise to fix the federal deficit,”-what a knee-slapper).
5) (Just curious...) How are your grades in the other non-literary subjects?
Well, I’m not sure if I should tell you this, but my school adopted a system where all of the grades start with an A: Amazing, Above average, Almost above average, Average, A bit below average, A fair amount below average, and Are you joking?
Seriously, though, I have a 4.0, and I’m in some pretty difficult classes (such as: P.E., DA (department assistant or district attorney, I forget which), and lunch).
6) Any questions you might have for me?
Well, I noticed you started blogging way back in 2004. How old ar-I mean, what got you to start blogging, and why/how have you kept it going for so long? On a different subject, what are three things I absolutely have to do before I leave high school?
From me:
Well the exact number isn't important but there are enough clues in my blog to guess that I'm older than your parents but probably younger than your grandparents.
When I got married (to my H.S. girlfriend, BTW) after graduating college, I started a handwritten journal of our life together. I think the journal lasted a couple weeks and forgotten after a couple months. Too many other things happening with life, work, kid on the way, etc.
Fast forward 30 or so years and I received an invitation to try out something called "Blogger". At the time I was just checking what "blogging" was. It's turns out that "online journal" was an apt description. My original attempt was to revive the personal journal concept when life happened again and I wandered into a totally alien career change.
...and so my life as "Just a Substitute Teacher" was born.
On a different subject, what are three things I absolutely have to do before I leave high school?
1) If you haven't already, learn how to use credit cards responsibly. If you can't pay the balance(s) at the end of the month, don't use the any credit cards until one month after you've repaid all the balances in full. Pay with cash or go without. It will save you loads of grief in the future. Trust me!
2) Realize that your parents are probably smarter than you think they are. Don't think you can't ask for and get good advice.
3) Everything else should be pretty well covered by #1 & #2
7) ...and finally, is there really a "Ted"? If so, his writing style is indistinguishable from yours. Very suspicious.
Yes, there really is a Ted. I, Phil, run the technical aspects of the blog, but Ted is a great humor writer that I knew of from school, so I brought him to the blog, and, rather than creating another blogger account and author, simply added his name to mine to keep things simple. Normally, I would have entertained your theory, but I could come up with no motive for taking on two pseudonyms. It’s hard enough remembering that have to sign comments and e-mails as Phil, and I’m sure I’d mess up if I had a third name to keep track of.
8) Is there anything Ted would like to contribute to the interview or would he rather stay the silent partner?
Hello world. It is I, Ted. I exist, and stuff…Well, I considered ending it right there, but I guess I have a little more to say. My story ismuch the same as Phil’s. I really began to enjoy writing during elementary school.
Additionally, I have always had a hunger for some good humor (I mean, those guys on C-SPAN are the best comediansaround. They can keep me entertained all day). Soon, I realized thatif you mix writing with a little humor, you get something that people(or at least toddlers, family dogs, vegetables, etc.) like to read.Therefore, I thought Phil had a great idea when he mentioned creatinga humorous blog about high school. So I joined in as a co-writer, and,since then, it has been my goal to write deeply philosophical pieces regarding the important issues of high school life. However, I do not quite have Phil’s prioritization skills nor ability to write substantial amounts of work at high speeds, so I am a rare compliment to the rest of the blog. But looking forward, I hope to write much more, especially considering that millions of people around the world spend their time clicking the refresh button on our blog-page. So that’s me, but please, just call me Ted.
This is also from Ted, but is not part of his answer to the question:
Thank you for taking an interest in our blog! I have had a lot of fun looking around your blog, and I'm glad someone enjoys reading Some High School Blog as much as I enjoy writing for it.
Wednesday, May 04, 2011
Tips for a Substitute Teacher…
The high school blogger team of Phil & Ted offers the following: 100 tips For The Substitute Teacher
It’s really, really long but I have personally used #’s 1, 2, 3, 26, 30, 34, & 84.
(Note: I might have Phil and/or Ted as guest bloggers, so your comments would be useful in determining that decision.)
Monday, May 02, 2011
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Stacy Williams
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Home Contact Internal Lab Members Publications Research
Stacy A. Williams
Graduate Student
Yale University
Department of Experimental Pathology
LMP 2095
333 Cedar Street
PO Box 208064
New Haven, CT 06520-8064
Stacy.A.Williams@yale.edu
203-785-2585
A brief background...
