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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 721654, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2011/721654
Research Article
Virtual Communities for Diabetes Chronic Disease Healthcare
Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, P.O. BOX 574, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
Received 31 May 2011; Revised 28 July 2011; Accepted 29 August 2011
Academic Editor: Sotiris A. Pavlopoulos
Copyright © 2011 Ivan Chorbev et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Diabetes is classified as the world's fastest-growing chronic illness that affects millions of people. It is a very serious disease, but the bright side is that it is treatable and can be managed. Proper education in this view is necessary to achieve essential control and prevent the aggregation of this chronic sickness. We have developed a healthcare social network that provides methods for distance learning; opportunities for creation of virtual self-help groups where patients can get information and establish interactions among each other in order to exchange important healthcare-related information; discussion forums; patient-to-healthcare specialist communication. The mission of our virtual community is to increase the independence of people with diabetes, self-management, empower them to take care of themselves, make their everyday activities easier, enrich their medical knowledge, and improve their health condition, make them more productive, and improve their communication with other patients with similar diagnoses. The ultimate goal is to enhance the quality of their life.
1. Introduction
1.1. Diabetes
Diabetes is a disorder of the human metabolism—the way the body uses digested food for energy or growth. Most of the food people eat is broken down into glucose, the form of sugar in the blood. Glucose is the main source of fuel for the body [1]. Diabetic patients lack the ability to use glucose properly, so in their case it is stored in their bloodstream causing numerous difficulties.
Diabetes is classified as the world’s fastest-growing chronic illness that affects millions of people. According to World Diabetes Foundation, the prevalence of diabetes has reached epidemic proportions. An estimated 285 million people, corresponding to 6.4% of the world’s adult population, live with diabetes in 2010. The number is expected to grow to 438 million by 2030, corresponding to 7.8% of the adult population [2]. Based on IMG statistics and future projections, in 2000 there were 54 000 people with diabetes in our country, and in 2030 it is expected that the number of people with diabetes will rise to 96 000 [3]. Diabetes affects 25.8 million people of all ages in the USA, 8.3 percent of the US population. Diagnosed are 18.8 million people; undiagnosed are 7.0 million people [4]. The bright side is that diabetes is treatable and can be managed. Diabetic people might live a seemingly normal life, but they need to have a continual treatment and diet which is very important.
Appropriate education in this view is necessary to achieve essential control and prevent the aggregation of the chronic sickness. Healthy eating, physical activity, and blood glucose testing are the basic management tools for diabetes [1]. People with diabetes must take huge commitment for their every day care. It is very important that they should have a health care provider that will help them learn to manage their disease and will monitor their diabetic condition.
1.2. Virtual Communities
As Calvin M. L. Chan, Mamata Bhandar, Lih-Bin Oh, Hock-Chuan Chan stated, virtual communities represent “social aggregations of people carrying out public discussion long enough, with sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships in cyberspace” [5]. Virtual professional communities have become a topic of interest for many researchers in the last few years. In fact, research on the use of social networking applications in various areas has become increasingly popular and fruitful. Mohyuddin, W. A. Gray, David Morrey and Wendy Jones present in their introduction in the Incorporating Wireless Technology into Virtual Organizations Supporting the Work of Healthcare Teams that “…initial analysis suggested that an approach based on creating a virtual organization in the distributed computing environment would enable collaborative working to be supported. The virtual organization would have access to a variety of information resources traditionally used in medical healthcare systems, but would utilize wireless technology to support the point of care activities of the members of the care team” [6]. As virtual communities become more popular, researchers need to be conscious of what is happening in the theoretical dimension as well as practical evolution. Attention should be focused on research opportunities that exist.
1.3. Diabetes Healthcare Virtual Communities
One of the advances in diabetes healthcare in the last few years is the widespread helpfulness of an electronic peer-to-peer community, where people with mutual interests come together “virtually” to ensure mutual support and self-help, share experiences, and ask questions. Self-care is a recent initiative in the healthcare industry that targets to treat patients with long-term conditions nearer to home and earlier in the course of their disease [7]. It has received great attention because it is the most common and cost-effective form of treatment of many diseases and provides possibilities of predicting and therefore avoiding serious complications. Wireless data-transfer technologies enable not only constant online health state followup, but also an opportunity for each patient’s special treatment and individual advice. Monitoring can be performed anywhere and anytime, without cables’ limitations. It is effective and leads to better care and reliability [7]. Access to diabetes disease information is much easier; patients may learn from the real world experiences of other patients with the same medical condition and to share their problems with others. Remote monitoring of chronic disease can lower health care costs and increase patient satisfaction and quality of life [8].
Virtual communities for diabetes healthcare play an important role in contributing to the overall effect of diabetes treatment worldwide. “A key aspect of successful chronic disease management is active partnership between consumer and provider—this is particularly important in diabetes management, where many key activities are in the hands of the patient” [9]. A serious work into combining social networks and healthcare is presented in [10]. An international user group is selected as a test bed for a myriad of provided online social services constrained with the specifics of healthcare. The presented results show a promising future for medical social networks. A similar effort focused on patients using insulin pumps is given in [11].
There are various educational materials and knowledge-based systems, data-mining applications and other analytical systems used to ease learning and improve the learner’s knowledge. Still however, the quality of the knowledge and the ways of knowledge transfer from one learning stage to another within an automated learning environment is facing challenges. Also, the learner often has no opportunities to transfer the learned materials to practice [12]. This is an additional reason why social networking is expected to bring fresh advances in medical education. Newly developed software programs and Internet technologies that are in continuous growth are making diabetic patients’ coping with the disease easier, considering that they can find useful health information online. Virtual communities can provide communication, collaboration and information collection, and sharing in the diabetes health care community.
One of the major issues when combining medicine and the Internet is the control of information, its verification, privacy issues, and the possibility of incorrect offers and statements. These kinds of healthcare virtual communities can be very helpful, but robust verification mechanisms are required. In order for this kind of applications to be fully completed, there is a need of specially designed measurement protocols, real-time automatic data processing algorithms, intuitive human interfaces, and secure data transmission over public networks [13].
2. Diabetes Healthcare Virtual Community Model
We have developed a system that provides methods for distance teaching and learning; opportunities for creation of self-help groups where patients can get information and establish interactions with other patients in order to enhance their life experience; discussion forums; patients-to-healthcare-specialist communications. The mission of our virtual community is to increase the independence of people with diabetes, empower them to take care of themselves in their everyday activities, enrich their medical knowledge, improve their health status or condition, make them more productive, and facilitate communication. It is all done with one main goal, to enhance the quality of their life.
The benefits from the system should be attractive for both sides: healthcare delivery on one hand and business perspectives so that the system can be supported on the other hand. Being a union of web application modules, mobile device applications, all based on a secure infrastructure, the proposed diabetes virtual model enables healthcare anywhere, at any time, on any device. The system architecture is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: The architecture of Diabetes Mobile Virtual Platform (PMS: Patient Maintenance Service, MSMS: Medical Specialist Maintenance Service, PHCSS: Professional Health Care Support Service, SCS: Social Collaboration Service, PSMCS: Patient Self-Management Care Service, IS: Information Service, AS: Advertising Service).
The system is developed using Microsoft-based technologies, ASP. NET, and MS SQL Server 2008. The Model View Presenter pattern was used to ensure modularity, fast response times, multilayered architecture, data consistency, and easy redesign of the user interface. AJAX technologies are used to minimise network traffic, speed up the work, and provide a desktop-like user experience.
This model differs in that it offers new ways of delivering e-health services and diabetes disease management. Its platform contains several supporting services.
(i) Patient Maintenance Service
This service facilitates registration of new members, people with diabetes, their family members, or anyone else with an interest in the disease. The user only needs to fill the registration form with their private information and choose the account’s username and password. Once the information is confirmed and the registration is successful, the user can login and use the opportunities that other services offer. Management of the user’s profile entered during the registration is also enabled by this service. The Profile Information Module (personal module that appears when members login) presents member’s information like name and surname, phone numbers, email address, birthdays, and so forth. An appropriate security level is established; no one but himself can see the information entered by the member into the Profile Information Module.
(ii) Medical Specialist Maintenance Service
In parallel with the Patient Maintenance Service is the Medical Specialist Maintenance Service, manageable by medical specialists. The medical specialists, who are assigned to help members of the mobile virtual community, have the opportunity to change their private information and professional expertise. The attached medical specialist’s information enables the patients to make an informed decision on who is the best health care professional to address through the Professional Health Care Support Service for the particular problem they experience.
(iii) Patient Self-Management Care Service
This service enables patients to increase their self-management by dealing with their health issues outside of medical institutions. The system offers them appropriate guidance and advice customized according to their specific needs. Each member has an opportunity to update details about their health parameters including blood sugar concentration (blood glucose level is the amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a human), each day or several times per day. Also a measure of the glycosylated hemoglobin-HbA1c can be entered. Blood glucose measurements are presented in the user’s blood sugar regulation report. The report gives the patient comparative content per time and offers excellent monitoring and controlling. Regularly updated health parameters enable customized advice and guidance for the patient in question.
(iv) Social Collaboration Service
This service facilitates communication among patients. The goal is to exchange experiences and advice. Connections among patients are an important way to receive information and support. An essential component of the social connection through the application is the psychological dimension of sharing the problems among patients. As part of this service, there is an online discussion site, a forum where members can converse by using posted messages. Each member can add new forum topics as issues arise and can also participate in existing forums. The internet-based forums are of even greater importance for patients without access to a vis-a-vis support group in their area. The service is essential to patients that prefer their privacy and would rather communicate and search information online as opposed to visiting support groups or other public institution (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Social collaboration service.
The social module contains the usual befriending mechanisms of social networks, but the differences mainly consist of data security and privacy levels. We defined several levels of friendship (groups in which friends can be classified) sorted by decreasing level of confidence:(1)intimate, (2)close,(3)acquaintances,(4)no trust.
The user can create custom groups and associate friends in the groups. When materials are published by the user, they choose which group of friends can access them. Doctors are placed in parallel groups:(1)personal physician,(2)temporary advice.
This service is directly connected with the Professional Health Care Support Service by implementation of security and privacy policies that are set by the patients themselves. When patients need professional health care attention, they send an email to the desired specialist. At the same time the patient can choose whether the message will be public or private. If the message is made public, it can be easily transformed into a forum topic. In this case the specialist’s answer is also public and made part of the newly created forum. The communication is visible to all other members, not only to the sender himself. The feature helps people that have common interests, problems, or goals. Certainly, a patient may decide to send private questions to the specialists. In this case data security and trust are guaranteed.
As in any social network, privacy of published data is essential. In the medical network issues of privacy are of even greater importance. The system allows creation of users with hidden identities, as well as public. Each published content can be controlled in terms of who can access it. Access control is based on groups of users as well as inclusion or exclusion of specific users for specific posted information (Photo, Lab results, Narrative postings).
Unlike popular social networks, the terms of use here state that after a removal of the posted content by the patient/user, the content is permanently erased. The data remains solely the property of the user. Special permission can be granted by the user to allow the use of some of their data in data mining and statistical analysis for medical purposes. A notification is sent by the administrator to ask for granting permission for a specific piece of information, naturally always stripped of any identification when used later in research.
(v) Professional Health Care Support Service
Professional support is essential for the patient. Psychological help for diabetes patients is also very important. Knowing that there is always someone that can help dealing with the pressure and stress involved in daily life situations is very relievable for patients. Advisors are available to assist members by viewing their health history and by answering their questions regarding their health condition. Also, they offer email notifications for appointments, services for rescheduling or canceling the appointments, services for requesting prescriptions, and access to other health resources (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Professional health care support service.
(vi) Information Service
This service provides members with necessary information about their disease. It is very important that patients know as much as possible for their disease. Knowledgeable patients tend to adapt easier to effective measures of disease control and prevent complications. The frequently asked questions module offers answers to various questions patients usually ask. Dietary guidance is the most often topic of interest. Proposal of daily meals are also suggested. It is very important for information to be well organized and easily accessed in order to achieve its value. Additionally, it is necessary for the information access to be secure and to give correct information to the right people at the right time to deliver the best possible care.
(vii) Advertising Service
In order to achieve sustainability of the system and funds for further development, an online advertising module is planned. The service also connects advertisers and marketers with physicians and other medical professionals and the patients as well. Promotions and advertising are an integral part of the health virtual community, and they have a great effect on human perception.
3. User Satisfaction
We have evaluated our system by providing a questionnaire to the initial user group that measured the satisfaction level of the users. The questionnaire contained 15 questions which were designed in a user-friendly format in order to accomplish easy competition by the respondents. The survey completed a 2-month-long period of trial use and evaluation of the system. The results and analysis can be grouped in the Figures 4 and 5.
Figure 4: Ratings of the system, based on Table 1.
Table 1: Usefulness results.
Figure 5: User evaluations, based on Table 2.
Table 2: System evaluation.
3.1. Response Rate
There were 54 respondents to our questionnaire. Respondents belong to different user profiles. A smaller portion: 15 of them were young and the remaining (34) were older diabetic patients. There were 5 medical specialists. Each one originated from different region of our country.
3.2. Usefulness of the Data Content of Our System
A graphical overview of the usefulness rating is visible in Figure 4. Most of the respondents were satisfied with the data content provided from our system. Around 66.6% of them have rated the overall content in our system as “Excellent” and even 27.7% as “Very Good”. Still, a few older participants have stated that they would rather go to a medical institution than use our platform.
3.3. Ease of Navigation
Over half the participants (59%) gave a rating “Very Good” and “Good” for the ease of navigation through the system. However, there were miscellaneous comments about navigation like “After I have registered the system and started using it, I fully understood how it is organized.”
3.4. System’s Design
The System’s design was evaluated as simple, creative, and systematic. Results have showed that the primary objectives to identify users’ requirements and to build a system that satisfies these requirements were met.
3.5. Overall System Expectations
Nearly three-fourths (75%) of respondents indicated that the system and the information gathered met their expectations. Out of the remaining responders, 14% said “Disagree” and “Strongly Disagree” and 9% were undecided. Both negative and positive comments related to the user expectations were received. Some participants commented that they expected improvements to the system as an ongoing, continuous process. Others demanded improvements in navigation and online resources.
3.6. Comparing Our System with Similar Systems Used
Nearly 72% of respondents rated our system as “Excellent” and “Very Good” in comparison with other similar systems, and only 12% answered as “Very Poor” and “Poor”. Naturally, the users are mostly experienced with using generic social networks (Facebook, Myspace, Twitter), and the specifics of a healthcare social network were new to both the patients and developers. Comparative conclusions were constantly drawn and ideas implemented.
4. Future Trends
Although Internet access is increasing worldwide, there is still a limited pool of people who can use IT without difficulties, so an Internet-based diabetes care system must address and overcome its limitations before application. It is believed that the dramatic development of IT and its application to health management systems will have a crucial role [14]. Therefore, further adapting the user interface for users with eyesight problems (often in diabetic patients) or older users is crucial for our system.
Integration of the virtual community with the public health care system would surely help its growth and stabilization. Adapting the functionalities and features for an international audience is the next step aimed at grouping a larger portion of patients exchanging experiences, due to the limitation that our small country poses.
The web interface of the system is usable on mobile devices as well. However, it is our next goal to implement native applications for the most popular platforms (Android, iPhone). Such native applications would enhance user experience, decrease network traffic and above all, open possibilities for more direct telemedicine functionalities (GPS location transmission from a patient with acute crisis in need of help, transmission of other vital measurements—heart rate, blood pressure, video consultations on site, urgent transmission of lab results, and blood sugar measurements).
Our future plans are to continue to deliver the high level of communication and services, extend the model platform with additional services that will provide facilities such as receiving messages on mobile devices, and chat rooms. The main goal is to constantly improve the quality and quantity of services.
5. Conclusion
The appeal of healthcare virtual communities transcends their ability to neither entertain connect people; they could also save lives. Virtual communities can be tools to promote health treatment strategies, change the patient-caregiver relationship, and to reform the way healthcare is delivered. In fact, they already have been used to sustain healthy lifestyle changes, encourage patients’ dedication in their treatment, educate, and improve the access to needed information. The proposed diabetes healthcare virtual community model promotes highly effective services supported by major communication capabilities and easy information access. One of the major benefits of the healthcare social network is building online social connections with peer patients, exchange experiences, share problems, and commonly search for solutions. Chat rooms, group meetings, and consultations are all virtually brought in the patient’s home, anytime, anywhere. With mobile devices, the provided services are available on the go. Medical personnel are present to verify data, strengthen trust in the system, and maintain the quality of the information provided.
References
1. “Diabetes overview,” NIH Publication 09-3873, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; National Institutes of Health, 2008.
2. http://www.worlddiabetesfoundation.org/.
3. http://www.img-care.com/.
4. “National diabetes statistics,” NIH Publication 11-3892, 2011, http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/.
5. C. M. L. Chan, M. Bhandar, L.-B. Oh, and H.-C. Chan, “Recognition and participation in a virtual community,” in Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS '04), Department of Information Systems National University of Singapore, Big Island, Hawaii, USA, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
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7. WSN Based Personal Mobile Physiological Monitoring and Management System for Chronic Disease—Sing-Hui Toh, Seung-Chul Lee and Wan-Young Chung Graduate School of Design & IT, Dongseo University, Busan 617-716, Korea Division of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea—Third 2008 International Conference on Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology.
8. V. M. Pomazan, L. Petcu, S. R. Sintea, and R. Ciorap, “Active data transportation and processing for chronic diseases remote monitoring,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Signal Processing Systems (ICSPS '09), 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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10. E. R. Weitzman, B. Adida, S. Kelemen, and K. D. Mandl, “Sharing data for public health research by members of an international online diabetes social network,” PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 4, Article ID e19256, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
11. A. Jennings, J. Powell, N. Armstrong, J. Sturt, and J. Dale, “A virtual clinic for diabetes self-management: pilot study,” Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 11, no. 1, article e10, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
12. J. Tan, M. Dohan, M. Farwick, P. C. K. Hung, T. Trojer, and J. Tashiro, “Gateway to quality living for the elderly charting an innovative approach to evidence-based E-health technologies for serving the chronically III,” in Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE '10), Hong Kong, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
13. A. Alessandro, I. Milesi, L. Govoni, A. Pedotti, and R. L. Dellaca, “A new telemedicine system for the home monitoring of lung function in patients with obstructive respiratory diseases,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine, and Social Medicine (ETELEMED '09), Dipartimento di Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
14. J.-H. Cho, Y.-H. Choi, M.-J. Kang et al., “Urgent need of Ubiquitous healthcare for chronic disease management: focused on diabetes for the first step,” in Proceedings of the 10th IEEE/IPSJ International Symposium on Applications and the Internet (SAINT '10), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
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Agricultural and Biological Sciences » "Salmonella - Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies", book edited by Bassam A. Annous and Joshua B. Gurtler, ISBN 978-953-51-0661-6, Published: July 18, 2012 under CC BY 3.0 license
Chapter 17
The Different Strategies Used by Salmonella to Invade Host Cells
By Rosselin Manon, Abed Nadia, Namdari Fatemeh, Virlogeux-Payant Isabelle, Velge Philippe and Wiedemann Agnes
DOI: 10.5772/29979
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Bibliography: With a Tangled Skein
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Title: With a Tangled Skein
Author: Piers Anthony
Year: 1985
Type: NOVEL
Series: Incarnations of Immortality
Series Number: 3
Wikipedia Entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_a_Tangled_Skein
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[5] through whom we received grace and apostleship, for obedience of faith among all the nations, for his name's sake;
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How long does it take to update site-wide 301 redirects in Google?
Sep 27, 2007 • 1:53 pm | (4) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization
So lets say you change all of your urls on your website to a completely new url structure. You 301 redirect all the old urls to the new ones. So how does it take for this to update in Google and other search engines? A thread on WMW has some good thoughts from members who have experienced this situation. The thread starter remarked on his situation:
We dropped from 120k pages in the index to 87k pages. We also are not coming up for certain keywords that we were always there for, and are seeing 50% less traffic from Google.
Some of the other posters said that it take quite some time up to a year for all the urls to be fully spidered and ranked again by Google. It is important to mention that result will vary based on a number of factors. If you have a site that has 120K pages and you change all the urls, then it not unreasonable to expect a large delay. It often comes down to "Is it worth it to change that many urls?" Does the outcome of such a change benefit you in the long run? For traffic from search engines? Or for visitors?
Tedster said:
"My experience was that, long term, it was always a positive step. Short term, a site with anything lower than a PR7 Home Page may experience a few bumps on the way to improvement. It's essential to get the technology right in your rewrite scheme, and there are several pitfalls.
1. Poorly configured, you may open the door to duplicate urls for the same content. 2. Remember that there are two steps to address: a. get the new urls to resolve and b. 301 redirect the old urls. 3. I found it more effective to do a ranking, traffic and backlink study and then only redirect the key urls, letting the rest go 404. That approach seemed to give the quickest "recovery" time in Google I ever achieved. In fact, that site never saw a dip in Google traffic, and then rankings improved quickly."
Some great advice from him. Continued discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: The Following 123 People Built My Web Site
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Place:Middleburg Heights, Cuyahoga, Ohio, United States
Watchers
NameMiddleburg Heights
Alt namesMiddleburgh Heightssource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS39011677
TypeCity
Coordinates41.367°N 81.809°W
Located inCuyahoga, Ohio, United States
Contained Places
Cemetery
Hickcox Park
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Middleburg Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 15,946 at the 2010 census. The current mayor, Gary W. Starr has been in office since 1981.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Middleburg Heights, Ohio. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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250 reputation
14
bio website jonathonbyrd.com
location Bellingham, MA
age 30
visits member for 1 year, 11 months
seen Aug 22 '11 at 20:37
stats profile views 6
I'm a software engineer. Have been into website development since I was fourteen years old. I developed many websites through my years of schooling, ended up dropping out and starting my own company.
Now I'm a successful software developer and project manager of the development team at 5Twenty Studios. I pride myself in my ability to learn. I don't get paid to develop websites, instead I get paid to learn what nobody else knows, then implement it.
This user has not asked any questions
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1. Skip to navigation
2. Skip to content
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/1395/the-worst-economic-policy-meeting-ever/
The Worst Economic Policy Meeting Ever
January 14, 2004 by
Brad DeLong, who is Keynesian, has an interesting post from the Suskind/O’Neill book “The Price of Loyalty.” He titles his post: “Worst Presidential-Level Economic Policy Meeting Ever.” (I thought DeLong’s piece on the erosion Okun’s Law was interesting too.)
Posted by Mike Runge
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Ask Your Question
1
Track changes
asked 2012-07-18 04:28:09 +0200
Paul S
11 1 2 2
updated 2013-02-03 10:07:02 +0200
qubit
5693 3 48 41
If I have a Word doc with tracked changes, can I continue working with track changes in Libre Office? In other words, if I am asked to present a Word doc with tracked changes, can I use Libre Office to generate the Word doc and include the tracked changes?
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1 Answer
Sort by » oldest newest most voted
2
answered 2012-07-26 14:36:54 +0200
cloph
2792 4 17 43
Yes, LibreOffice can track changes as well.
Activate/Disable tracking with Edit|Changes → Record Use the other items in the same menu to hide/show them into the document and to permanently accept/reject them.
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Asked: 2012-07-18 04:28:09 +0200
Seen: 10,942 times
Last updated: Jul 26 '12
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COIN
Unique ID: CCI-981027
Object type certainty: Certain
Workflow status: Published
Notes:
This data is obtained from the Oxford University Celtic Coin Index. We cannot answer questions on the coins themselves. They were recorded by Oxford University staff.
Chronology
Broad period: IRON AGE
Period from: IRON AGE [scope notes | view all attributed records]
Dimensions and weight
Weight: 3.23 g
Quantity: 1
Discovery dates
Date(s) of discovery: Sunday 21st March 2010
Personal details
Recorded by: Celtic Coin Index - [ view all attributed records]
Other reference numbers
Other reference: 98.1027
Materials and construction
Primary material: Copper alloy [scope notes | view all attributed records]
Coin data (numismatics)
Celtic Coin Index Number: 98.1027
Denomination: Unit (copper alloy) [scope notes | view all attributed records]
Tribe: Uncertain [scope notes | view all attributed records]
QR barcode
The barcode on the right is a unique identifier for this record. If your phone has scanning software installed, then this can be used for sharing or you can print it off and attach it to the object.
Spatial metadata
County: Wiltshire
District: West Wiltshire
Parish: Longbridge Deverill
Spatial coordinates
4 Figure: ST8640
Four figure Latitude: 51.159077 Four figure longitude: -2.201576
1:25K map: ST8640
1:10K map: ST84SE
Grid reference source: From a paper map
Unmasked grid reference accurate to a 1000 metre square.
Discovery metadata
Method of discovery: Metal detector [scope notes]
Adjacent Domesday Book places
Domesday data within 2 km of discovery point is surfaced via the excellent Open Domesday website.
References cited
No references cited so far.
Similar objects
Find number: CCI-004
Object type: COIN
Broadperiod: IRON AGE
Obverse Dobunnic abstract head, probably from an EISV type. Reverse apparently from die used for most of the reverses of BMC 568 (V246 varight…
Workflow: Published
Find number: CCI-980724
Object type: COIN
Broadperiod: IRON AGE
Bearded head quarter - genuine? From the usual dies. See 96.3353 etc.
Workflow: Published
Find number: CCI-940657
Object type: COIN
Broadperiod: IRON AGE
Obverse head left, hair finely drawn in vertical lines from line running from forehead behind ear to back of neck. Reverse ?bull right on exer…
Workflow: Published
Spotted a mistake? Tell us. Be the first to comment
Comment on this artefact's record
Data entered via this form is checked against the akismet service to recognise spam.
Audit data
Created: Sunday 21st March 2010
This page is available in: qrcode json xml geojson representations.
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
September 28, 2007
Chat Rooms for Google Talk
PartyChat adds one of the many missing features from Google Talk: chat rooms. You need to add partychat@gmail.com as a friend and use commands to create a room or join an existing one. To make sure nobody joins your room accidentally, password-protect it.
PartyChat is like a group chat, except that it's less obtrusive and persistent across different login sessions.
For example, say your friends are in a party chat named "drivel". To enter the chat, IM partychat@gmail.com with the line "/enter drivel." After that, you'll receive messages sent in "drivel" from partychat@gmail.com and all messages you send to partychat@gmail.com will be broadcasted to your friends in "drivel."
If you log out of Google Talk and then log back in, you're still in the party chats you were in prior to logging out. To leave a party chat, IM "/leave" or "/exit" to the address you were chatting with (e.g. partychat@gmail.com).
PartyChat is an open-source project created by a Google employee: Akshay Patil in December 2005, not long after Google Talk was released. Since then, Google Talk didn't add too much features. Only Google Talk's gadget has an option for group chats, while PartyChat can be used in Gmail Chat, the desktop client or any other Jabber client.
Some useful commands:
/create chat_name [optional_password] - creates a new party chat. If you provide a password, then other users must give this password to enter the chat.
/join chat_name [password] - join an existing party chat. If the chat has a password, you must give the password to enter.
/alias [name] - give yourself an alias; if you do not specify a name, your current alias is removed
/commands - displays the list of commands
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:10759",
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"url": "ipkitten.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/put-up-in-time-or-shut-up-court-of.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:44.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6aa5a972-83a1-4ae5-9ac9-0a1a2a361fea>",
"warc_url": "http://ipkitten.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/put-up-in-time-or-shut-up-court-of.html"
}
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Thursday, 20 January 2011
"Put up in time, or shut up": Court of Appeal rejects IPCom's arguments in UK leg of international patent battle with Nokia
This morning the Court of Appeal (Jacob and Sedley LJJ and Norris J) handed down its judgment in Nokia v IPCom [2011] EWCA Civ 6.
By way of back story: IPCom (described in the judgment as a “non practising entity”, i.e. a patentee with no business of its own in products covered by the patents), owned a number of patents (which it had bought from Bosch) in the field of mobile communications technology. It approached Nokia offering to licence the patents, but Nokia refused to pay what IPCom asked. IPCom therefore commenced infringement proceedings in Germany. Nokia retaliated, seeking revocation of a number of the patents in Germany and the UK, and the dispute escalated into what the Court of Appeal describes as "an international patent battle".
Floyd J dealt with the matters in three judgments (of the 20th November 2009, [2009] EWHC 3034 (Pat) (“the first amendment judgment”); 18th January 2010, [2009] EWHC 3482 (Pat) (“the main judgment”); and 31st March 2010, [2010] EWHC 789 (Pat) (“the second amendment judgment”)). The "main judgment is noted by the IPKat here.
By the time the matter reached the Court of Appeal, the patents under scrutiny had been reduced to two in number: the “Synch Patent”, and the “Access Rights Patent”. The former had been held to lack inventive step by the judge in the main judgment at first instance and, to cut a long story short, the Court of Appeal agreed. On the judge’s construction of the claims in issue (with which the Court agreed), and given the evidence, “[t]he claimed feature amounts to no more than the Boy Scout’s motto ‘Be Prepared’.”
