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"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Lane_County,_Oregon_Courthouse",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b3433e64-d2cd-4e68-9c32-1de186379bce>",
"warc_url": "http://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Lane_County,_Oregon_Courthouse"
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Lane County, Oregon CourthouseEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Oregon Lane County Courthouse
Contents
Information
County Clerk
Downtown Public Service Building/Courthouse
125 East 8th Ave
Eugene OR 97401
Office
Email: Multiple addresses (and phone numbers) listed on site.
Circuit Courthouse
Probate Department
Only active cases are maintained. Closed cases are transferred to State Archives (see below.)
The office maintain list of records since 1980 on computer but no online access.
Phone only: (541) 682-3654
Records Held at the Courthouse
State Archives
800 Summer St NE
Salem OR 97310
Phone: (503) 373 0701
Hours: Mon-Fri: 8am-4:45pm
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 18 July 2011, at 08:18.
• This page has been accessed 260 times.
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"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?diff=282437&oldid=282436&title=Help%3ACreate_an_internal_link",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b3433e64-d2cd-4e68-9c32-1de186379bce>",
"warc_url": "http://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?title=Help:Create_an_internal_link&diff=282437&oldid=282436"
}
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Help:Create an internal link
From FamilySearch Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
Line 56: Line 56:
*Click on the red link to create the page and begin adding text.
*Click on the red link to create the page and begin adding text.
=== To create an internal link using wikitext ===
+
To create an internal or external link using wikitext see [[Help:Advanced Linking|Advanced Linking]].
+
(see [[Help:Advanced Linking|Advanced Linking]])
+
[[Category:Help|<br>]]
[[Category:Help|<br>]]
Revision as of 05:24, 4 March 2010
How to ...
Edit
Basic editing
Simple edits
Editing tool
Advanced editing
Links
Using Rich Editor
Internal links
External links
Advanced linking
Pages
Naming
Moving (renaming)
Deleting
Redirects
Style guide
Formatting
Wiki markup
Wikitext cheatsheet
Collaborate
User page
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Recent changes
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Selecting images
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Tables
Advanced tables
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Categorization
Advanced
categorization
Templates
Quick guide
Advanced templates
Quick Reference:
• The blue globe/earth icon with the two chain links looped together on the toolbar is used for internal linking.
Types of links
A link is a hyperlink or method for navigating to another page in the wiki or on the internet. There are two kinds of links that you can use in the FamilySearch wiki:
1. An internal link provides a link to other pages in the FamilySearch wiki.
2. An external link provides a link to pages that are not part of the FamilySearch wiki. To create external links, including a list of templates to use for linking to pages on specific internet sites, see Create an external link.
Does the text on the page have to match linked page's title?
It is not required, but the linking text should cleary convey the content of the linked page to the researcher and may 1) expand on the title of the linked page or 2) be more concise.
Example 1:
Page Title: Mennonties
Linking Text: Researching Mennonite Records
Example 2:
Page Title: Create an external link
Linking Text: External links
How to create an internal link
The wiki editor provides a set of tools for creating both internal and external links.
1. Log in to the FamilySearch Research Wiki.
2. Navigate to the page where you want to add the internal link. Click the Edit link in the navigation bar page options. This will open the editing window.
3. In the editing window, type the text you want to create the link with. Remember, this does not need to be the same as the title of the article to which you are linking.
4. Using your mouse, position your cursor in front of the text you just typed. While holding down the left mouse button, drag the cursor across the text until it is highlighted and then release the mouse button (the text should still be highlighted as shown in the image below).
5. On the editing toolbar, click the hyperlink icon. It looks like a tiny globe/earth with two chain links in front of it.
6. After clicking the hyperlink icon, the "Link" window will open.
7. At the top of the "Link" window, locate the "Link" box. Here you will type the name of the article you want to link to. Notice that after typing the first three letters of the article title, possible matches will appear in the "Automatic Search Results" box.
8. If the title of the article you want to link to appears in the "Automatic Search Results" box, left-click on the title of the article and the name of the article will appear in the "Link" box above. Once the correct article title appears in the "Link" box, click OK to save the link in the editing window.
9. The text that you highlighted in step 4 will now appear blue in the editing window.
10. Save your changes by scrolling down using the outside scroll-bar until you locate the Save page button located below the editing window.
11. After clicking Save page, you will be able to click on the newly created link between two Wiki articles. NOTE: If the link appears red on the page, the title of the linked article was typed in incorrectly. Repeat the steps above, paying close attention to steps 6-7.
Other Helpful Hints:
• To link to an article in this wiki, the link text must exactly match the article title (including spelling and punctuation). If there are any differences, the link will create a new blank article with the title you entered.
• If the page exists, the link will be blue.
• If the page has not yet been created, the link will be red.
• Click on the red link to create the page and begin adding text.
To create an internal or external link using wikitext see Advanced Linking.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:9932",
"uncompressed_offset": 472996006,
"url": "www.go4expert.com/forums/parental-control-implementation-using-t24788/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b3433e64-d2cd-4e68-9c32-1de186379bce>",
"warc_url": "http://www.go4expert.com/forums/parental-control-implementation-using-t24788/"
}
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Parental Control implementation using MFC
Go4Expert Member
29Jan2011,11:41 #1
Hi,
Can anyone please tell me how to block the internet usage for the perticular user on same computer at specific time, i heard about LSP API but u dont know much details, is any another way to doing that.
Please Reply me.
Thanks & regards,
RAM
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:9933",
"uncompressed_offset": 478488425,
"url": "www.grandtheftwiki.com/Gern_Blanston",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b3433e64-d2cd-4e68-9c32-1de186379bce>",
"warc_url": "http://www.grandtheftwiki.com/Gern_Blanston"
}
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Gern Blanston
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Gern Blanston, formerly known as Gaffle One, was a rapper and pioneer in hardcore tales, unflinching views of street life, and the most playful misogyny'. He had been a pimp using a 1979 Remington (known as TheGaffleMobile) and his debut single was "I Ain't The ONE". The company ScamWay had partnered with him on his grass roots sales endeavors, which convinced him to turn legitimate and later become a representative for ScamWay in North America. He 'leads the continent in sales of toothpaste, stain remover products, and commemorative coins'.
External Link
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{
"content_type": "application/xhtml+xml",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:9938",
"uncompressed_offset": 491233723,
"url": "www.hindawi.com/journals/trt/2012/289136/abs/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b3433e64-d2cd-4e68-9c32-1de186379bce>",
"warc_url": "http://www.hindawi.com/journals/trt/2012/289136/abs/"
}
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Tuberculosis Research and Treatment
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 289136, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/289136
Research Article
Antimycobacterial Activities of Novel 5-(1H-1,2,3-Triazolyl)Methyl Oxazolidinones
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
Received 17 November 2011; Accepted 14 February 2012
Academic Editor: Zarir Farokh Udwadia
Copyright © 2012 Oludotun Adebayo Phillips et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The antibacterial activities of a series of triazolyl oxazolidinones against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain in vitro and in vivo in a mice model are presented. Most active compounds were noncytotoxic against VERO cells with acceptable selectivity indexes (SI) as measures of compound tolerability. Structure activity relationships (SARs) revealed that analogs with alkylcarbonyl (IC90: < 0.2 to 0.422 μg/mL) and arylcarbonyl (IC90: < 0.2 to 2.103 μg/mL) groups at the piperazine 4N-position-displayed potent antimycobacterium activities, comparable to the methanesulfonyl (IC90: < 0.2 μg/mL) analog, linezolid (IC90: < 0.2 μg/mL), and isoniazid (IC90: < 0.034 μg/mL). The furanylcarbonyl derivative also displayed potent activity, while the arylsulfonyl analogs were inactive. Of the triazolyl oxazolidinones, the morpholino (PH-27) derivative with medium bioavailability in plasma was most active in vivo, but relatively less efficacious than isoniazid.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:9943",
"uncompressed_offset": 513301452,
"url": "www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/publisheryear.cgi",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b3433e64-d2cd-4e68-9c32-1de186379bce>",
"warc_url": "http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/publisheryear.cgi?183+1979"
}
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Dell Yearling - Books Published in 1979
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Publications:
0-440-44165-X Jimmy Takes Vanishing Lessons, 1979, [32]pp, tp Walter R. Brooks
0-440-46640-7 One More Flight, Jan 1979, $1.25, 96pp, tp Eve Bunting
0-440-48761-7 A Wind in the Door, Jun 1979, $1.75, [10]+211+[3]pp, tp Madeleine L'Engle [VERIFIED]
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:9954",
"uncompressed_offset": 563167448,
"url": "www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/13/1/369",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b3433e64-d2cd-4e68-9c32-1de186379bce>",
"warc_url": "http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/13/1/369"
}
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(1), 369-382; doi:10.3390/ijms13010369
Article
Potentiation of Anticancer Drugs: Effects of Pentoxifylline on Neoplastic Cells
1 Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 840 05, Slovakia 2 Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Excellence of the Slovak Research and Development Agency “BIOMEMBRANES 2008” Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 5, Bratislava 83334, Slovakia 3 Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 7, Bratislava 833 91, Slovakia
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 8 November 2011; in revised form: 7 December 2011 / Accepted: 13 December 2011 / Published: 28 December 2011
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Toxicology)
Download PDF Full-Text [395 KB, uploaded 28 December 2011 11:06 CET]
Abstract: The drug efflux activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, a product of the mdr1 gene, ABCB1 member of ABC transporter family) represents a mechanism by which tumor cells escape death induced by chemotherapeutics. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in mouse leukemia L1210/VCR cells. Parental sensitive mouse leukemia cells L1210, and multidrug-resistant cells, L1210/VCR, which are characterized by the overexpression of P-gp, were used as experimental models. The cells were exposed to 100 μmol/L PTX in the presence or absence of 1.2 μmol/L vincristine (VCR). Western blot analysis indicated a downregulation of P-gp protein expression when multidrug-resistant L1210/VCR cells were exposed to PTX. The effects of PTX on the sensitization of L1210/VCR cells to VCR correlate with the stimulation of apoptosis detected by Annexin V/propidium iodide apoptosis necrosis kit and proteolytic activation of both caspase-3 and caspase-9 monitored by Western blot analysis. Higher release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-2, which could be attenuated by PTX, was found in L1210/VCR than in L1210 cells by gelatin zymography in electrophoretic gel. Exposure of resistant cells to PTX increased the content of phosphorylated Akt kinase. In contrast, the presence of VCR eliminated the effects of PTX on Akt kinase phosphorylation. Taken together, we conclude that PTX induces the sensitization of multidrug-resistant cells to VCR via downregulation of P-gp, stimulation of apoptosis and reduction of MMPs released from drug-resistant L1210/VCR cells. These facts bring new insights into the mechanisms of PTX action on cancer cells.
Keywords: pentoxifylline; P-glycoprotein; multidrug resistance; apoptosis; matrix metalloproteinases; caspases
Article Statistics
Click here to load and display the download statistics.
Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Barancik, M.; Bohacova, V.; Gibalova, L.; Sedlak, J.; Sulova, Z.; Breier, A. Potentiation of Anticancer Drugs: Effects of Pentoxifylline on Neoplastic Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 369-382.
AMA Style
Barancik M, Bohacova V, Gibalova L, Sedlak J, Sulova Z, Breier A. Potentiation of Anticancer Drugs: Effects of Pentoxifylline on Neoplastic Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(1):369-382.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Barancik, Miroslav; Bohacova, Viera; Gibalova, Lenka; Sedlak, Jan; Sulova, Zdena; Breier, Albert. 2012. "Potentiation of Anticancer Drugs: Effects of Pentoxifylline on Neoplastic Cells." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, no. 1: 369-382.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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{
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"warc_url": "http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/8/11/4353"
}
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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8(11), 4353-4366; doi:10.3390/ijerph8114353
Review
Malnutrition in the Critically Ill Child: The Importance of Enteral Nutrition
1 Pediatric Intensive Care Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, No. 47 Doctor Castelo, Madrid 28009, Spain 2 Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, No. 47 Doctor Castelo, Madrid 28009, Spain
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 25 October 2011; in revised form: 15 November 2011 / Accepted: 15 November 2011 / Published: 21 November 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Malnutrition and Public Health)
Download PDF Full-Text [67 KB, Updated Version, uploaded 25 November 2011 10:45 CET]
The original version is still available [235 KB, uploaded 21 November 2011 16:10 CET]
Abstract: Malnutrition affects 50% of hospitalized children and 25–70% of the critically ill children. It increases the incidence of complications and mortality. Malnutrition is associated with an altered metabolism of certain substrates, increased metabolism and catabolism depending on the severity of the lesion, and reduced nutrient delivery. The objective should be to administer individualized nutrition to the critically ill child and to be able to adjust the nutrition continuously according to the metabolic changes and evolving nutritional status. It would appear reasonable to start enteral nutrition within the first 24 to 48 hours after admission, when oral feeding is not possible. Parenteral nutrition should only be used when enteral nutrition is contraindicated or is not tolerated. Energy delivery must be individually adjusted to energy expenditure (40–65 kcal/100 calories metabolized/day) with a protein delivery of 2.5–3 g/kg/day. Frequent monitoring of nutritional and metabolic parameters should be performed.
Keywords: nutrition; malnutrition; enteral nutrition; parenteral nutrition; critically ill children
Article Statistics
Click here to load and display the download statistics.
Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Prieto, M.B.; Cid, J.-H. Malnutrition in the Critically Ill Child: The Importance of Enteral Nutrition. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 4353-4366.
AMA Style
Prieto MB, Cid J-H. Malnutrition in the Critically Ill Child: The Importance of Enteral Nutrition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011; 8(11):4353-4366.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Prieto, Marta Botrán; Cid, Jesús López-Herce. 2011. "Malnutrition in the Critically Ill Child: The Importance of Enteral Nutrition." Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 8, no. 11: 4353-4366.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health EISSN 1660-4601 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:9956",
"uncompressed_offset": 563212712,
"url": "www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/2/4/619",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b3433e64-d2cd-4e68-9c32-1de186379bce>",
"warc_url": "http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/2/4/619"
}
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Brain Sci. 2012, 2(4), 619-633; doi:10.3390/brainsci2040619
Article
The α1 Antagonist Doxazosin Alters the Behavioral Effects of Cocaine in Rats
Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Menninger Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 20 September 2012; in revised form: 26 October 2012 / Accepted: 8 November 2012 / Published: 13 November 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addiction and Neuroadaptation)
Download PDF Full-Text [283 KB, Updated Version, uploaded 15 November 2012 14:28 CET]
The original version is still available [283 KB, uploaded 13 November 2012 09:20 CET]
Abstract: Medications that target norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission alter the behavioral effects of cocaine and may be beneficial for stimulant-use disorders. We showed previously that the short-acting, α1-adrenergic antagonist, prazosin, blocked drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats and doxazosin (DOX), a longer-acting α1 antagonist blocked cocaine’s subjective effects in cocaine-dependent volunteers. To further characterize DOX as a possible pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence, we assessed its impact on the development and expression of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization in rats. Rats (n = 6–8) were administered saline, cocaine (COC, 10 mg/kg) or DOX (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) alone or in combination for 5 consecutive days (development). Following 10-days of drug withdrawal, all rats were administered COC and locomotor activity was again assessed (expression). COC increased locomotor activity across days indicative of sensitization. The high dose (1.0 mg/kg), but not the low dose (0.3 mg/kg) of DOX significantly decreased the development and expression of COC sensitization. DOX alone did not differ from saline. These results are consistent with studies showing that α1 receptors are essential for the development and expression of cocaine’s behavioral effects. Results also suggest that blockade of both the development and expression of locomotor sensitization may be important characteristics of possible pharmacotherapies for cocaine dependence in humans.
Keywords: cocaine dependence; psychostimulants; norepinephrine; dopamine; locomotor sensitization
Article Statistics
Click here to load and display the download statistics.
Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Haile, C.N.; Hao, Y.; O'Malley, P.W.; Newton, T.F.; Kosten, T.A. The α1 Antagonist Doxazosin Alters the Behavioral Effects of Cocaine in Rats. Brain Sci. 2012, 2, 619-633.
AMA Style
Haile CN, Hao Y, O'Malley PW, Newton TF, Kosten TA. The α1 Antagonist Doxazosin Alters the Behavioral Effects of Cocaine in Rats. Brain Sciences. 2012; 2(4):619-633.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Haile, Colin N.; Hao, Yanli; O'Malley, Patrick W.; Newton, Thomas F.; Kosten, Therese A. 2012. "The α1 Antagonist Doxazosin Alters the Behavioral Effects of Cocaine in Rats." Brain Sci. 2, no. 4: 619-633.
Brain Sci. EISSN 2076-3425 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:9958",
"uncompressed_offset": 566002062,
"url": "www.mepis.org/docs/en/index.php?title=Repairing_apt-get_database",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:09.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:b3433e64-d2cd-4e68-9c32-1de186379bce>",
"warc_url": "http://www.mepis.org/docs/en/index.php?title=Repairing_apt-get_database"
}
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Repairing apt-get database
From MEPIS Documentation Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
First Things to Try
Run as root:
dpkg --configure -a
apt-get -f install
Overwrite Problems
Example:
dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/libcupsys2-dev_1.1.23-3_i386.deb(--unpack):
trying to overwrite `/usr/share/man/fr/man1/cups-config.1.gz', which is also in package cupsys
Errors were encountered while processing:
/var/cache/apt/archives/libcupsys2-dev_1.1.23-3_i386.deb
Solution: Force the installation of that specific package:
dpkg -i --force-overwrite /var/cache/apt/archives/libcupsys2-dev_1.1.23-3_i386.deb
If it Hangs
Scenario: apt-get hangs during a configuration stage, you get tired of waiting, Ctrl-c to abort the execution of the program, and then you get an error specifying package(s) that had problems.
You should be able to reproduce the error/hang with
apt-get install some-unrelated-already-installed-package
E.g, I use this command:
apt-get install emacs21
There are some recently-added apt-get commands -- autoclean and autoremove -- that may be helpful. So you can try playing with these. (You can get the newest apt with apt-get install apt.)
Another thing I have found helpful is
apt-get --purge remove package
or, if that didn't work, proceed as in " Removing Badly Broken Package" section below.
After every package purge, try
apt-get install some-unrelated-already-installed-package
as above, and when you stop getting errors from this, you should be ok.
I use the following as a template for a script to help me back out of this type of situation
#!/bin/bash
find /var/cache/apt/archives/ | grep -i gtk | xargs rm -f
dpkg --configure -a
# probably don't need this usually, just my environment has low ram; the y flag is to automaticlally answer yes
APTGET_FLAGS='-y -o APT::Cache-Limit=25165824'
apt-get $APTGET_FLAGS --purge remove libghc6-gtk-dev
dpkg --purge --force-remove-reinstreq libghc6-gtk-dev
apt-get $APTGET_FLAGS autoclean # remove if can't be downloaded from repo clean
apt-get $APTGET_FLAGS autoremove # clean up unused dependencies
apt-get $APTGET_FLAGS install emacs21 # already installed, should now produce no errors
Removing Badly Broken Package
1) To be aplied if other methods fail:
dpkg --purge --force-remove-reinstreq <package name>
2) the following procedure if 1) above does not work.
a. dpkg --listfiles <package name>
Find every file that was installed, then do a search and destroy.
b. Edit the file /var/lib/dpkg/status
Remove the section for your badly broken package (Make a backup before you edit the file)
c. Edit the file /var/lib/dpkg/available
Remove the section for your badly broken package (Make a backup before you edit the file)
Personal tools
In other languages
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Compare Projects
General
Project Activity Moderate Moderate
Ohloh Data Quality Updated 5 days ago Updated 5 days ago
Homepage github.com www.mono-project.com
Project License GPL-2.0+ MIT
Estimated Cost $461,381.00 $1,131,567.00
All Time Statistics
Contributors (All Time)
View as graph
73 developers 62 developers
Commits (All Time)
View as graph
726 commits 2,798 commits
Initial Commit over 5 years ago over 10 years ago
Most Recent Commit 5 months ago 20 days ago
12 Month Statistics
Contributors (Past 12 Months) 4 developers 12 developers
Commits (Past 12 Months) 20 commits 81 commits
Files Modified 20 files 27 files
Lines Added 154 lines 294 lines
Lines Removed 79 lines 97 lines
Year-Over-Year Commits Decreasing Decreasing
30 Day Statistics
Contributors (Past 30 Days) No Activity 1 contributor
Commits (Past 30 Days) 5 commits
Files Modified 8 files
Lines Added 137 lines
Lines Removed 32 lines
Code Analysis
Mostly Written In C C#
Comments Average High
Lines of Code
View as graph
36,231 lines 84,010 lines
People
Managers
Ohloh Users 97 users 45 users
Ohloh User Rating
4.4
4.4/5.0
Based on 15 user ratings.
4.31579
4.3/5.0
Based on 19 user ratings.
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Polish PM hospitalized with acute infection
PanARMENIAN.Net - The office of Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk says he has been hospitalized with an acute infection of the respiratory duct, AP reports.
The office said Thursday, Jan 24, via Twitter that Tusk will however be temporarily discharged from the hospital on Friday to attend a voting session in Parliament.
The 55-year-old Tusk is Poland’s longest serving premier, at the helm of the center-liberal government since 2007. He was re-elected for a second term in 2011.
Partner news
Top stories
Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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Jeeves Recovers from Temporary Illness
Mar 15, 2005 • 9:46 am | (0) by | Filed Under Ask.com - Ask Jeeves
Reported over at WebmasterWorld, Ask Jeeves had dropped many pages from well established sites, including Amazon, About.com and WebmasterWorld around the date of March 14th. Members reported that "Amazon.com has only got 700 odd pages listed, About.com only 13." Other members confirm these glitch saying "Agreed - down from 17k pages in Teoma to all of 37, with nothing having changed at this end!" And one member checks WebmasterWorld and reports "inurl: on Webmasterworld shows 6 pages!"
At this point, it seems that Jeeves is almost back to normal. It is actually funny reading the thread. If this happened with Google or Yahoo, forget about it.
Previous story: Google Promotes Gmail on Home Page
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Google Stops Listing Burberry US Home Page
Apr 5, 2012 • 8:39 am | (10) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization
Dean Rowe, the SEO manager at Burberry's headquarters, received one of those Big traffic change for top URL notifications in Google Webmaster Tools for the http://us.burberry.com URL.
In fact, Google has currently delisted the us.burberry.com page. Why? Well, it was not a penalty, it was because Google felt the page was redundant to the uk.burberry.com web page.
Google's John Mueller told Dean, "We're currently seeing the UK and the US versions as being identical, and picking one of them (in this case, the UK version) for indexing."
A great way to resolve this is to make sure that they're really unique. Another solution could be to use geotargeting in Webmaster Tools (if you aren't using it already), and to use the "link rel=alternate hreflang" construct to make sure that we understand the relationship between your UK and US pages. You can find out more about this at http://support.google.com/webmasters/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=189077
Here is a screen shot, which might change in the near future:
Burberry is a huge brand and looking at how Google handled this situation is something most SEOs can learn from.
Forum discussion at Google Webmaster Help.
Previous story: Bing Video Search Gets An Upgrade
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Place:Aurora, Kane, Illinois, United States
Watchers
NameAurora
TypeCity
Coordinates41.76°N 88.299°W
Located inKane, Illinois, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Aurora is the second most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois, and the 112th largest city in the United States. The population in 2010 was 197,899.[1]
Once a mid-sized manufacturing city, Aurora has grown tremendously due to urban sprawl over the past 50 years. Originally founded within Kane County, Aurora's city limits and population now spill over into DuPage, Will and Kendall Counties. Between 2000 and 2003, the U.S. Census Bureau ranked Aurora as the 34th fastest growing city in the United States. From 2000 to 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau ranked the city as the 46th fastest growing city with a population of over 100,000.
In 1908, Aurora officially adopted the nickname "City of Lights", because it was one of the first cities in the United States to implement an all-electric street lighting system in 1881. Aurora's downtown is located on the Fox River. The historic downtown is centered on Stolp Island. The city is divided into three regions, The West Side, located on the west side of the Fox River, The East Side, located between the eastern bank of the Fox River and the Kane/DuPage County line, and the Far East Side/Fox Valley, which is from the County Line to the city's eastern border with Naperville.
The Aurora area is home to one of the most impressive architectural collections in the Midwest, featuring structures by Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Bruce Goff and George Grant Elmslie. The Hollywood Casino Aurora, a dockside gaming facility with and 1,200 gaming positions, is located on the river in downtown Aurora. Aurora is also home to a large collection of Sears Catalog Homes (over 50 homes) and Lustron all-steel homes (seven homes).
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Before European settlers arrived, there was a Native American village in what is today downtown Aurora, on the banks of the Fox River. In 1834, following the Black Hawk War, the McCarty brothers arrived and initially owned land on both sides of the river, but sold their lands to the Lake Brothers on the west side. The Lake Brothers opened a mill on the opposite side of the river. The McCartys lived and operated their mill on the east side. A post office was established in 1837, officially creating Aurora. Actually, however, Aurora was originally two villages: East Aurora, incorporated in 1845, on the east side of the river, and West Aurora, formally organized on the west side of the river in 1854.[2] In 1857, the two towns joined officially incorporated as the city of Aurora. The two sides couldn't agree on which side of the river should house the public buildings, so most public buildings were built on or around Stolp Island in the middle of the Fox River.
As the city grew, many factories and jobs came to Aurora, along with many people. In 1856, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad located its roundhouse and locomotive shop in Aurora to become the town's largest employer until the 1960s. Many of the heavy industries were located on the East side which provided employment for many generations of European immigrants. Many immigrants flocked to the city, mainly from Great Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, Luxembourg, Germany, France, and Italy. Aurora became main economic center of the Fox Valley region. The combination of these three factors—a highly industrialized town, a sizable river that divided it, and the Burlington's shops—accounted for much of the dynamics of Aurora's political, economic, and social history. The city was inclusive and tolerant, and welcomed a variety of immigrants and openly supported abolitionism prior to the American Civil War. Mexican migrants began arriving after 1910. Socially, the town was progressive in its attitude toward education, religion, welfare, and women. The first free public school district in Illinois was established in 1851 and a high school for girls came four years later.
