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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
They do not love that do not show their love. The course of true love never did run smooth. Love is a familiar. Love is a devil. There is no evil angel but Love. Shakespeare, William
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
He [Robert Benchley] and I had an office so tiny that an inch smaller and it would have been adultery. Parker, Dorothy
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
In great countries, children are always trying to remain children, and the parents want to make them into adults. In vile countries, the children are always wanting to be adults and the parents want to keep them children. Ruskin, John
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
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Make custom holiday cards ...
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Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Quotes by Briscoe, Stuart
We don't have a biography. Please consult wikipedia.
"People have a natural tendency to flee to the mountains when things get tough."
Briscoe, Stuart on difficulties
"If people concentrated on their responsibilities, others would have their rights."
Briscoe, Stuart on responsibility
Take a look at recent activity on QB!
Search Quotations Book
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Your Morning Dump… Where Matt Barnes wants to get paid
Chuck - Red's Army July 17, 2010 Uncategorized 8 Comments
Every morning, we compile the links of
the day and dump them here…
highlighting the big storyline. Because there's nothing quite as
satisfying as a good morning dump.
Aaron Goodwin, who also represents Barnes, said via text that the Celtics
are still in the hunt, but “quite a few” other teams are also standing
in line.
The problem, according to a league source, is that the Celtics, like
Miami, only have a veteran’s minimum slot of approximately $1.6 million
available. Though the Celtics and Heat – teams that are placing a
premium on winning over dollars with these luxury minimum opportunities -
were thought to be at the top of the former Magic swingman’s list. That
seems to have changed.
Barnes now realizes there are still teams out there with surplus cash
to offer.
“Wants $. He’s looking for more than minimum agent says,” the source
said via text.
Boston Herald
If Barnes is seeking bigger dollars, and Josh Howard (more than likely) already out of the Celtics price range, we better get familiar with guys like Rasual Butler and Antoine Wright.
I remain baffled by the lack of rumors surrounding Rasheed Wallace's "retiring" contract. Are the Celtics dangling this $6 million package in front of other teams? Maybe it doesn't have as much value.
On Page 2, Pat Riley's plan to lure Doc Rivers to Miami.
Nevertheless, the pressure on Spoelstra to win a championship in 2011
promises to be immense. To keep his job, he’ll probably have to win it
all, especially because Riley has his eye on Doc Rivers to someday coach
the Heat. Rivers has one year left on his Celtics contract, and has
been heavily affected by the distance between him and his family still
living Orlando.
Yahoo! – Inside Look at Lebron's free agent coup
It hurts me to say this, but a move to Miami makes all the sense in the world for Doc Rivers.
As for Wojnarowski's story, it's a must read. I never knew Lebron had such a diva reputation.
The rest of the links:
Globe – Robinson back to the point | CSNNE – Robinson, Celts agree to deal | ESPN Boston – Roster reset | King of the Rock (Rondo) | WEEI – What Nate's return means to Celtics | Celtics Blog – How to solve the wing shortage | Chicago Sun Times – Bulls interested in T-Mac, Josh Howard? |
Like this Article? Share it!
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Highland (Scotland)
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Highland is a region in Scotland.
Regions
Cities, towns and villages
Map of Highland
Cities
Towns
Villages
Glenfinnan Monument
Other destinations
• Cape Wrath - the extreme north-west point of Scotland. It can be reached either by a long walk or by a ferry followed by a minibus along a road unconnected with any other.
• Loch Maree - (correct spelling) - possibly the finest inland loch in the Scottish mainland, surrounded by peaks of Torridonian Sandstone.
• Inverewe Gardens [1] - wonderful NTS Gardens that take full advantage of the Gulf Stream to grow tropical plants at this very un-tropical latitude.
• Sandwood Bay reckoned by Undiscovered Scotland to be the best beach in Great Britain.[2]
Islands
• Handa Island - wonderful bird reserve north of Kylestrome. Headware is advised in the breeding season as skuas are quite aggressive.
Mountains
There are far too many mountains in Scotland to cover them all here.
General definitions:
Munro - mountain above 3000 feet.
Corbett - mountains between 2500 and 3000 feet.
Some popular mountains by group (pronunciations of difficult names in italics).
Far north
• Ben Hope
• Ben Loyal
• Foinaven
• Ben Stack - neither particularly high nor well known but a little gem.
