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The way we imagine ourselves to appear to another person is an essential element in our conception of ourselves. In other words, I am not what I think I am, and I am not what you think I am. I am what I think you think I am. Bierstedt, Robert
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dsi66vdzz46gqtudhhvqebsh63reqhde
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The real passion of the twentieth century is servitude. Camus, Albert
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Albert Camus (pronounced Kam-oo, IPA: ka.m) (November 7, 1913 January 4, 1960) was a French author and philosopher and one of the principal luminaries (with Jean-Paul Sartre) of existentialism. Camus was the second youngest-ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (after Rudyard Kipling) when he received the award in 1957. He is also the shortest-lived of any literature laureate to date, having died in a car crash 3 years after receiving the award.
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zcimbo27bya4u5tln5gmx57tleeq65if
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The imagination of a boy is healthy, and the mature imagination of a man is healthy; but there is a space of life between, in which the soul is in a ferment, the character undecided, the way of life uncertain, the ambition thick-sighted: thence proceeds mawkishness. Keats, John
This quote is about adolescence · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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John Keats (October 31, 1795 February 23, 1821) was one of the principal poets in the English Romantic movement. During his short life, his work was the subject of constant critical attacks, and it was not until much later that the significance of the cultural change which his work both presaged and helped to form was fully appreciated. Keats's poetry is characterized by an exuberant love of the language and a rich, sensuous imagination; he often felt that he was working in the shadow of past poets, and only towards the end of his life was he able to produce his most original and most memorable poems.
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evjxxzmak2dk6x6fwejafs2xydyqtjk4
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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The eyes indicate the antiquity of the soul. Emerson, Ralph Waldo
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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A love affair with knowledge will never end in heartbreak. Marino, Michael Garrett
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A pretty little collection of weaknesses and a terror of spiders are our indispensable stock-in-trade with the men. Colette, Sidonie Gabrielle
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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2013-05-18T04:49:07.000Z
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hweztsajn64gbj5jxeiwjtrkr7vwh2nv
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The opposite of a correct statement is a false statement. But the opposite of a profound truth may well be another profound truth. Bohr, Niels
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Xunantunich
From Wikitravel
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Xunantunich was an ancient Mayan town in the Cayo region of Belize, closest to the towns of Benque Viejo del Carmen and San Ignacio. Consisting of 9th century Maya ruins including "El Castillo," Xunantunich are Belize's most-visited Mayan site. Set on a hilltop overlooking the Mopan River, the site forms six groups with about 25 temples and palaces.
[edit] Get in
Xunantunich is located inland, about a 2-3 hour drive away from Belize City.
• To get there by bus, catch a bus toward Benque Viejo del Carmen at the main terminal. Tell the conductor that you are heading here, and they will drop you off for $1Bz. Cross the Mopan river via free hand cranked ferry, and then walk 1 mile to the site. It is also easy to hitch a ride from the San Ignacio vicinity. Admission to the park is about $10B. Park closed at about 4:00 pm. The ferry takes only one car at a time-so sometimes there is a line up to leave (if you wait until 4:00 pm). It is the only way across the river.
• To get to Xunantunich by horseback, the family-run business Hanna Stables offers daily tours to Xunantunich by horseback riding. The half day trip begins and ends at Hanna Stables and includes a leisurely, guided horseback tour of Xunantunich. Arrange day trips, or book all-inclusive vacation packages at http://www.hannastables.com
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
El Castillo is the tallest building in Xunantunich. It stands 40m (131') tall, with a 360° view at the top of jungle, ruins, and Guatemala.
[edit][add listing] Do
Explore the grounds of Xunantunich by foot either by giving yourself a guided tour, or hiring a tour guide. All structures within the grounds of Xunantunich including El Castillo can be climbed, offering a 360 degree panoramic view of the surrounding jungles.
If you're lucky, you may also encounter howler monkeys in the trees. The monkeys mostly keep to themselves and can make for great photo opportunities.
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Souvenirs of Xunantunich and native Belizean artwork are available for purchase at the onsite giftshops, or near the roads by the hand cranked ferries.
• Perhaps the most iconic souvenirs you can buy are Mayan slate artwork carved at the foothills of the ancient Mayan sites by the Mayan people themselves. Beautiful slate art of Mayan calendars and other pieces of art are available at very affordable rates.
[edit][add listing] Eat
Ask any local how to get to Benny's Kitchen to experience an authentic taste of Belize. Offering relaxed home-cooked meals such as the traditional rice and beans or farm fresh chicken soup, Benny's is often filled with locals watching the latest football (soccer) matches, or just hanging out with neighbors and friends.
[edit][add listing] Drink
Stop by Benny's Kitchen or any bar in the nearby San Ignacio town center for a crisp Belikin (Belizean beer), or a freshly made fruit smoothie or juice.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• In the town of Benque Viejo del Carmen (you can walk there from Xunantunich) you will find a burgeoning tourism industry that includes a variety of river and jungle adventures, stunning Mayan archeological ruins, horseback riding excursions, bird and wildlife watching and more. Otherwise Xunantunich makes a good halfday trip from San Ignacio. Consider spending the day and night relaxing in Benque before heading to Guatemala and Tikal.
• Nabitunich Stone Cottages, Mile 21 (along the Western Highway), +501 661-1536, [1]. Nabitunich (The Stone Cottage) is a cozy base of accommodations suited for single, family, and group travelers seeking an affordable stay in San Ignacio, Belize. Located almost at the exact center of the 400 acre farm of San Lorenzo, Nabitunich offers a wide variety of outdoor pursuits to visitors and family alike. Visitors may participate in birding, botany, swimming or boating on the lovely Mopan River, or delight in discovering the multitude of hidden historical Mayan mounds scattered across the San Lorenzo Farm property. Stay for a night, or elect for a multi-day all-inclusive vacation package! http://www.hannastables.com/nabitunich/ $45 US per room, regardless of how many inhabitants. edit
• Benque Guest House, 22 Riverside Street (along the Mopan River), 011-501-823-2323, [2]. The new Benque Guest House, located in the quaint little border town of Benque Viejo del Carmen, welcomes you to a world of tropical wonder. Built in 2008, this eco-friendly guest house offers all the comforts of home and business, great food, fun, character-rich conversation and a sense of community. $25 - $85 US. edit
[edit] Get out
• Guatemala and Tikal. Getting across the border is quite the experience.
• To return to San Ignacio, simply catch any bus from the other side of the street. They will all head to San Ignacio.
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Research article
Improving access to psychosocial interventions for common mental health problems in the United Kingdom: narrative review and development of a conceptual model for complex interventions
Linda Gask1*, Peter Bower1, Jonathan Lamb1, Heather Burroughs1, Carolyn Chew-Graham1, Suzanne Edwards2, Derek Hibbert2, Marija Kovandžić2, Karina Lovell3, Anne Rogers1, Waquas Waheed4, Christopher Dowrick2 and AMP R Group1,2
Author Affiliations
1 Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Health Sciences Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, 5th Floor Williamson Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK
2 Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
3 Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, 5th Floor Williamson Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK
4 Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust, Lancashire, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Health Services Research 2012, 12:249 doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-249
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/12/249
Received:26 January 2011
Accepted:25 June 2012
Published:13 August 2012
© 2012 Gask et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
In the United Kingdom and worldwide, there is significant policy interest in improving the quality of care for patients with mental health disorders and distress. Improving quality of care means addressing not only the effectiveness of interventions but also the issue of limited access to care. Research to date into improving access to mental health care has not been strongly rooted within a conceptual model, nor has it systematically identified the different elements of the patient journey from identification of illness to receipt of care. This paper set out to review core concepts underlying patient access to mental health care, synthesise these to develop a conceptual model of access, and consider the implications of the model for the development and evaluation of interventions for groups with poor access to mental health care such as older people and ethnic minorities.
Methods
Narrative review of the literature to identify concepts underlying patient access to mental health care, and synthesis into a conceptual model to support the delivery and evaluation of complex interventions to improve access to mental health care.
Results
The narrative review adopted a process model of access to care, incorporating interventions at three levels. The levels comprise (a) community engagement (b) addressing the quality of interactions in primary care and (c) the development and delivery of tailored psychosocial interventions.
Conclusions
The model we propose can form the basis for the development and evaluation of complex interventions in access to mental health care. We highlight the key methodological challenges in evaluating the overall impact of access interventions, and assessing the relative contribution of the different elements of the model.
Background
The current paper describes the development of a conceptual model of access to care for common mental health problems in the United Kingdom. We outline the importance of access to quality improvement in mental health, and summarise current problems in access. We highlight the importance of conceptual models in the design and evaluation of interventions, and present a synthesis of current models of access of relevance to common mental health problems in the United Kingdom. We apply this synthesis to published interventions to improve access, present a model, and discuss limitations, future development and further evaluation of the model.
Quality improvement in mental health in the United Kingdom
Health improvement agencies like the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom recommend interventions for mental health problems such as depression and anxiety because they have demonstrable effectiveness in improving outcomes for individual patients [1]. Even innovative models that attempt to move beyond a focus on the individual patient towards a population perspective still largely seek to achieve their effects through improving outcomes of patients who are already receiving care. For example, the population-based model described by Katon and colleagues focuses on improving quality through enhancing antidepressant adherence among diagnosed patients [2].
Problems in access to mental health care
Although effectiveness evidence is a critical basis for quality improvement in mental health, many individuals with high levels of mental distress are disadvantaged because of poor access, either because care is not available, or because their interaction with care-givers deters or diverts help-seeking into ways that do not meet their mental health needs. Providing comprehensive improvements to quality of care requires addressing both access and effectiveness [3].
However, in the United Kingdom, policy interest in access to mental health care has largely been restricted to two major issues. Understanding the delivery of mental health care has often been predicated on the influential ‘pathways to care’ model (see Figure 1) [4,5]. This model identifies several ‘filters’ that exist between patients with mental health needs in the community and different ‘levels’ of care, and has highlighted the importance of the recognition of mental health problems by primary care ‘gatekeepers’ [6] and the difficulties of training professionals to improve recognition and referral [7]. The second major policy concern is around the provision of non-pharmacological treatments such as psychological therapy. Although such treatments are generally more acceptable to patients than medication [8], access is far more restricted because of limitations in the number of adequately trained therapists who can deliver these treatments [9].
Figure 1. Pathways to care model [4-6].
Developing interventions to improve access to mental health care is a policy priority and has led to two major policy innovations in the United Kingdom. The first has involved payments to general practitioners to use standardised screening instruments to detect cases of depression in populations such as patients with long-term conditions [10], thus increasing the permeability of filter 2 in the ‘pathways to care’ model. The second is the ‘Improving Access to Psychological Therapies’ scheme, which has involved recruitment of psychological therapists [11], the introduction of innovative ‘minimal’ psychological interventions such as computerised treatments [12] and the adoption of the ‘stepped care’ model to maximise patient access to care [13], which has the function of increasing capacity at level 4 and 5 and thus increasing the flow of patients through filter 3.
Limitations in current understanding of access in mental health
These access innovations are based on assumptions which are not always made explicit. Importantly, there is a focus on supply-side factors, such as the availability of treatments and on structural and organisational changes required to reduce or remove the ‘filters’ or other organisational barriers to care. There is generally less explicit consideration of demand issues and the factors governing the journey of the patient in need. We argue that such a focus can only partially overcome access issues in the population. Access in mental health is more complex and problematic than in physical health because of issues such as perceived stigma and potential coercion associated with help seeking for mental health problems [14].
Among those involved in intervention development in health services, there is increasing recognition of the need to base the development of interventions and quality improvement activities on conceptual models, such as the Chronic Care Model for quality improvement in the management of long-term conditions [15]. According to current guidance, this involves identifying and developing theory and a process of modelling. Although the exact nature of these processes has not been clearly defined, the fundamental need is to identify more clearly the rationale underlying the intervention, and the process by which the intervention is expected to lead to relevant outcomes, based on published conceptual and empirical work and new primary studies if required [16].
In this paper we describe a narrative review of current concepts underlying patient access to mental health care, and outline the development of a model of quality improvement in access to care based on these concepts, designed for application in the United Kingdom. We then consider the implications of the model for the development and evaluation of interventions to improve access to mental health care for patients generally, and for poorly served groups such as ethnic minorities and elderly patients. We focus on common mental health problems such as depression and anxiety, on access to care at the interface between the community and primary care, and on access to psychosocial interventions, as these are the areas where access difficulties are most prevalent.
Methods
Standardised systematic review techniques are effective in synthesising evidence about discrete interventions for use with specific populations but are less applicable when the aim is to synthesise broader concepts. Our review is best conceptualised as the ‘development’ stage in the Medical Research Council framework for complex interventions [16,17]. This stage includes the identification of relevant theories, and the modelling of the key concepts of relevance to an intervention, to allow more effective delivery of the intervention and evaluation of its outcomes. We sought to synthesise published conceptual work on access to mental health care and to use the resulting synthesis to plan the delivery and evaluation of interventions in access to mental health care in selected localities of the United Kingdom.
We undertook an initial scoping search of electronic databases. This included a scoping search of the Cochrane Library using the keyword ‘access’, complemented by a search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and EMBASE using a search strategy developed in a previous conceptual review [18]. The search terms are shown in Additional file 1. We used our literature searches to identify key ‘models’ of access in the literature. We identified models of relevance to access through our literature search (led by PB, HB and LG) and extracted details from these papers on core concepts. The results of that search were synthesised alongside other sources of evidence, including reviews of the grey literature, dialogues with local stakeholders and secondary analysis of existing datasets [3]. We used facilitated small-group techniques including all authors to develop a preliminary integrated conceptual model of access, drawing on wider work from this programme of research [19-21].
Additional file 1. Search strategy (November 2007, Medline, CINAHL, Psycinfo, EMBASE).
Format: DOC Size: 73KB Download file
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As part of this wider programme of work, we conducted a separate, parallel systematic review to identify interventions to improve access to mental health care in particular exemplar groups, including ethnic minority patients, asylum seekers and refugees, homeless people, adolescents with eating disorders, patients with mild to moderate mental health problems at risk of long-term sickness absence, people with medically unexplained symptoms, patients with depression in advanced cancer, and older patients [3]. To provide a preliminary test of our conceptual model, we explored the relationship between our model and the access interventions identified in our parallel review, to test the utility of our synthesis in both describing existing interventions and providing insights into further developments in this area. Finally, we present an integrated quality improvement model for access to mental health care and explore the challenges in implementing and evaluating such a model.
Results
Models of access
Access in a health services context is a complex concept. Proxy measures such as service use or supply of health professionals have been used, but a full consideration of access includes multiple dimensions, such as adequacy of supply; barriers to access; effectiveness (i.e. access to satisfactory health outcomes); and equity for different population groups (Table 1) [22].
Table 1. Four core dimensions of access [22]
As noted in the introduction, previous analyses of the management of mental health problems through primary care have focused on the epidemiology of problems in the community and the rates of recognition within primary care, with the assumption that many problems reflect limitations in the skills, knowledge and attitudes of professionals. In response, there has been a focus on supply side issues and structural and organisational change. However, such approaches are less able to account for variations in access to care and the particular problems encountered by groups with poor access such as older patients [23], ethnic minorities [24] and homeless patients [25].
The ambiguity of medical and psychological symptoms and conflicting perceptions of the appropriateness of help-seeking mean that access to care for mental health problems is often characterised by patient uncertainty, which leads to a focus on illness behaviour (filter 1 in Figure 1). Illness behaviour has been defined as ‘the varying ways in which individuals respond to bodily indications, how they monitor internal states, define and interpret symptoms, make attributions, take remedial actions and utilise various sources of formal and informal care’ [26].
There are a number of different models of illness behaviour. For example, individualistic psychological models focus on rational cost-benefit calculations, perceptions of barriers and motivation for health care [27], while ‘social barrier’ models highlight health service structure and payment systems and their influence on health care use and decision-making [28]. However, both broadly accept the psychiatric model of mental health and focus on professional sources of care. In contrast, ‘sociological’ [29] and ‘patient-oriented’ [30] models focus on the patient in interaction with professionals and systems, and challenge assumptions about the definition of mental health problems. For example, social network models highlight the influence of those networks as platforms for information and support for decisions whether to access care [29], and also encourage a less static view of access, away from individual and situational ‘determinants’ toward an examination of the process of access, over time and in context.
Process models of access
Intervening to improve access requires an understanding of the process by which access is achieved. The ‘filters to care’ model represents one such process model, although it provides limited detail about the processes impacting on movement between levels. Process-orientated models of access identify different stages in access (e.g. system entry, ongoing use) and describe core factors or processes that determine movement into, through and out of the system of care. A recent model based on a critical interpretive synthesis of access by vulnerable groups (but not specific to mental health) describes a process based on five core concepts (Figure 2) [31]. We consider this model in the specific area of access to mental health below.
Figure 2. A process model of access to care (from [31]).
As noted earlier, help-seeking and access to care for mental health problems is often characterised by uncertainty about the meaning of symptoms and the availability of help. For example, failures to seek treatment are related to a lack of knowledge about common mental health problems and doubts about the effectiveness of treatment [32], neither of which may be influenced by supply-side solutions. The concepts of ‘explanatory models’ [33,34] or ‘illness perceptions’ [35] have been used to capture differences between patient and professional concepts of illness and treatment, and to highlight variation between patient groups in how they understand and respond to illness. The model described in Figure 2 identifies candidacy as a core issue, which is defined as ‘how people's eligibility for healthcare is jointly negotiated in interaction between individuals and health services’, and as a ‘dynamic and contingent process, constantly being defined and redefined through interactions between individuals and professionals’. A core concept of relevance to candidacy is identity, which refers to an individual’s sense of self, maintained in interaction with others. People are motivated to seek confirmation of their identity in interaction, and there is evidence that negative experiences with health services reflect in part threats to identity [36]. This may involve perceived stereotyping, disempowerment, and feelings that their subjective experience is ignored. The impact of identity may be magnified because of the moral character of help-seeking and access, especially in mental health. Issues of ‘appropriateness’ permeate the access literature, and there is evidence that patients are sensitive to judgments made about their help seeking and perceptions that it may be irrational or wasteful [19,37], which may lead to presentations that are tentative, partial, or delayed, although the evidence is not straightforward [38]. Another strand of the identity discourse deals with roles. If illness threatens competence to perform social roles, it may involve a fundamental challenge to self. For example, in women presenting with depression in primary care, perceived failures of competence in primary social roles were interpreted as a sense of duty to seek care [39] but framing help-seeking as a moral action coloured women’s experiences of care, which in turn came to be seen in terms of ‘self-sacrifice’ and the ‘moral dilemma’ of accepting medication. This highlights that access to care provides potential benefits, but is also associated with material and immaterial costs [20]. Understanding how those costs and benefits are perceived and judged is crucial to understanding how candidacy is defined.
Following determination of candidacy, individuals undertake navigation to gain a point of entry to health services. This involves a series of psychological and cognitive competencies and resources which include self efficacy[40] and health literacy[41,42]. These capacities are partly patterned by individual characteristics, but also by the interaction between those individual capacities and the characteristics of the health care system [43]. For example, patients may struggle to make sense of and navigate through services which are labelled, designed and organised around conventional psychiatric and psychological models of mental ill health and which assume concordance between patient and professional concepts [19].
‘Appearances’ can involve a number of different approaches, including appearing before health services through patient-initiated actions, or through invitations (where people respond to health services) or grabs (where candidacy is not under patient control, such as compulsory hospital admission). Screening for depression during routine medical consultations (as encouraged by current United Kingdom policy) can reflect both ‘invitation’ and ‘grab’ depending on how the approach is perceived by the patient, and there is evidence that both patients and professionals are having to adapt to more proactive forms of ‘appearance’ that these innovations create [10]. Other work has highlighted the role of more diffuse approaches (described as ‘muddling through’) in the presence of ambiguous mental health and other symptoms, where the effects of close social networks is emphasised [29].
Adjudication refers to professional judgments about the presentation of an individual for intervention or service, influenced by categorisations of patients made by professionals with reference to current services and relationships. Traditionally, this has been dominated by work on recognition and diagnosis and the application of standardised diagnostic systems. There has been controversy about the relevance of conventional psychiatric classification systems in primary care [44-46]. However, decisions about access to services do not simply reflect recognition or non-recognition of symptoms or disagreements about diagnosis - wider considerations are also at play. For example, research has suggested that practitioners’ estimates of the patients’ capacity to benefit from psychological therapy is key [47]. However, little is known about how such judgments are made, and there have been concerns that psychological therapy services have been preferentially delivered to certain populations, threatening equity of access [11], although the relative importance of patient and professional barriers is not known. As psychological therapy services are generally oversubscribed, they may be withheld or rationed in ways which may not be made explicit. Alternatively, inappropriate contact may be negotiated to preserve a relationship with a patient. Although the introduction of systematic approaches to delivery of mental health care such as stepped care and standardised assessment instruments might be expected to reduce variation, evidence suggests that standardised instruments are not yet a key basis for decisions about antidepressant prescribing, and largely seen as secondary to the potential idiosyncrasies of ‘clinical judgment’ [10]. However, there has been relatively little recent research on these complex processes of adjudication.
Adjudication leads to an offer (or non-offer) of a health service, which may be accepted or rejected. The current model of improving access in the United Kingdom focuses on increasing patient throughput and the efficiency of treatment delivery, and is based on the assumption that an offer will be sufficient, without necessarily giving enough attention to the likely response. Even innovative sites demonstrating a commitment to improving access to care still show significant levels of failure to engage with available services. For example, of more than 3000 patients in the Doncaster ‘Improving Access to Psychological Therapies’ service who were referred, deemed potentially suitable and completed their involvement with the service, over one quarter attended no sessions. Of these failures to engage, only a third represented mutual agreement between patient and professional. Modern psychological therapy services in the United Kingdom are often of a particular nature (focussed on cognitive-behaviour therapy, delivered via the telephone, and highly structured), and despite the advantages of such an approach, there is developing evidence that significant numbers of patients do not find them in line with their current preferences and needs [48]. Primary care access can be seen as a distinctive field of activity and habitus[49], a set of dispositions that generate practices and perceptions of the way in which people encounter it. As primary care presents a set of technologies and relationships, past experience of illness and service contact coalesce with immediate decision-making about use. The concept of recursivity captures how the response of the system to patients may reinforce or discourage future health actions [30].
Potential solutions to problems in access
On the basis of the concepts highlighted in the previous section, we will now move on to potential solutions. We first describe the application of the ideas from the review to published access interventions. We then present a model for quality improvement in access, which draws on the synthesis of reviewed literature and our wider empirical investigations [3]. Finally, we consider the limitations of the model, and consider how its validity and utility can be assessed.
Interventions to improve access in mental health care
How do published interventions to improve access in underserved groups relate to the model of access described in the previous section? Our systematic search of the literature on access interventions in exemplar groups identified two conventional approaches to improving access:
Interventions that use existing mental health interventions with underserved populations. This is in essence the ‘default’ position from effectiveness studies, where models developed for working adult populations (such as ‘collaborative care’) are transposed to groups with difficulties in access such as older people [50] and ethnic minorities [51]. The model discussed so far suggests that this approach will have significant limitations, although there are few empirical demonstrations to allow estimates of the true impact.
Modification of existing interventions to make them more ‘acceptable’ to poorly served populations e.g. developing culturally sensitive psychological therapies for low income African-American women [52]. The costs of such modification are expected to yield commensurate benefits, but it is less clear whether those benefits are manifest in increased effectiveness of interventions in those who access care, improved rates of access among those who might not access conventional services, or both.
Genuine access innovations (i.e. those designed to increase the number of people from under-served populations receiving care) are less prevalent although there are individual examples (see Additional file 2). Some of these interventions potentially address a number of the processes outlined in Figure 2. For example, one intervention addressed negotiation of candidacy, navigation and ultimately receipt of care through an intervention in which Community Health Workers used popular education to identify and address health disparities in Latino and African American communities [53]. These workers met regularly with community members to identify health needs and rank intervention priorities.
Additional file 2. Access innovations in the literature.
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However, within access innovations in the published literature there was generally insufficient linkage between the content of the intervention and relevant conceptual models, highlighting the importance of development work in the Medical Research Council framework which could provide a relevant ‘line of argument’ about the link between barriers to access and the content of relevant interventions.
Increasing access to mental health care: key components of an intervention
What are the implications of our review for the development of access interventions in mental health? Like other models of quality improvement such as the Chronic Care Model [15], we propose a complex, multi-level intervention to address:
the world beyond primary care, in order to address the processes that occur before service contact (e.g. candidacy, navigation, appearance)
the interface with primary care, to address the process by which services and patients agree on appropriate access to care (categorisation, adjudication and offer)
the acceptability of interventions available in that setting and the likelihood that they will be attended and used as expected (receipt)
This indicates the need for three major components of a multifaceted model, working synergistically across community and organisational boundaries (see Figure 3).
Figure 3. Multifaceted model to improve access to mental health care.
Community engagement
Healthcare policy highlights the need for community engagement to ensure sustainable health gains at population level by involving local community stakeholders in improving service delivery. Community engagement or community development has been defined as ‘building active and sustainable communities based on social justice, mutual respect, participation, equality, learning and cooperation. It involves changing power structures to remove the barriers that prevent people from participating in the issues that affect their lives’ [54]. This is done by establishing partnerships with local voluntary organisations, while acknowledging existing stakeholder networks which have developed interventions to address needs. Agencies work with the community providing facilitation, training, support and access to resources and assist them in improving health literacy. In developing sustainable responses, utilizing existing resources and building capacity, this provides continuity beyond the active intervention phase.
The process of community engagement as a component of an intervention to improve access to mental health care should increase patient and public involvement in processes related to mental well-being and empowerment, and potentially improve self efficacy and health literacy [55]. Our earlier description of process models of access highlighted the importance of candidacy. Although there is clearly a role for increasing knowledge and health literacy about interventions for mental health, another role of community engagement would be to help community members judge that the expected benefits of treatment outweigh potential material and immaterial costs of accessing services [20], and thus potentially enhancing judgments of their ‘candidacy’ for intervention. This may extend beyond issues of knowledge and health literacy to more complex processes around perceptions of identity and roles, where far less is known about possible interventions. As noted earlier, judgments of candidacy are also dynamic and contingent, and the relative contribution of variables such as knowledge, identity and roles is also likely to reflect the particular context in which the population and intervention is situated.
The most efficient and effective way of increasing access is likely to be through working with agencies already established within the community who will already be providing some input to the target groups, and work with them in considering what are the particular areas of met and unmet need that might be addressed by a new intervention. Knowledge exchange among stakeholders should enhance health care providers’ awareness of existing community resources, enable understanding of timely, effective, appropriate, respectful and acceptable treatment, and facilitate the other two streams of the model in making such services available. However, there is also a need to recognise that there will be people that these agencies are less successful in serving. There is a risk of offending the personnel of agencies that have considerable experience and local credibility. However, these agencies may not be working successfully together, or with other sectors such as general practice or local mental health services. There is a need to give healthcare providers information about the community in forms which they can readily assimilate into their day-to-day practice. Personal presentation by people with whom the target community identifies is a potent element in fostering and maintaining engagement. This leads onto the second level of the model – addressing the quality of primary care.
Addressing quality of primary care
To improve patient experience at the interface with services, and to ensure that the processes of categorisation, adjudication and offer are managed appropriately, health care teams need to increase competence in responding to appearances, taking account of local context [19]. Training content needs to be negotiated with practice staff to meet their identified needs, with focus on populations and groups they have particular concerns about. The intervention also needs to include local user views about issues such as the importance of continuity and proximity of care, problems with mental health terminology, and structural and organisational barriers to access, including the built environment and reception by front-line staff. This demonstrates the link with the community engagement level, and highlights the important role of services in exacerbating existing difficulties in mental health literacy.
Notwithstanding innovations in the delivery of mental health care, a fundamental requirement for patients is to feel they have been ‘listened to’ [19,56]. This requires engagement with patient explanatory models [33], and addressing issues of cultural competence, through clinicians taking account of patient values, beliefs and practices (which may or may not reflect the patient’s membership of a particular group). Cultural competence can be seen as a specific form of patient-centredness, where the clinician ‘tries to enter the patient's world, to see the illness through the patient's eyes’ [57]. Cultural competence requires identification of ‘what is at stake in local worlds’ in relation to the everyday lives of patients [58]. Implementing cultural competence has been hampered by lack of conceptual clarity, a failure to distinguish between organisational and individual competence, lack of awareness of the influence of professional values on response to suffering, and a tendency to associate culture solely with race and ethnicity. Clinicians need to develop a ‘shared narrative’ with patients: perceptions of appropriate behaviour in responding to illness can be embedded in such narratives, the underlying values of which are situated in wider contexts. Professionals should understand the patient’s ‘helper model’ i.e. the patient’s conceptualisation of the role of the professional (and others) in management [59].
Interventions for cultural competence include recruiting staff who reflect population diversity; interpretation and language services; staff cultural awareness training; language appropriate healthcare materials; and culturally specific healthcare settings. However evidence for the efficacy of these interventions is limited. A review found good evidence that cultural competence training could impact on professional knowledge, attitudes and skills, some evidence of impact on satisfaction, but sparse evidence of impact on adherence or patient outcomes [60].
The preceding analysis is based on an assumption that the processes of categorisation, adjudication and offer are relatively well understood and amenable to change through educational interventions. These assumptions are open to challenge. As noted earlier, relatively little is known about how professionals categorise patients in terms of their mental health needs and adjudicate access to mental health care, and even if these processes are well understood, evidence that education leads to changes in practitioner behaviour and patient outcomes in primary care mental health is not consistent [7,61]. Although a range of quality improvement activities in primary care are likely to be critical, there is an argument that certain populations may be better served by removal of primary care as gatekeeper for access, precisely because the process of categorisation, adjudication and offer are idiosyncratic and not easily amenable to change. Evidence from the ‘Improving Access to Psychological Therapies’ sites in the United Kingdom suggests that self referral may have functioned as a factor improving access among patients from ethnic minorities [11]. In this case, a combination of community engagement and provision of tailored psychosocial interventions may have functioned to overcome barriers raised by the quality of primary care, at least for some populations.