The city was a manufacturing powerhouse until the early 1970s, when the railroad shops closed. Soon many other factories and industrial areas relocated or went out of business. By 1980, there were few industrial areas operating in the city, and unemployment soared to 16%.[3] During the late 1970s and early 1980s, development of the Far East side along the Eola Road and Route 59 areas began. While this was financially beneficial to the city, it also contributed to the decline of the downtown and the manufacturing sectors on the near East and West Sides. Crime rates soared and street gangs started to form in the mid-1980s. It was during this time that Aurora became a much more culturally diverse city. The Hispanic population started to grow rapidly in the city in the 1980s. In the late 1980s, several business and industrial parks were established on the outskirts of the city. In 1993, the Hollywood Casino was built downtown, which helped bring the first redevelopment to the downtown area in nearly twenty years. In the late 1990s, more development began in the rural areas and towns outside of Aurora. Subdivisions sprouted up all around the city, and Aurora's population soared.
Today, Aurora is a culturally diverse city of around 200,000 residents. Historic areas downtown are being redeveloped, and new developments are being built all over the city.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Aurora, Illinois. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3101.0 - Australian Demographic Statistics, Sep 1993
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/04/1994
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Quarterly estimates of total population for states, territories and Australia. Includes the most recent estimates of the population in five-year age groups; numbers (and some rates) of births, deaths, infant deaths, interstate and overseas movements. Quarterly and/or annual time series tables throughout.
Previously: Australian Demographic Statistics Quarterly
This publication has been scanned from the paper version using character recognition software. This provides a full-text searching capability once downloaded.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5302.0 - Balance of Payments, Quarterly Summary, Mar 1968
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 01/05/1968
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Continued by: Balance of Payments
This publication has been scanned from the paper version using character recognition software. This provides a full-text searching capability once downloaded.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
3238.0.55.001 - Experimental Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, Jun 2006 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 19/08/2008
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
ABS Home>Topics @ a Glance > Labour
Topics @ a Glance - Labour
Workplace Relations
STATISTICS AND DATA SOURCES
The ABS conducts a number of household and business surveys that are relevant to those interested in workplace relations in Australia. The most commonly used estimates of workplace relations are available in the Industrial Disputes Collection, the Employee Earnings, Benefits and Trade Union Membership Survey and the Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours.
Industrial Disputes collection (quarterly)
The industrial disputes collection produces quarterly estimates of the number of disputes (where ten or more working days are lost), employees involved, and working days lost. Data can be cross-classified by state, industry, cause of dispute, working days lost per employee involved and reason work resumed.
Summary results are published in Industrial Disputes, Australia (cat. no. 6321.0.55.001).
Employee Earnings, Benefits and Trade Union Membership Survey (annual)
The Employee Earnings, Benefits and Trade Union Membership survey collects information about employees' weekly earnings, leave entitlements, employment benefits and trade union membership.
Summary results published in Employee Earnings, Benefits and Trade Union Membership, Australia (cat. no. 6310.0).
Microdata are available in a Confidentialised Unit Record File (cat. no. 6202.0.30.007).
Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours (two-yearly)
The Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours collects information on the composition and distribution of earnings and hours paid for, of employees, as well as information on how employees' pay is set - by award only, collective agreement or individual arrangement.
Summary results are published in Employee Earnings and Hours, Australia (cat. no. 6306.0).
Microdata are available in a Confidentialised Unit Record File (cat. no. 6306.0.55.001).
ARTICLES AND ANALYSIS
Decline in trade union membershipEmployee Earnings, Benefits and Trade Union Membership
Aug 2011
Trends in employe methods of setting payAustralian Labour Market Statistics
Jul 2011
Trade union membershipAustralian Labour Market Statistics
Jul 2010
Methods of setting payAustralian Labour Market Statistics
Oct 2009
Jurisdictional coverage of pay-setting arrangementsAustralian Labour Market Statistics
Jul 2009
Industrial disputesAustralian Social Trends
2008
Trade union membersAustralian Social Trends
2008
Methods of setting payAustralian Labour Market Statistics
Apr 2007
Methods of setting payAustralian Labour Market Statistics
Apr 2005
Trade union membership Australian Labour Market Statistics
Apr 2004
How pay is setAustralian Social Trends
2002
Trade union membersAustralian Social Trends
2000
Industrial disputesAustralian Social Trends
1996
Trends in trade union membershipAustralian Social Trends
1994
REFERENCE AND INFORMATION
Concepts, Sources and Methods
Labour Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods (cat. no. 6102.0.55.001) describes the concepts and definitions underpinning Australian labour statistics, the data sources and the methods used in the collection and compilation of these statistics. For further information on workplace relations see Chapter 13. Industrial Relations. Separate chapters are available for each separate survey.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2008
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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101 reputation
2
bio website grahamrjeffries.com
location Boston, MA
age 25
visits member for 6 months
seen Jan 20 at 18:23
stats profile views 0
I am a food system researcher and graduate student at Tufts University in the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. My research seeks to advance a transition towards resilient and just food production and distribution systems. I use computational and spatial modeling tools to the study of existing and potential local-regional food systems.
This user has no suggestions
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Ask Your Question
0
launch rovio
asked 2011-02-18 18:10:53 -0500
mbahr
21 3 4 8
http://www.prarch.com/
I had a few more minutes to test things. My rovio currently has no username or password. I'd like to keep it that way. I tried editing the launch file so that the values were "" but that seemed to generate an error.
Should I have them equal to nothing, to "", to blank space, to " " or what?
-Mike
edit retag flag offensive close delete
1 Answer
Sort by » oldest newest most voted
0
answered 2011-02-19 07:36:14 -0500
Pi Robot
2418 72 95 129
http://www.pirobot.org/
Hi Mike,
One method that works for me is to turn off user authentication in the Rovio web interface: click Settings->Security then uncheck the box next to Enable User Authentication and click the Update button. With this done, you can put anything you want in the username and password fields in the rovio.launch file (like "foo" and "bar").
Another method is to add a Rovio user as a Guest (again via Settings->Security) and use a simple username and password; e.g. "foo" and "foobar" (password must be at least 6 characters) then use these in the rovio.launch file.
--patrick
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/10636/anatomy-of-an-economic-ignoramus/
Anatomy of an Economic Ignoramus
September 10, 2009 by
We all encounter more than our share of foolish blog posts. Most of the time you simply have to let them be. You could spend the rest of your life correcting drones and automatons who will never have an original or unconventional thought no matter how much you prod them. Their seventh-grade teacher, who was also the track coach, taught them what they know, and they’re sticking to it.
Once in a while, though, for your own sake and for the sake of readers who suspect the post is all wrong but aren’t quite sure why, you let loose with a full-blown response. And that’s what I’m doing here in reaction to a blog entry called “Peter Schiff: Medicare Recipients Are Lazy People Who Refuse to Pay for Their Own Health Care.”
This is longer than my usual pieces, but I hope I am not trying the reader’s patience too much. In block quotes are the words of a blog author who identifies himself, interestingly enough, simply as “Che.”FULL ARTICLE
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Why Friedman Misunderstood Physics and Mises Was Right about Economics
February 4, 2010 by
If physics is truly the science that modern neoclassical economists seek to emulate, it is unfortunate for them that they have utterly misunderstood its methodology. FULL ARTICLE by Abhinandan Mallick
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Talk:Vblade - ATA over Ethernet
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 04:19, 28 August 2006 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Comparision
This isn't really a fair comparision for cost at all, after all the Coraid's devices are SATA and Gigabit Ethernet optimized. But still it's a fun comparision to see what opensource hardware and software can get you.
15 blades no included hard drives
15 blades x 750GB = max 11.25TB
Coraid
Kurobox + Netgear Switch
Savings
Open Source Saves you $1594
Conclusion
As I said certainly not a fair comparison, the Coraid hardware is different (SATA vs PATA) and optimized from a ethernet switching standpoint vs the Kurobox/Linkstation.
But still a savings of $1600 is nothing to sneeze at!
- Ramuk 23:57, 27 August 2006 (EDT)
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » Course Planning - Principle 5 - Promising Practices
About: Course Planning - Principle 5 - Promising Practices
Module by: Keith Restine. E-mail the author
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Name: Course Planning - Principle 5 - Promising Practices
ID: m17164
Language: English (en)
Summary: This module describes a five-step process for planning for a distance course.
Subject: Science and Technology
Keywords: Blackboard, Distance Education, Faculty Development, Online Teaching
Document Type: -//CNX//DTD CNXML 0.5 plus MathML//EN
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 2.0
Authors: Keith Restine (krestine@twu.edu)
Copyright Holders: Keith Restine (krestine@twu.edu)
Maintainers: Keith Restine (krestine@twu.edu)
Latest version: 1.2 (history)
First publication date: Jun 30, 2008 12:48 pm -0500
Last revision to module: Jun 30, 2008 1:11 pm -0500
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Version History
Version: 1.2 Jun 30, 2008 1:11 pm -0500 by Keith Restine
Changes:
Added Principle 5 and Promising Practices to title
Version: 1.1 Jun 30, 2008 1:05 pm -0500 by Keith Restine
Changes:
version 1.0
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Sunday, January 09, 2011
Cackling Goose on the Raritan
Since prolonged cold temperatures have frozen still water (and some ponds in Johnson Park have been drained), many of the Canada Geese in the area have been pushed to roost in the moving waters of the Raritan River rather than their favorite ponds. Yesterday about 2500 Canada Geese were spread out along the Raritan upstream from the Landing Lane bridge. In that flock I found at least two Cackling Geese; one of them is pictured above. It has the classic blocky head, short bill, and grayish brown breast of the Richardson's subspecies. Plus it has a partial white collar and is clearly smaller than the surrounding Canada Geese.
The Canada Geese on the river, especially those who were separated from the densest flocks, had a hard time with the ice. As they rested, the water froze around them. Each goose had to struggle a bit to get out of the water and onto the ice. Many of them had frosted or ice-covered feathers.
Other waterfowl on the river included Black Ducks, Greater Scaup, Ring-necked Ducks, Common Goldeneye, Buffleheads, and Common Mergansers.
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Error!
Success!
Dispose Pattern and Object Lifetime
0
kicks
Dispose Pattern and Object Lifetime (Unpublished)
The Base Class Library Team at Microsoft provides a great overview of the dispose pattern and object lifetime in the CLR, with links to other interesting object lifetime articles at the bottom.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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Wikia
SRD:Dwarves, Hill (Race)
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9,499pages on
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Redirected from SRD:Dwarves (Race)
This material is published under the OGL
Hill DwarvesEdit
Also see the dwarf creature listing.
Hill dwarves are the most common variety of dwarves. Hill dwarves favor earth tones in their clothing and prefer simple and functional garb. The skin can be very dark, but it is always some shade of tan or brown. Hair color can be black, gray, or brown. Hill dwarves average 4 feet tall and weigh as much as adult humans.
• +2 Constitution, –2 Charisma.
• Humanoid (Dwarf).
• Medium: As Medium creatures, hill dwarves have no special bonuses or penalties due to their size.
• Hill dwarf base land speed is 20 feet. However, hill dwarves can move at this speed even when wearing medium or heavy armor or when carrying a medium or heavy load (unlike other creatures, whose speed is reduced in such situations).
• Darkvision: Hill dwarves can see in the dark up to 60 feet. Darkvision is black and white only, but it is otherwise like normal sight, and hill dwarves can function just fine with no light at all.
• Stonecunning: This ability grants a hill dwarf a +2 racial bonus on Search checks to notice unusual stonework, such as sliding walls, stonework traps, new construction (even when built to match the old), unsafe stone surfaces, shaky stone ceilings, and the like. Something that isn’t stone but that is disguised as stone also counts as unusual stonework. A hill dwarf who merely comes within 10 feet of unusual stonework can make a Search check as if he were actively searching, and a hill dwarf can use the Search skill to find stonework traps as a rogue can. A hill dwarf can also intuit depth, sensing his approximate depth underground as naturally as a human can sense which way is up.
• Weapon Familiarity: Hill dwarves may treat dwarven waraxes and dwarven urgroshes as martial weapons, rather than exotic weapons.
• Stability: A hill dwarf gains a +4 bonus on ability checks made to resist being bull rushed or tripped when standing on the ground (but not when climbing, flying, riding, or otherwise not standing firmly on the ground).
• +2 racial bonus on saving throws against poison.
• +2 racial bonus on saving throws against spells and spell-like effects.
• +1 racial bonus on attack rolls against orcs and goblinoids.
• +4 dodge bonus to Armor Class against monsters of the giant type. Any time a creature loses its Dexterity bonus (if any) to Armor Class, such as when it’s caught flat-footed, it loses its dodge bonus, too.
• +2 racial bonus on Appraise checks that are related to stone or metal items.
• +2 racial bonus on Craft checks that are related to stone or metal.
• Automatic Languages: Common and Dwarven. Bonus Languages: Giant, Gnome, Goblin, Orc, Terran, and Undercommon.
• Favored Class: Fighter. A multiclass hill dwarf’s Fighter class does not count when determining whether he takes an experience point penalty for multiclassing.
• Level Adjustment: +0.
Table: Hill Dwarf Random Starting Ages
Adulthood Simple Moderate Complex
40 years +3d6 +5d6 +7d6
Table: Hill Dwarf Aging Effects
Middle Age1 Old2 Venerable3 Maximum Age
125 years 188 years 250 years +2d% years
1. At middle age, −1 to Str, Dex, and Con; +1 to Int, Wis, and Cha.
2. At old age, −2 to Str, Dex, and Con; +1 to Int, Wis, and Cha.
3. At venerable age, −3 to Str, Dex, and Con; +1 to Int, Wis, and Cha.
Table: Hill Dwarf Random Height and Weight
Gender Base Height Height Modifier Base Weight Weight Modifier
Male 3’ 9” +2d4 130 lb. × (2d6) lb.
Female 3’ 7” +2d4 100 lb. × (2d6) lb.
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentRaces
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Lunenburg Parish, VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Virginia Lunenburg Parish
Contents
History
Lunenburg Parish has served Richmond County, Virginia. The parish's Lower Church was later called St. John's Church.[1]
Founded
Resources
Cemetery
Lower Lunenburg Parish Cemetery database at Find A Grave.
Parish Records
• 1783-1800 - Lunenburg Parish Christening Index 1783-1800. Batch C505341 at FamilySearch - free.[3]
• 1783-1800 - King, George Harrison Sanford. The Registers of North Farnham Parish, 1663 - 1814 and Lunenburg Parish, 1783 - 1800, Richmond County, Virginia. Fredericksburg, Virginia, 1966. FHL Collection; digital book available at World Vital Records ($).
Websites
References
1. Saint John's Church, The Historical Marker Database
2. Freddie Spradlin, "Parishes of Virginia," VAGenWeb, accessed 29 January 2011; Hening's Statutes at Large; Emily J. Salmon and Edward D.C. Campbell Jr., The Hornbook of Virginia History (Richmond: Library of Virginia, 1994).
3. Genealogical Society of Utah, Parish and Vital Records List (July 1998). Microfiche. Digital version at https://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/3/37/Igivirginia.pdf.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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• This page was last modified on 9 April 2013, at 23:40.
• This page has been accessed 1,045 times.
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Surry County, North CarolinaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States North Carolina Surry County
Guide to Surry County North Carolina genealogy. Birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, and military records.
North Carolina
Online Records
Surry County, North Carolina
Map
Location in the state of North Carolina
Location of North Carolina in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1771
County Seat Dobson
Courthouse
Adopt-a-wiki page
This page adopted by:
NCGenWeb Project
who welcome you to contribute.
County Coordinator
Surry Co. NCGenWeb
Adopt a page today
Contents
Surry County, North Carolina Courthouse
Beginning Dates for Surry County, North Carolina Government Records
Birth
Marriage
Death
Census
Deeds
Wills
1913
1780
1913
1790
1771
1771
Surry County Courthouse
114 W Atkins St
Dobson, NC 27017-0345
Phone: 336-401-8150
Register of Deeds has birth, marriage death, burial and land records
Clerk Superior Court has divorce court and probate records from 1771 1771[1]
Surry County, North Carolina History
Parent County
1771--Surry County was created from Rowan County.
County seat: Dobson [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Brief History
Surry County, North Carolina is said to have been named after Surrey County, England. The county's northern boundary is the Virginia state line.
Surry County was originally formed from Rowan County in 1771. Rowan had been formed from Anson in 1753, and Anson was formed from Bladen in 1750. The act to form Surry County was proposed to the assembly of North Carolina in December 1770, and was passed the following month, January 1771. This act became effective 1 Apr 1771.
Wilkes County was formed in 1777 from Surry County and, according to some sources, Washington District, also known as the District of Washington. Evidently, however, the District of Washington was created in the same legislative session. Washington District is, today, Washington County, Tennessee. Stokes County was formed ten years later, in 1789, from the eastern section of Surry County.
Surry County records dated from the 1770s and 1780s cover parts of present-day Ashe, Alleghany, Forsyth, Stokes, Wilkes, and Yadkin Counties.
In 1790, the county seat of Surry County became Rockford.
Yet another division took place in 1851, as Yadkin County was formed from the area south of Yadkin River. In 1853, the county seat was moved from Rockford to the new town of Dobson, and has remained there to this day. Dobson is named for William Polk Dobson, a prominent citizen. The Registrar of Deeds Office in Dobson welcomes visitors to its very user-friendly collection of vital records.
The 1860 census for Surry County shows about 1,200 slaves in the county.
Settlers from Virginia and Pennsylvania who were of the Quaker religion came from the New Garden and other meetings in Guilford County, North Carolina. Some of those families include Bond, Burcham, Hill, Hiatt, Horton, Love, Pinson, Jackson, Jessup, Simmons, Stanley and Taylor. Many of them moved on to Indiana but numerous descendants are still in the area.
Those of the German Moravian faith who came from other North Carolina settlements include the Brinkley, Hauser, Kiger, Moser and Shouse lines. Families of French descent include Hardin, Poindexter, Lambert, Laurence, and probably Laffoon.
The Riggs family, said to descend from Edward Riggs III who came to Massachusetts in the 1630s and founded Morristown, New Jersey, came to Surry County with the Henson, Jarvis and Wilmoth families.
Families that came from Albermarle County, North Carolina, were Burrus, Cave, Easley, Fleming, Franklin, Ollesby, Perkins, Snow, Taliaferro and Tucker. Those that came from neighboring Stokes County were East, Hill, King, Pratt, Simpson, Venable and Vernon.
Other prominent familes were Marion, Creed, McKinney, Moore, Dudley and McCraw.
Present-day Surry County is southern living at its best. Because of being somewhat isolated at the base of the Blue Ridge mountains in Virginia, it has been able to retain the long-held traditions of the families lines that have remained there for over 220 years. Some have clung to the old Elizabethan English and many have strong roots in their Primitive Baptist upbringing. Most of these second-generation Americans were born in Virginia and migrated to North Carolina looking for the fertile land that had been advertised and scouted.
Surry County, North Carolina Places / Localities
Populated Places
• Dobson (county seat)
• Elkin
• Mount Airy
• Pilot Mountain
Neighboring Counties
Townships
• Bryan
• Dobson
• Eldora
• Elkin
• Franklin
• Long Hill
• Marsh
• Mount Airy
• Pilot Mountain
• Rockford
• Shoals
• Sloam
• South Westfield
• Stewarts Creek
• Westfield
Major Rivers
• Ararat River
• Fisher River
• Mitchell River
• Yadkin River
Surry County, North Carolina Genealogy Resources
Cemeteries
Censuses
For tips on accessing Surry County, North Carolina census records online, see: North Carolina Census.
Church Records
Baptist
• Deep Creek. Constituted 1781.[3]
• Hunting Creek. Constituted 1781.[3]
• Little Yadkin River. Constituted 1785.[3]
• Shallow Fords. Founded before 1773.[3]
Dunker
• Fraternity Church of the Brethren, near Clemmons, N.C. Established about 1775.[4] Later located in Stokes and Forsyth counties.
Lutheran
• Nazareth Church aka Old Dutch Meeting House. Organized about 1778 by German settlers.[5] Later located in Stokes County and presently situated in Forsyth County.
Moravian
Court
Family Histories
• [Adamson] Dixon Ben F. and Alice L. Dwelle Dixon. The Adamson Source Book, a Genealogy of the Descendants of Rachel Williams Adamson, 1776-1850 of Surry County, N.C., Jefferson County, Tenn., and Lawrence County, Ind.: with an Addendum of Miscellaneous Historical Material on the Name Adamson. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: B.F. Dixon, 1942-1961.
• Coats, Charlotte, Joshua Richardson, Lazarus Tilley, William Mason: The American Revolution and Before, 2006.
• Combs &c Families of Surry County, North Carolina (website)
• Dunagin, Percy E., The Early Dunagins of Surry County, North Carolina, Family Heritage Publishers, 2007.
• Heinegg, Paul, Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2005.
• [Whitaker] Whitaker-Buck, Ruby M. Mark Whitaker, Baltimore County, Maryland (c1670-1729) and Allied Families. Sacramento, Calif.: privately published, 1992. Digital version at FamilySearch Books Online - free.
Land
Surry County, North Carolina deed records date from 1771, when the county was formed. In addition to more ordinary deeds, Surry County land records at the Register of Deeds' office also include records involving Lord Granville's agents, and state land grants. Bills of sale for slaves are also included.
According to the Register of Deeds' web pages in the county government site, the earliest deed index for the county covers 1771 to 1870. This was followed by a second index, which covers the period from 1870 to 1937.
The office of the Register of Deeds is located at 201 E. Kapp Street in Dobson. More information, including phone number and office hours, can be found in the Register of Deeds' web pages.
Local Histories
• Absher, Mrs. W.O., and Mae R. Hayes, Surry County, North Carolina Deed Book C (1777-1788). Self-published.
• Books About Surry County (items for sale)
• Boyles, Carolyn, Wilma Hiatt, and Surry County Genealogical Association, Surry County (Images of America series), Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2000.
• Columbine, Mary Felts, Surry County, North Carolina: Early Settlers and Road Builders, 1771-1850, 2005.
• Heinegg, Paul, Free African Americans of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2005.
• Holcomb, Brent, Marriages of Surry County, North Carolina, 1778-1868, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1982.
• Hollingsworth, Jesse Gentry, History of Surry County, or Annals of Northwest North Carolina, W.H. Fisher Company, 1935. (Google Books link, without preview)
• Jackson, Hester B., Surry County Soldiers in the Civil War, Dobson, North Carolina: Surry County Historical Society, 1992.
• Linn, Jo White, Surry County, North Carolina Wills, 1771-1827, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1992.
• Snow, Carol Leonard, Surry County, North Carolina, Deed Abstracts, Toast, North Carolina: Self-published, 1995, 3 vols. (FHL)
• Thompson, Evelyn Scales, Around Surry County (Black America Series), Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2005. (Google Books link with preview)
Maps
Military
Civil War
Civil War Confederate units - Brief history, counties where recruited, etc.
- 2nd Battalion, North Carolina Infantry
- 2nd Regiment, North Carolina Infantry
- 37th Battalion, Virginia Cavalry (Dunn's Battalion, Partisan Rangers) (Confederate). Company D and Company F.[7]
Newspapers
Probate
Research Guides
• Sweeney, Alice J. "Bassett Historical Center," The Virginia Genealogical Society Newsletter, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Aug. 2002):1-3. Available at FHL; digital version at Virginia Genealogical Society website.
Taxation
Tax lists, 1784-1789, are extant.
Vital Records
Births
• 1912-1963 - Surry County Birth Index 1912-1963. Batch C752291 at FamilySearch - free.[8]
Marriages
Brent Holcomb, in his book Marriages of Surry County, North Carolina 1779-1868, points out that no Surry County marriage bonds from prior to 1779 are extant. Most bonds are housed in Raleigh, North Carolina at the State Archives, but Holcomb points out that about 120 Surry County marriage bonds were found to remain in the Surry County Courthouse in Dobson.
Yearbooks
• Surry Community College - various issues between 1969-1995
Surry County, North Carolina Genealogy Societies and Libraries
• Bassett Historical Center, Bassett, Virginia. Website includes descriptions of collections. Excellent resource for family history research in Henry, Patrick, Floyd, Franklin and Pittsylvania counties in Virginia, the city of Martinsville, Virginia, and Rockingham, Stokes and Surry counties in North Carolina.[9]
• Elkin Public Library, member of Northwestern Regional Library system, 111 North Front St., Elkin, North Carolina
• Northwestern Regional Library: Genealogy (links; information regarding the area genealogy holdings at the Charles H. Stone Memorial Library, Danbury Public Library, and Yadkin County Public Library.
Family History Centers
Surry County, North Carolina Genealogy Websites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Surry County, North Carolina. Page 513 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 George Washington Paschal, History of North Carolina Baptists, 2 vols. (1930; reprint, Gallatin, Tenn.: Church History Research and Archives, 1990), 1:229; 2:569. FHL Book 975.6 K2p 1990.
4. "Fraternity Church of the Brethren," North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program, http://www.ncmarkers.com, accessed 22 October 2012.
5. "Nazareth Church," North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program, http://www.ncmarkers.com, accessed 22 October 2012.
6. "Friedberg Church," North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program, http://www.ncmarkers.com, accessed 22 October 2012.
7. J.L. Scott, 36th and 37th Battalions Virginia Cavalry (Lynchburg, Va.: H.E. Howard, 1986). FHL Book 975.5 M2vr v. 24.
8. 8.0 8.1 Genealogical Society of Utah, Parish and Vital Records List (July 1998). Microfiche. Digital version at https://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/images/f/f5/Iginorthcarolinap.pdf.