The second patent under scrutiny was stated to be “[p]otentially … very important”, as it had been found to be essential for compliance with the 3G standard. Floyd J had found that the patent as it stood was invalid. IPCom did not seek to challenge this before the Court of Appeal, but rather sought to amend it proposing two variants – one having been proposed just before the trial with Floyd J and the other after he found it invalid as it stood. The Court noted that it was “not necessary … to distinguish between the variants”, noting that each involved “extensive additions to what was formerly claimed.” Nokia argued that the amendments were not allowable as they added matter and were unclear and, even if allowable in principle, the claims were nevertheless still invalid. However, the substance of IPCom’s arguments to amend was not the focus of the judgment by the Court – indeed it was not asked to rule on the rival contentions at all. The point under consideration was rather how the Court of Appeal’s judgment in Nikken v Pioneer Trading [2005] EWCA Civ 906, summarised at [91] of the judgment in hand as holding that “that a post-trial application to amend a patent should ordinarily be refused if it would involve a second trial on validity”, should be read.
IPCom argued for a less strict reading, insisting that it should have been allowed to amend the patent. The Court considered that:
[108] “the true test is one of abuse of process – procedural fairness - and that the burden lies on the party objecting to the second action to show this. However where a party fails to advance a case he could have advanced much earlier and does so without any real justification, he is abusing the process and the other party is therefore entitled to object. It is not normally procedurally fair to subject the other side to successive cases when you could readily have put them all in one go.
[109] … IPCom had every opportunity of proposing the amendments in time so that there could be a trial about them, it did not do so (whether deliberately or not we do not know), it only proposed amendments too late for them to be dealt with fairly at the trial, it elected to go to trial on the patent as it stood, and only when it lost did it seek to prolong matters thereby to vex Nokia again with the same patent. The Judge was fully entitled to regard that as procedurally unfair and to refuse to allow that to happen.”
Moreover:
[111] “The fact that there is a wider context (involving other patents here and parallel Access Rights and other patents in other countries) over which the parties are in dispute provides no basis for saying that what is an abuse of process concerning the proceedings about this patent in this country is somehow no longer so to be regarded. The question is whether there is an abuse of process in the litigation about this patent, not some wider woollier question.”
IPCom had also argued that Art 138 EPC 2000 drew “no distinction between amendments which were of the claim re-writing type … or new wording type”. Arguing that the Article was liberalising: “In effect it created a right to amend of any type, subject to cases where the patentee’s conduct was really culpable or amendment would cause unjust oppression.”
The Court of Appeal did not agree, explaining that:
[127] “…The main purpose of Art. 138 as compared with the unamended Art. 138 was to provide that national authorities should have an amendment procedure at all. For prior to the amendment of the Treaty the laws of some countries did not allow patent amendment post-grant at all. Now they must. Art. 138 was not intended to govern national rules of procedure concerning patent amendment, still less to require national courts to conduct them in a manner which national law regarded as an abuse of process.
[128] On its face, moreover, the Article does not apply to a case where the grounds of revocation affect the European patent as a whole, as the Judge held here. The provision is only about a case where the grounds of revocation affect the patent in part.”
As a final line of argument, IPCom submitted that Article 3 of the Enforcement Directive (Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights) covered the proposed amendment and the procedure concerning it. Their argument being: “I am seeking to enforce the relevant patent and amendment is part of and parcel of enforcement of that patent”.
The Court’s reply was sharp:
[133] “I do not accept that. Amendment of a patent is quite distinct from its enforcement: amendment is a procedure concerned with narrowing the scope of protection, not a procedure concerned with enforcement of what is protected. If allowed it applies in rem or as it is sometimes put in an alternative Latin tag, erga omnes. There is simply nothing in the Directive suggesting it applies to amendment of a patent.”
Concluding:
[139] “In short procedural tightening by way of making parties put up their cases in time for them to be dealt with fairly with at a pre-arranged hearing without adjournment is the trend in Europe. The message is: “put up in time, or shut up”. That can only be good for European industry.
[140] What IPCom seeks to do here is quite contrary to that trend as well as being an abuse of process. I would dismiss its appeal concerning the Access Rights Patent.”
Given the alleged €12b at stake for Nokia, which the Court of Appeal indicated it had been told IPCom was asking for in the German proceedings, it must be sighing in relief...
Things to do with €12b here, here, and here
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:10760",
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"warc_url": "http://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2004/09/lessig-live-in-london.html"
}
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Thursday, 23 September 2004
LESSIG: LIVE IN LONDON
Cedric Manara has emailed the IPKat to tell him that Larry Lessig will be at University College London on 4 October 2004 (details here). He’ll be speaking from 12-2pm and will be launching the UK version of the popular Creative Commons licence.
The IPKat would like to know why there’s a need for a separate UK licence. Does this mean that the US version is unsuitable for people based in the UK? If so, what happens to all those people in the jurisdiction who’ve adopted the original version of the licence?
Creative Commons UK here
Reclaim the Commons here
Chaordic Commons here
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:10763",
"uncompressed_offset": 143908306,
"url": "journals.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/4814/0",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6aa5a972-83a1-4ae5-9ac9-0a1a2a361fea>",
"warc_url": "http://journals.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/4814/0"
}
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IMPACT BREAKING WAVE PRESSURES ON VERTICAL WALLS
Masataro Hattori, Atsusi Arami
Abstract
Impact wave pressures acting on a vertical wall were discussed by simultaneous measurements of the pressure and wave shapes at impact. Experiments confirmed the principal role of adiabatic processes of trapped air bubbles to the generation of impact pressures. The most severe impulsive pressure was observed when breaking waves hit the wall with trapping small air bubbles or a very thin lensshaped air pocket. The larger the amount of the entrapped air, the lower the magnitude of the impact pressures. Due to the pulsation of the air pocket, damped pressure oscillations were observed immediately after the impact pressure. A predictive model, taking account of the adiabatic compression processes of the trapped air pocket, predicts fairly well the maximum impact pressure and the frequency of the damped pressure oscillation, in the case when plunging breakers collide against the wal1.
Keywords
vertical wall; impact breaking; wave pressure; breaking waves
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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"warc_url": "http://lists.maemo.org/pipermail/maemo-developers/2009-September/020988.html"
}
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[maemo-developers] Community widgets for Fremantle
From: Piñeiro apinheiro at igalia.com
Date: Fri Sep 25 11:33:25 EEST 2009
From: Cornelius Hald <hald at icandy.de>
> > In hildon was not required to created a specific dialog for the
> > HildonDateButton or the HildonTimeButton. Both uses the current
> > HildonPickerDialog. Why do you think that a specific dialog is
> > required? What features do you think that misses HildonPickerDialog?
>
> I think a HildonPickerDialog is probably fine. The distinction between
> the widgets and the dialogs was only made to show that it would be good
> to have both. A widget and a easy way of showing this widget in a
> dialog. How this is solved in details is something for the future. Just
> see this as some vague idea.
Ok
> > BTW, as I still think that a future convergence would be a good idea,
> > and as a HildonColorChooserDialog exists yet (the deprecated one), I
> > would use another name, like HildonExtrasColorPickerDialog (just a
> > suggestion).
>
> Convergence would surely rock :)
Cool.
> > > * HildonExtrasColorChooser:
> > > A widget that lets the user select a color by only using fingers. I'm
> > > not yet sure how it should look like, but personally I would like
> > > something with three color wheels or touch selectors for red, green and
> > > blue. Then next to it a field shows the composed color of those three
> > > 'color wheels'. Plus an area where you have, for example, the last 8
> > > used colors.
> >
> > Hmmm, as far as I see this is just the current (and deprecated)
> > HildonColorChooser. What would be the difference? Bigger buttons (to
> > be more friendly)? Could you make a mockup?
>
> No, the concept is quite different, but it's difficult to explain. So,
> yes, here is a mockup. But warning: It's ugly! I just spend 5 minutes on
> it, but it should show the concept:
> http://zwong.de/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/color.png
Ok, as far as I see is similar to the proposal I made (see later).
> > AFAIR, when we were talking about that, me (or Claudio) suggested a
> > friendly-finger touch-selector, with a limited amount of colors
> > predefined.
>
> Possible, but maybe to limited?!
Yeah, probably this could be good to just select the predefined
colors, but not to select *any* color.
> > Other option could be a three column (red+green+blue) touch-selector,
> > that allows you to select the mixture you want.
>
> I think that's more or less how my mockup works :)
Yes, and in fact, we can modify the granularity of each basic color
column, like HildonTimeSelector does with the minutes (see property
minutes-step).
> > BTW: the problem that I found to "hildon-extras" name is that is too
> > long ;) HildonExtrasFontSelector seems too long for me. I would prefer
> > a name for the library, probably with a "H" to infer that is Hildon
> > related (like HAIL-Hildon Accessibility Implementation Library), what
> > about Hexy? (Hildon Sexy), so HexyColorButton and so on. But this is
> > just a question of taste.
>
> Something short then "HildonExtras" would be nice. 'Hexy' would be fine
> for me.
>
> Thanks for your input and keep on discussing :)
> Conny
Ok, it seems that this library will finally be created, I suppose that
the next to be discussed is the name, Hexy was just quick suggestion ;)
===
API (apinheiro at igalia.com)
More information about the maemo-developers mailing list
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qxkpmyrf6wha342q7ttrajxvgrbwk2xz
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:10786",
"uncompressed_offset": 177461707,
"url": "myrightword.blogspot.co.il/2005/10/pinteleh-yid.html",
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"warc_url": "http://myrightword.blogspot.co.il/2005/10/pinteleh-yid.html"
}
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Wednesday, October 19, 2005
The "Pinteleh" Yid
Many Jews are proud that yet another member of the tribe, well, one of the tribes, was awarded a Nobel Prize. This time for literature.
He is Harold Pinter.
This article though makes some claims that should unnerve us, among them:-
With his typical contempt for the facts, Pinter has also claimed that Israel has used nuclear weapons against the Palestinians. “Israel has these weapons and has used them,” Pinter assures the dwindling population of readers who still take him seriously. Like the United States, Israel for Pinter is not so much a state as a symbol, an all-powerful force that controls events on a global scale. Thus, in November 2002, Pinter blamed Israel for almost all the violence currently plaguing the world when he charged that Israel’s supposed injustice toward the Palestinians was “the central factor in world unrest.”
Oh, well.
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cfinfqmja6hfrflgcyy2detmzlry3bwu
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{
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/28282/"
}
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
A feeling of sadness and longing that is not akin to pain, and resembles sorrow only as the mist resembles the rain. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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2013-05-18T04:45:42.000Z
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k5iiac2it5aqi2smg3gi6z7k4fd7omlp
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{
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"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:44.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6aa5a972-83a1-4ae5-9ac9-0a1a2a361fea>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/31918/"
}
|
cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
In prayer it is better to have a heart without words than words without a heart. Bunyan, John
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Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
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Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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2013-05-18T07:24:44.000Z
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iyxxdwomrocskbqcy5penczwrkahwxg6
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:10880",
"uncompressed_offset": 300414036,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/A6EF95F5E1EBD6AFCA25722E001C0306",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:44.000Z",
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"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/A6EF95F5E1EBD6AFCA25722E001C0306?OpenDocument"
}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8635.0 - Tourist Accommodation, Australia, Sep 1995
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 05/01/1996
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Quarterly; ISSN:1031-0770; Number of establishments with facilities providing short-term accommodation (ie. less than two months); hotels, motels and guest houses, caravan parks, holiday flats and units, and visitor hostels showing capacity, occupancy rates and takings from accommodation for each month by type of establishment for each State and Territory and Australia. For hotels and motels, includes data by star grading.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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25e466px3dxajqotq4swg4jscsvloior
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{
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"uncompressed_offset": 300432190,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/second%2Blevel%2Bview?issue=2002&prodno=1362.1&prodno=1362.1&tabname=Past+Future+Issues&viewtitle=Regional+Statistics%2C+New+South+Wales~2002~Previous~13%2F05%2F2002",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:44.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6aa5a972-83a1-4ae5-9ac9-0a1a2a361fea>",
"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/second+level+view?ReadForm&prodno=1362.1&viewtitle=Regional%20Statistics,%20New%20South%20Wales~2002~Previous~13/05/2002&tabname=Past%20Future%20Issues&prodno=1362.1&issue=2002&num=&view="
}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1362.1 - Regional Statistics, New South Wales, 2002
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 13/05/2002
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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{
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"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:44.000Z",
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}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1384.6 - Statistics - Tasmania, 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/04/2004
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Transport >> International freight activity
It is difficult to get a complete picture of Tasmania's international freight imports because only those goods imported directly into the state from overseas are currently recorded by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). It is known that significant amounts of consumer goods and raw materials for input into manufacturing processes are brought into the state via mainland Australia, and are not recorded by the ABS as Tasmanian imports. This accounts for the substantial difference between international imports and exports in both air and sea freight activity in Tasmania.
This section contains the following subsection :
Air freight
Sea freight
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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2013-05-18T07:14:28.000Z
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44s5cerfdkw3ddhkolkncd3hyibojqxa
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:10894",
"uncompressed_offset": 367049883,
"url": "www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/24874",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:44.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6aa5a972-83a1-4ae5-9ac9-0a1a2a361fea>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/24874"
}
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Effect of Salicylic Acid Pretreatment on Germination of Wheat under Drought Stress
Mehran sharafizad, Ahmad Naderi, Seyed Ata siadat, Tayeb Sakinejad, Shahram Lak
Abstract
Seed priming increases enzyme of antioxidants such as glutathione and ascorbate in seed. These enzymes decrease the activities of lipid peroxidation in stage of germination. As a result, increases the percentage of germination. The aim of this survey is to study the effect of the pretreatment of salicylic acid under the condition of drought stress on features of germination.This research is performed in December 2011, in laboratory of seed control branch of Khuzestan. Wheat seeds of Chamran cultivars were transferred to Petridish containing 10 ml solution of polyethylene Glycol (6000) with potential [0 ( control), -5, -10 and -15 bar] after soaking in solution [0 (distilled water, 0.7, 1.2, 2.7 mM] of salicylic acid for 24 hours for germination under the condition of drought stress.The result showed that the greatest impact of salicylic acid on reducing the germination time was at low level of stress. The highest percentage of germination and affecting traits on it was obtained byseed soaking treatment with salicylic acid with minimum amount (0.7 mM). the best result was obtained from low level of stress.The percentage of germination had positive and significant correlation with : average daily germination (0.988**), coefficientof germination rate (0.971**), length of radicle (0.363**), length of plumule (0.604**) length of seedling (0.765 **) and seed vigor (0.870**) and it has negative and significant correlation with: daily germination rate (-0.935**), germination energy (-0.7668**) and Allometric trait (-0.501**). More energy is required for germination in high density of SA and high level of drought stress, in addition, the time needed for germination will be more. Seed vigor and power index off seedling decreased in high density of SA and high level of drought stress.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/jas.v5n3p179
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN 1916-9752 (Print) ISSN 1916-9760 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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tgcpxuie5nyczvybob4cfoph5zs5kqli
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:10901",
"uncompressed_offset": 425152044,
"url": "www.eea.europa.eu/themes/energy/articles/articles_topic/sendto_form",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:44.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6aa5a972-83a1-4ae5-9ac9-0a1a2a361fea>",
"warc_url": "http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/energy/articles/articles_topic/sendto_form"
}
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:10903",
"uncompressed_offset": 437546584,
"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Charente",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:44.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6aa5a972-83a1-4ae5-9ac9-0a1a2a361fea>",
"warc_url": "http://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Charente"
}
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Changes related to "Charente"
From FamilySearch Wiki
Charente
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
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{
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"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:44.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6aa5a972-83a1-4ae5-9ac9-0a1a2a361fea>",
"warc_url": "http://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?title=Special:RecentChangesLinked&days=3&target=Category%3AUnited_States_Family_History_Centers"
}
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Changes related to "Category:United States Family History Centers"
From FamilySearch Wiki
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
Recent changes options Show last 50 | 100 | 250 | 500 changes in last 1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 30 days
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:10911",
"uncompressed_offset": 468533986,
"url": "www.go4expert.com/news/jnode025-released-today-t6575/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:44.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6aa5a972-83a1-4ae5-9ac9-0a1a2a361fea>",
"warc_url": "http://www.go4expert.com/news/jnode025-released-today-t6575/"
}
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JNode0.2.5 released today
Go4Expert Member
27Sep2007,22:17 #1
hai
All Go4Expert friends,
After nearly a year of hard work the JNode team is proud to announce the release of JNode 0.2.5, the new intermediary development version of the JNode operating system.
JNode is a free, open source Java technology based OS (Operating System) written fully in Java language (with a very small assembler nano-kernel).
This release features OpenJDK integration, Java 6 support, substantially improved consoles, experimental support for isolates and a large set of bug fixes and improvements to all parts of the system, including better memory mamagement and increased performance.
We would like to thank all contributors for their effort in making this release possible.
We would also like to thank Sun Microsystems for creating and making available OpenJDK which is proving to be tremendously useful for JNode.
Screenshots are available here: http://www.jnode.org/node/132
Download of JNode can be done at http://www.jnode.org/node/1758
Changelog: http://www.jnode.org/node/1750
More information can be found at http://www.jnode.org or http://sourceforge.net/projects/jnode
Thanks To all;
Tanmoy Deb
Go4Expert Founder
27Sep2007,22:23 #2
Self promotion but I would still allow it because we support open source
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:10941",
"uncompressed_offset": 603906093,
"url": "www.ohloh.net/p/gnome/contributors/16151224617331",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6aa5a972-83a1-4ae5-9ac9-0a1a2a361fea>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ohloh.net/p/gnome/contributors/16151224617331"
}
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Very High Activity
Contributors : Duarte Loreto
Analyzed about 7 hours ago based on code collected about 14 hours ago.
Activity on GNOME by Duarte Loreto
All-time Commits: 1640
12-Month Commits: 186
30-Day Commits: 0
Overall Kudo Rank:
First Commit: 23-Nov-2001
Last Commit: 23-Mar-2013
Names in SCM: Duarte Loreto
Commit history:
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Project Commits
Approximately one year of commit activity shown
Project Languages
Language Aggregate Coding Time Total Commits Total Lines Changed Comment Ratio
Autoconf 1y 3m 40 79 -
Automake 7m 7 24 -
C 3m 3 6 -
TeX/LaTeX 1m 1 101 7.3%
All Languages 1y 11m 1,640 210 4.7%
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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{
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"url": "www.ohloh.net/p/openpam/managers",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:53:44.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:6aa5a972-83a1-4ae5-9ac9-0a1a2a361fea>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ohloh.net/p/openpam/managers"
}
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Very Low Activity
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Settings : Managers
Analyzed 3 days ago based on code collected 3 days ago.
Dag-Erling Smørgrav
617 commits
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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{
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Sortostat
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 21:53, 4 May 2008 by Dr. Richard Gordon (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Purpose
A microfluidic chemostat integrated with a cell sorter, which we call a "sort-o-stat", will enable more complicated selections to be applied to a population of cells in continuous culture. In particular, time varying selective pressures as well as very specific selection strengths can be applied. We will evaluate whether or not these more sophisticated selective pressures will be of practical use in service of evolving engineered biological systems. Selection can be based on any characteristic that can be reliably measured via microscopy. Lastly, since this is a physical selection (rather than a chemical one), it may be more difficult for cells to find unexpected methods to evade selection.
Design
Chip design with sorting chamber displayed in lower right
Optimal sorting cutoffs
Sortostat/Design/v2.0
The design of the Sortostat is an extension of the microchemostat design created by Frederick Balagadde. (REF)
A proposal for a somewhat similar device is:
Gordon, R. 1996. Computer controlled evolution of diatoms: design for a compustat. Nova Hedwigia 112: 213-216.
Protocols
Setting up a new chip
SortoStat/Operation
Microfluidic chemostat labview program
Image Processing
Known Issues
This section describes common failure points to help in debugging.
1. Apply too high of a dilution rate too quickly
• usually a good idea to grow the cells with a very low dilution rate (e.g. D=0.05) for ~10hrs in order to ensure that the cells are growing well and that there are no problems with the chip. If the cells grow well then you can increase the dilution rate.
2. Cells escaping from the sorting chamber
• This can happen as a result of closing both the ClockWise and CounterClockWise valves, resulting in a pressure build up in the chambers between push-UP valves. It is not clear how pervasive a problem this is, but I have made changes to the Microfluidic chemostat labview program to close the CW and CCW sequentially to help the problem.
3. Cells stop producing fluorescent proteins
4. Control lines
• Over time the control lines empty of water. This was observed with green food dye.
• This problem can be addressed with teflon tubing says the foundry.
Experimental Results
Posters
ICSB 2005 Poster
Notebook
Researchers
Jason Kelly, Josh Michener, Bryan Hernandez
Personal tools
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User:Aaron Glieberman
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 17:37, 8 February 2008 by Aaron Glieberman (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Aaron Glieberman (an artistic interpretation)
Education
• 2008, candidate for ScB in Biomedical Engineering, Brown University
Research interests
Lab Notebook
Main page can be found here:
Useful links
Personal tools
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[314] But Aristobulus repented immediately of this slaughter of his brother; on which account his disease increased upon him, and he was disturbed in his mind, upon the guilt of such wickedness, insomuch that his entrails were corrupted by his intolerable pain, and he vomited blood: at which time one of the servants that attended upon him, and was carrying his blood away, did, by Divine Providence, as I cannot but suppose, slip down, and shed part of his blood at the very place where there were spots of Antigonus's blood, there slain, still remaining; and when there was a cry made by the spectators, as if the servant had on purpose shed the blood on that place, Aristobulus heard it, and inquired what the matter was; and as they did not answer him, he was the more earnest to know what it was, it being natural to men to suspect that what is thus concealed is very bad: so upon his threatening, and forcing them by terrors to speak, they at length told him the truth; whereupon he shed many tears, in that disorder of mind which arose from his consciousness of what he had done, and gave a deep groan, and said, "I am not therefore, I perceive, to be concealed from God, in the impious and horrid crimes I have been guilty of; but a sudden punishment is coming upon me for the shedding the blood of my relations. And now, O thou most impudent body of mine, how long wilt thou retain a soul that ought to die, in order to appease the ghosts of my brother and my mother? Why dost thou not give it all up at once? And why do I deliver up my blood drop by drop to those whom I have so wickedly murdered?" In saying which last words he died, having reigned a year. He was called a lover of the Grecians; and had conferred many benefits on his own country, and made war against Iturea, and added a great part of it to Judea, and compelled the inhabitants, if they would continue in that country, to be circumcised, and to live according to the Jewish laws. He was naturally a man of candor, and of great modesty, as Strabo bears witness, in the name of Timagenes; who says thus: "This man was a person of candor, and very serviceable to the Jews; for he added a country to them, and obtained a part of the nation of the Itureans for them, and bound them to them by the bond of the circumcision of their genitals."
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
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Related Maps Removed From Google Maps Place Pages
Mar 15, 2011 • 9:09 am | (2) by | Filed Under Google Maps
Google Maps has removed a feature or module on the Google Place pages. The removed feature is the My Maps module which was titled, "Related Maps."
Here is a picture of the Eiffel Tower with the Related Maps module and then as you see it now, without the module.
Before:
After:
Brian from Google explained in a Google Maps Help thread that this has been removed or retired. Here is his full explanation:
You may have noticed that the Related Maps module is no longer showing up on Google Place Pages. The team took a close look and measured which types of information users found most useful and relevant, and outlined ways to make the page more relevant to people looking for information about places.
The first step in this process focused on removing excess information that our research indicated was often not useful. We’ve discovered that in many cases the MyMaps shown were not particularly relevant to the business, and that very few My Maps were getting significant traffic from these links. As such, the team decided to retire the Related Maps module on this page.
This change will have no effect on the ability to create your own maps with the My Maps feature, which as always you can share and collaborate with friends, or embed on a website. My Maps is a very popular feature, and we are working on new and better ways to bring more exposure to your My Maps that will make both map explorers and map creators get the most out of custom maps.
Forum discussion at Google Maps Help.
Previous story: Google On Content Delivery Networks & Search Rankings
blog comments powered by Disqus
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Nancy Boyda
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a profile of a U.S. Representative who, due to election loss or retirement, will not return for the 111th Congress. (See the Kansas portal for all incumbents, candidates and blogs.)
Things you can do:
Nancy Boyda is a former member of Congress
Nancy Boyda, a Democrat, represented the 2nd Congressional District of Kansas in the U.S. House of Representatives between 2007-2009. She lost the November 2008 general election to Lynn Jenkins (R).
Contents
Record and controversies
General information about important bills and votes for can be found in Congresspedia's articles on legislation. You can add information you find on how Nancy Boyda voted by clicking the "[edit]" link to the right and typing it in. Remember to cite your sources!
Iraq War
For more information see the chart of U.S. House of Representatives votes on the Iraq War.
Environmental record
For more information on environmental legislation, see the Energy and Environment Policy Portal
Biography
Boyda graduated from William Jewell college receiving dual degrees in education and chemistry. She has worked as an analytical chemist and field inspector for the Environmental Protection Agency and as held management positions at numerous pharmaceutical companies. Boyda is married to Steve Boyda and has two children and five step-children. She lives in Topeka, Kansas.[1]
2006 congressional election
Boyda was the Democratic Party nominee in the 2006 congressional election for the 2nd Congressional District of Kansas. She defeated incumbent Republican Rep. Jim Ryun 51% to 47% to take possession of the seat. [2]
Boyda campaigned against ideological conservatism and the role of money in politics. She campaigned on renewable energy, fiscal discipline, and a changed policy in Iraq. [3]
Money in politics
This section contains links to – and feeds from – money in politics databases. <crpcontribdata>cid=N00026434&cycle=2006</crpcontribdata>
Links to more campaign contribution information for Nancy Boyda
from the Center for Responsive Politics' OpenSecrets.org site.
Fundraising profile: 2006 election cycle Career totals
Top contributors by organization/corporation: 2006 election cycle Career totals
Top contributors by industry: 2006 election cycle Career totals
Committees and Affiliations
Committees
• House Committee on Agriculture
• Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit, Energy, and Research
• Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management
• Subcommittee on Department Operations, Oversight, Nutrition and Forestry
More Background Data
Background information on Jim Ryun, whom Nancy Boyda challenged in the 2006 congressional elections:
Contact
DC Office:
1711 Longworth House Office Building
Washington, D.C. 20515
Phone:(202) 225-6601
Fax:(202) 225-7986
Web Email
Website
Topeka:
510 SW 10th Avenue
Topeka, KS 66612
Phone:(785) 234-8111
Fax:(785) 234-9111
Pittsburg:
The Stilwell Hotel
701 N. Broadway, Suite A
Pittsburg, KS 66762
Phone:(620) 231-3011
Fax:(620) 231-4011
Articles and Resources
Resources
Local blogs and discussion sites
Articles
Corresponding article on Wikipedia and Cause Caller. (If Cause Caller link does not work, pick from its list of senators and representatives.)
Current Office: None
111th Congress
Leadership Position:
Committees Chaired:
Committees,
Ranking Member On:
Caucuses:
Committees:
110th Congress
Leadership Position:
None
Committees Chaired:
Committees,
Ranking Member On:
Caucuses:
Committees: House Committee on Agriculture, House Committee on Agriculture/Subcommittee on Conservation Credit Energy and Research, House Committee on Agriculture/Subcommittee on Department Operations Oversight Nutrition and Forestry, House Committee on Agriculture/Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management, House Committee on Armed Services, House Committee on Armed Services/Subcommittee on Military Personnel, House Committee on Armed Services/Subcommittee on Readiness
Congressional Career
First Elected to Current Office:
November 7, 2006
First Took Current Office:
January 4, 2007
Next Election:
none
Term Ends:
January 3, 2009
Freshman Member?
Yes
Previous Political Work?
U.S. House of Representatives
Other Party Membership:
District Offices:
1.
Phone: / Fax:
Campaign Contact:
Website:
Webform Email: / Email:
Campaign Offices:
1.
Phone: / Fax:
Zip Code Affiliations:
Misc:
Date of Birth: August 2, 1955
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation
How To
Other Info
Other Policies
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iPhone Cover LULZ
via, thewhoa
Dahmer LULZ
Lion King LULZ
via, juliasegal / ruinedchildhood
Fanboy Van
via, juliasegal
Awkward Merit Badges
by Pleated Jeans
Nepotism LULZ
via, @nicktheduke
Chihuahua LULZ
via, juliasegal
Morning Dose of It Gets Bigger
There’s hope.
via, highdefinite
Bar LULZ
via, thewhoa
Creation LULZ
via, thewhoa
Pickles Will Never Be The Same
via, roger
Management LULZ
via, juliasegal
Inbox LULZ
2010 stylee.
Weather Forecasting LULZ
via, thewhoa
Worship LULZ
Gang Signs LULZ
via, pleated jeans
Animal Shower LULZ
via, thewhoa
This.
via, tdw / wh0rem0anz
Valentine’s Day LULZ
By Modern Toss
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Revision history of "Browser - Show All Bookmarks (Not just first 12)"
From WebOS Internals
Jump to: navigation, search
Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the revisions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.
Legend: (cur) = difference with latest revision, (prev) = difference with preceding revision, m = minor edit.