After graduating from the University of Delaware in 2001 with a B.A. in Biological Sciences, I spent four years with DuPont Agriculture and Nutrition as a Senior Assistant Chemist working on pesticide discovery. In 2005, I returned to school to pursue a PhD in Microbiology at the University of Virginia. After joining the Kupfer lab in 2006, I transferred to Yale University in August 2007.
Interests in the lab...
Fanconi anemia
Interests outside of the lab...
• Hiking
• Music - particularly the hard rock variety
• Tennis
• Art & Art History
• Catering to my cat Spot
• Marmotology
Personal tools
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Quotes by Fu Wu Ming
We don't have a biography. Please consult wikipedia.
"The effects of our actions may be postponed but they are never lost. There is an inevitable reward for good deeds and an inescapable punishment for bad. Meditate upon this truth, and seek always to earn good wages from Destiny."
Fu Wu Ming on war
Take a look at recent activity on QB!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, 2006
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/07/2006
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Australian Social Trends 2006 is the 13th edition of an annual series that presents information on contemporary social issues and areas of public policy concern. By drawing on a wide range of ABS statistics, and statistics from other official sources, Australian Social Trends describes aspects of Australian society, and how these are changing over time. It is designed to assist and encourage informed decision-making, and to be of value to a wide audience including those engaged in research, journalism, marketing, teaching and social policy, as well as anyone interested in how we live today and how we've changed over recent decades.
The material presented in Australian Social Trends 2006 is organised into nine chapters. As in previous editions, each of the first seven chapters represents a major area of social concern (i.e. population, family and community, health, education and training, work, economic resources, and housing), with an eighth chapter covering other areas of concern (e.g. crime and justice, culture and leisure, and the environment). The ninth chapter provides international comparisons for a number of these areas. Australian Social Trends also contains an introduction which is designed to further explain the rationale behind the publication and describe its main aims and features.
The opportunity has been taken to present some articles which expand and update analysis of topics examined in previous editions using the most recently available data. For example, in this edition, such articles cover government and non-government schooling, migrants' labour force participation and the environmental impact of household energy use. There are also articles on topics of interest not previously examined, such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth, community participation of people with a disability, the distribution and composition of household wealth, and mortality improvements among people in their 50s.The national and state summary tables which present key social indicators in each of the seven major areas of social concern have been updated, as have the tables comparing Australia with major OECD countries, our closest neighbours, and our trading partners. The number of articles listed in the cumulative index now comes to over 400, published across all 13 editions.
Australian Social Trends has been produced on an annual basis since 1994. The 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005 editions are available from this website. The current edition (Australian Social Trends 2006) is available for purchase in hardcopy (as are several of the earlier editions) and also available free in pdf format. Individual articles can be accessed via the Cumulative Topic List.
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Research article
Altered networks in bothersome tinnitus: a functional connectivity study
Harold Burton1*, Andre Wineland2, Mousumi Bhattacharya3, Joyce Nicklaus4, Keith S Garcia5 and Jay F Piccirillo6
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology and Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
2 Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
3 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
4 Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
5 Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas-Southwestern, Austin, Texas, 75390, USA
6 Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Neuroscience 2012, 13:3 doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-3
Published: 4 January 2012
Abstract
Background
The objective was to examine functional connectivity linked to the auditory system in patients with bothersome tinnitus. Activity was low frequency (< 0.1 Hz), spontaneous blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses at rest. The question was whether the experience of chronic bothersome tinnitus induced changes in synaptic efficacy between co-activated components. Functional connectivity for seed regions in auditory, visual, attention, and control networks was computed across all 2 mm3 brain volumes in 17 patients with moderate-severe bothersome tinnitus (Tinnitus Handicap Index: average 53.5 ± 3.6 (range 38-76)) and 17 age-matched controls.
Results
In bothersome tinnitus, negative correlations reciprocally characterized functional connectivity between auditory and occipital/visual cortex. Negative correlations indicate that when BOLD response magnitudes increased in auditory or visual cortex they decreased in the linked visual or auditory cortex, suggesting reciprocally phase reversed activity between functionally connected locations in tinnitus. Both groups showed similar connectivity with positive correlations within the auditory network. Connectivity for primary visual cortex in tinnitus included extensive negative correlations in the ventral attention temporoparietal junction and in the inferior frontal gyrus and rostral insula - executive control network components. Rostral insula and inferior frontal gyrus connectivity in tinnitus also showed greater negative correlations in occipital cortex.