9. Sweeney, Alice J. "Bassett Historical Center," The Virginia Genealogical Society Newsletter, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Aug. 2002):1-3, available online at: http://www.vgs.org
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Revision history of "St. Stephens Cemetery, Elkridge, Howard County, Maryland"
From FamilySearch Wiki
Diff selection: Mark the radio boxes of the revisions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.
Legend: (cur) = difference with latest revision, (prev) = difference with preceding revision, m = minor edit.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Global: ‘International Relations’ Out of the Classroom Onto the Web
This post also available in:
Français · Monde : Les relations internationales, de l'université au Web
عربي · العالم: 'العلاقات الدولية' من الفصل الدراسي إلى الإنترنت
Türkçe · Evrensel: 'Uluslararası İlişkiler' dersliklerden Web'e taşınıyor
Español · Global: las 'Relaciones Internacionales' salen de la clase hacia la web
polski · Świat: Nauka stosunków międzynarodowych wkracza do Sieci
srpski · Globalno: "Međunarodni odnosi" – iz učionice na Webu
বাংলা · বিশ্ব: আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক শ্রেণিকক্ষের বাইরে এসে ওয়েবে ঠাঁই নিচ্ছে
This post is part of our International Relations & Security coverage.
The Internet and Web 2.0 have enabled students to gain greater and quicker access to ‘International Relations’ (IR) Books, courses and information on universities and scholarships are easily available online. Professor Sanjoy Banerjee, who holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Yale University and is currently Chair of International Relations at the San Francisco State University, said this when contacted over email:
The main benefit of technological advances (in ICT), particularly the Internet, is that it makes research much quicker. With search engines like Google Scholar, one can find articles and books on topics far quicker and more efficiently than before. Of course, reading and understanding have not become any easier. Still, my students read much more widely, across more disciplines, than I did as a student.
Shahzada Akram, who studied International Relations at the University of Dhaka in the 90′s and who is now Senior Program Manager at Transparency International Bangladesh, adds:
Home Page of the Department of International Relations, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
The changes are best reflected in the changed political scenario of the world's one of the most important region – the Arab states through the ‘Arab Spring', the impact of WikiLeaks on the diplomatic relations among states, live broadcast of all international and national events in both the television and internet, and so on. These have somewhat forced the traditional teaching and theories of IR to bring in changes in the curricula,and the means of teaching. Now the IR as a discipline is a lot web-based (say in case of my university – University of Dhaka). New courses on media and communication focusing IR have been introduced to keep up pace with the current development in ICT. IR has got a new dimension, and is no longer the subject of a few for discussion. Rather it has become more public, and has gained more access among them.
Also, there are a growing number of “expert voices” like Historian Juan Cole who have moved IR beyond the classroom and onto blogs, Twitter, YouTube and Facebook.
Akram feels that these voices have helped concepts like ‘soft diplomacy’ gain more ground. The governments now have to be more cautious about their actions/ policies more than ever before.”
On the other hand, too many voices could be adding to noise. Professor Banerjee believes:
Blogs and other social media remain of limited scholarly importance. For the most part, they are not written with scholarly discipline and cannot substitute for academic writing.
Professor Robert Kelly from Pusan National University, who is also a blogger at Robert Kelly-Asian Security blog, commented on the blog International Security Discipulus:
The internet is changing the discipline obviously. We take blogging much more seriously than before. I think Walt’s flagship blog at FP changed a lot, brought a lot of credibility, but Drezner was the real pioneer. Now there are some really good IR blogs, like Duck of Minerva.
He goes on to caution that “the real value of blogging is test-driving ideas that ultimately you should work up for journal submission. Blogging is not an end in itself or a replacement for real research.”
Screenshot of the IR blog The Duck Of Minerva
In January 2012, Foreign Policy magazine published the results of a survey on how social media and Web 2.0 impact the IR discipline. Daniel. W. Drezner provided an interesting snapshot of the results [pdf] from US respondents on his blog:
• More than 28% of respondents cited a blog post in their scholarship, and more than 56% used blogs as a teaching tool. 90% of the respondents said they used YouTube in their teaching.
• 90% of respondents believed that IR blogs had a beneficial impact on foreign policy formulation and more than 51% of respondents thought that IR blogs had a beneficial impact on the discipline of international relations .
The final report of the study, with data from 20 countries, can be found here.
So it seems despite reservations from some senior academics, the role of social media in IR education is growing slow and steady.
This post and its translations to Spanish, Arabic and French were commissioned by the International Security Network (ISN) as part of a partnership to seek out citizen voices on international relations and security issues worldwide. This post was first published on the ISN blog, see similar stories here.
World regions
Countries
Languages
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Myanmar Cyclone 2008
A deadly cyclone hit Myanmar (Burma) at the beginning of May, causing massive human loss of life and environmental destruction. International controversy has followed over the military junta's refusals and delays to allow aid workers and journalists to enter the country or reach disaster areas, where the United Nations fears there may be millions in need of emergency aid.
Twitter has emerged as an important medium for coverage of the crisis. Follow Global Voices’ Twitter News Feed on Myanmar. Also see the excellent MBS feed.
Global Voices’ South East Asia Editor is Mong Palatino.
Global Voices Articles
Sep 29 – Myanmar: Aid still needed
May 16 – Myanmar: Citizen videos in Cyclone Nargis’ aftermath
May 14 – Myanmar: Voices through Tweets
May 14 – Myanmar: Twittering the cyclone disaster
May 11 – Myanmar: Survivors of Cyclone Nargis
May 08 – Myanmar: Slow relief work
May 06 – Myanmar: Unprecedented cyclone disaster
May 05 – Myanmar: The perfect storm
This page is a work in progress, we will be adding more links soon.
Maps
Video
Very disturbing video depicting dozens of people who have died in the cyclone, here. Al Jazeera has also placed this video interview with a survivor on YouTube (via Burma News).
Images
Photos above are by Salai Thang, unspecified location.
Pictures on Flickr of destruction in Yangon, by Luis Rene, and disasteremergencycommittee. Several people have uploaded photos to Picasa, including MaungHla, Nay Linn, cyclonerelief, Salai Thang.
Photos from Cyclone Relief aid workers here. Helping for New Generation and RAVEN Blood Donor Club also have blogs and images.
Online donations
There are many websites for making online donations, including:
Heart Station blog lists names, addresses, and websites for several different contacts accepting donations for the cyclone relief effort.
Petitions
Other Special Coverage
Global Voices Special Coverage page from the Burmese Protests 2007.
World regions
Countries
Languages
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Mainstream media
From Issuepedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
[edit] Overview
The term "mainstream media" (often abbreviated "MSM") generally refers to the most popular conventional sources of factual (non-fiction) news and discussion, i.e. television and print media (newspapers and magazines). It also refers to any information published, via whatever media, by companies whose primary business is one or more of those traditional media.
The term appears to be more intensively used in the United States, where the largest media companies are privately-owned and have no significant competition from government-run services or from each other – and, unfortunately, very little accountability as to the accuracy of those views.
[edit] Pages
[edit] Companies
this is a partial list
[edit] Broadcast
[edit] Content Creation
[edit] Print
[edit] Non-US
[edit] Links
[edit] Reference
[edit] News
version 3
• 2011-07-23T14:52:00 [L..T] Norway, Islam and the threat of the West Interestingly, this criminal is described by one unnamed Norwegian official as a "madman". He may well be, but this is one way that the motivations for heinous crimes can be airbrushed out of the story before they have the chance to take hold in the popular imagination.
• 2011-07-19 [L..T] 1 Million Dead in Iraq? 6 Reasons the Media Hide the True Human Toll of War -- And Why We Let Them As the U.S. war in Iraq winds down, we are entering a familiar phase, the season of forgetting—forgetting the harsh realities of the war. Mostly we forget the victims of the war, the Iraqi civilians whose lives and society have been devastated by eight years of armed conflict. The act of forgetting is a social and political act, abetted by the American news media.
[edit] version 2
[refresh]
Personal tools
bookmarking
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Eschalon: Book II Released For GNU/Linux !
Posted on 26th May 2010 in Uncategorized
Basilisk Games Announces the Availability of Eschalon: Book II for Macintosh and Linux Indianapolis, IN – May 26, 2010 – Basilisk Games, Inc. today announced that Eschalon: Book II for Macintosh and Linux based computers is now available. “Macintosh and Linux users can finally return to the land of Eschalon once again” said Thomas Riegsecker, [...]
comments: 1 » tags: ,
Eschalon: Book II Release Date Announced !
Posted on 27th April 2010 in Uncategorized
Basilisk Games Announces the Release Date for Eschalon: Book II Indianapolis, IN – April 27, 2010 – Basilisk Games, Inc. today announced the release date for Eschalon: Book II for Windows, Macintosh and Linux. “We are very excited to finally be able to announce the release dates to our second game, Eschalon: Book II, after [...]
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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
Re: [libreoffice-users] decimal points in a column
On 10/12/2010 2:33 PM, David Nuddleman wrote:
On Oct 12, 2010, at 9:16 AM, Cor Nouws wrote:
Barbara Duprey wrote (12-10-10 14:55)
On 10/12/2010 12:21 AM, David Nuddleman wrote:
<snip>
To save keystrokes, can this be done in a table?
It should work if you select the column, right-click, and select Number
Format. Then select Number and one of the formats that shows two decimal
places, and set the decimal places value near the bottom of the dialog
to 2.
And pls. also have a look at Tools>Options>LibreOffice Writer>Tables > Input in Tables for global settings.
Thank you Barbara and Cour. I have a stubborn learning style -- I'm stubborn. I just won't get it until I have found it in LibreWriter Help (F1). From your positive declarations, I know for sure it is there, and your assistance proves it will work. But I haven't yet found headings and places I consider obvious, like under "decimal" or "alignment." I'm making LibreOffice my new home, and I will soon figure it out with your assistance and a bit more of your patience.
How about "formats/ number and currency formats" or "defaults/ number formats" in the help index (for the general information I gave you), and either "tables in text/ default settings" or "defaults/ program configuration" then the link to OpenOffice.org Writer, then Table, in the topic "Input in tables" for the additional help Cor provided? There are obviously lots of possibilities that are not indexed, also -- for instance, "decimal places" in the Find tab has Numbers/ Format which again gets you into the first topic. And "number recognition" has a Table entry that gets you to the other item. But there are clearly many things that would be nice to see be more apparent in the Help info -- maybe you can volunteer to help write it!
--
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Follow-Ups:
Re: [libreoffice-users] decimal points in a columnDavid Nuddleman <david@xsharp.com>
References:
[libreoffice-users] decimal points in a columnDavid Nuddleman <david@xsharp.com>
Re: [libreoffice-users] decimal points in a columnBarbara Duprey <Barb@onr.com>
Re: [libreoffice-users] decimal points in a columnCor Nouws <oolst@nouenoff.nl>
Re: [libreoffice-users] decimal points in a columnDavid Nuddleman <david@xsharp.com>
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[maemo-community] Announcing timeline for March 2010 Community Council elections
From: Dave Neary dneary at maemo.org
Date: Wed Feb 10 21:25:31 EET 2010
Hi,
Quick karma-related follow-up:
Dave Neary wrote:
> * March 2: Deadline for karma for electorate
> * March 2: List of potential candidates published
There are a couple of outstanding karma related bugs:
Karma doesn't seem to be updating at the moment:
https://bugs.maemo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=8599
This was supposed to be added to the sprint page this moth and assigned
to Henri, but it isn't in there, so I thought I should bring it up here,
so that it doesn't get lost.
Also, there are a number of proposed changes to karma - are they going
to be included in this month's sprint too? I understood that they were,
but again, no sprint task.
The March 2 deadline (which coincidentally is also the next sprint
meeting) is a hard deadline for both of those, if that's the case.
Thanks,
Dave.
--
maemo.org docsmaster
Email: dneary at maemo.org
Jabber: bolsh at jabber.org
More information about the maemo-community mailing list
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User:Pranav Rathi
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Contact Info)
(Useful links)
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*[Project Page[http://openwetware.org/wiki/User:Pranav_Rathi/Notebook/OT]]
*[Project Page[http://openwetware.org/wiki/User:Pranav_Rathi/Notebook/OT]]
*[Lab NoteBook [http://openwetware.org/wiki/Koch_Lab:Notebooks]]
*[Lab NoteBook [http://openwetware.org/wiki/Koch_Lab:Notebooks]]
+
*external[a href="http://www.mendeley.com/profiles/pranav-rathi/"><img border="0" src="http://www.mendeley.com/embed/icon/1/red/big" alt="pranav rathi's citations"/></a>]
Revision as of 22:16, 24 January 2011
Contents
Contact Info
Pranav Rathi (an artistic interpretation)
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Optics: nano, nonlinear, photonics and optoelectronics.
2. Bio-optics.
3. Spiritual science.
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Personal tools
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We will invent new lullabies, new songs, new acts of love, we will cry over things we used to laugh and our new wisdom will bring tears to eyes of gentle creatures from other planets who were afraid of us till then and in the end a summer with wild winds and new friends will be. Unknown, Source
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Beauty is eternity gazing at itself in a mirror. Gibran, Kahlil
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Gibran Khalil Gibran (January 6, 1883 April 10, 1931) was a Lebanese poet and artist. His poetry is notable for its use of formal language and insights on topics of life using spiritual terms. He emigrated to Boston, USA in 1895 with his mother, sisters and half-brother. He studied art in Boston, and French and Arabic in Lebanon. The spelling "Kahlil Gibran" is the result of an error when he first entered school in Boston.
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Minds do not act together in public; they simply stick together; and when their private activities are resumed, they fly apart again. Colby, Frank Moore
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The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Set your faces towards unity, and let the radiance of its light shine upon you. Baha'u'llah
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Metroid: Zero Mission
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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Metroid: Zero Mission
Developer(s) Nintendo R&D1
Publisher(s) Nintendo
Japanese title メトロイドゼロミッション
Engine Heavily Modified Metroid Fusion engine
Release date(s)
Genre(s) Action-adventure
System(s) Game Boy Advance
Mode(s) Single player
Rating(s)
ESRB: Everyone
CERO: All ages
PEGI: Ages 7+
OFLC: General 8+
Media 64-megabit cartridge
Series Metroid
Neoseeker Related Pages
Metroid: Zero Mission (Metoroido Zero Misshon) is an action-adventure video game produced by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance handheld console. It is part of the Metroid series, an enhanced remake of the original Metroid game designed to "retell the story of Samus's original mission". Like the other titles in the series, it features intergalactic bounty hunter Samus Aran as the player-controlled main character.
Zero Mission was developed by Nintendo's internal team, Nintendo R&D1, under the direction of Yoshio Sakamoto. The game was released on February 9, 2004 in North America, and on May 27, 2004 in Japan.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Wikitravel talk:Why Wikitravel isn't GFDL
From Wikitravel
Revision as of 05:04, 8 October 2003 by 209.121.94.240 (Talk)
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As far as I can tell, Wikitravel content can be copied to Wikipedia, is that correct? Wikipedia, by using GFDL, has even tighter restrictions against distributors restricting other people's rights on how to use the content as far as I know, so copying content from Wikitravel to Wikipedia should not breach any of Wikitravel's distribution restrictions. Is this correct? Either way, I guess it's a question which comes naturally, so I think the answer to this should be included in this article. --Gutza 06:59, 6 Oct 2003 (PDT)
Actually, although I'm no lawyer, I don't think this is quite correct. Because Wikitravel content is covered under a "share alike" Creative Commons license, derivative works would formally have to be under such a license, wouldn't they? Now, one could probably argue that the GFDL, since it allows copying the work and commercial profit to be made from such copies is similar enough to Attribution-ShareAlike to qualify. Maybe if a lawyer is reading this, they could give their opinion? Ctylemay 11:46, 6 Oct 2003 (PDT)
IANAL, but my understanding from talking to Creative Commons people, Wikipedia people, and FSF people, is that the Attribution-ShareAlike and GFDL are not compatible in any way (besides normal fair use provisions). This is stupid and wrong, and it's a big mistake that needs to be corrected by the creators of both licenses. Considering that FSF recommends the CC licenses, and vice versa, it seems stupid to have them incompatible. Right now, we can't do much about it -- I recommend that anyone who's got a beef with this should write to the FSF and to Creative Commons and let them know it's an issue. -- Evan 09:46, 7 Oct 2003 (PDT)
I guess the problem is that we see "share alike" as a way to avoid having our contributions be amalgamated into a fully copyrighted derivative work, but maybe no one thought of the other restrictions that go along with the way this is done. For example, my understanding is that a derivative of a BY-SA work could not be issued under a BY-NC-SA license! So anyways, I've pointed this out on the mailing list at creative commons and we'll see what happens. -- 209.121.94.240 22:00, 7 Oct 2003 (PDT)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1367.2 - State and Regional Indicators, Victoria, Mar 2010
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/05/2010
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CONTENTS
Expanded Contents
State Comparison
Includes: Summary of statistical indicators
Population
Includes: Estimated resident population, Australian Historical Population Statistics
Health
Includes: Causes of Death, Victoria, 2008
Work and Income
Includes: Labour Force Survey sample size, Labour Force Survey Standard Products and Data Item Guide, Statistical significance of movements and other comparisons, Civilian labour force by Region, Employed persons by Industry, Employed persons by Occupation, Part-time workers, Duration of unemployment, Small area unemployment rate estimates, Average weekly earnings, Wage and Salary Earners 2003-04 to 2006-07
State Final Demand
Includes: Introduction of new standards and classifications, State final demand
Price Indexes
Includes: Consumer Price Index, House price indexes
Construction
Includes: Building approvals, Engineering construction activity
Tourism
Includes: Tourist accommodation
Agriculture
Includes: Livestock slaughtering and meat production
Trade
Includes: Confidentiality of merchandise trade statistics, Balance of merchandise trade, Trade by Commodity, Major trading partners
Environment
Includes: Air quality, Water resources
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8741.1 - Dwelling Unit Commencements Reported by Approving Authorities, New South Wales, Sep 1994
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 15/12/1994
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• About this Release
Monthly; ISSN:0814-7957; Contains details of the number of dwellings (houses and other residential) commenced as reported by approving authorities in local government areas; material of outer walls and ownership (private or public sector) in statistical divisions. Includes details on number and value of other residential by type (townhouses, flats, etc) and number of stories in statistical divisions.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1367.5 - Western Australian Statistical Indicators, Jun 2003
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 09/07/2003
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ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Replaces: Monthly Summary of Statistics, Western Australia (ISSN: 0727-2367).
Contains the most recent statistics for Western Australia covering: state accounts; prices; consumption; investment and finance; construction; trade; mining and energy; agriculture; tourism; labour market; population; crime; and social trends. Quarterly issues include an analysis of recent movements in key state data, as well as feature articles reviewing an aspect of Western Australia's economy and/or society.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6401.0 - Consumer Price Index, Australia, Mar 2010 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/04/2010
Related Information
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Research article
Implementing hospital guidelines improves warfarin use in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a before-after study
Simona Bo1*, Susanna Valpreda1, Luca Scaglione1, Daniela Boscolo1, Marina Piobbici2, Mario Bo3 and Giovannino Ciccone2
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Torino, Italy
2 Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Torino, Italy
3 Department of Geriatrics, University of Torino, Italy
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Public Health 2007, 7:203 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-203
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/203
Received:17 April 2007
Accepted:10 August 2007
Published:10 August 2007
© 2007 Bo et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The use of oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) to prevent non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) related-strokes is often sub-optimal. We aimed to evaluate whether implementing guidelines on antithrombotic therapy (AT) by a multifaceted strategy may improve appropriateness of its prescription in NVAF-patients discharged from a large tertiary-care hospital.
Methods
A survey was conducted on all consecutive NVAF patients discharged before (1st January–30th June 2000, n = 313) and after (1st January–30th June 2004, n = 388) guideline development and implementation.
Results
When strongly recommended, OAT use increased from 56.6% (60/106 in 2000) to 81.9% (86/105 in 2004), with an absolute difference of +25.3% (95%CI: 15% 35%). In patients for whom the choice OAT/acetylsalicylic acid should be individualised, those discharged without any AT were 33.7% (34/101) in 2000 and 16.9% (21/124) in 2004 (-16.7%;95%CI: -26.2% -7.2%). In a logistic regression model, OAT prescription in 2004 was increased by 2.11 times (95%CI: 1.47 3.04), after accounting for stroke risk, presence of contraindications (OR = 0.18; 0.13 0.27), older age (OR = 0.30; 0.21 0.45), prophylaxis at admission (OR = 3.03; 2.08 4.43). OAT was positively associated with the stroke risk in the 2004 sample only.
Conclusion
The guideline implementation has substantially improved the appropriateness of OAT at discharge, through a better evaluation at patient's individual level of the benefit-to-risk ratio.
Background
Non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is associated with a six-fold increased stroke risk, accounting roughly for 20–25% of ischaemic stroke in older patients [1]. With the increasing population ageing, the burden of NVAF is expected to double in the near future, with important public health implications [2]. It has been shown that oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) can respectively reduce the risk of stroke by 50–60% and 10–15% in patients at higher thromboembolic risk (stroke rate >6%/year), while the absolute benefit is much less evident for lower risk patients (stroke rate ≤2%/year) [3]. Further, the effectiveness of OAT is well demonstrated in clinical practice, without an exceeding risk of bleeding complications, even in older patients [4,5]. Nevertheless, recent surveys have shown that warfarin is still largely underused, being the proportion of treated patients lower than 50% among those for whom OAT would be appropriate [6-8]. Uncertainty about the benefit/risk balance, fear of major bleeding complications and poor compliance to coagulation monitoring are the main factors accounting for under-prescription of OAT by clinicians [5].
We recently conducted an audit on the appropriateness of antithrombotic therapy (AT) at discharge in patients with NVAF in a large tertiary-care teaching hospital in Turin (Northern Italy) [6]. From patients at high/very high stroke risk without OAT contraindications: less than 50% were properly treated with warfarin, about 30% received ASA, but more than 20% were discharged without any AT. As a consequence of these unsatisfactory findings, a locally-adapted guideline for the prevention of cardioembolic events in patients with NVAF was developed and implemented in the years 2002–2003.
In the present paper we report the impact of this guideline on the appropriateness of AT in patients with NVAF, through a before-and-after controlled study.
Methods
All consecutive patients discharged alive with "chronic NVAF" coded as a secondary diagnosis (International Classification of Disease, code 427.31) were identified from the discharge files of S. Giovanni Battista Hospital of Turin in the period 1st January–30th June 2000, and 1st January–30th June 2004.
Exclusion criteria were: 1) NVAF as main diagnosis, since cardioversion and anticoagulation could be employed according to specific protocols; 2) age >90 years; 3) discharge from surgical units, because of OAT contraindications (eg recent surgery) or complications (eg NVAF as a transient arrhythmia after open-heart surgery). Both permanent and recurrent NVAF (at least two ECG-documented episodes either before entry or during hospitalisation) without potential reversible causes, were considered, since criteria for anticoagulation are the same [9].
The clinical records were abstracted by two authors, using a standardised form. Preliminary random sample of 10% of the records were independently abstracted by both authors; areas of disagreement were discussed.
All patients gave their written informed consent to analysis of data from their clinical records, and all procedures were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Risk factors for thromboembolic events were: previous ischaemic stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA)/embolic event, age ≥ 65 years, hypertension (previous diagnosis; use of anti-hypertensive drugs), diabetes mellitus (chronic elevation of glycaemia; hypoglycaemic medication use), heart failure (history/diagnosis in the records), documented left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction <40%), coronary artery disease (CAD) (current/previous chronic angina pectoris; acute coronary syndrome; coronary re-vascularisation).
The following were considered as OAT contraindications: pro-haemorrhagic/coagulative disorders, intra-cranial haemorrhage (history/current), major bleeding within 6-months (requiring transfusion/hospitalisation), severe impaired renal function, hepatic cirrhosis, severe psychiatric disease, dementia, unreliable patient, severe uncontrolled hypertension, history of recurrent falls (≥ 2), chronic alcoholism, known allergic reaction to warfarin, previous discontinuation of OAT because of bleeding, life-expectancy <12 months, difficulty/refusal by the patient of coagulation monitoring.
A large multidisciplinary panel, composed of 19 physicians from the hospital departments of emergency, internal medicine, geriatrics, cardiology, neurology, haematology, epidemiology, and a general practitioner, worked during 2002–2003 to develop a guideline on AT for NVAF. The guideline of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) was adapted (see below). A review of the literature, through electronic databases (Medline, Cochrane Library), was undertaken to search papers worth consideration published after the SIGN guideline and to obtain further data about OAT bleeding risk. The guideline was adopted in June 2003 [10].
On the basis of the available evidence, OAT resulted associated with a greater risk of bleeding in patients ≥ 75 y [1]. A risk stratification model, taking into account the estimated thromboembolic and bleeding risk according to age below and ≥ 75 years, and the newer risk stratifications proposed [11], was developed (Table 1). The use of OAT was considered as either recommended, to be individualised, or not recommended. In the absence of contraindications, OAT was strongly recommended for patients of any age at very high risk, and in <75 y patients at high risk. OAT or ASA were considered appropriate (and the choice to be individualised) in patients without contraindications at moderate stroke risk (of any age), and in high risk ≥ 75 y patients. Since OAT contraindications include conditions with varying degrees of severity, the guideline recommended that in the presence of any contraindication and high-very high thromboembolic risk, the decision about AT should be based on a careful individual evaluation of the risk/benefit balance. Lastly, OAT was considered not recommended in patients at low-moderate stroke risk and with contraindications.
Table 1. Guideline risk stratification and recommended antithrombotic therapy.
A before-discharge contact with the general practitioner to decide the best way of OAT monitoring was suggested; outpatient monitoring in anticoagulation clinics for elderly or more complicated patients was encouraged.