Personal tools
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WebOS Internals is Hosted by
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Place:Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
Watchers
NameStephenville
TypeCommunity
Coordinates48.55°N 58.567°W
Located inNewfoundland and Labrador, Canada
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Stephenville (Canada 2011 Census population 6,719) is a Canadian town in Newfoundland and Labrador on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland.
The town functions as a local service centre for the southwestern part of the island, serving a direct population of 25,000 people from surrounding areas and over 90,000 people along the entire west coast of the island.
Stephenville has a modern 40-bed hospital (built in 2003), schools, stores, banks and government institutions. The provincial community college system, College of the North Atlantic, is headquartered in Stephenville and maintains a campus there for students from the southwestern region of the island. A provincial minimum security jail is also located in the town.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
3107.0.55.005 - Information Paper: Statistical Implications of Improved Methods for Estimating Net Overseas Migration, Australia, 2007
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 25/05/2007 First Issue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
The ABS has been developing improved methods for estimating net overseas migration. This information paper outlines the statistical implications of the improved methods for estimating net overseas migration.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8752.8 - Building Activity, Australian Capital Territory, Sep 1999
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 02/02/2000
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Presents number of dwelling units and value of residential buildings (new houses and new other residential); value of alterations and additions to residential buildings and value of non-residential building by class of building (e.g. hotels, offices, etc.), for private and public sectors; stage of construction (commenced, under construction, completed); value of work done during the reference period, and value of work yet to be done. Seasonally adjusted series show number of dwelling units commenced and completed and value of work done. Also includes value of work commenced and work done in chain volume measures, with the reference year being the year prior to the latest complete financial year.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I am looking for some suggestions. Currently I am in a startup, finishing my product.
I can't get a job because I am working all week long all day on the product, and nearing completion...
I barely make the rent by doing some internet marketing.
At this point, I might have to move back in to my parents house....I want to avoid this because of the distraction.
What are some ways you can make extra cash to support yourself financially during the start up ? You know the basics like food, rent etc.
I thought about freelancing but don't know where to find freelancing jobs. Even if it means I also have to compete at commodity wage prices (something I don't mind at the moment).
I can write code and make the things I want but I don't think I have enough experience to take on whole projects or get a part time job (since the requirement is lot of experience, a CS degree which I don't have).
Where can I find more resource about freelancing, as I am quite new to it.
What other things can I do to make extra cash ?
share|improve this question
4 Answers
I'd only take the option of moving in with your parents if they are absolutely clear that it's a business choice, and will require as much of their co-operation as your own. If you can do this professionally, you will want to save every penny you can.
Personally, I have a family to take care of with fairly high expenses, so my business model has to include a a strong enough revenue stream to continue life early on. So, having said that, here is my rough plan (and it's been working great the past 6 months):
1. Take on client work as much as it takes to pay the bills
2. In the 20-40% spare time from that, develop products
3. Transition away from contract work as product builds traction
Balancing freelance work (in my base, through the startup) and product development can be very tough and requires a lot of discipline. If you haven't freelanced much before, this may not be a viable option (way too distracting from your core goals).
Bottom line: reduce your costs wherever possible! If this means living with your parents, or in your car, or cutting TV, etc. do it! Make the sacrifices to make it happen.
share|improve this answer
Honestly, I would do what I have to do (legally)to pull through. I was in the same tough situation 5 years ago during my first startup. I moved into my car and called it home for some 6 months. This in turn allowed me to self fund the startup and get it off the ground entirely on my own. Later on when things became viable and looked like a business was emerging, it became a lot easier to talk to people and convince them to lend some cash.
Frankly speaking I am glad it went down the way it did. It was the greatest and most valuable lesson learned up to that point in my life. Do what you have to do. Be honorable and always see a glass half full where doubters tend to discount you. Hope this helps.
share|improve this answer
Move into your parents house. You gotta scrap and claw until you get enough traction to either:
1. get funded; or
2. cover your costs
Most of us have been there before, there is no shame.
share|improve this answer
Find a new, rich spouse? ;)
I would think "working all week long all day on the product" and "freelancing jobs" are almost mutually exclusive. However, you can try the freelancing sites like GetAFreelancer or ELance and find something there.
Your other option is to find a part-time job that won't leave you tired but give you enough to make the essentials.
Becoming a "professional mooch" is not the answer. Quite frankly, there's almost as much work there as not.
One important question: Do you have a business plan of some sort? Can you show someone how much and for how long you'll be in the red if you worked at it non-stop? Any investor, from family and friends to a real investor would want to see your numbers. But, most importantly, you should have those numbers for yourself. You are investing in yourself and you owe it to yourself to have this organized, and to know when to cut your losses.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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Category:Development
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 22:51, 22 November 2006 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
The Linkstation Community Forum / Announcements / Status of Development
Contents
Platforms
LS2
because of the following 2 polls development has been focused on the LS2:
Obviously there are many LS2 users out there or at least they are the more frustrated ones as there was good development going on for the ppc boxes.
FreeLink
lb_worm started by creating a Freelink-image for the LS2
Hardware Hacks for the LS2
It was a good idea to buy the bricked LS2 via ebay. Kuroguy was able to fix it and could begin to look at enabling the serial port and designing a cable for the JTAG Port. The serial port worked quite fast. It turned out that kuroguy`s JTAG cable for the LS2 worked, there was a patch for HairyDairyMaid needed. LinuxNotIncluded, who already surprised us all with his good UBoot Ports for the Linkstations and his patch for the 2.4.33.3 kernel to make it universal, created this patch and it is working.
Because the /dev/firmimg.bin of the LS2 had a different format as the firmimg.bin from the ppc-boxes, it was not possible for mindbender to create custom versions of it. Now that we have JTAG it is possible to look at porting UBoot to the LS2 and this would allow to use the normal ppc-firmimg.bin format.
The work kuroguy & LNI did is groundbreaking for the LS2.
LS1/HG/HS/kuro/kuroHG
Currently mindbender is working on a ramdisk created via buildroot and based on uClibc to save space and to cram more stuff inside EM Mode. with UBoot, the 2.4.33.3 kernel and the new ramdisk it will be possible to:
1. Boot to EM Mode by choosing the right mode via the power button
2. Install custom images like on the kurobox (via ftp + untaring via telnet)
3. Use fdisk to have custom partitions sizes.
4. Move from the ext3 to the XFS Filesystem (this will matter if you convert the data partition -> transfer speed)
all this is only possible because of the work of LinuxNotIncluded (UBoot-Port, 2.4.33.3-kernel-patch).
And never forget andre. He constantly provides us the latest kernel for all ppc boxes with his bootloader (via loader.o) and thats also much work. http://hvkls.dyndns.org/downloads/ or http://downloads.linkstationwiki.net/mirrors/hvkls.dyndns.org/ mirrored here in the downloadsection.
LS Pro
Here most of development is going on. lb_worm is customizing the ramdisk & trying to create a FreeLink-hddrootfs, oh1jty is customizing the hddrootfs, jonli447 already booted a newer kernel and georg is thinking about creating a custom updater. All this is looking very promising.
Box independent
Ramuk started a nice project called FreeLinkomatix. The name was chosen because it was something like Automatix on Ubuntu. It does most of the things that a normal user would do anyway automatically. Thats why it makes it much easier getting started with debian on the Linkstation.
Goals
1. Move all Platforms to UBoot
2. Move to the latest kernel on all boxes
3. Create a FreeLink for the LS Pro
4. Create an unified OpenLink via Buildroot or OpenEmbedded for all Platforms
Subcategories
This category has only the following subcategory.
F
Personal tools
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grofit (1.1)
The package was developed to fit fit many growth curves obtained under different conditions..
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/grofit
The package was developed to fit fit many growth curves obtained under different conditions in order to derive a conclusive dose-response curve, for instance for a compound that potentially affects growth. grofit fits data to different parametric models (function gcFitModel) and in addition provides a model free spline fit (function gcFitSpline) to circumvent systematic errors that might occur within application of parametric methods.
Maintainer: Matthias Kahm
Author(s): Matthias Kahm, Maik Kschischo
License: GPL-2
Uses: Does not use any package
Released 9 months ago.
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Wikia
SRD:Air Mephit
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 03:40, January 18, 2010 by Surgo (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This material is published under the OGL
AIR MEPHITEdit
Size/Type: Small Outsider (Air, Extraplanar)
Hit Dice: 3d8 (13 hp)
Initiative: +7
Speed: 30 ft. (6 squares), fly 60 ft. (perfect)
Armor Class: 17 (+1 size, +3 Dex, +3 natural), touch 14, flat-footed 14
Base Attack/Grapple: +3/–1
Attack: Claw +4 melee (1d3)
Full Attack: 2 claws +4 melee (1d3)
Space/Reach: 5 ft./5 ft.
Special Attacks: Breath weapon, spell-like abilities, summon mephit
Special Qualities: Damage reduction 5/magic, darkvision 60 ft., fast healing 2
Saves: Fort +3, Ref +6, Will +3
Abilities: Str 10, Dex 17, Con 10, Int 6, Wis 11, Cha 15
Skills: Bluff +8, Escape Artist +9, Hide +13, Diplomacy +4, Disguise +2 (+4 acting), Intimidate +4, Listen +6, Move Silently +9, Spot +6, Use Rope +3 (+5 with bindings)
Feats: Dodge, Improved Initiative
Environment: Elemental Plane of Air
Organization: Solitary (1), gang (2–4 mephits of mixed types), or mob (5–12 mephits of mixed types)
Challenge Rating: 3
Treasure: Standard
Alignment: Usually neutral
Advancement: 4–6 HD (Small); 7–9 HD (Medium)
Level Adjustment: +3 (cohort)
Air mephits come from the Elemental Plane of Air. An air mephit is about 4 feet tall and weighs about 1 pound.
Air mephits speak Common and Auran.
COMBATEdit
Breath Weapon (Su): 15-foot cone of dust and grit, damage 1d8, Reflex DC 12 half. The save DC is Constitution-based and includes a +1 racial bonus.
Spell-Like Abilities: Once per hour an air mephit can surround itself with vapor, duplicating the effect of a blur spell (caster level 3rd). Once per day it can use gust of wind (DC 14, caster level 6th) . The save DC is Charisma-based.
Fast Healing (Ex): An air mephit heals only if exposed to moving air, be it a breeze, a draft, a spell effect, or even the mephit fanning itself.
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentCreatures
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Maryland, Register of Wills Books (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 18:32, 19 April 2012 by Martinezjohnnylee1 (Talk | contribs)
This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.
Contents
Collection Time Period
County probate records have been kept from the time the county was formed to the present. The included dates and exact offices vary by county.
Record Description
This collection is comprised of digital images from court records at the Register of Wills in Maryland. Includes the following counties:
• Baltimore City
• Caroline (1838-1940)
• Cecil (1851-1940)
• Charles (1629-1947)
• Kent (1664-1948)
• Prince George's (1796-1940)
• Queen Anne's (1833-1940)
• Somerset (1664-1948)
• St. Mary's (1658-1946)
The following counties are also listed for inclusion in this collection:
• Allegany (1790-1852)
• Anne Arundel (1777-1884)
• Baltimore (1664-1863)
• Carroll (1837-1852)
• Frederick (1737-1896)
• Garrett
• Harford (1774-1948)
• Howard (1840-1873)
• Montgomery (1777-1851)
• Talbot (1668-1900)
• Washington (1777-1852)
• Wicomico (1868-1940)
• Worcester (1665-1853)
This collection is being published as images become available. Additional details will be added as they become available.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the data and images published on FamilySearch.org Historical Records. It may include the author, custodian, publisher, and archive for the original records.
Maryland. Maryland, Register of Wills Books, 1792-1983.. Registrar of Wills in various county offices throughout Maryland. FHL digital images, 186 digital folders. Family History Library, Salt Lake City Utah.
Information about creating source citations for FamilySearch Historical Collections is listed in the wiki article Help:How to Create Source Citations For FamilySearch Historical Records Collections.
Record Content
Probate records include petitions, inventories, wills, guardianships, accounts, decrees, and other court documents. They include the following genealogical information:
• Name of the testator or deceased
• Names of heirs, such as spouse, children, other relatives, and friends
• Name of the executor, administrator, or guardian
• Names of witnesses
• Residence of the testator
• Dates the documents were written and recorded (used to approximate event dates since a will was usually written near the time of death)
How to Use the Records
Probate records are arranged by county and then by date. To begin your search you will need to know:
• The place of residence
• The approximate death or probate date
• The name of the deceased
Compare the information you find in the probate records to what you already know about your ancestors to determine which record is about your ancestor. You may need to compare the information of more than one person to make this determination.
When you have located your ancestor’s record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. These pieces of information may give you new biographical details that can lead you to other records about your ancestors. Add this new information to your records of each family.
For example:
• Use probate records to identify heirs and relatives.
• You may be able to use the probate record to learn about adoptions or guardianship of any minor children and dependents.
• Use the document (such as the will) or the recording dates to approximate a death date.
• Use the information in the probate record to substitute for civil birth and death records since the probates exist for an earlier time period.
• You may be able to use the probate record to learn about land transactions.
• Use the birth date or age along with the residence or place of birth of the deceased to locate census, church, and land records.
• Use the occupations listed to find other types of records such as employment or military records.
• Compile the entries for every person who has the same surname as the deceased; this is especially helpful in rural areas or if the surname is unusual.
• Continue to search the records to identify children, siblings, parents, and other relatives who may have died in the same county or nearby. This can help you identify other generations of your family or even the second marriage of a parent. Repeat this process for each new generation you identify.
• When looking for a person who had a common name, look at all the entries for the name before deciding which is correct.
Keep in mind:
• Wills are more likely to be found in rural communities than in larger cities and industrial areas.
• The information in the records is usually reliable, but depends upon the reliability of the deceased or the testator.
• Earlier records may not contain as much information as the records created after 1900.
• There is also some variation in the information given from one record to another record.
If you are unable to find the ancestors you are looking for, try the following:
• Check for variant spellings of the surnames.
• Check for a different index. There are often indexes at the beginning of each volume.
• Search the indexes and records of nearby counties.
For a summary of this, information see the wiki article United States, How to Use the Records Summary (FamilySearch Historical Records).
Record History
Each county began keeping probate records from the time the county was created. Orphan’s Court was the name of the probate court at the county level. Probate records were generally recorded in the county where the person lived. Estates were probated for approximately 25 percent of the heads of households in the United States before 1900, whether or not the individual left a will. Wills were more likely to have been found in rural communities than in larger cities and industrial areas.
Why the Record Was Created
Probate records were used to legally dispose of a person’s estate after his or her death. If the deceased had made a will, the probate process transferred the following from the deceased to an executor or executrix: the legal responsibility for payment of taxes, care and custody of dependent family members, liquidation of debts, and transfer of property title to heirs. If there was no will, the transfer went to an administrator or administratrix. A guardian or conservator was appointed if the deceased had heirs younger than 21 or if the heirs were incompetent due to disability or disease.
Record Reliability
The death date, residence, and other facts that were current at the time of the probate proceedings are reliable, but realize that there is still a chance of misinformation. The records may omit the names of deceased family members or those who had previously received an inheritance. In some cases, the spouse mentioned in the will was not the parent of the children mentioned. Also, some wills do not name family members.
Known Issues with This Collection
Problems with this collection?
See a list of known issues, workarounds, tips, restrictions, future fixes, news and other helpful information.
For a full list of all known issues associated with this collection see the attached Wiki article. If you encounter additional problems, please email them to support@familysearch.org. Please include the full path to the link and a description of the problem in your e-mail. Your assistance will help ensure that future reworks will be considered.
Related Websites
Related Wiki Articles
Contributions to This Article
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article Help:How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.
Citation Example for a Record Found in This Collection
"Maryland, Register of Wills Books, 1792-1983." digital images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org: accessed March 25, 2011), Maryland, Register of Wills Books, 1792-1983 > Prince George's > Index to Wills and Administrations, 1698-1978 vol A-D > image 15 of 335; entry for James C Allen, 2 April 1969; Prince George's County Courthouse, Upper Marlboro, Maryland.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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Research
Assembly of 500,000 inter-specific catfish expressed sequence tags and large scale gene-associated marker development for whole genome association studies
Shaolin Wang, Eric Peatman, Jason Abernathy, Geoff Waldbieser, Erika Lindquist, Paul Richardson, Susan Lucas, Mei Wang, Ping Li, Jyothi Thimmapuram, Lei Liu, Deepika Vullaganti, Huseyin Kucuktas, Christopher Murdock, Brian C Small, Melanie Wilson, Hong Liu, Yanliang Jiang, Yoona Lee, Fei Chen, Jianguo Lu, Wenqi Wang, Peng Xu, Benjaporn Somridhivej, Puttharat Baoprasertkul, Jonas Quilang, Zhenxia Sha, Baolong Bao, Yaping Wang, Qun Wang, Tomokazu Takano, Samiran Nandi, Shikai Liu, Lilian Wong, Ludmilla Kaltenboeck, Sylvie Quiniou, Eva Bengten, Norman Miller, John Trant, Daniel Rokhsar, Zhanjiang Liu* and the Catfish Genome Consortium
Genome Biology 2010, 11:R8 doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-1-r8
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Thursday, 2 September 2004
GARAGE DOOR DECISION CLOSES DOOR ON DMCA
The Register and ZD News report that the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has dismissed an appeal brought by the Chamberlain Group claiming that universal garage-door opening produced by Skylink infringed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Chamberlain argued that Skylink’s openers gave consumers access to the copyrighted firmware in Chamberlain's Liftmaster line of garage door openers by bypassing the “rolling code” that was meant to prevent access to the copyright-protected code. However, the Court was unimpressed since consumers using Skylink’s openers only want to open their doors and not to commit copyright infringement.
According the judge who wrote the decision of the Court of Appeals:
"Chamberlain's proposed construction would allow copyright owners to prohibit exclusively fair uses even in the absence of any feared foul use…Copyright law itself authorizes the public to make certain uses of copyrighted materials. Consumers who purchase a product containing a copy of embedded software have the inherent legal right to use that copy of the software. What the law authorizes, Chamberlain cannot revoke."
The IPKat welcomes this common sense decision. To say that copyright-type protection should be effectively able to bar consumers from access their own homes is laughable. The interest recognised here seems to be that, if you buy a piece of equipment, you should be able to get replacement parts that enable you to carry on using it when something goes wrong without IP rights getting in the way. This reminds the IPKat strongly of the stance taken by the House of Lords in the UK in British Leyland v Armstrong.
History of garage doors here
Garage doors of the fourth dimension here, here and here
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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I wrote a post awhile ago about Chuoism. Chiba Newtown Chuo is a designed from scratch community in the middle of nowhere near my house. The town has the feeling of Japanese consumer culture for the masses that someone decided to spin by calling it "Chuoism". I always thought it was a funny word.
On my way home today, I decided to get off of the train at Chiba Newtown and go Ismhunting and try to capture some of the Ismism with my camera. I've posted some of the images in an Ismhunting Flickr set.
I am an ismhunter.
About this Archive
This page is an archive of recent entries in the Business and the Economy category.
Books is the previous category.
Computer and Network Risks is the next category.
Find recent content on the main index.
Monthly Archives
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Wishing to be friends is quick work, but friendship is a slow-ripening fruit. Aristotle
This quote is about friends and friendship · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Aristotle ...
Aristotle (384 BCE - March 7, 322 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on diverse subjects, including physics, poetry, biology and zoology, logic, rhetoric, politics and government, and ethics. Along with Socrates and Plato, Aristotle was one of the most influential of ancient Greek philosophers. They transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it. Some consider Plato and Aristotle to have founded two of the most important schools of Ancient philosophy; others consider Aristotelianism as a development and concretization of Plato's insights.
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Quotation added by staff
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The best effect of any book, is that it excites the reader to self-activity. Carlyle, Thomas
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Thomas Carlyle (December 4, 1795 - February 5, 1881) was a Scottish essayist, satirist, and historian, whose work was hugely influential during the Victorian era. Coming from a strictly Calvinist family, Carlyle was expected by his parents to become a preacher. However, while at the University of Edinburgh he lost his Christian faith. Nevertheless Calvinist values remained with him throughout his life. This combination of a religious temperament with loss of faith in traditional Christianity made Carlyle's work appealing to many Victorians who were grappling with scientific and political changes that threatened the traditional social order.
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Stinger
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
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Stinger
Developer(s) Konami
Publisher(s) Konami
Japanese title もえろツインビー シナモン博士を救え! (Moero TwinBee: Cinamon Hakasei wo Sukue!)
Release date(s)
Famicom Disk System
NES
November, 1987
Mobile
Wii Virtual Console
Genre(s) Shooter
System(s) NES, Famicom Disk System, I-revo, Virtual Console
Players 1-3 co-operative
Preceded by TwinBee
Followed by TwinBee 3: Poko Poko Daimaou
Series TwinBee
Stinger is a game published and developed by Konami, a console-only sequel to the original TwinBee and the second in the series. It is known in Japan as Moero TwinBee: Cinamon Hakasei wo Sukue! which translates to "Burn TwinBee: the Rescue of Dr. Cinamon". This is the first game in the TwinBee series that was released in the United States and Canada, released under the name Stinger, although the origins of this name are unknown. This game was originally released for the Famicom Disk System in 1986. It was ported to cartridge form with some elements removed for the North American NES one year later. At the end of the Famicom's life cycle (1993), a cartridge conversion of the original disk version was released in Japan.
The Japanese version of the game (FDS or Famicom) allows up to three players to play simultaneously (with the third controller plugged using the Famicom Four-way Adaptor, the Famicom variant of the NES Four Score). In the American version this option was reduced to just two, with Winbee omitted. However, if you connect the Famicom cartridge version to a NES using a 60-to-72 pin adapter, you can use the NES Four Score to get a third player. Additionally, the original version contained two difficulty levels: Normal and Hard. In the NES version, this option is disabled, and the default difficult is Normal (though Hard can be accessed by finishing the game once). The Famicom cartridge version adds an Easy difficulty.
[edit] Story
In the original version, an enemy force kidnaps Dr. Cinnamon (creator of TwinBee and its siblings), and TwinBee, Winbee and Gwinbee, along with Skatch, Hoip and Merou, must rescue him.
In the North American version, the story is basically the same, but Cinnamon's name was never mentioned and he is portrayed as a generic scientist. None of the three pilots are mentioned either.
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Fortuna (Costa Rica)
From Wikitravel
Plains of the North : Fortuna
Revision as of 12:50, 21 December 2010 by 201.203.102.186 (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
Arenal volcano
La Fortuna de San Carlos is a small town in the north of Costa Rica. It is mostly famous for its nearby Arenal Volcano (1,633 m) that has been constantly erupting since 1968. The Arenal Volcano is a destination for scientists and tourists alike as it erupts on an average of 41 times a day.
Arenal volcano by night
Get in
• By car it is a 3-1/2 hour drive from San Jose, but the junctions are not very well marked, so bring a good map.
• By private Shuttle: the cost of a private transportation with a Costa Rican driver is not much if you compare it with the benefit of a direct safe drive to the destination. Available from San Jose to Arenal and other destinations.
See
• Arenal Volcano The photos at right are views from the village of El Castillo, on the southwest side of the Volcano, about 25 km west of La Fortuna and about 4km up the road from the Arenal National Park entrance. Additionally, there are great views of Lake Arenal and the Monteverde Cloud Forest from road up above El Castillo. In the evening hopefully you will see lava eruptions that can be quite spectacular set against the black night sky, but often it may be too cloudy to see the magnificent lava flows. Tours to the National Park usually start out in the early afternoon and include walking for about an hour through lava rocks before reaching El Mirador, the best place to view the eruption of the volcano. There are also possibilities of skipping the lava rock walking and go straight to El Mirador. Most tours state that they will stay for a hour/hour and half at this place, but if there is nothing to be seen probably a lot less. Also be aware that it might be chilly, so bring a jacket. The tours come in a variety of options: with buffet dinner and entrance to the Tabacon hot spa $64, with entrance to Baldi hot spa $30, just the tour $25. There is also a possibility of a no frills tour by mini-bus to El Mirador and back to Fortuna for $10.
• Fortuna waterfall by horse $25. Stone steps lead to the bottom. Take a swimsuit for the pool in the lovely stream below. The entrance is accessible by road, so a cab works fine too. The entrance to the waterfall is about $10 and the ticket booth closes at 5pm. However, once you pay to go in, you are free to stay as long as you'd like. It's about a 10 minute hike down to the waterfall and 20 minutes back up.
• Lake Arenal, is just west of the Arenal Volcano and can be seen as you drive over the dam on the main highway to Tilaran. Much better views of the lake and volcano can be seen from the hills above the village of El Castillo, which is located 9 km from the main highway on the Arenal National Park road. Activies on lake include boat tours, fishing, kayaking, and wind surfing.
Do
• Arenal Butterfly Conservatory, El Castillo Village - Arenal Volcano (20 km west of La Fortuna, turn left at the Arenal Volcano National Park Road and follow the signs. The Butterfly Conservatory is 9 km from main highway.), (506) 2479-1149, [1]. 8:30AM-4:30PM. A visit to the Butterfly Conservatory offers a practical educational experience about nature with diversified exhibits of how butterflies, frogs, insects, and plants are reproduced in this natural environment. There are six large atrium habitats that provide representation of the plants, trees, butterflies, and frogs that live within the four micro-climates surrounding Lake Arenal; the lowland habitat, highland habitat, edge of forest habitat, and inside of forest habitat. You will also see laboratories, reproduction greenhouses, the exotic frog habit, host plant gardens and orchid atrium. If you want more adventure, then take the Rainforest River Walk along Quebrada Mariposa, the creek running through the primary forest on the property, where it’s often possible to spot animals such as sloth’s, tayra’s and monkeys; or toucans and parrots. Or, just take time to reflect at the Volcano View Gazebo, overlooking the botanical gardens, with views to the Arenal lake and volcano beyond. $12. (84.75183,10.42391)
• Cano Negro Wild Life Refuge, [2]. Rio Frío are biological humid areas considered to be one of the richest in biological diversity in Costa Rica. Here you can find a great variety of resident and migratory birds plus three different species of monkeys, also iguanas, sloths, turtles and caymans. Along the river you can see many birds, howler monkeys, spider monkeys, white-faced monkeys, also the three-toed sloth and some reptiles like caimans, Jesus Christ lizard and turtles.
• Canyoneering (Waterfall-Rappelling) In the Lost Canyon
• Horseback ride to Monteverde travel the old fashioned way by horse $75. This is a gorgeous 2-1/2 hour horseback ride along the beautiful Lake Arenal on wonderful, healthy horses.
• Rain Goddess fishing boat - for entertainment the boat navigates around the Arenal lake, so that you can appreciate the unparalleled views. They have kayaks and other water activities you can do at the lake. Of course the main attraction is the fishing. The lake has many species of fish but the "Guapote" Bass is most prevalent; this fish is a close relative of the peacock bass and is just as strong. Other fish like the Mojara are also prevalent, think 'kin to the piranha but fruit eaters'. Using the fish you catch, Clifford, the amiable chef will cook them for you. Enjoy the fruits of your day's fun along with his many special recipes!
• River cruises on the Peña Blancas river costs around $45
• White water rafting on the Mighty Río Toro (Class 3-4), with over 45 exciting and continuous rapids that move through 16 kilometers of deep-canyon gorges passing waterfalls in a tropical canyon. Another option is the Beautiful Río Balsa (Class 2-3)
Hot springs
• Baldi hot springs 16 hot springs of various temperatures. Like Tabacon Hot Springs, this too is often included in volcano viewing packages.
• Ecothermales Hot Springs (eco-thermales@arenal.net), On main road between La Fortuna & Arenal Lake (across from Baldi hot springs), [3]. More relaxing and a bit more discrete than either Baldi & Tabacon. Reservations definitely recommended as they limit to 100 guests. Good dinner and drinks. Friendly service and feels like you're a guest of the family rather than a customer.
• Tabacon Hot Springs Entrance fee $65. The fee includes modern changing rooms with locks, towels, and access to the multi-level hot spring with a slide, artificial waterfalls, view of the volcano, and bars for drinks without leaving the water. For a higher price, there is a magnificent buffet. Many hotels will arrange packages including a guided hike to the volcano followed by a trip to the hot springs for a much lower price.
• Tabaconcito Hot Springs Free Entrance - Across the road from Tabacon Springs used to be Tabaconcito Hot Springs. It was administered by the Tabacon Hotel, but after losing a lawsuit they had to leave the complex and is now free to enter. There are no facilities except for some ranches and tables. This is a great place to enjoy a natural river, with even some waterfalls and places to relax within it. Since no one controls the site, you can take inside any food or drinks. Beware that after sunset there is no electricity in that place, so if you are planning on staying late at night bring with you a good flash light.
Hikes
• Arenal Volcano Night Hike. Around a two hours hike through secondary rainforest which contains lots of habitat of monkeys, spiders, congos, some cariblancos and not leaving behind the tucans, turkeys, and the big quantity of different flora that's in the outskirts of the volcano. There are some emerald green hot springs, colored from copper deposits.
• Cerro Chato Hike (La Fortuna Costa Rica). This hike takes you through very dense primary forest toward the Cerro Chato. There is a crater lake where you can swim, take pictures and explore the surroundings. After that you continue the descent through the rainforest with occasional views over the San Carlos Valley as well as the Arenal Volcano. The trek ends at La Fortuna Waterfalls, where you can take a swim
Buy
Standard souvenirs, photos of the erupting volcano, machetes at the hardware store, Costa Rican coffee.