Providing tailored psychosocial interventions
There is evidence for the effectiveness of tailored psychosocial interventions for some under-served groups, particularly older people [62] and ethnic minorities [3]. Interventions should probably be tailored to meet the personal and communal needs of those who may benefit from them, although there may be a trade-off between tailoring and cost-effectiveness [63]. Some tailoring may be limited in scope – for example, modifications of CBT interventions to increase their acceptability while remaining broadly in line with conventional delivery [64]. A recent trial of depression treatment in South Asian women utilised a more innovative social intervention designed to maximise acceptability [24], but there is a tension between modifications to enhance access and ensuring that core, evidence-based mechanisms of action are not diluted or lost. Tailoring should be based on an understanding of the psychosocial factors that permeate participants’ lives, and influence their response to an intervention. At a basic level, the use of the term ‘mental health’ is unacceptable to many groups: other terms (such as ‘wellbeing’) [65] could increase engagement. Group and face to face sessions may be of variable acceptability between groups depending on helper models and perceived identity threats associated with public discussions about mental health care. However, our earlier discussions of candidacy and related issues of identity and roles highlight the complexity of the processes that might underlie judgments of the acceptability of treatments and the likely response to offers. The developing methods of qualitative synthesis may be useful in exploring these issues and providing further insights to allow effective tailoring. Issues of tailoring highlight debates about the role of preferences and choice in access to mental health treatments [66], the tension between providing standardised treatments favoured by the clinical guideline development process, and the role of health services in meeting the personal preferences of patients. There is also the complex question of whether providing interventions in line with preferences is a major determinant of outcome [67].
Attention needs to be paid to interfaces, enhancing linkage with community engagement, and encouraging involvement of local communities and primary care providers in the design of psychosocial interventions. Engagement and recruitment may be enhanced by case managers, actively linking service users into the intervention and with other key providers from primary care according to the principles of collaborative care [51].
Discussion
Summary
This paper presents a conceptual model based on a process model of access to care and incorporating interventions at three levels. The levels comprise (a) community engagement (b) addressing the quality of interactions in primary care and (c) the development and delivery of tailored psychosocial interventions.
Limitations of the review
The narrative review was designed to support the delivery and evaluation of complex interventions in access to mental health care in the United Kingdom. We applied systematic search methods as far as possible, but it is difficult to provide a clear and transparent description of the synthesis to allow replication, and standardised quality assessment of papers included in the review is problematic. The model has been designed to have maximum relevance in the United Kingdom context, although many of the core processes are likely to generalise more widely. However, financial barriers to access (other than those governing overall level of service provision) are notably absent, whereas they may be critical in other health care contexts such as the United States. However, there may be contextual issues within the United Kingdom which will have implications for the operation of the model, such as variation in current quality of care in different locations, or the impact of existing variation in community attitudes to mental health.
We restricted the testing of our model in terms of its ability to describe existing access interventions. Further testing of the utility and validity of our model are discussed below.
Implications of the model
Most research into improving access in mental health care has lacked a clear conceptual model, and failed to address systematically the different elements of the patient journey from decisions about candidacy to receipt of service. There is a danger that the impact of current interventions and policy developments in access to care will be limited. We propose that our synthesis of existing work provides a useful framework for the development of integrated approaches to access interventions in mental health.
Of course, the challenge for those who propose complex, multi-level models is to develop ways of evaluating them, capturing both process and outcome and enabling the interactions between levels to be assessed.
As noted previously, the development of the model has been undertaken from a health services research perspective which seeks to place the development of interventions on a sounder conceptual basis [16], with a view to eventual experimental or quasi- experimental evaluation. In this context, maximum impacts would be expected when an intervention encompasses all three levels of the model, and when interventions at each level are functioning in concert. However, given the likely increase in costs associated with such multi-faceted interventions, their relative importance is a crucial research question. For example, can tailored interventions and improved quality of delivery in primary care improve population health, or does community engagement function as a necessary ‘effect multiplier’ of the other aspects of the model? Are certain populations better served by focussing on community engagement and the development of tailored interventions and the replacement of primary care as a key part of the referral process? The same questions are faced by other quality improvement interventions such as the Chronic Care Model, where the relative importance of different facets of the model in determining outcomes is only now beginning to be assessed [68].
One of the major problems is that there are few studies of the impact on innovations on access per se, as the evaluation is complex. Access effects are not readily amenable to conventional trial designs (Figure 4), because those designs generally take a population of patients accessing care and randomise them between different services, assessing average effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in those who have already agreed to receipt of services. Assessments of ‘minimal interventions’ (such as self-help and computerised self-help treatments) and suchlike which demonstrate that less resource-intensive services can achieve equivalent clinical outcomes [69]imply potential benefits in access, because more effective treatments can be provided from equivalent resource. However, the potential to achieve greater population access to care is not formally tested, and the cost per outcome benefits found in the population of patients accessing care may not scale up to those in the wider population. A rigorous assessment of the effect of an access intervention would involve assessment of mental health care in a population of patients before and after the introduction of an access intervention, compared to a population who did not receive that intervention. Outcome assessment would involve calculation of both the absolute numbers from a target population who successfully negotiate the stages of the model in Figure 1 to receive appropriate high quality care, the distribution of care according to need, and the effectiveness of that care. Although there are examples in the literature that approach this design [7,70,71] and designs which might be able to accommodate it [72] we did not locate any studies that provided a comprehensive assessment of access, equity and effectiveness. It is likely that exploration of these issues will require mixed methods research, combined with enhanced use of routinely collected data from public health and provider sources, and creative use of comparators for intervention sites [73,74]. Such an approach should enable an adequate assessment of whether this comprehensive approach to service re-design improves access to primary care mental health.
Figure 4. Access trial designs.
Of course, experimental and quasi-experimental evaluation have important limits, in terms of practicality, ethical limits, and the ability to isolate single causal mechanisms in the context of ‘open’ systems [75]. Other criteria for the utility of the model relate to what has been described as authenticity[76]. This may involve assessment of the ability of the model to help stakeholders to make sense of access issues in new and useful ways. Additionally, it may involve what has been described as catalytic authenticity, which is defined as the ‘extent to which action is stimulated and facilitated by the evaluation process’ [76]. The current model is part of a large research programme that seeks to both understand access problems and generate specific solutions for use in a local contexts [3]. We intend to use extensive work with study participants and local stakeholders in services and communities to understand whether the model has functioned in such a way to help them overcome the problems they have identified and to generate new and useful solutions.
Conclusions
In this paper, we describe a conceptual model that may be of utility in the development and evaluation of complex interventions to improve access to mental health care. We have described the key methodological challenges in evaluating the overall impact of access interventions, and suggest a critical next step is to explore the relative contribution of the different elements of the model and the ways in which they interact in practice.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
Authors’ contributions
Literature searching was conducted by PB, HB and LG. All authors contributed to the development of the paper, read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research Programme (Grant Reference Number RP-PG-0606-1071). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.
The AMP (Access to Mental health in Primary care) research group also includes Amy Catlin, Saadia Aseem, Katja Gravenhorst, Pam Clarke, Mark Gabbay, Margaret Goddard, Simon Gowers, Christina Ireland, Nicky Lidbetter, Mari Lloyd-Williams, Rajan Madhok, Maxine Martin, Sarah Peters and Naomi Wells. We would like to thank the main reviewer for their helpful comments on earlier submissions.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/12/249/prepub
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< Previous
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: The tomato-avocado pasta was delicious! I recommend it. We used penne instead of linguini, because I don't like the long hairlike pastas. We also added asiago cheese, which was successful. The recipe says it makes four servings, but between the two of us we licked the platter clean.
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Aggregated data reported by companies on the production, import, export, destruction and use of ozone-depleting substances in the European Union.
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This European Environment Agency (EEA) report assesses the damage costs to health and the environment resulting from pollutants emitted from industrial facilities. It is based on the latest information, namely for 2009, publicly available through the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR, 2011) in line with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Aarhus Convention regarding access to environmental information.
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Composting
Composting
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Michelle Miller
Composting is the controlled biological decomposition and pasteurization of organic materials under aerobic conditions— it involves the action of mesophilic microorganisms followed by thermophilic microorganisms that thrive under increased (more than 50 °C) temperature conditions and if correctly managed, can destroy disease-causing organisms, even weed seeds. Biodegradable organic matter is mineralized while carbon dioxide (CO2), water and heat are liberated, and the residual organic components are stabilized mainly to humic acids. There are various ways of composting—aerobic static piles (non-interventionary), aerobic windrows (interventionary), using worms (vermicomposting, which is in fact a different type of process that does not involve the thermophilic stages), etc. The choice of the method is usually based on the objective. There are many different technologies named after the origin of the process among windrows and static systems, such as Rutgers Strategy, Indore process or Camby process.
Composting is a way of achieving the natural microbial humification process that converts the material into another form—the main conversion taking place being that of carbon and nitrogen compounds. The process of composting, which is an aerobic process, creates heat and converts solid wastes into compost that can be used as a fertilizer. More scientifically, in bioremediation technologies (sometimes known as microbiological engineering) the natural ability of certain organisms to degrade organic chemicals is used to contain contamination. The desired end results of the active bioremediation processes are carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass; and the process is termed composting. The process of composting is mostly biological in nature, achieved by the actions of different organisms. Composting involves the interactions of different organisms at various levels of the food chain in the different nutrient cycles in the substrate being degraded. The various organisms involved in the process consume the waste materials and other organisms that are lower in the food chain at different rates, and a basic understanding of their biology is necessary to design a composting system and its mode of operation.
A compostable material is a material which undergoes physical, chemical, thermal and/or biological degradation in a composting facility such that it enters into and is physically indistinguishable from the finished compost and which ultimately mineralizes (biodegrades to carbon dioxide, water and biomass as new microorganisms) at a rate like that of known compostable materials in solid waste such as paper and yard waste. A compost compatible material is a material that disintegrates and becomes indistinguishable from the final compost, and is either biodegradable or inert in the environment. A removable material is a material that can be removed (not to be composted) by existing technologies in municipal solid waste (MSW) composting (such as plastic, stone, glass, etc.)
For the compost process to be successful, it requires a "recipe" be followed to sustain the desired biological activity. The amount or ratio of carbon and nitrogen in the original material is highly important as a good balance is required for the process to proceed. Oxygen is a major factor controlling the composting process. For solid wastes, aeration and adequate supply of oxygen is important; for liquid wastes, dissolved oxygen level is important. Composting, being an aerobic microbial process, demands a continuous and good supply of oxygen for the microbes and other organisms such as worms, beetles and nematodes. There are other important factors that can make or break the process such as temperature, moisture content, removal of heat and moisture, material composition, etc.
Generally, there are four indicators considered for process performance and product quality, namely, volatile solids, respiration rate, germination tests and pathogen indicators. Composting as an engineered process is not set up to fully decompose all degradable organic materials, but to degrade putrescibles that would otherwise cause odors by anaerobic degradation.
Composting has been used as one form of waste recycling—generally in the agricultural sector and for the biodegradable part of municipal solid waste (MSW). Composting may also be used to convert industrial waste, particularly in industries with substantial biological waste materials such as food and paper processing. Composting is perhaps best-known as a household or on-farm activity where food and yard or farm wastes (such as bedding straw from barns or field stubble) are transformed into benign organic material through the composting process.
See composting tips.
Citation
Avanish K Panikkar (Lead Author);Michelle Miller (Topic Editor) "Composting". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth July 7, 2010; Last revised Date January 25, 2011; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Composting>
The Author
Avanish K. Panikkar, Ph.D., M.Eng.Sc., B.Tech. Dr. Avanish Panikkar is a specialist in the treatment of solid waste and wastewater and in environmental management. His main expertise are in decentralized/onsite treatment of solid and liquid wastes, N-cycle, biological waste management such as composting, environmental planning and management and risk management, environmental auditing and sustainable technologies, with other interests in development of holistic waste and wat ... (Full Bio)
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Category:Image templatesEdit This Page
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Palau (Pacific Island Guide)Edit This Page
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Revision as of 21:06, 6 September 2012 by Lotje2 (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Pacific Island Guide > Micronesia > Palau
Palau is the smallest nation in the world. It is the westernmost cluster of the 6 major island groups that make up the Caroline Islands. Population in the year 2000 was 19,129. The archipelago includes more than 200 islands, of which 8 are inhabited. The religious majority is Roman Catholic.
The LDS Church had 426 members here, with one district (Koror) and 2 branches in the year 2008.
Historical background
Rock Islands natural arch, Palau.
700 A.D. Chinese made contact with the Micronesian and Polynesian inhabitants.
1525 Spanish arrived
1886 Spain took control.
1899 After the Spanish-American war, the islands were sold to Germany.
1914 The Japanese occupied the islands.
1920 League of Nations mandated civil administration by the Japanese. The Japanese population rose to over 100,000. The indigenous population was 40,000.
1934 They were annexed to Japan.
1942 Bombed and occupied by the Americans during World War II
1947 The United Nations placed Palau under U.S. administration as a trust territory (TTPI). A High Commissioner was appointed administrators for each district..
1951 The U.S. Navy Dept.’s authority was passed to the U.S. Department of the Interior.
1979 The districts become states of the Federation, a judicial system was established, and an orderly transfer of government from the U.S. to the Federal States of Micronesia is made.
1986 Palau becomes an independent part of the Federated States of Micronesia.
1994 Palau becomes independent, in free association with the USA.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Otolaryngology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 765271, 3 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/765271
Clinical Study
Single-Stage BAHA and Mastoid Obliteration
ENT Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2WB, UK
Received 21 July 2012; Accepted 17 September 2012
Academic Editor: Leonard P. Rybak
Copyright © 2012 Ajith George et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
A single-stage fitting of a bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) implant and abutment with mastoid obliteration both obviates the need for two separate procedures and utilises the BAHA soft tissue reduction in the mastoid obliteration. Such a procedure has good outcomes in terms of osseointegration and achieving a dry ear. We present a 6-patient case series report highlighting the technique of combined BAHA insertion and mastoid obliteration in six patients. All patients at twelve-month followup have a good degree of sound localisation and hearing thresholds with their BAHA and are free from the social stigma associated with a foul smelling discharging ear.
1. Introduction
Bone-anchored hearing aids (BAHAs) are an essential component of an ENT surgeons’ armamentarium for treating patients with impaired hearing. Their indications include patients with conductive, sensorineural, and mixed ipsilateral losses and for contralateral stimulation in single-sided deafness. In selected groups, the satisfaction ratings are very high (98%) [1], with the number of nonusers low.
The standard technique involves harvesting a split skin graft, centred on the point of optimal insertion 55 mm behind and 30 mm above the external auditory canal (EAC) [2]. Soft tissue reduction is then performed prior to inserting a titanium fixture (and abutment) and replacing the skin graft. There are multiple reasons for the soft tissue reduction: (a) to reduce signal loss and decay from mechanical energy being absorbed by the surrounding myofascial tissues from the titanium implant; (b) to achieve thin immobile around the abutment preventing the creation of granulation tissue at the skin BAHA junction as can happen with mobile skin; (c) to create hairless skin to enable easy use and cleaning of the BAHA; (d) to reduce skin height ensuring that the BAHA is easy to fit and the aid does not touch the skin reducing the energy imparted to the abutment. The tissue from the soft tissue reduction is routinely discarded.
BAHAs can be used with great benefit in patients with conductive deafness, but it is in the rehabilitation of patients with active chronic ear disease where they out perform most other amplification devices as some patients develop otorrhoea when wearing a conventional hearing aid. This is due to a variety of factors, including reduced ventilation, increased humidity, and impairment of skin migration pathways. The otorrhoea is likely to be exacerbated in patients with mastoid cavities, not simply due to the above reasons, but also factors such as presence of a meatal stenosis, high facial ridge, deep sump, recurrent cholesteatoma, or exposed mucosa. In many such cases, surgery is the only option to provide a dry ear. The components of revision mastoid cavity surgery include the eradication of disease and granulation tissue, performing an appropriate meatoplasty, lowering the facial ridge, obliterating the cavity, and covering all exposed bone with fascia. Obliteration of the cavity leads to a smaller, shallower, less-troublesome cavity. Many techniques have been used for obliteration, including muscle flaps, bone dust, hydroxyapatite crystals, and cartilage.
Successful mastoid obliteration with temporalis muscle or abdominal fat has been documented in conjunction with cochlear implantation previously [3]. The postauricular periosteal pericranial flap for mastoid obliteration has been shown to have up to a 90% success rate when looking at primary outcome measures such as the creation of a small dry low-maintenance cavity and secondary outcomes of haematoma, infection, flap necrosis, and meatal stenosis [4].
We present a method of combined BAHA and mastoid obliteration utilising the soft tissue from the BAHA soft tissue reduction to obliterate the cavity. This technique was used for good effect in six cases, for patients with a unilateral discharging mastoid cavity not amenable to medical treatment along with a conductive hearing loss. All patients were unable to use a conventional hearing aid due to otorrhoea.
2. Case Series Presentation
2.1. Patients
Between May 2005 and May 2006, six patients underwent combined BAHA and mastoid obliteration. All six patients were male with an age range from 21 to 77 years. They all had primarily conductive deafness, some with an additional element of sensorineural deafness. Each patient had a persistently discharging mastoid cavity despite water avoidance and treatment with combined topical antibiotic and steroid drops and aural toilet for a minimum of 3 years prior to surgery.
2.2. Procedure
All operations were performed under a general anaesthetic. 2% lidocaine with 1 : 80,000 adrenaline local infiltration was administered at the site of the proposed incisions and in the ear canal. The postauricular incision, approximately 5 cms from the posterior aspect of the EAC incision, is designed to facilitate both procedures (Figure 1). Two posterior limbs are created, between which the split skin graft is elevated. Soft tissue reduction at the BAHA site is performed as a flap and left attached anteriorly as an anterosuperiorly based musculopericranial flap (Figure 2). All dermal and epidermal elements have to be removed, and then the flap is trimmed to an appropriate width which will fit inside the mastoid cavity.
Figure 1
Figure 2
The mastoid cavity is revised, preserving as much of its healthy keratinous squamous epithelium as possible, which is then used to reline the revised obliterated cavity. The musculopericranial flap is narrower at its tip, compared to its base, and these dimensions are 10 mm and 25 mm respectively. The flap is now inverted into the revised cavity (Figure 3). Anchor sutures are applied from the base of the flap to sternomastoid in order to maintain its position inside the cavity until the ear has been closed and packed. Homologous bone pate and Tisseel are used to smooth over any gaps and irregularities, particularly spaces around the side of the flap and the obliterated cavity. The preserved mastoid keratinous epithelium is trimmed of any redundant or abnormal parts and placed over the flap, and a steroid- and antibiotic-soaked ribbon gauze pack is then inserted gently. The “clean procedure” (BAHA implantation) is performed first, and the “dirty procedure” (revision mastoidectomy) second.
Figure 3
2.3. Results
All six patients were followed three months for a year. Osseointegration was achieved in all cases, and none have reported further ear discharge twelve months postoperatively. All patients are using their BAHA daily and report a vast improvement and good sound localisation. Figure 4 demonstrates the postoperative appearance at 9 months.
Figure 4
3. Discussion
A wide variety of methods have been described in the literature to obliterate mastoid cavities [5], and comparative analysis is difficult due to the lack in conformity of data collected. Pedicled musculopericranial flaps have been successfully used to perform mastoid obliterations [4, 6]. These have a dual benefit of eliminating dead space and promoting epithelialisation because of the vascular nature of the tissues. The multitude of axial and random flaps consisting of periosteum, temporoparietal fascia, temporalis fascia, and muscle would suggest that there is no ideal flap for mastoid obliteration. An anterosuperiorly based flap can be easily fashioned during surgery for a BAHA implant. Despite numerous previous operations the patient may have undergone, tissue for the flap is readily available. Performing both operations simultaneously is convenient for the patient and allows the surgeon to utilise the soft tissue reduction in the obliteration.
Yoshida et al. [7] have reported good outcomes in patients with chronic otitis media with blind pit closure and BAHA. They have documented their technique in two separate stages as opposed to our single-stage approach. Closure of the external auditory canal eliminates exposure to potential pathogens and allows the patient to resume water exposure. However, there is a risk of implantation cholesteatoma, and patients need to be followed up annually with CT of MRI to exclude recurrence as direct microscopic evaluation is not possible. In theory, mastoid obliteration does carry a risk of the obliterating muscle flap covering residual cholesteatoma in the cavity. A good surgical technique will ensure that all squamous remnants are drilled out to reduce this possibility. Clinical observation can still be performed under the microscope looking for swelling under the muscle flap.
The alternative to mastoid obliteration is cavity revision, including removal of recurrent disease, lowering the facial ridge, and performing a meatoplasty to aid suction clearance. The patient would still require outpatient aural toilet on a regular basis and would have to adopt water precautions to prevent active infection of the cavity. We therefore conclude that the single-stage procedure of BAHA insertion with mastoid obliteration using the soft tissue reduction has clear advantages over the other techniques discussed and should be considered in future practice.
References
1. R. A. Battista and S. Ho, “The bone-anchored hearing device (BAHA),” Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 272–276, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
2. A. Tjellström, B. Håkansson, and G. Granström, “Bone-anchored hearing aids: current status in adults and children,” Otolaryngol Clinics of North America, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 337–364, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
3. R. Leung and R. J. S. Briggs, “Indications for and outcomes of mastoid obliteration in cochlear implantation,” Otology and Neurotology, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 330–334, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. M. J. Ramsey, S. N. Merchant, and M. J. McKenna, “Postauricular periosteal-pericranial flap for mastoid obliteration and canal wall down tympanomastoidectomy,” Otology and Neurotology, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 873–878, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
5. W. Meuser, “Permanent obliteration of old radical mastoid cavities combined with tympanoplasty,” Journal of Laryngology and Otology, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 31–35, 1984. View at Scopus
6. V. Singh and M. Atlas, “Obliteration of the persistently discharging mastoid cavity using the middle temporal artery flap,” Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 433–438, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
7. N. Yoshida, C. D. Cunningham, and J. T. McElveen, “External auditory canal closure: an alternative management for the refractory chronically draining ear,” Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, vol. 137, no. 5, pp. 766–771, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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Mario's Cap
From the Super Mario Wiki
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Mario's Cap, featuring his symbol: a capital red "M".
Mario, I found this cap in front of the castle a little while ago. You look really good in it, so here you go!”
Toad, Super Mario 64 DS
Mario's Cap is an important part of Mario's clothing. The hat is red and has Mario's "M" symbol. This hat has appeared in nearly every game featuring Mario. Mario has worn the same hat since he was a baby.
Contents
[edit] Importance
Mario's Cap held by Luma in Super Mario Galaxy 2.
Mario was given his hat in his first appearance in Donkey Kong because of the limited advances in video game graphics when the game was made. A red cap was added because programmers found it difficult to create the hair movement that would occur when the character jumped.[1]
Mario's Cap, along with Luigi's and Wario's.
The hat has appeared with Mario ever since then, but was unimportant until Super Mario 64 - the first game in which Mario can lose his hat. If his hat is lost (having been stolen by a Ukiki or Klepto or blown off by a gust of wind, for instance), Mario takes more damage when attacked. The same is true in Super Mario Sunshine, but with the added effect of Mario gradually losing health due to the heat. Even if hatless Mario takes refuge in the shade, it's still possible for him to sustain damage from the heat of the Sun. The only enemies that steal Mario's Cap in this game are Swipin' Stus.
Toad wearing Mario's lost cap in Super Mario 64 DS.
In the remake of Super Mario 64, Super Mario 64 DS, Toad reveals that the cap Mario wears is special, and that if it were to get blown off of Mario, he would have nothing but bad luck. As hinted in Super Mario 64 DS, Mario's Cap may be a source of his strength. If Mario loses his cap, he can get it back by going back to the course in which he lost it to find it. However, if he instead gets a Power Star from another course, he can simply talk to Toad (who will find and wear Mario's Cap) and get it back from him. Mario's Cap appears in the following courses, even when he is locked: Bob-omb Battlefield (Star 2 or 4), Whomp's Fortress (Star 1 or 2), Jolly Roger Bay, and Cool, Cool Mountain (Star 2). Mario's Cap can also be found in most levels when playing as Yoshi. Yoshi, Luigi, and Wario can pick up the cap, which gives them the appearance and abilities of Mario (though they retain their voices) until they lose it, get hurt, or finish a level.
In Luigi's Mansion, Mario's Cap is one of the five items that Mario lost, and Luigi must bring it to Madame Clairvoya to receive information regarding Mario's whereabouts.
The cap's importance to Mario is stressed again at the end of Super Mario Galaxy 2, when Luma takes it with him as a souvenir before returning to the Comet Observatory with Rosalina, and Mario appears shocked to no longer have it. Following this, Mario is seen capless throughout the credits, but regains his cap when he is playable again.
In Super Mario 3D Land, if Mario is reduced to Small Mario, he won't wear his cap.
[edit] Versions
In Super Mario 64, Mario makes use of three different types of caps in addition to his regular cap: the Wing Cap (which enables Mario to fly), the Metal Cap (which enables Mario to walk underwater and through fire), and the Vanish Cap (which enables Mario to walk through certain walls). While these powers are dispersed amongst Mario and his companions in Super Mario 64 DS, Mario's Cap gains a new ability: when worn, it turns Luigi, Yoshi, or Wario into Mario. If Mario loses his cap, he can't fly, use other caps, or use Power Flower abilities.
Due to certain glitches in Super Mario 64, it's possible for Mario to end up with more than one cap; the duplicate can be used as an effective weapon. In Super Mario 64 DS, if someone wearing Mario's Cap gets another cap, they get an Extra Life. However, if the real Mario gets another one of his caps from a certain glitch in Snowman's Land, he'll pick up the cap and nothing will happen.
When Mario collects almost any power-up, his cap will change color.
[edit] Trivia
• In Luigi's Mansion, Mario is seen wearing his cap throughout the entire game, even while Luigi or Madame Clairvoya is in possession of the collectible cap.
• Club Nintendo of North America released a replica of Mario's Cap at the end of the 2009 Club Nintendo year as one of two rewards that platinum members could choose to receive.
• In New Super Mario Bros. Wii, an Easter egg allows Mario to remove his hat when he gets 99 lives, though he still does the victory animation at the end of a level as if his hat were still there. This is seen again in New Super Mario Bros. 2 after collecting 1110 lives.
• In Super Mario 3D Land, if Mario has 1110 lives, he loses his cap while Small Mario gains a cap.
• In the Nintendo 3DS application StreetPass Mii Plaza, the player can unlock Mario's Cap after beating the first level in Find Mii.
[edit] References
1. ^ http://www.gamecubicle.com/features-mario-nintendo_shining_star.htm
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Sensors 2012, 12(12), 17620-17632; doi:10.3390/s121217620
Article
A Wireless Accelerometer-Based Body Posture Stability Detection System and Its Application for Meditation Practitioners
1 Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan 2 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan 3 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan 4 Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan 5 Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan 6 Department of Mechanical and Automatic Engineering, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua 510, Taiwan These authors contributed equally to this work.
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 19 October 2012; in revised form: 12 December 2012 / Accepted: 12 December 2012 / Published: 18 December 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical & Biological Imaging)
Download PDF Full-Text [373 KB, uploaded 18 December 2012 11:57 CET]
Abstract: The practice of meditation has become an interesting research issue in recent decades. Meditation is known to be beneficial for health improvement and illness reduction and many studies on meditation have been made, from both the physiological and psychological points of view. It is a fundamental requirement of meditation practice to be able to sit without body motion. In this study, a novel body motion monitoring and estimation system has been developed. A wireless tri-axis accelerometer is used to measure body motion. Both a mean and maximum motion index is derived from the square summation of three axes. Two experiments were conducted in this study. The first experiment was to investigate the motion index baseline among three leg-crossing postures. The second experiment was to observe posture dynamics for thirty minute’s meditation. Twenty-six subjects participated in the experiments. In one experiment, thirteen subjects were recruited from an experienced meditation group (meditation experience > 3 years); and the other thirteen subjects were beginners (meditation experience < 1 years). There was a significant posture stability difference between both groups in terms of either mean or maximum parameters (p < 0.05), according to the results of the experiment. Results from another experiment showed that the motion index is different for various postures, such as full-lotus < half-lotus < non-lotus.
Keywords: KW = Posture Stability; wireless tri-Axis accelerator; meditation; leg crossing
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Chang, K.-M.; Chen, S.-H.; Lee, H.-Y.; Ching, C.T.-S.; Huang, C.-L. A Wireless Accelerometer-Based Body Posture Stability Detection System and Its Application for Meditation Practitioners. Sensors 2012, 12, 17620-17632.
AMA Style
Chang K-M, Chen S-H, Lee H-Y, Ching CT-S, Huang C-L. A Wireless Accelerometer-Based Body Posture Stability Detection System and Its Application for Meditation Practitioners. Sensors. 2012; 12(12):17620-17632.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Chang, Kang-Ming; Chen, Sih-Huei; Lee, Hsin-Yi; Ching, Congo T.-S.; Huang, Chun-Lung. 2012. "A Wireless Accelerometer-Based Body Posture Stability Detection System and Its Application for Meditation Practitioners." Sensors 12, no. 12: 17620-17632.
Sensors EISSN 1424-8220 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Very High Activity
Contributors : jmfg
Analyzed 3 days ago based on code collected 3 days ago.