Northern Torridonian mountains
Mountains of Torridonian sandstone north of Ullapool.
• Quinag - An easy Corbett for beginners as it's possible to start well up from the main road south from Kylescu.
• Suilven - easier than it looks but its distance from roads makes it a challenge.
• Cul Mor
• Cul Beag
• Stac Pollaidh (pron. "Stack Polly") - Less than a Corbett but with an outstanding shape and rock ridge -unfortunately much eroded because of its proximity to the road.
Beinn Aligin
Torridonian Munroes
• An Teallach (pron. "An Tyallach") - a fairly hard ridge walk above Little Loch Broom.
• Slioch - on the 'non-road' side of Loch Maree.
• Bein Eigh - above the Loch Maree road and much of the road from Kinlochewe to Torridon.
• Liathach (pron. "Lee-a-hach") - above the village of Torridon.
• Beinn Aligin - above the minor road from Torridon to the Aligins and Lower Diabaig.
• Bein Bhann - otherwise known as the Applecross mountains.
Glencoe and Fort William
• Ben Nevis - the highest start from the distillery on the road north.
• The Mamores - a picturesque group of numerous Munroes between Glen Nevis and Kinlochleven.
• Aonach Eagach (pron. "Annach Eegach") - a superb ridge above Glencoe.
• The three sisters of Glencoe - shapely peaks on the other side of the glen.
Cairngorms
A range second only in height to the Nevis range, located east of the A9. There is a railway up Cairn Gorm (which is not the highest). However you make the height, it's relatively easy to walk more peaks, with excellent views. It is the only area in the UK where wild reindeer can be seen - re-introduced from Scandinavia after becoming extinct in Scotland. Red squirrels are also to be seen in the remains of the old Caledonian Pine Forests.
• Ben Macdhui
• Braeriach
• Lairig Ghru - not a mountain but probably the most spectacular mountain pass in the UK - making a fine and well known walk.
Understand
Sad but true - owners of land in Highland, often absentees, have not on the whole shown much consideration for their tenants. Some of what may appear lovely, natural, unspoiled areas were actually forcibly cleared of their human inhabitants in the interests of deer hunting or sheep farming. [3]
Talk
Get in
Near Tulloch Station
Get around
See
Glen Affric
Itineraries
Do
Eat
Drink
Stay safe
Get out
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
Personal tools
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Navigation
feeds
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Toolbox
In other languages
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4159.0.30.001 - Microdata: General Social Survey, Basic CURF, Australia, 2006
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 12/06/2007 Ceased
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
The latest version of this product can be found at Microdata: General Social Survey, CURF, Australia (cat. no. 4159.0.30.003).
The GSS 2006 CURF is available either on CD-ROM or through the RADL
A Basic Confidentialised Unit Record File (CURF) from the 2006 General Social Survey, a multi-dimensional social survey that ranges across many aspects of life, designed to enable analysis of the interrelationships in social circumstances and outcomes, including the exploration of multiple advantage and disadvantage. The data provides information on people's health, family relationships, social and community involvement, education, employment, income and financial stress, assets and liabilities, housing and mobility, crime and safety, transport, attendance at culture and leisure venues, and sports attendance and participation.
The file is available either on CD-ROM or accessible through the Remote Access Data Laboratory. A user guide explaining data content, technical details and conditions of use is provided with the file.
Within the item 'Visa category', code 6 which is labelled 'Permanent resident - Humanitarian and other', is a collapsed version of two categories that exist within the Expanded CURF and the main unit record file, where 'Permanent resident - Humanitarian' is one category and 'Permanent resident - Other' is another category. For confidentiality reasons, these categories were collapsed for the Basic CURF. The majority of persons within the Basic CURF category are those who responded either in the negative or 'don't know' to questions regarding the three other listed categories of permanent residency visa types, rather than necessarily having a different type of permanent resident visa. Therefore, it may be better to consider this category to be 'Permanent resident - Humanitarian or type not known'.
Formerly: General Social Survey: Basic Confidentialised Unit Record File
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6224.0.55.001 - Labour Force, Australia: Labour Force Status and Other Characteristics of Families, Jun 2010 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/10/2010
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
The data cubes contain detailed information about labour force status and other characteristics of families using data collected in the Labour Force Survey.