One of the main task was to identify possible barriers to the guideline adoption. A major issue was the fear of bleeding caused by OAT, particularly in the elderly. This issue was addressed by providing physicians with clear recommendations, including a weighted balance between thromboembolic and haemorrhagic risks.
A report of the results of the initial audit hold in 2000, showing a large under-utilisation of OAT [6] was extensively distributed in the hospital wards. The guideline was presented to all hospital physicians, sample copies and a reminder with an easy-to-use coloured table for AT indications were distributed. Dedicated meetings in each unit were organised by the multidisciplinary group by scheduling sessions. The guideline was published on a local medical journal, distributed to all the family practitioners, and ad hoc meetings for them were organised.
The main and the secondary outcomes of the project were, respectively: an increase in the appropriate OAT prescription at discharge, and the increment in patients discharged with any AT. Since only one patient resulted at low thromboembolic risk, this subject was included in the moderate risk category.
Based on the results of the first audit, we estimated that a new sample (at least 300 patients) would be required to detect with sufficient precision (alpha = 0.05, 2-sided and beta = 0.20) an absolute increase of at least 15% of OAT (from 55% to 70%), when strongly recommended (about 1/3 of the total sample).
The absolute difference between proportions was the main outcome measure; 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Confidence Interval Analysis, version 2.1.1. A logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the guideline impact on OAT use at discharge, after adjustments for age, risk of stroke, OAT contraindications, AT at admission; the logistic models were also stratified by period (SAS, version 8.2).
Results
Clinical characteristics of patients with NVAF (n = 313 in 2000; n = 388 in 2004), are presented in Table 2. Compared to patients discharged in 2000, those evaluated in 2004 were slightly older, had higher prevalence of hypertension, heart failure, and lower prevalence of previous stroke/TIA. The presence of at least one OAT contraindication was recorded in 106/313 patients (33.9%) in 2000 and in 159/388 patients (41.0%) in 2004.
Table 2. Clinical characteristics and distribution of patients according to the recommended treatment, by period of discharge.
The distribution of patients according to the guideline recommendations, by discharge period, is shown in Table 2.
In the second audit, the percentage of patients discharged with OAT, when strongly recommended, increased significantly from 56.6% to 81.9% (absolute increase: +25.3%) (Table 3). When both OAT/ASA were appropriate, the proportion of patients treated with OAT increased from 40.6% to 54.8%. OAT use increased also in patients with an uncertain benefit/risk balance (from 12.5% to 29.5%), but not among patients for whom it was clearly not recommended (Table 3). Overall, the prevalence of patients discharged with any AT (OAT/ASA), when recommended, increased from 158/207 (76.3% in 2000) to 204/229 (89.1% in 2004), with an absolute increase of +12.8% (95%CI:6.8% 18.7%).
Table 3. Patients discharged with OAT or with any treatment (OAT/ASA), by the recommended treatment, before-and-after implementation.
The use of OAT at admission, among patients for whom OAT was strongly recommended, increased from 36.8% to 58.1% (+21.3%), while the prevalence of patients either treated with ASA or receiving no AT drugs declined (from respectively 29.2% to 23.8%, and 34.0% to 18.1% -data not shown-). Overall, the percentage of patients without OAT contraindications admitted with AT (OAT or ASA) increased from 58.4% in 2000 to 74.7% in 2004 (p < 0.001).
The OAT prescription at discharge was analysed by a logistic regression model, including the following variables: study-period, stroke risk, OAT contraindications, age, AT at admission (Table 4). The adjusted OR for OAT prescription was 2.11 (95%CI:1.47 3.04) for the study period (2004 vs 2000). Age >75 and presence of contraindications were both strong negative predictors of OAT, without variation between periods. Meanwhile, OAT prescription was positively associated with the patient's stroke risk only in the 2004 sample. AT at admission was a much stronger predictor of OAT therapy at discharge in 2000 than in 2004.
Table 4. Predictors of OAT prescription at discharge in the whole sample, before, and after the guideline.
Discussion
The implementation of guidelines for AT in NVAF patients may be an effective tool for improving appropriateness of OAT prescription at discharge. An absolute 25% increase in the appropriate prescription of OAT at discharge was observed. Remarkably, very few patients were discharged without any AT in 2004 as compared with 2000. An absolute 14% increase in OAT use in 2004 as compared with 2000 was also observed among patients for whom the decision on best AT should be individualised.
Epidemiological surveys indicated that there is a temporal trend in the use of OAT: the proportion of patients with NVAF treated with warfarin ranged from 20% to 53% in the early 90s [12,13], rose to 48–55% in the years 1995–1997 [14,15], and up to 50–58% around the year 2000 [16,17]. It appears that most of the increasing trend in warfarin use occurred within the period 1992–1994, few years after the publication of the clinical trials between 1989–1992 [14], while in more recent years OAT seems to have reached a plateau [8].
Few studies aimed at improving appropriateness of AT prophylaxis in patients with NVAF have been reported. The combination of physician/nurse education and use of an OAT monitoring service have led to substantial improvements both in the percentage of properly treated patients (88%), and in the incidence of effective anticoagulation among the ambulatory patients [18]. The use of a patient decision aid on AT in NVAF was associated with a 12% absolute improvement in the number of patients receiving appropriate therapy, even if this beneficial effect did not persist [19]. Programs of guideline implementation for general practitioners, or within hospitals, determined a significant increase in warfarin use in high risk patients, even though the prevalence of properly treated patients was still sub-optimal, ranging from 46% to 73% [20,21]. A multifaceted intervention involving nine Australian teaching hospitals resulted in a higher rate of AT prescription (92%), although the authors did not stratify patients according to their thromboembolic risk, but considered appropriate AT use in the absence of contraindications [22]. A pharmacist-led-multidisciplinary intervention in older in-patients increased AT use (from 60% to 81%), even if about a fifth of patients were still discharged without any prophylaxis [23].
Previous studies demonstrated that in clinical practice OAT prescription is often in weak accordance with the individual patients' risk of stroke, and that the non-use of warfarin is not always motivated by the presence of OAT contraindications.
Several clinician-related concerns (including the fear of bleeding complications, the perceived poor compliance of patients to long-term therapy) and poor risk perception together with misunderstanding of the true risk/benefit balance of OAT by patients themselves, might account for OAT under-use even in patients without contraindications to its use [24,25]. Therefore, some studies documented a poor OAT use rather than an under-use: older patients at high risk were often not given warfarin in favour of younger, low-risk AF patients [26]. In order to overcome these potential drawbacks when deciding AT, we developed guidelines including a list of contraindications to OAT and recommendations for AT expressed as age/specific risk/benefit balance. Overall, the proportion of patients with no contraindications who were discharged with OAT doubled in 2004 as compared with 2000. Remarkably, an increase of OAT use was observed only in high or very high risk patients (+17%), for whom the appropriate balance between risks and benefits is uncertain, while it was reduced in moderate risk patients (-12%), where OAT was clearly not recommended.
Even if implementing guidelines may also drive some potential side effects, as previously observed in our hospital, where the higher rates of appropriate procedure use were associated with higher rate of inappropriate use [27], the present findings clearly indicate that the guideline implementation improved the appropriateness of OAT prescription, rather than simply extending its use. Indeed, warfarin use at discharge was strongly associated with the individual stroke risk level only in 2004, while its use was negatively associated with older age and presence of contraindications in both study periods. Thus, a general positive impact of the guideline on improvement of the clinical practice by a better evaluation of the individual benefit-to-risk ratio has been achieved by a tailored implementation strategy of a locally adapted guideline.
More efficient ways to transfer important evidence-based knowledge into usual clinical practice are needed, in order to further reduce the proportion of patients discharged without any prophylaxis (e.g. feedback to physicians, alternative care delivery programs, including increased patient participation) [28].
Our study was conducted in a large teaching hospital: although our data may reflect a local reality, the proportion of properly treated patients is not discordant from previous reports in other countries [20,23].
As in all chart-review based-studies, there is a potential for misclassification bias. Although data were carefully abstracted and jointly evaluated, we cannot exclude that some important information regarding the anticoagulation decision and/or existing contraindications to warfarin, might have been missed.
A common limitation of the before/after design in evaluating the health intervention effectiveness is the possibility that the changes observed are merely expression of a temporal trend. This trend is well documented by the increased proportion of patients on OAT at admission. However, this should not be the case of our findings, because multivariate analysis showed that OAT appropriateness at discharge was improved, as a consequence of the project, also after taking into account AT at admission.
The CHADS2 score, a recently proposed and validated stroke risk index, allows an easy and practical risk stratification [29]. However, at the time the hospital guideline was planned, it was validated in a single study on a large not-European cohort. Only recently, in fact, the predictive role of this score has been validated in an Italian cohort [30].
The classification of the American College of Chest Physician (ACCP) represents another scheme for cardioembolic risk stratification [31]. Our scheme differs from the ACCP classification with regard to the following points: i) a higher weight was attributed to prior stroke/TIA, which by itself determined a very high risk, in line with CHADS2 criteria; ii) other risk factors were given the same weight; iii) the hemorrhagic risk of treatment was combined with its antithrombotic effect, and age ≥ 75 years was considered as a cut-off associated with a greater bleeding risk with OAT use [1].
Recently, the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, and the European Society of Cardiology proposed a joint stratification which recognised a higher risk to previous stroke/TIA or embolism, and gave the same weight to diabetes, hypertension, heart failure/left ventricular dysfunction, which were moderate risk factors [32].
All these schemes did not consider the bleeding risk, when recommending the treatment of choice.
Conclusion
Our intervention, which involved a large group of end-users in implementing a hospital guideline, has improved the clinical practice through a better evaluation at the patient's individual level of the benefit to risk ratio in deciding the appropriate AT.
The follow-up of these patients will tell us whether this improved clinical practice might be maintained in the long-term, and whether it may translate into improved outcomes.
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SB participated in the conception and design of the study, data analysis, interpretation of the findings of the study, manuscript writing and revision.
SV participated in the data collection, interpretation of the findings, manuscript revision.
LS participated in the data collection, interpretation of the findings, manuscript revision.
DB participated in the data collection, interpretation of the findings, manuscript revision.
MP participated in the data collection, manuscript revision.
MB participated in the interpretation of the findings, manuscript writing and revision.
GC participated in the conception and design of the study, data analysis, interpretation of the findings of the study, manuscript writing and revision.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by a grant: "Progetto di Ricerca Sanitaria Finalizzata, Regione Piemonte, 2004". The sponsors had no role in study design, writing of the paper, or decision to submit it for publication.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/203/prepub
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The Effect of Using Vocabulary Flash Card on Iranian Pre-University Students’ Vocabulary Knowledge
Maryam Eslahcar Komachali, Mohammadreza Khodareza
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of using vocabulary flash card on Iranian pre-university students’ vocabulary knowledge. The participants of the study comprised 50 female learners. They were randomly assigned into two homogeneous groups each consisting of 25 learners. The control group received the traditional treatment while the experimental group received the vocabulary flash card treatment. Before starting the treatment, two similar tests were prepared as the pretest/posttest to find out students’ vocabulary knowledge at the beginning and at the end of the study. Analysis of the results in the posttest revealed significant differences between the two groups. The results showed the students in the experimental group outperformed the students in the control group in their vocabulary knowledge. Hence, it was concluded that the contribution of vocabulary flash card in teaching vocabulary to students led to a higher level of vocabulary improvement.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ies.v5n3p134
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Education Studies ISSN 1913-9020 (Print), ISSN 1913-9039 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Instead of AdBlock, enjoy ad-free CAN by becoming a member. Everybody wins!
cannes
01/07/2011 / Cinder, iPad, openFrameworks
The Saatchi & Saatchi New Directors' Showcase is one of the highlights of the Cannes Lions Festival, and has become one of the most popular events during Cannes week. Again this year, it took place in The Grand Auditorium, with ...
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Case Report
Renal cell carcinoma associated with peritumoral sarcoid-like reaction without intratumoral granuloma
Simon Ouellet1, Roula Albadine2 and Robert Sabbagh1*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Sherbrooke University, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
2 Department of Pathology, Sherbrooke University, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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Diagnostic Pathology 2012, 7:28 doi:10.1186/1746-1596-7-28
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.diagnosticpathology.org/content/7/1/28
Received:21 January 2012
Accepted:18 March 2012
Published:18 March 2012
© 2012 Ouellet et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Non-necrotizing epithelioid granulomas have been described in association with many primary tumors. In such cases, they are designated as sarcoid-like reaction. Although it is more seen in carcinomas than in sarcomas, it is very rarely reported in renal carcinoma. Here, we describe a rare association of prominent peritumoral sarcoid-like reaction without intratumoral granulomas and conventional clear cell renal carcinoma in a 62-year-old-male, without clinical or laboratory finding of sarcoidosis. At 30 months follow-up, he had no recurrence.
Virtual Slides
The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/4054525336657922 webcite
Keywords:
Sarcoid-like reaction; Granuloma; Renal cell carcinoma
Background
Non-necrotizing granulomas have been described in association with several primary cancers. Histologically, this sarcoid-like reaction is undistinguishable from granulomas found in systemic sarcoidosis. It is composed of a focal accumulation of epitheloid cells and multinucleated giant cells [1]. Few cases of association of sarcoid-like reaction with renal cell carcinoma have been described [2-6], and some in patients with a known or suspected systemic sarcoidosis [7-10]. Here, we describe a renal cell carcinoma associated with a peritumoral granulomatous reaction in a patient without systemic sarcoidosis.
Case presentation
Case report
A 62-year-old caucasian male known for dyslipidemia and scalp psoriasis was admitted to the emergency room for right renal colic. The patients had no history of constitutional symptoms, gross hematuria or abdominal pain. Laboratory findings were unremarkable. A computerized tomography (CT) was performed, which showed a 3.3 cm heterogeneous enhancing lesion in the upper pole of the right kidney consistent with a renal carcinoma (Figure 1). Patient was then scheduled for a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. The per- and post-operative periods were uneventful. Lymph nodes were explored during surgery and none were found. Nothing in the patient's clinical history or in the thoracic and abdominal CT scan performed suggested sarcoid granulomas involvement. No lymph node nor metastasis were present at the time of the surgery and at 30 months follow-up.
Figure 1. CT of the abdomen. Heterogeneous enhancing lesion in the upper pole of the right kidney without invasion to surrounding tissues.
Pathologic findings
Macroscopically, the tumor lesion revealed a 3.5 cm encapsulated yellowish mass with bosselated surface with small foci of hemorrhage and necrosis.
Histological examination showed a conventional clear cell type renal carcinoma of Fuhrman nuclear grade III, without sarcomatoid features (Figure 2A). There was no perinephric, renal sinus fat, or renal vessel involvement. Surgical margins were negative. Neoplastic proliferation was delineated from normal renal parenchyma by a fibrous pseudocapsule where multiple non-necrotizing granulomas with multinucleated giant cells were found (Figure 2B, C, D). No granuloma was seen within the tumor. These granulomas did not contain centrally located malignant cells. These granulomas were associated with mild mononuclear, lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate. No granuloma was seen in the adjacent renal parenchyma (Figure 3). Ziehl-Neelsen and Grocott stains did not detect the presence of mycobacteria or fungi.
Figure 2. Partial right upper pole nephrectomy. A, Conventional clear cell type renal carcinoma of Fuhrman nuclear grade III, without sarcomatoid features (HE;×100 original magnification). B, Epithelioid cell granulomas with Langhans-type giant cells (Sarcoid-like reaction) in the peritumoral fibrous pseudocapsule (×40 original magnification). C, Sarcoid-like reaction with some peritumoral inflammatory reaction, without any contact with tumor cells (×100 original magnification). D, Renal cell carcinoma with sarcoid-like reaction (×200 original magnification)
Figure 3. No granuloma was observed in the adjacent normal renal parenchyma (x40 original magnification).
Discussion
The frequency of sarcoid like reactions in certain tumor types and in different locations varies from 4% in carcinoma, to 20% in lymphoma [1]. Non-caseating granulomas can be caused by chemical exposure, infections, foreign bodies, granulomatous diseases and tumors [1,11]. Therefore, before claiming an association between renal cell cancer and sarcoid-like reaction, the other causes must be excluded by a careful clinical history, diagnostic tests and pathologic examination [5].
Antigens expressed by the neoplastic cell or soluble tumor antigens trigger an immune response which leads to the formation of non-caseating granulomas. Such reaction, locally mediated by T-cell, can be found in involved or uninvolved remote site, in regional lymph nodes and less frequently in tumoral areas [1-11].
A certain number of cases in the literature reports sarcoid-like reaction associated with renal cell carcinoma in patient with sarcoidosis [7-10]. Renal involvement in sarcoidosis displays a wide range of clinical manifestations. Renal histopathology shows granulomatous interstitial nephritis. Alexandrescu et al [12] reported one case of renal cancer with non-cutaneous sarcoidosis. Lucci et al [10] described the 6th case of clear cell renal cell carcinoma associated with sarcoidosis, this association is very rare.
Few cases reported sarcoid-like reaction associated with renal cell carcinoma in patients without sarcoidoisis [2-6]. We presented the sixth case of this reaction in conventional clear cell type renal carcinoma, in patients without sarcoidosis (Table 1). The prognostic factor of this association is still unclear. Kamiyoshihara et al [13] found no difference regarding lung cancer prognosis. However, Pavic et al [14] suggested that sarcoid-like reaction could play a role in preventing metastatic dissemination and may be associated with a better prognosis in Hodgkin's disease and gastric adenocarcinomas. Piscioli et al [6] reported a case of a renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid and sarcoid-like reaction. The patient died from metastatic dissemination 6 months after the nephrectomy. The authors suggested that his poor prognostic was not influenced by the sarcoid-like reaction but rather the sarcomatoid features. However two other cases reported longer recurrence free survival of 15 [4] and 48 [3] months, respectively. In our case, the sarcoid like reaction was seen peritumoral, without sarcomatoid features, with a recurrence free survival at 30 months follow-up. Sarcoidosis and sarcoid-like granulomas have been associated with psoriasis treatments [15,16]. However, in our case the patient never had any treatment for his scalp psoriasis.
Table 1. Clinicopathological features of reported cases of sarcoid-like reaction associated with conventional clear cell type renal carcinoma in patients without sarcoidosis
Interestingly, in our case we did not find granulomatous reaction within the tumor as described in some carcinoma, including breast [17], renal [2-5] and hepatocellular carcinomas [18]. We presented the sixth case of this reaction in conventional clear cell type renal carcinoma, in patients without sarcoidosis. However, it is, to our knowledge the first case of conventional clear cell type renal carcinoma to show peritumoral sarcoid-like reaction without intratumoral involvement.
Conclusion
We report a rare association between conventional clear cell type renal carcinoma and peritumoral sarcoid-like granulomatous reaction in a patient without clinical, radiologic or laboratory finding of sarcoidosis. Due to the low number of published cases, prognostic value of peritumoral non-necrotizing epithelioid granulomas has yet to be determined. Further cases are needed to provide information on the mechanism and prognostic value of peritumoral granuloma reaction in renal cell carcinoma.
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this Case Report and any accompanying images. A copy of written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SO drafted the manuscript and provided clinical information. RA carried out the histological evaluation and helped drafted this manuscript. RS was the surgeon, supervised and helped drafted this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Tania Fayad, Ph D for the critical reading of this article.
References
1. Brinker H: Sarcoid reactions in malignant tumours.
Cancer Treat Rev 1986, 13:147-156. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Marinides GN, Hajdu I, Gans RO: A unique association of renal carcinoma with sarcoid reaction of the kidney.
Nephron 1994, 67:477-480. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Hes O, Hora M, Vanecek T, Sima R, Sulc M, Havlicek F, Beranova M, Michal M: Conventional renal cell carcinoma with granulomatous reaction: a report of three cases.
Virchows Arch 2003, 443:220-221. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Kovacs J, Varga A, Bessenyei M, Gomba S: Renal cell cancer associated with sarcoid-like reaction.
Pathol Oncol Res 2004, 10:169-171. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Shah VB, Sharma P, Pathak HR: Conventional clear renal cell carcinoma with granulomatous reaction.
Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2010, 53:379-380. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. Piscioli I, Donato S, Morelli L, Del Nonno F, Licci S: Renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid features and peritumoral sarcoid-like granulomatous reaction: report of a case and review of the literature.
Int J Surg Pathol 2008, 16:345-348. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Moder KG, Litin SC, Gaffey TA: Renal cell carcinoma associated with sarcoid-like tissue reaction.
Mayo Clin Proc 1990, 65:1498-1501. PubMed Abstract
8. Bottone AC, Labarbera M, Asadourian A, Barman A, Richie C: Renal sarcoidosis coexisting with hypernephroma.
Urology 1993, 41:157-159. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. Campbell F, Douglas-Jones AG: Sarcoid-like granulomas in primary renal cell carcinoma.
Sarcoidosis 1993, 10:128-131. PubMed Abstract
10. Lucci S, Rivolta R, Fazi M, Iorio L, Raschellà GF, Merlino G, Giordano R, Redler A: Sarcoidosis and clear cell carcinoma of the kidney: the sixth case?
G Chir 2002, 23:75-78. PubMed Abstract
11. Bhatia A, Kumar Y, Kathpalia AS: Granulomatous inflammation in lymph nodes draining cancer: a coincidence or a significant association!
Int J Med Med Sci 2009, 1:13-16.
12. Alexandrescu DT, Kauffman CL, Ichim TE, Riordan NH, Kabigting F, Dasanu CA: Cutaneous sarcoidosis and malignancy: An association between sarcoidosis with skin manifestations and systemic neoplasia.
Dermatol Online J 2011, 17:2. PubMed Abstract
13. Kamiyoshihara M, Hirai T, Kawashima O: Sarcoid reaction in primary pulmonary carcinoma. Report of seven cases.
Oncol Rep 1998, 5:177-180. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14. Pavic M, Debourdeau P, Vacelet V, Rousset H: Sarcoidosis and sarcoid reactions in cancer.
Rev Med Interne 2008, 29:39-45. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
15. Marcella S, Welsh B, Foley P: Development of sarcoidosis during adalimumab therapy for chronic plaque psoriasis.
Australas J Dermatol 2011, 52:8-11.
16. Burns AM, Green PJ, Pasternak S: Etanercept-induced cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoid-like granulomas resolving with adalimumab.
J Cutan Pathol 2012, 39:289-293. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
17. Bassler K, Birke F: Histopathology of tumor associated sarcoid-like stromal reaction in breast cancer. An analysis of 5 cases with immunohistochemical investigation.
Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1988, 412:231-239. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
18. Tomimastsu H, Kojiro M, Nakashima T: Epithelioid granulomas associated with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Arch Pathol Lab Med 1982, 106:538-539. PubMed Abstract
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BeagleBoard/GSoC/Meetings/20100802
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Attendees
Students
• cfriedt
• drinkcat
• maltanar
• topfs2
• ppoudel
• neo01124
Mentors
• jkridner
• mru
• eFfeM_work
• Jefro
• koen
• av500
• katie
• Crofton
• notzed
Discussion
Final 2 weeks
• One week until recommended pencils-down date (Aug 9)
• Everyone ready for review on Monday?
• ANY issues preferred not to be discussed in public, please contact Jason Kridner ASAP.
• All 6 students report readiness for review by Monday Aug 9
Documentation
• should be complete & correct
• Jefro available for help, do not hesitate to ask
Deliverables
• projects must be checked into code.google.com
• what gets checked in? patches, docs - anything the student actually did
• jkdridner really wants "clean" deliverables - easy to reproduce, a clean conclusion, noting that work can continue later
• now is the time for fixing bugs & cleaning up, aka "feature freeze"
• code review = set of patches, documentation for each patch & overall usage instructions, code comments, any other supporting materials deemed appropriate by the mentor
Blockers
• maltanar has useful code, but OE integration is blocked on TI build systems work, though c6run already modified; currently produces nonworking executables
• topfs2 is having some issues with sgx+alpha overlays
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Colima Record Selection TableEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Mexico Colima Record Selection Table
This table can help you decide which records to search. It is most helpful for research from 1800 to the present.
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Riverton FamilySearch LibraryEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 23:14, 15 November 2011 by Sremery (Talk | contribs)
Riverton
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Hello people I need help with my c++ assignment
Newbie Member
15Feb2010,08:38 #1
I really need help & i wish someone could help me
I am required to design an Advisory System which models the academic advisor and advisee system used in any university. An advisor lecturer may have one or more advisees (students). An advisee can have only one advisor. The advisory system must be able to perform the following functions:
1.List all advisors and advisees
•2.Search advisor or advisee by name or ID
•3.List the details of a selected advisee or advisor
4.For a selected advisee, his/her advisor must be shown
5. For a selected advisor, all his/her advisees must be shown
5.Create, modify, and remove advisor or advisee’s particulars
6**Note that changing advisor should change the advisee at the same time, and vice versa.
7**Removing advisor from the system should set all relevant advisees’ advisor to blank/null.
i hope anyone could help me plzZz ....
Mentor
15Feb2010,14:21 #2
How far have you got and where are you stuck?
Have you sorted out your data model yet (doesn't matter if you need to change it later)?
Are you trying to write the whole lot in one go or are you being sensible and doing a bit at a time? So for example you could create a data file in Notepad (or vi) containing some data then start off with a program just to display that data. Then that's part 1 done.
Do you plan to read the whole file into memory, modify it in memory, then write any changes out to file, or will you update the file as you go? If the latter then you need to decide how you'll handle deletions.
We won't write this assignment for you but we will help get you unstuck. However it looks like you haven't even started. Is the problem that you don't understand the assignment?
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anyone know where i can learn a bit about making telnet sockets?
Skilled contributor
8May2009,03:45 #1
well what i want to do is make a program that will get two inputs from two separate computers and then out put back to each a different output. so i would like to know if anyone could tell me how this can be done(if it is simpl enough) or can send me to a site that could walk me through it. thanks.