Eat
• Que Rico Arenal Tel 2479-1020 is located next 6.4 kilometers toward the lake from the Catholic Church of La Fortuna. Italian and International menu. Great location for viewing the volcano with an excellent meal!
• La Choza de Laurel is located next to Burger King. Large menu selection. Terrible food but cheerful service, open to the breeze. Expensive.
• Kioro is located at El Mirador and is the restaurant closest to the Arenal volcano. You can sit in the restaurant and watch the erupting volcano or the red lava glow from the top. Specializes in meat. A steak will set you back 4500-5000 Colones. Tel 461-1700.
• Los Nenes, not a very attractive setting one block from the main street and two blocks from the park (when entering from east), but reasonably priced food (but not as good or big portions as Rocas de Lava). 2000-3200 for a dinner. The nachos with everything (1200 C) is really good.
• Rocas de Lava (Lava Rocks Café) on the main street, just after the park. Tel 479-8039, lavarocks@racsa.co.cr. Good food, generous portions. Try the Casado de pollo (2950 Colones).
• Lava Lounge is on main street just getting into town before the park. Good food, a break from typical Tico food.
Sleep
• Arenal Country inn. in the foothills of the Arenal volcano, it has 20 rooms with view of the volcano. The rooms have air conditioning, safety deposit boxes, hot water, flat screen cable TV, phone and private terraces. The hotel has swimming pool, beautiful gardens, restaurant service and conference room. Tropical breakfast included in the room rate. $100-114.
• Arenal Manoa Hotel & Hotel Resort (Arenal Hotel), La Fortuna (Located just out of La Fortuna), 2479-11-11, [5]. Vulcano views from all rooms. The hotel includes, a swimming pool, Jacuzzi and a nice restaurant. Also, free farm tour. Spa service. Rates start from $135 a night..
• Arenal Paraiso, (about 6km from the tow), +506 460-5333 (), [6]. Each room has a small patio and offers a view of the volcano as well as double bed, tv, fridge, coffe pot, hot water. There are also 14 hot springs pools on the hotel property The hotel also has a famous canopy tour on the property which costs $45 and lasts about 3 hours. Rooms range from standard to suite ranging from $60 to $300 (not including tax)..
• Arenal Rabfer. One block north of NE corner of Plaza Central. Family-run, decent, very modern, tiny but comfortable double room with balcony & bath & breakfast US$50 (low season, November 2009), friendly hosts, good view of volcano from landing, occasional iguanas.[
• Arenal Springs Resort Modern hotel with volcano views from $87
• Arenal Volcano Inn, (About 6.5 kilometers from the church), 2479-1122, [7]. 15 rooms. The deluxe rooms feature two queen size beds,mini fridge, a/c,private bathroom with hot water,coffee maker and safety deposit box. Every room has its own private terrace with direct view to the volcano. The hotel has swiming pool,a small spa for body treatments and the best italian/international restaurant of the area
• Finca Luna Nueva Lodge, (30 min South of Fortuna in San Isidro de Peñas Blancas), +506 468-0352 (), [8]. Organic/biodynamic certified ginger and turmeric farm with rustic lodgings on the edge of the rainforest. Steven, the farm manager is a walking encyclopedia of medicinal plants, sustainable farming and rainforest ecology. They have a variety of lodging options from individual cabins to airconditioned master suites. All have overwhelmingly comfortable beds and nice views. The food is all organically grown on the site (including the meat) and is alone worth the trip. They have a natural pool and solar jacuzzi, wireless internet, rainforest hikes, options for day-tours both on and nearby the farm.
• Hotel La Fortuna, (506) 2479-9197, [9]. A brand-new five-storey hotel in downtown. Good views from the upper rooms. Several rooms and most of the hotel are wheelchair accessible. On site restaurant, sports bar and offers "No Limits Tours" for senior and physically challenged and disabled tourists.
• Jardines de Arenal, (2 km east of town. The friendly owner will usually give you a lift from/to town, taxi costs around 650 Colones), 479-9728 (), [10]. 15 rooms, all with AC and fan, 1 double and 2 single beds. A typical breakfast with gallo pinto, egg, ham, cereals, fruit, bread, coffee and juice is included. The owner Hernán Blanco can help you order tours to the surrounding attractions, and if you're lucky, he might give you a free ride to the volcano (and back). He can also get you shuttle service to or from San José for $15 (one way) leaving Fortuna at 6AM and returning at noon. Friendly and helpful staff. $27.50 per person with volcano-view and slightly bigger bathroom, $23 pp for the others..
• La Mansion Arenal La Mansion Arenal overlooks the vast Lake Arenal and is located just minutes from the volcano and hot springs. The hotel includes an infinity pool, wireless internet and free canoes for your enjoyment. Rates start at $180 a night.
• La Roca Virgen, (Three blocks north of the square). La Roca Virgen is a surprisingly cheap yet clean and comfortable place to stay. Off the beaten path but only a couple minutes walk to the center of town. 6? rooms with private baths for $9pp, rooms with shared bath cheaper. Off season discounts. Wireless internet. TV, fan, and refrigerator in rooms. Tours arranged. Property patrolled/inhabited by friendly dogs. $9.
• Volcano Lodge, (On the side of the road that connects La Fortuna de San Carlos with the Arenal Lake, Near the Tabacon Hot Springs), [11]. The lodge has 65 rooms with two double beds, a/c and private bathroom with hot water. One of the better views of the lava flow of the Arenal Volcano, also features an open air Jacuzzi with a magnificent view of the Volcano and swimming pools
• Arenal Oasis Eco Lodge & Wildlife Refuge (.), La Fortuna, Arenal Volcano. (2kms west and 800mts south of town), (506) 2479 9526, [12]. checkin: 2:00pm; checkout: 12:00md. Arenal Oasis is natural paradise located at the base of Arenal Volcano, attended by a local family you will feel like at home. Rooms are rustic fancy cabins in the woods. The lodge has its own wildlife refuge where you can walk in flat trails inside the rain forest, vist a butterfly garden, frog ponds and terrariums with local reptiles, insects and poison dart frogs. $75 double. (.,.)
• Magic Mountain (Hotel Magic Mountain), La Fortuna (La Fortuna), 506) 2479-7246, [13]. checkin: 14:00; checkout: 12:00. Hotel Magic Mountain a Colonial Modern Hotel, located in La Fortuna facing the Arenal Volcano. Scenic location provides visitors with a stunning view of the colossal Volcano Arenal. $99 double.
Splurge
• Tabacon Grand Spa, [14]. Entrance to the hot springs and spa is included in room rate, one of the top spas in Costa Rica. Room rates start at $235 + tax per night in garden or forest rooms. Breakfast is not included..
• The Springs Resort & Spa One of the newest resorts in Costa Rica and one that boasts incredible views of Arenal Volcano. The hotel premises includes hot springs, three restaurants, a wildlife preserve, a fitness center and a casino. Easily one of Costa Rica's most extravagant hotels.
Contact
There are two internet cafes in the main street, by the park. At Destinytours (tel 479-9850) 50 meters north of Banco National you can download pictures from your digital camera and burn to cd.
Get out
From Fortuna you can go to Monteverde with a combination of jeep and boat or horse. Or you could take the bus to Tilarán, and from there to Santa Elena, Monteverde, or down to the Interamericana that takes you north to Guanacaste or south in the direction of Puntarenas. You can get to Los Chiles, Puerto Viejo and San Jose via Ciudad Quesada. And of course there's the direct bus back to San José, at an approximate cost of $6.50.
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Magog
From Wikitravel
Eastern Townships : Magog
Revision as of 05:58, 27 September 2011 by 81.253.40.230 (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
Magog is a town in Quebec. Located at the northern end of Lake Memphremagog, this hamlet flourished in the 19th century thanks to the contruction of flour, saw and card mills by Ralph Merry III, the founder of Magog. Arriving in the region around 1797, he constructed the first dam on the north side of the river, between an island and a stream, where the railway now lies.
The town’s original name was “Outlet,” as it is located where the lake drains. For the same reason, the parish of Saint-Patrice-de-Magog, founded in 1861, carried the name Saint-Patrice-d’Outlet at the time. Outlet was the official name for many decades, although Magog started appearing on official documents in 1783.
In 1850, Outlet became Magog, which was officially incorporated on January 28, 1888 as a village, and in 1890 as a town.
Magog became a city in autumn 2002 when it merged with Magog Township, which covers a large area divided into three districts by two shores of Lake Memphremagog and the Town of Omerville, formerly a parish attached to Magog. The merger increased the municipality’s population to 23 540 residents. In a historical context, this merger appealed to a strong sense of mutual ownership based on over 200 years of sharing and developing a common land.
Get in
By car
• From Montreal take the Autoroute 10 East. Take exits 115, 118, or 123.
• From Sherbrooke take the Autoroute 10 West. Take exits 115, 118, or 123.
• From Vermont take I-91 North to Canadian border (Rock Island border crossing between Stanstead, QC and Derby Line, VT). It becomes Autoroute Joseph-Armand Bombardier (route 55). Take exit 29 or 33.
By bus
Greyhound [1] motorcoaches used to connect Magog to Montreal and Sherbrooke.
Get around
See
Do
Throughout the year
Magog is alive with sports, cultural events and a wide variety of activities, including the [Traversée Internationale du Lac Memphrémagog http://www.traversee-memphremagog.com/] swimming event, the Memphrémagog Arts Circuit in the summer, the Magog-Orford Grape Harvest Festival, the Vieux Clocher de Magog, boutiques, art galleries, cafés, terraces, restaurants.
Summer
• Water sports
• Swimming
• Jet ski rental (Magog Marine), 675, rue l'Archevêque (Highway 10, exit 118, take route 141 into Magog), (819) 843-3788, [3]. $95/hr including temporary boating license.
• Golf and mini putt
• Horseback riding
• Tennis
• Cycling
• In-line skating
• Boat cruise on lake Memphremagog (Croisières Memphrémagog), (Highway 10, exit 118, take route 141 into Magog), 819 843-8068, [4].
• Stroll through the Baie-de-Magog park (see l’extrait de la brochure Loisirs, culture et services)
• Visit Plage Ouest or Plage des Cantons (Plages du Magog). (see l’extrait de la brochure Loisirs, culture et services)
• Bleu Lavande, a producer of lavender products
• Climb Magog tower (Parcs municipaux Magog), on wharf MacPherson, [5].
• Paintball
• Visit vineyards
• Go for a scenic drive (Chemin des Cantons), Chemin des Cantons, [6].
While you’re having fun in the water, keep an eye out for Memphré, a legendary lake creature that has been making waves for over 200 years. Memphré has been seen over 225 times, with sightings dating back to 1798.
Winter
• Downhill skiing (Mont Orford Ski Area), 3074, chemin du Parc Orford, QC, J1X 3W3 (Highway 10, exit 118 North), 819 843-6548 (, fax: 819 847-2487), [7].
• Downhill skiing (Owl's Head), [8].
• Cross-country skiing (Parc national du Mont-Orford), 3321, chemin du Parc Orford, J1X 7A2, Quebec, Canada (Highway 10, exit 118, direction of Parc national du Mont-Orford or Highway 55, exit at Highway 10, exit 118 Lac-Stukely sector), 1-800-665-6527, [9].
• Snowshoeing (Parc national du Mont-Orford), 3321, chemin du Parc Orford, J1X 7A2, Quebec, Canada (Highway 10, exit 118, direction of Parc national du Mont-Orford or Highway 55, exit at Highway 10, exit 118 Lac-Stukely sector), 1-800-665-6527, [10].
• Skating on the ice path that borders Lake Memphremagog
• Snowmobile trails
Buy
Eat
Drink
Sleep
Contact
Get out
Routes through Magog
MontrealEastman W E SherbrookeEND
DrummondvilleSherbrooke N S StansteadSaint Johnsbury via
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Difference between revisions of "Toronto/Church-Wellesley"
From Wikitravel
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(un-duplicate "Toronto" link)
(Sleep: expand outline)
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[http://www.toronto-townhouse.com/ The Toronto Townhouse]
[http://www.toronto-townhouse.com/ The Toronto Townhouse]
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=== Budget ===
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=== Mid-range ===
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=== Splurge ===
== Contact ==
== Contact ==
Revision as of 17:06, 10 March 2006
The Church and Wellesley area is affectionately known as the "Gay Village" and is one of Toronto's biggest tourist attractions.
Contents
Get in =
See
Do
Spa Excess a men's bathhouse open 24/7/365. Clean, well kept w/ friendly staff. Wide demographic - probally the best of 6 or 7 baths in T.O
105 Carlton St. Toronto, ON M5B 1M1 Daily 24 hours Tel: (416) 260-2363 Fax: (416) 260-2290 Toll Free: (877) 867-3301
Buy
Church Street
• 724 Movies and More (501A Church Street at Wellesley): This local movie rental business is great for finding new releases and independent releases. All movie rentals are $4, between Monday and Thursday if you rent 2 you get a 3rd for free. The staff is friendly and helpful. This store does have some previously viewed movies for sale and does still carry VHS tapes.
Eat
The restaurants often suffer in tourist districts, this is no exception. If you have to eat here, the take-out often beats sit-down, and you get to walk. Several good "sub" joints north of Wellesley on Church.
• Garage Sandwich Co at 509 Church St, north of Wellesley, is one of these. Offering excellent and eclectic home made sandwiches, they aren't cheap, but they aren't unreasonable either, for the quality.
• With what you save on lunch, spend a bit more and eat dinner at Pimblett's, a charming fixture on Gerrard just west of Parliament (number 263). Beer is great, menus are pasted into old copies of Punch, and in the basement pub, you can see a portrait of the owner, Geoffrey Pimblett, dressed up luvly as Queen Victoria.
• Pi-Tom's Thai Cuisine, 6A Alexander Street, at Yonge [1] is located just off Yonge Street. Serves excellent Thai food and is very consistent in offering high quality meals. Lunch specials are available during day and the price is excellent. The atmosphere is very clean and quiet. Pi (pronounced Pee) means is a prefix of respect, takeout is also available. Be sure to try the pumpkin soup! Meals from under $10.
Drink
Sleep
The Toronto Townhouse
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Splurge
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Difference between revisions of "Wikitravel:Discover"
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'''Discover''' is Wikitravel's heading for '''strange but true trivia''' about destinations and events.
'''Discover''' is Wikitravel's heading for '''strange but true trivia''' about destinations and events.
+
Wikitravel will start also featuring interesting [[Travel topics| travel topics]] in this section.
==Criteria==
==Criteria==
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[[File:Food Beavertail.JPG|100px|right]]
[[File:Food Beavertail.JPG|100px|right]]
* In [[Canada]], '''beaver tails''' are not necessarily made out of the animal. It is also a name for a '''fried dough topped with icing sugar''' (''pictured'').
* In [[Canada]], '''beaver tails''' are not necessarily made out of the animal. It is also a name for a '''fried dough topped with icing sugar''' (''pictured'').
+
* The Scottish island of [[Easdale]] is home to the '''World Stone-Skimming Championships.'''
<br clear="right" />
<br clear="right" />
Latest revision as of 02:40, 8 April 2013
Contents
Discover is Wikitravel's heading for strange but true trivia about destinations and events. Wikitravel will start also featuring interesting travel topics in this section.
[edit] Criteria
• Keep it short and snappy: no more than twenty words, please.
• [[Link]] any place names.
• '''Boldface''' the fact of interest.
• The articles don't need to be perfect, but preference should be given to those with a status of "usable" or higher.
• The article linked to must contain the fact in question.
• Relevant images are optional but welcome, ideally once for every three facts. They should be placed above the fact in question, with the following formatting:
[[Image:imagename|right|100px|description]]
The interesting fact linked to this image goes here.
[edit] Now displayed
This selection, as presented by Template:Discover, is updated every day automatically by DiscoverBot at 01:00 EDT, at least when the bot works (it isn't working as of March 2009). Please don't edit the template directly. Older entries can be found in the archive.
Last updated on 04 Nov 2008 01:00:09
DiscoverBot is not currently operational. All updates are now performed manually. If it's been a few days, feel free to rotate in a new entry.
[edit] Upcoming
Add your entries to the end of this list. The list is read by an automated bot, which simply reads lines off the top, so please do not leave any space or other commentary between entries. However, feel free to rearrange the list, because geographic variety in what's displayed is good (e.g. if the next three items are all from Asia, it's good to intersperse something from Africa, Europe or the Americas).
• Sometimes referred to as the Tibet of the Americas, Bolivia is one of the most "remote" countries in the Western hemisphere.
• Flagstaff is stretched out along historic Route 66, which runs roughly east-west.
• Built in 1482, the oldest European structure in Africa, Elmina Castle (pictured) was a notorious slave fort used for moving slaves onto ships bound for other parts of the world.
• When visiting the Faroe Islands you are never more than 5 km (3 miles) away from the ocean.
• In Trapani you can learn about the history of salt manufacturing by visiting the Museum of Salt.
• Urumqi (pictured) is quite famous for its claim that it is the most inland major city in the world, that being the farthest from any ocean.
• The Caribbean island of Saba is known as "The Unspoiled Queen" due to the protection of its unique ecosystem.
• In Tbilisi you can climb up to the ruins of the once-great Narikala Fortress for a panoramic view of the city below.
• In Canada, beaver tails are not necessarily made out of the animal. It is also a name for a fried dough topped with icing sugar (pictured).
• The Scottish island of Easdale is home to the World Stone-Skimming Championships.
[edit] On hold
The articles linked in from the entries below need to be improved before they're ready to go. Plunge forward, edit them, and move to the main queue. If you move trivia to this list, please provide a reason for doing so.
• The small principality of Andorra is probably the only country in the world ruled by two princes: the Bishop of Urgell and the President of France. (red-link article needs to be created and de-outlined)
• All the houses in Piódão, Portugal have their doors painted in blue because that's the only ink the village shop had. (de-outline)
• Devon Island, in Nunavut, Canada, is the largest uninhabited island in the world although it does have a cemetery...thee world's northernmost.
• The world's largest pool is located at San Alfonso del Mar, Algarrobo. (de-outline)
• The anchor of Christopher Columbus' ship, the Santa Maria, is on display at the Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien in Port-au-Prince. (must verify the anchor and museum were not destroyed in the earthquake—museum is half buried and so it was only moderately damaged per French Wikipedia [1], should wait until it reopens before displaying)
• The town of Kristinestad, Finland has a road called Kattpiskargränden, which means Cat Spanker Alley.
• Hebron in Northern Kentucky is home to the Creation Museum, which teaches the Book of Genesis as literal truth. (de-outline)
• The name of the Japanese town of Shiojiri means "Salt Butt". (destub)
• Mt. Angel recently built the largest glockenspiel in the United States. Also hosts a Bavarian-style "Oktoberfest" complete with traditional German bands every September (de-outline, wait for September, 2008 dates are Sep.11-14)
• A street in Lancaster, California was modified for a Honda commercial so that all cars driving over it at 55 miles per hour would hear the William Tell Overture due to grooves cut in the road.
• Taï National Park, in Cote d'Ivoire, contains the largest tropical rainforest in West Africa. (fact does not appear in any of the mentioned articles, and the Tai article itself is hardly even a stub)
The following calendar-related items are "ready-to-go" criteria-wise and should be moved to the main queue at a date appropriate to the trivia featured:
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4390.0 - Private Hospitals, Australia, 2010-11 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/09/2012
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
EXPLANATORY NOTES
INTRODUCTION
1 This publication contains statistical information for the 2010-11 financial year and previous financial years, obtained from an annual census of all licensed private hospitals in Australia. It contains details about the facilities, activities, staffing and finances of all private hospitals, including both private Acute and/or psychiatric hospitals and Free-standing day hospital facilities.
2 Corresponding statistics for public hospitals are compiled by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) in their annual publication, Australian Hospital Statistics 2010-11.
3 The data presented in this publication are supported by a series of data cubes to be made available on the ABS website. These will be released as soon as practicable.
4 The Private Health Establishments Collection was not conducted for the 2007-08 reference period due to ABS budgetary constraints. This represents a break in the time series for the collection. The collection was reinstated in the 2008-09 reference period.
5 Data presented in this publication for the 2010-11 reference period have been compared with data from the 2009-10 reference period.
6 A Glossary is provided detailing definitions of terminology used within this publication and the associated data cubes.
SCOPE
7 All private Acute and psychiatric hospitals licensed by state and territory health authorities and all Free-standing day hospital facilities approved by the Australian Government Department of Health and Aging (DoHA) for the purpose of health insurance benefits, including those registered with their respective state health authority, are within the scope of this collection.
COVERAGE
8 Updated lists of private hospitals are received from state, territory and Commonwealth health authorities and every effort is made to include all hospitals in scope.
9 All private hospitals in Australia which operated for all or part of the reference period are included in the collection.
10 Private patients treated in public hospitals are not part of the Private Health Establishments Collection. However, public patients treated in licensed private establishments are included in the private hospitals statistics.
DEFINITIONS
11 The data items and definitions in this collection are based on the National Health Data Dictionary published by the AIHW, with some additional data items requested by private hospital associations and health authorities. Refer to the Glossary for further definitions of the data items used in this publication.
CLASSIFICATIONS
Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC)
12 The ASGC is an hierarchical classification system consisting of six interrelated classification structures. The ASGC provides a common framework of statistical geography and thereby enables the production of statistics which are comparable and can be spatially integrated. These provide private hospital statistics with a ‘where’ dimension. The 2010-11 collection will be the last to provide estimates using the ASGC.
13 For further information about the ASGC refer to Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC), Jul 2010 (cat.no. 1216.0).
Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS)
14 The ASGS is the replacement for the ASGC and brings all the regions for which the ABS publishes statistics within the one framework and used by the ABS for the collection and dissemination of geographically classified statistics from 1 July 2011. It is the framework for understanding and interpreting the geographical context of statistics published by the ABS. The ABS also encourages the use of the ASGS by other organisations to improve the comparability and usefulness of statistics generally.
15 For further information about the ASGS refer to Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS), Jul 2011 (cat.no. 1270.0.0.55.001).
International Classification of Diseases
16 The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the international standard classification for epidemiological purposes and is designed to promote international comparability in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of health statistics. The classification is used to classify diseases and causes of disease or injury. The ICD has been revised periodically to incorporate changes in the medical field.
17 Principal diagnosis and procedure for admitted patients are reported in this collection using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision - Australian Modification, 6th edition (ICD-10-AM).
18 For further information about the ICD refer to WHO International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
19 Further information about the ICD-10-AM 6th edition can be found online.
Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (AR-DRG)
20 In Australia, a system of Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (AR-DRG) is used as a means of classifying patients for Casemix purposes. Casemix refers to the range and types of patients (the mix of cases) treated by a hospital or other health service. Each AR-DRG represents a class of patients with similar clinical conditions requiring similar total hospital resources for their treatment. This provides a way of describing and comparing hospitals and other services for management purposes.
21 This classification is used by most states and territories as a management tool for public hospitals and, to varying degrees, for their funding. The classification is becoming more widely used by private hospitals as a reporting tool. Some contracting between health funds and private hospitals is gradually incorporating charging for patients based on their Casemix classification.
22 The ABS uses this classification to produce tables that provide data on major diagnostic categories. These tables are available on the ABS website in the data cubes associated with this publication.
23 For further information about AR-DRG refer to the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA) website.
DAY HOSPITALS CATEGORIES
24 Free-standing day hospital facilities are classified by the main income earning activity of the centre. The four main types, until 2009-10, were general surgery, specialist endoscopy, ophthalmic & plastic/cosmetic. Six additional activities were collected for the first time in 2010-11. This resulted in a change in the main types of centre reported. In addition to specialist endoscopy, ophthalmic and plastic/cosmetic, there were centres providing services in Gynaecology, Fertility treatment and/or Family Planning. Other types of hospitals, for example sleep disorder clinics, are included in a residual category.
CHAIN VOLUME MEASURES
25 Chain volume measures have been used in this publication to enable analysis of the changes to income and expenditure for private hospitals over time in 'real' terms. It is considered that these measures provide better indicators of movement in real income and expenditures than constant price estimates. Unlike constant price estimates, they take account of changes to price relativities that occur from one year to the next. Chain volume measures are derived by revaluing the original current price series of recurrent expenditure for private hospitals by a specifically compiled measure of price change. The reference period for the chain volume measure is 2009. In this publication the Laspeyres input cost index for hospitals was used. This was specifically designed to measure price change in hospital recurrent expenditures. The data are consistent with the Australian System of National Accounts, 2010-11 (cat. no. 5204.0).
METHODOLOGY
26 Questionnaires are sent each year to all private hospitals in Australia for completion and return to the ABS. In addition to this, for the majority of hospitals, data on admitted patients is provided to the ABS by state and territory health authorities on behalf of hospitals. For this latter component, the ABS seeks consent from hospitals to obtain the data from the authorities.
DATA QUALITY
Response Rate
27 The 2010-11 reference period saw an overall response rate of 93.1%, an increase of 0.7 percentage points compared to 92.4% in 2009-10. Acute and psychiatric hospitals increased to 94.3% in 2010-11 from 93.2% in 2009-10, while Free-standing day hospitals remained unchanged at 92.1% in 2010-11.
28 Non-responding establishments were contacted both by telephone and follow-up letters in order to obtain the information required for the collection.
Imputation for non-response or missing data
29 Establishments which provided incomplete data were contacted to obtain the missing details. Hospital staff were asked to provide estimates in cases where records for the data items were not kept. If reasonable estimates could not be provided by the establishment, the data item was imputed by ABS staff.
30 Establishments which did not respond to the collection had all data items imputed by ABS staff.
31 The imputation strategy employed for the 2010-11 reference period utilised historical and donor imputation; based on data received in previous years (historical) and/or on the results of the data provided by all responding hospitals of the same type, state/territory and size (donor). Data from state or territory health authorities was also used to supplement the imputation of the collection data, provided the hospitals consented .
Reliability of data
32 As the Private Health Establishments Collection does not have a sample component, the data is not subject to sampling variability. However, the statistics from the collection are subject to non-sampling errors, which affect the data. These non-sampling errors may arise from a number of sources, including:
• errors in reporting of data by respondents (e.g. misunderstanding of questions or unwillingness of respondents to reveal all details);
• errors in capturing or processing of the data (e.g. coding, data recording);
• estimation for missing or mis-reported data;
• definition and classification errors.
33 Every effort is made to reduce errors in the collection to a minimum by careful design of questionnaires and processing procedures designed to detect errors and enable them to be corrected. These procedures include:
• external coverage checks to ensure all private hospitals are included;
• clerical and computer editing of input data;
• error resolution including referral back to the source;
• clerical scrutiny of preliminary aggregates and confronting them with external data sources.
Hospital Morbidity Data
34 Hospital morbidity data, providing admitted patient's details such as age, principal diagnosis and procedure, are routinely provided by hospitals to state and territory health authorities. Arrangements were made, with consent of the hospitals, for state and territory health authorities to provide the ABS with the relevant morbidity data. Any significant inconsistencies between the data collated by health authorities and by hospitals were followed up and resolved.
35 The percentage of hospitals for which hospital morbidity data was supplied to the ABS by state and territory health authorities was 96.6% for Acute and psychiatric hospitals and 91.5% for Free-standing day hospital facilities. Due to data quality issues, two smaller jurisdictions were unable to provide hospital data to the ABS for Free-standing day hospitals in the 2010-11 reference period.
Accounting Practices
36 Differences in accounting policy and practices lead to some inconsistencies in the financial data provided by hospitals. Measurement of expenditure is affected by management policy on such things as depreciation rates, bad debt and goodwill write-off. Further inconsistency occurs in cases where all property and fixed assets accounts are administered by a parent body or religious order headquarters and details are not available for the individual hospitals.
Ownership
37 Each year, acquisitions in the private health sector result in changes to the number of hospitals operated by several large organisations. Ownership by some companies of a large proportion of Acute and psychiatric hospitals has impact on the amount of data that can be released by state for Tasmania, Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory, so the data for them has been combined. Consequential analysis results in the necessary suppression of other states' data. In a similar way and for the same reason, some of the more detailed data items are confidentialised to protect the small number of establishments that contribute to the data.
SPECIFIC ISSUES FOR 2010-11 DATA
38 The 2010-11 PHEC was preceded by a user requirements review, the first for 10 years. A number of changes were made to the collection based on the requirements coming out of the review, basically involving some additional questions and a further breakup of the details of some of the sections of the form (where data would have been reported in the 'other' category). In addition, the systems supporting PHEC were re-engineered and updated for use in this year's collection.
39 In some cases, the more detailed breakup has lead to some movement in data in categories, in particular a reduction in the data in the 'Other' category.
40 In 2010-11, some hospitals reported nursing staff contracted for supply through an agency with the Full-time equivalent (FTE) staff. These numbers were minimal and had minimal impact.
EFFECTS OF ROUNDING
41 Some figures have been rounded and, as a result, discrepancies may occur between totals and sums of the component items. Rounding may also cause discrepancies between publication tables and data represented in the respective data cubes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
42 ABS publications draw extensively on information provided by individuals, businesses, governments and other organisations. Their continued cooperation is very much appreciated. Information received by the ABS is treated in strict confidence as required by the Census and Statistics Act 1905.