In February 2009, Labour Force Survey data was revised to reflect population benchmarks based on 2006 Census of Population and Housing data, adjusted for under-enumeration and updated for births, deaths, interstate migration, and net overseas migration. Previously released families estimates were revised to incorporate this revision. For detailed description, refer to February 2009 issue of Labour Force, Australia (cat. no. 6202.0).
From July 2010, Labour Force Survey estimates were compiled using population benchmarks that incorporated revisions made to Net Overseas Migration estimates in the September 2008 and September 2009 issues of Australian Demographic Statistics (cat. no 3101.0). Previously released families estimates have not been revised to incorporate this revision.
Since this product is based on the same data as the Labour Force, Australia (cat. no. 6202.0) product set, its Main Features is relevant.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5206.0 - Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, Mar 1997
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 04/06/1997
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• About this Release
Detailed presentation of quarterly national accounts at both current prices and average 1989-90 prices in original, seasonally adjusted and trend terms. Tables are grouped under the following headings: analytical tables, summary tables, household tables, public authorities tables, stocks and farm tables, revisions tables, long-term tables. This publication now includes estimates of gross product, employment and hours worked by industry which were formerly published in Australian National Accounts: Gross Product, Employment and Hours Worked (5222.0) (discontinued).
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4817.0.55.001 - Information Paper: Use of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale in ABS Health Surveys, Australia, 2007-08
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 04/04/2012
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Contents >> Introduction
INTRODUCTION
In Australia, mental health is a national health priority area, with one in five Australians experiencing a mental illness in a given year (ABS, 2007; Commonwealth of Australia, 2009). Under collaborative arrangements such as the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) National Action Plan on Mental Health and the National Mental Health Policy, the overarching vision and intent for the mental health system in Australia is one that:
enables recovery, prevents and detects mental illness early and ensures that all Australians with a mental illness can access effective and appropriate treatment and community support to enable them to participate fully in the community. (Commonwealth of Australia, 2009)
To achieve this aim, the mental health of the population needs to be accurately measured at a range of levels, including at the population level. Where health providers and policymakers can accurately track prevalence rates of mental illness; access and barriers to mental health services; and social inclusion and participation rates of people with a mental illness, they can direct programs and policies most effectively.
One method of detecting a possible mental illness or quantifying the mental health and wellbeing of both individuals and the population is by measuring levels of psychological distress using the Kessler 10 (K10) psychological distress scale. The K10 is a scale designed to measure non-specific psychological distress, based on questions about negative emotional states experienced in the past 30 days. The K10 instrument is not a diagnostic tool, but an indicator of current psychological distress, where very high levels of distress may signify a need for professional help. It is also useful for estimating population need for mental health services.
This paper examines the use of the K10 in Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and other surveys, looking at variation in scoring and categorising responses. The paper will also discuss the use of the Kessler 5 (K5) short form in ABS surveys, and notes other short form measures currently used for mental health screening, including the Kessler 6 (K6).
The paper presents selected demographic characteristics, risk factors, self-reported and diagnosed mental health conditions and self-assessed health by K10 results, using data from the 2007 Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (SMHWB) and the 2007-08 National Health Survey (NHS).
All data are available electronically from the ‘download’ tab of this publication. In some cases, K10 survey data are also provided by alternative categorisation systems used in Australia by general practitioners (GPs) and mental health service providers.
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Rate This Article
Average: 0/5
Central Franciscan (Bailey)
Central Franciscan (Bailey)
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Mark McGinley
This subsection is a steep mountainous area of the northern California Coast Ranges, south-southeast of Patricks Point. Most of it is between the Bald Mountain fault on the east-northeast and the Fresh Water fault on the west-southwest. The climate is temperate and humid. There is substantial oceanic influence on climate, including summer fog in the northern part of the subsection. MLRAs 4b and 5b.
Subsection 263Af, Larabee Buttes area and coastal fog (David Howell)
Lithology and Stratigraphy
This subsection is dominated by Jurassic and Cretaceous Franciscan sedimentary, minor volcanic, and metamorphic rocks of the Central Belt; some Franciscan rocks of the Coastal Belt are present. They are intensely folded and faulted. There are small areas of Tertiary marine sedimentary rocks and ultramafic rocks are sparsely scattered through the Franciscan Complex.