Activity on eXist-db by jmfg
All-time Commits: 46
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First Commit: 11-Mar-2009
Last Commit: 29-Jun-2012
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Project Commits
Approximately one year of commit activity shown
Project Languages
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Java 1y 5m 37 5,719 28.2%
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shell script 1m 1 12 -
All Languages 1y 5m 46 5,836 27.8%
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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13 Bible Verses about Being Unique
Jeremiah 1:5 ESV / 97 helpful votes
“Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, and before you were born I consecrated you; I appointed you a prophet to the nations.”
Genesis 1:27 ESV / 41 helpful votes
So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.
Romans 12:1-21 ESV / 40 helpful votes
I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship. Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect. For by the grace given to me I say to everyone among you not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think, but to think with sober judgment, each according to the measure of faith that God has assigned. For as in one body we have many members, and the members do not all have the same function, so we, though many, are one body in Christ, and individually members one of another. ...
Psalm 139:14 ESV / 39 helpful votes
I praise you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made. Wonderful are your works; my soul knows it very well.
Matthew 10:30 ESV / 34 helpful votes
But even the hairs of your head are all numbered.
Psalm 139:1-24 ESV / 20 helpful votes
To the choirmaster. A Psalm of David. O Lord, you have searched me and known me! You know when I sit down and when I rise up; you discern my thoughts from afar. You search out my path and my lying down and are acquainted with all my ways. Even before a word is on my tongue, behold, O Lord, you know it altogether. You hem me in, behind and before, and lay your hand upon me. ...
Ephesians 2:10 ESV / 12 helpful votes
For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them.
Psalm 127:3-5 ESV / 12 helpful votes
Behold, children are a heritage from the Lord, the fruit of the womb a reward. Like arrows in the hand of a warrior are the children of one's youth. Blessed is the man who fills his quiver with them! He shall not be put to shame when he speaks with his enemies in the gate.
John 3:16-17 ESV / 7 helpful votes
“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him.
Isaiah 1:1-31 ESV / 7 helpful votes
The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth; for the Lord has spoken: “Children have I reared and brought up, but they have rebelled against me. The ox knows its owner, and the donkey its master's crib, but Israel does not know, my people do not understand.” Ah, sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity, offspring of evildoers, children who deal corruptly! They have forsaken the Lord, they have despised the Holy One of Israel, they are utterly estranged. Why will you still be struck down? Why will you continue to rebel? The whole head is sick, and the whole heart faint. ...
Proverbs 30:4 ESV / 5 helpful votes
Who has ascended to heaven and come down? Who has gathered the wind in his fists? Who has wrapped up the waters in a garment? Who has established all the ends of the earth? What is his name, and what is his son's name? Surely you know!
Psalm 16:9 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Therefore my heart is glad, and my whole being rejoices; my flesh also dwells secure.
Psalm 16:8-11 ESV / 4 helpful votes
I have set the Lord always before me; because he is at my right hand, I shall not be shaken. Therefore my heart is glad, and my whole being rejoices; my flesh also dwells secure. For you will not abandon my soul to Sheol, or let your holy one see corruption. You make known to me the path of life; in your presence there is fullness of joy; at your right hand are pleasures forevermore.
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Visit the Bible online to search for words if you don’t know the specific passage your’re looking for.
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User:Melissa Novy/Notebook/CHEM-571/2012/09/05
From OpenWetWare
< User:Melissa Novy | Notebook | CHEM-571 | 2012 | 09
Revision as of 22:35, 2 October 2012 by Melissa Novy (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
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Objectives
• Prepare serial dilutions of 0.1 M Tris buffer stock solution at the following concentrations: 10 mM, 1 mM, 100 μM, 10 μM.
• Remake Au and BSA stock solutions to check for contamination.
• Resuspend Au/BSA fibers in different concentrations of pH 8 or 10 Tris buffer.
Au/BSA Fibers
• Protocol for Resuspending Au/BSA Fibers
1. Au/BSA solutions made on 2012/08/31 by Dr. Miller were obtained.
2. The solutions were centrifuged at 3000 rpm, 25°C, for 5 min, such that the fibers formed a pellet at the bottom of the centrifuge tube.
3. 1 mL of 10 mM pH 8 Tris buffer was added to each pellet and pipetted up and down to resuspend the fibers.
4. Step two was repeated with Tris buffer at concentrations of 1 mM, 100 μM, and 10 μM on fibers with arbitrary Au/BSA mole ratios.
5. Steps 2 and 3 were repeated with pH 10 Tris buffer.
• UV-vis spectroscopy was conducted on the resuspended fiber solutions.
• The AuNP/BSA solution ratios were considered arbitrary for this analysis, as the objective was to determine only whether AuNP/BSA fibers could be resuspended in Tris buffer. The presence of a peak at around 540 nm indicated the presence of AuNPs and therefore successful resuspension of the fibers.
UV-Vis Analysis
• Absorbance of AuNP/BSA fibers resuspended in Tris buffer at concentrations of 100 μM, 10 μM, 1 mM, and 10 mM and pH of 8 or 10.
• The presence of a peak at around 540 nm for all solutions indicates that at least some AuNPs became resuspended in solution. However, as no absorbance spectra of pure Tris buffer has been taken, it may be that the peaks are a result of absorbance by the buffer.
• Please refer to the entry on 2012/09/26 for UV-vis spectra of Tris buffers and data analysis.
Notes
• Please refer to Keyun Wang's entry for observations on making and centrifuging Au/BSA solutions.
• Please refer to Dhea Patel's entry for volumes and calculations used in remaking the Au/BSA solutions.
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User:Steffen Sparvath
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Contact Info
Steffen Sparvath (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from Through the BIOMOD competition, and I've joined because Because of the BIOMOD competition.
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
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Defected envoy says Assad will use chemical weapons against rebels
PanARMENIAN.Net - Syrian President Bashar al-Assad will use chemical weapons against opposition forces and may have already deployed them, Nawaf Fares, the first Syrian ambassador to defect, told the BBC, according to AFP.
Fares, the most prominent politician to defect since the uprising against Assad began, insisted that the president's days were numbered but warned he would be prepared "to eradicate the entire Syrian people" to remain in power.
When asked by the BBC's Frank Gardner whether that would mean the use of chemical weapons, Fares said: "I am convinced that if Bashar al-Assad's regime is further cornered by the people -- he would use such weapons."
"There is information, unconfirmed information, that chemical weapons have been used in Homs," the former ambassador to Iraq added.
Syria has a large stock of chemical weapons and neighbouring countries are increasingly concerned about what will happen to them if the regime topples.
Fares said this outcome was now "inevitable". "It is absolutely sure that this government will fall in a short time," he told the BBC from his refuge in Qatar. "We wish for this time to be short so that more sacrifices are reduced."
Fares, who announced his defection on July 11, was widely seen as a regime hardliner and his decision to break ranks has triggered suspicion among activists.
Some dissidents say Fares has been likely groomed by the West to play a role in a transitional government while others have spoken about his "criminal" past.
Fares, who has served as governor in several Syrian provinces and has held senior security and Baath party posts, hails from the prominent Oqaydat Sunni tribe in eastern Syria, which also has members in Iraq, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
A former policeman, Fares had close ties to the dreaded intelligence services before becoming governor and later Syria's first ambassador to Iraq following a 30-year rupture in ties between the two neighbours.
Syria's military deployed armoured vehicles near central Damascus on Monday as troops battled rebels around the capital in what activists said could be a turning point in the 16-month uprising.
Fares said the spread of violence to the capital proved that the "expansion and the power of the revolution was increasing day-by-day."
Partner news
Top stories
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
The case was seized on by both sides in the U.S. debate over abortion. Prosecutors are seeking the death penalty for Gosnell.
Partner news
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
load focus English (Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D., 1926)
hide References (3 total)
• Commentary references to this page (1):
• R. J. Cholmeley, M.A., The Idylls of Theocritus, 1
• Cross-references to this page (1):
• Cross-references in general dictionaries to this page (1):
load Vocabulary Tool
hideData/Identifiers
Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg007.perseus-grc1:321
Document URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg007.perseus-grc1
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[14] the king of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one;
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
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[38]
On hearing this, Gadatas breathed more freely1 and said: “Could I get things ready before you go? For, you see, I should like to take my mother with me.”
“Yes, by Zeus,” he answered, “you will have plenty of time; for I will hold back until you say it is all right.”
1 Gadatas makes common cause with Cyrus
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hide References (2 total)
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• Basil L. Gildersleeve, Syntax of Classical Greek, The Article
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Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0032.tlg007.perseus-eng1:5.4.38
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8731.5 - Building Approvals, Western Australia, Nov 1999
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 13/01/2000
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Contains monthly data for number of dwelling units (houses, other dwellings, total) and value of residential building approved by sector; number and value of new other residential building approved by type; number and value of non-residential building jobs approved by class of building (e.g. hotels, offices, etc.) and value ranges. Seasonally adjusted and trend estimates for the number of dwelling units and value of buildings approved; quarterly value of building approved in chain volume measures. Summary information for the quarter for Perth Statistical Division and all Statistical Local Areas.
The frequency of this publication has been changed from monthly to quarterly after the February 2000 issue.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Convert from telnet to SSH (both OpenSSH and Dropbear)
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 00:02, 3 August 2006 by 64.198.1.59 (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
OpenSSH:
1. Install the OpenSSH package. If prompted, select SSH version 2. Use the command:
apt-get install ssh
2. Reboot. Use the command:
reboot
3. From now on log in via SSH using the Putty client.
4. Uninstall telnet because it's a gaping security hole. Use the command:
apt-get remove telnetd
Why disable root logins?
You really shouldn't be logged in as root unless absolutely necessary. A screw up while logged in as root can trash your system. Also, an intruder needs to know 2 passwords (instead of just 1) in order to gain root access.
5. You can configure SSH through Webmin (see [[1]]). I highly recommend disabling root login and enabling session timeouts.
Dropbear:
1. Dropbear comes preinstalled with the latest PPC Debian distribution. Otherwise you may install Dropbear with the command:
apt-get install dropbear
2. Debian will automatically create both DSS and RSA keys. If you used the PPC Debian distribution, please create new keys. First remove the old keys:
rm /etc/dropbear/*key
3. Then create new keys:
dropbearkey -t dss -f /etc/dropbear/dropbear_dss_host_key
dropbearkey -t rsa -f /etc/dropbear/dropbear_rsa_host_key
4. I recommend disabling direct root logins. Open up /etc/default/dropbear and add the following:
DROPBEAR_EXTRA_ARGS="-w"
5. From now on log in via SSH using the Putty client.
6. Uninstall telnet because it's a gaping security hole. Use the command:
apt-get remove telnetd
Originally by frontalot from linkstationwiki.org
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Identifying Teaching Style: The Case of Saudi College English Language and Literature Teachers
Aisha M. Alhussain
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is twofold. The first objective is to give an account of why I set out to study teaching styles, how I carried out and analyzed a questionnaire survey, what results I got, and what the implications of these results are. The intent is to provide teachers with enough information to help them think about how these findings play out in their own classrooms, thus putting them on track to adapt their teaching style to their students' learning style. The second objective is to see if there is any statistically significant correlation between teaching styles and a number of factors, such as age, years of experience, specialty, and student level. Data analysis showed that literature teachers preferred the all-round flexible style, the mixed style, and the official curriculum and big conference styles successively, whereas linguistics teachers preferred the mixed style, the all-round flexible and straight facts styles, and the student-centered and big conference styles consecutively. No statistically significant correlation was found between teaching styles and age, years of experience, and specialty variables. Whereas statistically significant differences were found between level three and the official curriculum teaching style, and between level four and the student-centered teaching style (p< 0.05).
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/elt.v5n8p122
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
English Language Teaching ISSN 1916-4742 (Print) ISSN 1916-4750 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INTEGRATIONIST APPROACH SYSTEM IN THE PROMOTION OF SENSITIVE SOCIAL GROUPS IN THE JOB MARKET
Iosif George Fagoulis
Abstract
Nowadays individuals belonging to sensitive social groups face serious problems in their professional and social integration, due to their particular characteristics and multidimensional deficiencies in education, training and their promotion in the job market.
The present work attempts to investigate the effectiveness of the integrationist approach system in the promotion of sensitive social groups in the job market. In the first part, the term sensitive social groups is analyzed, as well as the significance of integrationist approach in the integration of these special demographic groups in the job market, through their participation in Continuing Vocational Training programs. Meanwhile, the term effectiveness and quality is semantically clarified in the frame of Continuing Vocational Training programs.
In the second part, the results of a research are presented. The research was realized in individuals that belong to sensitive social groups and which participated to Continuing Vocational Training programs in Achaia, Greece, from 2004 to 2009. The paper is completed with conclusions and their discussion.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review of European Studies ISSN 1918-7173 (Print) ISSN 1918-7181 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Error!
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Lazy Initializer to defer expensive Object creation
0
kicks
Lazy Initializer to defer expensive Object creation (Unpublished)
.NET 2010 comes with lots of new features. Some relates to Technology while other relates to language enhancements. The huge class library that is there with .NET framework is also enriched with new classes. In .NET 4.0 there is a new set of classes which introduces a new concept called Lazy initializes. In this article I am going to discuss how simply you can use Lazy initialize to defer the execution of a method or property for values to whenever it is required.
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Error!
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The .NET Platform
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The .NET Platform (Unpublished)
The .NET platform is Microsoft’s development platform for Windows and the cloud. This includes support for desktop applications, smart device applications, server and database applications, web applications and services, and cloud applications deployed to Windows Azure. check what dot net give developers
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Embedded Linux Summit 2010
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
Here is information about the Embedded Linux Summit, 2010.
This page has some information about the location, date, time, attendees, sponsors and other plans for this event.
See Embedded Linux Mini Post Summit 2010 for information about the follow up meeting at ELC Europe.
Contents
Attendees
Here is a table of confirmed (or semi-confirmed) attendees for the summit:
Name Company Notes
Tim Bird Sony Lead organizer of the summit
Bdale Garbee HP
Matt Mackall Selenic Embedded Maintainer
Greg Ungerer Snapgear uClinux Maintainer
Paul Mundt Renesas SH Maintainer
Hisao Munakata Renesas
Ralf Baechle MIPS Maintainer
David Woodhouse Intel Embedded Maintainer
Grant Likely Secret Lab Device tree maintainer
I.P. Park Samsung (tentative)
Doewan Kim LGE
Yoshitake Kobayashi Toshiba
Brian Swetland Google (tentative)
Magnus Damm Renesas
Bryan Huntsman Qualcomm Innovation Center MSM maintainer
Dirk Hohndel Intel Chief Linux and OpenSource Technologist agreed to come, but is now on sabbatical, and I can't reconfirm
Arjan van de Ven Intel Kernel developer (tentative)
Shinsuke Kato Panasonic
Attendee Guidelines
Meeting Details
Lunch will be provided.
http://www.academyhills.com/english/aboutus/mission_and_vision/index.html
Directions
• Directions: From Shiodome station (next to Park Hotel)
• Take the Toei Oedo line to Roppongi Hills
• Please be noted that the direction guide from the subway station is assuming you
use the "Tokyo Metro, Roppongi Station" not the "Toei (Municipal) Oedo Line, Roppongi Station". The attached wide area map indicates the location of Oedo Line Roppongi Station, which is about 300m (980ft) from the Tokyo Metro Roppongi station.
Hotel Information
We are recommending the same hotel for the Embedded Linux Summit as for LinuxCon Japan. This is the Park Hotel Tokyo which is located in southeast Tokyo, in the Shimbashi district of the city.
If you are attending LinuxCon, you can use the Linux Foundation Room rate, of 15,000 yen (about $175) per night. See instructions on the LinuxCon Japan Hotel page for making a reservation.
Agenda
The agenda is being discussed on the summit mailing list.
Here is the draft that Tim proposed for different topics for the meeting:
1. mainline gap
1.1 version gap is most prevalent form
1.2 how to reduce it?
1.2.1 can stable release maintenance help with this?
1.2.2 patch mining - pros and cons
1.2.3 proxy contributors - pros and cons
1.2.4 development methods: git vs. git+quilt vs. big honking vendor tarballs!
2. architecture-specific issues (ARM, MIPS, x86)
2.1 SOC vendor tree isolation
2.2 defconfigs
2.3 recent industry initiatives (e.g. Linaro)
3. SMP in embedded
4. Android current status
4.1 kernel requirements
4.2 mainline gap
4.2.1 how it's managed
4.2.2 plan for closing gap
5. Meego current status (same sub-points as above) (Dirk or Arjan?)
6. WebOS current status (same sub-points as above) (Bdale?)
7. The state of flash file systems
8. embedded power management
8.1 suspend blockers?
8.2 runtime PM
9. industry contribution rate - how to increase it
9.1 impedances to industry participation in open source
9.1.1 systematically identifying impedances
10. industry and community pain points
10.1 industry pain points - what do developers spend their time doing?
10.2 community pain points - what to developers spend their time doing?
10.3 need a survey or are attendees representative?
11. CELF projects - (Tim - 30 minutes)
11.1 status of current work
11.2 ideas for future work
12. Automated testing
12.1 is it of any use?
12.2 what kinds are needed
12.3 should CELF or LF fund something? (long painful history here...)
Additions:
13. Unified bootloader architecture
14. Device tree status (Grant Likely - ?? minutes)
• CE Linux Forum
Mini summit followup meeting in the UK
Russell King won't be coming to the meeting in Tokyo. Since a number of us will be in England at ELC Europe in late October, we've decided to have a brief meeting there as well, to include Russell and continue discussing some of the ideas raised in Tokyo.
See Embedded Linux Mini Post Summit 2010
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File Systems
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 18:36, 12 October 2012 by Tim Bird (Talk | contribs)
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This page has information about file systems which are of interest for embedded projects.
Contents
Introduction
Most embedded devices use flash memory as storage media. Also, size and bootup time are very important in many consumer electronics products. Therefore, special file systems are often used with differrent features, such as enhanced compression, or the ability to execute files directly from flash.
MTD
Note that flash memory may be managed by the Memory Technology Devices (MTD) system of Linux. See the MTD/Flash FAQ for more information. Most of the filesystems mentioned here are built on top of the MTD system.
UBI
The Unsorted Block Images (UBI) system in the Linux kernel manages multiple logical volumes on a single flash device. It provides a mapping from logical blocks to physical erase blocks, via the MTD layer. UBI provides a flexible partitioning concept which allows for wear-leveling across the whole flash device.
See the UBI page or UBI FAX and Howto for more information.
Partitioning
The kernel requires at least one "root" file system, onto which other file systems can be mounted. In non-embedded systems, often only a single file system is used. However, in order to optimize limited resources (flash, RAM, processor speed, boot up time), many embedded systems break the file system into separate parts, and put each part on its own partition (often in different kinds of storage.
For example, a developer may wish to take all the read-only files of the system, and put them into a compressed, read-only file system in flash. This will consume the least amount of space on flash, at the cost of some read-time performance (for decompression).
Another configuration might have executable files stored uncompressed on flash, so that they can be executed-in-place, which saves RAM and boot-up time (with a potential small loss of performance).
For writable data, if the data does not need to be persistent, sometimes a ramdisk is used. Depending on the performance needs and the RAM limits, the file data may be compressed or not.
There is no single standard for interleaving the read-only and read-write portions of the file system. This depends heavily on the set of embedded applications used for the project.
eMMC and UFS
As flash memories have gotten larger, a variety of factors has caused a shift from use of raw NAND to packaged, block-addressable NAND flash memory for embedded devices. These are chips which contain firmware on board to accept block I/O requests, similar to rotating storage media (old hard disk drives), and fullfill them. This involves mapping the read and write requests to areas of the NAND flash in the chip, and managing the NAND flash to try to optimize for correctness and longevity of the flash memory. NAND flash must be re-written in large blocks (erase blocks) that are many times the size of individual file system blocks. Therefore, the method of mapping, re-arranging and garbage collecting the allocation of blocks in the system is quite important.
These chips are run with a block-based, rather than flash-based filesystem (e.g. ext4). As of 2012, optimizing the ext4 file system for use with these systems is a hot topic area of file system research. See http://lwn.net/Articles/502472
Embedded Filesystems
Here are some filesystems designed for and/or commonly used in embedded devices, sorted in alphabetical order:
AXFS
• AXFS - Advanced XIP File System
• Website: http://axfs.sourceforge.net/
• This file system is designed specifically to support Execute-in-place operations. It uses a bi-phased approach. The first phase is to have the filesystem in flash and run it to collect profile data, stating what pages are used. In the second phase you build a filesystem using these profile data. This filesystem makes all pages metioned in the profile file as XIP data, which can then will be loaded to RAM upon mounting (and executed as XIP). It is also possible to put the XIP pages in NOR flash and run them from there.
Btrfs
CramFS
• CRAMFS - A compressed read-only file system for Linux. The maximum size of CRAMFS is 256MB.
• "Linear Cramfs" is the name of a special feature to use uncompressed file, in a linear block layout with the Cramfs file system. This is useful for storing files which can be executed in-place. For more information on Linear Cramfs, see Application XIP
InitRAMFS
From March 2006 Linux Devices:
INTRODUCING INITRAMFS, A NEW MODEL FOR INITIAL RAM DISKS This clear, technical article introduces initramfs, a Linux 2.6 feature that enables an initial root filesystem and init program to reside in the kernel's memory cache, rather than on a ramdisk (as with initrd filesystems). Compared to initrd, intramfs can increase boot-time flexibility, memory efficiency, and simplicity, the author says. One especially interesting feature for embedded Linux developers is that relatively simple, deeply embedded systems can use initramfs as their sole filesystem.
http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/Linux-For-Devices-Articles/Introducing-initramfs-a-new-model-for-initial-RAM-disks/
Here is a good article about how to build an initramfs:
For more information, look in: Documentation/early-userspace/README
JFFS2
LogFS
LogFS was a scalable flash filesystme aimed at replacing JFFS2 for most uses.
Unfortunately, it seems to be abandoned at present.
See LogFS for details.
NFS
Due to space constraints on embedded devices, it is common during development to use a network file system for the root filesystem for the target. This allows the target to have a very large area where full-size binaries and lots of development tools can be placed during development. One drawback to this approach is that the system will need to be re-configured with local file systems (and most likely re-tested) for final product shipment, at some time during the development cycle.
An NFS client can be built into the Linux kernel, and the kernel can be configured to use NFS as the root filesystem. This requires support for networking, and mechanisms for specifying the IP address for the target, and the path to the filesystem on the NFS host. Also, the host must be configured to run an NFS server. Often, the host also provides the required address and path information to the target board by running a DHCP server.
See the the file Documentation/nfsroot.txt in the Linux kernel source for more information about mounting an NFS root filesystem with the kernel.
PRAMFS
• PRAMFS - Persistent and protected RAM File System
The Persistent/Protected RAM Special Filesystem (PRAMFS) is a full-featured read/write filesystem that has been designed to work with fast I/O memory, and if the memory is non-volatile, the filesystem will be persistent. In addition, it has Execute-in-place support.
Info on the PRAMFS specification can be found at Pram Fs Specification
Romfs
SquashFS
Squash Fs is a (more) compressed read-only file system for Linux. This file system has better compression than JFFS2 or CRAMFS. After spending a long time outside of the mainline kernel, Squashfs have finally been merged and released with kernel 2.6.29.
It is possible to tune the amount of compression when running mksquashfs. The -b option allows you to specify the block size. A smaller block size generally gives less compression and a larger -b option gives more compression. However there is a downside to this. Data is read from the flash using blocks. So if you use a block size of 128k, and you need a page of 4k, still the compressed equivalent of 128k data will be read from flash. As 128k comprises 32 pages, it will result in 32 pages being read into the buffer cache, even though at the moment of reading you only need one. Often the other 31 pages will be needed as well, but if not you wasted some tiem to read and decompress the unused data. Also you got some unneeded data in the buffer cache (possibly the system even had to kick used pages from the cache in order to make room for these 31 pages).
If you care for the smallest filesystem you probably want to go with the largest block size. However, if your primary concern is performance you might want to experiment a little bit to see what works out best for you (and that could even be applying no compression at all! Mksquashfs has options: -noInodeCompression, -noDataCompression and –noFragmentCompression to control this). If you also applied function reordering (see Boot Time#User-space and application speedups a large block size will probably work out well for you.
The table below gives an idea of the amount of compression that is achieved by the various block sizes. Input was a root filesystem of an embedded device.
size compression
Initial 53128K 100 %
4K 17643K 33.2 %
8K 16572K 31.2 %
16K 15780K 29.7 %
32K 15204K 28.6 %
64K 14812K 27.9 %
A presentation on Squash FS by Phillip Lougher at ELC Europe 2008: slides and video.
UBIFS
UBIFS is a flash-based filesystem, implemented on top of the Unsorted Block Images (UBI) interface.
It has good performance compared to Jffs2 and yaffs.
Please see the UBIFS page for more details.
YAFFS2
• YAFFS - Yet Another Flash File System - a file system designed specifically for NAND flash.
YAFFS2 is simple, portable, reliable and self-contained. It is widely used in embedded OSes other than Linux, and can also be used stand-alone without an OS, e.g. in bootloaders. When used with Linux it can use MTD or its own flash driver. Similarly it can use the VFS or its own posix layer. It is log-structured, and single-threaded. It does not do compression itself - either compress the data itself or use squashfs on top of YAFFS2.
YAFFS2 is designed to boot quickly (insofar as a log-structured FS that has to scan the flash can). It uses checkpointing so that if a partition was unmounted cleanly then there is no need to rescan the flash on power-up. All the features of the FS are configuable so you can trade off things like maximum file/partition size, flash block size, file granulaity etc. Data is written straight through to the flash except for caching to ensure efficienct use of blocks. YAFFS2 normally uses the OOB are of the flash for its metadata, allowing faster booting as only the OOB needs to be read for flash scan. It can keep its metadata inside the main page area at the expense of some speed.
Despite having been in use on Linux in real products since 2004 it has not yet made it to the mainline.
• Presentation on YAFFS2 by Wookey at ELC Europe 2007: yaffs.pdf
• Presentation from CELF Jamboree 17 comparing YAFFS and JFFS2 on 2.6.10: celf_flash.pdf
YAFFS2 is GPLed, but is also available under dual-licensing terms for use in non-free contexts from Aleph One Ltd.
Mounting the root filesystem
The root filesystem is mounted by the kernel, using a kernel command line option. Other file systems are mounted from user space, usually by init scripts or an init program, using the 'mount' command.
The following are examples of command lines used for mounting a root filesystem with Linux:
• Use the first partition on the first IDE hard drive:
• root=/dev/hda1
• or in later kernels:
• root=/dev/sda1
• Use NFS root filesystem (kernel config must support this)
• root=/dev/nfs
(Usually you need to add some other arguments to make sure the kernel IP address gets configured, or to specify the host NFS path.)
• Use flash device partition 2:
• root=/dev/mtdblock2
[FIXTHIS - should probably mention initrd's here somewhere]
Mounting JFFS2 image on PC using mtdram
Since it is not possible to use the loopback device to mount JFFS2 images, mtdram needs to be used instead. Usually three modules are needed to get it working:
• mtdram: Provides an MTD partition in RAM. The size can be defined with the total_size parameter in kilobytes.
• mtdblock: This will create a block device for access to the partition.
• jffs2: Since JFFS2 is usually not used as a filesystem on a PC, support needs to be loaded manually.
modprobe mtdram total_size=16384
modprobe mtdblock
modprobe jffs2
Depending on the target's endianess the image file might need conversion to PC endianess. jffs2dump from the MTD tools can be used to archive this.
jffs2dump -b -c -e <output-filename> <input-filename>
The final image can be copied to the block device using dd.
dd if=<image-file> of=/dev/mtdblock0
Mounting is done in the usuall way.
mount /dev/mtdblock0 /tmp/jffs2 -t jffs2
Mounting UBI Image on PC using nandsim
First create a simulated NAND device (this one is 256MB, 2048 page size). <number>_id_byte= corresponds to the ID bytes sent back from the NAND.
$ sudo modprobe nandsim first_id_byte=0x20 second_id_byte=0xaa third_id_byte=0x00 fourth_id_byte=0x15
Check it was created.
$ cat /proc/mtd
dev: size erasesize name
mtd0: 10000000 00020000 "NAND simulator partition 0"
Next, attach it to a mtd device.
$ sudo modprobe ubi mtd=0
I had to detach it prior to formatting it.
$ sudo ubidetach /dev/ubi_ctrl -m 0
If that ubidetach step fails when you enter it, just proceed to the next step to format the mtd device.
$ sudo ubiformat /dev/mtd0 -f <image>.ubi
ubiformat: mtd0 (nand), size 268435456 bytes (256.0 MiB), 2048 eraseblocks of 131072 bytes (128.0 KiB), min. I/O size 2048 bytes
libscan: scanning eraseblock 2047 -- 100 % complete
ubiformat: 2048 eraseblocks have valid erase counter, mean value is 1
ubiformat: flashing eraseblock 455 -- 100 % complete
ubiformat: formatting eraseblock 2047 -- 100 % complete
Then, attach it.
$ sudo ubiattach /dev/ubi_ctrl -m 0
UBI device number 0, total 2048 LEBs (264241152 bytes, 252.0 MiB), available 0 LEBs (0 bytes), LEB size 129024 bytes (126.0 KiB)
Make a target directory, and mount the device.
$ mkdir temp
$ sudo mount -t ubifs ubi0 temp
Issues with General Purpose filesystems used in embedded
MMC/sdcard card characteristics
MMCs and SDcards are flash devices which present a block-oriented interface to their host computer. Often, these devices are used in embedded devices and have characteristics that are tuned for block access using a FAT filesystem. But they are presented at "black boxes", with internal logic and algorithms that are not exposed to the host computer.