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
43 Other ABS publications that may be of interest include:
44 The following related publications are issued by other organisations.
• Available from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) website:
Australian Hospital Statistics, 2010-11
Australia's Health, 2011
Australian Health Expenditure by Remoteness; A comparison of remote, regional and city health expenditure, 2011
Health Expenditure Australia, 2009-10
Health and Community Services Labour Force, 2006 - Produced jointly with ABS
Medical Labour Force, 2009
National Health Data Dictionary, Version 15, 2010
National Report on Health Sector Performance Indicators 2003
Nursing and Midwifery Labour Force, 2009
• Available from the Mental Health and Wellbeing in Australia website:
National Mental Health Report, 2010
National Mental Health Report, 2007: Summary of Twelve Years of Reform in Australia's Mental Health Services under the National Mental Health Strategy 1993-2005
• Available from the Private Health Insurance Administration Council, Canberra (PHIAC) website:
PHIAC A Reports - Released quarterly
Statistical Trends in Membership and Benefits - Released quarterly
45 ABS products and publications are available free of charge from the ABS website. Click on Statistics to gain access to the full range of ABS statistical and reference information. For details on products scheduled for release in the coming week, click on the Upcoming Releases link on the ABS home page.
ABS DATA AVAILABLE ON REQUEST
46 As well as the statistics included in this and related publications, the ABS may have other relevant data available. Inquiries should be directed to the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070 or by email to client.services@abs.gov.au.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8731.2 - Building Approvals, Victoria, Dec 1994
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 03/02/1995
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Monthly; ISSN:1031-1998; Number of dwelling units and value of residential buildings approved (houses and other residential by type) for private sector and public sector; value of alterations and additions to residential buildings and value of non-residential building by class of building (eg. hotels, offices, etc.) approved. Number of dual occupancy dwelling units approved. Includes some data for Melbourne Statistical Division and the rest of Victoria, and statistical division, and by statistical local area. Constant price and seasonally adjusted data and trend estimates are included for selected series, together with a reliability analysis of contemporary trend estimates.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5651.0 - Company Profits, Australia, Dec 1995
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 22/02/1996
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Quarterly; ISSN:0818-9986; Preliminary estimates derived from a sample survey of incorporated business enterprises of company profits, depreciation and net interest paid. Statistics are provided by industry and are expressed in trend, seasonally adjusted and trend terms.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
9269.0 - Business Transport Activity, Australia, 2010-11 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/06/2012 First Issue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7215.0 - Livestock Products, Australia, Mar 2009 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 15/05/2009
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Research article
DoBo: Protein domain boundary prediction by integrating evolutionary signals and machine learning
Jesse Eickholt1, Xin Deng1 and Jianlin Cheng1,2,3*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
2 Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
3 C. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Bioinformatics 2011, 12:43 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-43
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/12/43
Received:15 October 2010
Accepted:1 February 2011
Published:1 February 2011
© 2011 Eickholt et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Accurate identification of protein domain boundaries is useful for protein structure determination and prediction. However, predicting protein domain boundaries from a sequence is still very challenging and largely unsolved.
Results
We developed a new method to integrate the classification power of machine learning with evolutionary signals embedded in protein families in order to improve protein domain boundary prediction. The method first extracts putative domain boundary signals from a multiple sequence alignment between a query sequence and its homologs. The putative sites are then classified and scored by support vector machines in conjunction with input features such as sequence profiles, secondary structures, solvent accessibilities around the sites and their positions. The method was evaluated on a domain benchmark by 10-fold cross-validation and 60% of true domain boundaries can be recalled at a precision of 60%. The trade-off between the precision and recall can be adjusted according to specific needs by using different decision thresholds on the domain boundary scores assigned by the support vector machines.
Conclusions
The good prediction accuracy and the flexibility of selecting domain boundary sites at different precision and recall values make our method a useful tool for protein structure determination and modelling. The method is available at http://sysbio.rnet.missouri.edu/dobo/ webcite.
Background
It has been well over thirty years since Wetlaufer formally introduced what he termed structural regions of a protein chain. Such regions were portions of the peptide sequence which assumed a compact structure [1]. In modern parlance, these units are known as domains. Protein domains are structural, functional and evolutionary units and are the building blocks of larger proteins [2]. In recent years, the identification and delineation of protein domains has become more prominent as this information eases the determination of protein structure by experimental means and can also speed up computational approaches for protein structure prediction [3,4].
Due to the large amounts of data being generated by today's technology, human experts can no longer keep up. It is simply not possible to visually identify and annotate such a large number of domains. Thus, computational approaches are needed to fill the gap.
At present, computational methods for protein domain prediction can be roughly dichotomized as either template-based or ab-initio. Most template-based approaches attempt to find homologous sequences in one of the many existing domain databases and then infer from these sequences the domain(s) of the protein in question. Of course the drawback to this approach is that it will only work if a domain is conserved and has already been deposited in a database. A few template based methods [5,6] take a different approach and build a 3D model using structural templates found by fold recognition. The domains are then derived from the generated model. Ab-initio methods make predictions based solely on the primary sequence of a protein and therefore work regardless of the novelty of the protein at hand. Traditional methods for this type of approach include sequence comparison, neural networks and statistical analysis [7-13]. Some of the newer ab-initio approaches construct an ensemble of 3D models via de novo modelling techniques which are then analyzed and parsed for domain boundaries[5,14]. Finally, there do exist a small number of hybrid methods which combine both template based and ab-initio approaches into one comprehensive package [15,16].
For proteins without homology to known structures, ab-initio approaches are the only choice. Unfortunately, the accuracy of their domain boundary predictions is still too low for general, practical use [11,12,17,18]. Most ab-initio methods can be classified into two sub-categories: comparative sequence analysis [7,8,19-24] and direct boundary prediction [12,17,25]. Most comparative sequence analysis methods use pairwise sequence alignment similarity to cluster sequence segments into domains [7,8,19-24]. The direct boundary prediction methods try to identify domain boundary regions such as domain linkers, exploiting their sequence and structural biases [26-28]. This is done using machine learning techniques [11,12,17] which are trained on known domain boundaries extracted from domain classification databases such as CATH [29], SCOP [30] and DALI [31,32]. Still, because these methods need to scan several hundred positions (i.e. to cover the length of the protein) and rely on inputs containing very weak domain boundary information, they often suffer from low accuracy.
Here we present DoBo, a new ab-initio method we have developed to exploit evolutionary domain boundary signals embedded in homologous proteins. This reduces the search space of domain boundaries and in turn improves domain boundary prediction. It is well known that during evolution genes may undergo recombination to produce complex domain architectures via gene fusion [33], gene fission [33,34], domain duplication and domain swapping [34-38]. Thus evolutionary related domains may exist in different forms in different organisms [39]. Some exist as a component of multi-domain proteins and some as standalone single domain proteins [40,41]. When a multi-domain protein sequence is searched against a protein sequence database (e.g. NCBI non-redundant sequence database [42]), proteins containing domains similar to the target protein are returned which often reveal the domain architecture of the target protein. We integrate evolutionary domain boundary signals with machine learning classification into a two-step prediction procedure. First, we leverage evolutionary information and generate domain boundary signals which identify potential domain boundary sites. These sites are then further examined and classified as boundary or non-boundary sites using machine learning methods.
Methods
Data Set Preparation
The starting point for our dataset was a collection of proteins curated for the DOMpro package [11]. From this set, we extracted only those proteins whose domain number agreed in both SCOP (v 1.75) and CATH (v 3.3.0) [29,30]. Then we removed any protein whose length was less than 90 residues long as these sequences were incapable of generating signals. This resulted in a final data set containing a total of 628 protein sequences, 186 of which were multi-domain proteins and 442 were single domain proteins. The domain definitions used for domain boundary signal classification for training and evaluation are those provided by CATH. The PDB identifiers and domain definitions for these proteins can be found online [43].
Identification and Classification of Domain Boundary Signals
To detect putative domain boundary signals for a protein, PSI-BLAST [44] is used to generate a multiple sequence alignment (msa). This is achieved by running PSI-BLAST to search a query sequence against the NCBI non-redundant protein sequence database [42] (i.e. nr-database) for 3 iterations with an e-value of .001. Then the pairwise alignments generated by PSI-BLAST are extracted and used to form a multiple sequence alignment anchored on the query sequence. A domain boundary signal is defined as a gap which begins at the N or C terminal end of a sequence in the msa and extends continuously for at least 45 residues. We make an additional stipulation that with the gaps removed the remaining sequence must be at least 45 residues long for a signal to be generated. The location of the domain boundary signal is defined to be the first non-gap residue in the sequence. Figure 1 illustrates this process and shows two domain boundary signals for protein 1B4A.
Figure 1. Procedure to identify and extract domain boundary signals. To identify domain boundary signals for a target, homologous sequences are found using PSI-BLAST. The pairwise alignments generated by PSI-BLAST are used to form a multiple sequence alignment with the query sequence as the anchor. A domain boundary signal is defined as a gap which begins at the N or C terminal end of a sequence in the msa and extends continuously for at least 45 residues. With the gaps removed the remaining sequence must be at least 45 residues long for a signal to be generated. Here we see two domain boundary signals for 1B4A (location indicated by large arrows).
When extracting domain boundary signals from a multiple sequence alignment, each sequence from the msa is processed in order of increasing PSI-BLAST e-value. The location of each domain boundary signal is noted and aggregated to a list of all the signals for the protein.
The collection of domain boundary signals stops when all of the sequences in the msa have been processed or whenever signals have been generated at 35 unique residue locations, whichever comes first. It is worth noting that these parameter values used to generate putative domain boundary sites are adjustable and may have some impact on the sensitivity and specificity of domain boundary prediction.
Domain boundary signals are classified as one of three possible types: false boundary, near boundary, or away boundary. False boundary signals are those generated from a single domain protein. Near boundary signals are those which occur within 20 residues of any domain boundary in a multi-domain protein. The remaining signals come from multi-domain proteins and correspond to away boundary signals as they take place more than 20 residues away from a true domain boundary. The 20-residue threshold is in accordance with previous research [11,17,45].
Machine Learning Prediction Protocol
To predict domain boundaries, each domain boundary signal was classified using a support vector machine (SVM) [46]. As support vector machines are binary classifiers, we perform the classification using two separate support vector machines in a two stage process. The first SVM (Task-1) was trained to separate false boundary signals from near and away boundary signals (i.e. to discriminate signals generated from a single domain protein from those generated from a multi-domain protein). The second SVM (Task-2) was trained solely on signals from multi-domain proteins and was charged with discriminating near boundary signals from away boundary signals.
To determine if a protein is single domain or multi-domain, we first classify all domain boundary signals as false signals or near/away signals. If a protein has one or more near/away signals, it is classified as a multi-domain protein. Those proteins which only generate signals classified as false signals or do not generate any signal at all are classified as single domain proteins. Domain boundaries are predicted based directly on the output of SVMlight. For each domain boundary signal, a set of features is fed into SVMlight and output is generated. Generally speaking, for Task-2 if the output is positive, i.e. greater than 0, then a domain boundary is predicted at that signal site. It is also possible to set a different decision threshold and determine predicted domain boundaries with respect to that new threshold.
Sequence Encoding and Training Method
Both Task-1 and Task-2 SVM predictors were trained using the SVM light package [47]. The features used in training came from a window of 41 residues centered around the signal site. For each residue in the window, 21 features were used for a sequence profile (i.e. normalized frequencies of 20 residues plus a gap) and 5 features (i.e. helix, strand, loop, buried, exposed) encoded the secondary structure and solvent accessibility as predicted by the SSpro suite [48]. In addition to these residue specific features, we also added 3 signal specific features such as the position of the signal with respect to the N terminal (residue index divided by 100), position with respect to the C terminal (protein length minus residue index divided by 100) and a count of boundary signal sites within 5 residues. Additionally, as a protein specific feature we used the length of the sequence divided by 100. The final feature was a measurement of the total number of signals generated by all of the sequences in the msa within a 5 residue neighbourhood of the signal site. This local sum was calculated for each residue in the sequence and then converted to z-scores. The z-score for the signal site was added as the final feature and this resulted in a feature vector containing a total of 1071 features.
For both Task-1 and Task-2 SVM predictors, we used a radial basis kernel function and set gamma to "0.015" according to a leaving one out cross validation (LOOCV) procedure. For the purposes of training and evaluation we performed 10 fold cross validation, splitting the proteins up into 10 set of approximately equal size. For Task-1 we used all proteins in our dataset while for Task-2 we limited ourselves to those targets known to be multi-domain proteins.
Results
Signal Coverage of Domain Boundaries
To ascertain the usefulness of domain boundary signals generated by multiple sequence alignments, we calculated the percentage of domain boundaries which had a signal within 20 residues. When calculating this value, we excluded the domain boundary closest to each terminal end of the protein sequence (i.e, the first and last domain boundaries with respect to the residue index were not considered). For our dataset, there were 462 such boundaries and we found that 391 had a domain boundary signal within 20 residues. Thus, 84.6% of domain boundaries had a signal nearby. Figure 2 illustrates the distribution of the domain boundary signals generated for 1CQX along with the true domain boundaries.
Figure 2. Domain boundary signal sites for 1CQX. (a) Domain boundary signal site locations which were extracted from a multiple sequence alignment for chain A of protein 1CQX. Signals (denoted by '*") were generated at 28 different residues across this three domain protein. The true domains and domain boundaries are also indicated (boundaries with an '!'). Note that all domain boundaries have signals nearby indicating good coverage of the domain boundaries. (b) Structural plot for chain A of protein 1CQX. The locations of domain boundary signals are shown in orange and true domain boundaries are green.
Site Level Evaluation of Domain Boundary Signals
Table 1 reports the results at site level for the two binary classification tasks: Task 1, near/away boundary signals (positive) VS false boundary signals (negative) and Task 2, near boundary signals (positive) VS away boundary signals (negative). For site level evaluation for Task 1, overall classification accuracy (i.e., percent of correct predictions) is 80% using 10-fold cross validation on all the proteins in the data set. The overall classification accuracy for Task 2 predictions was 74% using 10-fold cross validation. Using leaving one out cross validation procedure (LOOCV), the accuracy is slightly higher (i.e. 81% for Task 1 and 76% for Task2). Figure 3 shows one example where domain boundaries were correctly predicted.
Table 1. Boundary site signal classification results for Task-1 and Task-2 using both 10-fold cross validation and leaving one out cross validation.
Figure 3. Domain boundary predictions for 1QQG. (a) True domains and domain boundaries (boundaries indicated by '!') and the predicted domain boundaries (indicated by 'x') for chain A of protein 1QQG, a two domain protein with a domain linker delineated by "!". Both domain boundaries are accurately predicted. These predictions were made using a decision threshold of 0.5 (b) Structural plot for chain A of protein 1QQG. The predicted domain boundaries are shaded orange. The linker between the two domains could not be structurally determined (i.e., its coordinates were not available) and is therefore represented by the dashed line.
One key application of domain boundary prediction is to select positions to cut a large protein into foldable units for structure determination or prediction. In order to facilitate this application, we study how the precision and recall of domain boundary predictions change according to decision thresholds on domain boundary scores predicted by the support vector machines. Figure 4 illustrates a plot of the precision and recall for domain boundary sites as a function of the decision threshold based on 10-fold cross validation. The decision threshold was the value used in conjunction with the output of SVMlight to discriminate between near and away boundary sites. It was varied from -1.5 to 1.5 and at each threshold, signals were classified and the precision and recall were calculated for the sites classified as near boundary. The break-even point (i.e. precision = recall) was found to be 60%, which means 60% of true domain boundaries can be predicted at a precision of 60%. We believe domain boundary predictions at this accuracy level can used to effectively inform protein structure determination and modelling. For the purposes of these calculations, any signal classified as near boundary and was within 20 residues of a true domain boundary was counted as a correct prediction. For recall, we calculated the percentage of true domain boundaries which were more than 40 residues way from the N or C terminal and had a near boundary signal with in 20 residues.
Figure 4. Domain boundary prediction results on multi-domain proteins. (a) We calculated the precision of domain boundary predictions and recall of true domain boundaries at varying decision thresholds. The recall value is calculated for domain boundaries which occur at least 40 residues from the N or C terminal end of a sequence. A domain boundary prediction is considered correct if it occurs within 20 residues of a true domain boundary. (b) Plot of precision and recall with respect to the decision threshold. The break-even point (precision = recall) is 60%.
Protein Level Results
Table 2 reports the classification accuracy of our prediction protocol when classifying a protein as single or multi domain based on 10-fold cross validation. We considered a protein to have multiple domains if it generated at least one domain boundary signal which was classified as a near/away signal by the Task-1 classifier. Overall 515 of the 628, or 82% of the proteins considered, were correctly classified as either a single or multi domain protein. The precision and recall for classifying a protein as single domain were 0.88 and 0.86, respectively. For multi domain proteins, the performance was slightly less with the precision being 0.68 and the recall 0.72.
Table 2. Classification of proteins as single or multi-domain
Comparison with Other Domain Boundary Predictors on CASP9 Targets
As an additional assessment of our method, we evaluated its performance along with that of two additional ab-initio domain boundary predictors on the targets from the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP9). The additional predictors considered were DOMPro and PPRODO [11,13]. The sequences and domain definitions for these targets were obtained directly from the CASP9 server [49]. To evaluate the performance of the predictors at the protein level (i.e. single or multi-domain classification), all CASP9 targets with domain definitions were used. When evaluating domain boundary predictions, we limited the dataset to 14 multi-domain targets which had continuous domain definitions as these methods were largely designed to handle domains without non-continuous segments. The results of this evaluation are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. Table 5 lists the multi-domain targets used and their corresponding domain definitions.
Table 3. Classifcation of CASP9 targets as single or multi-domain
Table 4. Precision and recall of domain boundary predictions on CASP9 continuous, multi-domain targets
Table 5. Continuous, multi-domain CASP9 targets and domain definitions
Discussion
One immediate benefit of this new domain boundary prediction process is the combination of the strengths of machine learning and evolutionary signals. Evolutionary signals embedded in multiple sequence alignments help significantly reduce the search space. As mentioned, the domain boundary signal embedded in the primary sequence is very weak. Any reduction in the search space which does not eliminate domain boundary sites will likely increase overall accuracy of domain boundary prediction as it will reduce the chance of false positives. For our dataset, the average sequence length is 210 residues while the average number of domain boundary signals generated per protein is 23. This is a significant reduction in the number of sites that must be classified. Remarkably, this 10-fold reduction in search space does not severely hamper the search for domain boundaries as the number of domain boundaries which have a signal nearby is still quite high, at slightly under 85%.
We have also demonstrated that not only are signals generated near domain boundary sites, but they also contain useful information which can be used to classify them. The machine learning method, which incorporates sequence profiles, secondary structures, relative solvent accessibilities and positional information of putative boundary sites, can produce scores to rank, select and classify the largely reduced set of putative domain boundary sites. Our two-tiered classification approach allows proteins to be classified as single or multi-domain and the boundary signals in multi-domain proteins can be further processed in a task specific way. When classifying signals as near or away boundary signals, our method allows the user to specify a threshold to meet his or her needs. The threshold can be decreased to boost recall or it can be raised to better precision. This is a stark contrast to many other methods which fix the threshold and do not allow for application specific use.
Figure 4(b) shows the effects of varying the decision threshold on both precision and recall for domain boundaries. This figure demonstrates the performance of our approach on the domain boundary site level as no distinction is made as to where the sites are located. In an attempt to gage performance on the protein level, we varied the decision threshold and calculated the precision and recall of domain boundary predictions for only those proteins that contained domain boundary predictions. Using a threshold of "0", we found that our method made a domain boundary prediction for 137 of the 186 multi-domain proteins (roughly 74%). When we evaluated the precision and recall of domain boundary predictions on only those 137 proteins we found those values to be .75 and .68 respectively. This further illustrates the usefulness of the decision threshold.
In addition to the decision threshold, there are a number of other parameters that can be set and modified. With respect to the signal generation process, it is possible to vary the e-value threshold of the PSI-BLAST search, the minimum signal gap, minimum domain length and unique signal site limit. Overall, we found that the method is quite robust within a range of reasonable parameter values and the tuning of these parameters usually involves some minor trade-offs between different prediction objectives. For instance, we set a shorter minimum domain and signal gap length, and used an older version of the NCBI non-redundant database when generating domain boundary signals and this yielded a slightly higher overall accuracy for Task 1 and Task 2 (i.e. ~85% and ~77% respectively using a LOOCV procedure), but a lower precision and recall at the break-even point (i.e. ~53%). The final values used for these parameters were chosen empirically based on coverage of domain boundaries by signals, the average number of signal sites per protein and the break-even point. Another parameter that can be set is the number of sequences to be considered from the multiple sequence alignment. We found that considering all sequences in a multiple sequence alignment can sometimes be detrimental to the overall performance. While it is true that allowing more sequences for consideration often increases the number of signals and hence increases the coverage of domain boundaries, it does so at the cost of enlarging the search space. We also found that number of signal generated for a protein has no direct bearing on performance. The precision and recall of domain boundary predictions for proteins generating fewer than 10 signals is comparable to that of proteins which generate many more signals.
A drawback to our approach is that by limiting the search space by means of evolutionary signals, our method is dependent on the generation of those signals. That is to say if no signals are generated then domain boundary predictions cannot be made. We have found that when signals are not generated, the most common cause is that the length of the protein is too short. For a domain boundary signal to be generated it must occur at least 45 residues from the N or C terminal and the resulting domain must be at least 45 residues long. This effectively means that proteins less than 90 residues in length are incapable of generating signals. In practice, this limitation does not pose any serious problem as such proteins are likely to be single domain and hence there are no boundaries to detect. Another reason that signals might not be generated is if a significant number of homologs cannot be identified during the PSI-BLAST search. This does occasionally happen and in this case the method will not work.
Conclusions
We developed a two-step procedure to integrate machine learning and domain evolutionary signals to improve domain boundary prediction. The evolutionary domain signals extracted from multiple sequence alignments of query proteins and their homologs can reduce the space of the domain boundary search by about 10 fold while retaining the majority of true domain boundaries. The further application of support vector machines together with other sequence-derived features can effectively score and classify these putative boundaries in order to identify true domain boundaries. The numerical scores assigned to the predicted domain boundaries make it possible to select domain boundaries at different precision and recall values. This flexibility and the good prediction accuracy make this method a valuable tool for protein structure determination and prediction. It is available at http://sysbio.rnet.missouri.edu/dobo/ webcite.
Authors' contributions
JC designed and implemented the first version of the method and conducted the initial experiments. JE implemented the second version of the method, added some new features, and carried out the remaining experiments. XD converted some programs from Perl into C++. JE and JC drafted the manuscript. All the authors read, edited and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The work was partially supported by a NIH grant (grant no. 1R01GM093123) to JC.
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Terrorist Threats: Measuring the Terms and Approaches
Kartini Aboo Talib, Sakina Shaik Ahmad Yusoff, Rahmah Ismail, Shamsudin Suhor, Azimon Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Rizal Razman
Abstract
This article discusses terrorist networks that operate locally with diverse interests. A comparative study between Malaysia and Indonesia is discussed in this article, because these organizations share significant features that raise questions on their very existence. Ironically differing perspectives on threat contribute to differing actions by both countries. Although these fundamental Islamic groups are assumed to be standard and organized, their organizations turn out to be loose and cannot be sufficiently accepted as an organization. Factors such as family and kinship, unclear funding, and members’ lack recognition may annul the meaning of the organization. Competing terms on terrorism and Jihad are explained in this article. Both comprise difficult conceptual frameworks. Understanding their modus operandi and examining the states’ actions and mechanisms to curb any possible terrorist threat in the region are also central to this discussion. Both Malaysia and Indonesia show commitments to secure their borders and heighten state security, including assessing the group mobility and security enforcement.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ass.v8n15p288
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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< Previous
Alternate ETag Validation Functions >
: Speaking of Evan, he's started a new weblog, walltype, where he curates photos from Flickr that fit his own baroque categorizations. I think it has explodingdog-esque potential.
Speaking of new weblogs by my friends: Pat Rafferty's Raffertyesque. Now you have something to read while you look at Evan's curated pictures.
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Maps and graphs / 4th highest 24-hour mean SO2 concentration observed at urban stations, 2001-2010 (EU-27)
4th highest 24-hour mean SO2 concentration observed at urban stations, 2001-2010 (EU-27)
Created : Aug 16, 2012 Published : Aug 21, 2012 Last modified : Nov 29, 2012 11:42 AM
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Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Cyprus, Denmark, Finland and Malta, are not included due to missing availability of operational urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations in the Urban Audit cities.
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You are here: Home / The European environment – state and outlook 2010 / Thematic assessments / Consumption and the environment - SOER 2010 thematic assessment
Consumption and the environment - SOER 2010 thematic assessment
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State of the environment report No 1/2010
The consumption of goods and services in EEA member countries is a major driver of global resource use and associated environmental impacts. Growth in global trade is resulting in an increasing share of environmental pressures and impacts from European consumption taking place beyond Europe. Food and drink, housing, mobility and tourism are responsible for a large part of the pressures and impacts caused by consumption in the EU. Achieving significant reductions in environmental pressures and impacts will require changing private and public consumption patterns, to supplement gains achieved through better technology and improved production processes.
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• EEA (European Environment Agency)
• Published: Nov 28, 2010
Content
Summary
Drivers and pressures
Consumption is shaped by an array of complex, interrelated factors such as demographics, income and prices, technology, trade, policies and infrastructure, as well as social, cultural and psychological factors. Production activities across economic sectors, including extractive industries, agriculture, energy, transport and manufacturing, are directly responsible for the majority of the environmental impacts caused by the economy. However, it is private and public consumption that are the fundamental causal factors and drivers of change in production activities.
Consumption leads to the direct creation of environmental pressures from the use of products and services, for example, through driving a car or heating a house with fossil fuels. Of greater magnitude, however, are the indirect pressures that are created along the production chains of the goods and services consumed, including, for example, food, clothing, furniture or electricity. Both direct and indirect pressures result in environmental impacts, in particular, global warming, biodiversity degradation, soil sealing and air and water pollution. Since an increasing share of the final and intermediate goods consumed in Europe is imported, a growing proportion of impacts caused by our consumption takes place in other parts of the world. The average environmental footprint (an indicator of pressures from consumption) per person in EEA member countries is about double the available biocapacity (an indicator of land which is biologically productive) of those countries.
An EEA analysis of nine EU Member States (representing 268 million of the EU's total 501 million people) has found that the majority of key environmental pressures caused by total national consumption can be allocated to eating and drinking, housing and infrastructure, and mobility. These three broad consumption areas are estimated to have contributed approximately two-thirds of consumption-related material use, greenhouse gas emissions, acidifying emissions and ozone precursor emissions.
The reasons for these high shares are that food and drink, housing and mobility are the areas which Europeans spend most on and at the same time the areas with the highest pressures per euro spent. Tourism is a fourth area causing high and growing environmental impacts, both within the EU and elsewhere.
A major reason why consumption negatively affects the environment and causes an over-use of resources is because the costs to society of environmental and resource degradation are not fully reflected in the prices of goods and services. Thus, many goods are relatively cheap even though they cause major harm to the environment, ecosystems or human health.
The need for sophisticated policy packages
A culture of high and continuously growing levels of consumption, generally associated with well-being and success, has evolved in western European countries for decades, and EU-12 Member States and the western Balkan countries are rapidly catching up.
Large differences in environmental pressures from consumption, even between households with equal income levels, indicate a considerable potential for more sustainable consumption patterns through shifting choices towards more sustainable alternatives. Examples include: shifting from car use to collective transport, cycling and walking; and choosing high quality and eco-labelled products and energy-efficient housing solutions. Secondly, additional income could be channelled towards products and services with relatively low environmental pressures such as communication, education and sustainable leisure activities.
Europe will be better equipped to achieve sustainable consumption patterns by developing and implementing sophisticated policy packages. These would include regulatory and voluntary instruments, providing sustainable infrastructure, technological support, consumer education and information, and green public procurement (the purchase of goods, services and public works by governments). A critical element of such policy packages could be provided by ecological tax reform, where the burden of taxation is shifted from labour to environmentally damaging activities.
The framework conditions should enable business and consumers/citizens to act sustainably, and business and citizens need to take action by adopting more sustainable consumption and production patterns.
Related content
Figures used
See also
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Traditional land-use and nature conservation in rural Europe
Traditional land-use and nature conservation in rural Europe
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Mryka Hall-Beyer
Introduction
Rural Europe offers a great diversity of cultural landscapes. This landscape diversity is, for the most part, a result of the variety of land-uses that have overlaid, refined, or replaced each other throughout history. In European landscape history five basic stages are distinguished: the natural, prehistoric landscape (from Palaeolithic until ancient Greek times); the antique landscape (from ancient Greek times until early Mediaeval times); the mediaeval landscape (from early Mediaeval times until Renaissance); the traditional agricultural landscape (from Renaissance until 19th century, sometimes until today); and industrial landscapes (mostly from mid-18th until mid-20th century, in many places until today).