~ Б0ЯИ Τ0 С0δЭ ~
9May2009,20:16 #2
May be these can help :
(1) http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/win/misc/sockets.html
(2) http://www.codeproject.com/KB/IP/beginningtcp_cpp.aspx
PS : I have no experience in this field
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The Lost and Damned
From Grand Theft Wiki
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Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned
PublishersRockstar Games
Release dates
PC
13 April 2010
16 April 2010
16 April 2010
PlayStation 3
13 April 2010
16 April 2010
16 April 2010
Xbox 360
17 February 2009
Platform
Xbox 360
Playstation 3
PC
Engine
RAGE
ProtagonistJohnny Klebitz
LocationAlderney State
Liberty City
Year2008
Grand Theft Auto series
chronology of events
2D Universe
GTA 1 Era
1961London 1961
1969London 1969
1997Grand Theft Auto 1
GTA 2 Era
2013GTA 2
3D Universe
GTA III Era
1984GTA Vice City Stories
1986GTA Vice City
1992GTA San Andreas
1998GTA Liberty City Stories
2000GTA Advance
2001GTA III
HD Universe
GTA IV Era
2008GTA IV
The Lost and Damned
The Ballad of Gay Tony
2009GTA Chinatown Wars
GTA V Era
Modern DayGTA V
Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned or TLAD is the first of two episodes of downloadable content for Grand Theft Auto IV on the Playstation 3, PC and Xbox 360. This episode features a new storyline, with a new protagonist - Johnny Klebitz, of The Lost Brotherhood biker gang.
The episode features new missions, multiplayer modes, weapons, vehicles, and music/radio shows. It became available for download via Xbox LIVE and PlayStation Network and costs $9.99 or 800 Microsoft Points. It is part of a disc-based title, "Grand Theft Auto: Episodes From Liberty City" , which does not need a GTA IV disc to be played and is bundled along with the second episodic content, The Ballad of Gay Tony, for $39.99.
"Johnny is a very different character than Niko, with a very different background," says Dan Houser, vice president of creative development for Rockstar Games. "I can't go into too much detail on the story, because we try not to give away too much plot before the game is released. But I can say that the story will show you a different side of Liberty City."
"The story is not directly impacted by decisions you took in the main game," he says. However, "tons of details and mysteries from the main story get explained, so it will add a lot of color to the main story."
The game was first released as a download on Xbox Live on February 17th 2009 as an "Xbox 360 exclusive". However, recently, in GTA IV's fourth PC patch, The Lost and Damned's achievements were added to the PC version. At first, The Lost and Damned along with the second piece of downloadable content, The Ballad Of Gay Tony, were to be released to the PS3 and PC on March 30th 2010, but, due to Sony Computer Entertainment wanting to edit some of the radio stations, it was released on April 13th in North America and April 16th in Europe.
The stories for GTA IV, The Lost and Damned, and The Ballad of Gay Tony were written by Dan Houser and Rupert Humphries. All 3 stories happen at the same time, intertwining with each other.
Contents
Audio
Audio File
File:TLAD-Theme.ogg
The Lost and Damned Main Theme Author: Stuart Hart
Synopsis
The Lost and Damned plot bears an uncanny resemblance to Peter Pan, down to both the biker gang and Peter Pan's entourage calling themselves "the Lost boys". The biker gang consists mostly of men in their late thirties and early forties, who are constantly pressured to "grow up" by abandoning their rough lifestyles, getting white-collar jobs and raising families. Billy Grey is the equivalent of Peter Pan, who is the most reckless of all and leads the others in a stubborn refusal of rational methodology (even in the case of Johnny, when Billy frowns upon him for making peace with the Angels of Death). Among many other similarities, another important element is the Lost Clubhouse's role as a dingy, dirty, hard-rock version of Neverland, where the gang members are liberated from conventional responsibilities like jobs or children, and free to partake in beer, motorcycles, bar brawls for sport and (even married men in the case of Jim Fitzgerald) strippers. When Johnny Klebitz and his fellow bikers feel compelled to "put this place out of its misery" by burning it to the ground, it is the end of Johnny's 34-year childhood and leads to the moral of the story - everyone has to grow up sometime.
Characters:
• Johnny Klebitz and Jim Fitzgerald: Johnny is the game's playable protagonist, and vice/acting president of the Lost. He struggles to lead the gang with reason and, at the same time, is pressured to become more reasonable by "model citizen" types outside the gang (such as his brother or Thomas Stubbs), eventually realized when he gives up the biker bar at the end of the game. Jim is a very rare role model of responsibility in the gang, an older guy with a wife and child. He is Johnny's closest friend and despite outranking him, he looks to Jim for sagely advice. After Jim is dead, he calls him "the man we all wanted to be", most likely because he could balance the joys of biker life with rationality and a nice family, unlike any other character in the story.
• Billy Grey and Brian Jeremy: Billy Grey is president of the Lost and, as mentioned above, leads the gang in a pursuit of pride, fast times and a love of violence. His own immature sense of pride leads him to start a war with the Angels of Death and try to kill Johnny, dividing the Lost. He is very much a regressed child; one clear example is when Jason Michaels dies, he calls him "just a kid, but [...] the kind of man I'd want to be". Brian is his closest follower, almost a kiss-up with a lack of confidence, who rallies his own sanction of Billy-loyalist Lost members against Johnny after Billy is arrested.
• Ashley Butler: Johnny's ex-girlfriend, who he still defends when she is threatened by gangs or overdosing on drugs. Johnny's dissatisfaction with her throwing her life away is a major step forward in his maturity.
• Elizabeta Torres, Malc and DeSean: Elizabeta is a Puerto Rican female drug lord, while Malc and DeSean are black males in the Uptown Riders gang. Aside from personal growth, racism is also a theme in the Lost and Damned. While the Angels of Death, who are possibly white supremacist, are often called racist (particularly by Johnny, "you racist pricks make me gag!", Klebitz and the rest of the Lost (apart from Billy, who insults Johnny's Jewish heritage and openly refers to the Chinese as "yellow") are much more liberal, having a black member named Clay Simons in the Brotherhood and cooperating very closely with Elizabeta, Malc and DeSean.
• Thomas Stubbs, Ray Boccino and Dave Grossman: All influential, white-collar men who employ the Lost for dirty work that they don't want to be seen doing themselves. Stubbs especially, they talk down to the Lost and are rare examples of the outside world come to influence them. Johnny sees all three of them as bad news because he is attached to his way of life, particularly seen when he harasses the Maitre'D before meeting Stubbs.
As read in the booklet included with Episodes from Liberty City:
Across the West River from glamorous Algonquin lies Alderney; home to industrial wastelands, strip malls, dreary suburbia and The Lost Brotherhood, a notorious biker gang along with band of thieves, murderers and drug-runners. The Lost have sworn to live by their own rules, above the law and in complete allegiance to the brotherhood. Billy Grey, the clubs President, has one set of priorities: Bikes, Booze, Babes and Blow; in any order and preferably all at the same time. His second-in-command, Johnny Klebitz, knows that time is running out for this gang of outlaws, and with money to be made in Liberty City, he is determined to make cash as quickly as possible before they all ride off into the sunset. Johnny has been in control of the club while Billy serves out a court-ordered stint in rehab. He has focused the gang’s activities on deals and truces, instead of petty vendettas, and has been making good inroads into Liberty City's organized crime world, even developing a working business relationship with the Angels of Death, long-term rivals of The Lost. One problem. Billy's coming home, and he's crazier than ever...
Story
Johnny Klebitz, Vice President of the Alderney Chapter of The Lost Brotherhood, has been busy protecting the gang's business interests in Liberty City, and is loyal to the motorcycle club's President, Billy Grey, who was recently sent to rehab for a heroin addiction after narrowly avoiding a prison sentence. When Billy returns, his violent actions towards the gang's rivals, The Angels of Death, causes a previously established truce to be broken between the two gangs, threatening the Brotherhood's survival. When a member of the gang, the recently patched-in Jason Michaels, is killed in Broker, Billy uses the opportunity to convince Johnny that the Angels were responsible for the murder, rather than the actual killer. In retaliation, the Lost attack an Angel clubhouse and secures a large amount of heroin. The gang attempts to sell the heroin through drug dealer Elizabeta Torres, but the buyer turns out to be an undercover cop. After this, Billy introduces Johnny to Thomas Stubbs III, a corrupt Congressman who pays Johnny to help him stay on top politically. Eventually, Johnny's friend and fellow club member Jim Fitzgerald learns that the heroin was stolen from the Triads by the Angels of Death, so the gang attempts to sell it back to them, only to be betrayed leading to a shootout in which Billy is arrested by the police.
As Vice President Johnny again takes control of the gang, but member Brian Jeremy refuses to follow, being fiercely loyal to Billy and blaming Johnny for his arrest. Brian attempts to create his own chapter, and Johnny is forced to kill him.
In order to keep the brotherhood afloat, Johnny begins working with people such as Uptown Riders members Malc and DeSean, and eventually comes to help out Pegorino Family capo Ray Boccino after his former lover Ashley Butler asks him to. While working for Ray, Johnny steals a large amount of diamonds from "Gay" Tony Prince and attempts to sell them to the Jewish Mafia with the help of Niko Bellic, but the deal is ambushed by Gay Tony's bodyguard Luis Lopez and Johnny manages to escape with the money, planning to keep it for the Brotherhood. An angry Ray kidnaps Jim and tortures him while holding Johnny at gunpoint, but the two escape. Johnny fights off several hitmen and learns from Ashley that Jim is dead. He plans to attack Ray but is told by Stubbs not to, and instead focuses on Billy, who has agreed to testify against Johnny and Angus Martin so that he may be freed from prison. Johnny, Terry Thorpe, Clay Simons and other members of the Lost infiltrate the prison and Johnny personally executes Billy.
Angus Martin, Terry, Clay, and Johnny find the Lost MC Clubhouse ransacked, and they agree to put the clubhouse out of it's misery. Terry douses the main room with gasoline, Johnny pushes Angus in his chair out to the street followed by Clay. The four stand on the street, staring up at the blazing inferno that was once their home, and prepare to take on an unexpected future. By the end, the Alderney Chapter has truly become Lost, and may even be forever damned.
Game information
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Bibliography: On the Atomic Bomb
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Title: On the Atomic Bomb
Author: C. S. Lewis
Year: 1965
Type: POEM
Select 2 publications to diff:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Publication Listing
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• Title: Ghost Stories
• Authors: Oliver Onions
• Year: 2000-12-00
• ISBN-10: 1-872621-54-6
• ISBN-13: 978-1-872621-54-8
• Publisher: Tartarus Press
• Price: £30.00
• Pages: vii+455
• Binding: hc
• Type: COLLECTION
• Title Reference: The Collected Ghost Stories of Oliver Onions
• ISFDB Record Number: 267839
• Notes: First printing. Sewn hardback printed and bound by the Atheneum Press in green wibalin cloth stamped in white,with green and white head and tailband and green silk ribbon marker. 350 copies.
OCLC Number: 46393588
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (GHSTSTRSXG2000)
Contents (view Concise Listing)
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Not Verified
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Not Verified
Primary2 Not Verified
Primary3 Not Verified
Primary4 Not Verified
Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Beyond the Stars: Tales of Adventure in Time and Space
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Title: Beyond the Stars: Tales of Adventure in Time and Space
Author: Peter Dennis
Year: 1983
Type: INTERIORART
ISFDB Record Number: 1060091
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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"url": "www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/17/11/12521",
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Molecules 2012, 17(11), 12521-12532; doi:10.3390/molecules171112521
Article
Antioxidant, Lipoxygenase and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory Activities of Acridocarbus orientalis From Al Ain and Oman
1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, U.A.E. University, Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17551, UAE 2 National Organization of Drug Control and Research, 6 Abu Hazem St., Giza, 12613, Egypt
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 5 July 2012; in revised form: 3 September 2012 / Accepted: 20 September 2012 / Published: 24 October 2012
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
Download PDF Full-Text [206 KB, uploaded 24 October 2012 14:52 CEST]
Abstract: Acridocarpus orientalis (AO) is a traditional medicinal plant used for treatment of inflammatory diseases that may have potential in cancer treatment. In the present study, the aqueous ethanolic crude extract of Acridocarpus aerial parts obtained from Al Ain and Oman were evaluated for their antioxidant capability, polyphenolic content, anti-lipoxygenase and anti-histone deacetylase (HDAC) properties. The total antioxidant capacity was estimated by the FRAP, DPPH, ABTS and b-carotene bleaching assays. Acridocarpus-Al Ain exhibited the highest polyphenolic content (184.24 mg gallic acid/g) and the best antioxidant activity (1.1, 1.04, 1.14 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent/g in the FRAP, ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively). Additionally, the same extract showed significant anti-inflammatory properties via lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity (IC50 = 50.58 µg/mL). Acridocarpus-Al Ain also showed the strongest histone deacetylase (HDACs) inhibitory activity (IC50 = 93.28 µg/mL). The results reported here suggest that there was a significant influence of location and the plant may be considered a good source of compounds with antioxidant, anti-LOX and HDAC properties for therapeutic, nutraceutical and functional food applications.
Keywords: Acridocarpus orientalis; total phenol; antioxidant; anti-lipoxygenase; anti-histone deacetylase activity
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Ksiksi, T.; Hamza, A.A. Antioxidant, Lipoxygenase and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory Activities of Acridocarbus orientalis From Al Ain and Oman. Molecules 2012, 17, 12521-12532.
AMA Style
Ksiksi T, Hamza AA. Antioxidant, Lipoxygenase and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory Activities of Acridocarbus orientalis From Al Ain and Oman. Molecules. 2012; 17(11):12521-12532.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ksiksi, Taoufik; Hamza, Alaaeldin A. 2012. "Antioxidant, Lipoxygenase and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory Activities of Acridocarbus orientalis From Al Ain and Oman." Molecules 17, no. 11: 12521-12532.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Inactive
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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20 Bible Verses about Giving To Your Pastor
1 Corinthians 9:14 ESV / 51 helpful votes
In the same way, the Lord commanded that those who proclaim the gospel should get their living by the gospel.
Galatians 6:6-10 ESV / 40 helpful votes
One who is taught the word must share all good things with the one who teaches. Do not be deceived: God is not mocked, for whatever one sows, that will he also reap. For the one who sows to his own flesh will from the flesh reap corruption, but the one who sows to the Spirit will from the Spirit reap eternal life. And let us not grow weary of doing good, for in due season we will reap, if we do not give up. So then, as we have opportunity, let us do good to everyone, and especially to those who are of the household of faith.
1 Timothy 5:17 ESV / 29 helpful votes
Let the elders who rule well be considered worthy of double honor, especially those who labor in preaching and teaching.
1 Timothy 5:18 ESV / 25 helpful votes
For the Scripture says, “You shall not muzzle an ox when it treads out the grain,” and, “The laborer deserves his wages.”
1 Timothy 3:1-16 ESV / 19 helpful votes
The saying is trustworthy: If anyone aspires to the office of overseer, he desires a noble task. Therefore an overseer must be above reproach, the husband of one wife, sober-minded, self-controlled, respectable, hospitable, able to teach, not a drunkard, not violent but gentle, not quarrelsome, not a lover of money. He must manage his own household well, with all dignity keeping his children submissive, for if someone does not know how to manage his own household, how will he care for God's church? ...
Luke 14:12-14 ESV / 15 helpful votes
He said also to the man who had invited him, “When you give a dinner or a banquet, do not invite your friends or your brothers or your relatives or rich neighbors, lest they also invite you in return and you be repaid. But when you give a feast, invite the poor, the crippled, the lame, the blind, and you will be blessed, because they cannot repay you. For you will be repaid at the resurrection of the just.”
2 Corinthians 8:7 ESV / 10 helpful votes
But as you excel in everything—in faith, in speech, in knowledge, in all earnestness, and in our love for you—see that you excel in this act of grace also.
James 3:1 ESV / 9 helpful votes
Not many of you should become teachers, my brothers, for you know that we who teach will be judged with greater strictness.
Ezekiel 33:7-9 ESV / 8 helpful votes
“So you, son of man, I have made a watchman for the house of Israel. Whenever you hear a word from my mouth, you shall give them warning from me. If I say to the wicked, O wicked one, you shall surely die, and you do not speak to warn the wicked to turn from his way, that wicked person shall die in his iniquity, but his blood I will require at your hand. But if you warn the wicked to turn from his way, and he does not turn from his way, that person shall die in his iniquity, but you will have delivered your soul.
Matthew 25:15 ESV / 6 helpful votes
To one he gave five talents, to another two, to another one, to each according to his ability. Then he went away.
Matthew 6:33 ESV / 6 helpful votes
But seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things will be added to you.
Luke 12:33 ESV / 5 helpful votes
Sell your possessions, and give to the needy. Provide yourselves with moneybags that do not grow old, with a treasure in the heavens that does not fail, where no thief approaches and no moth destroys.
Malachi 3:10 ESV / 5 helpful votes
Bring the full tithe into the storehouse, that there may be food in my house. And thereby put me to the test, says the Lord of hosts, if I will not open the windows of heaven for you and pour down for you a blessing until there is no more need.
Jeremiah 17:10 ESV / 5 helpful votes
“I the Lord search the heart and test the mind, to give every man according to his ways, according to the fruit of his deeds.”
Romans 10:10 ESV / 4 helpful votes
For with the heart one believes and is justified, and with the mouth one confesses and is saved.
Acts 20:35 ESV / 4 helpful votes
In all things I have shown you that by working hard in this way we must help the weak and remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he himself said, ‘It is more blessed to give than to receive.’”
Matthew 6:24 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and money.
2 Corinthians 8:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor, so that you by his poverty might become rich.
Romans 6:23 ESV / 1 helpful vote
For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.
Romans 1:20 ESV / 1 helpful vote
For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse.
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[33]
The Amphictyonic council usually assembled at Onchestus, in the territory of Haliartus, near the lake Copais, and the Teneric plain. It is situated on a height, devoid of trees, where is a temple of Neptune also without trees. For the poets, for the sake of ornament, called all sacred places groves, although they were without trees. Such is the language of Pindar, when speaking of Apollo: “‘He traversed in his onward way the earth and sea; he stood upon the heights of the lofty mountains; he shook the caves in their deep recesses, and overthrew the foundations of the sacred groves’ or temples.” As Alcæus is mistaken in the altering the name of the river Cuarius, so he makes a great error in placing Onchestus at the extremities of Helicon, whereas it is situated very far from this mountain.
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SMX West Live Blog Coverage
Feb 27, 2012 • 9:08 am | (0) by | Filed Under Search Marketing Expo 2012 West
SMX West 2012 is tomorrow and we are looking forward to providing true real live blogging from the conference to all of you who cannot make it.
Helping me this year with the live blog coverage include Keri Morgret of Strike Models, Avi Wilensky of Promedia Corp, Marty Weintraub of aimClear. Without them, doing the live blogging would not be as much fun.
Here is our coverage schedule, it may change, but we expect you to be watching and participating with us during the event - we do real live blog coverage and we hope you can ask us questions and leave comments during the sessions.
Tuesday: February 28, 2012
9:00am-10:15am
Getting Personal, Part 1: How Google & Bing Personalize With Social Connections by Barry Schwartz and Keri Morgret
Hardcore Local SEO Tactics – Driving Online & In-Person Traffic by Avi Wilensky
10:45am-Noon
Creating Conversion Friendly Mobile Landing Pages by Barry Schwartz
Getting Personal, Part 2: How Google & Bing Personalize With Search History & Geography by Avi Wilensky
1:30pm-2:45pm
Does Google Favor Brands? An In-Depth Look by Barry Schwartz & Avi Wilensky
3:30pm-4:45pm
Don’t Panic! A Hitchhiker’s Guide To Surviving SEO Changes by Barry Schwartz and Keri Morgret
Doing Check-ins & Offers Right by Avi Wilensky
Wednesday: February 29, 2012
9:00am-10:00am
Keynote with Susan Wojcicki, SVP Advertising, Google, Inc. by Barry Schwartz
10:45am-Noon
SEO For Google+ & Google Search by Barry Schwartz
Real Answers For Technical SEO Problems by Avi Wilensky
1:30pm-2:45pm
Schema.org, Rel=Author & Meta Tagging Best Practices by Barry Schwartz and Keri Morgret
Differentiate Or Die by Avi Wilensky
3:30pm-4:45pm
Building Buzz On Facebook: Getting Liked & Shared by Barry Schwartz
Making Data From Google Webmaster Central & Bing Webmaster Tools Actionable by Avi Wilensky
5:00pm – 6:15pm
How Siri, Search By Voice & Search By App Are Changing The Mobile Landscape by Barry Schwartz
Duplication, Aggregation, Syndication, Affiliates, Scraping And Information Architecture by Avi Wilensky
Thursday: March 1, 2012
9:00am-10:15am
YouTube Success Stories For Marketers by Barry Schwartz
10:45am-Noon
SEO Essentials For Migrating Websites by Barry Schwartz
What Search Data Reveals About Customer Needs & Desires – And How To Use It by Keri Morgret
1:00pm-2:15pm
Life In A [Not Provided] World by Keri Morgret
Previous story: Video Overview Of Google Webmaster Tools
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Arnold & Porter
From SourceWatch
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This article is part of the Tobacco portal on Sourcewatch funded from 2006 - 2009 by the American Legacy Foundation. Help expose the truth about the tobacco industry.
Arnold & Porter, an "international law firm specializing in cross-border regulatory, transactional, and litigation issues, particularly as they relate to the pharmaceutical and medical technology industries," currently has seven offices worldwide and, in 2002, employed 687 attorneys.
The firm's Managing Partner is James Sandman. Arnold & Porter was founded "shortly after World War II" by "three veterans of the New Deal ... as Arnold, Fortas & Porter." [1][2][3]
"Thurman Arnold was a former law professor and law school dean, Assistant Attorney General, and U.S. Court of Appeals Judge. Abe Fortas, who would later become a Supreme Court Justice, also served in various government positions, including Undersecretary of the Interior. Paul Porter was a former Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission and Administrator of the wartime Office of Price Administration ... Many of the firm's attorneys have held senior positions in such U.S. government agencies as the Departments of State, Justice, and Treasury, the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Securities and Exchange Commission." [4]
The firm's name was previously "Arnold, Fortas & Porter"; Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas was a partner.(E. Whelan 1984). The firm was first retained by Philip Morris in 1963.(E. Whelan 1984)
They note that: "Our team is not only comprised of top lawyers from America and Europe's best colleges and law schools, but of doctors, biologists, chemists, public policy professionals, and former high-ranking officials from the US government. In fact, over 80 of our partners have served in positions in the US government, from the Federal Trade Commission to the Department of Justice to the US Congress." [1] Moreover, "Arnold & Porter LLP has one of the world's leading law firm pro bono programs." [2]
"Arnold, Fortas & Porter was the only major law firm in the United States willing to represent the victims of McCarthyism. In 1950, Senator McCarthy made a false charge that an Asian affairs expert named Owen Lattimore was the "top Communist espionage agent" in the country, instantaneously making Lattimore the most reviled man in America. Within hours, future Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas (soon joined by Thurman Arnold) signed on for a bitterly protracted legal battle, including the longest ever grilling of a single person by a congressional committee, as well as an indictment for perjury because Lattimore denied being a Communist "sympathizer."
"The firm ultimately defeated all of these charges, and its courage in taking Lattimore's case brought numerous other victims of McCarthyism to our door. At their height, our lawyers were devoting approximately half of their working hours to such pro bono cases. Our founders' stand for justice set a standard for commitment to public service that has been a core value of our firm ever since." [3]
Contents
Arnold & Porter and the Tobacco Industry
According to the company's website "Arnold & Porter serves as national counsel for Philip Morris in lawsuits seeking to hold the company liable for illnesses allegedly caused by smoking, including the recent Medicare reimbursement cases brought by the states and numerous state class action lawsuits brought by plaintiffs seeking to recover for alleged tobacco-related illnesses."
"The firm also tried the widely publicized cases, Cipollone v. Liggett, et al., which resulted in a favorable jury verdict for Philip Morris. Further, the firm participated in the Supreme Court proceedings which established that certain claims against tobacco manufacturers are pre-empted by federal law" it states. [5]
A 1993 internal budget review document for the Philip Morris group of companies has Arnold and Porter listed with a budget line item of $1,100,000. The accompanying description states “Provides legal advice to the PM family on the tort project and counsels the PM Family on tort related matters that relate to compliance issues about lobbying, political and tort coalition contributions”.[6]
In their book The Moral Compass of the American Lawyer Richard Zitrin & Carol M. Langford noted that in 1968 Arnold & Porter suggested routing public opinion survey work via lawyers as a way of being able to shield the results from discovery. The survey was intended to indicate that Americans were aware of the risks of smoking. "Should the results prove unfavorable," they cited one memo stating, "there will be nothing in the [survey takers'] records to subpoena...." The information would be harder to discover "if the survey were in an attorney's files."[7]
In a remarkable memorandum written in 1988 by A&P lawyer Thomas Silfen, Silfen muses about what can be done "to relieve the [tobacco] industry's long agony over health issues--to get the industry out of the 'it hasn't been proven' trap once and for all." Silfen mulls over the utility of the industry's stance that the connection between smoking and disease "hasn't been proven," and discloses its shortfalls when it comes to litigation and public health:
In litigation, we have sought to defuse the issue by adopting the slightly softened risk factor position: i.e., there is a statistical association which could possibly be causal, but the evidence is still not conclusive. Out of court, and especially before Congress, that position will not suffice. When the issue is public health not scientific proof, admitting that tobacco is a 'risk' actually highlights the hard questions. How big is the risk: is it 20% proven or 40% proven or 55%?... Given that risk, how many people die from smoking: if not 350,000, is it 200,000 or 100,000? What would it take to convince us that it is proven; are we waiting until every doctor in the world agrees? And what are we going to do once we are finally convinced; will we stop selling the, product, as some company officials have said in the past?