Conclusions
These results imply that in bothersome tinnitus there is dissociation between activity in auditory cortex and visual, attention and control networks. The reciprocal negative correlations in connectivity between these networks might be maladaptive or reflect adaptations to reduce phantom noise salience and conflict with attention to non-auditory tasks.
Keywords:
tinnitus; human; MRI; connectivity
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2013-05-18T05:55:41.000Z
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yajmfqnvphz2qqscq5awtzm2ao35w34j
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Research article
Riluzole neuroprotection in a parkinson's disease model involves suppression of reactive astrocytosis but not GLT-1 regulation
Marica Carbone1, Susan Duty1 and Marcus Rattray1,2*
Author Affiliations
1 King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
2 Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Neuroscience 2012, 13:38 doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-38
Published: 5 April 2012
Abstract
Background
Riluzole is a neuroprotective drug used in the treatment of motor neurone disease. Recent evidence suggests that riluzole can up-regulate the expression and activity of the astrocyte glutamate transporter, GLT-1. Given that regulation of glutamate transport is predicted to be neuroprotective in Parkinson's disease, we tested the effect of riluzole in parkinsonian rats which had received a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the median forebrain bundle.
Results
Rats were treated with intraperitoneal riluzole (4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg), 1 hour before the lesion then once daily for seven days. Riluzole produced a modest but significant attenuation of dopamine neurone degeneration, assessed by suppression of amphetamine-induced rotations, preservation of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neuronal cell bodies in the substantia nigra pars compacta and attenuation of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase protein loss. Seven days after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion, reactive astrocytosis was observed in the striatum, as determined by increases in expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, however the glutamate transporter, GLT-1, which is also expressed in astrocytes was not regulated by the lesion.
Conclusions
The results confirm that riluzole is a neuroprotective agent in a rodent model of parkinson's disease. Riluzole administration did not regulate GLT-1 levels but significantly reduced GFAP levels, in the lesioned striatum. Riluzole suppression of reactive astrocytosis is an intriguing finding which might contribute to the neuroprotective effects of this drug.
Keywords:
EAAT2; GLT-1; Neuroprotection; Parkinson's Disease; GFAP; Glial cell; 6-hydroxydopamine
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2013-05-18T05:24:18.000Z
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bzrrw3uqodi22swx6raqiozmfw4hlikk
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"uncompressed_offset": 345251982,
"url": "www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/9/74/abstract",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b3433e64-d2cd-4e68-9c32-1de186379bce>",
"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/9/74/abstract"
}
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Research article
Efficacy of aerobic exercise and a prudent diet for improving selected lipids and lipoproteins in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
George A Kelley1*, Kristi S Kelley1, Susan Roberts2 and William Haskell3
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Community Medicine, West Virginia University, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV 26506-9190, USA
2 Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
3 Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Medicine 2011, 9:74 doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-74
Published: 15 June 2011
Abstract
Background
Studies addressing the effects of aerobic exercise and a prudent diet on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in adults have reached conflicting conclusions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aerobic exercise combined with a prudent diet on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in adults.
Methods
Studies were located by searching nine electronic databases, cross-referencing, and expert review. Two independent reviewers selected studies that met the following criteria: (1) randomized controlled trials, (2) aerobic exercise combined with diet recommendations (saturated/trans fat intake less than 10% of total calories and cholesterol less than 300 mg/day and/or fiber intake ≥25 g/day in women and ≥35 grams per day in men), (3) intervention ≥4 weeks, (4) humans ≥18 years of age, (5) published studies, including dissertations and Master's theses, (6) studies published in any language, (7) studies published between January 1, 1955 and May 1, 2009, (8) assessment of one or more of the following lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), ratio of TC to HDL-C, non-HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). Two reviewers independently extracted all data. Random-effects models that account for heterogeneity and 95% confidence intervals were used to pool findings.
Results
Of the 1,401 citations reviewed, six studies representing 16 groups (8 intervention, 8 control) and up to 559 men and women (282 intervention, 277 control) met the criteria for analysis. Statistically significant intervention minus control reductions were found for TC (-15.5 mg/dl, 95% CI, -20.3 to -10.7), TC:HDL-C (-0.4 mg/dl, 95% CI, -0.7 to -0.2), LDL-C (-9.2 mg/dl, 95% CI, -12.7 to -5.8) and TG (-10.6 mg/dl, 95% CI, -17.2 to -4.0) but not HDL-C (-0.5 mg/dl, 95% CI, -4.0 to 3.1). Changes were equivalent to reductions of 7.5%, 6.6%, 7.2% and 18.2% respectively, for TC, TC:HDL-C, LDL-C and TG. Because of missing variance statistics, non-HDL-C was excluded.