Traditional land-uses, according to Bignal et al. (1995), include all “practices which have been out of fashion for many years and techniques which are not generally part of modern agriculture.” These authors report that these land-uses reached their maximum extent in the second half of the 19th century. Another definition has been delivered by Antrop (1997): “landscapes with a long history, which evolved slowly and where it took centuries to form a characteristic structure reflecting a harmonious integration of abiotic, biotic and cultural elements”. Two common characteristics of most forms of traditional land-use are relatively low nutrient inputs and relatively low output per hectare. Therefore, traditional land-use systems are also termed “low-intensity land-use systems”. However, “traditional land-use” is not in all cases completely congruent with “low-intensity land-use” as there are traditional land-use systems that have been very labor-intensive and had high nutrient and labor inputs. Examples can be found in late medieval and early modern Flanders, northern Italy, the Netherlands and Southwest-England (and on a more local scale in many densely populated areas of Europe). These traditional high-intensity systems also had a high biodiversity, caused by the many gradients of nutrient and labor inputs at a local and regional scale.
Classification of traditional land-use systems
Table 1 – Traditional land-use systems in Europe
Livestock systems Arable and permanent crop systems Mixed systems
Low-intensity livestock raising in upland and mountain areas Low-intensity dryland arable cultivation in Mediterranean regions Low-intensity mixed Mediterranean cropping
Low-intensity livestock raising in Mediterranean regions Low-intensity arable cultivation in temperate regions Low-intensity, small-scale traditional mixed farming
Low-intensity livestock raising in wooded pastures Low-intensity rice cultivation
Low-intensity livestock raising in temperate lowland regions Low-intensity tree crops
Low-intensity vineyards
Source: Baldock et al. (1995)
Although traditional land-use techniques vary considerably throughout Europe, a rough categorization into livestock systems, arable and permanent crop systems, and mixed systems can be made (Table 1). Traditional land-use systems have mainly persisted in upland and remote areas where physical constraints have prevented a modernization of agriculture. The most extensive and diverse low-intensity land-use systems can be found in Spain and Portugal.
Basic principles
Konold et al. (1996) have analyzed a number of traditional land-use systems. These are important for understanding the functioning of such systems and, additionally, can serve as guidelines for the design of new land-use systems:
• Principle of multiple uses: traditional land-use systems optimize resource use and minimize risks through polyculture and other forms of multiple uses. Another important aspect of historical cultural landscapes has always been the interaction between public, common, and private land-use. The extensive use of common lands (forests, heathlands, grasslands, marshes) has been extremely important for biodiversity in northwest Europe and has changed a lot over the centuries, due to changes in agricultural systems, economy and common rights.
Figure 1. Fine-grained mosaic of traditionally used grassland and forest patches in the Southern Black Forest, Germany. (Photo: Werner Konold)
• Principle of rotational uses: in traditional systems land-use is intended to meet individual needs more than to maximize economic profit. Therefore traditional land-use systems involve numerous uses that are spatially and temporally differentiated, but applied on the whole landscape. This leads to a discontinuous change between periods of human impact and periods of regeneration.
• Principle of recycling: in traditional land-use, external inputs of agrochemicals or fodder are low. Nutrient emissions and water losses are minimized, and production wastes are recycled locally as fertilizers.
• Principle of low-energy economy: traditional systems are stamped by a scarcity of energy and transport resources.
• Principle of spatial fuzziness: in traditional systems different land-use structures and processes intermingle, although ecological and land-use settings provide a gradient of variation.
Baldock et al.(1995) add principles such as a slow rate of change that produces long periods of relative stability, management techniques that enhance the structural diversity of vegetation, the maintenance of a high proportion of semi-natural vegetation, and low use of agrochemicals.
Examples for traditional agricultural systems are the atlantic bocage and the montado/dehesa. The bocage is a classic enclosed landscape, consisting of a mosaic of plots that are surrounded by stonewalls or hedges. These small, rectangular strips or land are lumped piecemeal, resulting in a great landscape diversity. Atlantic bocages are distributed in Bretagne and Normandie (France), North-West Denmark, Wales, South-West Scotland, and Eastern Ireland. Soils are moderately fertile, and rainfall is abundant. The traditional system consists of mixed crops on small plots (often < 0,5 ha). Arable farming and pasture have often alternated throughout history. Farmsteads are scattered, and there is a dense network of rural roads. The history of the bocage landscape is hundreds of years old. A variant, the semi-bocage, has fewer hedges, more walls, more fallow land and larger forests and is found in many high and middle mountain areas of Europe, e.g. in the Black Forest in Germany (Figure 1). It has larger plots, and not every plot is enclosed. The montado/dehesa is both a regional landscape of the Mediterranean and a traditional agroforestry system that covers around 3,1 million ha in the Southwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Figure 2). Land uses comprise extensive livestock raising, crop cultivation, and forest management. The resulting park- or savanna-like landscape is characterized by pasturelands with scattered holm and cork oak stands and an understorey of grassland, cereal crops or Mediterranean scrub. The system is characterized by a multiple resource production, low-input agriculture with a high variety of products harvested and a high level of self-sufficiency. The roots of the montado/dehesa system reach back to medieval times. The system is closely tied to large estates. Both from the views of biodiversity and cultural heritage conservation the system is regarded highly valuable.
Interactions of traditional land-use and conservation
File:Dehesa in Cáceres province, Spain.gif
The high nature-conservation value of most traditional land-use systems is without controversy (see for example Heath and Tucker (1995) for a study on birds). Under these circumstances it seems paradoxical that the provision of rich biodiversity was never the primary aim of traditional land-use, but that it was nothing more than an unintended by-product. Today these amenities are considered externalities that are uncoupled from agricultural or forestry production and must be specially managed and financed. The fact that traditional land-use in Europe has, instead of damaging biodiversity, even fostered habitat and species richness is remarkable as this contrasts with the evidence from most other parts in the world. Correspondingly most non-Europeans understand conservation as an activity to restore conditions of pristine wilderness with a complete absence of human impact. What distinguishes traditional cultural landscapes in Europe from other human-shaped landscapes in the world is the long history of land-use since the end of the glaciation that has facilitated the co-evolution of species, ecosystems and humans. Many traditional land-use systems originate in medieval times. Land-use in these times was characterized by technological progress both in clear-cutting and agricultural practices. The Middle Ages are also marked by increases in population and wealth. A typical crop rotation system that had spread out since the 8th century in central Europe was three-field rotation. The rotation began with winter grain (rye, wheat) in one year, which was followed by summer grain (oats, summer rye, barley) in the subsequent year. In the third year the land was left fallow for soil regeneration. The farmland was split into uniformly farmed districts in oder to harvest both summer and winter grain within one year. Medieval landscapes induced a remarkable species and ecosystem diversity, but at the same time seriously degraded the landscape. Examples are large-scale soil erosion from croplands and grasslands, and the deterioration of forests through livestock grazing. Landscapes changed fundamentally during the 19th century, when many of the last untamed parts of the landscape became cultivated. A first wave of species reduction and sometimes extinction was the consequence, although loss rates were slow and it is estimated that species richness in Europe peaked around 1850. Nowadays European agri-biodiversity is considered just as valuable as wild biodiversity.
In addition to their nature-conservation value, cultural landscapes are also appreciated due to their cultural values bound to the history of a place and its cultural traditions. There is an increasing recognition of the necessity to include the values and priorities of people in any activity of natural or cultural resources conservation. Likewise, cooperation between actors of nature and cultural heritage conservation have been increasing recently.
Challenges
A central dilemma of Europe’s traditional cultural landscapes is their instability, i.e. their dependence on a medium degree of human impact. If land-use is extensified or abandoned traditional landscapes are displaced by spontaneous vegetational succession. In Portugal for example, land abandonment and consequent shrub encroachment led to the disappearance of more than 245,000 ha of low-intensity farmland in the 1980s. Conversely, too-intensive human impact will lead to the conversion of traditional landscapes to more simplified landscapes. For instance, at least 1,400,000 ha of low-intensity farmland have been converted into highly productive irrigated fields in Spain in the 1970s and 1980s. This polarization of land-use trends, with extensification or land abandonment on one side and mechanization and intensification on the other, puts many traditional land-use systems seriously at risk. Although some agri-environmental schemes provide financial assistance for the maintenance of traditional cultural landscapes, their impact has so far been narrow. In Central and Eastern Europe, landscapes have been more rapidly and more profoundly transformed throughout the 20th century than the rest of Europe. Changing ideologies and their socio-economic formations left their traits in the landscape and erased former landscape traits, leaving behind a layered legacy of landscapes. In the communist era from 1945 to 1990 landscapes were dramatically homogenized. Since the 1990s most Central and Eastern European countries have turned toward the West, and many are now members of the European Union. This shift involved the tendencies of agricultural change that is found in Western Europe, with threats coming both from intensification and marginalization. In these countries landscape transformation has been so comprehensive that landscapes have many times lost their identity and people have become alienated from the landscapes.
Further Reading
• Antrop, M., 1997. The concept of traditional landscapes as a base for landscape evaluation and planning. The example of Flanders Region. Landscape and Urban Planning 38(1-2):105-117.
• Baldock, D., Beaufoy, G. and Clark, J., 1995. The Nature of Farming: Low Intensity Farming Systems in Nine European Countries. Institute for European Environmental Policy, London. ISBN: 1873906013
• Bignal, E.M. and McCracken, D.I., 1996. Low-intensity farming systems in the conservation of the countryside. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33(3):413-424.
• Bignal, E.M., McCracken, D.I. and Corrie, H., 1995. Defining European low-intensity farming systems: the nature of farming. In: McCracken, D.I., Bignal, E.M. and Wenlock, S.E. (Eds.), Farming on the Edge: the Nature of Traditional Farmland in Europe. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. ISBN: 1873701748
• Green, B.H. and Vos, W., 2001. Managing old landscapes and making new ones. In: Green, B.H., Vos, W. (Eds.), Threatened Landscapes: Conserving Cultural Landscapes. Spon Press, London, New York, NY, pp. 139-149. ISBN: 041925630X
• Hampicke, U., 2006. Efficient conservation in Europe’s agricultural countryside - rationale, methods and policy reorientation. Outlook on Agriculture, 35:97-105.
• Heath, M.F. and Tucker, G.M., 1995. Ornithological value and pastoral farming systems. In: McCracken, D.I., Bignal, E.M., Wenlock, S.E. (Eds.), Farming on the Edge: the Nature of Traditional Farmland in Europe. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, pp. 54-59. ISBN: 1873701748
• Konold, W., Schwineköper, K. and Seiffert, P., 1996. Zukünftige Kulturlandschaft aus der Tradition heraus. In: Konold, W. (Ed.), Naturlandschaft - Kulturlandschaft. Die Veränderung der Landschaften nach der Nutzbarmachung durch den Menschen. Ecomed, Landsberg, pp. 289-312. ISBN: 3609692804
• Kristensen, S.P., 1999. Agricultural land and landscape changes in Rostrup, Denmark: process of intensification and extensification. Landscape and Urban Planning, 46:117-123.
• MacDonald, D., Crabtree, J.R., Wiesinger, D., Dax, T., Stamou, N., Fleury, P., Gutierrez-Lazpita, J. and Gibton, A., 2000. Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: environmental consequences and policy response. Journal of Environmental Management, 59(1):47-69.
• Meeus, J.H.A., 1995. Pan-European landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 31(1-3):57-79.
• Mitchell, N. and Buggey, S. 2001. Protected landscapes and cultural landscapes: taking advantage of diverse approaches. The George Wright Forum, 17(1):35-46.
• Phillips, A., 1998. The nature of cultural landscapes - a nature conservation perspective. Landscape Research, 23(1):21-38.
• Urbanc, M., Printsmann, A., Palang, H., Skowronek, E., Woloszyn, W. and Konkoly Gyuró, E. 2004. Comprehension of rapidly tranforming landscapes of Central and Eastern Europe in the 20th century. Acta Geographica Slovenica 44(2):101-131.
• Vos, W. and Meekes, H., 1999. Trends in European cultural landscape development: perspectives for a sustainable future. Landscape and Urban Planning, 46:3-14.
• Wilson, O.J. and Wilson, G.A., 1997. Common cause or common concern? The role of common lands in the post-productivist countryside. Area, 29(1):45-58.
Citation
Tobias Plieninger (Lead Author);Mryka Hall-Beyer (Topic Editor) "Traditional land-use and nature conservation in rural Europe". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth April 2, 2007; Last revised Date April 2, 2007; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Traditional_land-use_and_nature_conservation_in_rural_Europe>
The Author
Tobias Plieninger received a PhD in Forest and Environmental Sciences from the University of Freiburg (Germany). He holds a Diploma in Forestry from the University of Göttingen (Germany). Currently he is a research fellow with the Rural Land Uses Group at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Berlin (Germany). In his dissertation, he studied the interactions of land use, nature conservation and forest regeneration in a traditional agroforestry system in the Mediterranean ... (Full Bio)
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Seest Parish, Ribe, DenmarkEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Denmark > Ribe > Seest
Contents
History
(Write information such as: how old the parish is, interesting facts about the parish, what alternate names it has, or any boundary changes.)
Seest Parish
Jurisdictions
Stift Add here
Pastorat Add here
Amt 1662 - 1793 Koldinghus
Amt 1794 - 1970 Ribe
Herred Anst
Kommune Add here
1788 – 1793 Lægd number 41
1794 – 1869 Lægd number 79
Retskreds Add here
Skifteretten Add here
Gods Add here
Place Names
Aldersly,
Hylke Dal Hylkedal Hylkehuse
Ingersholm
Kolding Aa
Langholtgaard,
Seest Seest Overholm Seest Skovgaard, Seest Vesterskov Seest Østerskov Skovdruplund, Svanemose
Tandholt Teglgaard,
Virkelyst, Vranderup, Vranderupgaard,
Østergaard,
To see what kind of place it is you will need a Danish Gazetteer.
• Surrounding Parishes
Collections
(write information about the different collections, or tips on using them)
• Census Records
• Church Records
• Court Records
• Military Records
• Probate Records
Related Sources
• Digital
• Printed
Societies and Libraries
References
Krabsens Stednavnebase (http://www.krabsen.dk/stednavnebase/) J.P. Trap, Danmark, Femte Udgave 1965 Ribe Amt.
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• This page was last modified on 10 May 2012, at 21:47.
• This page has been accessed 80 times.
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Altamont Utah Family History CenterEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:55, 14 April 2011 by Ccsmith (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Click for instructions and important guidelines on editing your FHC wiki page.
This article describes the services and resources available at a Family History Center, a branch facility of the Family History Library.
(Add a brief paragraph about your center here and the area it serves. Information in italics below is guidance for you and should be deleted as you fill out the page. Remove italics from other text by selecting the text and clicking the "I" box in the Toolbar above.)
Contents
Center Contacts and Hours
Location & Map:
1. (Address)
2. (Include information about your center that would be helpful for first time visitors such which entrance in the building to use, parking, etc. Use as many or as few bullet points as needed.)
3. (Link to map using Google or other map sites)
Phone:
E-mail:
Open Hours:
Holiday Schedule:
Calendar and Events
Upcoming Events
Class Schedule
Staff Training Meetings
Center Resources
Collections
• Family History Library Catalog: This center has the ability to order any of the films and fiche available through the Family History Library Catalog.
• (List additional collections you have such as the types of books and microfilm you have on indefinite loan; though you will not want to list every single item you have. Just give visitors to this page a general idea of your resources.)
Databases and Software
• FHC Portal: This center has access to the Family History Center Portal page which gives free access in the center to premium family history software and websites that generally charge for subscriptions. (Note to FHC: Not all FHCs have access to this portal. If you do not, you will want to remove this entire bullet. If you do have access to it, just remove this text in italics.)
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Oxford County, MaineEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 06:29, 30 January 2013 by Cottrells (Talk | contribs)
United States Maine Oxford County
Maine
Online Records
Contents
County Courthouse
Oxford County Courthouse
26 Western Ave PO Box 179
South Paris, ME 04281
Phone:. 207.743.6359
Town Clerks have birth, marriage and death records.
Clerk Courts has marriage records1877-1897, divorce and court records from 1930, probate and land records from 1805. [1]
History
Parent County
Created 4 March 1805 from Cumberland and York counties. [1]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
[[Image:
Modern town borders in Oxford County, Maine. Towns with records are named in black. Unincorporated green places usually lack records.
]]
Places / Localities
Populated Places
Towns
• Andover
• Bethel
• Brownfield
• Buckfield
• Byron
• Canton
• Denmark
• Dixfield
• Fryeburg
• Gilead
• Greenwood
• Hanover
• Hartford
• Hebron
• Hiram
• Lovell
• Mexico
• Newry
• Norway
• Otisfield
• Oxford
• Paris
• Peru
• Porter
• Roxbury
• Rumford
• Stoneham
• Stow
• Sumner
• Sweden
• Upton
• Waterford
• West Paris
• Woodstock
Plantations • Lincoln • Magalloway
Unorganized territories
• Milton
• North Oxford
• TA R1 Riley Township
• TA R2 Grafton Township
• Andover North Surplus
• Andover West Surplus
• Township C
• C Surplus
• T4 R1 West of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase (Richardsontown Township)
• T4 R2 West of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase (Adamstown Township)
• T4 R3 West of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase (Lower Cupsuptic Township)
• T5 R3 West of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase (Parkertown Township)
• T4 R4 West of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase (Upper Cupsuptic Township)
• T5 R4 West of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase (Lynchtown Township)
• T4 R5 West of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase (Oxbow Township)
• T5 R5 West of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase (Parmachenee Township)
• T4 R6 West of Bingham's Kennebec Purchase (Bowmantown Township)
• South Oxford
• Batchelders Grant
• Mason Township
• Albany Township
Communities
• Dixfield
• Fryeburg
• Mexico
• Norway
• Oxford
• Rumford
• South Paris
Villages • Dickvale • North Waterford • Waterford Flat
Neighboring Counties
Androscoggin | Cumberland | Franklin | York | New Hampshire counties: Carroll | Coös | Quebec county: Compton
Resources
Cemeteries
Census
Hatcher, Patricia Law. "My Ancestor Isn't In the Census: The 9,603 Missing Oxford County Residents In 1810," Maine Genealogist, May 1998, 65-68. Available at FHL Article includes a chart of the towns missing from the census.
Church
Court
Gazetteers
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Newspapers
Maine Newspaper Archive. Indexes Free; Digital Page Images $ (GenealogyBank $) Twenty-two early Maine 18th and 19th century newspapers, 1785-1898 online. Indexes (free); digital images ($). These newspapers are from Augusta, Bangor, Belfast, Brunswick, Castine, Eastport, Falmouth, Hallowell, Kennebunk, Portland, Saco and Wiscasset.
Early Maine newspapers routinely reported on news, obituaries, births, marriages etc. from around the state. Be sure to search the indexes for all Maine newspapers to find your target ancestor.
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Oxford County, Maine page 305, At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
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You are here: Home > Free Data Downloads
Updated: 08 May 2013
File Selection
Use the checkboxes to select the files you would like to download, then click on the "Continue to File Download" button.
Product Details Available Files
Chemical investigation during the year 1957 GA Publication - Record
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March 15 2013
Incentivizing City Living: The Kalamazoo Promise
Kalamazoo Public Schools is the school district neighboring the Portage Public School District that I graduated from. Portage is a suburb of Kalamazoo, Michigan, in the most awful definition of that word, a small town established in 1963 because of white-flight from the city of Kalamazoo. Substitute teachers in the area, for some reason, felt comfortable sharing their less than favorable views of the Kalamazoo school system. However, those views may be shifting gradually, if the administrators and donors behind the Kalamazoo Promise have any say in the matter.
The Kalamazoo Promise is a scholarship program for students graduating from the KPS system and living in the city that was announced in 2005 and is seeking to make improvements not only in education but in economic growth as well. The Promise has received national attention, even attracting President Obama to speak at Kalamazoo Central High School’s commencement in 2010. Local research organization, the W.E. Upjohn Institute, supports community mobilization efforts, helps other communities engineer similar programs, and heads most research on the scholarship’s impact.
Janice M. Brown, KPS superintendent, says the district needs to focus on the four A’s: “affordability, access, achievement and attitude.” The Promise obviously helps with increasing the affordability and access to college, but achievement and attitude are main foci for the district where one third of students live below the poverty line. While the schools are making strides in improving education, another key component of Promise-eligibility is designed to improve local and state economies.
The eligibility criteria for the Promise scholarship constitutes an ingenious urban planning tactic to retain and increase human capital in the area. The Promise provides incentives to citizens to remain within the city and the school system and also attracts young families and employees to the area. And, by making this astounding scholarship applicable only to Michigan universities, Kalamazoo Promise planners are doing their part to stop the brain drain from the state by keeping students in-state for college and making them more likely to remain after college graduation. The complete design of this program is a wholly economic one based on long-term loyalty to the community and state.
What are the next steps Kalamazoo can take to retain their public school graduates?
Credits: All data and images linked to sources.
Meg Mulhall
Meg Mulhall is an undergraduate student at the University of Michigan. She calls Kalamazoo, Michigan her hometown but is currently exploring community organizing and urban planning efforts in Ann Arbor and Detroit, Michigan. Planning to pursue a degree in either public policy or political science, Meg is interested in the relationship between government and non-governmental organizations and how those relationships can help remedy the lack of responsible and smart planning-related policies.
More Posts - Website - Twitter - Facebook
This entry was posted on Friday, March 15th, 2013 at 9:09 am and is filed under Community/Economic Development, Government/Politics, Housing, Meg Mulhall, Social/Demographics, Urban Development/Real Estate. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Leave a Reply
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Ardamax Keylogger 2.8 (remote installation)
Light Poster
28Jul2008,04:22 #1
like the title says ^^
well i'm new here so i thought i should contribute before anything else, let me know if you have any problems.
hopefully this hasn't been posted before, i havent had enough time to check out the whole site
you can get ardamax 2.9 from www.ardamax.com but they removed "remote installation" in that version.
how to use:
-install Ardamax2.8, once installed there should be a pen/notepad icon in your tray.
-right click it and enter the registration name and key it came with.
-next right click again and go to remote installation
-follow the instructions from there
if enough people want i will post a file with over 300 icon files in it
Invasive contributor
28Jul2008,04:34 #2
lol ardamax i have him on my msn lol
Skilled contributor
28Jul2008,05:20 #3
do Anti-viruses detect keylogger programs ?
Light Poster
28Jul2008,05:42 #4
all av's will detect a keylogger program as a keylogger
Invasive contributor
28Jul2008,06:20 #5
almost any hacking type programs keyloggers all AVs automatically detect it no matter what u have to disabel ur AV for like 3 minutes so u can install the program and then you can enable the AV again
Newbie Member
26Aug2008,02:00 #6
im having a few troubles with ardamax 2.85, i have a legit license and a binder that encripts, in the remote install it is noob proof but im having trouble with the email part, i tried using a googlemail addy 1st but it came back with my IP is not authorized to leave email msgs on mail server, then i tried hotmail but they sent error saying infringment of policy, could sum 1 give an example what they are using for the email page, many thanks.
Know what you can do.
26Aug2008,13:23 #7
Got both from piratebay.org, v3.0 and 2.8. They have them all there.
Newbie Member
26Aug2008,13:44 #8
right i have sorted a ftp account out, that works much better. at what stage do i need to crypt to make it undetectable? and is deamon crypt suitable?
thanks in adv.
Light Poster
1Sep2008,01:42 #9
So are you saying you cant sent a keylogger from hotmail? how do these programs attatch to the person recieving the email? even knowing the person they are going to wonder what file was sent to them not?
Go4Expert Member
6Sep2008,21:27 #10
Quote:
Originally Posted by SpOonWiZaRd
Got both from piratebay.org, v3.0 and 2.8. They have them all there.
hmm, Can you trust those Torrents?
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"warc_url": "http://www.go4expert.com/forums/google-doesnt-keywords-meta-tag-web-t19592/"
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Google doesn't use the keywords meta tag in web search
Go4Expert Member
29Sep2009,15:30 #1
What do you think on
http://googlewebmastercentral.blogsp...-meta-tag.html
Go4Expert Founder
29Sep2009,16:36 #2
Totally agree that they do not use them to rank pages but at times use Meta Description to be displayed as the link description in results page
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Bibliography: Attrition
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Title: Attrition
Author: Jim Wannamaker
Year: 1961
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novelette
ISFDB Record Number: 55541
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: Project Gutenberg (1) Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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"url": "www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/12/5/3042",
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12(5), 3042-3054; doi:10.3390/ijms12053042
Article
Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase in Alginate-Chitosan Microcapsules
Xia Wang 1,2 , Ke-Xue Zhu 1,2 and Hui-Ming Zhou 1,2,*
1 State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China 2 School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 28 February 2011; in revised form: 22 April 2011 / Accepted: 9 May 2011 / Published: 11 May 2011
(This article belongs to the Section Material Sciences and Nanotechnology)
Download PDF Full-Text [341 KB, Updated Version, uploaded 12 May 2011 10:22 CEST]
The original version is still available [341 KB, uploaded 11 May 2011 14:22 CEST]
Abstract: In order to improve its stability and catalytic rate in flour, the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOX) was investigated in this work. The enzyme was encapsulated in calcium alginate-chitosan microspheres (CACM) using an emulsification-internal gelation-GOX adsorption‑chitosan coating method. The interaction between alginate and chitosan was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (IR). The resultant CACM in wet state, whose morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), was spherical with a mean diameter of about 26 μm. The GOX load, encapsulation efficiency and activity of the CACM-GOX were influenced by concentration of chitosan, encapsulation time and encapsulation pH. The highest total enzymatic activity and encapsulation efficiency was achieved when the pH of the adsorption medium was near the isoelectric point (pI) of GOX, approximately pH 4.0. In addition, the molecular weight of chitosan also evidently influenced the encapsulation efficiency. Storage stabilities of GOX samples were investigated continuously over two months and the retained activity of CACM-GOX was 70.4%, markedly higher than the 7.5% of free enzyme. The results reveal the great potential of CACM-GOX as a flour improver.
Keywords: glucose oxidase; alginate; chitosan; microcapsules; encapsulation efficiency
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Wang, X.; Zhu, K.-X.; Zhou, H.-M. Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase in Alginate-Chitosan Microcapsules. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 3042-3054.
AMA Style
Wang X, Zhu K-X, Zhou H-M. Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase in Alginate-Chitosan Microcapsules. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12(5):3042-3054.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Wang, Xia; Zhu, Ke-Xue; Zhou, Hui-Ming. 2011. "Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase in Alginate-Chitosan Microcapsules." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12, no. 5: 3042-3054.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Nano Express
Structure and Luminescence Properties of Eu3+-Doped Cubic Mesoporous Silica Thin Films
Qingshan Lu, Zhongying Wang, Peiyu Wang and Jiangong Li*
Author Affiliations
Institute of Materials Science and Engineering and MOE Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2010, 5:761-768 doi:10.1007/s11671-010-9554-9
Published: 11 February 2010
Abstract
Eu3+ ions-doped cubic mesoporous silica thin films with a thickness of about 205 nm were prepared on silicon and glass substrates using triblock copolymer as a structure-directing agent using sol–gel spin-coating and calcination processes. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis show that the mesoporous silica thin films have a highly ordered body-centered cubic mesoporous structure. High Eu3+ ion loading and high temperature calcination do not destroy the ordered cubic mesoporous structure of the mesoporous silica thin films. Photoluminescence spectra show two characteristic emission peaks corresponding to the transitions of5D0-7F1 and 5D0-7F2 of Eu3+ ions located in low symmetry sites in mesoporous silica thin films. With the Eu/Si molar ratio increasing to 3.41%, the luminescence intensity of the Eu3+ ions-doped mesoporous silica thin films increases linearly with increasing Eu3+ concentration.
Keywords:
Luminescence; Eu3+ doping; Cubic mesoporous; Thin film; Sol–gel
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Posts Tagged: OWS
1/8/2012: Blocks Protocol at General Assembly
Posted by & filed under Assemblies, Past Proposals.
This is a proposal to repair a serious problem we are encountering: the abuse of blocks. During a General Assembly, its Facilitation team is able to tell a person “That’s not a clarifying question, that’s a concern.” And yet, for the most contentious part of the GA – blocks – neither Facilitation nor the body as a whole [...]
1/8/2012: Bail and Camp Funding for Occupy Tampa
Posted by & filed under Assemblies, Past Proposals.
Occupy Tampa has been a strong and active occupation since the beginning of the movement. They now have a permanent occupation at Voice Of Freedom Park which is privately owned by a supporter of the movement and can not be kicked off the property. Occupy Tampa has participated in Strong Direct Actions condemning consumerism and [...]
Tech Ops Working Group Budget for Phone Services, Hosting Reimbursement, Infrastructure & Operating Costs, and Livestreaming in HD
Posted by & filed under Assemblies, Past Proposals.
TECH OPS BUDGET PROPOSAL The Technology Operations group of the New York City General Assembly strives to provide tools that enable our movement to connect and communicate with each other and the world through technology. We provide as many tools we can to supportOWS and the broader Occupy Movement as we all transform the world. Some of our more notable projects include tools thatmany [...]