Some work is in progress to survey characterize these attributes, and to adapt Linux to be able to use these devices more efficiently.
See https://wiki.linaro.org/WorkingGroups/KernelConsolidation/Projects/FlashCardSurvey
and https://wiki.linaro.org/WorkingGroups/KernelConsolidation/Projects/FlashDeviceMapper (These projects appear to be the work of Arnd Bergmann)
Special-purpose Filesystems
ABISS
The Active Block I/O Scheduling System is a file system designed to be able to provide real-time features for file system I/O activities.
See ABISS
Layered Filesystems
Layered filesystems enable you to mount read-only media and still have the possibility to write to it. At least, the writing part will end up somewhere else, which is transparantly handled by the layered filesystem. It has been around for quite some time and below are some examples of filesystems already usable on (embedded) Linux systems out-of-the-box.
UnionFS
Sometimes it is handy to be able to overlay file systems on top of each other. For example, it can be useful in embedded products to use a compressed read-only file system, mounted "underneath" a read/write file system. This give the appearance of a full read-write file system, while still retaining the space savings of the compressed file system, for those files that won't change during the life of the product.
UnionFS is a project to provide such a system (providing a "union" of multiple file systems).
See http://www.filesystems.org/project-unionfs.html
See also union mounts, which are described at http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/6/20/18 (and also in Documentation/union-mounts.txt in the kernel source tree - or will be, when this feature is merged.)
aufs
Another UnionFS. Go to http://aufs.sourceforge.net for more details.
mini_fo
minifo = mini fanout overlay file system.
Go to http://www.denx.de/wiki/Know.MiniFOHome for more details.
Apparently this is not maintained any more. Last information is from 2005.
Performance and benchmarks
Tools to measure performance
You can use IOZone to measure the performance of a Linux filesystem.
See http://www.iozone.org/
Some benchmark systems that are commonly used with desktop linux are
Comparison of flash filesystems
See Flash_Filesystem_Benchmarks
Other projects
Multi-media file systems
• XPRESS file system - [See OLS 2006 proceedings, presentation by Joo-Young Hwang]
• I found out at ELC 2007 that this FS project was recently suspended internally at Samsung
WikipediaFS
A mountable virtual filesystem that allows accessing mediawiki based sites as regular files using a regular editor. Currently this filesystem is unmaintained. See http://wikipediafs.sourceforge.net/ for more info.
wikifs
This one seems similar to WikipediaFS, but aimed at Plan9 and inferno. See http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/magic/man2html/4/wikifs for more info.
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Initial thoughts on Bilski
Image by opensource.com
(8 votes)
The Supreme Court finally issued a decision in the Bilski case today [PDF]. For those troubled by the problems surrounding software patents, the opinion will be disappointing, because it does not resolve those problems. But it would be a mistake to view the opinion as a victory for the proponents of expanding software patents. In fact, there are some aspects of the opinion that auger well for the future.
To be sure, the Court did not establish a definite limitation on software patents. From listening to the oral argument of the case, I got the impression that the Court understood that its decision would have an impact on software patents, and it seemed possible that it would address the issue. It's disappointing that it didn't do so.
But the Court's silence shouldn't be interpreted too broadly. The issue before the court concerned a business method patent, rather than a software patent. The Court's traditional jurisprudence calls for deciding only the case before it on narrow grounds, rather than speaking to related legal issues. Here it followed the traditional methodology, and addressed only the issue of business method patents. Its discussion of that issue should not be understood as any kind of approval of software patents.
In fact, there are several points in the Court's discussion of business method patents that are positive. The Court didn't entirely reject the Federal Circuit's machine-or-transformation test. This test has been used by some lower federal courts to reject some software patents. Although the Bilski Court found that the test was not the exclusive test of patentable subject matter, it also found that it was a “useful and important clue, an investigative tool for determining whether some claimed inventions are processes under Section 101.”
The Court also made clear that the the Federal Circuit's pre-Bilski approach is no longer valid. Justice Kennedy's majority opinion made explicit that the Court was not endorsing the “useful, concrete, and tangible result test” of State Street, and the Justice Stevens's concurring opinion stated that following that test would be “a grave mistake.” Thus the Federal Circuit's test that contributed to opening the floodgates on software patents is no longer operative.
Even more encouraging, the rationale for invalidating the Bilski patent is one that could easily be applied to void some software patents. The Court found the business method patent at issue was an unpatentable abstract idea. It reaffirmed the validity of its prior case law rejecting attempts to patent abstract ideas, including mathematical algorithms. As Ben Klemens has explained in Math You Can't Use, software is properly viewed as consisting entirely of algorithms.
Finally, the Court took note of the purpose and function of patent law in a way that could be important in a future case. Justice Stevens (joined by Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor), acknowledged that patents were not always necessary to encourage innovation. He wrote that business innovation does not entail the high costs and risks of some other types of innovation. Citing James Bessen and Michael Meurer, Stevens noted the business methods are made of intangible steps and involve problems of vagueness. He acknowledged that business method patents could stifle competition and hinder innovation.
Each of these points apply to software patents. As explained in Red Hat's amicus brief to the Court [PDF], there is abundant evidence that the existing system does not at all work to encourage software innovation, but rather discourages it. The Bilski decision does not fix the problem, but it points toward the possibility of a solution in a future case.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
We never respect those who amuse us, however we may smile at their comic powers. Blessington, Marguerite Gardiner, Countess of
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Quotes by Montague, C. E.
We don't have a biography. Please consult wikipedia.
"A lie will easily get you out of a scrape, and yet, strangely and beautifully, rapture possesses you when you have taken the scrape and left out the lie."
Montague, C. E. on lies and lying
"Science has proof without any certainty. Creationists have Certainty without any proof."
Montague, C. E. on science
Take a look at recent activity on QB!
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Tuesday, December 20, 2005
Still Not Blinking
The Economist:
Iran spurns a nuclear compromise, as its president denies the Holocaust
The window for a negotiated way out of the impasse over Iran's nuclear intentions, said European leaders diplomatically last week, “will not remain open indefinitely”. Iran seems bent on slamming it shut. Meanwhile, remarks by its president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, suggesting the Holocaust was a “myth” and calling for Israel to be “wiped off the map” and reconstituted somewhere in Europe or America, have heightened concern about Iran's nuclear plans, as perhaps they were meant to. Without some unexpected breakthrough, Iran's case may soon be put before the UN's Security Council. READ MORE
On December 21st, officials from Britain, France and Germany were to meet their Iranian counterparts to explore ways to restart negotiations. These were broken off by Iran in August when it resumed production of uranium gas. It has since said it intends to enrich the gas in centrifuge machines (for reactor fuel, it insists; for bombs, is the suspicion) that it had been assembling at a pilot plant at Natanz before its covert nuclear activities were uncovered three years ago.
In an effort to break the impasse and to give more time for inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the UN's nuclear watchdog, to learn more from Iran, Russia had been offering to enrich the gas Iran produces on its behalf. But Iran appears to have spurned that offer, instead inviting America to help construct new nuclear reactors in the country to allay its suspicions.
Now even the IAEA's Mohamed ElBaradei, recent Nobel peace laureate and a notoriously patient man where Iran is concerned, suggests the world's patience is running out. The Israelis, straining to sound cool while the European trio does the talking, say that, if Iran restarts its centrifuge work, it could have all the skills needed to make fissile material in a matter of months.
So is Iran making bombs, or just trying to keep the option open? Mr ElBaradei points out that his inspectors have no mandate to search for other elements of a weapons programme, only tell-tale samples of uranium or plutonium (and in Iran some of both materials are still not fully explained). But to others, the jigsaw pieces are already forming a troubling picture.
Iran admits that blackmarket suppliers of its centrifuge equipment also offered it technology for shaping the fissile core of a bomb: it had the documents, but claims it never used them. America has shown Russia, China and others excerpts from a cache of computer files appearing to show work by Iranian technicians to shape a missile cone capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. Iran has long worked closely with North Korea, among others, on a version of its nuclear-capable Nodong missile (also bought by Pakistan) with a range of 1,200km (750 miles). There are worries that the two are collaborating on longer-range Taepodong missiles. Iran is also known to have bought some nuclear-capable cruise missiles from Ukraine. And a North Korean defector alleges that the world's champion tunneller has helped Iran hide its weapons work underground.
So Iran seems determined to crack on, whatever the world thinks. In September the IAEA's 35-nation board declared it “in non-compliance” with its anti-nuclear commitments, and at some point is duty-bound to refer that to the Security Council. Iran still hopes that lucrative energy deals with Russia and China will buy their protection from UN sanctions. The Europeans had hoped to avoid referral too, since UN action is by no means certain, but they now have little option. The only question is whether they can win broad IAEA backing, or whether they and the Americans must do the referring themselves.
And a helpful president
Meanwhile, Mr Ahmadinejad continues to make sulphurous statements that jangle the nerves even of those who believe that Iran's nuclear dabbling is peaceful or bluff. One explanation for his remarks is that he needs to bolster his rapport with the least sophisticated members of his electorate—last week's Holocaust denial was made in the remote south-eastern province of Baluchistan-Sistan—to protect himself from opponents in the intrigue-filled capital.
In any event, Mr Ahmadinejad will take some quieting. He feels he has a bigger mission: to reject the West's “frail civilisationand instead, with Iran's bumper oil revenues, build a “model Islamic” country. To this end, his cabinet approved big handouts in the south-eastern provinces, which have many poor Sunnis, thus showing that he does not regard Iran's Shia majority as his only constituency of support.
Among Iran's competing elites, however, he may enjoy the wholehearted support only of the hardline Revolutionary Guard—the same institution that America and its allies suspect of using a civilian nuclear programme as cover to build a bomb. The Guard wields much influence on Iran's behalf in next-door Iraq, and could stir up more trouble there for America if it were ever to threaten to clobber Iran's nuclear facilities. And it is hard for Mr Ahmadinejad's numerous opponents, whether in parliament or among the clerical elite, to slap him down publicly merely for echoing the old revolutionary orthodoxy.
He may not expect his Israel-deleting musings to be acted upon. In the same speech, he reiterated the urging of Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, for a referendum, with the participation of all Palestinian refugees, to determine the status of the current Israeli state. Until then, as Mr Khamenei made clear when he recently received the political leader of Hamas, the Palestinians' main Islamist group, Iran will go on supporting Palestinian violence against Israel. And Hamas has pledged, in return, to retaliate on Iran's behalf if Israel strikes the Islamic Republic.
Scepticism of the intent behind Mr Ahmadinejad's rhetorical fire, combined with the unchallenged authority in foreign affairs of Mr Khamenei, may explain why reactions in Tehran to the president's remarks have been surprisingly mute. For all that, astute Iranians are sadly aware that the president's words can only reduce the already low chances of success in nuclear talks between Iran and the European trio. But Mr Ahmadinejad may not care; his desire to champion “the culture and civilisation of Islam” may come first.
The Economist is beginning to understand the problem of the Iranian regime, but still appears to hold out hope that Rafsanjani will come to the rescue, a misplaced hope.
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Goodman Street Yard
Info Map
Search:
Goodman Street Yard is a railroad switching yard near the intersection of Goodman and University . It borders the parking lot to the Village Gate, and is visible from the Legal Wall and from the Public Market. An attraction of this yard is the fantastic Graffiti often found on or appearing on the cars. This site documents some of the art that can found at the yard.
From http://www.railroad.net/articles/columns/freshtracks/meddlingkids.php:
See also: Railroad.
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"A REALLY INTELLIGENT INTERVIEWER." -- Lance Henriksen
"QUITE SIMPLY, THE BEST HORROR-THEMED BLOG ON THE NET." -- Joe Maddrey, Nightmares in Red White & Blue
**Find The Vault of Horror on Facebook and Twitter, or download the new mobile app!**
**Check out my other blogs, Standard of the Day, Proof of a Benevolent God and Lots of Pulp!**
Monday, August 10, 2009
TRAILER TRASH: Tim Burton Edition!
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Białowieża National Park
From Wikitravel
Central Europe : Poland : Podlachia : Białowieża National Park
Jump to: navigation, search
Royal Oaks Trail in the forest
The Białowieża Forest (National Park; Polish: Białowieski Park Narodowy) [1] in Podlaskie Voivodship in Poland at the border with Belarus and is on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
[edit] Understand
Bialowieza is the last remains of the primeval forest which once covered most of Europe at the end of the last ice age, which has never been completely deforested. It contains several species of fauna which were once native in forests throughout Europe, but which have now been mostly eradicated. It is for example the only place where European Bison, (German: Wisent, Polish: Żubr) still remain free and living in the forest as they once did throughout Europe. Wolves, Lynx, Red Deer, Wild Boar, Elk (same as Moose in N. America), and Roe Deer are among its other inhabitants.
Hopefully plans in the future will include returning reverse-bred versions of the extinct Tarpan Horse and Aurochs, which can be found living in other smaller nature parks and zoos in Europe.
The inner-most sanctuary of Bialowieza is completely preserved and protected by a fence, with tourists only allowed inside with guides. Inside, the forest lives, breathes and decays as it has for thousands of years. Outside of the inner-sanctuary several more kilometers of forest are semi-preserved although sadly there are many reports of thinning and cutting of trees, supposedly due to disease, but more likely due to corruption and the market demand for large trees. Several extra kilometers of forest protection boundary could be added to this as a buffer.
[edit] Get in
The town of Białowieża is on the edge of the forest and is located in the Polish part of the reserve. The administration of the Belarusian part of Bialowieza Reserve is based in Kameniuky Town that can be reached by bus and by car.
[edit] By plane
There is an international airport in Warsaw: Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport [2]: For those travelling from Warsaw serviced by Polski Express [3].
[edit] By train
Polish State Railways [4] have train connections from Warsaw via Bialystok. The train takes two and a half hours and runs every two hours. It is also possible to take a train to Hajnówka which is closer to the forest, but the trains are slower and less frequent. The forest can be reached by both places by bus.
[edit] By bus
There are bus-services from Białystok and Hajnówka to Białowieża. There are several busses running per day, but they are run by different companies it's hard to get a timetable of all of them.
There is a direct bus from Białystok run by VoyagerTrans [5]. The schedules can be found on their website.
There is a single daily direct bus service from Warsaw to Białowieża village operated by Veolia Transport [6]. The bus departs from the Warszawa Zachodnia (Warsaw West) station at 14:20 and arrives in Białowieża at 19:20.
[edit] By car
You can easily get there by car from Warsaw via Bialystok.
[edit] Get around
There are extensive waymarked bike trails in the National Park. Several trails lie very close to the Poland-Belarus border so it is advisable to carry ID in case you are stopped by border police.
Bikes can be rented in Białowieża village from a number of locations.
• Pensonjat Gawra [7] - 17-230 Białowieża, ul. Gen. M. Polecha 2. 25-45zł for all day.
• Opposite the Best Western Hotel, next to a food shop. 10 zł per hour, 40zł for all day.
[edit][add listing] See
[edit][add listing] Do
• Bialowieza Forest tours, (Register for tours at the museum in the palace park), [8]. Visitors should understand that the primeval section of the forest is strictly off limits, open only to scientific expeditions and guided tours. Don't expect to go into the wilderness on your own. Tours begin at 165 PLN (~40€) and only cover a small, peripheral, part of the forest (~7km or looping trails at the edges of the forest). Still quite a striking experience. edit
• Bird watching with local ornithologist.
• Watching bisons in their natural environment .
• Sledge or carriage rides and bonfire.
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
There are many accommodation options in Bialowieza village. From agroturism offers to cheap hostels or even more comfortable hotels are found. There's even a YHA youth-hostel there, yet it has been shut down as of April 2013. There are plenty of Bed and Breakfast starting from 50 zl.
[edit] Get out
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San Miguel
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
There is more than one place called San Miguel:
[edit] Bolivia
[edit] Ecuador
[edit] El Salvador
[edit] Guatemala
[edit] Mexico
[edit] United States of America
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1292.0 - Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 2006 (Revision 1.0)
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 19/09/2008
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Chapter 4 Methods of classification
METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION
INTRODUCTION
4.1 The basic method for classifying units to categories in the ANZSIC is to classify each unit according to its predominant activity. The ABS and Statistics NZ classify each unit at the finest level of the classification. The hierarchical nature of the classification also means that the unit's classification at the ANZSIC group, subdivision and division levels can be readily established. This characteristic allows statistics to be produced at all levels of the classification if required. If users of the classification do not require the lowest level of detail of the classification, they can classify units to a higher level (e.g. at the two digit subdivision level) to suit their respective needs.
4.2 At each level of the classification, a unit can be classified to only one category. Categories for the classification of a unit at the different levels must be related to each other by aggregation or disaggregation i.e. a unit classified to the Manufacturing Division can be classified to a subdivision only within the Manufacturing Division.
4.3 There are few problems classifying units engaged in only one kind of activity (i.e. a unit would be classified according to that one activity it undertakes). While it would be ideal if units could be defined such that each unit undertakes only a single activity, this is not practicable in the real world due to data availability, provider load and resource constraints.
4.4 Many units are engaged in activities which belong to two or more industry categories, and for these 'multi-activity' units it is necessary to specify methods for classifying them to their predominant activity. This chapter describes these general methods of classification, including assessing the predominant activity of a unit.
ASSESSING THE PREDOMINANT ACTIVITY OF A UNIT
4.5 As recommended by the ISIC, the ABS and Statistics NZ use the concept of Value Added (refer to the Australian System of National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods (cat. no. 5216.0) for the definition of Value Added) to determine the predominant activity of a unit undertaking multiple activities, that is the activity with the highest value added is the predominant activity.
4.6 In some cases it is difficult to determine predominance of a multi-activity unit based on value added because the necessary data are not available. In these instances, a proxy for value added is used. These measures are listed in order of preference below:
• sales of goods and services;
• wages and salaries; or
• number of employees.
4.7 Care needs to be taken with the use of these proxy measures in determining the predominant activity of a unit as they may not be the most reliable indicator of value added. This is particularly so in the case of units undertaking both market and non-market activities, where reliance on measures of sales of goods and services is inappropriate.
4.8 For example, a Parent and Teacher Association receives some of its income from the sale of goods through the operation of a school canteen. Using sales as the proxy for value added in this case would result in this unit being classified to Class 4512 Takeaway Food Services. However, the main function of the unit is to act as an interest group promoting educational issues and not operating a takeaway food outlet. Therefore, the Parent and Teacher Association would be classified to Class 9559 Other Interest Group Services n.e.c.
VERTICALLY INTEGRATED UNITS
4.9 Vertically integrated units are a particular type of multi-activity unit, where the different stages of production are carried out in succession by different parts of the same business unit. The output of one stage becomes the input to the next stage, with only the output of the final stage being sold on the market.
4.10 Vertical integration is common in some multi-activity units involved in both agricultural and manufacturing activity e.g. grape growing and wine manufacturing; olive growing and olive oil product manufacturing; chicken farming and chicken meat processing; pig farming and pig meat processing. These combinations of activities are often undertaken by single business units, often on the same premises. Vertical integration also occurs in a number of other industries and circumstances.
4.11 Vertically integrated units are classified according to their predominant activity, using value added in the same way as other units. If no information is available to assess value added, or there are two or more activities of equal value, then the unit is classified to the activity which represents the last or final stage of production. This is where most of the value added is generally assumed to lie.
4.12 In some circumstances, calculation of value added for each of the activities undertaken by vertically integrated units is not possible due to the lack of market transactions to value the activities. In these cases, it may be appropriate to use one of the proxy measures discussed previously in this chapter. If it is clear that an activity is predominant, but no actual data are available, the unit should be coded to its predominant activity.
COMBINED ACTIVITY CLASSES
4.13 The ANZSIC contains a number of classes which are defined as undertaking combined activities. The most commonly recognised area where these activities occur is in agriculture, where farms are specifically set up to produce both livestock and crops, or combinations of different livestock.
4.14 The ANZSIC includes two combined activity classes within Division A Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing, namely Class 0144 Sheep-Beef Cattle Farming and Class 0145 Grain-Sheep or Grain-Beef Cattle Farming. These classes are representative of common combinations of farming activities in Australia and New Zealand.
4.15 Units engaged in these combined farming activities have fundamentally different production functions when compared with units specialising in farming one type of livestock or crop, as different types of inputs, capital and labour are required. While the ABS and Statistics NZ both use the ANZSIC to classify agriculture units, they have previously applied different coding rules to assign units to the combined farming classes. For ANZSIC 2006, the two statistical agencies use the same coding rules.
4.16 Other ANZSIC classes that include combined activities are Classes 3601 General Line Grocery Wholesaling, 4110 Supermarket and Grocery Stores and 4260 Department Stores. If these combined activity classes were not formed, the classification would fail to recognise distinct and identifiable segments of Australian and New Zealand industry.
CLASSIFYING A UNIT TO AN INDUSTRY
4.17 There are two different methods used to classify business units to industry, in accordance with the principles outlined above:
• classification to categories at the broadest level of the classification in the first instance i.e. an ANZSIC division, and subsequently to categories at successively lower levels ('top-down'); or
• classification directly to a category at the lowest level of the classification i.e. an ANZSIC class.
'Top-down method'
4.18 Using the top-down method, units are first classified to a division, then to a subdivision within that division, and so on until the unit is finally classified to a class. The ABS and Statistics NZ use the top-down method of classification to the ANZSIC. ISIC also recommends the use of this method because it ensures better consistency of aggregate data at the higher levels of classification.
'Direct method'
4.19 Using the direct method, units are classified directly to the lowest level of classification (i.e. ANZSIC class). Therefore, the unit will inherit the higher level categories to which the class belongs.
Different outcomes
4.20 In some cases very different outcomes can result from the two methods. For example, a unit undertakes activities which are primary to three classes where:
• 40% of its income is derived from activities of wholesaling motor vehicles;
• 35% of its income is derived from retailing motor vehicles; and
• 25% of its income is derived from retailing motor vehicle parts.
4.21 Using the 'top-down' method.
Step 1 Determine the division to which the unit belongs.
In this case the unit would be classified to Division G Retail Trade, as this is the Division where most activity occurs (i.e. 60% of the unit's income is derived from its retail activities, compared with 40% from wholesale activities).
Step 2 Determine the subdivision to which the unit belongs.
In this case the unit would be classified to Subdivision 39 Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts Retailing, as both retail activities belong to this subdivision.
Step 3 Determine the group to which the unit belongs.
In this case the unit would be classified to Group 391 Motor Vehicle Retailing, as the income derived from retailing motor vehicles is greater than that derived from retailing motor vehicle parts.
Step 4 Determine the class to which the unit belongs.
In this case the unit would be classified to Class 3911 Car Retailing, as the car retailing activity is predominant.
4.22 Using the direct method, the unit would be classified according to the largest single activity undertaken. Therefore, based on the fact that the largest single income - earning activity of the unit is derived from wholesaling motor vehicles, the unit would be classified to Class 3501 Car Wholesaling. This example illustrates how different classification outcomes can result from the use of either the top-down or the direct method of classification.
4.23 As mentioned in paragraph 4.18, the top-down method of classification is the preferred method of the ABS and Statistics NZ, as well as ISIC.
COPING WITH A CHANGE IN THE PREDOMINANT ACTIVITY
4.24 It is common for businesses to change their mix of activities over time such that the predominant activity of a unit can be affected. This can occur for many reasons, including changes in product profitability, seasonal price changes, growth opportunities, the release of new products or business restructuring.
4.25 In some situations, minor shifts in the value of sales from the separate activities undertaken can result in a temporary change in the unit's predominant activity. Theoretically, this change could result in a change to the ANZSIC of the unit.
4.26 Temporary fluctuations, based on minor shifts in activity, should not be reflected in the unit's industry classification. Resistance factors can be applied which reduce 'flipping' of units between classes from year to year. This ensures that any changes in classification reflect relatively permanent changes in the predominant activity of the business.
4.27 Both the ABS and Statistics NZ apply ISIC recommended resistance factors to prevent units changing industry on the basis of temporary activity shifts. This rule states that the change to a unit's activity must be in place for a minimum of two years before a change in the ANZSIC can be applied.
SPECIFIC TREATMENTS
4.28 Apart from the general classification principles, methods and issues outlined above, a wide range of more specific issues arise in the treatment of certain activities in the ANZSIC. The more significant of these are discussed in Chapter 5 of this publication.
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1504.0 - Methodological News, Sep 2012
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 26/09/2012
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Mind Blowing 3 Methods to Push Your Marketing Campaigns
Posted by desertfox under Online Marketing
From http://skyhitblog.com 154 days ago
Made Hot by: AmyJordan on December 18, 2012 3:06 pm
Have you ever been stuck in generating ideas for your new business? well, worry not as we all have been through that once or more than once. Read through this idea generation article and lets discuss other marketing strategies :)
Subscribe
Paul Cox @SpinLessPlates Offers Business in a Bag
Paul Cox was looking for a way to cut back on the hours he was spending on his business. Like many entrepreneurs, Cox … More
Editor's Picks
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Got small business blog posts? Register and submit them today!
Shazam! Meet Contributor of the Week Paul Cox...Congrats, Paul!
Add BizSugar buttons and plugins to your small biz toolkit!
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"warc_url": "http://www.bizsugar.com/user/profile/willoxgorman"
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Personal Information
Username: willoxgorman
User: Willox Gorman
Public Email: willoxgorman@yahoo.com
AIM: Bad Credit Loans Instant Decision
User Stats
Joined: 2012-04-19
Submitted Stories: 0
Published Stories: 0
Comments: 0
Votes: 26
Published Votes: 0
Karma Score: 10.00
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Rachel Strella: Story of an Accidental Entrepreneur
If you had asked Rachel Strella in June 2010 what she did for a living, she would have told you she worked in … More
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Shazam! Meet Contributor of the Week Paul Cox...Congrats, Paul!
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Analysis of the Influence of Gender on the Choice of Bank in Southeast Nigeria
Steve Ukenna, Ogechukwu G. Monanu
Abstract
This study sought to empirically identify and rank the important factors considered by southeast male and female
bank customers in bank selection in Nigeria. A sample size of 368 bank customers was drawn from Enugu and
Onitsha, major commercial cities in southeast Nigeria. Major findings of this study are the six principal factors: a
feeling of security, speedy and efficient service, financial benefit, convenient location, availability of ATM,
marketing promotion and people influence. Statistical differences between the two genders were found for four
factors. This study recommends that banks operating in the southeast should treat male and female genders as
distinct market segments when crafting marketing strategies aimed at attracting them and emphasis should be on
those factors that the potential bank customer considers most important. This study concludes that time is ripe
for banks in southeast Nigeria to start treating male and female genders as distinct market segments.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijbm.v7n3p230
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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< Previous
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: Be Dope from me: eVilla vs. Godzilla. "Representing the forces of a vengeful nature against which man is helpless, Monster Island-based Godzilla provides e-crushing and lizard beast destruction services for the new economy."
[Main] [Edit]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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advanced search
Category: Organizations
Three Rivers Environmental Awards
Recognizing outstanding environmental achievements in Western Pennsylvania.
Ratings/Review of this resource:
Address:
P.O. Box 1077
Pittsburgh, PA 15230-1077
Phone: 412-393-6410
E-Mail: trea@threeriversawards.org
Website: http://www.threeriversawards.org
Detailed Information:
The Three Rivers Environmental Awards were created in 1993 to recognize outstanding environmental achievements throughout Western Pennsylvania.
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Community Information Systems provided by Rhiza Labs
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Applied Cellphone Forensics
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 15:40, 14 February 2006 by Rmislan (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Applied Cellphone Forensics
• Defining processes of the acquisition, preservation, analysis of evidence
• Presentation of physical and digital cellular phone evidence in the investigation process
• Evidence regulation and its impacts in the investigation process
• Applications: practical forensic cases related to cellular phones
Introduction
Cellular telephones are a ubiquitous consumer device. Over 180 million subscribers are using one of over 500 different cellphones offered in the United States from over 30 different manufacturers, processing voice and data traffic over 4 carrier networks. Invariably, with so much voice and data traffic being sent from one cellphone to another, many of these phones can provide critical evidentiary data to crime scene investigators. Unfortunately, the forensic acquisition and analysis of these phones is a new process in the computer forensics world. Several reasons exist, but the main reasons are the lack of awareness and training of law enforcement agencies. This paper is an effort to change this deficiency.
Processes of the acquisition, preservation, analysis of evidence
Due to their nature, cell phones are acquired and preserved in the same action. This acquisition and preservation is done with various tools and technologies. It can be done through various cabling systems and various software applications. Examples of the cabling systems include Paraben’s Cell Seizure Toolkit, Susteen’s Law Enforcement Cabling Kit, or the various manufacturers data cables.
The various software applications include: Paraben’s Cell Seizure Susteen’s SecureView BITPim Nokia’s Oxygen PM Forensic Edition GSM .XRY SuperAgent RSS MobilEdit Tulp2G Access Data’s FTK Guidance Software’s EnCase
SIM Card software applications: SIM Seizure SIMCon Tulp2G
The process of phone acquisition. 1. Take phone off network via faraday technology 2. Connect power source and ensure at least 50% charge 3. Connect the data synchronization cable to the phone 4. Launch the software application for acquisition and analysis 5. Acquire the phones image
Overly simplified… Is there a method for determining which application to use based on the phone? Can this be built from a database of knowledge
Presentation of physical and digital cellular phone evidence in the investigation process
Folder Organization Analog – Screenshots of phones Digital – Reports from applications Word Document for binding information together
Evidence regulation and its impacts in the investigation process
Applications: practical forensic cases related to cellular phones
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation:
About forensicswiki.org:
Toolbox
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December 24 2012
Review of “The BLDGBLOG BOOK: Redesigning the Sky”
December 24th, 2012Posted by
The BLDGBLOG Book by Geoff Manaugh introduces us to speculation about future architecture and how the present built environment will eventually change. From the first page of the book, the reader gets an idea of what he is about to read as he is presented an illustration of London in A.D. 2109. London seems like [...]