Despite this, Silfen argues against admitting that cigarettes cause disease, putting higher priority on the image and liability problems that would be caused if the industry admitted that cigarettes kill people. Silfen counsels that abandoning the industry's long-standing "case isn't proven" stance without a sizeable scientific event
...would look bad in the public forum and, perhaps, in court as well. More importantly, admitting causation leaves the really significant public health questions unanswered: What do we do next? Do we stop selling cigarettes altogether or stop advertising or submit to FDA jurisdiction? We are right back on the spot, maybe worse off.
Silfen envies the model of the alcohol industry, since their product has similar problems. He wrote,
"Why do we tolerate alcohol sales and promotion, despite the attendant death, crime and misery? Several elements seem to contribute. Everybody knows the danger of alcohol (or at least, we all assume that everybody knows). The alcohol manufacturers do not deny the negative aspects of their product and, in fact, counsel both moderation and adult use....as a matter of law, alcohol use is restricted to adults. Finally, we tried prohibition in this country and it was a miserable failure. That is the position we want for tobacco. Once a product is used only by fully informed, competent adults, all that remains (we would say) is prohibition.
However, Silfen recognized a major difference from the "alcohol model":
Cohen tells us that we have created an inconsistent information environment in which vulnerable smokers are able to disbelieve even the best known health warnings. This is, of course, a major difference from the 'alcohol model.' [8]
Arnold & Porter represented Philip Morris in the Rose Defrancesco Cipollone lawsuit, in which the plaintiff, who began smoking in 1942 and died of cancer in 1984, accused tobacco companies of failure to adequately warn the public about the potential lethality and addictiveness of their cigarettes. The jury awarded her husband, Antonio Cipollone, $400,000, representing the tobacco industry's first loss in a courtroom.
The company also has an extensive involvement in environmental litigation.
Working for Colombia
In March 2005 Arnold & Porter was retained by the Colombian government "to provide advice concerning external capital markets and other financial transactions, including with respect to the application of U.S. laws and regulations applicable thereto, as well as advice on other matters from time to time requested by the Ministry of Finance of Colombia. Included in this latter category is advice on legal issues concerning certain aspects of the Free Trade Agreement negotiation betweren the Republic of Colombia and the United States." Under the agreement A&P a series of payments were scheduled to be paid to the company on completion of various steps including capital raising.[4]
Contact information
Arnold & Porter
555 Twelfth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20004-1206
Phone: 202.942.5000
Web: www.arnoldporter.com
Also: Offices in Northern Virginia, New York, Los Angeles, Century City, CA, London, and Denver.
Company Brochure.
Resources and articles
Related Sourcewatch articles
References
1. Who we are, Arnold & Porter, accessed November 18, 2008.
2. Pro Bono, Arnold & Porter, accessed November 18, 2008.
3. Then and Now, Arnold & Porter, accessed November 18, 2008.
4. "Exhibit B; Registration Statement Pursuant to the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, as amended", March 23, 2005, page 3.
External links
This article may include information from Tobacco Documents Online.
Search the Documents Archives of the Tobacco Industry
Legacy Tobacco Documents Library:
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Person:George Backenstoe (1)
Watchers
Browse
George A. Backenstoe
b.abt 1841
Facts and Events
Name George A. Backenstoe
Gender Male
Birth[1] abt 1841
Civil War Service
Source: S1
Pension
Source: S2
• None found
References
1. Foraker, J.B; H.A. Axline; and J.S. Robinson. Official roster of the soldiers of the state of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1866. (Akron [Ohio]: Werner Co., 1886-1895).
2. United States. Veterans Administration. Organization index to pension files of veterans who served between 1861 and 1900- [1917]. (Washington, District of Columbia: The National Archives, 1949).
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Thyroid gland
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body. This gland is found in the neck just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.
The thyroid participates in these processes by producing thyroid hormones, principally thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body. Iodine is an essential component of both T3 and T4. The thyroid also produces the hormone calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis.
The thyroid is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary. The gland gets its name from the Greek word for "shield", after its shape, a double-lobed structure. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) are the most common problems of the thyroid gland. Specialists are called Thyroidologists.
Anatomy
The thyroid is situated on the anterior side of the neck, starting at the oblique line on the thyroid cartilage (just below the laryngeal prominence or Adam's apple), and extending to the 6th Tracheal ring (C-shaped cartilagenous ring of the trachea). It is inappropriate to demarcate the gland's upper and lower border with vertebral levels as it moves position in relation to these during swallowing. It lies over the trachea and is covered by layers of pretracheal fascia (allowing it to move), muscle and skin.
The thyroid is one of the larger endocrine glands - 10-20 grams in adults - and butterfly-shaped. The wings correspond to the lobes and the body to the isthmus of the thyroid. The isthmus overlies tracheal rings 2, 3 and 4. The thyroid may enlarge substantially during pregnancy and when affected by a variety of diseases.
Embryologic development
Floor of pharynx of embryo between 18 and 21 days.
The thyroid is derived from the third branchial pouch. In the fetus, at 3-4 weeks of gestation, the thyroid gland appears as an epithelial proliferation in the floor of the pharynx at the base of the tongue between the tuberculum impar and the copula linguae at a point latter indicated by the foramen cecum.
Subsequently the thyroid descends in front of the pharyngeal gut as a bilobed diverticulum through the thyroglossal duct. Over the next few weeks, it migrates to the base of the neck. During migration, the thyroid remains connected to the tongue by a narrow canal, the thyroglossal duct.
Follicles of the thyroid begin to make colloid in the 11th week and thyroxine by the 18th week.
Histology
At a histological level, there are three primary features of the thyroid:
Feature Description
Follicles The thyroid is composed of spherical follicles that selectively absorb iodine (as iodide ions, I-) from the blood for production of thyroid hormones. Twenty-five percent of all the body's iodide ions are in the thyroid gland. Inside the follicles, colloids rich in a protein called thyroglobulin serve as a reservoir of materials for thyroid hormone production and, to a lesser extent, act as a reservoir for the hormones themselves.
Thyroid epithelial cells
(or "follicular cells")
The follicles are surrounded by a single layer of thyroid epithelial cells, which secrete T3 and T4.
Parafollicular cells
(or "C cells")
Scattered among follicular cells and in spaces between the spherical follicles are another type of thyroid cell, parafollicular cells, which secrete calcitonin.
Physiology
The primary function of the thyroid is production of the hormones thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. Up to 80% of the T4 is converted to T3 by peripheral organs such as the liver, kidney and spleen. T3 is about ten times more active than T4.[1]
T3 and T4 production and action
Thyroxine is synthesised by the follicular cells from free tyrosine and on the tyrosine residues of the protein called thyroglobulin (TG). Iodine is captured with the "iodine trap" by the hydrogen peroxide generated by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase (TPO)[2] and linked to the 3' and 5' sites of the benzene ring of the tyrosine residues on TG, and on free tyrosine. Upon stimulation by the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), the follicular cells reabsorb TG and proteolytically cleave the iodinated tyrosines from TG, forming T4 and T3 (in T3, one iodine is absent compared to T4), and releasing them into the blood. Deiodinase enzymes convert T4 to T3.[3] Thyroid hormone that is secreted from the gland is about 90% T4 and about 10% T3.[1]
Cells of the brain are a major target for the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Thyroid hormones play a particularly crucial role in brain development during pregnancy.[4] A transport protein (OATP1C1) has been identified that seems to be important for T4 transport across the blood brain barrier.[5] A second transport protein (MCT8) is important for T3 transport across brain cell membranes.[5]
In the blood, T4 and T3 are partially bound to thyroxine-binding globulin, transthyretin and albumin. Only a very small fraction of the circulating hormone is free (unbound) - T4 0.03% and T3 0.3%. Only the free fraction has hormonal activity. As with the steroid hormones and retinoic acid, thyroid hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors1, α2, β1 and β2), which act alone, in pairs or together with the retinoid X-receptor as transcription factors to modulate DNA transcription[2].
T3 and T4 regulation
The production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), released by the anterior pituitary. The thyroid and thyrotropes form a negative feedback loop: TSH production is suppressed when the T4 levels are high, and vice versa. The TSH production itself is modulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is produced by the hypothalamus and secreted at an increased rate in situations such as cold (in which an accelerated metabolism would generate more heat). TSH production is blunted by somatostatin (SRIH), rising levels of glucocorticoids and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone), and excessively high blood iodide concentration.
Calcitonin
An additional hormone produced by the thyroid contributes to the regulation of blood calcium levels. Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin in response to hypercalcemia. Calcitonin stimulates movement of calcium into bone, in opposition to the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, calcitonin seems far less essential than PTH, as calcium metabolism remains clinically normal after removal of the thyroid, but not the parathyroids.
It may be used diagnostically as a tumor marker for a form of thyroid cancer (medullary thyroid adenocarcinoma), in which high calcitonin levels may be present and elevated levels after surgery may indicate recurrence. It may even be used on biopsy samples from suspicious lesions (e.g. swollen lymph nodes) to establish whether they are metastasis of the original cancer.
Calcitonin can be used therapeutically for the treatment of hypercalcemia or osteoporosis.
Significance of iodine
In areas of the world where iodine (essential for the production of thyroxine, which contains four iodine atoms) is lacking in the diet, the thyroid gland can be considerably enlarged, resulting in the swollen necks of endemic goitre.
Thyroxine is critical to the regulation of metabolism and growth throughout the animal kingdom. Among amphibians, for example, administering a thyroid-blocking agent such as propylthiouracil (PTU) can prevent tadpoles from metamorphosing into frogs; conversely, administering thyroxine will trigger metamorphosis.
In humans, children born with thyroid hormone deficiency will have physical growth and development problems, and brain development can also be severely impaired, in the condition referred to as cretinism. Newborn children in many developed countries are now routinely tested for thyroid hormone deficiency as part of newborn screening by analysis of a drop of blood. Children with thyroid hormone deficiency are treated by supplementation with synthetic thyroxine, which enables them to grow and develop normally.
Because of the thyroid's selective uptake and concentration of what is a fairly rare element, it is sensitive to the effects of various radioactive isotopes of iodine produced by nuclear fission. In the event of large accidental releases of such material into the environment, the uptake of radioactive iodine isotopes by the thyroid can, in theory, be blocked by saturating the uptake mechanism with a large surplus of non-radioactive iodine, taken in the form of potassium iodide tablets. While biological researchers making compounds labelled with iodine isotopes do this, in the wider world such preventive measures are usually not stockpiled before an accident, nor are they distributed adequately afterward. One consequence of the Chernobyl disaster was an increase in thyroid cancers in children in the years following the accident. [3]
The use of iodised salt is an efficient way to add iodine to the diet. It has eliminated endemic cretinism in most developed countries, and some governments have made the iodination of flour mandatory. Potassium iodide and Sodium iodide are the most active forms of supplemental iodine.
Diseases
Hyper- and hypofunction (affects about 2% of the population)
Anatomical problems
Tumors
Deficiencies
Medication linked to thyroid disease includes amiodarone, lithium salts, some types of interferon and IL-2.
Diagnosis
Blood tests
• The measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels is often used by doctors as a screening test. Elevated TSH levels can signify an inadequate hormone production, while suppressed levels can point at excessive unregulated production of hormone.
• If TSH is abnormal, decreased levels of thyroid hormones T4 and T3 may be present; these may be determined to confirm this.
• Autoantibodies may be detected in various disease states (anti-TG, anti-TPO, TSH receptor stimulating antibodies).
• There are two cancer markers for thyroid derived cancers. Thyroglobulin (TG) for well differentiated papillary or follcular adenocarcinoma, and the rare medullary thyroid cancer has calcitonin as the marker.
• Very infrequently, TBG and transthyretin levels may be abnormal; these are not routinely tested.
Ultrasound
Nodules of the thyroid may or may not be cancer. Medical ultrasonography can help determine their nature because some of the characteristics of benign and malignant nodules differ. The main characteristics of a thyroid nodule on high frequency thyroid ultrasound are as follows:
Possible cancer Benign characteristics
irregular border smooth borders
hypoechoic (less echogenic than the surrounding tissue) hyperechoic
microcalcifications -
taller than wide shape on transverse study -
significant intranodular blood flow by power Doppler -
- "comet tail" artifact as sound waves bounce off intranodular colloid
Ultrasonography is not always able to separate benign from malignant nodules with complete certainty. In suspicious cases, a tissue sample is often obtained by biopsy for microscopic examination.
Radioiodine scanning and uptake
Thyroid scintigraphy, imaging of the thyroid with the aid of radioactive iodine, usually iodine-123 (123I), is performed in the nuclear medicine department of a hospital or clinic. Radioiodine collects in the thyroid gland before being excreted in the urine. While in the thyroid the radioactive emissions can be detected by a camera, producing a rough image of the shape (a radiodine scan) and tissue activity (a radioiodine uptake) of the thyroid gland.
A normal radioiodine scan shows even uptake and activity throughout the gland. Irregularity can reflect an abnormally shaped or abnormally located gland, or it can indicate that a portion of the gland is overactive or underactive, different from the rest. For example, a nodule that is overactive ("hot") to the point of suppressing the activity of the rest of the gland is usually a thyrotoxic adenoma, a surgically curable form of hyperthyroidism that is hardly ever malignant. In contrast, finding that a substantial section of the thyroid is inactive ("cold") may indicate an area of non-functioning tissue such as thyroid cancer.
The amount of radioactivity can be counted as an indicator of the metabolic activity of the gland. A normal quantitation of radioiodine uptake demonstrates that about 8 to 35% of the administered dose can be detected in the thyroid 24 hours later. Overactivity or underactivity of the gland as may occur with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism is usually reflected in decreased or increased radioiondine uptake. Different patterns may occur with different causes of hypo- or hyperthyroidism.
Biopsy
A medical biopsy refers to the obtaining of a tissue sample for examination under the microscope or other testing, usually to distinguish cancer from noncancerous conditions. Thyroid tissue may be obtained for biopsy by fine needle aspiration or by surgery.
Needle aspiration has the advantage of being a brief, safe, outpatient procedure that is safer and less expensive than surgery and does not leave a visible scar. Needle biopsies became widely used in the 1980s, but it was recognized that accuracy of identification of cancer was good but not perfect. The accuracy of the diagnosis depends on obtaining tissue from all of the suspicious areas of an abnormal thyroid gland. The reliability of needle aspiration is increased when sampling can be guided by ultrasound, and over the last 15 years, this has become the preferred method for thyroid biopsy in North America.
Treatment
Medical treatment
Levothyroxine is a stereoisomer of thyroxine which is degraded much slower and can be administered once daily in patients with hypothyroidism.
Graves' disease may be treated with the thioamide drugs propylthiouracil, carbimazole or methimazole, or rarely with Lugol's solution. Hyperthyroidism as well as thyroid tumors may be treated with radioactive iodine.
Percutaneous Ethanol Injections, PEI, for therapy of recurrent thyroid cysts, and metastatic thyroid cancer lymph nodes, as an alternative to the usual surgical method.
Surgery
Thyroid surgery is performed for a variety of reasons. A nodule or lobe of the thyroid is sometimes removed for biopsy or for the presence of an autonomously functioning adenoma causing hyperthyroidism. A large majority of the thyroid may be removed, a subtotal thyroidectomy, to treat the hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease, or to remove a goitre that is unsightly or impinges on vital structures. A complete thyroidectomy of the entire thyroid, including associated lymph nodes, is the preferred treatment for thyroid cancer. Removal of the bulk of the thyroid gland usually produces hypothyroidism, unless the person takes thyroid hormone replacement.
If the thyroid gland must be removed surgically, care must be taken to avoid damage to adjacent structures, the parathyroid glands and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Both are susceptible to accidental removal and/or injury during thyroid surgery. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), a hormone needed to maintain adequate amounts of calcium in the blood. Removal results in hypoparathyroidism and a need for supplemental calcium and vitamin D each day. The recurrent laryngeal nerves provide motor control for all external muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle, also runs along the posterior thyroid. Accidental laceration of either of the two or both recurrent laryngeal nerves may cause paralysis of the vocal cords and their associated muscles, changing the voice quality.
Radioiodine therapy
Large goiters that cause symptoms, but do not harbor cancer, after evaluation, and biopsy of suspicious nodules can be treated by an alternative therapy with radioiodine. The iodine uptake can be high in countries with iodine deficiency, but low in iodine sufficient countries. The 1999 release of rhTSH thyrogen in the USA, can boost the uptakes to 50-60% allowing the therapy with iodine 131. The gland shrinks by 50-60%, but can cause hypothyroidism, and rarely pain syndrome cause by radiation thyroiditis that is short lived and treated by steroids.
History
There are several findings that evidence a great interest for thyroid disorders just in the Medieval Medical School of Salerno (XII Century). Rogerius Salernitanus, the Salernitan surgeon and author of "Post mundi fabricam" (around 1180) was considered at that time the surgical text par excellence all over Europe. In the chapter "De bocio" of his magnus opum he describes several pharmacological and surgical cures, some of which nowadays are reappraised quite scientifically effective.[6]
In modern times, the thyroid was first identified by the anatomist Thomas Wharton (whose name is also eponymised in Wharton's duct of the submandibular gland) in 1656.[7]
Thyroid hormone (or thyroxin) was only identified in the 19th century.
Additional images
See also
References
1. 1.0 1.1 The thyroid gland in Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach by Stephen Nussey and Saffron Whitehead (2001) Published by BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd. ISBN 1-85996-252-1 .
2. Ekholm R, Bjorkman U (1997). "Glutathione peroxidase degrades intracellular hydrogen peroxide and thereby inhibits intracellular protein iodination in thyroid epithelium". Endocrinology 138 (7): 2871-2878. PMID 9202230.
3. Bianco AC, Salvatore D, Gereben B, Berry MJ, Larsen PR (2002). "Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases". Endocr Rev 23 (1): 38-89. PMID 11844744.
4. Kester MH, Martinez de Mena R, Obregon MJ, Marinkovic D, Howatson A, Visser TJ, Hume R, Morreale de Escobar G (2004). "Iodothyronine levels in the human developing brain: major regulatory roles of iodothyronine deiodinases in different areas". J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (7): 3117-3128. PMID 15240580.
5. 5.0 5.1 Jansen J, Friesema ECH, Milici C, Visser TJ (2005). Thyroid hormone transporters in health and disease. Thyroid 15;757-768. PMID 16131319.
6. Bifulco M, Cavallo P. Thyroidology in the medieval medical school of salerno. Thyroid 2007;17:39-40. PMID 17274747.
7. Thomas Wharton at Who Named It
External links
Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.
Initial content for this page in some instances came from Wikipedia
List of contributors:
Suggested Reading and Key General References
Suggested Links and Web Resources
For Patients
ar:غدة درقية cs:Štítná žláza de:Schilddrüseeu:Tiroide fi:Kilpirauhanenhe:בלוטת התריס hr:Štitna žlijezda it:Tiroidela:Glandula thyreoidea lv:Vairogdziedzeris lt:Skydliaukė mk:Штитна жлезда nl:Schildklier no:Skjoldbruskkjertelsk:Štítna žľaza sr:Штитаста жлезда sv:Sköldkörtel th:ต่อมไทรอยด์yi:טיירויד
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Essential Characteristics of a Personal Data Store
I'm in a session at IIW where personal data stores are being discussed. Drummond Reed and Paul Trevethick are moderating.
Someone asked Paul why Facebook isn't a personal data store. Certainly is a store of personal data. Facebook has a rich and powerful mechanism for sharing data with apps. But...
• They can change the terms any time they like
• They monetize my data--who owns or controls the transactions
Mary Hodder gave a "bank vs bar" analogy. Facebook is a bar, not a bank. There are lots of options and things to do, but no fiduciary responsibility or interoperability.
The point is that a PDS ought to have specific characteristics or else everything will be a PDS. Every company will say "we have a PDS!" and it will be as meaningless as "SOA governance."
Here are some characteristics that we've discussed
• Controlled by a person
• Virtually distributed
• Seemless permissioned access to your digital data
• Data portability
• Interoperability
• Provisions for ownership, co-ownership, authority
• Control access to data for service creation
We could probably come up with more, but this is a pretty good list.
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Wednesday, 18 November 2009
Roses, Cheetahs and Gandalf – The SCA
On Monday Afro Leo had occasion to visit the Supreme Court of Appeal which is situated in a grand but compact building in Bloemfontein. Readers of this blog have asked for a piece on the experience.
Whilst it is overwhelmingly apparent why Bloemfontein is known as the “city of roses", especially at this time of year, Bloemfontein’s other symbol – the cheetah – was (fortunately) only represented on vehicle number plates, by the quick minds of those presenting and hearing argument, and by the way in which five judges play with an argument as if it were captive prey. The bench prod from all angles as they seek to test whether appeal submissions are indeed, alive. Arguments are generally allowed to run but always under a watchful eye. Quality time is of the essence in appeals. Occasionally arguments are dragged back by the tail, sometimes reluctantly and other times without fuss. Every now and again they are picked up, examined, turned around and upside down and then returned, but not always gently. It is in these forums that Counsel’s abilities are really tested and judges' ability to hone in on key aspects, remarkable.
Under RSA law an appeal in IP matters is normally made out on the papers and in the heads of argument, filed well in advance. The appeal is therefore relatively quick and judges play an active role. We have come to expect wise words from Bloemfontein - after all the creator of Gandalf the Grey was born there. Perhaps that is why Bloemfontein is also South Africa’s judicial capital?
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
My primary aim is to get as much publicity as I can get.
1. Would it be a good strategy to go all free when you first launch your product and then turn it into a paid service couple of months later?
2. Should I really let them know in the beginning that the service will turn into a paid service later on. Letting them know might hurt number of users, not letting them know might hurt their feelings. Is that correct?
Thanks in advance
share|improve this question
4 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
I would say yes, and definitely yes.
Or, you can let the early adopters use the site for a while (6 months?) after you convert. Remind them monthly that their special treatment will end on a certain date, so they are not surprised.
Also, how much does it cost you to let them use your service. Often it is zero. If so, why not let them keep using it for free?
It's also a good idea to have a free option MVS (Minimum Viable Service), regardless of how many people use the service before you start charging.
Don't overestimate how many users you will have, even if you give it away for free. You may be surprised at how difficult is to get people to use your service, even if it is free. (I am speaking from first-hand experience.)
I suspect that given the small number of users and low cost it will make sense to keep them free. Once you are big, rich, and successful, you can tell them they have to pay. Until then, having more users will generate momentum.
Another idea is to ask a favor of them. "We are converting to a paid service. Since you have been an early adopter, we are going to allow you to continue using the service for free. Could you do me a favor? Can you give me feedback about how we can improve? What made you decide to start using the service in the first place?"
share|improve this answer
I think you should have a basic free offering but also a premium paid offering right from the start.
It's really challenging to charge people once they are used to getting something for free. It's also not a good business strategy because what people use for free they might not pay for.
Develop a Minimum Viable Product (MVP), have 2-3 tiers of pricing (with one being free) and go from there. That model has been successful for a lot of SaaS companies and there is no customer confusion about wanting to charge for your product.
share|improve this answer
Turning a free service into a paid one is of course legit but will give you a very bad publicity. It would be much better to either have a premium version from the beginning or somehow (specially if you want to turn into a paid service very soon after launch) keep it free for the users that signed up at the beginning (in the end, they are doing free beta testing for you)
share|improve this answer
Take a look at Seth Levine's breakdown of pricing models. I found it to be very helpful when thinking of my own pricing model. For your situation I think you should consider:
1. Do users get value from the product right away, or is the value tied to the number of users? I think initially offering a service for free makes the most sense when you need to attract a lot of users before the value can be perceived by the user.
2. It's very hard to start charging for a product that used to be free. Users don't like it when their prices go up, and going from free to paid is a big leap. It's likely that a lot of users will leave - is it worth giving away the product for free if a lot of users will leave when you start charging?
3. Speaking from a personal perspective, as a user I would definitely like to know if a service is free temporarily
share|improve this answer
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You are here: Home » Content
The content in Connexions comes in two formats: modules, which are like small "knowledge chunks," and collections, groups of modules structured into books or course notes, or for other uses. Our open license allows for free use and reuse of all our content.
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » Translating a Quadratic Function (Teacher Page)
About: Translating a Quadratic Function (Teacher Page)
Module by: Debbie Trahan. E-mail the author
View the content: Translating a Quadratic Function (Teacher Page)
Metadata
Name: Translating a Quadratic Function (Teacher Page)
ID: m11306
Language: English (en)
Summary: This is the teacher's page for the Translating a Quadratic Functions Module.
Subject: Mathematics and Statistics
Keywords: Discriminant, Quadratic, Transformations
Document Type: -//CNX//DTD CNXML 0.5 plus MathML//EN
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 1.0
Authors: Debbie Trahan (debtrahan@aol.com)
Copyright Holders: Debbie Trahan (debtrahan@aol.com)
Maintainers: Debbie Trahan (debtrahan@aol.com), Kyle Clarkson (kclarks@gmail.com)
Latest version: 1.7 (history)
First publication date: Jun 16, 2003 12:00 am -0500
Last revision to module: Jun 9, 2005 11:15 am -0500
Downloads
PDF: m11306_1.7.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
XML: m11306_1.7.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.7 Jun 9, 2005 11:15 am -0500 by Elizabeth Gregory
Changes:
Updated from CNXML 0.4 to CNXML 0.5
Version: 1.6 Jul 26, 2003 12:47 pm -0500 by Debbie Trahan
Changes:
added link
Version: 1.5 Jul 19, 2003 6:03 pm -0500 by Debbie Trahan
Changes:
changed title
Version: 1.4 Jul 19, 2003 6:01 pm -0500 by Debbie Trahan
Changes:
complete except for link
need to add link to module
Version: 1.3 Jul 6, 2003 12:00 am -0500 by Debbie Trahan
Changes:
Modified instructions, still need to add link.