1/5/2012: Removal of 99 Declaration from NYCGA.net
Posted by & filed under Assemblies, Past Proposals.
In the interest of adhering to the OWS Statement of Autonomy – a document consented to by the GA on 11/10/11, for the purposes of maintaining the integrity of Occupy Wall Street and in solidarity with a similar proposal passed by the Philadelphia GA, I bring this proposal to this General Assembly to remove the [...]
Extension Denied
Posted by & filed under News.
The petition to extend the restraining order has been denied. “The movants have not demonstrated that they have a First Amendment right to remain in Zuccotti Park, along with their tents, structures, generators, and other installations to the exclusion ofthe owner’s reasonable rights and duties to maintain Zuccotti Park, or to the rights to public access of others who might wish to use the space safely. Neither have the applicants shown [...]
OWS Occupies The Guardian Op-Ed Page
Posted by & filed under Uncategorized.
[youtube] <iframe width=”560″ height=”315″ src=”http://www.youtube.com/embed/ZG64b_3OQcs” frameborder=”0″ allowfullscreen></iframe>[/youtube] We have occupied Wall Street for nearly two months. It is now time to Occupy the opinion pages of newspapers across the world. Even as Mayor Bloomberg attempts to evict us, we journey on, occupying the imagination of people across the globe Writers and storytellers from across the [...]
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Kuwait's highest court rejects election law change
PanARMENIAN.Net - Kuwait's highest court has rejected a government appeal aimed at changing the Gulf emirate's electoral boundaries, BBC News reported.
The Constitutional Court upheld the 2006 electoral law, which divided the country into five constituencies. The ruling came a day after thousands of opposition supporters held a protest outside parliament in Kuwait City.
Opponents of the law change said it would have allowed the government to redefine electoral boundaries to its advantage ahead of fresh polls.
However, the government said the reason for the court action was to safeguard the outcome of future elections from possible legal challenges.
In an unprecedented ruling in June, the Constitutional Court declared illegal February's elections for the National Assembly, in which the Islamist-led opposition made significant gains, and reinstated the previous parliament.
The opposition has demanded that parliament be dissolved and fresh elections held as soon as possible. "The constitutional ruling today means that the government should resign immediately," Islamist MP Faisal al-Mislem wrote on Twitter.
Kuwait's parliament has the most powers of any elected body in the Gulf, and opposition MPs openly criticise the ruling Sabah family. But the Sabahs retains full control over key government and executive posts.
The Emir, Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmed al-Sabah, called February's election amid a crisis over corruption allegations.
In November, the cabinet resigned shortly before former Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser al-Mohammed al-Sabah was to be asked about the alleged payment of bribes to pro-government MPs.
Protesters had stormed the parliament building the previous month when the government tried to prevent Sheikh Nasser facing questions.
Partner news
Top stories
Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8741.2 - Dwelling Unit Commencements Reported by Approving Authorities, Victoria, Dec 1994
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 15/03/1995
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Monthly; ISSN:0814-236X; Number of dwelling unit commencements (houses and other residential buildings) as reported by approving authorities, by local government area; ownership (private sector/public sector), and by material of outer walls, by statistical division and statistical local area. Also includes selected seasonally adjusted and trend estimates.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6348.0 - Labour Costs, Australia, 2010-11 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 05/07/2012
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Ask Your Question
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2012-06-17 23:23:42 +0200 Chris Vella
Count and Number only Odd Pages
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Financial Management Attitude and Practice among the Medical Practitioners in Public and Private Medical Service in Malaysia
Rajna Anthony, WP Sharifah Ezat, Syed Al Junid, Hossein Moshiri
Abstract
Doctors learn money management by trial and error and often realize the mistakes and shortfalls at later stages of
life. This study measured the levels of personal financial management attitude of the medical practitioners in
Malaysia and identified their financial management practical trends, strengths and weaknesses. In this cross
sectional study, a pre-tested questionnaire was used to conduct face to face interviews with randomly selected
medical specialist and medical officers through a multistage sampling. A total of 402 (urban 46.0%, rural 54.0%)
medical practitioners completed the questionnaire. The majority of the respondents were Malays (54.5%),
followed by Indians (25.6%), Chinese (16.7%) and other ethnicity (3.2%). Medical officers comprised 64.2% of
the respondents and 35.8% were specialists. 76.4% of the respondents had a positive attitude towards personal
financial management but only 34.6% doctors in the country practice positive or favorable financial management.
Retirement and estate planning practices are the most neglected area where only 3.8% respondents had high
scores. In conclusion, this study found that overall the medical practitioners in Malaysia had a positive financial
attitude, but lacked financial practice. This study sets groundwork for future research and calls for a strong need
for a financial education program to help medical practitioners make informed decisions for greater financial
satisfaction.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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EEA
Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated
Document Actions
English name Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated
EUNIS habitat type code B3.4 Level 3
Edition EUNIS Habitat Classification 2012 - a revision of the habitat classification descriptions.
Description ( English )
Sea-cliffs composed of relatively soft, unconsolidated or uncompacted mineral particle deposits, carved by wind and wave action. They may support scrub similar to that on dunes (B1.6), with [Hippophae rhamnoides], [Salix repens], [Sorbus aucuparia].
Source
Hill, M.O., Moss, D. & Davies, C.E. [edited ETC/BD] (2001)
External links
Relationships with other classifications
Classification Code Title Relation type
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200410 B3.4 Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200308 B3.4 Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 200202 B3.4 Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 199910 B3.4 Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 199811 B3.5 Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated same
EUNIS Habitat Classification 199712 B7.4 Soft sea-cliffs, often vegetated same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 200112 18.4 Deposit sea-cliffs same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 199905 18.4 Deposit sea-cliffs same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1997 18.4 Deposit sea-cliffs same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1996 18.4 same
Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1993 18.4 same
CORINE Land Cover 3.3.2. Bare rock n/a
Phase 1 habitat classification (UK) 1993 H84 Maritime cliff and slope: coastal grassland overlap
Phase 1 habitat classification (UK) 1993 H85 Maritime cliff and slope: coastal heathland not defined
Phase 1 habitat classification (UK) 1993 H82 Maritime cliff and slope: soft cliff wider
Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Habitats (UK) 27 Maritime cliff and slope wider
B Coastal habitats Ancestor
B3 Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral Parent
EUNIS
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The European Environment Agency (EEA) is an agency of the European Union.
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59th Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States U.S. Military Virginia Virginia Military Virginia in the Civil War 59th Regiment, Virginia Infantry (Confederate)
Contents
Brief History
The 59th Infantry Regiment [also called 2nd Regiment, Wise Legion] was organized in August, 1861.
Many were disabled at Sayler's Creek, and none of its members were present at the surrender. The field officers were Colonels Charles F. Henningsen and William B. Tabb, Lieutenant Colonels Frank P. Anderson and Joseph Jones, and Majors John Lawson and Robert G. Mosby. [1]
Companies in this Regiment with the Counties of Origin
Men often enlisted in a company recruited in the counties where they lived though not always. After many battles, companies might be combined because so many men were killed or wounded. However if you are unsure which company your ancestor was in, try the company recruited in his county first.
Company A1 ( Richmond Light Infantry Blues - many men from Richmond County
Company A2 (Ben McCulloch Rangers)(formerly William F. McLean's Louisiana Volunteer Infantry
Company B1 (Beirne's Sharpshooters) - many men from Monroe County
Company B2 (White Sulphur Rifles) - many men from Greenbrier County
Company B3 (Brunswick Blues) - many men from Brunswick County
Company C1 - see Company B2
Company C2 (Red Sulphur Yankee Hunters) many men from Greenbrier County
Company C3 (The South of Dan Rebels) formerly Company K
Company D1 (Border Guards or Rifles)
Company D2 (Captain Fleshman's Company, later Captain Edgar's Company, Wise Legion)
Company D3 (The Jackson Guard)
Company E1 - see Company K2
Company E2 - See Company D3
Company E3 (Bruce Guard) - many men from Richmond County
Company F1 (Jackson Avengers, Dixie Rifles) - many men from Gauley Bridge, Fayette County
Company F2 (Kemper Guards,- Mississippi Rangers) many men from Mississippi
Company F3 (Richmond Light Guard) - many men from Richmond
Company G1 (Alleghany Rifles) - many men from Alleghany County. There are at least 24 men from Powhatan County, lead by Captain F. S. Mosby, that served in this Company or Companies G2 or G3 as recorded on page 506, FHL book 975.5612 H2c titled Powhatan: A Bicentennial History, pages 240-268 and 504-507
Company G2 (University Volunteers) - many men from Albemarle County
Company G3 (Captain Henry Wood, Jr's Company)
Company H1 - See Company C2
Company H2 (Lunenburg Heavy Artillery) many men from Lunenburg County
Company I1 - See Company D3
Company I2 (Princeton Guard) many men from Mercer County
Company I3 (Captain Robert G. Mosby's Company, formerly Company K
Company K (Captain Samuel D. Irvin's Company)
Company K1 - See Company E3
Company L1 - See Company F3
Company L2 (Captain Samuel D. Irvin's Company)
The information above is from 59th Virginia Infantry, by G. L. Sherwood and Jeffrey C. Weaver.
Other Sources
• Beginning United States Civil War Research gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier or sailor. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in Virginia in the Civil War and United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865.
• National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information.
• Virginia in the Civil War describes many Confederate and Union sources, specifically for Virginia, and how to find them.. These include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
• United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865 describes and explains United States and Confederate States records, rather than state records, and how to find them. These include veterans’ censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
• Sifakis, Stewart. Compendium of the Confederate Armies: Virginia. New York, NY: Facts on File, 1992- 1995. (Family History Library book 975 M2ss, Ten Volumes.) This gives organization information for each unit and its field officers, assignments, and battles. It also lists sources further reading. Volume 5 is for Virginia.
• Wallace, Lee A. A Guide to Virginia Military Organizations, 1861-1865. Lynchburg, Virginia: H. E. Howard, 1986. (Family History Library book 975.5 M2vr, Volume 29.) This gives brief historical sketches of each regiment and lists officers, company names, and commanders.
References
1. National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, (accessed 6 December 2010).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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• This page was last modified on 8 March 2013, at 23:02.
• This page has been accessed 648 times.
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Saturday, March 24, 2007
Iran takes some hostages.
Today I feel like looking at the world scene. Two nations dominate the news scene of the world because they are seeking build nuclear weapons. On Friday one of those nations Iran was in the news.
What happened?
Iran has taken 15 Royal Navy personnel hostage. The breakdown is 8 Royal Navy and 7 Royal Marines. Among that group is one woman. Here's a little more of the story...
Iranian armed forces spokesman Gen Ali Reza Afshar told Iranian radio the crew were being interrogated and had admitted being in Iranian waters.
He also said they were in "sterling health" and there had been no problems.
The British government says the eight sailors and seven marines were in Iraqi waters. It has demanded their immediate release.
The Fars news agency says the group - including one woman - was flown to Iran's capital and arrived in the Iranian capital at 1200 local time (0830 GMT).
Satellite tracking systems on the British boats proved they were inside Iranian waters, it added.
...
The 15 were seized on Friday after boarding a boat in the Gulf.
They were from HMS Cornwall, based in Plymouth - the flagship of the coalition-Iraqi force which patrols Iraqi territorial waters in the northern Gulf to combat smuggling.
The Cornwall's commander, Commodore Nick Lambert, said they had been inspecting an Iraqi boat before clearing its skipper to continue with his business.
When they returned to their two small boats, they were "promptly arrested".
The helicopter then saw the British boats being moved along the Shatt al-Arab waterway to Iranian bases, Cmdr Lambert said.
There had been no evidence of fighting, he added.
When I first heard this story it conjured up images of British ships of the line getting ready to attack a nation for their trangressions. I mean this in the sense of the British Navy's status as a superpower way back when. These days a lot of diplomatic manuevering is used instead of seapower.
Right now though I don't know about Iran. It seems all a nation needs is an excuse to engage in a rather agressive over the top action such as this. We'll see how this will work out.
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I'm back in Tokyo after quite an interesting week in Silicon Valley. As I landed in the airport, I noticed that the "gee, I'm back in Japan" feeling that I usually have was much less. The airport smell was "normal" and I didn't feel I was really "back" but that it was just another normal day. I think it is because I have been traveling SO much these last few months. So here is my theory.
I think that when you SWITCH infrequently, there is a literal switch. I remember when I used to only travel once or twice a year, I could feel my brain switch from English to Japanese, driving on the right side of the road to driving on the left side of the road. When I started traveling a lot more, this switch didn't happen and it all became one experience.
I've noticed that people who I went to school with at the American School in Japan can generally mix English and Japanese, but many people who switch between English and Japanese can't mix. (We call this mixing chanpon)
Having just switched to the Mac, I'm finding a similar experience. I now have 4 different keyboards and 3 operating systems (Mac, OS X shell, Windows) each with their hotkeys. I find that as I switch back and forth between keyboards and OS's a lot, I am becoming more and more able to "speak" the different hotkey combinations without messing them up.
I've heard that people who learn a third language after learning a second language often use words from the second language by mistake. I'm sure this is because your brain is trying to "map" the new language on in the same space as the old one and you trigger the wrong thing sometimes. It's like trying to install a new OS over an old one and keep some of the stuff from the old one.
I once took a class on brain damage. There was a study that we read that talked about "brain crowding". Some girl was a great at drawing and got brain damage and she lost her ability to speak. As she learned to speak again, her drawing ability diminished. So the brain reallocated that part of the brain towards to more a important thing.
Assuming that you have a limited brain surface area, I guess the trick is storing things as efficiently as possible.
So my theory. When you are switching between modes and you hear a big CLICK in your head, you're probably using two different sections of your brain. When you can get it all to feel like one thing, you're probably learning to store it in one place and trigger just the differences and that method, I assume it's more efficient, but I wonder if it is worth trying to get better at this sort of multi-mode storage. I wonder if you can LEARN to learn more multi-modally... hmm....
About this Archive
This page is an archive of recent entries in the Business and the Economy category.
Books is the previous category.
Computer and Network Risks is the next category.
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LITTORAL DRIFT PROBLEMS IN PORTUGAL WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BEHAVIOR OF INLETS ON SANDY BEACHES
Carlos Krus Abecasis
Abstract
After a brief description of the littoral drift regimen in the west and south coasts of Portugal, review is made of the behavior of the works performed in three lagoon inlets located on these coasts and some general principles are inferred which are felt to be valid in the treatment of any similar problems.
Keywords
sediment transport; tidal inlets; Portugal
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Biomod/2011/Slovenia/BioNanoWizards/methplasmidconst
From OpenWetWare
< Biomod | 2011 | Slovenia/BioNanoWizards
Revision as of 22:44, 2 November 2011 by Jernej Turnsek (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
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Plasmid construction
Overview
All of the ORFs constructed within the project were assembled into Novagen(R) pET41a(+) vector already comprising glutathione S-transferase (GST) sequence downstream of the T7 promoter, RBS and ATG (5929 bp). Genes leading to desired protein chimeras were amplified via PCR, isolated from agarose gel, cut at their respective restriction sites and ultimately cloned into MCS region of the plasmid after cutting it with NdeI and XhoI restriction enzymes. In case of GST-ZFP chimeras, vector was opened differently, using SpeI and XhoI restriction sites wherein ZFP DNA fragment was ligated. Protein expression was driven by IPTG inducible T7 promoter. 8x His was cloned in frame at the 3' end followed by stop codon and T7 terminator to facilitate protein purification. Having His tag at the 3' end of the open reading frame is especially useful since one can be sure that the whole protein was expressed during protein production if a band at correct position is observed on a Western blotting membrane.
Gene sources
Genes encoding ZFPs were synthesized by GeneArt, plasmid encoding MBP was obtained from Addgene and GST was already part of the vector. mCitrine and Renilla luciferase genes were available in house. Primers for PCRs were ordered from Sigma.
Linker selection
GST-ZFP and MBP-ZFP chimeras were designed to have a 3 amino acid long linker [GSG] in between ZFP and the solubility tag. Twin ZFP chimeras were similarly designed, meaning again linked to the MBP solubility tag with [GSG] amino acid linker on both N- and C- terminal MBP ends. After cloning using restriction enzymes with 6 bp recognition sequence additional 2 amino acids were introduced at each linker site. In contrast, 10 AA linker was used for assembling RLuc-2C7 and YFP-AZPA4 chimeras with the following AA sequence [GGSGGGSGGS] again adding additional 2 amino acid residues after successful cloning. MBP was cloned to the 5' end of RLuc-2C7 and YFP-AZPA4 leaving behind four amino acids long linker in the form of [GSGS].
Cloning procedure
(1) PCR reaction with a set of two sequence specific primers, one forward and one reverse (ordered via Sigma)
(2) PCR verification on an agarose gel. Excision of bands from the gel and purification of the PCR product.
(3) Vector and PCR product restriction using specific restriction enzymes.
(4) Single gene ligation or 3-point ligation of two genes into the pre-cut vector using T4 DNA ligase.
(5) Addition of ligation mixture to E. coli DH5α cells. Incubation for 30 min.
(6) Heat shock for ~3-4 min.
(7) After adding 1 ml of LB medium to the cells they are shaked for ~ 1 h and thereby recovered from heat shock.
(8) Cells are then collected by spinning the tubes for 3 min at 7000 rpm using tabletop microcentrifuge and finnally spread over LB kanamycin agar plate.
Schematically, cloning was conducted as depicted on the scheme below:
Figure 48: Cloning overview of the ZFP fusions constructed during the project. See text above for details. Length of the rectangles depicting genes used for cloning roughly corresponds to their actual size.
Here is a link to a document containing all the produced proteins' nucleotide and amino acid sequences.
BioNanoWizards - BioMod 2011 team Slovenia. Design by Free CSS Templates.
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Writers must fortify themselves with pride and egotism as best they can. The process is analogous to using sandbags and loose timbers to protect a house against flood. Writers are vulnerable creatures like anyone else. For what do they have in reality? Not sandbags, not timbers. Just a flimsy reputation and a name. Aldiss, Brian
This quote is about writers and writing · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Aldiss, Brian ...
Brian Wilson Aldiss, OBE, (born August 18, 1925 in East Dereham, Norfolk) is a prolific English author of both general fiction and science fiction. His byline reads either Brian W. Aldiss or simply Brian Aldiss. Greatly influenced by the SF pioneer, H. G. Wells, Aldiss is a Vice-president of the international H. G. Wells Society.
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Of course you're always at liberty to judge the critic. Judge people as critics, however, and you'll condemn them all! James, Henry
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A bit about James, Henry ...
Henry James, OM (April 15, 1843 February 28, 1916), son of Henry James Sr. and brother of the philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James, was an American-born author and literary critic of the late 19th and early 20th century. He spent much of his life in Europe and became a British subject shortly before his death. He is primarily known for novels, novellas and short stories based upon themes of consciousness.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
There is nothing makes a man suspect much, more than to know little, and therefore men should remedy suspicion by procuring to know more, and not keep their suspicions in smother. Bacon, Francis
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Robots Podcast #80: SCHUNK Manipulators
Posted 18 Jun 2011 at 17:28 UTC by John_RobotsPodcast
In episode #80 (17Jun2011), Robots Podcast interviews Henrik Schunk, managing partner and grandson of the founder of SCHUNK GmbH & Co. KG, a family-run business based in Germany, with a presence in 50 countries and over 1800 employees. SCHUNK is one of the leaders in clamping and gripping technology, with more than 10,000 specialized products. In this interview, Henrik Schunk discusses recent developments in gripping technology, challenges that still remain after over 70 years of development, and the need for task-adapted systems and high-end products including anthropomorphic robotic hands (shown in the video linked above). He also discusses his hopes for service robotics as one of the main areas of development in automation.
Read On or Tune In.
See more of the latest robot news!
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Posts: 286 | Thanked: 100 times | Joined on Dec 2009 @ down south
#1
i have a pdf- JRCalc which i use for work being in the medical proffession.
this has several chapters- when using the supplied pdf reader in the n900, it seems that there is no way to select chapter- you can only scroll page by page?
is there another i could use that will show the chapters quickly enabling me to get to relevant chapter instead of scrolling 300+ pages?
Posts: 87 | Thanked: 13 times | Joined on Dec 2009
#2
Same problem here. I haven't found any 'hidden' menu or so. I think that the PDF reader is just what it is a simple reader with no advanced features like chapter or other navigation support.
Posts: 1,665 | Thanked: 1,642 times | Joined on Jun 2008 @ Praha, Czech Republic
#3
There are most probably some tickets in maemo.org Brainstorm about a better PDF reader. Feel free to vote for them.
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General Repositories
From WikiEducator
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Image courtesy of "Eneas"
A number of institutional OER projects stand out for the volume and quality of resources they have published. One starting point is the list of OpenCourseWare Consortium members with active repositories that is provided on the OCWC site [1]. The MIT OpenCourseWare project [2] deserves special mention since it was the first large scale OpenCourseWare endeavor and has produced over 1800 courses so far. The materials are not designed for online learning, however, but rather as instructor resources, and often the important reading materials are not available as open or online resources. The Open University UK[3] takes a different approach to OpenCourseWare and publishes materials specifically designed for online learning, but only offers some modules within its full courses freely.
Repositories of training and educational materials offer a range of resources developed by many different organizations and individuals for different subjects, educational levels, and purposes. This handbook has divided the list of general repositories into general licensing categories. These license categories are arranged from least to most restrictive. Sites under "All Rights Reserved" can only be viewed and used in the classroom, with no option to localize and remix and have been placed in the appendix. They are included in this handbook because they might be useful to readers and not necessarily because they epitomize OER.
Most repositories operate under a variety of licenses, so you should check the license of the individual object before use.
See the Licensing chapter for more information about licenses.
Contents
Public Domain
The Internet Archive is a collection of images, audio and video that are in the public domain. The Internet Archive particularly specializes in media that is over thirty years old. It also has section especially for education. Users can rate and review OER within the archive. Public domain, with some Creative Commons licensed materials. http://archive.org
Itrainonline aims to be a set of training materials. Most of the resources are licensed as free and open content, but the licenses are often contained in separate files, which have to be downloaded. Sometimes that can make it more difficult to determine if a resource can be freely used. Itrainonline organizes resource in subject areas, and offers a site search. Website allows the material to be reproduced, translated, and disseminated without restriction. http://www.itrainonline.org
Collection of clip art over a wide variety of subjects. Files are in SVG format (see File Formats for more information). Any text on the website is licensed CC-BY, but the clip art is public domain. http://openclipart.org/
Project Gutenberg is a collection of books that are in the public domain. Titles include Pride and Prejudice, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and The Poetics of Aristotle. The books are available in several formats, but usually lack any illustrations. Some audiobooks are available (often of more popular titles). All books are in the public domain. http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page
CC-BY
Connexions is an online repository and collaboration portal for OERs. Connexions consists of a series of learning objects, called modules, that can be used individually or combined to form collections such as web courses and textbooks. All users are invited to submit new content or build on existing content. Users can search and sort by subject, language, popularity, or title/author. A system of "lenses" enables individuals and organizations to direct users to those materials that they have reviewed and found to be of high quality. Organizations like Rice University Press are using Connexions as their digital backend to not only open up access to their publication catalogs but also lower their operational costs. The repository currently contains 5193 modules and 319 collections, of which 10 are available as low-cost print-on-demand (with more to come) as of April 2008. CC-BY. http://www.cnx.org
Curriki allows users upload educational resources as well as provide ratings and comments. It has recently been launched and does not offer the amount of materials other sites feature, but is growing. CC-BY, unless indicated otherwise. http://www.curriki.org
CC-BY-SA
Citizendium is somewhat similar to Wikipedia. All articles are licensed Creative Commons BY-SA, as opposed to the GFDL used by Wikipedia. However, in order to contribute to Citizendium you must use your real name and provide proof of expertise. CC-BY-SA, except for original Wikipedia articles, which are GFDL. http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Main_Page
UNESCO/IIEP hosts a Wiki that offers a list of several portals, gateways and repositories. It offers a list of links to OER initiatives, resources and tools. It was compiled following the first IIEP discussion forum on Open Educational Resources (24 October - 2 December 2005). It offers access to a selection of approx. 30 repositories of open learning objects, mostly at the university level. CC-BY-SA. http://oerwiki.iiep-unesco.org/index.php?title=Repositories
Kaltura is a video-sharing site that is similar to YouTube and TeacherTube, but the videos are licensed CC-BY-SA. Visitors can upload a video and allow anyone edit or add footage to a video. The editing options can be password protected, so editing can be restricted to a class. http://www.kaltura.com
Web community for finding, authoring and sharing open and free learning resources and open source server software for setting up and having your own LeMill site. Design with and for school teachers. LeMill has 1126 learning objects with more being added daily. Mostly CC-BY-SA. http://www.lemill.net
Qedoc specialises in interactive open educational resources. It provides software tools for the creation and playback of resources, and for the conversion of resources into formats which other systems (such as Moodle) can use. It also hosts a MediaWiki-driven repository of open educational resources created with Qedoc tools. The repository also allows for community discussion of the use and development of new resources. Qedoc has 350 interactive resources published. CC-BY-SA. http://www.qedoc.org/en/index.php?title=Main_Page
WikiEducator is a project funded by the Commonwealth of Learning (CoL) with headquarters in Vancouver, Canada. The site is specifically for developing free content for use in schools, polytechnics, universities, vocational education institutions and informal education settings. However, OER at WikiEducator may or may not be formatted as a course. The topics range widely, including subjects like Anatomy and Life Skills. As with Wikipedia and Wikiversity, anyone can edit WikiEducator OER; therefore, it is necessary to review WikiEducator information before use. CC-BY-SA. http://www.wikieducator.org
GFDL
Wikipedia is one of the most recognized sources of OER. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia in which anyone can edit. With over nine million pages in several different languages, there's a Wikipedia entry on virtually any subject. While Wikipedia's editors try to verify the information added to Wikipedia, errors can and do appear. Therefore, it is important to carefully examine Wikipedia content before use. Other wiki projects that are useful for OER are Wikibooks, which has a collection of freely available books and Wikimedia Commons, which has a collection of images, audio and video. GFDL license. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Sponsored by the same foundation as Wikipedia, Wikiversity organizes its content according to courses. As with Wikipedia, anyone can edit Wikiversity courses. The courses are arranged by subject, allowing for easy navigation. Since everyone can edit a Wikiversity page, it is important to carefully examine Wikiversity content before use. GFDL license. http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity
CC-BY-NC or CC-BY-ND
ccMixter offers songs under a Creative Commons license. Several labels allow the reuse of their music, the search term "open music" leads to many results. The podcasting world has a need for open music and there is a growing site with so called "podsafe" music, or music that has been licensed in a way friendly to podcasts. CC-BY-NC. http://ccmixter.org/
Freesound is a platform for Creative Commons licensed sounds. There are no songs available on this website just sounds and noises. CC-BY-ND. http://freesound.iua.upf.edu/
CC-BY-NC-SA
The LabSpace is the experimental zone of OpenLearn institutional repository of the Open University from UK. The resources are from several subjects: Arts and History, Business and Management, Education, Health and Lifestyle, IT and Computing, Mathematics and Statistics, Modern Languages, Science and Nature, Society, Study Skills, and Technology. Around 100 resources. CC-BY-NC-SA. http://labspace.open.ac.uk/
MIT OCW is a large-scale, Web-based electronic publishing initiative funded jointly by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation , Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and generous support of the Ab Initio software company. Its goals are to: (i) Provide free, searchable access to MIT's course materials for educators, students, and self-learners around the world, and (ii) Extend the reach and impact of MIT OCW and the "OpenCourseWare" concept. In March 2006 there were 1,400 courses. OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (CC 2.5). It offers course materials of all subjects done at the university. It also provides access to video recorded classes. CC-BY-NC-SA. http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/search/AdvancedSearch.htm
The Open University's (UK) OpenLearn website with free and open educational resources for learners and educators around the world. In the LabSpace one can share and reuse educational resources, which means you are allowed to modify and re-use(see LabSpace listing). OpenLearn is supported by The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. The resources are from several subjects: Arts and History, Business and Management, Education, Health and Lifestyle, IT and Computing, Mathematics and Statistics, Modern Languages, Science and Nature, Society, Study Skills, and Technology. OpenLearn is planning to increase the number of study units available in the LearningSpace between now and April 2008. An estimated 5400 learning hours of material. CC-BY-NC-SA. http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/
Various
Flickr is a photo sharing site with some photos licensed using a Creative Commons license (see the licensing section for more information about Creative Commons licensing. There are two ways to search for Flickr photos with a Creative Commons license is to go to Flickr's Creative Commons page. Another method is to go to http://www.flickr.com/search/advanced. Select "Only search within Creative Commons-licensed photos." In some situations you may want to add a checkmark by "Find content to use commercially" and "Find content to modify, adapt, or build upon." As the option might imply, "find content to use commercially" means those photos can be used for commercial projects, such as books and magazines. Photos used from Flickr should be used 'as-is,' without any modification. However, if you've selected "Find content to modify, adapt, or build upon," then those photos can be localized to fit a particular need (see licensing and localizing sections for more information. License varies, from All rights reserved to any one of several Creative Commons licenses. http://www.flickr.com/
MERLOT (Multimedia Educational Resources for Learning and Online Teaching) is provided by the California State University Center for Distributed Learning. It is a clearing house for learning and teaching resources, and allows users to assess the quality of the materials, in the same way amazon users can post reviews and comments about books. In an informal study, many of the resources found were in fact not open educational resources, but copyrighted. MERLOT lists 17741 resources, searchable by discipline or keyword. License varies, see their acceptable use policy. http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.htm
Audiobook retailer with a selection of free podcasts and video. Licenses vary, but includes some that are fully copyrighted or in the public domain. http://www.learnoutloud.com/Free-Audio-Video
Seven groups of subject-specific OpenCourseWare; also specialized resources for each subject. It is an annotated listing of publicly available courseware (lecture notes, handouts, slides, tutorial material, exam questions, quizzes, videos, demonstrations, etc) from the world's universities, colleges and other educational institutions. It was created and is maintained by iberry.com, a non-profit private website, serving the international academic community. License varies. http://iberry.com/
A directory with links to audio and video lectures from academics around the world, created by a group of freelance academics from Berlin, Germany. Registered users may add content and edit lecture descriptions. The site will also soon host forums for those involved in science and teaching. 749 lectures. License varies. http://www.world-lecture-project.org/
Notes
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2. http://ocw.mit.edu
3. http://openlearn.open.ac.uk
Sources
Exemplary Collection of Open eLearning Content Repositories. (2007, February 1). WikiEducator. Retrieved March 21, 2008, from http://wikieducator.org/Exemplary_Collection_of_Open_eLearning_Content_Repositories#General
OER Development and Publishing Initiatives. (2008, February 28). OER Wiki. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://oerwiki.iiep-unesco.org/index.php?title=OER_development_and_publishing_initiatives
Repositories. (2008, February 13). OER Wiki. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from http://oerwiki.iiep-unesco.org/index.php?title=Repositories
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Tire (ancient Thira) is a historical town is Western Turkey, near the city of Izmir.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1384.6 - Statistics - Tasmania, 2007
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Contents >> Environment >> Atmosphere >> Air pollution
The most pressing air pollution problem occurring in urban centres in Tasmania is caused by burning wood for residential heating purposes. PM10 particles (particulate matter less than 10 micrometres in diameter) in woodsmoke are a major contaminant, travelling to the deep parts of the lung once breathed in.