Read full article No Comments |
December 14 2012
Imagining a More Sustainable City: Completing our Streets to Create Environmentally Conscious Infrastructure
December 14th, 2012Posted by
Planners, citizens, and the governing body alike, look to the guidance of the newly adopted Imagine Austin Comprehensive Plan to ensure that Austin, Texas grows in an economic, social, and environmentally sustainable manner. The consequences from decisions made, ranging from where to build housing or which business industries to support, must be taken into consideration for [...]
Read full article No Comments |
December 07 2012
7 Ways Reviving the River Could Cure Richmond, Virginia’s Economic Problems
December 7th, 2012Posted by
River enjoyment is something that can both bring excitement to a community as well as create great economic opportunities. That is why Richmond, Virginia recently adopted the Richmond Riverfront Plan. The contemporary plan involves revitalizing the James River by adding new access points, creating open public spaces where people can gather and commune, and by [...]
Read full article No Comments |
December 06 2012
Innovating the Landscape from Ordnance to Ordinance in Minnesota
December 6th, 2012Posted by
Brownfield remediation is becoming a common process in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis-St. Paul. A few miles from the heart of one of the more successful projects – Mill Ruins Park – lies UMore Park (University of Minnesota Outreach, Research, and Education), a planned 5,000-acre development for 25,000 people in eco-friendly homes and neighborhoods. Sadly there [...]
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December 06 2012
Coping with Coal: Life after the Fisk and Crawford Coal Plants
December 6th, 2012Posted by
In September, two coal-burning power plants on the Southwest side of Chicago closed down operations, leaving the nearby communities with the pressing question of how best to re-use the combined 132 acres. The Fisk and Crawford coal plants have been decommissioned by their owner Midwest Generation in response to increasing pressure from community groups and [...]
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November 22 2012
The Ghetto in the Sky: From Slum Removal to Urban Renewal in Minneapolis, Minnesota
November 22nd, 2012Posted by
One of the most iconic viewsheds in Minneapolis – hated by some, loved by others – are any that include the Riverside Plaza apartments. From many places in the city you can see the Brutalist concrete buildings, with their primary-color panels and blockish tower-structure, towering above their surroundings. In 2010, Riverside Plaza was included in [...]
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November 16 2012
Three Good Reasons for the Rising Cost of Parking in Austin, Texas
November 16th, 2012Posted by
“Free parking is at the root of many urban ills: congestion, sprawl, wasteful energy use and air pollution.” – Donald Shoup, Parking may not be an obvious urban design issue, but it affects the traffic patterns, environmental health, and landscapes of our cities. As the population in Austin, Texas continues to skyrocket, the city certainly [...]
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November 09 2012
10 Ways to Change Urban Sprawl in the City of Richmond, Virginia
November 9th, 2012Posted by
By all accounts, urban sprawl is a problem that has plagued many metropolitan cities throughout the United States. Like many of these cities, Richmond, Virginia has struggled with the concept of how to control the growing population while still possessing the ability to attract new residents to the area. Recently, many of the city’s efforts [...]
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November 08 2012
Air-Cleaning Skyscrapers? The Chicago Gateway Towers Proposal
November 8th, 2012Posted by
An innovative air-filtration system is the central feature of the proposed CO2ngress Gateway Towers, a skyscraper project envisioned by two students at the Illinois Institute of Technology. Situated over the busy Congress Parkway interchange, which serves some 77,000 vehicles a day, the two towers would capture CO2 from the air and feed it to algae [...]
Read full article 2 Comments |
November 02 2012
Capital MetroRail Prioritizes People to Create an Accessible, Connected, and Sustainable City
November 2nd, 2012Posted by
“Rather than being guided, as it should be, by natural systems or human needs, the quality and placement of growth in our regions is largely dependent on the car.“-Peter Calthorpe The newly adopted Austin, Texas city plan, appropriately titled the “Imagine Austin” plan, envisions a less congested and more sustainable city. It turns the conversation [...]
Read full article 4 Comments |
October 26 2012
10 Twitter #Chats to Follow in Urban Planning and Urban Design
October 26th, 2012Posted by
The new wave in social media communication is quickly creating a method for discussing topics relating to urban planning, architecture, and community development. The social media site Twitter is leading the charge in this evolution by creating a way for people from around the world to gather in one centralized location to discuss and solve various [...]
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October 24 2012
United Nations Building: Copenhagen, Denmark
October 24th, 2012Posted by
“The water in itself adds quality to this city”, Kim Herforth Nielsen, 3XN The United Nations committee reaches worldwide, currently covering 193 member states. Its foundations were set following the end of the Second World War, when 51 countries committed to invest their power in the welfare organization. The declaration formulated in the Millenium Summit [...]
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October 12 2012
5 Reasons Why Urban Renewal is So Important to the City of Richmond, Virginia
October 12th, 2012Posted by
Many communities go to great extremes to revitalize their cities, like destroying abandoned homes within a one mile radius, or by developing high-speed rails along the center of a neighborhood. However, what has become clear is that most future redevelopment within a city usually involves some sort of urban renewal. Thus, urban renewal is considered [...]
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September 14 2012
8 Ways to Redevelop the City of Richmond’s Riverfront
September 14th, 2012Posted by
The overall goal of any riverfront plan is to create river accessibility that becomes a major resource to the community; by linking it to nearby communities so that both residents and tourist can enjoy it. While many communities have a neighboring river as a potential asset to their community, most local governments are unable to [...]
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September 13 2012
Between Daydream and Design: Ensuring That Community/School Partnerships Work
September 13th, 2012Posted by
An overgrown parking lot clings to the fringe of an urban center. Rundown school buildings wait for a sorely needed upgrade. Somewhere outside of these places, sleekly dressed design students stay up late with their rulers and tricked out software in hand. How about combining the two? This type of collaborative thinking has become increasingly [...]
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August 29 2012
Why Spokane’s Historic Riverfront Park May Be Put to Better Use
August 29th, 2012Posted by
Spokane, Washington is proud of its enormous waterfalls smack dab in the middle of the urban core, surrounded by Riverfront Park. It’s the only park in Spokane that encourages non-park uses such as movie watching at an almost 50-year-old originalwrap-around style IMAX theatre, riding classic amusement park rides like the tilt-a-whirl and ferris wheel, and [...]
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August 17 2012
Istanbul, Turkey’s Silhouette: UNESCO World Heritage Status Might Go
August 17th, 2012Posted by
Istanbul, one of the oldest cities in the world, is often considered to be amongst the most beautiful ones. The city served as a capital for Byzantium, East Roman, and Ottoman Emperors, as well as the most popular for the Turkish Republic. All along, Istanbul’s seven hills, serpentine waterside, dark cypress trees, and vertically slender minarets break [...]
Read full article 3 Comments |
August 02 2012
Foodies Tackle Urban Distribution Challenges with Community Kitchens: Providence, Vancouver, and San Francisco
August 2nd, 2012Posted by
Food talk is hot these days. Urban planning councils and governments now implement sustainable food mandates, and city revitalization projects transform old buildings into gourmet mixed-use shopping centers. It’d be easy to assume that food producers have an easy time getting their products to city consumers. Yet even with a growing appetite for their goods, [...]
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July 26 2012
A Day at the Brazil’s Largest Favela, Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
July 26th, 2012Posted by
I am in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for a 6-week long program, and my next two posts will be on the urban planning issues of Rio. Rio de Janeiro is known, among other things, for its urban poverty and squatter settlements (or in the Brazilian case favelas). I have had a chance to visit the [...]
Read full article 4 Comments |
July 20 2012
Build It and Sprawl Will Grow: Current Debates on the 3rd Bridge Project in Istanbul, Turkey
July 20th, 2012Posted by
On May 29th, 2012, news about the 3rd bridge project hit Turkish prime time news. According to the news, Turkish construction firm İçtaş and Italian construction group Astaldi, through a joint venture, has won the 3rd Bridge tender by offering the shortest construction and commissioning time. The bridge will be completed by the end of [...]
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Sweet's Girl
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Mission
Sweet's Girl
Carl Johnson looks around for Sweet in his house
Game GTA San Andreas
For Sweet
Location Ganton, Los Santos
Reward Respect
$500
Unlocks Cesar Vialpando
Micro-SMG
Unlocked by Drive-By
Sweet's Girl is a mission in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas given to protagonist Carl Johnson by his brother Sweet from his house in Ganton, Los Santos.
Contents
Mission
Carl Johnson drops by Sweet's house, however, he realizes that nobody is there. He heads outside and suddenly Sweet calls. He tells CJ that while visiting his girlfriend in Playa del Seville, Seville Boulevard Families gang members have pinned him down and ambushed him. CJ rushes towards Sweet and kills all the Seville Boulevard gang members before being called by Sweet again who tells him to get a four door car. CJ finds a sedan and both Sweet and his girlfriend enter the car as three more Seville Boulevard gang cars start chasing them. CJ gets them to safety in Ganton and decides that they need to put an end to the "green on green" war.
Reward
The reward for completing this mission is increased respect and $500. The mission Cesar Vialpando is also unlocked.
Trivia
• There was dialog deleted from this mission before it was released.
• Originally, Sweet did not have a gun during this mission.
Gallery
Video Walkthrough
PC Version - GTASeriesVideos
<youtube>kapJZGULhDM</youtube>
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Bibliography: Dime Mystery Magazine - 1939
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Title: Dime Mystery Magazine - 1939
Author: Rogers Terrill
Year: 1939
Type: EDITOR
Series: Dime Mystery Magazine
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 1403753
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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This article is part of the series Online First articles in Volume 6 (2011). These articles were published as Online First on SpringerLink in 2010. They should be cited with a 2011 publication year.
Nano Express
Role of Surface Area, Primary Particle Size, and Crystal Phase on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Dispersion Properties
Komkrit Suttiponparnit1,2, Jingkun Jiang1, Manoranjan Sahu1, Sirikalaya Suvachittanont2, Tawatchai Charinpanitkul3 and Pratim Biswas1*
Author Affiliations
1 Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholyothin Road, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
3 Center of Excellence in Particle Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Res Lett 2011, 6:27 doi:10.1007/s11671-010-9772-1
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/6/1/27
Received:30 June 2010
Accepted:18 August 2010
Published:3 September 2010
© 2010 Suttiponparnit et al.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Characterizing nanoparticle dispersions and understanding the effect of parameters that alter dispersion properties are important for both environmental applications and toxicity investigations. The role of particle surface area, primary particle size, and crystal phase on TiO2 nanoparticle dispersion properties is reported. Hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, and isoelectric point (IEP) of ten laboratory synthesized TiO2 samples, and one commercial Degussa TiO2 sample (P25) dispersed in different solutions were characterized. Solution ionic strength and pH affect titania dispersion properties. The effect of monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (MgCl2) inert electrolytes on dispersion properties was quantified through their contribution to ionic strength. Increasing titania particle surface area resulted in a decrease in solution pH. At fixed pH, increasing the particle surface area enhanced the collision frequency between particles and led to a higher degree of agglomeration. In addition to the synthesis method, TiO2 isoelectric point was found to be dependent on particle size. As anatase TiO2 primary particle size increased from 6 nm to 104 nm, its IEP decreased from 6.0 to 3.8 that also results in changes in dispersion zeta potential and hydrodynamic size. In contrast to particle size, TiO2 nanoparticle IEP was found to be insensitive to particle crystal structure.
Keywords:
Nanoparticle dispersion; Titania; Ionic strength; Isoelectric point; Nanotoxicology
Introduction
Nanotechnology is finding applicability in the field of environmental protection and has great potential in improving air, water, and soil quality [1]. For example, engineered nanoparticles can efficiently reduce toxic metal emissions from combustion systems and improve air quality by suppressing metal vapor nucleation and promoting metal nanoparticle condensation and coagulation [2,3]. Many nanomaterials, such as TiO2, carbon nanotubes, and dendrimers, have been designed to degrade or absorb pollutants in water and soil systems [4-7]. These applications are often determined by the properties of nanomaterials, such as size, surface properties, crystal structures, and morphologies [8,9]. Although nanotechnology has the potential to improve the quality of the environment, there are also concerns that it can generate a new class of hazards upon release to the environment followed by exposure of either the ecosystem or human beings that may result in potential adverse effects [1,10,11]. Toxicological studies with certain engineered nanoparticles (e.g., fullerenes, quantum dots, and metal oxides) have confirmed that they can be potentially harmful due to their high surface molecule/atom fraction and unique physicochemical properties [12,13]. The emerging discipline of nanotoxicology is aiming to establish the relationship between nanoparticle properties (e.g., size, surface properties, and crystal phase) and their toxic potential [14-16].
Titanium dioxide has been widely used in environmental photocatalysis, sunscreen, and coating industry [17-19]. However, a variety of detrimental pulmonary effects in rodents and antibacterial effects have also been associated with nanosized TiO2 particle exposure [20-22]. Both the functionalities and biological effects of titania nanoparticles are controlled by its physicochemical properties. Nanomaterials that are tested are often dispersed in aqueous systems; this can potentially result in physicochemical property changes, e.g., agglomeration state and surface charge variation [15,23,24].
The agglomeration behavior and surface charge variation of nanoparticle dispersions can have a dramatic effect on both the reactivity of nanomaterials and their efficiency in contamination treatment [7,25,26]. It also affects the response of organisms upon exposure [27-30]. Therefore, accurate characterization of nanoparticle dispersions becomes very important for its environmental applications and nanotoxicology investigations. Jiang et al. [15] characterized the state (such as the hydrodynamic size, surface charge, and the degree of agglomeration) of titania and other nanoparticle suspensions and tested the effect of solution pH and ionic strength (IS) on dispersion properties. However, this study involved only a single value of surface area, primary particle size, and crystal phase for examined dispersion state. It has been reported that these properties of TiO2 nanoparticle can affect its photocatalytic activity [19,31] and toxicity [16,32-34]; however, little is known about their effect on the dispersion state and agglomeration behavior. There is evidence suggesting that the point of zero charge of hematite nanoparticle dispersion might change with varying particle size [35]. However, systematic investigations for titania nanoparticle dispersions have not been done.
Recent developments in aerosol route synthesis of TiO2-based nanomaterials allow for greater and independent control of their physicochemical properties, such as size, crystal phase, and specific surface area [4,36-38]. In this study, the influence of particle surface area, primary particle size, and crystal phase on titania nanoparticle dispersion properties is investigated. TiO2 samples with well-controlled properties are synthesized using flame aerosol reactors (FLAR). Six anatase TiO2 samples with different sizes (6–104 nm) are used to study the size effect. TiO2 nanoparticles of different crystal phases with the same size are used to examine the crystal phase effect. Commercially available Degussa TiO2 (P25) sample is also tested. The effect of monovalent and divalent electrolytes is examined using sodium chloride (NaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2).
Materials and Methods
Several types of titania nanoparticles were used in this study. TiO2 (P25) nanoparticle with a primary particle size of 27 nm, specific surface area of 57.4 m2/g, and the phase composition of 80% anatase and 20% rutile was purchased from Degussa Chemicals (Hanau, Germany). Anatase TiO2 nanoparticles of 6, 16, 26, 38, 53, and 104 nm with specific surface areas of 253.9, 102.1, 61.5, 41.2, 29.7, and 15.0 m2/g, respectively, were synthesized using a flame aerosol reactor [16,36,39]. TiO2 nanoparticles of 38 nm with different crystal structures (100% anatase, 49% anatase/51% rutile, and 36% anatase/63% rutile) and a specific surface area of 41.2 m2/g were also synthesized in the flame aerosol reactor. The properties of these samples have been characterized using different techniques, including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and BET adsorption. They are reported in our previous studies [14,34] and are not repeated here. The precursor used to synthesize TiO2 particles was titanium tetra-isopropoxide (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri). Rutile TiO2 particle with the primary particle size of 102 nm and a specific surface area of 13.8 m2/g was prepared by annealing flame-synthesized anatase TiO2 at size 53 nm in a furnace [16]. Other chemicals used in this study including sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri).
The hydrodynamic size and surface charge (zeta potential) of nanoparticle dispersions were characterized using the ZetaSizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Inc., UK), utilizing dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), respectively [40]. DLS measures the intensity of the laser light that is scattered from dissolved macromolecules or suspended particles. The dispersion hydrodynamic diameter is derived from the temporal evolution of the scattered light intensity using the Stokes–Einstein equation [15]. ELS measures the frequency or phase shift of an incident laser beam caused by electric field driven particle migration, reported as the electrophoretic mobility. Particle zeta potential is calculated from the measured electrophoretic mobility using the Smoluchowski equation [15,41].
The experimental plan is summarized in Table 1. To examine the effect of solution ionic strength (IS) and pH on the hydrodynamic size, surface charge, and isoelectric point (IEP), TiO2 (P25) was dispersed in NaCl solutions with different molar concentrations and the solution pH was adjusted by adding HCl and NaOH (case 1). To determine the effect of monovalent and divalent electrolytes on the hydrodynamic size and zeta potential, TiO2 (P25) was dispersed in solutions with a certain IS and molar concentration (case 2). NaCl and MgCl2 were employed as the monovalent and divalent electrolyte, respectively. In case 3, TiO2 (P25) was dispersed in deionized (DI) water with different particle concentrations to test the influence of surface area on dispersion properties. Solutions with pH of 4 and IS of 0.001–0.1 M were also used. In case 4, flame-synthesized anatase TiO2 of different sizes (6–104 nm) were dispersed in DI water and solutions with different pH values to study the role of primary particle size on IEP. The crystal phase effect was examined using synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles with different crystal structures (case 5). Typically, dilute dispersions are used in toxicological studies to represent realistic exposure scenarios. Therefore, the particle concentration tested in this study was in the range of 15–500 μg/ml. In all experiments, titania nanoparticle dispersions were sonicated for 15 min using a bath sonicator (40 W, 50 kHz, Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, New Jersey) before the size and zeta potential measurement. All measurements were carried out at 25°C, which was maintained by the Zetasizer instrument. Repeatability of all hydrodynamic size and zeta potential was verified with more than five measurements.
Table 1. Summary of experiments performed
Results and Discussion
Surface charge and hydrodynamic diameter are two important properties of nanoparticle dispersions. When a nanoparticle is dispersed in an aqueous solution, surface ionization and the adsorption of cations or anions result in the generation of the surface charge and an electric potential will be developed between the particle surface and the bulk of dispersion medium [42,43]. Depending on the measurement technique, surface charge can be represented by either the surface charge density (potentiometric titration) or the zeta potential (electrokinetic methods). The point where surface charge density equals zero is defined as point of zero charge (PZC), while the point where zeta potential equals zero is defined as isoelectric point (IEP) [41,44]. The surface of TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in water is generally covered by hydroxyl group as shown in Eq. 1,
(1)
The surface charge of titania is a function of solution pH, which is affected by the reactions that occur on the particle surface as shown in Eqs. 2 and 3,
(2)
(3)
The pH at which the surface of titania is neutral is point of zero charge or isoelectric point. If no specific adsorption of the ions presented in the solution takes place on the particle surface, the pH at PZC and IEP would be the same. When pH is less than pHPZC (pHIEP), Eq. 2 results in creation of the positive surface charge and positive zeta potential. When pH is larger than pHPZC (pHIEP), Eq. 3 results in creation of the negative surface charge and negative zeta potential [42,43,45]. The dispersion hydrodynamic diameter is controlled by nanoparticle agglomeration in the aqueous system. In the classical Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory, the agglomeration of nanoparticles is determined by the sum of the repulsive electrostatic force (the interaction of electrical double layer surrounding each nanoparticle) and the attractive van der Walls force [46,47]. Increase in particle surface charge (zeta potential) can enhance the electrostatic repulsive force, suppress the agglomeration, and subsequently reduce dispersion hydrodynamic size.
The effects of solution pH and ionic strength (IS) and electrolyte type on titania dispersion properties are presented first, followed by discussion about the influence of particle surface area. Finally, both primary particle size and crystal phase effect on dispersion characteristics are examined.
pH and IS Effect
The effect of solution pH and ionic strength (IS) on the zeta potential and hydrodynamic size is shown in Figure 1. The IEP for TiO2 (P25) is approximately 6.2, which is consistent with those reported in other studies [15,48,49]. Since NaCl is an inert electrolyte for TiO2 dispersion (no specific adsorption of Na+ or Cl- by the titania nanoparticle), the IEP remains the same at different ionic strengths obtained by varying the NaCl concentration [41,50]. When pH is different from pHIEP, an increase in IS reduces the dispersion zeta potential by compressing the electrical double layer. This is consistent with previous tests [15,51,52] and predictions of classical colloidal theory [53]. Solution pH affects the dispersion hydrodynamic diameter by changing the particle surface charge. Near IEP, significant agglomeration takes place; large flocs were observed, as the particle surface charge is close to zero and attractive van der Waals forces are dominant. When the pH is significantly different from IEP for titania, the absolute value of zeta potential becomes higher and the hydrodynamic size becomes smaller. Solution IS changes the dispersion hydrodynamic diameter by changing both zeta potential and electrical double layer thickness. Higher solution IS leads to a smaller electrical double layer thickness, weaker electrostatic repulsive force, and subsequently larger hydrodynamic size. The smallest hydrodynamic size observed was ~200 nm, when the solution IS was 0.001 M and pH was lower than 4.0 or higher than 8.2.
Figure 1. The influence of solution ionic strength (IS) and pH on TiO2 (P25) dispersion properties: a zeta potential; b hydrodynamic diameter.
If an electrolyte does not generate ions that can be specifically absorbed by titania nanoparticles, its influence on dispersion properties can be quantified through its contribution to solution ionic strength. TiO2 (P25) was dispersed in both monovalent NaCl and divalent MgCl2 solutions either at the same ionic strength (Figure 2a) or at the same electrolyte molar concentration (Figure 2b). The solution pH (~5.5) was lower than TiO2 (P25) IEP such that positive zeta potentials were observed in both cases. When the same IS was used, dispersions using NaCl and MgCl2 did not show any significant difference in zeta potential and hydrodynamic size. The trends of zeta potential and hydrodynamic size as a function of IS were the same as described earlier. When the same molar concentration was used, the solution IS using divalent MgCl2 was twice as high as the IS using monovalent NaCl. Consequently, titania dispersion using MgCl2 had lower zeta potential and higher hydrodynamic diameter compared to a dispersion using NaCl of the same molar concentration.
Figure 2. The influence of electrolyte type (monovalent vs. divalent) on TiO2 (P25) dispersion properties at a the same solution ionic strength and b the same electrolyte molar concentration.
Particle Surface Area Effect
Titania nanoparticle surface area in the dispersion affects both solution pH and dispersion properties. TiO2 (P25) nanoparticles with mass concentrations of 15, 25, 50, 150, and 500 μg/ml were dispersed in DI water. As the size of the particles in the sample is the same, the particle surface area is proportional to the particle mass concentration. As shown in Figure 3a, solution pH decreased as the particle surface area increased. When TiO2 nanoparticle is dispersed in water, its surface is covered by the hydroxyl group and extra hydrogen ions are produced (Eq. 1). Consequently, the solution pH decreases as more hydrogen ions are generated due to the increase in titania particle surface area. When particle mass concentration was increased from 15 to 500 μg/ml, the pH of the solution decreased from 5.7 to 5.1. Solution pH also became farther shifted from the TiO2 (P25) isoelectric point (6.2). Therefore, the dispersion zeta potential increased from 29 to 38 mV (Figure 3b). Though higher mass concentration often leads to larger hydrodynamic diameters, the average hydrodynamic diameter decreased from 756 to 412 nm, because the associated increase in the zeta potential (increase in repulsive force) prevented agglomeration. If the particle concentration is increased further, an increase in the average hydrodynamic diameter is expected, since the frequency of particle collision is a strong function of particle number concentration [54,55].
Figure 3. The influence of nanoparticle surface area (mass concentration) on TiO2 (P25) dispersion characteristics: a pH; b zeta potential and hydrodynamic diameter. Solvent is DI water.
Particle concentration effect was further examined by fixing the solution pH at ~4. Three ionic strengths and five different mass concentrations were tested. As shown in Figure 4, the dispersion hydrodynamic diameter did not decrease with increasing particle surface area once the solution pH was fixed. At low solution IS, the dispersion hydrodynamic size remained similar with increasing particle concentration, because the electrostatic repulsive force helped to prevent agglomeration. At high solution IS, the increased particle number concentration led to enhanced coagulation rates and larger hydrodynamic diameters. At solution IS of 0.1 M and particle mass concentration of 500 μg/ml, the average hydrodynamic diameter was ~2,900 nm (large agglomerates).
Figure 4. TiO2 (P25) dispersion hydrodynamic diameter as a function of particle mass concentration at constant solution pH of 4 and different solution ionic strengths (0.001–0.1 M).
Primary Particle Size Effect
The influence of primary particle size on the titania dispersion isoelectric point was tested using laboratory synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles. Anatase TiO2 samples of different sizes (6, 16, 26, 38, 53, and 104 nm) were tested using solutions with an IS of 0.001 M. As shown in Figure 5, the IEP of anatase TiO2 was found to be a function of primary particle size. When primary particle size increased from 6 to 104 nm, the IEP decreased from 6.0 to 3.8. It has been reported that different isoelectric points can be obtained for the same material depending on the synthesis method and experimental procedure [45,48,49]. This might explain why 27-nm TiO2 (P25) has an IEP of 6.2 while laboratory synthesized 26-nm TiO2 has an IEP of 5.2 (their crystal phases are also different, which will be addressed later). However, these six samples were prepared using the same synthesis technique, and the experimental procedures were the same. In addition, there was evidence suggesting that hematite nanoparticle IEP might vary with particle size [33], though only three sizes were examined in that study.
Figure 5. The influence of anatase TiO2 primary particle size on dispersion zeta potential. Solution IS is 0.001 M. Inset shows the titania nanoparticle dispersion isoelectric point (IEP) as a function of primary particle size.
The size effect on dispersion isoelectric point might originate from size-related properties of nanoparticles. Several other activities of titania nanoparticles had been found to be size dependent. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticle was reported to be a function of particle size when the same total particle surface area was used [19,56]. Both in vitro and in vivo toxicities of anatase TiO2 (after normalized by surface area) were reported to be a function of particle size [16,32]. The adsorption affinity of metal (e.g., lead and cadmium) by TiO2 appeared to be size dependent [57,58]. As nanoparticle size decreases, the percentage of surface atom/molecule increases significantly. Particle electronic structure, surface defect density, and surface sorption sites also vary [7,59]. Consequently, both nanoparticle IEP and surface reactivity can become dependent on particle size. For instance, it has been observed that variations in the nanoparticle surface coordination environment lead to changes in the surface acidity constants [60,61].
The effect of primary particle size on dispersion properties was examined by dispersing different sized anatase TiO2 in DI water. Since the same mass concentration (50 μg/ml) was used for all samples with differing particle sizes, the TiO2 particle surface area increased dramatically as particle size decreased (Figure 6a). Solution pH decreased with increasing particle surface area (as discussed earlier). Anatase TiO2 of 6 nm had the highest positive zeta potential due to its high IEP and low solution pH. A transition from positive to negative zeta potential happened between 16 and 26 nm. TiO2 of 104 nm has the highest negative zeta potential due to its low IEP and high solution pH. The average hydrodynamic diameter is not only a function of zeta potential and solution IS, but also a strong function of primary particle size. If no agglomeration occurs, i.e., the repulsive forces are completely dominant over the attractive forces, the hydrodynamic diameter should just reflect the primary particle size. The average hydrodynamic diameter increased from 67 to 490 nm as primary particle size increased from 6 to 104 nm (Figure 6b). The fact that the dispersion hydrodynamic diameter increment is not linearly proportional to primary particle size increment is due to particle–particle interaction that is affected by the dispersion zeta potential and IS. A detailed discussion of the reasons for the dispersion hydrodynamic diameter being larger than primary particle size can be found elsewhere [15].
Figure 6. Different sized anatase TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in DI water with the same mass concentration of 50 μg/ml: a pH and surface area concentration; b dispersion zeta potential and hydrodynamic diameter.
Nanoparticle Crystal Phase Effect
The influence of titania crystal phase on dispersion isoelectric points was also examined using laboratory synthesized samples. Three 38-nm TiO2 samples with different anatase percentages (100, 49, and 36%; remainder being rutile) and one 102-nm rutile (100%) TiO2 sample were tested using solutions with IS of 0.001 M. For the three same sized TiO2 with different crystal structures, their dispersion isoelectric points (~4.8) were similar to each other (Figure 7). The IEP of 102-nm rutile TiO2 was lower than pH 3 such that the crossing point was not measured when pH range of 3–11 was used. The observation that the IEP of TiO2 at the same size is rather insensitive to the crystal structure is consistent with reports in the previous literature [49]. There are two possible factors accounting for the low IEP of the 102-nm rutile TiO2 sample. If the observed size-dependent IEP trend for anatase TiO2 is also valid for rutile TiO2, one would expect than 102-nm rutile has a lower IEP than that of 38-nm rutile. In addition, Figure 5 shows that 104-nm anatase TiO2 has an IEP of 3.8, while IEP of rutile with similar size (102 nm) is lower than pH 3. This might be related to the synthesis methods used—anatase TiO2 was directly synthesized using a flame aerosol reactor, while rutile TiO2 was prepared by annealing flame-synthesized 53-nm anatase TiO2 at 850°C using a furnace. Other studies [41,45] also found that metal oxides synthesized using different methods may have different isoelectric points.
Figure 7. The influence of TiO2 crystal phase on dispersion zeta potential. Solution IS is 0.001 M.