Subsection 263Af, Douglas-fir and Tanoak (David Howell)
Geomorphology
This is a subsection of mountains with rounded ridges, steep and moderately steep sides, and narrow canyons. Most of the mountains are elongated in north-northwest to northwest directions and have subequal summits with increasing elevation toward the interior. Larabee Valley along the Van Duzen River is wide enough to have an appreciable alluvial plain. The subsection elevation range is from sea-level up to 4408 feet on Showers Mountain. Mass wasting and fluvial erosion are the main geomorphic processes.
Subsection 263Af, Oregon white oak and grass hills near Alderpoint (David Howell)
Soils
The soils are mostly Typic Humitropepts and Mollic Hapudalfs in the northern one-third of the subsection. They are predominantly Dystric Xerochrepts and Haploxeralfs in the southern two-thirds of the subsection, and less extensive Ultic Argixerolls. The soils are leached free of carbonates, with the possible exception of some Argixerolls, and the older ones in the northern part of the subsection are strongly acid. The soil temperature regimes are predominantly isomesic in the northern one-third and mesic in the southern two-thirds of the subsection. Soils in grassland in the southern part of the subsection have thermic soil temperature regimes. Soil moisture regimes are predominantly udic and xeric (near udic).
Vegetation
The predominant natural plant communities are Redwood series in the northern one-third and Douglas-fir - tanoak series in the southern two-thirds of the subsection. Needlegrass grasslands are common in the southern part of the subsection, and Oregon white oak series is also common. Common in riparian areas are Red alder series in the northern part and Black cottonwood series in the southern part of the subsection.
Characteristic series by lifeform include:
• Grasslands: Introduced perennial grassland series, Purple needlegrass series.
• Shrublands: Coyote brush series, Salal - California huckleberry series.
• Forests and woodlands: Black cottonwood series, Black oak series, California bay series, Douglas-fir—tanoak series, Grand fir series, Oregon white oak series, Redwood series, Sitka spruce series, Tanoak series, Western hemlock series.
Climate
The mean annual precipitation is about 40 to 80 inches. Most is rain at lower elevations and some is snow at higher elevations. Mean annual temperature is about 40° to 53°F. The mean freeze-free period is about 225 to 300 days.
Surface Water
Runoff is rapid and many of the smaller streams are dry by the end of the summer. Natural lakes are absent.
Return to Northern California Coast
Citation
USFS (Content Source);Mark McGinley (Topic Editor) "Central Franciscan (Bailey)". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth September 22, 2009; Last revised Date September 22, 2009; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Central_Franciscan_(Bailey)>
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Kelvin, William Thomson
Kelvin, William Thomson
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Peter Saundry
Lord William Thomson Kelvin (1824-1907), a Scottish mathematician and physicist, helped lay the foundation for modern physics. Kelvin contributed significantly to the development of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, the absolute temperature scale, the dynamical theory of heat, the mathematical analysis of electricity and magnetism, including the basic ideas for the electromagnetic theory of light, the geophysical determination of the age of the Earth, and hydrodynamics. In a major mathematical treatise, On the Dynamical Theory of Heat (1851), Kelvin recognized Joule’s hypothesis about the interconvertability of heat and motion, then a controversial idea. The treatise also laid out Kelvin's version of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which was a major step toward the unification of scientific theories. Kelvin argued that the key issue in the interpretation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics was the explanation of irreversible processes. He noted that if entropy always increased, the universe would eventually reach a state of uniform temperature and maximum entropy from which it would not be possible to extract any work. The absolute temperature scale is measured in degrees Kelvin in his honor.
Further Reading
Metric system temperature (Kelvin and degree Celsius) (U. S. Metric Association)
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) - Biography (University of St. Andrews, Scotland, School of Mathematics and Statistics)
William Thomson: king of Victorian physics (PhysicsWeb)
Citation
Cutler J. Cleveland (Lead Author);Peter Saundry (Topic Editor) "Kelvin, William Thomson". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth March 6, 2010; Last revised Date March 6, 2010; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Kelvin,_William_Thomson>
The Author
Cutler J. Cleveland is Professor of Earth and Environment at Boston University, where he also is on the faculty of the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies. Professor Cleveland is Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Energy (Elsevier, 2004), winner of an American Library Association award, the Dictionary of Energy (Elsevier, 2005), Handbook of Energy (Elsevier, forthcoming), and is the Founding Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Earth. He is the recipient of the Adelma ... (Full Bio)
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Italy, Forlì-Cesena, Forlì, Civil Registration (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
This article describes a collection of historical records scheduled to become available at FamilySearch.org.