Version: 1.2 Jun 16, 2003 12:00 am -0500 by Debbie Trahan
Changes:
no changes
Version: 1.1 Jun 16, 2003 12:00 am -0500 by Debbie Trahan
Changes:
First Submission
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phonTools (0.1-2)
A collection of functions useful for phonetics work..
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/phonTools
The functions contained in this package are intended to facilitate the organization, display, and analysis of the sorts of data frequently encountered in phonetics research and experimentation.
Maintainer: Santiago Barreda
Author(s): Santiago Barreda
License: BSD
Uses: Does not use any package
Released 8 months ago.
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EBC Mini Project 03
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 04:11, 2 October 2012 by Hansenrl (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Embedded Linux Class by Mark A. Yoder
This mini project is a follow up on the audioThru and videoThru labs. At this point you should have both audio and video working in their own threads in one app. This mini project starts there and adds a feature. On user input,
1. have the Video2 display a copy of the current image in Video1. Video1 is to keep displaying live video.
2. replay the last 5 seconds of audio, while continuing to play the live audio.
You can decide what the user input is. It may be
1. User hits return in the terminal
2. Sensor detects the user
3. etc.
Keep in mind this is on the xM, so the sensors you used before may not work. For example, there is no analog in.
Write a small (less than one page) memo that highlights the features of this mini project and demo it.
Note: If you have issues with Framebuffer 2 (mmap fails), you may have to allocate memory to it.
echo 4000000 > /sys/class/graphics/fb2/size
Courtesy of the BeagleBoard FAQ
Embedded Linux Class by Mark A. Yoder
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Ti AM33XX PRUSSv2
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 18:09, 5 June 2012 by Jkridner (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
The PRUSS (Programmable Real-time Unit Sub System) consists of two 32-bit 200MHz real-time cores, each with 8KB of program memory and direct access to general I/O. These cores are connected to various data memories, peripheral modules and an interrupt controller for access to the entire system-on-a-chip via a 32-bit interconnect bus.
PRUs are programmed in Assembly, with most commands executing in a single cycle with no caching or pipe-lining, allowing for 100% predictable timings. At 200Mhz, a single cycle will always take 5ns (nanoseconds) to execute.
Contents
This is a Work In Progress
Available PRU Resources
Click here for a full list of register mappings.
Per PRU
8KB program memory
Memory used to store instructions and static data AKA Instruction Memory (IRAM). This is the memory in which PRU programs are loaded.
Enhanced GPIO (EGPIO)
High-speed direct access to 16 general purpose output and 17 general purpose input pins for each PRU.
PRU0
pr1_pru_0_pru_r30[15:0] (PRU0 Register R30 Outputs)
pr1_pru_0_pru_r31[16:0] (PRU0 Register R31 Inputs)
PRU1
pr1_pru_1_pru_r30[15:0] (PRU1 Register R30 Outputs)
pr1_pru_1_pru_r31[16:0] (PRU1 Register R31 Inputs)
Hardware capture modes
Serial 28-bit shift in and out.
Parallel 16-bit capture on clock.
MII standardised capture mode, used for implementing media independent Fast Ethernet (100Mbps - 25MHz 4-bit).
A 32-bit multiply and accumulate unit (MAC)
Enables single-cycle integer multiplications with a 64-bit overflow (useful for decimal results).
8KB data memory
Memory used to store dynamic data. Is accessed over the 32-bit bus and so not single-cycle.
One PRU may access the memory of another for passing information but it is recommend to use scratch pad or shared memory, see below.
Open Core Protocol (OCP) master port
Access to the data bus that interconnects all peripherals on the SoC, including the ARM Cortex-A8, used for data transfer directly to and from the PRU in Level 3 (L3) memory space.
Shared Between PRUs
Scratch pad
3 banks of 30 32-bit registers (total 90 32-bit registers).
Single-cycle access, can be accessed from either PRU for data sharing and signalling or for individual use.
12KB data memory
Accessed over the 32-but bus, not single-cycle.
Local Peripherals
Local peripherals are those present within the PRUSS and not those belonging to the entire SoC. Peripherals are accessed from PRUs over the Switched Central Resource (SCR) 32-bit bus within the PRUSS.
Attached to the SCR bus is also an OCP slave, enabling OCP masters from outside of the PRUSS to access these local peripherals in Level 4 (L4) memory space.
Enhanced Capture Model (eCAP)
Industrial Ethernet Peripheral (IEP)
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART0)
Used to perform serial data transmission to the TL16C550 industry standard.
16-bit FIFO receive and transmit buffers + per byte error status.
Can generate Interrupt requests for the PRUSS Interrupt Controller.
Can generate DMA requests for the EDMA SoC DMA controller.
Maximum transmission speed of 192MHz (192Mbps - 24MB/s).
Communication
Communication between various elements of the PRUSS or the wider SoC may take place either directly, over a bus, via interrupts or via DMA.
The following lists will expose all possible communication approaches for each likely scenario.
For communication via interrupts, please first read the section on the PRUSSv2 Interrupt Controller.
Click here for a full list of PRUSS Interrupts.
PRU to Host (PRU to ARM Cortex-A8)
Host to PRU (ARM Cortex-A8 to PRU)
Interrupts
Each PRU has access to host interrupt channels Host-0 and Host-1 through register R31 bit 30 and bit 31 respectively. By probing these registers, a PRU can determine if an interrupt is currently present on each host channel.
To configure
PRU to external peripherals
External peripherals to PRU
PRU to internal peripherals
Internal peripherals to PRU
Loading a PRU Program
Resources
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
July 5, 2011
Blogger and Picasa Web Could Be Rebranded
Mashable reports that Blogger and Picasa Web Albums could change their names and become Google Blogs and Google Photos. "Google intends to retire several non-Google name brands and rename them as Google products. The move is part of a larger effort to unify its brand for the public launch of Google+."
While Google Photos makes a lot sense, replacing Blogger with Google Blogs is not a great idea. When people say "Google Blogs", they refer to the long list of Google's corporate blogs. "Google Blogs" is already used for Google Blog Search, but only on the homepage.
On the other hand, Blogger could be redesigned and use interface elements from Google+, Blogger's profiles could be replaced by Google Profiles, the commenting system could be revamped and integrated with Google+.
One of the reasons why Picasa Web Albums didn't improve too much is that it has always been perceived as Picasa's online extension. It wasn't a standalone photo sharing service and many of its features required Picasa. You couldn't upload more than 5 photos, download albums or edit photos without installing Picasa. Google considered changing Picasa Web's name back in 2008.
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Melbee's bookmarks
"Learning to love yourself first brings more joy and peace then trying to love someone else."
BPBEE on love
4 fans of this quote
"MONDAY IS THE DAY WE SAY WHAT DID I SAY I WAS GOING TO CHANGE OR DO THIS WEEK?' THEN WE WAIT TIL WEDNESDAY TO SAY ILL START MONDAY"
BPBEE on wednesday
"Don't believe or stop for NO one, that tells you ''your not going to make it'! Its your marathon they don't know where your going."
BPBEE on advice
"New day, New start, New undergarments, New clothes, new shoes, New money, New attitude! I feel Brand New! You?"
BPBEE on new beginning
"Don't let Stress get you down or stand in your way. Give it a pound and work around it soon everything will be okay."
BPBEE on stress
"There's a right and there's a wrong but if they separate why do they come together?"
BPBEE on right and wrong
"Shopping is my high getting money is my drunk! Am Never sober ?"
BPBEE on
"You got to live life on a heavy meal if its not enough add a dessert!"
BPBEE on life
"Thinking negative is so easy! thinking and being positive is a challenge."
BPBEE on challenges
3 fans of this quote
"Today is Winsday try not to take no loses! Find the winner circle and claim your prize. Winner!"
BPBEE on wednesday
"some people sell their soul for something as little as ice water and don't even drink it"
BPBEE on
"Learning to live is not measured by life its measured by time."
BPBEE on life
"Don't sit around like a duck Go out and find ways to get your bucks up if gossip not making you money tell it to shut up!"
BPBEE on gossip
But wait... my book has more: prev 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 next
Melbee's quote collection
I'm female and made my book on 30th November 2009.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Nothing so fortifies a friendship as a belief on the part of one friend that he is superior to the other. Balzac, Honore De
Excerpt from Poor Relations · This quote is about friends and friendship · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Balzac, Honore De ...
Honore de Balzac (May 20, 1799 - August 18, 1850), born Honore Balzac, was a nineteenth-century French novelist and playwright. His work, much of which is a sequence (or Roman-fleuve) of almost 100 novels and plays collectively entitled La Comedie humaine, is a broad, often satirical panorama of French society, particularly the Petit bourgeoisie, in the years after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815-namely the period of the Restoration (1815-1830) and the July Monarchy (1830-1848). Along with Gustave Flaubert (whose work he influenced), Balzac is generally regarded as a founding father of realism in European literature. Balzac's novels, most of which are farcical comedies, feature a large cast of well-defined characters, and descriptions in exquisite detail of the scene of action.
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There never was a great soul that did not have some divine inspiration. Cicero, Marcus T.
This quote is about inspiration · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Cicero, Marcus T. ...
Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC - December 7, 43 BC) was an orator, statesman, political theorist, lawyer and philosopher of Ancient Rome. He is considered by many to be amongst the greatest of the Latin orators and prose writers.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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It's best to rise from life like a banquet, neither thirsty or drunken. Aristotle
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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The winds and waves are always on the side of the ablest navigators. Gibbon, Edward
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212 - The Extra Degree
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Click here to buy this »
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{
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More powerful than the will to win is the courage to begin. Unknown, Source
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Talk:Creationism in public education
From RationalWiki
(Redirected from Talk:Creationism in schools)
Jump to: navigation, search
[edit] Letter Writing
So the Florida school board decided against teaching intelligent design!!!!!! We did it, guys!!!!! One reason for their decision was a deluge of satirical letters. Could the same thing be done with the Texas school system, now in the process of selecting new textbooks for science curricula? I think so. I'd like to start a letter-writing campaign. When I get the chance (late tomorrow) I'll dig up the right address and tell you guys what I'm going to write the suckas.-αmεσ (ninja) 23:38, 29 December 2007 (EST)
Another victory for science! It's still ridiculous they considered teaching intelligent design in the first place, but at least they turned it down. Hooray for scientific satire spamming! assume a=a 23:57, 29 December 2007 (EST)
I think it's necessary that we start to do the same w/ Texas.-αmεσ (ninja) 00:37, 30 December 2007 (EST)
I think this link has the correct address. They should probably be addressed to Lizzette Gonzales Reynolds (the one involved in Comer's firing), c/o the address. Could anyone look and confirm that you think this is the right place to send letters to?-αmεσ (ninja) 00:53, 30 December 2007 (EST)
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OTTORO the Smart Robot Vacuum
Posted 25 Jul 2003 at 03:26 UTC by The Swirling Brain
A company in Korea announced that they have created a smart robot vacuum. The robotic vacuum named OTTORO made by Hanool Robotics has 2 cameras, 30 sensors and artificial intelligence to vacuum every bit of a carpet in a room including the edges and corners. The vacuum has three times the suction power of regular vacuums so it's not just a little carpet sweep. The batteries last about 50 minutes, but the vacuum can automatically go back to base and recharge itself. The initial price is $3400 (4 million won) but the price is expected to drop to half when production gets going.
Techno turkey, posted 25 Jul 2003 at 12:31 UTC by motters » (Master)
Who on earth is going to buy a vacuum cleaner costing $3400 ??
This is a classic example of over-engineering. A robotic vacuum cleaner just doesn't need 30 sensors and two video cameras, and robots that complex are unlikely to be highly reliable or easy to maintain.
I've used a couple of robotic vacs for several years now. The first one I bought was the Cye robot. Cye works fine, but its large size means that it doesn't get under chairs or hard to reach places. More recently I bought a Roomba, and that really does the business - much better and far less complex than Cye. With Cye I needed to hang around and supervise in case it got into trouble, but with Roomba I can confidently start it working and leave the house.
The famous door to door salesman vac's., posted 25 Jul 2003 at 14:57 UTC by earlwb » (Master)
I think it'll be a exclusive with the door to door salesmen. Remember the really neat water filter vac, it sells for about $2k US the last time I asked. Or maybe a Kirby labeled robot vac?
I can't resist....:) They'll come to your home and demonstrate how much it really sucks.
See more of the latest robot news!
Recent blogs
17 May 2013 mwaibel (Master)
14 May 2013 steve (Master)
13 May 2013 JLaplace (Observer)
10 May 2013 AI4U (Observer)
21 Apr 2013 Pi Robot (Master)
12 Apr 2013 Pontifier (Apprentice)
3 Apr 2013 Flanneltron (Journeyer)
31 Mar 2013 svo (Master)
16 Mar 2013 gidesa (Journeyer)
12 Mar 2013 ixisuprflyixi (Master)
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Mario Party DS
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
This page is a stub. Help us expand it, and you get a cookie.
Mario Party DS
Developer(s) Hudson Soft
Publisher(s) Nintendo
Release date(s)
Genre(s) Party
System(s) Nintendo DS
Players 1-4
Mode(s) Single player, Multiplayer
Rating(s)
ESRB: Everyone
OFLC: Parental Guidance
Preceded by Mario Party 8
Series Mario Party
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Bossier City
From Wikitravel
South : Louisiana : North : Bossier City
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Bossier City is a city in Louisiana.
[edit] Get in
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
[edit][add listing] Do
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Ramada Bossier/Conference Center, 4000 Industrial Drive, +1 318-747-0711, [1].
[edit] Contact
[edit] Get out
Routes through Bossier City
DallasShreveport W E RustonVicksburg
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Horezu
From Wikitravel
Europe : Balkans : Romania : Oltenia : Horezu
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Horezu is a town in the northern part of Oltenia, close to the Carpathian mountains.
[edit] Understand
Horezu is best known for the traditional pottery manufactured in the area and for its 17th century monastery.
[edit] Get in
There are hourly buses from Ramnicu Valcea (trip takes one hour) and less frequent ones from Targu Jiu (about two hours away).
[edit] Get around
The town is small enough to be walkable.
[edit][add listing] See
• Mănăstirea Horezu (Hurezi) (Horezu Monastery), (north-eastern part of town), +40250860071, [1]. Built in the 1690s, the monastery is one of the most beautiful examples of the Brâncovenesc style (a mix of Baroque, Oriental and traditional Romanian architecture); it's a UNESCO World Heritage Site edit
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Accommodations are mostly in guest houses; prices start at around €15/night.
[edit] Contact
[edit] Get out
• Complexul muzeal Maldaresti (Maldaresti museum complex), in Maldaresti village, about 3 km away from Horezu. 10-18 (summer), 9-17 (winter). Traditional fortified houses edit
• Manastirea Bistrita (Bistrita monastery), (approx. 10 km north east of Horezu). Built in the 15th century edit
• Cheile Bistritei (Bistrita canyon), (near Costesti village, east of Horezu). edit
• Pestera Liliecilor (Bats' cave), (near Bistrita monastery). edit
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1105.0 - Release Advice, 18 May 2001
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 18/05/2001
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Previously: Publications Advice (ISSN: 0156-4722)
Lists products released by all ABS offices on the day of issue of the Release Advice and those expected to be released on the following four working days.
Copies are available free of charge on Tuesdays and Fridays over the counter from ABS bookshops, or by subscription. A daily Release Advice is also available from the ABS Statsite on the Internet (www.abs.gov.au).
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Sequencing and analysis of a South Asian-Indian personal genome
Ravi Gupta1, Aakrosh Ratan2, Changanamkandath Rajesh1, Rong Chen3, Hie Lim Kim2, Richard Burhans2, Webb Miller2, Sam Santhosh1, Ramana V Davuluri4, Atul J Butte5, Stephan C Schuster2,6*, Somasekar Seshagiri7* and George Thomas1*
Author Affiliations
1 SciGenom Labs Pvt Ltd., Plot 43A, SDF 3rd Floor CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, 682037, India
2 Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Lab, University Park, , Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
3 , , Personalis, 1350 Willow Road, Suite 202, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
4 Center for Systems The Wistar Institute,, , Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
5 Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
6 Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, SBS-01N-27, Singapore, Singapore , 637551
7 Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Genomics 2012, 13:440 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-440
Published: 31 August 2012
Abstract
Background
With over 1.3 billion people, India is estimated to contain three times more genetic diversity than does Europe. Next-generation sequencing technologies have facilitated the understanding of diversity by enabling whole genome sequencing at greater speed and lower cost. While genomes from people of European and Asian descent have been sequenced, only recently has a single male genome from the Indian subcontinent been published at sufficient depth and coverage. In this study we have sequenced and analyzed the genome of a South Asian Indian female (SAIF) from the Indian state of Kerala.
Results
We identified over 3.4 million SNPs in this genome including over 89,873 private variations. Comparison of the SAIF genome with several published personal genomes revealed that this individual shared ~50% of the SNPs with each of these genomes. Analysis of the SAIF mitochondrial genome showed that it was closely related to the U1 haplogroup which has been previously observed in Kerala. We assessed the SAIF genome for SNPs with health and disease consequences and found that the individual was at a higher risk for multiple sclerosis and a few other diseases. In analyzing SNPs that modulate drug response, we found a variation that predicts a favorable response to metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes. SNPs predictive of adverse reaction to warfarin indicated that the SAIF individual is not at risk for bleeding if treated with typical doses of warfarin. In addition, we report the presence of several additional SNPs of medical relevance.
Conclusions
This is the first study to report the complete whole genome sequence of a female from the state of Kerala in India. The availability of this complete genome and variants will further aid studies aimed at understanding genetic diversity, identifying clinically relevant changes and assessing disease burden in the Indian population.
Keywords:
Indian genome; Personal genomics; Whole genome sequencing
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Advances in Civil Engineering
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 283984, 6 pages
doi:10.1155/2011/283984
Research Article
Structural Concrete Prepared with Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate: From Investigation to Design
Engineering Faculty, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Brecce Bianche Street, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Received 28 February 2011; Accepted 24 August 2011
Academic Editor: Paulo Monteiro
Copyright © 2011 Valeria Corinaldesi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
An investigation of mechanical behaviour and elastic properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is presented. RACs were prepared by using a coarse aggregate fraction made of recycled concrete coming from a recycling plant in which rubble from concrete structure demolition is collected and suitably treated. Several concrete mixtures were prepared by using either the only virgin aggregates (as reference) or 30% coarse recycled aggregate replacing gravel and by using two different kinds of cement. Different water-to-cement ratios were adopted ranging from 0.40 to 0.60. Concrete workability was always in the range 190–200 mm. Concrete compressive strength, elastic modulus, and drying shrinkage were evaluated. Results obtained showed that structural concrete up to C32/40 strength class can be manufactured with RAC. Moreover, results obtained from experimentation were discussed in order to obtain useful information for RAC structure design, particularly in terms of elastic modulus and drying shrinkage prediction.
1. Introduction
Crushing concrete to produce coarse aggregate for the production of new concrete is one common means for achieving a more environmentally friendly concrete. Recycling concrete wastes will lead to reduction in valuable landfill space and savings in natural resources. In fact, the use of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is acquiring particular interest in civil construction as regards to sustainable development.
Many studies demonstrate the feasibility of the use of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates [110], its use being already accounted for in the regulations of many countries. In Italy, the use of 30% recycled concrete instead of virgin aggregate is definitively allowed for producing structural concretes (up to C 30/37 strength class) since July 2009 [11]. Nevertheless, in the Italian regulations no indication about predictions of RAC elastic modulus and drying shrinkage is reported. The study of the elastic behaviour of concretes made of 30% recycled-concrete aggregates, discussed here, just had the aim to provide useful information.
2. Experimental Program
2.1. Materials
Two commercial portland-limestone blended cements were alternatively used, type CEM II/A-L 42.5 R and type CEM II/B-L 32.5 R according to EN-197/1 [12] (the main difference is the content of calcium carbonate that in the first case is less than 20% and in the second case is included in the range 21–35% according to EN-197/1). The Blaine fineness of cements were 0.42 m2/g and 0.40 m2/g, respectively, and their specific gravity were 3.05 kg/m3. The first kind of cement (i.e., CEM II/A-L 42.5 R) due to its composition and its higher fineness is expected to perform more than the other.
Quartz sand (0–5 mm), fine gravel (6–12 mm), and gravel (11–22 mm) were used, suitably combined, for preparing the reference mixtures. Their main physical properties were evaluated according to EN 1097-6 [13] and reported in Table 1 and their gradations evaluated according to EN 933-1 [14] are shown in Figure 1.
Table 1: Main physical properties of the aggregate fractions.
Figure 1: Grain size distribution curves of the aggregate fractions.
In addition, a coarse recycled aggregate fraction (11–22 mm) was used, coming from a recycling plant in which rubble from concrete structure demolition is suitably treated. Its composition is 100% recycled concrete; the original concrete strength class was unknown and likely different for waste concrete coming from different sources. The main physical properties of the recycled aggregate fraction are reported in Table 1, and its gradation is shown in Figure 1. The content in recycled concrete fraction of chlorides, sulphates, and organic materials were evaluated according to the methods recommended by UNI EN 1744-1 (part 7, 11, 12, 14, and 15) [15] and the presence of alkali-silica reactive materials according to the method recommended by UNI EN 8520-22 [16]. No organic or alkali-silica reactive materials were detected; concerning the amount of chlorides and sulphates they were below the threshold value of 0.04% (by weight) and 0.15% (by weight), respectively.
As a-water-reducing admixture, a 30% aqueous solution of carboxylic acrylic ester polymer was added to the mixtures.
2.2. Concrete Mixture Proportions
The concrete mixture proportions of the reference mixtures (REF) made of 100% virgin aggregates and of the mixtures made of 30% coarse recycled aggregate replacing gravel (CRA) are reported in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The recycled-aggregate fraction was added to the mixture after water soaking, in a condition very close to that defined as saturated surface dried. In fact, on the basis of the results obtained in a previous work [17], it seems that presoaked aggregates can be more effective in order to create an internal water supply able to reduce drying shrinkage as well as to avoid water absorption of aggregate during mixing and, consequently, to maintain concrete workability for enough time to be cast.
Table 2: Mixture proportions of concretes made of 100% virgin aggregates.
Table 3: Mixture proportions of concretes made of 30% coarse recycled aggregates.
Five different water-to-cement ratios were adopted when the cement type CEM II/A-L 42.5 R was used: 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, and 0.60. On the other hand, the study was limited to three water-to-cement ratios when the cement type CEM II/B-L 32.5 R was used: 0.40, 0.50, and 0.60.
All the concrete mixtures showed the same fluidity level (S5, slump in the range 190–200 mm), evaluated according to EN 12350-2 [18].
In order to optimize the grain size distribution of the solid particles in the concrete, the aggregate fractions were suitably combined according to the Bolomey particle size distribution curve [19].
A water-reducing admixture was always added to the mixtures but at different dosages, ranging from 1.2% to 0.4% by weight of cement in order to adjust cement dosage (always kept under 350 kg/m3 and gradually decreased for increasing water to cement ratios). In fact, in the current practice concretes with water/cement of 0.40 are typically prepared with about 350 kg/m3 of cement and concretes with water/cement of 0.60 with roughly 300 kg/m3 of cement.
2.3. Preparation and Curing of Specimens
Thirty cubic specimens, 100 mm in size, were cast in steel forms for each concrete mixture for compression tests, according to UNI EN 12390-1 [20] and wet cured at 20°C.
In addition, three prismatic specimens (100 by 100 by 500 mm) were prepared for each concrete mixture according to UNI 6555 [21]. After one day of wet curing, the specimens were stored at constant temperature (20 ± 2°C) and constant relative humidity (50 ± 2%) while measuring drying shrinkage at different curing times.
Finally, three cylindric specimens, 250 mm high with a diameter of 100 mm, for each concrete mixture were manufactured for evaluating static modulus of elasticity in compression according to UNI 6556 [22].
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Compression Test
Compressive strength was evaluated after 3 and 28 days of wet curing according to UNI EN 12390-3 [23] on cubic specimens, which were tested at right angles to the position of casting. The mean values obtained from fifteen specimens as well as the standard deviation values are reported in Table 4.
Table 4: Compressive strengths (MPa) after 3 and 28 days.
On the basis of the data reported in Table 4, whichever the kind of cement used, the substitution of 30% virgin aggregate with coarse recycled concrete aggregate produced a loss of strength of about 20% after 28 days of wet curing.
Concerning the standard deviation values, they were practically independent on the type of aggregate used, showing that the same degree of homogeneity of the concrete mixtures could be achieved by using recycled aggregates instead of ordinary aggregates.
However, whichever the kind of cement used, RAC strength classes C 25/30 and C 28/35 can be confidently achieved, by keeping the water/cement under 0.60 and 0.50, respectively, with cement type 42.5 R, and under 0.50 and 0.40, respectively, with cement type 32.5 R.
On the other hand, RAC strength class C 32/40 can be achieved only by using cement type 42.5 R, by keeping the water/cement under 0.45.
3.2. Static Elastic Modulus Evaluation
Static modulus of elasticity was determined according to the procedure described in the Italian Standards UNI 6556 [22]. The mean values obtained after 28 days are shown in Figure 2 and plotted also in Figure 3 as a function of the concrete compressive strength after 28 days.
Figure 2: Static elastic modulus after 28 days of wet curing.
Figure 3: Static elastic modulus versus compressive strength after 28-days of wet curing.
In Figure 3 two equations are reported: The first one (1) is the formula proposed by the Italian Standard [11] for regular concrete. Results obtained in this work on ordinary concretes showed to be in good agreement with (1).
On the other hand, the second formula (2) was obtained by fitting experimental data obtained for the concrete mixtures prepared with 30% coarse recycled concrete aggregate, whichever the type of cement used.