Conclusions
The effect of particle surface area, primary particle size, and crystal phase on TiO2 nanoparticle dispersion properties was tested. Solution pH and ionic strength play important roles in dispersion zeta potential and hydrodynamic size. Increasing titania particle surface area results in a decrease in solution pH. At fixed pH, an increase in titania mass concentration enhances the collision frequency between particles and leads to higher degree of agglomeration. In addition to synthesis method, TiO2 isoelectric point was found to be dependent on particle size. As anatase TiO2 primary particle size decreases, its IEP increases that also causes changes in dispersion zeta potential and hydrodynamic size. In contrast to particle size, it was demonstrated that TiO2 nanoparticle IEP is insensitive to crystal structure. These results have important implications both in developing nanomaterials for environmental applications and in performing nanotoxicological studies, because nanoparticle dispersion properties affect delivery and transport efficiency for both contamination remediation and for in vitro and in vivo toxicity tests.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) for Komkrit Suttiponparnit under the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (Grant No.PHD/0237/2004) accompanied with KU-ChE and Affiliation: Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals, and Advance Materials, PERDO, Thailand for partial funding. This work was partially supported by a grant from the US. Department of Defense (AFOSR) MURI Grant, FA9550-04-1-0430. TC also acknowledges the partial support from CU centennial fund.
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53 Bible Verses about Strengths And Weaknesses
2 Peter 3:16 ESV / 7 helpful votes
As he does in all his letters when he speaks in them of these matters. There are some things in them that are hard to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist to their own destruction, as they do the other Scriptures.
James 1:5 ESV / 6 helpful votes
If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask God, who gives generously to all without reproach, and it will be given him.
2 Timothy 2:15 ESV / 6 helpful votes
Do your best to present yourself to God as one approved, a worker who has no need to be ashamed, rightly handling the word of truth.
1 Corinthians 12:9 ESV / 6 helpful votes
To another faith by the same Spirit, to another gifts of healing by the one Spirit,
Hebrews 4:12 ESV / 5 helpful votes
For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart.
John 8:32 ESV / 5 helpful votes
And you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free.”
Isaiah 7:14 ESV / 5 helpful votes
Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.
2 Timothy 3:17 ESV / 4 helpful votes
That the man of God may be competent, equipped for every good work.
1 Thessalonians 2:13 ESV / 4 helpful votes
And we also thank God constantly for this, that when you received the word of God, which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men but as what it really is, the word of God, which is at work in you believers.
Ephesians 3:20 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Now to him who is able to do far more abundantly than all that we ask or think, according to the power at work within us,
Romans 15:4 ESV / 4 helpful votes
For whatever was written in former days was written for our instruction, that through endurance and through the encouragement of the Scriptures we might have hope.
Romans 1:1-32 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God, which he promised beforehand through his prophets in the holy Scriptures, concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh and was declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord, through whom we have received grace and apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith for the sake of his name among all the nations, ...
2 Timothy 3:16 ESV / 3 helpful votes
All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness,
John 3:16 ESV / 3 helpful votes
“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life.
John 3:5 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Jesus answered, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God.
Isaiah 53:1-12 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Who has believed what he has heard from us? And to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed? For he grew up before him like a young plant, and like a root out of dry ground; he had no form or majesty that we should look at him, and no beauty that we should desire him. He was despised and rejected by men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief; and as one from whom men hide their faces he was despised, and we esteemed him not. Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows; yet we esteemed him stricken, smitten by God, and afflicted. But he was wounded for our transgressions; he was crushed for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that brought us peace, and with his stripes we are healed. ...
Psalm 22:1-31 ESV / 3 helpful votes
To the choirmaster: according to The Doe of the Dawn. A Psalm of David. My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Why are you so far from saving me, from the words of my groaning? O my God, I cry by day, but you do not answer, and by night, but I find no rest. Yet you are holy, enthroned on the praises of Israel. In you our fathers trusted; they trusted, and you delivered them. To you they cried and were rescued; in you they trusted and were not put to shame. ...
2 Peter 3:15-16 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And count the patience of our Lord as salvation, just as our beloved brother Paul also wrote to you according to the wisdom given him, as he does in all his letters when he speaks in them of these matters. There are some things in them that are hard to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist to their own destruction, as they do the other Scriptures.
1 Peter 4:7 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The end of all things is at hand; therefore be self-controlled and sober-minded for the sake of your prayers.
1 Peter 1:23 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Since you have been born again, not of perishable seed but of imperishable, through the living and abiding word of God;
James 1:22 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But be doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving yourselves.
2 Timothy 3:16-17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be competent, equipped for every good work.
1 Thessalonians 4:15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For this we declare to you by a word from the Lord, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming of the Lord, will not precede those who have fallen asleep.
Colossians 1:1-29 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, and Timothy our brother, To the saints and faithful brothers in Christ at Colossae: Grace to you and peace from God our Father. We always thank God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, when we pray for you, since we heard of your faith in Christ Jesus and of the love that you have for all the saints, because of the hope laid up for you in heaven. Of this you have heard before in the word of the truth, the gospel, ...
Ephesians 2:20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone,
Galatians 4:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And because you are sons, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, “Abba! Father!”
1 Corinthians 15:52 ESV / 2 helpful votes
In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we shall be changed.
1 Corinthians 15:1-58 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now I would remind you, brothers, of the gospel I preached to you, which you received, in which you stand, and by which you are being saved, if you hold fast to the word I preached to you—unless you believed in vain. For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. ...
1 Corinthians 7:1-2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now concerning the matters about which you wrote: “It is good for a man not to have sexual relations with a woman.” But because of the temptation to sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband.
1 Corinthians 2:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
These things God has revealed to us through the Spirit. For the Spirit searches everything, even the depths of God.
Romans 10:17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So faith comes from hearing, and hearing through the word of Christ.
Acts 7:1-60 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And the high priest said, “Are these things so?” And Stephen said: “Brothers and fathers, hear me. The God of glory appeared to our father Abraham when he was in Mesopotamia, before he lived in Haran, and said to him, ‘Go out from your land and from your kindred and go into the land that I will show you.’ Then he went out from the land of the Chaldeans and lived in Haran. And after his father died, God removed him from there into this land in which you are now living. Yet he gave him no inheritance in it, not even a foot's length, but promised to give it to him as a possession and to his offspring after him, though he had no child. ...
Acts 4:25 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Who through the mouth of our father David, your servant, said by the Holy Spirit, “‘Why did the Gentiles rage, and the peoples plot in vain?
Acts 2:1-47 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When the day of Pentecost arrived, they were all together in one place. And suddenly there came from heaven a sound like a mighty rushing wind, and it filled the entire house where they were sitting. And divided tongues as of fire appeared to them and rested on each one of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit gave them utterance. Now there were dwelling in Jerusalem Jews, devout men from every nation under heaven. ...
John 14:26 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you.
John 3:1-36 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now there was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews. This man came to Jesus by night and said to him, “Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do unless God is with him.” Jesus answered him, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God.” Nicodemus said to him, “How can a man be born when he is old? Can he enter a second time into his mother's womb and be born?” Jesus answered, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. ...
John 1:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.
Mark 16:1-20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of James and Salome bought spices, so that they might go and anoint him. And very early on the first day of the week, when the sun had risen, they went to the tomb. And they were saying to one another, “Who will roll away the stone for us from the entrance of the tomb?” And looking up, they saw that the stone had been rolled back—it was very large. And entering the tomb, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, dressed in a white robe, and they were alarmed. ...
Matthew 5:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For truly, I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not an iota, not a dot, will pass from the Law until all is accomplished.
Psalm 119:105 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path.
Joshua 1:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
This Book of the Law shall not depart from your mouth, but you shall meditate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do according to all that is written in it. For then you will make your way prosperous, and then you will have good success.
Genesis 19:1-38 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The two angels came to Sodom in the evening, and Lot was sitting in the gate of Sodom. When Lot saw them, he rose to meet them and bowed himself with his face to the earth and said, “My lords, please turn aside to your servant's house and spend the night and wash your feet. Then you may rise up early and go on your way.” They said, “No; we will spend the night in the town square.” But he pressed them strongly; so they turned aside to him and entered his house. And he made them a feast and baked unleavened bread, and they ate. But before they lay down, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, both young and old, all the people to the last man, surrounded the house. And they called to Lot, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us, that we may know them.” ...
Genesis 1:27 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.
2 Peter 1:16 ESV / 1 helpful vote
For we did not follow cleverly devised myths when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of his majesty.
2 Thessalonians 1:1-12 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy, To the church of the Thessalonians in God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. We ought always to give thanks to God for you, brothers, as is right, because your faith is growing abundantly, and the love of every one of you for one another is increasing. Therefore we ourselves boast about you in the churches of God for your steadfastness and faith in all your persecutions and in the afflictions that you are enduring. This is evidence of the righteous judgment of God, that you may be considered worthy of the kingdom of God, for which you are also suffering— ...
Colossians 1:23 ESV / 1 helpful vote
If indeed you continue in the faith, stable and steadfast, not shifting from the hope of the gospel that you heard, which has been proclaimed in all creation under heaven, and of which I, Paul, became a minister.
Ephesians 2:8-9 ESV / 1 helpful vote
For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast.
1 Corinthians 7:1-40 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Now concerning the matters about which you wrote: “It is good for a man not to have sexual relations with a woman.” But because of the temptation to sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband. The husband should give to his wife her conjugal rights, and likewise the wife to her husband. For the wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. Likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. Do not deprive one another, except perhaps by agreement for a limited time, that you may devote yourselves to prayer; but then come together again, so that Satan may not tempt you because of your lack of self-control. ...
John 16:13 ESV / 1 helpful vote
When the Spirit of truth comes, he will guide you into all the truth, for he will not speak on his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will declare to you the things that are to come.
John 14:6 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Jesus said to him, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.
John 1:1 ESV / 1 helpful vote
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
Matthew 28:20 ESV / 1 helpful vote
Teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.”
Isaiah 55:11 ESV / 1 helpful vote
So shall my word be that goes out from my mouth; it shall not return to me empty, but it shall accomplish that which I purpose, and shall succeed in the thing for which I sent it.
Suggest a Verse
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IGEM:MIT/2005/Input: Ligand
From OpenWetWare
< IGEM:MIT | 2005
Revision as of 15:50, 19 July 2005 by Maxiney (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
POC
Maxine
Function
• To design an input for receiver unit 1 (ToxR) and receiver unit 2 (FecA)
• Receiver 1:
• To design a input (ligand) with 2 fluorescein molecules attached by a piece of DNA, which will be used in the intermediate step of testing if binding of an antigen to our system can cause dimerization and subsequent transcription of the desired output gene.
• Receiver 2:
• Input here is simply just a fluorecein molecule to test if binding of an antigen to our system can cause a conformation change and subsequent transcription of the desired output gene.
Device Depiction
Fluorescein Structure
Device Parts
• A pair of ssDNA strands complementary to each other, each bound to a fluorescein molecule at the 5' end, of the following lengths:
10 bp
12 bp
15 bp
20 bp
Current Status
Completed Work
1. Determined the length and content of DNA between fluorescein molecules
1. 10 bp ~ 33.2 A: because DNA twists every 33.2 A, at this point, the fluorescein molecules, on different strands of DNA, will be pointing directly away from each other, 180 degrees apart
2. 12 bp ~ 39.2 A: fluorescein molecules will be pointing 90 degrees apart
3. 15 bp ~ 50.2 A: fluorescein molecules will point in the same direction
4. 20 bp ~ 66.4 A: fluorescein molecules will point 180 degrees away from each other
2. Obtained sequence of puc19 and used it for DNA construct
3. Ordered from Invitrogen, with TK's help--should arrive Friday, Jul 15
Steps to take
1. Figure out if/how the ligand can pass through the outer membrane of the E.coli cell
1. Make cell wall more permeable with electroporation, heatshock cells, or find cells with mutation in the outermembrane??
2. Find other types of inputs that are small enough to fit into the cell
2. Determine if RE sites should be added into the piece of DNA (for negative testing of dimerization)
Current Work
• Figure out if/how the ligand can pass through the outer membrane of the E.coli cell
• Troubling Data
cell membrane premeability ~ 600 Daltons ~ 6 amino acids (http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~u53/abstracts/macdonald.html)
DNA base pair average molecular weight ~ 650 Dalton (http://www.growtall.com/technical-data3.htm and http://www.eppendorf.com)
Fluorescein: 330 daltons
Also, see "DNA specs" under "Maxine's Notes" Section
• Possible Solutions
• Is ligand is linear enough (i.e. it has a small cross-sectional area) that it can still fit through the outer membrane despite its large mass?
Fluorescein dimers for Epo receptor: best linker ~ 45 A
DNA diameter: ~26 A
"Antisense agents are 10 or more bp, and this length is typically too large for efficient passive cellular uptake by diffusion across lipid bilayers" http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/277/9/7144
• Use other types of inputs
NPN as possible replacement for fluorescein? See NPN
Nitrocefin as poss replacemeht for fluorescein? See Nitrocefin
scFV that binds to isoketal adducts Paper Sequence
Digoxin: 780 Da -- too heavy
• Increase cell wall permeability:
• Mutation in outer membrane: "Lipoprotein Mutation Accelerates Substrate Permeability-Limited Touluene Dioxygenase-Catalyzed Reaction," Biotechnology Progress (article not available online--see Maxine for copy of printed version)
• Attachment of cell-permeabilizing peptide to our input: http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/277/9/7144
• Electroporation
• EDTA treatment
• Heatshock
Experiments
Input reception Experiments
• Move information in link to respective place.
Open Issues
• Is fluorescein too big to get into the periplasm?
• Important to note that the optimal distance of 12/13 mer was for the EpoR protein.. ToxR might have a different optimal distance.
Need Help With
Issue: can we ignore the fact that our construct is too many Daltons by assuming that according to the geometry, our construct is linear enough to pass through the outer membrane?
• Find people with experience w/cell membrane permeability of e. coli
• Find different way to link fluorescein molecules
Maxine's Notes
(this section is purely for myself so that I have a spot to put my own work)
Key Facts
1. Figure out if/how the ligand can pass through the outer membrane of the E.coli cell
• the permeability of the cell membrane is 600 Daltons, which is about 6 amino acids
http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~u53/abstracts/macdonald.html
• Fluorescein dimers were designed with linker lengths: 8 mer (27.2 angstroms) to 14 mer (47.6 angstroms)
In mammalian paper under "must read" on the main page
• Best linker: 12/13 mer (though all induced growth)
In mammalian paper under "must read" on the main page
• The average molecular weight of DNA base pair is 650 Dalton
http://www.growtall.com/technical-data3.htm and http://www.eppendorf.com
• Fluorescein: 330 daltons
• DNA specs:
Other Background Info
• Picture belongs to University of Georgia.
• Outer membrane: This lipid bilayer is found in Gram negative bacteria and is the source of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS is toxic and turns on the immune system; LPS is found in Gram negative, but not in Gram positive, bacteria.
• Cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan (polysaccharides + protein), the cell wall maintains the overall shape of a bacterial cell. The three primary shapes in bacteria are coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped) and spirillum (spiral). Mycoplasma are bacteria that have no cell wall and therefore have no definite shape.
• Periplasm: This cellular compartment is found only in those bacteria that have both an outer membrane and plasma membrane (e.g. Gram negative bacteria). In the space are enzymes and other proteins that help digest and move nutrients into the cell.
• Inner membrane: also known as plasma membrane. This is a lipid bilayer much like the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane of other cells. There are numerous proteins moving within or upon this layer that are primarily responsible for transport of ions, nutrients and waste across the membrane.
• Problems
• The outer membrane is the major permeability barrier in Gram negative bacteria. Gram negative bacteria store degradative enzymes in the periplasmic space.
• Solutions
• Work with E.Coli strain that is cell-wall deficient
• Or work with E.Coli strain that has the most permeable cell wall <-- LIMITATION of antigen size. Ways to make cell wall permeable are: treatment with chemicals (example: EDTA)
• Linkers
• Statistics:
• Peptidoglycan hydrolytic activities associated with bacteriophage virions. paper with some in depth characterization of ways around/through the periplasm. maybe we can learn something from how phages shoot through the periplasm to do their bizness. (unread)
Personal tools
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Google Toolbar is Now Available for Firefox 3
Jun 17, 2008 • 9:15 am | (3) by | Filed Under Other Google Topics
Today is the day that Firefox 3 is supposed to be unleashed to the wild. I don't see an official download link yet (according to Dave Woods, it won't happen until 6PM BST, which is 1PM EST), but if you're preparing to get it, note that the Google Toolbar is now available for Firefox 3.
A number of Firefox users were waiting to upgrade to version 3 based on the availability of Google Toolbar, and now that Firefox 3 is supposedly going to be released today, you should begin to make preparations. :)
Features available to the new version include custom buttons to your favorite websites, bookmarks that are accessible from any computer, direct access to Google Docs and Spreadsheets, the ability to "Send" your files to a friends or directly to your blog, and a quick way to log into your Google Account.
On that note, if you are planning on downloading Firefox today, they're aiming for a world record. Make a pledge that you'll download it now.
Forum discussion continues at DigitalPoint Forums.
Previous story: Future Of Google's Pay Per Action Model Uncertain
blog comments powered by Disqus
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Joe M. Allbaugh
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
Joe M. Allbaugh (born July 27, 1952) is an American political figure in the Republican Party. After spending most of his career in Oklahoma and Texas, Allbaugh came to national prominence working for Texas governor George W. Bush and helping manage his 2000 presidential election campaign. Allbaugh then became a member of Bush's cabinet as Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) beginning in February 2001. He served until FEMA's transfer into the newly created Department of Homeland Security, after which he resigned in March 2003.
After leaving FEMA, Allbaugh has participated in numerous private ventures such as New Bridge Strategies, a private company that helps clients get contracts in Iraq.[1] This prompted blogger Billmon to comment, "Heck, it seems like only yesterday that Joe Allbaugh was complaining about how FEMA was nothing more than an 'overgrown entitlement program' for the poor. Of course, that was before Joe became an overgrown entitlement program -- although not exactly for the poor."[2]
Contents
Early political involvement
Allbaugh began working on political campaigns at the age of 12 as a volunteer for Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign.[1] According to the Washington Post, he "studied political science at Oklahoma State University, becoming the first male in his family to graduate from college." Instead of attending law school, "he was bitten by the campaign bug and started to do volunteer work," first during "an Oklahoma congressional race in 1968 ... [then] a gubernatorial campaign in 1970, worked on a Senate campaign in 1972 and in 1974 got his first paid campaign job as a driver and aide-de-camp for Republican Henry Bellmon."
"He worked on the political field staff in the Reagan-Bush campaign in 1984, but 'was burned out of the traveling' by the time it ended and moved back to Oklahoma City. In 1986, he helped Bellmon win election as governor and spent 18 months in the governor's office, where he first met George W. Bush. 'I was the Karl Rove of Bellmon's operation,' he says." Early in 1994, Allbaugh joined George W. Bush in his campaign for the White House."[2]
Allbaugh later served as a deputy secretary of transportation under Bellmon's successor, David Walters.[3]
The George W. Bush campaigns
In 1994, Allbaugh was brought to Texas by George W. Bush to manage his campaign for governor. After Bush's victory, Allbaugh worked as gubernatorial chief of staff, serving until 1999 when he shifted posts to become campaign manager in Bush's run for the presidency. In this capacity Allbaugh was a key member of a tight circle of aides, together with Karl Rove and Karen Hughes, that the media dubbed the "Iron Triangle". Allbaugh called the trio "the brain, the brawn and the bite", with himself as the brawn at 6 feet 4 inches and 275 pounds.[2]
After Bush secured the Republican nomination, he chose Dick Cheney to lead the process of screening and selecting a running mate. Allbaugh ended up with the responsibility of vetting Cheney himself when Bush focused directly on Cheney as his choice for Vice President, rather than as the man to simply help with the choice.[4] The screening process was subsequently called into question when Cheney's Halliburton stock options, along with his sparse voting record in state and local elections, came to light. A Cheney spokeswoman defended Allbaugh's vetting process, saying it "was as thorough, if not more thorough than what other candidates went through." It remained unclear whether Cheney had filled out a questionnaire he had given the other potential running mates, which dealt with these issues among other topics.[5]
When the election results turned into a dispute over Florida ballot counts, Allbaugh went to Florida to run the post-election operation there while other advisers remained behind in Texas.[6] After the legal maneuverings played out with Bush prevailing, he named Allbaugh as his nominee to head the Federal Emergency Management Agency on January 4, 2001.[3]
Allbaugh at FEMA
Allbaugh was confirmed as Director of FEMA in February 2001 by the Senate in a unanimous vote.[7] He gained some attention that April for remarks questioning whether taxpayers should have to cover the cost of rebuilding properties that suffer repeated flood damage, just as the Mississippi River was flooding.[8] This turned into a public disagreement with the mayor of Davenport, Iowa, one of the affected cities, and brought up policy issues that would arise again under Allbaugh's successor after Hurricane Katrina. The Bush administration also proposed cuts to FEMA's budget and the National Flood Insurance Program.[9] After Tropical Storm Allison hit Texas in June, however, Allbaugh said the budget cuts would affect the agency's ability to respond to future disasters.[10]
In May, Bush announced that FEMA would expand its responsibility to include government response to terrorist attacks. Allbaugh explained that this mission, dubbed "homeland defense", would focus on dealing with the effects of such attacks, but not extend to gathering intelligence to prevent them.[11] This left the agency as one of the most visible responders in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. At the time of the attacks, Allbaugh was attending a conference in Big Sky, Montana, on the subject of emergency response.[12]
As the September 11 attacks, a cabinet reorganization made FEMA part of the newly created Department of Homeland Security. Afgter Allbaugh was passed over as secretary in favor of Tom Ridge, he resigned from FEMA effective March 1, 2003, the date the reorganization was to take effect.[13] He continued to serve, however, on the Homeland Security Advisory Council. His successor at FEMA was Michael Brown, another Oklahoma native and an old friend from Republican state politics. Allbaugh had hired Brown as general counsel, and he went on to become deputy director before taking over the top post at the agency.[14]
Post-FEMA career
After leaving the government, Allbaugh capitalized on his ties with the Bush administration by going into private business ventures connected with Bush's policy objectives. In September 2003, he became president of New Bridge Strategies,[3][4][5][6] a consulting firm to help clients "evaluate and take advantage of business opportunities in the Middle East following the conclusion of the US-led war in Iraq." He also became co-chair of Diligence-Iraq, a security company founded by former CIA and FBI chief William Webster and 40 percent owned by a wealthy Kuwaiti politician, which provides protection for companies doing business there.[15][16][17]
Allbaugh also started his own firm, which he merged in 2004 with that of his wife Diane, who had worked as a lobbyist at the Republican firm of Barbour Griffith & Rogers during his government service.[18][19] The Washington Post described the Allbaugh Company as "a lobbying-consulting firm with many clients in the disaster-relief business. ... Among those clients are: the KBR division of Haliburton; TruePosition, a manufacturer of wireless location products, services and devices; the Shaw Group, a provider of engineering, design, construction, and maintenance services to government and the private sector; and UltraStrip, which is marketing the first water filtration system approved by the Environmental Protection Agency."[20] The Wall Street Journal compared his work to that of his predecessor at FEMA, James Lee Witt, who also went into the private sector.[21]
On July 12, 2006, Emergent Biosolutions, maker of the Anthrax Vaccine under its former name BioPort, announced that Allbaugh joined the Board of Directors. BioPort had been the subject of an unsatisfactory FDA inspection, a recall, and a warning letter. In September 2006, Allbaugh was elected president of Ecosphere Systems, Inc.
Hurricane Katrina
Allbaugh traveled to the Gulf Coast after Hurricane Katrina to help coordinate private-sector support, according to his spokeswoman. His clients were among the first to win federal contracts to help with hurricane recovery: Shaw won a bid potentially worth $100 million to refurbish buildings and provide emergency housing, and KBR received $29.8 million from the Pentagon to rebuild Navy bases in Louisiana and Mississippi.[22] [23]
"There's going to be so much money flowing that Joe Allbaugh might even be convinced to bring his influence-peddling operation stateside again. In fact, if you were ever planning to become a Republican or give money to Republicans, by all means, do it now. Because all of the GOP patronage and pay-for-play operation that we've seen up till this point was probably just a prelude to what's coming," Josh Marshall wrote September 5, 2005, for his Talking Points Memo.
But then Marshall discovered that, on September 1, 2005, the Washington Post's Dan Balz had already spoken to Allbaugh "by telephone from Louisiana, where he is helping coordinate the private-sector response to the storm, [and] said Katrina has left behind a situation that evokes the destruction of Sept. 11, 2001, though without as much loss of life. 'It is unreal,' he said. 'When you see the pictures on television, it really cannot do the devastation and the damage justice.'"
"Now," Marshall said September 6, 2005, "if you figure that an article that appeared on the September 1st was probably reported out on Wednesdy August 31st, perhaps this is one of those cases that show how the public sector just can't match the pace of the private sector, seeing as Allbaugh seems to have beaten most of the folks from FEMA, the agency he ran before handing it off to Michael Brown, into the disaster area."
Marshall confessed that he had been "so focused on Allbaugh's Iraq operation, that [he] had lost track of what he was up to on the domestic rain-making activities: "First, there's Blackwell Fairbanks, LLC, the outfit he set up with Andrew D. Lundquist, the guy who ran Vice President [Dick] Cheney's energy policy task force. And then of course there's Allbaugh's main shop, The Allbaugh Company, the one Haley Barbour helped him set up along with New Bridge Strategies, the Iraq venture."
Marshall figured that Allbaugh was "in Louisiana wearing the Allbaugh Company hat, seeing as how a few months back he signed on as a lobbyist for Halliburton subsidiary KBR to 'educate the congressional and executive branch on defense, disaster relief and homeland security issues.'"
Allbaugh and Halliburton's KBR
"Joe Allbaugh, the Oklahoman known for his flat-top haircut and loyalty to President Bush, has a new client: Halliburton, the Houston-based company once led by" Vice President Dick Cheney. [7]
Allbaugh, a "close adviser" to George W. Bush "during his Texas days, registered [in March 2005] to lobby on behalf of Kellogg Brown and Root (KBR), Halliburton's construction and engineering subsidiary." Allbaugh is CEO of The Allbaugh Company, LLC, a "Washington, D.C.-based corporate strategy and counsel firm." His wife, Diane Allbaugh, is a partner at The Allbaugh Company and is "also listed on the registration, which was filed last week with the Senate Office of Public Records." [8] [9]
A Halliburton spokesperson said that Allbaugh "had not been commissioned to do any direct lobbying" but had been hired by KBR "as a consultant to provide strategy support for our Government and Infrastructure business." [10]
However, Allbaugh's "lobbying disclosure form says the company will 'educate the congressional and executive branch on defense, disaster relief and homeland security issues.'" [11]
Senior Advisor to Rudy Giuliani
• The Rudy Giuliani Presidential Committee announced on October 30th 2007 that Joe Allbaugh will serve as Senior Advisor to the Rudy Giuliani campaign. Allbaugh will advise the campaign on general strategy and homeland security.
Trivia
Allbaugh has a nephew, Jeremy Allbaugh, who served in the United States Marine Corps, and was killed on July 5th, 2007 while in Iraq.[24]
SourceWatch Resources
References
1. David Stout, "Agency Chief Facing Test Of a Lifetime On Response," New York Times, September 14, 2001, p. A19.
2. 2.0 2.1 Dan Balz, "The Governor's 'Iron Triangle' Points the Way to Washington," Washington Post, July 23, 1999, p. C1.
3. 3.0 3.1 Edwin Chen, "Bush Camp Attempts to Head Off Skirmish Over Nominee Ashcroft", Los Angeles Times, January 5, 2001, p. A16.
4. Adam Nagourney and Frank Bruni, "Gatekeeper to Running Mate: Cheney's Road to Candidacy," New York Times, July 28, 2000, p. A1.
5. Edward Walsh, "Did Cheney Pass His Own Test?; Questions on Voting, Stock Options Topped His Screening List," Washington Post, September 24, 2000, p. A13.
6. Dana Milbank, "Armies of Strategists Set Up Bases in Florida," Washington Post, November 13, 2000, p. A14.
7. "Allbaugh Confirmed as Chief of FEMA," Los Angeles Times, February 16, 2001, p. A15.
8. "The Emergency Freight Train," Washington Post, April 25, 2001, p. A30.
9. Eric Slater, "FEMA Director Tours Davenport Devastation," Los Angeles Times, April 27, 2001, p. A31.
10. Philip Shenon, "White House Battles Cuts In Spending For Disasters," New York Times, June 21, 2002, p. A22.
11. James Gerstenzang, "Bush Puts FEMA in Charge of Domestic Terrorism Response". Los Angeles Times, May 9, 2001, p. A21.
12. Michael Janofsky, "Attacks Halt Meeting," New York Times, September 12, 2001, p. A5.
13. Vicki Kemper, "FEMA Chief, a Key Bush Advisor, Announces Resignation," Los Angeles Times, December 17, 2002, p. A32.
14. Ken Silverstein, "Top FEMA Jobs: No Experience Required". Los Angeles Times, September 9, 2005, p. A10.
15. Nir Rosen, "Riding Shotgun with Our Shadow Army in Iraq," Mother Jones, May 1, 2007.
16. Thomas B. Edsall and Juliet Eilperin, "Lobbyists Set Sights On Money-Making Opportunities in Iraq," Washington Post, October 2, 2003, p. A21.
17. Gail Russell Chaddock, "Targeting no-bid deals," Christian Science Monitor, October 10, 2003, p. 2.
18. Sarasohn, Judy. "All-Republican Givers and Receivers". The Washington Post, March 11, 2004, p. A25.
19. Judy Sarasohn, "Lobbying Firm Adds Another GOP Link," The Washington Post, March 14, 2002, p. A25.
20. Thomas B. Edsall, "Former FEMA Chief Is at Work on Gulf Coast," The Washington Post, September 8, 2005, p. A27.
21. Jochi J. Dreazen, "Connections Are Key to Contracts For Katrina Aid," Wall Street Journal, September 30, 2005, p. B1.