Contents
Title in the Language of the Records
Stato Civile di Forlì-Cesena, Italia
Record Description
The collection consists of civil registration (stato civile) of births, marriages, and deaths within the custody of the State Archive of Forlì (Archivio di Stato di Forlì-Cesena). Also includes marriage banns (notificazioni o pubblicazioni); marriage memorandums (atti di memorandum); marriage supplemental documents (processetti); annotations to death records (annotazioni di morte); and miscellaneous records (atti diversi). Records for this collection generally cover the years 1806 to 1815 and 1866 to 1930 but the availability is largely dependent on time period and locality.
For a list of records by localities, document type and dates currently published in this collection, select the Browse.
Citation for This Collection
The following citation refers to the original source of the data and images published on FamilySearch.org Historical Records. It may include the author, custodian, publisher and archive for the original records.
Italy. Forlì-Cesena civil registration offices. Civil registration, 1806-1815, 1866-1930. Forlì-Cesena State Archive (Archivio di Stato di Forlì-Cesena), Forlì, Italy.
Record History, Content and Use
For additional details about the contents of these records, their history, and help using them see the wiki article: Italy, Civil Registration (FamilySearch Historical Records)
Search the Collection
To search the collection, select "Browse through images" on the initial collection page
⇒ Select the “Comune o frazione”
⇒ Select the “ Registro e L'Anno” which takes you to the images.
Related Websites
Related Wiki Articles
Italy Civil Registration- Vital Records
Contributions to This Article
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the wiki article Help:How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.
Citation Example for a Record Found in This Collection
"Italy, Civil Registration, 1805-1940." index and images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org: accessed 22 April 2011). entry for Pietro Antonio De Lutis, died 8 May 1933; citing Civil Registrations, digital folder 4,404,467 image 00,103; Tribunale di Rovigo, Italy. Registri dello stato civile di Rovigo.
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• This page was last modified on 13 March 2013, at 20:19.
• This page has been accessed 262 times.
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6th Regiment, North Carolina InfantryEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 15:35, 5 April 2011 by Hillsandra1 (Talk | contribs)
United States U.S. Military North Carolina North Carolina Military North Carolina in the Civil War 6th Regiment, North Carolina Infantry
Contents
Brief History
6th Regiment, North Carolina Infantry was organized at Camp Alamance, near Company Shops (Burlington), North Carolina, in May, 1861. It surrendered with 6 officers and 175 men of which 72 were armed.[1]
Companies in this Regiment with the Counties of Origin
Men often enlisted in a company recruited in the counties where they lived though not always. After many battles, companies might be combined because so many men were killed or wounded. However if you are unsure which company your ancestor was in, try the company recruited in his county first.
Company A - Mecklenburg
Company B - Orange
Company C - Orange
Company D - Burke
Company E - Burke/McDowell/Mitchell/Yancey
Company F - Alamance
Company G - Rowan
Company H - Caswell
Company I - Wake/Chatham
Company K - Alamance [2][3]
The above information about the companies comes from SKETCH OF THE SIXTH REGIMENT, N. C. STATE TROOPS By Neill W. Ray and A Guide to Military Organizations and Installations North Carolina 1861-1865
Other Sources
National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information.
John Wheeler Moore. Roster of North Carolina Troops in the War between the States. (Raleigh: Ash & Gatling, State printers, 1882). Internet Archive
References
1. National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, (accessed 6 December 2010).
2. SKETCH OF THE SIXTH REGIMENT, N. C. STATE TROOPS By Neill W. Ray, (accessed 9 March 2011).
3. A Guide to Military Organizations and Installations North Carolina 1861-1865, (accessed 5 April 2011)
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Arguing for Programmed Aging
Permalink | View Comments (1) | Post Comment | | Posted by Reason
A proportion of the aging research community think aging to be at least partially a programmed phenomenon, rather than an accumulation of damage, and thus something to be primarily manipulated by changing the operation of our metabolism. Here is an argument for that viewpoint from researcher Michael Rose: "I should be clear that my present view is also not one generally held, at least not yet, even by most evolutionary biologists who work on aging. Like them, I spent more than thirty years thinking that William Hamilton's declining forces of natural selection, which he published in 1966, showed that evolution by natural selection would allow cumulative processes of physiological deterioration to proceed unchecked, provided they killed off their victims at sufficiently late ages. ... By 1994, I was thinking that perhaps evolutionary biologists had misconceived the problem of the evolution of aging. Perhaps it was NOT natural selection just letting go, but something that specifically tracked Hamilton's forces of natural selection. This led me to convince Larry Mueller to do some explicit simulations of evolution, simulations in which we looked at what happened at very late ages, long after Hamilton's forces of natural selection bottom out and stabilize. What the simulations generated were late-life plateaus in mortality ... we then checked how changes in Hamilton's forces would change the age at which mortality plateaus occur, based on explicit simulations. These simulations showed that changing the last age of reproduction in a biological population, the parameter that Hugh Hefner is working on as I write, would tune the age at which mortality rates would plateau."