Conclusions
Aerobic exercise combined with a prudent diet is highly efficacious for improving TC, TC:HDL-C, LDL-C and TG, but not HDL-C concentrations, in adults. However, additional studies are needed, including effectiveness studies using intention-to-treat analysis.
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2013-05-18T05:23:14.000Z
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ls6k7gpza6lp37j6vyagrjjranvq4sho
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Correspondence
Response to issues on GM agriculture in Africa: Are transgenic crops safe?
Ademola A Adenle
Author Affiliations
United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS), 6F International Organisations Centre, Pacifico Yokohama, 1-1-1 Minato Mirai Nishi-ku, 220-8502, Yokohama, Japan
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), 7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8677, Japan
BMC Research Notes 2011, 4:388 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-4-388
Published: 8 October 2011
Abstract
The controversies surrounding transgenic crops, often called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), call for a need to raise the level of public awareness of Genetic Modification (GM) technology in Africa. This should be accomplished by educating the public about the potential benefits and risks that may be associated with this new technology. In the last 15 years, GM crop producing countries have benefited from adoption of this new technology in the form of improved crop productivity, food security, and quality of life. The increased income to resource-poor farmers is a key benefit at the individual level especially as most countries using this technology are in the developing world, including three African countries (South Africa, Burkina Faso and Egypt). Despite clear benefits to countries and farmers who grow GMOs, many people are concerned about suspected potential risks associated with GMOs. This sparks debate as to whether GM technology should be adopted or not. Given the concerns regarding the safety of GMO products, thorough scientific investigation of safe application of GMOs is required. The objective of this paper is to respond to the issues of GM agriculture in Africa and some of the issues surrounding the adoption of GM crops between developed and developing countries. In this article, I analyse relevant papers relating to the adoption of GM technology particularly in developing countries including the few African countries that have adopted GM crops. The issues discussed span a wide range including: safety; potential benefits and risks; disputes between the United States of America (USA) and the European Union (EU) over adoption of GM crops with a focus on Africa continent. This article is concluded by summarising the issues raised and how GM technology can be adopted for agricultural development in Africa.
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2013-05-18T05:33:20.000Z
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v7wz4nzzhjduxdzxr7tsfcqfsurvzt4d
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:9901",
"uncompressed_offset": 346972774,
"url": "www.bizsugar.com/OnlineMarketing/why-publish-collaborative-blog-posts/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b3433e64-d2cd-4e68-9c32-1de186379bce>",
"warc_url": "http://www.bizsugar.com/OnlineMarketing/why-publish-collaborative-blog-posts/"
}
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Why Publish Collaborative Blog Posts?
Posted by Nicole Dean under Online Marketing
From http://thefutureofink.com 161 days ago
Made Hot by: bloggerpalooza on December 11, 2012 10:57 pm
Many bloggers are opposed to working with their competition. However, when done in a collaborative manner, everyone, especially the blog's audience can win.