22. Yochi J. Dreazen, "In Katrina's Wake: U.S. Names 5 Firms to Build Housing". Wall Street Journal, September 9, 2005, p. A10.
23. "Firms with Bush-Cheney ties clinching Katrina deals," USA Today, September 10, 2005.
24. http://www.militarycity.com/valor/2891936.html
External links
Wikipedia also has an article on Joe M. Allbaugh. This article may use content from the Wikipedia article under the terms of the GFDL.
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
John Barnes
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
According to a brief biographical profile supplied to the National Journalism Center Barnes attended a course in summer '81 and has subsequently been "editorial writer, New York Post, chief editorial writer, Boston Herald, editorial writer, Detroit News, editorial page editor, Norfolk Virginian Pilot, White House correspondent, Washington Times, chief investigative reporter, Evans & Novak, corporate communications manager, Pfizer, author, Ulysses S. Grant on Leadership, author, Irish-American Landmarks: A Traveler's Guide, published in Wall Street Journal, Reason magazine".
External link
National Journalism Center John Barnes, accessed November 27, 2003.
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Family:William Bradley and Elizabeth Mayfield (1)
Facts and Events
Marriage[1] 10 Nov 1895 Sagrada, Camden, Missouri, United States
Children
BirthDeath
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
14 Sep 1911 Paden, Oklahoma
3 Aug 1970 Yuma, az.
Facts about Rev. Will J and Elizabeth Jane Bradley
Wedding date November 10, 1895 taken out of William J Bradley's Bible written by Elizabeth Jane Mayfield Bradley they where married according to Professor Howard Jones by Preacher William Jackson Wills this was the father of Luther Jackson Wills, Luther later married Annie Lee Mayfield sister of Elizabeth Jane Mayfield Bradley.
Personal Data
Information in this table taken out of William J Bradley's Bible written by Elizabeth Jane Mayfield Bradley, and given to me by my father George Bradley son of William J and Elizabeth Jane Mayfield Bradley my grandparents
Personal Data Rev. William Johnston Bradley
VitaDatumSource/Basis/Comment
DOB:30 Sept 1868 He was a Land Mark Missionary Baptist Preacher
POB:Warsaw, Benton, Missouri USA Family Bible
DOD:May 1851
POD:Okemah, Okfuskee, Oklahoma USA
PBU:Hiighland Cemetery Okemah, Oklahoma
Father:Thomas C. Bradley
Mother:Jane Wills not sure if she was his mother or step mother
Spouse:Elizabeth Jane Mayfield
DOM:10 Now 1995
POM:Camden County, Missouri
DOB:21 Jul 1878
POB: Camden County, Missouri
DOD:15 Feb 1950
POD:Okemah, Okfuskee, Oklahoma USA
PBU:Hiighland Cemetery Okemah, Oklahoma
Father:Jackson Mayfield Great-Great-Grandson of James Mayfield Sr.(Tennessee Pioneer Hall of Fame)
Mother:Esther Almeda Alice Edmondson Great-Great-Granddaughter of Col. William Edmiston (2nd in command at the Battle of King's Mountian)
Children
Name DOB POB DOD POD Spouse DOM POM Dispersion and Notes
James Albert Bradley 12 Feb 1897 Sagrada, Camden, Missouri, United States 10 Aug 1898 Sagrada, Camden, Missouri, United States information from family Bible
Thomas Jackson Bradley 26 Jun 1901 Cloud Chief, Washita, Oklahoma, United States 13 Nov 1968 Cheyenne, Roger Mills County, Oklahoma Meddie Mae Freeman 3 Mar 1925 Boles, Arkansas information from family Bible
William Johnathan "John" Bradley 31 Aug 1903 Japton, Madison, Arkansas, United States 23 Mar 1991 Californis 1st Lillie Mae Dickey: 2nd Ruby Unknown 8 Dec 1923 Mason, Okfuskee, Oklahoma information from family Bible
George Johnston Bradley 30 Jan 1906 Ponca City, Oklahoma 16 May 1994 Madisonville, Hopkins, Kentucky Connie Ovid Isbell 3 Nov 1927 Mason, Okfuskee, Oklahoma Born in a covered Wagon, Operated the largest Earth moving Machine in the world in the 1960's at Peabody's River Queen Coal Mine in Muhlenbery, Kentucky you rode an elevator to get to the operator's cab..
Esther Jane Bradley 14 Sept 1911 Paden, Oklahoma 3 Aug 1970 Yuma, Arizona Clayton Anders 7 Jul 1932 Oklahoma information from family Bible
Image Gallery
References
1. Donald Lloyd Bradley. knew this person.
This was my Grandfather, the father of my Dad....
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Foramina of Morgagni
Jump to: navigation, search
Foramina of Morgagni
The diaphragm. Under surface. Foramina of Morgagni not labeled, but costal and sternal attachments are visible near top.)
Dorlands/Elsevier f_12/12373319
The foramina of Morgagni (sing.: foramen of Morgagni) are small zones lying between the costal and sternal attachments of the thoracic diaphragm.
It is named for Giovanni Battista Morgagni.
Pathology
It can be a site of Morgagni's hernia.
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FCC Hearings on VoIP
The FCC is holding hearings on how much it should regulate VoIP telephony providers. This came to a head when a federal court declared that the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission had no jurisdiction to regulate a VoIP carrier, largely on the basis that it was a data carrier.
The problem with this discussion is two fold:
1. Trying to base regulation on the basis of technical differences is always a bad idea. We're trying to maintain the status quo in the face of changing technologies. As Jon Udell points out putting services into buckets is a hopeless exercise. I wish more regulators would just decide to stop regulating on the basis of technology.
2. Business is trying to use regulation to maintain their profit margins.
To that point, read this quote:
In November, SBC's senior vice president and chief financial officer called VoIP a "threat" to his company's residential phone service offerings, and at Monday's forum, John Hodulik, wireline telecommunications analyst at UBS Securities, predicted VoIP would "significantly" cut into the regional Bells' profit margins in the next five years. No direct representative of a regional Bell spoke at the forum, but Hodulik predicted the Bells would shift traffic to IP networks without an FCC decision on VoIP.
This is no different than RIAA using copyright to try to maintain a business model that technology has obsoleted.
There are some important public policy questions like how to make up for the universal service fee and the services it provides if states can't collect it. Universal service pays for telephone service in rural area, service to disadvantaged populations, school connectivity and so forth. I don't think its a bad thing for society to do, but I believe we have to find another way to fund it since I agree that states have a tough time justifying jurisdiction for VoIP.
Kevin Werbach testified at the FCC hearing and has posted a link to the streaming video from the CSPAN coverage.
For what its worth, in my opinion, the FCC ought to take a hands-off approach to VoIP and data services in general. Regulation will limit competition and innovation to be sure and there's simply no compelling reason to regulate it. There may be compelling reasons for the Universal Service Fund, but that tax ought to be applied fairly, not on the basis that these bits are encoding someone's voice and these bits aren't.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6203.0 - The Labour Force, Australia, Feb 1991
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 09/04/1991
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Presents detailed results of the monthly Labour Force Survey including tables showing the civilian population aged 15 and over by sex, labour force status, age (single years for persons aged 15-24 years), marital status, States and Territories, capital cities, attendance at school or tertiary education institution, country of birth, year of arrival in Australia, industry, occupation, hours worked, average hours worked, full-time/part-time workers, participation rates, whether looking for full-time or part-time work (unemployed), duration of unemployment, changes in labour force status using matched records, relationship in household, families. Most issues contain an article on a special labour force topic.
Previously: The Labour Force
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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4731.0 - Defining Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander-owned Businesses, 2010
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm sure many of you are familiar with sacrificing health for your start-up, but I'm curious as to your opinion on on using stimulants, specifically Provigil (modafinil), to enhance your performance during the days?
Provigil has been in the media for quite a few years and, aside from very rare but very deadly allergic reaction potential, there are no real side-effects to the drug. However, the long term safety has not been determined (only on market for ~10 years).
Now, Provigil makes a big difference in the day-to-day: not only will it help those late nite w/ early meeting problems, but it will take those ordinary days and turn them into extraordinary days by quashing any notion of sleepiness. Obviously, it's no replacement for sleep (you feel tired on it... just not sleepy), but it can come in handy once or twice a week.
Have you considered Provigil? How far are you willing to go?
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closed as off topic by Robert Cartaino Jun 14 '12 at 2:56
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8 Answers
up vote 5 down vote accepted
I'd be really worried about the long-term safety. Sleep is important for a bunch of reasons formation of memories; sleep loss might contribute to Alzheimers; nobody really knows what else).
Also, my understanding is that these drugs might help you to think for longer, but they won't help (might even hinder) you from thinking better. The latter is probably more important.
share|improve this answer
To keep it on the topic of startups -- running a startup is more like a marathon than a sprint. If you (a) think you need extraordinary measures such as stimulants, or (b) that you're looking for short-term ways to get you through things, you're doing it all wrong. Don't look for drugs, look for serious flaws in your organization, your partners, your resources, or the scope of your initial startup work, something is really wrong. Do you really need money or partners who complement your skill set?
share|improve this answer
If you need modafinil to be productive in your line of work, maybe what you're doing isn't the right fit for you.
Taking medication day-in-and-day-out, just to get stuff done, isn't sustainable long term.
share|improve this answer
I have some provigil in the drawer next to me but have yet to take any: for me, naturally hacking brain chemistry with endorphins and sleep have proven to be much more important to creative productivity than raw horsepower.
My ideal day: 3 - 4 hours of concentrated effort in the morning, followed by short, intense interval training (e.g. crossfit.com), followed by another 5 - 6 hours of concentrated effort with a couple of hours of down time in the evening and a good night's sleep.
Invariably, I find that both in the morning after waking up and in the afternoon after the workout, there are unexpected realizations, connections, conclusions, insights.
I highly recommend a) endorphins and b) being more attuned to your own body (energy levels, concentration, attention span) over pharmaceuticals.
Exercise generates new neurons (1), generates anti-depressant hormones, and produces endorphins, which alleviate pain, induce euphoria, decrease appetite, improve cognitive functioning, and attach to the same receptors as opiates.
What's not to like about that? :-)
(1) http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro05/web2/mmcgovern.html
share|improve this answer
You're better off with a cup of walnuts and a good night sleep. As with @Neil Davidson's answer, Think about the Quality of your thinking time versus the pure Quantity.
We are not just talking about a cup of coffee to start your day or get you through a slow afternoon. The pharmaceuticals you are describing can be habit forming like coffee, but they're in a different ball game all together.
share|improve this answer
I think drugs like Provigil are the easy way out. And that always involves sacrificing something else, usually your health. I'm always extra suspicious when somebody is offering a drug to "fix" or "improve" me.
Right now I am working on improving my performance through changing my lifestyle. I switched to a healthy diet (went vegan, and I'm even considering raw foodism). I also started doing some exercise in the mornings. Physical activity has given me tremendous boosts in energy during the entire day. Note that I don't even do coffee anymore -- 20 push-ups do a much better job.
share|improve this answer
I was perscribe Provigil about five years ago. I am resistant to anti-depressants and have major depressionl.The only thing left for me to do is have ECT, but four years ago at age 56 I had a stroke, respiratory failure, and went into a coma. My husband and my daughter watched as a priest gave me last rites. But, I got a miracle. I am all right.
But then the depression started again and was worse. I had to stop working as a teacher, a job I loved.
Finally, my psych. perscribe Provigil. It has made a tremendous change in my life. When I have a really bad spell, nothing works. But "normal" day are so hard and Provigil helps. Maybe it is risky, but I have a choice of never getting out of bed, having ECT which is risky because of my medical condition, or taking Provigil and only being sick one week a month.
People without Major Depression cannot understand how it feels. There is a website where people desribe their depression if anyone is interested: http//www.wingsofmadness.com/what-does depression-feel-like-446/comment446/ I think you could find it.
I have tried all or many of the remedies suggested over the years. Exercise makes me feel better until I am struke down again.
I am not yet willing to go to ECT, but even that may come.
share|improve this answer
Funny you should ask, as just today I was reading a pretty interesting article on modafinil and related meds. Fascinating.
Whatever you do: consult your physician first. (Yes, you need a prescription, but I mean: consult a physican who knows you.) Some things aren't worth sacrificing, even for your dream.
share|improve this answer
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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125 reputation
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I'm a student majoring in Languages (branch: Linguistics), currently working as a freelance translator. I've recently discovered Dropbox and I'm going to use it for my needs! :)
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Deutsch gefällt mir.
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私は日本語が好きです。
我爱中文。
Jag älskar Svenska.
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents
About: Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents
Module by: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski. E-mail the authors
View the content: Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents
Metadata
Name: Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents
ID: m18882
Language: English (en)
Summary: This module is from Elementary Algebra by Denny Burzynski and Wade Ellis, Jr. This chapter contains many examples of arithmetic techniques that are used directly or indirectly in algebra. Since the chapter is intended as a review, the problem-solving techniques are presented without being developed. Therefore, no work space is provided, nor does the chapter contain all of the pedagogical features of the text. As a review, this chapter can be assigned at the discretion of the instructor and can also be a valuable reference tool for the student.
Subject: Mathematics and Statistics
Keywords: algebra, elementary, exponential notation, exponents, factors, products
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 2.0
Authors: Wade Ellis (fgafaculty@gmail.com), Denny Burzynski (dcwill@rice.edu)
Copyright Holders: Wade Ellis (fgafaculty@gmail.com), Denny Burzynski (dcwill@rice.edu)
Maintainers: Wade Ellis (fgafaculty@gmail.com), Denny Burzynski (dcwill@rice.edu), LearningMate LearningMate (abhijit.chaturvedi@learningmate.com), Matt Gardner (mgardner@wordsandnumbers.com)
Latest version: 1.5 (history)
First publication date: Dec 8, 2008 4:36 pm -0600
Last revision to module: May 28, 2009 4:09 pm -0500
Downloads
PDF: m18882_1.5.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
EPUB: m18882_1.5.epub Electronic publication file, for viewing in handheld devices. Learn more.
XML: m18882_1.5.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Source Export ZIP: m18882_1.5.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.5 May 28, 2009 4:09 pm -0500 by Connexions
Changes:
took link out of summary
Version: 1.4 May 27, 2009 1:10 am -0500 by LearningMate LearningMate
Changes:
Final Publish.
Version: 1.3 Apr 29, 2009 11:02 am -0500 by Jonathan Emmons
Changes:
administrative publish
Version: 1.2 Apr 29, 2009 9:33 am -0500 by Kyle Barnhart
Changes:
administrative publish
Version: 1.1 Dec 12, 2008 2:04 pm -0600 by Judy Baker
Changes:
none
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
If you derive a copy of this content using a Connexions account and publish your version, proper attribution of the original work will be automatically done for you.
If you reuse this work elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license (CC-BY 2.0), you must include
• the authors' names: Wade Ellis, Denny Burzynski
• the title of the work: Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents
• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m18882/1.5/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
How to Cite and Attribute This Content
The following citation styles comply with the attribution requirements for the license (CC-BY 2.0) of this work:
American Chemical Society (ACS) Style Guide:
Ellis, W.; Burzynski, D. Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m18882/1.5/, May 28, 2009.
American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Ellis W, Burzynski D. Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents [Connexions Web site]. May 28, 2009. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m18882/1.5/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Ellis, W., & Burzynski, D. (2009, May 28). Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m18882/1.5/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Ellis, Wade, and Denny Burzynski. "Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents." Connexions. May 28, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m18882/1.5/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Wade Ellis and Denny Burzynski, "Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents," Connexions, May 28, 2009, http://cnx.org/content/m18882/1.5/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Ellis, W., & Burzynski, D. 2009. Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents. Connexions, May 28, 2009. http://cnx.org/content/m18882/1.5/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Ellis, Wade, and Denny Burzynski. Arithmetic Review: Factors, Products, and Exponents. Connexions. 28 May 2009 <http://cnx.org/content/m18882/1.5/>.
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Heavy Bolt
In Game Description
A large-sized bolt that's more powerful than a standard bolt.
Ranged attacks require that both a crossbow and bolts be equipped.
General Information
name damage weight location
Heavy Bolt 65/0/0 0.1 Nexus vendor Patches, the Hyena - 40 souls
Key
Damage: The Damage stat dictates how much damage the weapon does. The Damage stats for a weapon are X / Y / Z:
• X is Physical Damage
• Y is Magical Damage
• Z is Fire Damage
All Arrows and Bolts deal Piercing damage.
Weight: The Weight of the weapon. Note that ammunition weight will not add to Equip Weight, only Item Burden is affected.
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
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Priest
In Game Description
A soldier of the church that believes in the God of this world. This is a tough character that is equipped with chain mail and shield. They can heal themselves with miracles, but their lack of dexterity makes them poor at handling advanced weapons.
Starting Stats
Vitality Intelligence Endurance Strength Dexterity Magic Faith Luck Soul
Level
13 11 12 13 8 8 13 8 6
General Information
• The Mace and Heater Shield are a good combo for melee combat. The Heater Shield is the smallest shield that blocks 100% of physical damage.
• This class also begins with a Talisman of God, and can use the Heal Miracle right from the start of the game.
• Dexterity is rather low, which will limit the variety of weapons you can use until it is leveled up.
Starting equipment
weapon shield armor ammo spell consumables
Mace
Talisman of God
Heater Shield Chain Helmet
Chain Mail
Chain Gloves
Hard Leather Boots
n/a Heal Crescent Moon Grass x3
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
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Error!
Success!
Building a web-based database application within 8 hours
0
kicks
Building a web-based database application within 8 hours (Unpublished)
This article shows you how to implement a rock-solid, multi-tier, scalable, AJAXified C# ASP.NET client/server-application with ease. The tutorial consists of five parts that show how the application has been modeled. Today, I'd like to start with a short introduction and the specification of the application.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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92648
Kinect for Windows Becoming Available Next Month–Insurer Prayers Have Been Answered With Getting Consumers to Play Games So They Can Collect More Data <Grin>
If you read here often enough you know I have covered quite a few of the Kinect healthcare stories which are great with what has been done with hacking the system, but we do have these insurance companies that want every stick of data they can get their hands on and have put out games for consumers to play to be healthy, well this is just what they were waiting for and Aetna already has their games they have hawked quite a bit recently so will the public play “the Insurance Games”? I don’t know about you but my healthcare and games don’t quite mix and I’d rather play a real game.
Aetna To Offer Online Game Social Game For Personal Wellness- Joins Humana As They Have An Online Game Called FamScape
As a matter of fact it would not surprise me to see the games in Best Buy since Aetna is going to begin hawking their software products in some of their stores. They want your data one way or another.
Best Buy Setting Up to Hawk Software from Aetna For Consumer Wellness–Companies Still Don’t Get the Consumer Involvement Yet With a Vehicle and Creating Value
So which one will come out with a game first? United had a big presence at CES so maybe they will jump on this bandwagon too? They get into everything including investing in low income housing and distributing cheap hearing aids from China.
United Healthcare Partners With Mobile Health Tech Firms–Investment for Data? Check Out All Privacy Statements Today Regarding Privacy, What Little is Left for Consumers
One executive from Homeland Security a while back though said sometimes we “dumb down” consumers with items as such too and as I mentioned at the post below, would you see Ben Bernanke playing insurance company games? I think he’s more interested in money and has his plate full with other items.
Insurer Software Games Continue to “Dumb Down” Consumers–Would You See Bernanke, the President, CEOs and Other Executives Playing an Online Insurance Game–No, Part of the Focus Of Occupy Wall Street Frustrations
Now for PACS systems and other uses, Kinect has some awesome potential and it has even worked with the daVinci robotic surgery unit. This is where the real value of Kinect will be for healthcare instead of creating another way to get data to sell. Here’s some real good articles below.
Microsoft Announces New Kinect Hardware for Windows Coming in Early 2012–Bring It On
Microsoft Kinect Working with a PACS Server-Images on Steroids Via Gestures (Video)
Microsoft Kinect Effect–Sensors Everywhere Including the Hospital OR- Video
Here’s another hot article to check out relating to Kinect and Surface. Again I do wonder how long it will take insurers to work this into the game=data scenario and how long before we read about it and will they be fighting in court over patenting their games <grin>. BD
Windows Phone + Windows7 + Kinect + Surface + Speech Recognition – Wicked Technology and Integration
Healthcare. Microsoft clearly sees Kinect as a hospital and healthcare staple. On ZDNet Health, Denise Amrich noted how Kinect is helping hospitals practice so-called clean techniques. Amrich, an RN, noted that keeping a sterile environment is critical. Kinect is also likely to have surgical applications too. And Kinect is likely to be useful even at the lower end of the healthcare spectrum. The Wii is used in physical therapy. Chances are the Kinect will be too. Also see: Microsoft foresees roles for Surface 2, Xbox, Kinect in healthcare
http://www.zdnet.com/blog/btl/five-industries-for-microsofts-kinect-for-windows/66700
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Buildroot:GSoC2013Ideas
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 14:16, 14 February 2013 by ThomasPetazzoni (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Ideas for the GSoC 2013 on Buildroot
Improve support of ARM SoC multimedia features
Buildroot as an embedded Linux build system, has had support for the ARM architecture pretty much since its creation, and Buildroot is used by a number of companies and hobbyists to build embedded Linux systems that run on ARM platforms.
A number of the modern ARM processors (so called SoC, for System-on-chip) have advanced multimedia features, like OpenGL acceleration, OpenVG acceleration, accelerated video encoding or decoding features (either through dedicated hardware units or DSPs). For example, the OMAP processors from Texas Instruments (used on the BeagleBoard, PandaBoard and BeagleBone), the i.MX processor from Freescale, the BCM2835 from Broadcom (used on Rasberry Pi) all offer such multimedia features. Using those multimedia features require specific libraries provided by the different processor vendors, and Buildroot is currently lacking packages to integrate those specific libraries. They are usually not trivial to integrate, because the libraries provided by the processor vendors often use uncommon build systems, have bizarre dependencies and so on. However, getting the support for those libraries in Buildroot is very important so that Buildroot users can fully benefit from the multimedia features of their hardware.
The Buildroot project will use the $500 provided by Google to the mentoring organization to provide 2 or 3 hardware development boards to the student. The GSoC will then be approximately be split in the following steps, for each platform:
• Get used to the platform (get a working kernel and minimal userspace)
• Investigate the libraries provided by the processor vendor to use the multimedia features, and make experiments to get them working
• Create proper Buildroot packages to allow other users to easily integrate those libraries in their embedded Linux systems.
• Get some packages accepted upstream in the official Buildroot Git repository, by going through the traditional patch submission/review process.
Skills suggested/required:
• Basic Embedded Linux knowledge (basics of cross-compilation, building/configuring a kernel, etc.)
• Basic understanding of multimedia features (OpenGL, OpenVG, video acceleration)
• A minimal knowledge of Buildroot is a plus.
Improve Blackfin support
Blackfin is a DSP architecture designed by Analog Devices, and the most powerful Blackfin DSP are capable of running Linux. In the past, Analog Devices was using the uClinux-dist build system, but has now switched to using Buildroot as their official build system, which is a really good thing. Unfortunately, they have done this as a fork of the official Buildroot rather than contributing their changes back to the original project.
While the official Buildroot project has minimal support for Blackfin, the idea of this GSoC is to reintegrate back into the official Buildroot many of the improvements made by Analog Devices. This involves improvements in Buildroot packages (to support their use in non-MMU environments, since the Blackfin DSPs don't have MMUs), but also some more core changes in Buildroot.
The Buildroot fork from Analog Devices is visible at [1].
The $500 provided by Google to the mentoring organization will be used to provide the student with a Blackfin hardware development board.
Skills suggested/required:
• Basic Embedded Linux knowledge (basics of cross-compilation, building/configuring a kernel, etc.)
• A minimal knowledge of Buildroot is a plus.
Improve testing infrastructure
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Difference between revisions of "EVM Overclocking"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
m (moved EVMoc to EVM Overclocking)
Revision as of 14:17, 27 October 2011
Overclock in UBOOT. Be careful, this is only 'theoretical'. Check the datasheets for suitable values. You can also underclock to save power.
Overlocking ARM:
In UBOOT find the /boards/davinci.c file. In there there is a routine called misi_init_r.
There you can add code to change the value pf the PLL1_PLLM register.
Overclocking DDR:
Same as above, however you can set the values for PLL2_PLLM and PLL2_DIV2.
Overclocking DSP:
<to follow>
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M. genitalium Whole-cell Model :: Knowledge Base Code and Data
Share this:
Cite this:
M. genitalium Whole-cell Model :: Knowledge Base Code and Data. Jonathan Karr. figshare.
http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.93254
Retrieved 08:01, May 18, 2013 (GMT)
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Code for Karr JR, Sanghvi JC, Macklin DN, Gutschow MV, Jacobs JM, Bolival B, Assad-Garcia N, Glass JI & Covert MW. A Whole-Cell Computational Model Predicts Phenotype from Genotype. Cell 150, 389-401 (2012).
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Morocco
Country archive · 377 posts
Latest stories about Morocco
13 March 2012
Video: Share Your Challenges and Win an iPad2 in Contest
The Bertelsmann Foundation's FutureChallenges initiative wants to hear about the challenges faced by people all around the world. By making a video and uploading it to their Facebook page, you could win a new iPad2.
15 February 2012
Morocco: Student Jailed for Insulting King in Video
A 24 year-old Moroccan student, Abdelsamad Haydour, has been sentenced to three years in jail for criticizing the king of Morocco in a video posted on YouTube. The news of the sentence provoked strong reactions on social networks.
8 February 2012
Morocco: Busted for Posting Caricatures of the King on Facebook
On February 7, Walid Bahomane appeared before a court in the Moroccan capital Rabat. The 18-year-old is accused of "defaming Morocco's sacred values" by posting pictures and videos on Facebook mocking king Mohammed VI of Morocco. Moroccan netizens are closing ranks in solidarity with Bahomane.
6 February 2012
Africa: Highs and Lows of the 2012 African Cup of Nations
People unite around their national football teams in Africa more than anywhere else in the world. In the fervour surrounding the 2012 African Cup of Nations, there are two points that attract the attention of bloggers. The first is the absence of the usual great nations of African football and the second is that of the complicated issue surrounding bonuses.
Africa: 2012 Cup of Nations Delivers Many Surprises
The first round of the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations has been full of surprises as tournament favourites, such as Senegal and Morocco, have already been eliminated. Tweets from around Africa show how the whole continent has been captivated by the tournament.
25 January 2012
Africa: 2012 Cup of Nations Kicks Off!
The Africa Cup of Nations began in Bata, Equatorial Guinea this Saturday, January 21, kicking off three weeks of fierce competition. The Cup is the most important international football competition in Africa.
15 January 2012
Morocco: Activist Rapper Freed
Mouad Belghouat "Al Haked" (The Indignant), a 24-year-old Moroccan rap artist and outspoken critic of Morocco's monarchy, was released on Thursday from prison where he had been held since last September. The announcement of Mouad's release spread like fire on Facebook and Twitter as several supporters rushed to the prison to welcome him.
7 January 2012
MENA: 2011, a Year of Struggle and Triumphs for Bloggers
With all of the social media successes throughout the Middle East and North Africa in 2011, it would be all too easy to overlook the struggles faced by bloggers and netizens throughout the region. But with 126 netizens imprisoned, it would be a travesty.
4 January 2012
Arab World: A Year In Pictures – Our Authors’ Selection
As we bid farewell to 2011 and look ahead to 2012, we asked our authors to share with you pictures that in their eyes have marked the past year in their respective countries. The following selection represents their choices.
2 January 2012
From Sidi Bouzid to Kinshasa: Francophone Africa in 2011
The usual year-end review would hardly do justice to the epic changes that have turned Francophone Africa upside down, driven by the collective courage of its citizens who often faced violent repression while striving for emancipation from various dictatorships. Through the eyes of local citizen media, here are the highlights of 2011.
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Wednesday, May 31, 2006
Teacher Gift...
EG15-G5
I completed the last day of my 3 day country club school assignment in this class. With only ten school days left for this school year, the class mood was “excitable” to say the least.
We were not only visited by the principal today, but also the vice principal and the “Student principal for a day”.
The “SP4 a day” greets me with “Hi! Mr. Homework!” Evidentially I was a substitute in his class earlier this year but I couldn’t tell you which classroom he was from.
This greeting generated some odd glances from the P and VP but they didn’t request an explanation and I didn’t volunteer one.
As stated in the previous post, the “Read-Aloud” assignment cost me one worthless coin for yesterday and another for today. Student readers mangled the “elves, gnomes, dwarves” names almost as much as I did on the first day.
With today’s end of day handouts, there was a note from a parent volunteer asking for a $20 donation from each family for the end of year “teacher gift”.
Less-see….twenty-eight kids….times $20.00/ea….carry the one…that’s...WOW…almost $600 !!!
I wonder what Christmas time is like around here?…
Sunday, May 28, 2006
It's All In A Name...
EG15-G5
I’ve always been bad remembering names.
It takes me at least three or more encounters before I can remember the name to attach a face. This may be a major character flaw or maybe it’s just something I can attribute to the frequency of changing work groups while working at twenty three different high tech companies over a span of the last thirty three years.
Getting to know the names of the people with whom you work is easier because almost everyone in “the industry” wears a company ID name badge with picture.
Even so, for the first few weeks I would make lists of people’s names that I had to interact with until I could greet them by name without first searching for that ID badge clipped on a belt, purse or hanging from a neck chain.