Link: http://www.alcor.org/magazine/2011/08/16/a-new-choice-for-immortalists/
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Being Older is Very Positive, Being Aged is Not
Permalink | View Comments (2) | Post Comment | | Posted by Reason
It should be noted that, on balance, everything except physical health becomes better with age. Outside of degenerative aging, becoming older is so good that people are driven to apologism for the fact that aging cripples and kills them - they conflate being old and being aged, seeing two very different things as one, and a certain confusion arises after that point.
Consider how much better it will be to be older once we start being able to treat the root causes of the degenerative medical condition called aging. If you're not there yet, consider just how good being older must be in order for people to be able to say they are well off even while their health is crumbling:
The SAGE study included adults between the ages of 50 and 99 years, with a mean age of just over 77 years. In addition to measures which assessed rates of chronic disease and disability, the survey looked at more subjective criteria such as social engagement and participants' self-assessment of their overall health.
Participants were asked to rate the extent to which they thought they had "successfully aged," using a 10-point scale and using their own concept of the term. The study found that people with low physical functioning but high resilience, had self-ratings of successful aging similar to those of physical healthy people with low resilience. Likewise, the self-ratings of individuals with low physical functioning but no or minimal depression had scores comparable to those of physically healthy people with moderate to severe depression.
"It was clear to us that, even in the midst of physical or cognitive decline, individuals in our study reported feeling that their well-being had improved with age."
Link: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-12/uoc--poa120312.php
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Tools:Memory Imaging
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 14:26, 27 June 2008 by Moyix (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
The physical memory of computers can be imaged and analyzed using a variety of tools. Because the procedure for accessing physical memory varies between operating systems, these tools are listed by operating system. Usually memory images are used as part of memory analysis.
One of the most vexing problems for memory imaging is verifying that the data has been imaged correctly. Because the procedure cannot be repeated (i.e. the memory changes during the process), it is impossible to do the acquisition again and compare the results. At this time the structures involved are not known well enough to determine the integrity of the image.
dd
On *nix systems, the program dd can be used to capture the contents of physical memory using a device file. On Linux, this file is /dev/mem. On Microsoft Windows systems, a version of dd by George Garner allows an Administrator user to image memory using the \Device\Physicalmemory object. Userland access to this object is denied starting in Windows 2003 Service Pack 1 and Windows Vista.
hibernation files
Windows 98, 2000, XP, 2003, and Vista support a feature called hibernation that saves the machine's state to the disk when the computer is powered off. When the machine is turned on again, the state is restored and the user can return to the exact point where they left off. The machine's state, including a compressed image of physical memory, is written to the disk on the system drive, usually C:, as hiberfil.sys. This file can be parsed and decompressed to obtain the memory image.
Contents
Imaging with Firewire
It is possible for Firewire or IEEE1394 devices to directly access the memory of a computer. Using this capability has been suggested as a method for acquiring memory images for forensic analysis. Unfortunately, the method is not safe enough to be widely used yet. There are some published papers and tools, listed below, but they are not yet forensically sound. These tools do not work with all Firewire controllers and on other can cause system crashes. The technology holds promise for future development, in general should be avoided for now.
At CanSec West 05, Michael Becher, Maximillian Dornseif, and Christian N. Klein discussed an exploit which uses DMA to read arbitrary memory locations of a firewire-enabled system. The paper lists more details. The exploit is run on an iPod running Linux. This can be used to grab screen contents.