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2013-05-18T06:26:32.000Z
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mbkn4ozj3nnxbphlydqtvvginu7pqo7w
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"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
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"warc_url": "http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/view/20943/0"
}
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Federal Government Funding of Research in Universities in Nigeria, the University of Benin as a Case Study
Roseline O. Osagie
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that research is extremely critical and important if universities are to serve as engines of development in their areas of locations. For a knowledge-driven world, investment in research and development (R&D) is a sine qua non for a nation. Few studies have examined the federal government’s investment in research in her universities. Furthermore, there is no available evidence of studies on the federal government funding of teaching and research equipment in universities in Nigeria. This study, therefore, investigated the federal government funding of research, teaching and research equipment at the University of Benin. Four research questions were posed to guide the study. The findings showed that less than 5% of the total recurrent revenue was allocated for research at the University of Benin during the 1992/93 to 1996/97 academic sessions. The findings indicated that the federal government is not making a robust investment in research and therefore Nigeria is not developing. Hence its economic quagmire. This paper, therefore, canvassed for the revitalization of research in universities in Nigeria as a means of fast-tracking its economic development.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ies.v5n6p73
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Education Studies ISSN 1913-9020 (Print), ISSN 1913-9039 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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2013-05-18T08:03:40.000Z
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svxlet7pkggehnyc6q4sipkkv4fs3fek
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"warc_url": "http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijef/article/view/3409"
}
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The Effects of Merger and Acquisition Announcements on the Security Prices of Bidding Firms and Target Firms in Asia
Anson Wong, Kui Yin Cheung
Abstract
With the rise of the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and the smash of IT bubbles in 2000, there has been an increase in the number of corporate takeovers and mergers. In light of these events, we investigate the effects of acquisition announcements on the pricing behavior of the Asian bidding and target firms using the data of mergers or acquisitions announcements from the Bloomberg Database and Reuters Business Database fpr Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea and Japan over the period from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2007. Our result indicates that information concerning a forthcoming corporate takeover is considered good news for the shareholders of bidding firms but not regarded as good news for the shareholders of the target firms. In addition, we confirm the hypothesis that the abnormal return for the shareholders of bidding firms during the post-announcement period depends on the type of acquisition.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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2013-05-18T06:25:53.000Z
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3ywcv6u5adxbdvxrb5xzfkzueaexsvq6
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{
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}
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Hybrid Two-Stage Algorithm for Solving Transportation Problem
Saleem Zeyad Ramadan, Imad Z. Ramadan
Abstract
In this paper a hybrid two-stage algorithm is proposed to find the optimal solution for transportation problem (TP). The proposed algorithm consists of two stages: the first stage uses genetic algorithm (GA) to find an improved nonartificial feasible solution for the problem and the second stage utilizes this solution as a starting point in the RSM algorithm to find the optimal solution for the problem. The algorithm utilizes big M method to handle ? constraints and northwest corner method, minimum cost method, and Vogel's method are also used to generate the initial population for the GA. Performance of the algorithm is tested under different simulated scenarios and compared to both GA and revised simplex method (RSM). The results showed that the new hybrid algorithm performs competitively against GA and RSM. The proposed algorithm can be easily extended to cover different kinds of linear programming (LP) problems with minor changes such as inventory control, employment scheduling, personnel assignment and transshipment problems.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/mas.v6n4p12
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Modern Applied Science ISSN 1913-1844 (Print) ISSN 1913-1852 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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uccz3cb2nxxn2vznr3arxf7frcvornpp
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}
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Rate This Article
Average: 0/5
Multimedia Educational Resources for Learning and Online Teaching (MERLOT)
Multimedia Educational Resources for Learning and Online Teaching (MERLOT)
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Ida Kubiszewski PhD
MERLOT is a user-centered, searchable collection of peer-reviewed, higher education, online learning materials created by registered members, and a set of faculty development support services. MERLOT's vision is to be a premiere online community where faculty, staff, and students from around the world share their learning materials and pedagogy.
MERLOT's strategic goal is to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning by increasing the quantity and quality of peer-reviewed online learning materials that can be easily incorporated into faculty designed courses.
MERLOT’s activities are based on the creative participation and support of individual members, institutional partners, corporate partners, and editorial boards. Integral to MERLOT’s continuing development of faculty development support services are its building and sustaining online academic communities; online learning initiatives and policies; and its building, organizing, reviewing, and developing applications of online teaching-learning materials
MERLOT maintains its currency through ongoing and continuing communication with its worldwide supporters in a variety of ways, including the annual MERLOT International Conference, the Journal of Online Learning and Teaching (JOLT), member publications, news, and its award winning website.
Further Reading
Citation
Cutler J. Cleveland (Lead Author);Ida Kubiszewski PhD (Topic Editor) "Multimedia Educational Resources for Learning and Online Teaching (MERLOT)". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth May 4, 2007; Last revised Date May 4, 2007; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Multimedia_Educational_Resources_for_Learning_and_Online_Teaching_(MERLOT)>
The Author
Cutler J. Cleveland is Professor of Earth and Environment at Boston University, where he also is on the faculty of the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies. Professor Cleveland is Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Energy (Elsevier, 2004), winner of an American Library Association award, the Dictionary of Energy (Elsevier, 2005), Handbook of Energy (Elsevier, forthcoming), and is the Founding Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Earth. He is the recipient of the Adelma ... (Full Bio)
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