I can still go blank when I run across someone I “know” from only a year or so back if I encounter them out of context in a location like a hardware store or a fast food court in the mall. I usually end up confessing in an awkward exchange that I “blanked on your name” and try to laugh it off blaming it on genetic Alzheimer’s.
I’m finding it harder to play the same trick with this substitute teaching gig.
I rarely sub for the same teachers more than three or four times in a whole year. Nobody at the schools wears ID badges. I meet a new group of twenty to thirty kids every day I go to an assignment at which time I usually see the name exactly once during attendance.
Of those thirty or so names, a small percentage will be unpronounceable (…”Is Pwllheli here?”). Another group will be spelled correctly but pronounced wrongly (…"Is Joel here"…"It’s pronounced JOE-ELL!!"). Lastly we have the “clever, cute” names: Afrika, Contessa, Chynna, DeStani (pronounced “destiny”).
Add to the mix we have kids with first names that might or might not be fully printed because the parents INSIST on the full hyphenated last name on the “last name first” column of the class attendance sheet.
I don’t know how many times I’ve asked if Alber was present only to be informed that there was no Alber in class, but there IS an Alberto.
I have even been known to compensate for what I assumed was a “truncated name” asking for Christopher only to be told that the name is indeed Christoph.
Even with all these hurtles, I still make feeble attempts at names instead of referring to the kid as “third from the back in this row”.
Now we come to Friday's 5th grade lesson plan entry. I was to read from the next chapter of The Book of Three (Prydain Chronicles) which their teacher is reading to them in class.
Truly a cruel joke. It’s a fantasy story about elves, gnomes, dwarves with …you guessed it…unpronounceable names.
Why can’t elves, dwarfs and gnomes have names like Tom, Dick, Mary and Butch?
Instead we have Melyngar, Eiddileg, Dallben, Doli, Ffewddur, Nevvid, Gwydion, Medwyn, Eilonwy, Gurgi, Prydain.
So stumbling half way through the assigned chapter, I gave up and announced we’re going on to something else. Problem is that I have this same class for Tuesday and Wednesday this coming week and I’m sure this lesson item is on the plan for both days.
If I can’t get a student volunteer to read the next chapter(s) for me, I may have to bribe one with a worthless coin or two.
Thursday, May 25, 2006
Movie Buzz...
What’s all this buzz about a fictional movie?
Everyone knows it IS fiction! Right?
Thanks to Darren for finding -> http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id=052406F
Monday, May 22, 2006
Compare & Contrast...
Last Friday and today, I had two consecutive 4th grade classes. Different schools in different districts. The following are a few observations.
See if you can group the observations to my school of preference:
----------
Class size: 29 kids
Class size: 35 kids
No whiteboard space left to use as it is plastered with “Genealogy of the entire Donner Party
The kids had an assembly featuring a “Rain Forest Musical” featuring native made musical instruments followed by an offer to sell the CD ($15/ea) or Tape ($9/ea). No successful sale to any 4th grader was observed.
At recess time some of kids ask me: “Can you come out and play with us?”
Confiscated student comic drawing during class featuring a guy asking “Who wants a blow job?” and also provides the following: “def: sucks balls and dicks as a hobby.”
This schools PTA holds an annual “Black Tie Formal” affair to auction off donated items bringing +$100k/year to the school. You can name your own street for the year if you have the highest bid.
Teachers lounge has free chips, salsa, jumbo burritos and sodas for the teachers (and me!)
Staff lounge has NO vending machines of any kind. I was informed that having a soft drink anywhere in school in the district is illegal. Funny, all the other elementary schools that I’ve been to in this district HAVE at least a soda machine in the staff lounge.
Teacher lunch - $3.25: One pizza slice measuring EXACTLY 6”x6” with EXACTLY three pepperoni slices, 4floz carton of apple juice. I didn’t even know juice cartons that small existed!
I encountered “Smencils” in class. These are smelly pencils that come in a variety of odors. Most of the kids had at least two each.
Flavor list: Root Beer, Chocolate Milk, Cherry, Hazelnut Latte, Orange, Peppermint, Cinnamon, Cookie Dough, Grape and Bubble Gum.
Teacher in the staff lounge indicates there is a demand for private one-on-one tutors by parents at this school. Rate is $50-$120 per hour.
I need a code and my own paper to operate the copier.
I can make as many copies as I want.
Sunday, May 21, 2006
Sub Qualifications?
Over at the Education Wonks there is a piece about how Boston is attracting quality substitute teachers for the Boston Public School system
Benefits and better pay! What a concept!
Thursday, May 18, 2006
Paroled...
OG22-G6
I don’t really know why schools have “shift” periods at the elementary level. It’s more difficult for a “guest teacher” to face three different sets of kids for three different subjects (reading, math and science).
My sentence was only for a day and a half (Wed and Thurs) for a crime I have yet to determine. I served my time in this 6th grade class and was paroled Thursday afternoon. It might have been bearable with only one set of jailers, but this prison term I was subjected to three sets. Five if you count three for the full day and two for the half day.
With three sets of jailers, I have three different sets of notes on the lesson plan warning me about certain individuals sitting with each other. Three different notes about who is likely to give me problems due to ADD, ADHD, ACDC, ABBA, WAS, AAAAAAAAAEEEEEEEE and what ever else the kid has likely forgotten to take his pills for.
Just about the time I get a handle on dealing with one set of kids, the time is up and the next shift arrives and we get to start over.
After moving one obnoxious kid away from the girl he was stabbing with a pencil on the first day to a desk away from everyone else (he told me his dad had “run out of his pills”), he proceeded to piss me off enough that I sent him to have a talk with the principle.
Unfortunately the principle had left for the day. How can you be the boss of the school and not BE at the school during school hours? The office staff said they’d keep him in the office until the end of the day.
Kudos to the office staff! Boo’s to the principal!
I’m off to the country club school tomorrow to decompress in 4th grade...
Wednesday, May 17, 2006
Guest Teacher Appreciation Day...
No, there is no “official” recognition day for substitute teachers. But when I get an email like the following, it IS appreciated.
----------
Hello,
You've subbed a couple of times for me this year and the students request you every time I'm absent.
I need to be out of town from Friday May 26 through Wednesday May 31 and was wondering if you were available on that Friday, Tuesday, and Wednesday.
Let me know so I can plan accordingly.
Thanks,
J.S.
S.O. Elem, grade 4/5
---------------------
Tuesday, May 16, 2006
Cast Of Characters...
OG24-G5
From yesterday’s half day 5th grade class:
Candy Man
I’m giving the math lesson when I notice three empty chairs at one table where it used to be full. I angle around for a look-see and notice three boys under the table with butts in the air hunched over a bag. I haul the boys out and confiscate a Halloween size cache of candy to the protest of the “candy man” owner. I inform him that I’ll let his regular teacher give it back when he returns in the afternoon.
Teddy Bear Boy
Is it me or does it seem more than a little odd to see an 11yr old boy in class with his teddy bear. He claims it gives him the answers to the math problems.
On the way out the door I ask one of the other students how long he has been bringing the teddy bear to class. “Oh! It’s new! He just got it today!”
Concentration Pill Girl
Then we have the ultimate unmotivated girl. She’s the only one without a Math book on the desk long after the class was instructed on the page number and problem set.
me: Where’s your Math book?
cpg: In the desk.
me: Let’s get it out and start working. Ok?
cpg: (opens book)
--later--
I notice the book still open but no work has begun.
me: Having any trouble with the problems?
cpg: No! (Looks up with the “aren’t I cute” grin)
me: Then how come I don’t see any math done on the paper?
cpg: I’m going to do it at home.
me: Let’s do it today in class instead.
cpg: I didn’t take my pill. (With another “aren’t I cute” grin.)
me: What pill is that?
cpg: The one that makes me concentrate in school. (Still with the perpetual “aren’t I cute” grin)
Only one more hour more to go!
Monday, May 15, 2006
Bait-N-Switch...
OG24-G5
My 4th grade assignment for today was arranged last month. It’s in a newer school where everything still works. I was on time, ready to go and about to receive the keys and attendance list from the office secretary when the phone rang.
“Yes, he’s here in the office right now.” (Silence, facial expressions, rollie eyes) “So who are we getting to sub for Ms. K’s class today?” …(more silence, more rollie eyes, with a slight grimace)…) “Ok, I’ll ask”
“Mr. P? The sub coordinator needs you over at (the school of the perpetually broken A/C and wild kids -- my description-- elementary) instead of here today”.
I must have had that “deer in the headlights” look, as I didn’t immediately answer.
“It’s for a half day assignment”
Now I must have switched to the “ARE YOU KIDDING ME??” look.
Give up a full day pay assignment for a last minute, half day pay assignment at the school of perpetual migraine?
“She says they’ll pay you for a full day if you agree”.
DEAL!
Sunday, May 14, 2006
Payday...
I didn’t work at all this past week and it was by choice.
We had both grandgirls over to spend the week with us. They are 20 and 14 months old and a blast to be with.
My job as a substitute teacher allows me to take unpaid days off whenever I need. That is the one and only benefit of the job. This week I took it.
<BEGIN RANT!!>
I work in two different school districts and both issue paychecks once a month to substitute teachers.
The pay period for my favored district (#1) is from the 26th of the previous month through the 25th of the current month with checks issued on the 10th of the next month.
The other (#2) district cycle is from the 6th of the previous month to the 5th of the current month with payday the last day of the current month.
This means that for any one day you work, you won’t get paid for that day until 10-35 days later from district #1 and 25-55 days later in district #2.
Both districts prefer “day labor” employees pick up their checks at the respective district offices on payday. Neither district offers automatic deposit as they tell me that it is not available to “day labor” employees.
This creative accounting means that District #2 gets to earn about another month’s extra interest on the money it owes the “day labor” employees. (This has always bugged me since I signed up for this district and one of these days I might have look up the state rules to see if this is actually legal.)
District #2 WILL pay the postage to mail your check if you don’t personally pick it up at the district office by 04:00pm on payday.
To make a long story even longer, payday was Wednesday this last week in district #1 and I chose not spending expensive gas money driving to the district office to pick up my check.
Instead, I walked the grandgirls down to the park for some play time figuring I should see a check in the mail a day or two later. No biggie.
Well, Friday’s mail doesn’t include my check. I call the district office and find out that they are still holding my check waiting for me to pick it up.
Come to find out that District #1 WON’T mail my check unless I provide the postage. They will, begrudgingly, spend the postage and mail it to me five days after payday. I did not know this until this week.
This is the same district that cut the substitute teachers daily rate by $10 this year claiming budget cuts.
In exchange, I should think that the least they could do was give each substitute teacher an extra 39 cents a month to mail a lousy check.
<END RANT!!>
Monday, May 08, 2006
WMEQ...
EG13-G6
There are a more than a few things I don’t do well.
Singing, dancing and playing musical instruments are all out of the question while being a guest teacher for the day.
Explaining math, reading aloud, inserting DVD’s are all well within my talents while following a teacher’s lesson plan.
Mixed in with the books for today’s 6th grade assignment included a title called “"What's Happening To Me? A Guide to Puberty…”
The book includes a section titled:
Worlds most embarrassing questions (WMEQ):
• Why is my chest getting bumpy?
• What’s an erection?
• What’s a period?
• Why is my voice acting funny?
• Why do I get pimples?
• What’s masturbation?
• Why am I getting hairy?
• What’s a wet dream?
• Why is mine not like his?
• What happens next?
Did I forget this is an “illustrated” book?
A VERY illustrated book! No way is this going to work in a mixed boy/girl classroom environment of thirty kids without losing control.
A quick double check of the lesson plan did NOT include any lesson plan assignment involving this book.
That’s very good, because it had already made my current and future “Do Not Do” list.
No Way! No How!
Tuesday, May 02, 2006
Bird in the hand...
E11-G6
What’s the deal with all the “half” day assignments lately? Half day assignments also mean half day pay. You always take a chance turning down a half day assignment hoping that a full day assignment might still be possible.
It’s the classic “bird in the hand” choice.
I missed two calls offering half day kinder assignments yesterday. I took today’s half day assignment in 6th grade when they called at 10:00am because any hope for a full day was long gone.
So what to do about this afternoon’s call for three, contiguous “half day” assignments in 4th grade the rest of the week? Take it or chance that you can pick up at least two full days to make more? After today’s experience, I’ll chance it.
Today’s half day seemed more like a full day. I’ve been in this class exactly once this school year about six months ago. I remembered that day as soon as I recognized "Popeye" sitting in the back row. It wasn’t a happy memory. But, for some reason, THEY were happy to see me! Go figure.
Guess what? This class hasn’t changed a bit in six months. Last time, I declined the offer to “send any trouble makers next door” to the other 6th grade, seeing that as a challenge to persevere. Today I harbor no such allusions.
Popeye and the two Blutos are going to be “outa here” the moment I get too frustrated with them. So to my surprise, while people WERE sent next door, it wasn’t them.
Two girls got into a shoving, wrestling match just before last hour so they got the boot instead.
Popeye and the Blutos were borderline “booties” today but survived only because I felt that sending almost 20% of the class out for discipline reasons might have been a bit much.
Next time I might not care…
Monday, May 01, 2006
Calif Proposition 82, the Preschool for All initiative...
I turned down two requests for subbing Kindergarten today. I just couldn't handle it today.
I don't even want to contemplate the concept for subbing PRE-Kindergarten.
My vote is NO on 82!!
Pro/Con debate rages here:
http://www.edspresso.com/2006/05/...susanna_cooper_vs_joann.htm
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19 November 2007
Die, TinyURL, Die!
A couple of years ago, I wrote about TinyURLs, noting:
they are a great idea: too many Internet addresses have become long snaking strings of apparently random text. But the solution - to replace this with a unique but shorter URL beginning http://tinyurl.com commits the sin of obscuring the address, an essential component of the open Web.
Well, I don't want to say "I told you so", but "I told you so":
The link shortening and redirection service TinyURL went down apparently for hours last night, rendering countless links broken across the web. Complaints have been particularly loud on Twitter, where long links are automatically turned to TinyURLs and complaining is easy to do, but the service is widely used in emails and web pages as well. The site claims to service 1.6 billion hits each month.
That post worries about having a single point of failure for the Web; that's certainly valid, but for me the malaise is deeper. Even if there were hundreds of TinyURL-like services, it wouldn't solve the problem that they subvert the open nature of the Web.
Far better for the Web to wean itself off TinyURL now and get back to proper addressing. Interestingly, blogging URLs often do that, with nicely descriptive URLs that let you form a rough idea of what you're going to view before you get there.
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From OpenWetWare
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• Tuesday we transformed bacteria with plasmids from three different parts; promoter, RBS, and double terminator. Wednesday we counted colonies on plates and innoculated media tubes for continued growth of colonies. Innoculated 3 tubes with the promoter transformed bacertia colonies, 4 tubes with the double terminator transformed bacteria colonies, and 6 tubes with the RBS transformed bacteria colonies. 6 tubes of RBS were done because of inconsistent growth on the plate.
Thursday we perfomed a plasmid miniprep on all parts. Prepared glycerol stocks. Plasmids that were isolated were stored in -80C as well as the glycerol stocks. Next week we plan to digest the plasmids for our parts and run on gel to make sure the correct parts are in the plasmids.
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Image:Photo (4).JPG
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User:Pranav Rathi/Notebook/OT
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Contents
Project 1 Description/Abstract at UNM
• Design and construction of an advance Optical Tweezers for studying protein-DNA interactions, DNA overstretching, DNA unzipping and other phenomenon involving nano and micro size constituents and biological systems.
Links
[Project 1: Design and construction of an advance Optical Tweezers [1]]
[Koch Lab Notes[2]]
Recent Results
The Tweezers is complete and working. Some of the challenges faced are discussed and detailed in the link [3].
Project 2 Description/Abstract
• Design and construction of devices used for various research projects.
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Wikiomics:Repeat finding
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 16:00, 22 March 2010 by Darek Kedra (Talk | contribs)
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To simplify, this page assumes eucakariotic genomic DNA repeat finding.
Repeat finding can be divided into two tasks, depending on availability of repeat library:
A) Library exists for a given (or possibly closely related species)
or
B) you construct such library de novo.
Task A is usually a prerequisite step for genome annotation and even blast searches. For newly sequences genomes one should start with B (constructing species specific repeat library).
Contents
Detecting known repeats
Most comonly used: Repeatmasker
RepeatMasker
• Online web server [1]
• command line
You have to have a FastA file (it can be multiple FastA). Type:
repmask your_sequence_in_fasta_format
You will get a file: your_sequence_in_fasta_format.masked --- name tells all
species options (choose only one):
-m(us) masks rodent specific and mammalian wide repeats
-rod(ent) same as -mus
-mam(mal) masks repeats found in non-primate, non-rodent mammals
-ar(abidopsis) masks repeats found in Arabidopsis
-dr(osophila) masks repeats found in Drosophilas
-el(egans) masks repeats found in C. elegans
De novo repeat library construction
For programs recommendations based on test see: Saha et al. Empirical comparison of ab initio repeat finding programs (2008)
For an extensive review listing tens of programs: Lerat E.Identifying repeats and transposable elements in sequenced genomes: how to find your way through the dense forest of programs (Nov 2009)
RepeatScout
command line only, requires compilation
Site: http://bix.ucsd.edu/repeatscout/
current version (2010-03): 1.05
Documentation:
Simplest run:
• build frequency table
build_lmer_table -sequence input_genome_sequence.fas -freq output_lmer.frequency
output_lmer.frequency file can be still quite large (1.7Gb for 900Mb fasta file)
• create fasta file containing all kinds of repeats
RepeatScout -sequence input_genome_sequence.fas -output output_repeats.fas -freq output_lmer.frequency
RAM usage (RepeatScout): > 17Gb for 800Mb genomic sequence.
The output (output_repeats.fas) is a fasta file with headers (>R=1, >R=232 etc.). It contains also trivial simple repeats (CACACA...), tandem repeats
• filter out short (<50bp) sequences. Remove "anything that is over 50% low-complexity vis a vis TRF or NSEG.". Perl script.
It does require trg and nseg to be on the PATH, or setting env variables TRF_COMMAND and NSEG_COMMAND pointing to their location
filter-stage-1.prl output_repeats.fas > output_repeats.fas.filtered
• run RepeatMasker on your genome of interest using filtered RepeatScout library
RepeatMasker input_genome_sequence.fas -lib output_repeats.fas.filtered
Output used for the next step: input_genome_sequence.fas.out
• filtering putative repeats by copy number. By default only sequences occurring > 10 times in the genome are kept
cat repeats.lib | filter-stage-2.prl --cat= input_genome_sequence.fas.out
filter-stage-2.prl
You can modify the filter using i.e. "--thresh=20" (only repeats occurring 20+ times will be kept)
Credits
For pages on simmilar topics visit: Wikiomics@OpenWetWare
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
What we call little things are merely the causes of great things; they are the beginning, the embryo, and it is the point of departure which, generally speaking, decides the whole future of an existence. One single black speck may be the beginning of a gangrene, of a storm, of a revolution. Amiel, Henri Frederic
This quote is about things and little things · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Amiel, Henri Frederic ...
Henri Frdric Amiel (September 27, 1821 - May 11, 1881) was a Swiss philosopher, poet and critic.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
By concentrating our attention on the effect rather than the causes, we can avoid the laborious, nearly impossible task of trying to detect and deflect the many psychological influences on liking. Cialdini, Robert
This quote is about concentration · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Cialdini, Robert ...
Robert B. Cialdini is a well known social psychologist who is currently a professor of psychology at Arizona State University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina.
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larry bird
Paul Pierce is the #2 scorer in Celtics history
Congrats to the Truth! [...]
February 7, 2012 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized Comments Off
Larry Bird would have retired early if Len Bias had lived
Larry Bird was a guest on Bill Simmons latest podcast. Bird spoke about the trade rumors involving the original Big 3 and the new Big 3. He also said he would have retired in 1988 if Len Bias had lived. Here are some excerpts: If you were the Celtics GM in the late 80s, what would [...]
February 7, 2012 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 5
Your Morning Dump… Where Bird accepts Pierce into his flock
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there's nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump. “He had some great years in Boston — a few when the team was down, and maybe that hurt him a little bit,” Bird said. “But he’s [...]
February 7, 2012 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 4
Pierce on the verge of passing Larry Bird
Via CSNNE: After recording 21 points on Sunday against the Memphis Grizzlies, Pierce has tallied 21,782 points in green. Bird scored 21,791 points and John Havlicek holds the franchise record with 26,395 points. “It means I’ve been in a Celtics uniform for a long time,“ Pierce reflected following Sunday’s game. “That’s something that doesn’t happen in [...]
February 6, 2012 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 1
Your Morning Dump… Where Bird could steal West from the Celtics
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there's nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump. As free-agent forward David West and the Boston Celtics work to complete a difficult sign-and-trade deal, the Indiana Pacers have positioned themselves to sign the power forward should talks with the Celtics flatline [...]
December 11, 2011 Chuck - Red's Army Uncategorized 3
Happy 55th Birthday Larry Bird
Happy 55th to one of the greatest to ever play the game. Here are some videos to celebrate! [...]
December 7, 2011 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized Comments Off
Your Morning Dump… Where Danny will listen to Rondo offers
Every morning, we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there's nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump. While Boston is not shopping Rajon Rondo, it would be open to trading him in the right deal, sources say. The Celtics feel they need more scoring [...]
November 29, 2011 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 7
Gang Green episode 1984… a.k.a “Where’s the bird??”
The Gang is at it once again. After jaunts through the 50's, 60's and 70's… they've tackled the 80's by going back to 1984 for the Celtics' 15th title. Re-live the glory of the 1984 championship season, plus a couple of clever ads… one of which was refernced in the title. I can't wait [...]
November 9, 2011 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized Comments Off
Brian Wilson is awesome, Drake sucks at everything
This is the latest NBA 2K12 ad. And I know that Drake was probably told what to say, but I don't care. He still sucks at everything. His whiny autotune music makes him the Ross Geller of rap (he even LOOKS like Ross). And the line "today's Miami Heat play above the rim, Larry Bird [...]
October 4, 2011 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 3
Happy Birthday Red!
Today would have been Red Auerbach's 94th birthday. Celebrate with a cigar if you'd like, or just watch these videos of Red teaching some of the finer points of basketball… or in the case of the first video… railing against all the flopping. I'm guessing Manu Ginobili wouldn't have been Red's favorite player. Here, [...]
September 20, 2011 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 3
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Eisenlohr letter 01-08-1916
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Eisenlohr letter 01-08-1916.pdf 4.740Mb application/pdf Eisenlohr letter 01-08-1916
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Item Metadata
Title: Eisenlohr letter 01-08-1916
Author: Eisenlohr, Otto, d. 1988
Citation: (1916). "Eisenlohr letter 01-08-1916."
Citable link to this page: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/26505
Date: 1916-01-08
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Skip to content
Whole-Genome Sequencing: Any Useful Data?
I met George Church at this year’s Scifoo event in San Francisco and we talked about how useful the data is that was obtained from whole genome sequencing methods. There are almost 50 people in the world right now whose genomes were sequenced like that but the number of useful genomes is very low (e.g. who made it public) . That’s one reason why the ClinSeq project is really promosing.
ClinSeq is a pilot project to investigate the use of whole-genome sequencing as a tool for clinical research. By piloting the acquisition of large amounts of DNA sequence data from individual human subjects, we are fostering the development of hypothesis-generating approaches for performing research in genomic medicine, including the exploration of issues related to the genetic architecture of disease, implementation of genomic technology, informed consent, disclosure of genetic information, and archiving, analyzing, and displaying sequence data.
In the initial phase of ClinSeq, we are enrolling roughly 1,000 participants; the evaluation of each includes obtaining a detailed family and medical history as well as a clinical evaluation. The participants are being consented broadly for research on many traits and for whole-genome sequencing. Initially, Sanger-based sequencing of 300-400 genes thought to be relevant to atherosclerosis is being performed, with the resulting data analyzed for rare, high-penetrance variants associated with specific clinical traits.
He also mentioned the 1000$ genome project and the unofficial estimation is that now it’s possible to sequence a person’s genome for under 5000$ and the 1000$ aim can become a reality at the end of this year.
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"url": "strategywiki.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts:_Birth_by_Sleep/Melding_commands",
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Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep/Melding commands
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
This page needs to be wikified It needs to be re-written with wikimarkup and laid out correctly according to the editing guidelines. If you can wikify this page, please edit it, or help by discussing possible changes on the talk page.
If you need help with wiki markup, see the wiki markup page. If you want to try out wikimarkup without damaging a page, why not use the sandbox?
Firaga = fire + fira or fira + fira
Crawling fire = slow + firaga or stopga + firaga
Fission firaga = aeroga + firaga
Mega flare =fission firaga + crawling fire
ZERO GRAVIRA WITH EXP walker skill= magnet + aero + abounding crystal
TVA* fire glide = glide + firaga v*
• T=TERRA,V=VENTUS,A=AQUA
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1709 Blog: for all the copyright community
Friday, 23 November 2012
Bulgaria heads for Beijing
The 1709 Blog doesn't often get a chance to pick up a scoop, but here's some hot news from Bulgaria, courtesy of this blogger's friend, the excellent Ventsi Stoilov, all the way from Sofia. He writes:
The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria decided on Wednesday 21 November 2012 upon accession to the WIPO Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances.
The official ratification of the Treaty is forthcoming. More information can be found here (in Bulgarian)".
Thanks, Ventsi!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/02/2008
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Energy >> Energy Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABS PRODUCTS
Australian System of National Accounts, 2005-06 (5204.0)
International Merchandise Imports, Australia, May 2007 (5439.0)
International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia, May 2007 (5368.0)
REFERENCES
Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE), Australian Energy Statistics - Australian Energy Update (2005, 2006, 2007) - electronic database, Canberra
Geoscience Australia, Australia's Identified Mineral Resources 2006, Canberra
WEBSITES
ABARE, last viewed August 2007, <http://www.abare.gov.au>
Australian Gas Association, last viewed August 2007, <http://www.gas.asn.au>
Australian Institute of Energy, last viewed August 2007, <http://www.aie.org.au>
Australian Institute of Petroleum, last viewed August 2007, <http://www.aip.com.au>
Commonwealth Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, last viewed August 2007, <http://www.industry.gov.au>
Department of Energy, Utilities and Sustainability, last viewed August 2007, <http://www.deus.nsw.gov.au>
Energy Network Association, last viewed August 2007, <http://www.ena.asn.au>
Electricity Supply Association of Australia, last viewed August 2007, <http://www.esaa.com.au>
Geoscience Australia, last viewed August 2007, <http://www.ga.gov.au>
International Energy Agency, last viewed August 2007, <http://www.iea.org>
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, last viewed August 2007, <http://www.oecd.org>
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1500.0 - A guide for using statistics for evidence based policy, 2010
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/10/2010 First Issue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contents >> How good statistics can enhance the decision making process
HOW GOOD STATISTICS CAN ENHANCE THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS
Statistics are a vital source of evidence as they provide us with clear, objective, numerical data on important aspects of Australian life including the growth and characteristics of our population, economic performance, levels of health and wellbeing and the condition of our surrounding environment.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) plays an important role in this process by providing data ‘to assist and encourage informed decision making, research and discussion within governments and the community, by leading a high quality, objective and responsive national statistical service’ (ABS Mission Statement). When we are able to understand and interpret this data correctly, our ability to identify key areas which require change are enhanced, and our proposals for change are likely to respond to the ‘real’ needs of the Australian community. Statistics can also aid the decision making process by enabling us to establish numerical benchmarks and monitor and evaluate the progress of our policy or program. This is essential in ensuring that policies are meeting initial aims and identifying any areas which require improvement.
Statistics can be used to inform decision making throughout the different stages of the policy-making process. The following framework has been adapted from different approaches to the policy making cycle, outlined in Disability Services, Queensland, 2008; Edwards, 2004; Othman, 2005. The framework highlights the importance of using statistical information at each of the stages of the policy cycle.
STAGE 1 Identify and understand the issue
The first phase involves identifying and understanding the issue at hand. Statistics can assist policy makers to identify existing economic, social or environmental issues that need addressing. For example, statistical analysis could identify issues concerning the aging of the population or the implications of rising inflation. They are also vital for developing a better understanding of the issue by analysing trends over time, or patterns in the data.
STAGE 2 Set the agenda
Statistics provide a valuable source of evidence to support the initiation of new policy or the alteration of an existing policy or program. Once an issue has been identified, it is then necessary to analyse the extent of the issue, and determine what urgency there is for the issue to be addressed. Statistics can highlight the relevance and severity of the issue in numerical terms, and thus demonstrate the importance of developing policy or programs to address the issue as quickly as possible.
STAGE 3 Formulate policy
Once an issue has been identified and recognised as an important policy issue, it is then necessary to determine the best way to respond. This stage requires careful and rigorous statistical analysis and thorough consultation with key stakeholders to establish a clear understanding of the true extent of the problem. This will help to determine the most appropriate policy or program options to address the issue, and the best strategy for implementing these. During this stage, clearly defined aims and goals should be developed with quantifiable indicators for measuring success. Benchmarks should also be established to ensure that progress is measurable following the implementation of the policy/program.
STAGE 4 Monitor and evaluate policy
The policy process does not end once the policy/program is up and running. It is essential that the progress of a policy/program is regularly monitored and evaluated to ensure it is effective. An evaluation of the success of the policy/ program in quantifiable terms can be measured against benchmarks which were established at an earlier stage to accurately measure progress. This enables an assessment to be made as to whether the policy is meeting initial aims and objectives, as well as providing insight and identification of areas that require improvement. The process should then be repeated, by beginning the cycle again.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5519.0.55.001 - Government Finance Statistics, Australia, June Quarter 2010
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/08/2010
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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