There are national standards for the daily average atmospheric concentration of these particles, which may only be exceeded on 5 occasions a year. Tasmania has agreed to meet this standard by 2008.
EXCEEDANCES OF THE NATIONAL STANDARD FOR PARTICLES (PM10), Launceston
Information on Tasmania's draft environment protection policy for air quality can be found on the Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment web site at http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/CDAT-53M4U8?open
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Mt Isa celebrates the ABS centenary in style
The ABS is celebrating its centenary this year, and the Mount Isa City Library seized the opportunity to promote ABS information to their community on 9 February.
Promotions Coordinator, Selena Seng, put together a display showing historical information on Mount Isa published by the ABS. The history of mining in the area was also part of the display.
Members of the community and council, including Mayor of Mount Isa City, Ron McCullough, joined Queensland LEP Coordinator Tanya Lucas and the library staff for a celebratory morning tea, complete with a '100 years of Statistics' cake! During the morning, Tanya and the staff showed people how to use the ABS web site and assisted them with general ABS queries.
"The promotion was very successful and it was a wonderful opportunity to celebrate the ABS' achievements over the past 100 years with the Mount Isa community," Tanya said. "It was also a great way to demonstrate that the ABS is a valuable source of information, and focus on what ABS data is available at the Mount Isa City Library."
"Using ABS data about your local area to promote interest in ABS statistics is a great idea!" said Karen Vitullo, Director, ABS Library and Extension Services.
Selena Seng, Stephanie McDonald and Tanya Lucas with the celebratory '100 years of Statistics' cake.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Research article
Measurement and correlates of empathy among female Japanese physicians
Hitomi U Kataoka1,2*, Norio Koide2, Mohammadreza Hojat3 and Joseph S Gonnella3
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Primary Care and Medical Education, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan
2 Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan
3 Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Medical Education 2012, 12:48 doi:10.1186/1472-6920-12-48
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/12/48
Received:15 January 2012
Accepted:12 June 2012
Published:22 June 2012
© 2012 Kataoka et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The measurement of empathy is important in the assessment of physician competence and patient outcomes. The prevailing view is that female physicians have higher empathy scores compared with male physicians. In Japan, the number of female physicians has increased rapidly in the past ten years. In this study, we focused on female Japanese physicians and addressed factors that were associated with their empathic engagement in patient care.
Methods
The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) was translated into Japanese by using the back-translation procedure, and was administered to 285 female Japanese physicians. We designed this study to examine the psychometrics of the JSE and group differences among female Japanese physicians.
Results
The item-total score correlations of the JSE were all positive and statistically significant, ranging from .20 to .54, with a median of .41. The Cronbach’s coefficient alpha was .81. Female physicians who were practicing in “people-oriented” specialties obtained a significantly higher mean empathy score than their counterparts in “procedure-” or “technology-oriented” specialties. In addition, physicians who reported living with their parents in an extended family or living close to their parents, scored higher on the JSE than those who were living alone or in a nuclear family.
Conclusions
Our results provide support for the measurement property and reliability of the JSE in a sample of female Japanese physicians. The observed group differences associated with specialties and living arrangement may have implications for sustaining empathy. In addition, recognizing these factors that reinforce physicians’ empathy may help physicians to avoid career burnout.
Keywords:
Empathy; Female physicians; Career development
Background
Empathy is essential for achieving optimal outcomes in patient care. Although the importance of empathy has been recognized and emphasized, the concept of empathy has a long history marked by ambiguity in its definition and measurement. Hojat and colleagues at Jefferson Medical College proposed the following definition of empathy in the context of patient care: “Empathy is a predominantly cognitive (rather than emotional) attribute that involves an understanding (rather than feeling) of experiences, concerns and perspectives of the patient, combined with a capacity to communicate this understanding and an intention to help.” [1,2]. Hojat et al. developed and validated the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) to measure empathy specifically in medical students and physicians in the context of patient care [2-6]. Using the JSE, various interesting findings have been reported. For example, in an analysis of empathy scores with respect to gender and specialty, females consistently scored higher than males [5,6]. After controlling for gender, psychiatrists and generalist physicians scored significantly higher than did physicians specializing in “technology-oriented specialties” such as anesthesiology, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, radiology, cardiovascular surgery, obstetrics–gynecology, and general surgery [5].
In Japan, females constitute approximately 30% of all medical students, and the number of female students has increased rapidly in the past decade. In spite of the increasing number of women in medicine, one study reported a marked decline in workforce participation, especially among female physicians in their late 20s and 30s [7]. This is likely due to the conflicting work and family schedules that female physicians experience. In Japan, female physicians are reported to work fewer hours than male physicians and to be more frequently in part-time practice, similar to reports from other countries. However, various approaches are available to improve the recruitment and retention of female physicians by providing a balance for work/family life [8]. It would be desirable to understand female physicians’ concerns for improving this balance so that they can more easily continue practicing medicine and serving patients. In this study, we focused on female Japanese physicians, and addressed the factors that were associated with their empathic engagement in patient care.
Methods
Participants
Of the 1,364 female physicians who graduated from Okayama University Medical School or worked at affiliate hospitals of Okayama University Hospital, 285 volunteers (21%) returned a completed JSE in 2008.
Instrument
The physician version (HP-Version) of the JSE used in this study includes 20 items answered on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree). Satisfactory evidence in support of the psychometric properties of this scale has been reported [2-6]. The JSE has been receiving international attention from researchers, and has been translated into 42 languages and used in 60 countries worldwide including those in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, North America, South America, and in New Zealand [9].
Procedures
The JSE was first translated into Japanese by one of the authors (HUK) by using a back-translation procedure [10]. In 2008, we distributed the translated version of the JSE to 1,364 female physicians (age range from 24 to 77 years) who had graduated from Okayama University Medical School, or worked at affiliate hospitals of Okayama University Hospital. We explained that the instrument was about empathy and that we would use the results for research purposes. The study was approved by the university’s research ethics committee. Physicians were not compensated for their participation in the study.
Statistical analyses
We calculated the Pearson correlation coefficients to examine the item-total score correlations. The item-total score correlations were calculated based on responses to each item and the total score of the JSE, minus the corresponding item. We calculated the Cronbach co-efficient alpha to assess the internal consistency aspect of reliability of the instrument. We used t-test and analysis of variance to test the significance of differnces in group comparisons.
Results
Response rate
The group of respondents included in this study comprised 21% of the population of female physicians in the area. Although the response rate was low, the age range from 24 to 77 covered a broad sample representation. No substantial differences were observed for the physicians’ ages and specialties between those who responded to the survey and those who did not.
Descriptive statistics at the item level
Examination of the responses to different items revealed that all of the points on the 7-point scale were used by respondents, with the exception of one item for which the response range was 2–7. The item mean scores ranged from a low of 4.0 (on a 7-point scale) for “because people are different, it is difficult for me to see things from my patients’ perspectives” (a reverse score item), to a high of 6.3 for “I believe that empathy is an important therapeutic factor in medical and surgical treatment.” The item standard deviations ranged from .93 to 1.6. The item-total score correlations ranged from .20 for “I do not enjoy reading non-medical literature or the arts” (a reverse scored item) to a high of .54 for “I try to understand what is going on in my patients’ minds by paying attention to their non-verbal cues and body language.” The median item-total score correlation was .41, and the overall item-total score correlations were statistically significant (p < .01).
Descriptive statistics of the scale
An examination of the score distribution revealed a bell-shape, with a mean of 110.4, standard deviation of 11.9, and a median of 110. The 25th and 75th percentiles were 103 and 119, respectively. The skewness index was near zero (−.21), indicating that the distribution was symmetric and the kurtosis index was closed to zero (−.06), indicating that the score distribution was mesokurtic, or a bell-shape normal distribution. The score for the entire sample ranged from 76 to 137 (possible range 20–140). The descriptive statistics and reliability coefficient of the scale are reported in Table 1.
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics for the Jefferson Scale of Empathy Administered to 285 Female Japanese Physicians
Reliability
The Cronbach coefficient alpha, an indicator of the internal consistency reliability of the measuring instrument, was .81, which is in an acceptable range for psychological measures. A similar reliability coefficient was reported for American medical students (r = .80)[1], American physicians (r = .80) [6], and Japanese medical students (r = .80) [10].
Comparison of scores for physicians in different specialties
The mean scores and standard deviations of empathy for female physicians by specialties are reported in Table 2. As shown in the table, the mean empathy score of physicians in people-oriented specialties (e.g., general internal medicine, general pediatrics, and psychiatry) was significantly higher than those in technology-oriented specialties (e.g., anesthesiology, surgery, pathology, radiology, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, urology, and obstetrics/gynecology). The mean scores for physicians in people-oriented specialties and technology-oriented specialties were 112.9 and 106.9, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (F(2,282) = 8.4, p < .001). The mean empathy score for physicians in other specialties (emergency medicine, public health, rehabilitation medicine) was not significantly different from the two aforementioned groups.
Table 2. A Comparison of the Scores on the Jefferson Scale of Empathy Among 285 Female Japanese Physicians in Different Specialties
Comparison of scores based on different living arrangements
The mean scores and standard deviations of empathy for female physicians by different living arrangements are reported in Table 3. As shown in the table, the physicians living with their parents in an extended family or living close to their parents, (M = 113.0, SD = 12.1) outscored physicians living alone or living in a nuclear family (which includes only spouses without parents or other family members) (M = 109.6, SD = 11.8). The diffe-rence was statistically significant (t(256) = 1.99, p < .05).
Table 3. A Comparison of the Scores on the Jefferson Scale of Empathy Among 285 Female Japanese Physicians by Different Living Arrangements
We also examined the associations between empathy scores, age and years of clinical experiences. The correlation between physicians’ empathy scores and age was positive but negligible (r = .11, p = .07), and the correlation between empathy scores and years of practicing medicine was statistically significant but low in magnitude (r = .15, p < .05).
Discussion
The findings of this study supported different aspects of the psychometrics of the Japanese translation of the JSE. For example, the method using contrasted groups [11] showed that there were significant differences between physicians in people-oriented and technology-oriented specialties. This also confirmed the validity of the Japanese version of the JSE, because this finding was in the expected direction, consistent with findings previously reported in the literature. The significant item-total score correlations indicated that each single item contributed significantly to the total score. The internal consistency reliability of the Japanese scale was supported by the Cronbach’s coefficient alpha.
Female medical students and physicians have previously been reported to score higher than their male counterparts [2-6,10]. In Japanese medical students, for example, we noticed that the mean scores of the JSE were 103.7 and 107 for men and women, resprctively [10]. The gender difference in empathy has been attributed to intrinsic factors (e.g., evolutionary-biological gender characteristics) as well as extrinsic factors (e.g., socialization, gender role expectations, etc.) [2,5]. In the present study, we further analyzed the factors that contribute to variations in female physicians’ empathy scores.
To accomplish this analysis, we first examined the differences in empathy scores between female physicians in different specialties. Those in people-oriented specialties outscored those in technology-oriented specialties. Consistent with our findings, several previous studies reported that people-oriented specialists had higher empathy scores [5,6,12]. Medical students who pursued their training in people-oriented specialties have been reported to score higher in empathy in all years of medical school [1]. Our previous study also revealed that female students outscored their male counterparts in medical school, and proportionally more female students chose people-oriented specialties [10]. In Japan, students can freely choose their specialties, and female medical students are more interested in choosing internal medicine and pediatrics as their specialties [13]. This trend was expected that female students outscored in empathy and choose people-oriented specialties. Our study group comprised 30.9% internists, which could have contributed to the higher empathy score reported by physicians in people-oriented specialties in this study. However, if female physicians practicing in people-oriented specialties experience a decline in empathy because of difficulties in balancing work and life and unable to continue their career; this may present problems for a society in which there is a shortage of physicians in this important area [14].
Consistent with previous findings [2,6], we noticed that empathy score was higher in physicians who were practicing in people-oriented specialties (e.g., general internal medicine). This implies that empathy can be better manifested and maintained in specialties that require continuous care. This speculation is justified considering that people-oriented specialties often require first encounter and continuous care that is likely to lead to an empathic engagement in a long-term patient-physician relationship.
Rotor et al. reported that female physicians engaged in significantly more active partnership behaviors, positive talk, psychosocial counseling, psychosocial question asking, and emotionally focused talk [15]. These features of communication seen in female physicians are important aspects of empathy. In addition, if physicians have more variety of experiences in their life, their attitude and understanding for patients’ life could be more insightful. From this standpoint, it is advantageous for female physicians who are juggling their work and personal life to pursue people-oriented specialties. These experiences could ensure the enhancement of communication that would strengthen their empathic engagement in patient care.
We investigated the factors that could contribute to the variations in empathy scores among female physicians such as the work place, working style, living arrangements, job satisfaction, experience of leaving the job, marital status, and having children. Among these factors, only the living arrangement had a significant association with empathy scores. Female physicians in Japan traditionally perform their social roles as mothers or home makers in addition to their professional responsibilities as physicians. In Japan, mothers are expected to be the primary care provider for their children. Because the number of employed mothers is increasing in Japan, the number of childcare centers and kindergartens is insufficient, and there are many children on waiting lists to enter these facilities. In such situations, female physicians who have children face difficulties juggling their career and raising children. However, when they live with their parents or extended family, they may benefit from increased family support. When female physicians have optimal family support, they are likely to continue their career with less stress and exhaustion. It is to note that the empathy of physicians with no children who were living with or close to their parents (M =111.0), and for those with children who were living in a nuclear family (M =110.06) was similar. A previous study revealed that having children decreased female physicians’ stress [16,17]. Our study suggested that the presence of “significant others” would increase the empathy of female physicians. Although we did not ask about close friends and supporters of female physicians, such relationships may influence their empathy.
Female physicians are often married to male physicians in Japan, and this same occurrence also been reported in other countries [18,19]. In our survey, more than 70% of married female physicians reported having physician husbands (data not shown). In such relationships, the pressure and work demands would be greater, and controlling their lifestyle and workload would be more difficult than for couples where the spouse had a less demanding career. On the other hand, one can argue that marrying to a male physician could be beneficial to female physicians because they would have more support and understanding from the spouse. In the physician work-life study, female physicians were reported to have 1.6 times the odds of experiencing burnout compared with males (P < .05), with the odds of burnout by the female physicians increasing by 12% to 15% for each additional five hours worked per week over 40 hours (P < .05)[16]. Excessive stress, sleep deprivation, and a demanding lifestyle can increase the risk of burnout, leading to erosion of empathy in physicians. In the same report, the authors suggested that for female physicians with young children, the odds of burnout decreased 40% when they were supported by colleagues, a spouse, or significant others to help them balance career and home responsibilities [16]. Taking on multiple roles as a physician, wife, and mother is challenging for female physicians. However, our study suggests that living with extended family could contribute to maintaining high empathy, regardless of the marital status of physicians. This could be a key factor that may help to avoid the risk of burnout and exhaustion in female physicians. At the same time, the understanding of their surrounding people such as husbands, and colleagues is important. In addition, better work based child care facilities would be beneficial to female physicians to maintain their clinical career.
Empathy is essential for achieving optimal outcomes in patient care. Our findings suggest that there are several factors, such as the choice of specialty and living arrangements, that can mitigate the risk of erosion of empathy in the practice of medicine among female physicians in Japan.
Conclusions
This is the first study that analyzed Japanese female physicians’ empathy using the JSE. The present results support the validity and reliability of the Japanese translation of the JSE. In addition, consistent with the previous findings, the female physicians in our study who were practicing in “people-oriented” specialties had significantly higher mean empathy scores than did their female counterparts in “procedure-or technology-oriented” specialties.Physicians who reported living with their parents in an extended family scored higher on the JSE than those who were living alone or in a nuclear family, suggesting that physicians who benefit from family support can better maintain their empathy.
It should be noticed that this is a correlational study, and the findings do not by any means suggest any cause and effect relationship. Further research is needed to examine the behavioral manifestation of physician empathy, rather than self-reported empathy used in the present study, although strong evidence is available tosupport the validity of the JSE [2-6,9,10], and particularly its predictive validity in patient outcomes [20]. Further research is also needed with a more representative sample of Japanese physicians to generalize our findings, and to identify other critical factors that contribute to female physicians leaving medical practice in Japan.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
HKU, MH and JSG conceived the project. HKU and NK collected the data. HKU and MH conducted the statistical analyses. All authors interpreted the results, drafted the manuscript and read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dorissa Bolinksi for her editorial assistance.
References
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2. Hojat M: Empathy in Patient Care: Antecedents, Development, Measurement, and Outcomes. New York: Springer; 2007.
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5. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Veloski JJ, Erdmann JB, Callahan CA, Magee M: Empathy in medical students as related to academic performance, clinical competence and gender.
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15. Roter DL, Hall JA, Aoki Y: Physician gender effects in medical communication: a meta-analytic review.
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16. McMurray JE, Linzer M, Konrad TR, Douglas J, Shugerman R, Nelson K: The work lives of women physicians results from the physician work life study. The SGIM Career Satisfaction Study Group.
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18. Bergman B, Ahmad F, Stewart DE: Physician Health, Stress and Gender at a University Hospital.
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Soc Sci Med 2003, 57:1327-1341. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6920/12/48/prepub
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Short report
Malignant mammary tumor in female dogs: environmental contaminants
Fábio HE Andrade1, Fernanda C Figueiroa2, Paulo RO Bersano2, Denise Z Bissacot3 and Noeme S Rocha2*
Author Affiliations
1 Maranhão State University (UEMA), São Luis, MA, Brazil
2 School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Botucatu, SP, Brazil
3 CEATOX - Botucatu Bioscience Institute (UNESP) - Botucatu, SP, Brazil
For all author emails, please log on.
Diagnostic Pathology 2010, 5:45 doi:10.1186/1746-1596-5-45
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.diagnosticpathology.org/content/5/1/45
Received:8 October 2009
Accepted:30 June 2010
Published:30 June 2010
© 2010 Andrade et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Mammary tumors of female dogs have greatly increased in recent years, thus demanding rapid diagnosis and effective treatment in order to determine the animal survival. There is considerable scientific interest in the possible role of environmental contaminants in the etiology of mammary tumors, specifically in relation to synthetic chemical substances released into the environment to which living beings are either directly or indirectly exposed. In this study, the presence of pyrethroid insecticide was observed in adjacent adipose tissue of canine mammary tumor. High Precision Liquid Chromatography - HPLC was adapted to detect and identify environmental contaminants in adipose tissue adjacent to malignant mammary tumor in nine female dogs, without predilection for breed or age. After surgery, masses were carefully examined for malignant neoplastic lesions. Five grams of adipose tissue adjacent to the tumor were collected to detect of environmental contaminants. The identified pyrethroids were allethrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and tetramethrin, with a contamination level of 33.3%. Histopathology demonstrated six female dogs (66.7%) as having complex carcinoma and three (33.3%) with simple carcinoma. From these tumors, seven (77.8%) presented aggressiveness degree III and two (22.2%) degree I. Five tumors were positive for estrogen receptors in immunohistochemical analysis. The contamination level was observed in more aggressive tumors. This was the first report in which the level of environmental contaminants could be detected in adipose tissue of female dogs with malignant mammary tumor, by HPLC. Results suggest the possible involvement of pyrethroid in the canine mammary tumor carcinogenesis. Hence, the dog may be used as a sentinel animal for human breast cancer, since human beings share the same environment and basically have the same eating habits.
Introduction
Currently, mammary tumors represent 50% of all neoplasms that afflict female dogs [1,2], and from these tumors 41 to 53% are of malignant character [3-5]. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics as well as biological behavior of such tumors in female dogs are similar to breast carcinomas in women, for this reason female dogs present an excellent comparative model to understand various aspects of carcinogenesis in both species [6]. It is believed that mammary neoplasias may occur as a result of complex interactions of distinct factors; however the exact cause is still under research. Through this dynamic process, the mammary tumor can be influenced by internal host factors such as genetics and external factors, including environmental contamination, that can enable or reduce the individual response [7-9]. The pyrethroids are among environmental contaminants the ones whose use has exponentially grown in recent years [10]. They are used to control pests in agriculture, ranching and domestic animals. The overspread use of this contaminant is associated with its efficiency in pest control and its relatively short half-life [11-13]. In humans and other animals, pyrethroids are readily absorbed cutaneously and also in the digestive and respiratory tracts. Once absorbed they are distributed to various tissues, but they are concentrated especially in the adipose tissue. International Agency for Research Cancer (IARC) includes agrotoxins, especially deltamethrin and cypermethrin in group 3 of risk level, that is, non-conclusive carcinogenic for humans, while the World Health Organization (WHO) classifies deltamethrin as a moderately dangerous insecticide [14,15]. Considering that this research line is still not used in regular basis for the veterinary medicine, the present study aimed to detect and identify levels of pyrethroid insecticides in adipose tissue adjacent to malignant mammary tumor in female dogs by the HPLC method and correlate these contaminants with the aggressiveness degree of the neoplasias.
Material and Methods
Nine female dogs with mammary gland swelling (Fig. 1) were attended at the UNESP Veterinary Hospital in Botucatu, São Paulo - Brazil, and underwent mastectomy to excise the tumor (Fig. 2). Five grams of adipose tissue adjacent to the mammary tumor were analyzed by High Precision Liquid Chromatography - HPLC, following the Bissacot and Vassilieff method [16] (1997). Fragments of mammary tumor were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 h, and then they were dehydrated in alcohol, diaphanized in xylene and put into paraffin. They were then cut into 3 μm-width fragments and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). For the analysis of tumors it was used the Veterinary [17] and Human [18] classification. Immunohistochemical analysis followed the protocols from the Immunohistochemistry Laboratory from the Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - UNESP - Botucatu. Antigen retrieval was carried out by microwave treatment in a 10 mM citrate buffer, pH 6.0. Tissue sections were incubated with primary monoclonal antibodies against ER (Novocastra - UK), clone LH2, in 1:40 dilution, incubated for 120 min and developed with polymer Novolink (Novocastra, UK). Tumors were considered positive when they presented more than 10% of nuclear marks from marked neoplasic cells. Graduations were set according to the intensity of positive marking as follows: (+) low intensity (++) mild intensity and (+++) high intensity described in previous studies [19].
Figure 1. great increase in right cranial mammary gland.
Figure 2. tumor after unilateral mastectomy.
Results
According to the Veterinary classification, from the nine examined tumors, three (33.3%) were classified as simple carcinoma (Fig. 3), and six (66.7%) as complex carcinoma (Fig. 4). But when it comes to the Human Medicine classification these nine cases were divided into: three (33.3%) simple carcinoma, being one tubulo-papilliferous, one ductal, one ductal infiltrative, and six (66.7%) metaplasic carcinomas. As for the histological malignity two tumors were degree I (22,2%) and seven tumors were degree III (77,8%). Receptors marking were positive for 5 animals, regardless of their mark intensity. From 9 analyzed female dogs, pyrethroids were detected in three animals distributed in the following manner: one (11.1%) female dog with 0.55 mg/g of deltamethrin and 0.32 mg/g of cyhalothrin; one (11.1%) female dog with 0.02 mg/g of deltamethrin and 0.05 mg/g of allethrin and one (11.1%) female dog with 0.03 mg/g of cypermethrin. Results are shown in table 1 and in the HPLC graphics (see Additional file 1).
Table 1. Veterinary and Human histopathological classification of Malignant mammary tumor in female dogs showing their malignity, positive immunemarking for estrogen receptors, and pyrethroid identification with their respective concentration levels in the analyzed samples
Figure 3. Simple Carcinoma. Neoplasia composed by proliferated epithelium cells, generating a hard standard with the loss of the glandular architecture.
Figure 4. Complex carcinoma. Neoplasia composed by more than one cell type. Proliferated epithelial cells, with loss of gland architecture and presenting pleomorphism. Elongated mioeptithelial cells, presenting cartilagenous metaplasia and condroid matrix production. HE, 200X.
Additional file 1. Standard for HPLC of pyrethroids and adipose tissue with pyrethroid contamination. Graphics presenting the standard data for HPLC of pyrethroids and adipose tissue with pyrethroid contamination.
Format: PDF Size: 99KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Discussion
It is very little the number of studies connecting steroid hormone receptors and mammary tumors in female dogs. However, some human and canine carcinogenic hormone aspects seem to be similar. Toxicological and Epidemiological studies have shown that steroid hormones and synthetic derived trigger the development of mammary gland, suggesting that they may play an important role in the canine mammary tumor pathogenesis [20].
It is said that in the hormonal carcinogenesis, unlike the one induced by virus or chemical agents, the cell proliferation does not need a specific triggering agent. Hormones induce the cell proliferation together with genetic mutations that will give rise to neoplasic cells [21]. However, Carreño et al. (1999) [22], shows that the hormone role in the carcinogenesis is restricted to the proliferation of cells that have already been changed by other carcinogens. Specific genes involved in the development of hormone-dependent neoplasias are still unknown. Nevertheless, it is believed that oncogenes, genes that are tumor suppressors and the genes of DNA repairment are involved in the hormonal carcinogenesis, especially in the one induced by sexual steroids [23]. Having said that, this study has shown that the detected contaminants were present in more aggressive tumors (degree III and +++ for estrogen receptors- Fig.5 and 6). Even though the literature showing that being positive for estrogen receptors may result in good prognostic for women [24], the results from this preliminary study suggest that the presence of pyrehroids in the peritumoral fat may have triggered the local estrogenic effect and thus triggered higher proliferation of tumor cells. Scheme below (Fig. 7) shows the carcinogenesis of mammary tumor and the role of pyrethroids in the proliferation of tumors.
Figure 5. Estrogen receptors' Immunohistochemical picture. Observe the nuclear pattern marking. Simple carcinoma, grade III, +++ for ER. 200X.
Figure 6. Estrogen receptors' Immunohistochemical picture. Complex carcinoma, grade III, +++ for ER. 400X.
Figure 7. Mammary carcinogenesis in the presence of pyrethroids.
Epidemiological studies and tests on rodents have demonstrated the influence of environmental contaminants on neoplasia development, including breast cancer [10,25,26]. Garey et al, (1998) [27] emphasized that pyrethroids can induce a breakdown in the homeostasis of hormones such as estrogens and indirectly influence cell proliferation or apoptosis, either increasing or diminishing them in mammary epithelial cells, thereby triggering the neoplastic process. Results obtained in the present study detected the presence of 33.3% of pyrethroid pesticides in adipose tissue of female dogs with mammary carcinoma.
In order to improve results, and collection of data, our group is still researching such environmental contamination, increasing the number of samples as well as including samples from control animals.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
FHEA have made substantial contributions to the conception, design and collection of samples. FCF have made substantial contributions to the conception, design, interpretation of histopathological and immunohistochemical data, and critically revising it for important intellectual content. PROB have been involved in drafting the manuscript, tables, schemes and critically revising it for important intellectual content. DZB carried out the HPLC quantification and the interpretation of data. NSR conceived the study, and participated in its design and coordination, and also helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge CAPES and FAPESP (2008/57.309-5) for the financial support.
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