In practice, it means that, for equal compressive strength, 17% lower elastic modulus is achieved by using 30% coarse recycled aggregates. A similar result was obtained by the author in a previous work [10], in which a coefficient of 18.8 instead of 18.2 was found when the fine gravel (6–12 mm), instead of gravel (11–22 mm), was completely replaced by recycled concrete aggregate fraction (6–12 mm), also in that case the percentage of substitution was 30%. This slight difference can signify a certain dependence of the RAC elastic modulus on the grain size of the recycled concrete aggregate used: the higher is the aggregate size the higher is the decrease with respect to the reference mixtures.
However, for practical uses a common coefficient equal to 18.5 can be suggested, independently on the recycled aggregate particle size, corresponding to 16% reduction of elastic modulus with respect to conventional concrete.
3.3. Drying Shrinkage Test
Drying shrinkage was evaluated according to UNI 6555 [21], results obtained up to 180 days of exposure are reported in Table 5.
Table 5: Drying shrinkage measurements (mm/m).
In Figures 4, 5, and 6, three comparisons of the drying shrinkage strains of equal strength class concretes are shown. The compared mixtures were “REF-I-0.55,” “REF-II-0.50,” “CRA-I-0.40,” and “CRA-II-0.45” for the strength class (see Table 4); “REF-I-0.60,” “CRA-I-0.50,” and “CRA-II-0.40” for the strength class (see Table 4) and “REF-II-0.60”, “CRA-I-0.55” and “CRA-II-0.50” for the strength class (see Table 4). Results obtained on C 32/40, C 28/35, and C 25/30 strength class concretes are reported in Figures 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
Figure 4: Drying shrinkage versus time of exposure for C 32/40 strength class concretes.
Figure 5: Drying shrinkage versus time of exposure for C 28/35 strength class concretes.
Figure 6: Drying shrinkage versus time of exposure for C 25/30 strength class concretes.
It can be noticed that, by using 30% coarse recycled aggregate, the values of the measured strains on RACs are similar (Figure 4), if not lower (Figures 5 and 6), to those obtained for the reference mixtures of the same strength class. Indeed, by comparing equal-strength concretes, the different kind of cement used seems to affect the drying shrinkage behavior of concrete more than the kind of aggregate used (see Figure 4), due to the different water-to-cement ratios required to gain the same 28-day compressive strength.
4. Conclusions
Results obtained show that structural concrete up to C32/40 strength class can be manufactured by replacing 30% virgin aggregate with coarse recycled-concrete aggregate.
Moreover, a correlation between elastic modulus and compressive strength of recycled-aggregate concrete was found showing that, in general, 16% lower elastic modulus is achieved by using 30% coarse recycled aggregates, whatever the recycled aggregate grain size distribution.
Finally, on the basis of the results obtained by free drying shrinkage measurements, similar shrinkage behaviours are detected for equal-strength concretes, not depending on the kind of aggregate used. This last aspect, when considered together with a lower elastic modulus, predicts a lower tendency to crack appearance in RACs rather than in conventional concretes.
References
1. “RILEM recommendation. 121-DRG guidance for demolition and reuse of concrete and masonry. Specifications for concrete with recycled aggregates,” Materials and structures, vol. 27, pp. 557–559, 1994.
2. ACI Committee 555, “Removal and reuse of hardened concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 300–325, 2002.
3. K. Rahal, “Mechanical properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate,” Building and Environment, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 407–415, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. M. C. Limbachiya, E. Marrocchino, and A. Koulouris, “Chemical-mineralogical characterisation of coarse recycled concrete aggregate,” Waste Management, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 201–208, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
5. V. W. Y. Tam, K. Wang, and C. M. Tam, “Assessing relationships among properties of demolished concrete, recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete using regression analysis,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 152, no. 2, pp. 703–714, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
6. A. K. Padmini, K. Ramamurthy, and M. S. Mathews, “Influence of parent concrete on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 829–836, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. S. W. Tabsh and A. S. Abdelfatah, “Influence of recycled concrete aggregates on strength properties of concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1163–1167, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
8. M. L. Berndt, “Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash, slag and recycled concrete aggregate,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 2606–2613, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
9. M. Chakradhara Rao, S. K. Bhattacharyya, and S. V. Barai, “Influence of field recycled coarse aggregate on properties of concrete,” Materials and Structures, vol. 44, pp. 205–220, 2011.
10. V. Corinaldesi, “Mechanical and elastic behaviour of concretes made of recycled-concrete coarse aggregates,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1616–1620, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. NTC 2008, “Norme Tecniche per le costruzioni,” D.M. 14/01/2008.
12. EN 197-1, “Cement—part 1: composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements,” , 2000.
13. EN 1097-6, “Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates—determination of particle density and water absorption,” , 2000.
14. EN 933-1, “Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates—determination of particle size distribution—sieving method,” , 1997.
15. UNI EN 1744-1, “Tests for chemical properties of aggregates—chemical analysis,” , 1999.
16. UNI 8520-22, “Aggregati per confezione di calcestruzzi—determinazione della potenziale reattività degli aggregati in presenza di alcali (Aggregates for concretes—determination of potential alkali reactivity),” , 2002.
17. V. Corinaldesi and G. Moriconi, “Recycling of rubble from building demolition for low-shrinkage concretes,” Waste Management, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 655–659, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
18. EN 12350-2, “Testing fresh concrete—slump test,” , 1999.
19. J. Bolomey, “The grading of aggregate and its influence on the characteristics of concrete,” Revue des Matériaux de Construction et Travaux Publiques, pp. 147–149, 1947.
20. EN 12390-1, “Testing hardened concrete. Shape, dimensions and other requirements for specimens and moulds,” , 2000.
21. UNI 6555, “Concrete made with aggregate maximum size 30 mm,” Hydraulic Shrinkage Determination, 1973.
22. UNI 6556, “Tests of concretes—determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression,” , 1976.
23. EN 12390-3, “Testing hardened concrete. Part 3: compressive strength of test specimens,” , 2003.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Agronomy
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 754658, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2011/754658
Research Article
Diversity in Drought Traits among Commercial Southeastern US Peanut Cultivars
Crop Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
Received 13 August 2011; Accepted 12 September 2011
Academic Editor: David Clay
Copyright © 2011 Mura Jyostna Devi and Thomas R. Sinclair. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Commercial peanut cultivars in the USA are often grown under soil and environmental conditions resulting in intermittent periods of water deficit. Two plant traits have been identified that result in conservative use of water and allow sustained growth during drought: (1) restricted transpiration rate under high atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and (2) earlier closure of stomata in the soil-drying cycle resulting in decreased daily transpiration rate. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there was diversity in these two putative traits for drought resistance among nine US commercial peanut cultivars. When the response to VPD was measured at an average temperature of C, eight of the nine cultivars expressed a restricted transpiration rate at high VPD. However, at C none of the cultivars exhibited a restriction of transpiration rate at high VPD. No differences were found among the nine cultivars in their response to soil drying.
1. Introduction
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is often grown under rainfed conditions on soils with limited water-holding capacity. Hence, an ability to sustain development and growth under water deficit is important for commercial cultivars. While studies have examined traits to enhance peanut performance under water-limited conditions, there is no report specifically on genetic variability among cultivars used commercially in southeast USA. This study was designed to examine specific drought-tolerant traits in nine commercial peanut cultivars.
One putative drought-tolerant trait is to limit transpiration rate by having a decreased stomatal conductance under conditions when atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is high [1, 2]. Without sensitivity to increasing VPD, plants will have continually increasing transpiration rates with increasing VPD [3]. One possibility, however, is for plants to limit transpiration to a maximum rate when VPD becomes high. Such behavior is observed as midday stomata closure. This trait has the benefit of conserving soil water during periods of high VPD so that it might be available for use later in the season if soil water deficits develop. Such a response of transpiration to VPD has been previously identified in some genotypes of soybean (Glycine max (Merr.) L.) [46], sorghum (Sorghum biocolor L.) [7], and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br) [8].
A sensitivity of transpiration to VPD has also been recently reported in peanut. Jyostna Devi et al. [9] studied seventeen peanut breeding lines and commercial lines used in India. They found that nine of the lines had a breakpoint in the transpiration rate with increasing VPD at about 2 kPa. Above the breakpoint, there was little or no further increase in transpiration rate. The lines expressing a breakpoint were proposed as good candidates for use in developing peanut lines for drought conditions in India. However, none of these lines are used commercially in the USA.
A second putative trait to confer drought tolerance involves the response of transpiration rate to soil drying. In general, transpiration rate is unaffected by soil drying until the soil dries to a volumetric water content where the rate of water uptake from the soil requires that transpiration rate be limited [10]. Sinclair and Ludlow [11] examined the response to soil drying by expressing soil water content as fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). The FTSW variable has been successfully used to define transpiration response to soil drying in many plant species [1116]. The threshold for the decline in transpiration rate commonly occurs when FTSW declines to the range of 0.3 to 0.4 [1113, 1722].
The response of transpiration to soil drying has also been studied among peanut genotypes. Jyostna Devi et al. [23] also examined the seventeen genotypes from India for possible variation in their response to drying soil. Instead of a fairly constant value across genotypes, the FTSW threshold for initiation of the decline in transpiration rate ranged from 0.22 to 0.71 among these genotypes. Jyostna Devi et al. [23] hypothesized that the genotypes with a high FTSW threshold were more suitable for water-deficit conditions because stomata closure at high soil water content allowed for water conservation early in the soil drying cycle. Again, none of these genotypes are used commercially in the USA.
Although Jyostna Devi et al. [9, 23] identified substantial genetic variation for the two putative traits for enhancing crop performance under water-limited conditions, it is unknown whether such variation exists in commercial cultivars grown in the USA. Do US commercial cultivars express differences in these two traits that might be advantageous in water-limited conditions, or have these traits not yet been exploited to increase the drought resistance of commercial cultivars? Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the expression of the VPD response and soil drying response of nine commercial peanut cultivars grown in the USA.
2. Materials and Methods
Peanut material used in the following study was commercial varieties obtained from USDA, Agricultural Experimental Research Station, Dawson, Georgia. The nine cultivars used in this study are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Date of sowing, experimental dates, and environmental conditions during the measurements of response to vapor pressure deficit (VPD), minimum and maximum VPD, and temperature.
2.1. Transpiration Response to VPD
Transpiration response of individual peanut plants in response to various atmospheric VPD was measured in the same chamber system described by Jyostna Devi et al. [9]. In brief, plants were grown in 100 mm diameter ×180 mm high pots made from polyvinyl chloride pipes (PVCs) and filled with garden soil (Miracle-Gro Lawn Products, Inc., Marysville, Ohio, USA). Dates for sowing the two seeds in each pot are given in Table 1. Before sowing, the seeds were inoculated with rhizobium (Southern State Cooperative, Richmond, VA, USA) using the liquid inoculation method [24]. After one week, plants were thinned to one plant per each pot. Plants were grown in a greenhouse under natural solar radiation with the air temperature regulated at 27°C day/21°C night. The pots were maintained in a well-watered condition through the measurements of VPD response (Table 1).
The evening before testing the VPD response, all pots were fully watered and left to drain overnight. The following morning, the soil surface around the plant was sealed with aluminum foil to prevent soil evaporation. A 254 mm diameter lid of a food container (Rubbermaid Commercial Products LLC, Winchester, VA) with an opening cut out of the center for installation over the plants was attached to the toilet flange that had been attached to the top of the pot. The 5.4 L translucent food container was then inverted over the plant and attached to its lid to form the VPD chamber. A 12 V, 76 mm diameter computer box fan (Northern Tool and Equipment, Burnsville, Minn, USA) was mounted on the chamber wall to mix the air inside the chamber. A pocket humidity/temperature pen (Extech Instruments, League City, Tex, USA) was placed through a slit in the side wall of each container to record temperature and humidity.
Different humidity levels were established around the plants in the chamber by pumping air into the container using different flow rates and sources of air [9]. Transpiration rates were measured for each plant at three humidity levels. The measurements were first begun with high humidity (low VPD), then medium humidity, and finally low humidity (high VPD). The target VPD ranges for the three levels were 0.5 to 1.5 kPa, 1.5 to 2.5 kPa, and 2.5 to 4.0 kPa. The chamber was allowed to stabilize for half an hour after setting each humidity level, and then the entire pot chamber unit was weighed to obtain the initial weight. The plants were exposed for an hour to each humidity level and then reweighed to measure the final weight. Relative humidity and temperature were recorded three times during exposure at each humidity level. When measuring the weights, the air tubes were disconnected and the pot-chamber units were placed on a balance (Model SI-8001, Denver Instrument, Denver, Colo, USA). The transpiration for each VPD was calculated as the difference between the initial and final weights. The measurement of transpiration response to VPD was repeated on the following day to increase the amount of data obtained for each plant.
Since there were twelve VPD chambers and data were obtained for three or four replicate plants of each cultivar, it was necessary to do the measurements in batches. The cultivars were randomly assigned to a batch. The dates for the measurement of the transpiration response for each cultivar, and the range of VPD to which the plants were exposed are given in Table 1.
Two experiments were performed on the cultivars. The first experiment was a summer sowing and the plants were grown in the greenhouse for 35 to 40 d. The second experiment used plants grown in the greenhouse during the winter, and as a result the overall average temperature in the greenhouse to which the plants were exposed was less than in the first experiment. Consequently, the plants in the second experiment developed more slowly in the second experiment than in the first experiment and the plants were allowed to grow 40 to 50 d before measuring their VPD responses.
Data from all plants of each genotype on the two measurement days were combined to perform a two-segment linear regression (Prism 2.01, GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, Calif, 1996) for transpiration rate versus VPD. If the slopes of the two segments were significantly different (), then the software outputted the breakpoint and the slopes of the two linear segments. If the two slopes were not significantly different, it was concluded that there was no breakpoint in the response curve and a single linear regression was used to describe the data.
2.2. Transpiration Response to Soil Drying
Two experiments were conducted to measure the FTSW threshold for decline in transpiration rate with soil drying for the same nine cultivars used in the VPD study. The plants were grown in 200-mm diameter plastic pots filled with garden soil. A total of 12 replicate pots were established for each cultivar. The seeds were inoculated with rhizobia to ensure adequate nodulation as described above. The plants were grown in a greenhouse subjected to natural solar radiation with air temperature regulated at 27°C day/21°C night. The plants were grown for approximately 35 d under well-watered conditions. The experimental dry-down period was from 11 to 25 June 2008 for the first water-deficit experiment and from 22 April to 5 May 2009 for the second water-deficit experiment (WD2).
The plants were fully watered the evening before the experiment began. After draining overnight, the pots were enclosed in white plastic bags and sealed around the plant stem to prevent soil evaporation. A small tube was inserted along the plant stem in each plastic bag to allow rewatering of the pots. The pots were weighed after enclosing in plastic bags and this value was recorded as the initial pot weight. Thereafter, the pots were weighed every morning beginning approximately at 09:30 EST. Daily transpiration amount was calculated as the difference in weight on successive days.
Six pots were maintained in a well-watered state throughout the experiment by adding water each day to return pot weight to 100 g less than the initial weight. Six pots were subjected to slow soil drying. To avoid rapid imposition of stress and to homogenize the development of drought stress across replicated plants, the decrease in soil moisture of each pot was limited to a net loss of 70 g per day by adding water if necessary to maintain the maximum targeted water loss. The experiment was terminated when the soil water content in drought-stressed pots decreased to a level where daily transpiration rate was less than 10% of the well-watered plants [11].
The transpiration data were analyzed by the procedure previously described by Sinclair and Ludlow [11] and Ray and Sinclair [12]. To minimize the influence of large variations in daily transpiration rate across days, the daily transpiration rates of each drought-stressed pot was normalized by dividing by the average transpiration rate on that day of the well-watered plants within each cultivar to obtain a transpiration ratio (TR)
The values of TR varied among individual plants, in part because of plant size differences. To decrease plant-to-plant variations and to facilitate comparison among cultivars, a second normalization was done. This second normalization for each plant was done by dividing the daily transpiration ratio (TR) by the mean TR of that same plant during the first 3 days of the experiment when the soil still had a high water content. This ratio was identified as the normalized transpiration ratio (NTR) and its value during the wet phase of the dry-down cycle for each plant by definition was therefore centered on a value of 1.0.
The total transpirable soil water available to the plant in each pot was calculated as the difference between the initial and final pot weight for the entire period of soil drying. The use of transpirable soil water as the basis of comparing plant response to soil drying under a range of conditions has been effectively used in a number of studies [12, 14]. The comparison among genotypes was further facilitated by expressing the available soil water as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) for each pot in the drought-stressed treatment on each day, so that, The relationship between NTR and FTSW was analyzed using the same software described previously in the analysis of the VPD results. This software determined the breakpoint for the two-segment linear regression model. The FTSW value of the breakpoint where the two linear segments intersected was the critical statistic for comparing cultivars.
3. Results
3.1. Transpiration Response to VPD
In the VPD experiments, air flow rate and air source were successfully manipulated to achieve a range of humidities in the VPD chambers. The minimum and maximum VPD obtained across all cultivars were 0.77 kPa and 3.58 kPa, respectively (Table 1). In both sets of experiments, a maximum VPD of greater than 3 kPa was achieved in measurements for all cultivars. Due to the differences in ambient temperature in the greenhouse during the two experiments, there was a difference in chamber temperatures between experiments. In the first experiment, the range of chamber temperature was 28°C to 36°C, whereas in the second experiment chamber temperature ranged between 22°C and 28°C. Due to the difference in the chamber temperature of the two experiments, the first experiment was labeled as a High Temperature (HT) experiment and the second experiment as a Low Temperature (LT) experiment. The average VPD chamber temperature was 32 ± 1.6 and 24.2 ± 1.4°C in the HT and LT experiments, respectively.
The response to VPD in all cultivars was well expressed by linear regression analysis as exemplified by cultivars AP3 and C 76-16 in Figure 1. There was a distinction between experiments in whether the results were well-described by a single linear regression or a two-segment linear regression. In the summer measurements of the HT experiment, the results for eight of the nine cultivars were found to have a two-segment response with a breakpoint (BP) (Table 2). The values for the two-segment linear regression for those cultivars exhibiting a BP ranged from 0.61 to 0.94. The VPD of the breakpoint (BP) of the eight cultivars ranged from 1.81 ± 0.23 kPa for AT 3085 to 2.25 ± 0.13 kPa for FL 07. Based on the confidence limit of the BP, the BPs of cv. AT 3085 and C99R were significantly lower than cv. Tifrunner and FL 07. The only exception to the two-segment response in the summer measurements was the cultivar York in which the results were described by a single linear regression.
Table 2: Linear regression analysis of response to vapor pressure deficit based on the results from the High Temperature experiment. The number of data for each cultivar is listed in the column labeled and the data are followed by the standard error of the mean. For those cultivars represented by the two-segment regression, slope 1 is for the regression segment below the breakpoint and slope 2 is for the regression above the breakpoint. Break point values followed by the same letter are not significantly different based on their confidence limits.
Figure 1: Transpiration rate versus vapor pressure deficit (VPD) for cultivars AP3 and C 76-16 in High Temperature (HT) and Low Temperature (LT) experiments.
In those cultivars in the HT experiment with a BP, the slope of transpiration rate per unit leaf area above the BP was much less than the slope at VPD less than the BP (Table 2). The slope above the BP ranged from −10.10 ± 3.22 mg H2O m−2 s−1 kPa−1 for Tifrunner to 3.63 ± 1.87 mg H2O m−2 s−1 kPa−1 for C99R. Out of eight cultivars found to have a BP, three had positive slopes above the BP and five cultivars had negative slopes. The linear slope of York across the whole range of VPD was comparable to the slope of the other cultivars at VPD less than the BP.
The results for the LT experiment were quite different from those of the HT experiment. In the LT experiment, all cultivars were described by a single linear regression over the entire range of VPD (Table 3). The linear regression described well the transpiration response with values ranging from 0.88 to 0.98. The lowest slope among cultivars was 11.6 ± 0.46 mg H2O m−2 s−1 kPa−1 for AT 3085 and the highest was 30.8 ± 0.97 mg H2O m−2 s−1 kPa−1 for C 76-16. The linear slope of York in the LT experiment of 26.3 ± 1.15 mg H2O m−2 s−1 kPa−1 was comparable to its slope obtained in the HT experiment (22.3 ± 0.92 mg H2O m−2 s−1 kPa−1).
Table 3: Linear regression analysis of response to vapor pressure deficit based on the results from the Low Temperature experiment. The number of data for each cultivar is listed in the column labeled and the data are followed by the standard error of the mean.
3.2. Transpiration Response to Soil Drying
The commonly observed initial plateau in transpiration response followed by a linear decrease with further soil drying was observed for all peanut cultivars in these experiments. The FTSW threshold for the decline in transpiration rate with drying soil was not significantly different among cultivars in either experiment (Table 4). Also, the FTSW threshold values for the two experiments were similar. The values in WD1 experiment ranged from 0.43 to 0.47 with an average of 0.45 ± 0.004 and in WD2 experiment from 0.40 to 0.44 with an average of 0.42 ± 0.003.
Table 4: Results from the two deficit experiments (WD1 and WD2) showing the FTSW-threshold for the decline in transpiration rate. Values followed with the same letter are not statistically different on LSD (Least Significant Difference) values calculated using Tukeys method (). The notation NS means nonsignificant.
4. Discussion
Unless transpiration is restricted by stomata conductance, plant transpiration is anticipated to increase linearly with increases in the atmospheric vapor pressure deficit [3]. This response was observed for all nine of these commercial cultivars when tested in the LT experiment. However, in the HT experiment the uniformly linear increase in transpiration with VPD was not observed for eight of the nine tested commercial cultivars (Table 2). Only York showed a consistent response between the two experiments with the same linear response over the entire VPD range in both experiments. The results of the experiments reported by Jyostna Devi et al. [9] at 32°C for seventeen genotypes from India showed that nine genotypes exhibited a breakpoint while the remaining eight had a linear response over the whole range of VPD.
The marked difference in response to VPD for eight commercial cultivars in this study between the two experiments may be a crucial result of this study. The major environmental difference between the two experiments was the ambient temperature to which the plants were exposed (Table 2). The average temperature during the measurement of the VPD response in HT experiment (32.0°C) was nearly 8°C greater than the average temperature in LT experiment (24.2°C). An obvious hypothesis is that temperature acclimation occurred in eight of the cultivars so that under the hotter temperatures water loss was restricted at high VPD but under cooler temperatures no such restriction existed.
A hypothesis to explain the temperature sensitivity could be the involvement of aquaporins. Aquaporins are critical for high rates of water transport between cells [2528]. Limited aquaporin populations could restrict water flow in the plant resulting in an inability to sustain high transpiration rates at high VPD. Ionenko et al. [29] in their recent study with maize showed that water transport through aquaporins was temperature sensitive. They found that the maximum water flow through water channels occurred in the optimum temperature region of 20 to 25°C and decreased or suppressed water conductance in the higher temperature range of 30 to 35°C. If the results with maize are applicable to peanut, the decreased hydraulic conductance at the higher temperature means that these plants could not transport the high water flow required at high VPD. As a result, stomata would be obligated to limit transpiration rate and result in the expression of the breakpoint in the HT experiment, but not in the LT experiment.
Possible temperature acclimation in the transpiration response observed here could be an important asset for these commercial cultivars. These cultivars with the temperature acclimation have the capability to have restricted transpiration rate under high VPD when temperatures are high. These conditions would exist when the demand for water is high and potential water loss from the plants is high. The cultivars acclimating to a high temperature with a BP in the VPD response appeared to have the capability to switch to a water-conserving mode and decrease the risk of water deficits developing in the soil. Under cooler temperatures, stomata remained open under all VPD conditions so that CO2 assimilation is not restricted under these conditions. Clearly, more research is required to explore the acclimation possibilities in these cultivars and to understand the consequences on crop water use and yield.
The general transpiration response to FTSW was similar to previous reports and was similar among these nine commercial cultivars. The threshold for the decline in transpiration rate was observed at a threshold FTSW of slightly greater than 0.4 for all cultivars in both experiments (Table 4). These results were similar to the results observed with the other species in which threshold value was around 0.4 [1114, 1722]. Previously, Jyostna Devi et al. [23] found a large variation among peanut genotypes from India in their threshold for transpiration rate decline. The lack of any variation among the US commercial cultivars indicates that such a trait was not present in parent lines of these cultivars, or progeny selection never favored identification of diversity in the expression of this trait.
Overall, these results do not highlight any major differences among the nine US commercial peanut cultivars in their response to either VPD or soil drying. The one exception was that York sustained a continuing increase in transpiration with increasing VPD in the HT experiment. This result indicates that York may have an aquaporin population somewhat different from the other eight cultivars. The general uniformity of results for these two drought traits among the commercial cultivars indicates that a possibility exists for developing differences in the expression of the two putative traits for enhanced peanut drought tolerance. Jyostna Devi et al. [9, 23] showed large variation among seventeen genotypes from India indicating that genetic resources exist for such a breeding effort.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 492326, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/492326
Research Article
Antenna Beamwidths of Above-The-Road Radar for Traffic Speed Enforcement in China
Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China
Received 26 March 2012; Revised 2 June 2012; Accepted 12 June 2012
Academic Editor: Charles Bunting
Copyright © 2012 Lei Du et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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3. International Association of Chiefs of Police, “Speed-measuring device performance specifications: down-the-road radar module,” Down-the-Road Radar Performance Standards, vol. 1, 2004.
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9. L. Du, Q. Sun, C. Cai, et al., “Standard equipment for pattern approval field test of vehicle speed-measuring devices for traffic law enforcement in China,” in Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Precision Engineering Measurements and Instrumentation (ISPEMI '12), Chengdu, China, August 2012.
10. BIPM, IEC, ISO, et al., “Evaluation of measurement data—guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement,” JCGM 100:2008, 2008.
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