This technique has been turned into a tool that you can download from: http://www.storm.net.nz/projects/16
Memory Imaging Tools
Firewire
http://www.storm.net.nz/projects/16
Tribble PCI Card
http://www.digital-evidence.org/papers/tribble-preprint.pdf
CoPilot
http://www.komoku.com/forensics/forensics.html
Windows Memory Forensic Toolkit (WMFT) and Idetect (Linux)
http://forensic.seccure.net/
http://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-06/BH-US-06-Burdach.pdf
Kntdd
http://www.gmgsystemsinc.com/knttools/
Nigilant32
http://www.agilerm.net/publications_4.html
winen.exe (part of Encase)
http://forensiczone.blogspot.com/2008/06/winenexe-ram-imaging-tool-included-in.html
Win32dd
http://www.msuiche.net/2008/06/14/capture-memory-under-win2k3-or-vista-with-win32dd/
mdd.exe (ManTech)
http://sourceforge.net/projects/mdd
Memory Imaging Techniques
Create a Crash Dump
http://computer.forensikblog.de/en/2005/10/acquisition_2_crashdump.html
Dump memory with livekd
Once livekd is started, use .dump -f [output file]
Use the hibernation file
Once hiberfil.sys has been obtained, [Sandman] can be used to convert it to a dd image.
External Links
Windows Memory Analysis (Sample Chapter)
http://www.syngress.com/book_catalog/sample_159749156X.PDF
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Publication Listing
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• Title: Cold Allies
• Authors: Patricia Anthony
• Year: 1995-04-20
• ISBN-10: 0-340-61842-6
• ISBN-13: 978-0-340-61842-4
• Publisher: NEL
• Price: £4.99
• Pages: 298
• Binding: pb
• Type: NOVEL
• Title Reference: Cold Allies
• Cover: Peter Elson
• ISFDB Record Number: 7451
• Notes: First printing as per copyright page.
Exact pub date from review.
Wrap around cover.
$12.95 in Australia.
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (BKTG03279)
Cover art hosted by ISFDB
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Verified by Hauck on 2012-06-20 11:23:15
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Not Verified
Primary2 Not Verified
Primary3 Not Verified
Primary4 Not Verified
Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Memoirs of a Master Forger
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Title: Memoirs of a Master Forger
Author: Graham Joyce
Year: 2008
Type: NOVEL
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 1422352
Note: Originally announced title: Ascent of Demons
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: British Fantasy Award for novel winner (1) Add Tags
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Hacked Emails Detail Plans For Massive Social Networking Spy System
June 23, 2011
By
I started reading this article and couldn’t put it down. Trust me, this is one of those obscure must read articles you come across every so often that will probably never see the front page of a news paper, but its worthy of a Pulitzer.
I’ve released the following document to a number of news outlets over the past 24 hours; I’ve also written an explanation and announcement which is posted at The Guardian (http://www.guardian.co.uk/…).
The document below may be republished without my permission for any purpose; please link to our wiki, http://wiki.echelon2.org:8090/… on which we’re working to compile further information about the intelligence contracting industry and its various aspects.
For at least two years, the U.S. has been conducting a secretive and immensely sophisticated campaign of mass surveillance and data mining against the Arab world, allowing the intelligence community to monitor the habits, conversations, and activity of millions of individuals at once. And with an upgrade scheduled for later this year, the top contender to win the federal contract and thus take over the program is a team of about a dozen companies which were brought together in large part by Aaron Barr – the same disgraced CEO who resigned from his own firm earlier this year after he was discovered to have planned a full-scale information war against political activists at the behest of corporate clients. The new revelation provides for a disturbing picture, particularly when viewed in a wider context. Unprecedented surveillance capabilities are being produced by an industry that works in secret on applications that are nonetheless funded by the American public – and which in some cases are used against that very same public. Their products are developed on demand for an intelligence community that is not subject to Congressional oversight and which has been repeatedly shown to have misused its existing powers in ways that violate U.S. law as well as American ideals. And with expanded intelligence capabilities by which to monitor Arab populations in ways that would have previously been impossible, those same intelligence agencies now have improved means by which to provide information on dissidents to those regional dictators viewed by the U.S. as strategic allies.
The nature and extent of the operation, which was known as Romas/COIN and which is scheduled for replacement sometime this year by a similar program known as Odyssey, may be determined in part by a close reading of hundreds of e-mails among the 70,000 that were stolen in February from the contracting firm HBGary Federal and its parent company HBGary. Other details may be gleaned by an examination of the various other firms and individuals that are discussed as being potential partners.
Of course, there are many in the U.S. that would prefer that such details not be revealed at all; such people tend to cite the amorphous and much-abused concept of “national security” as sufficient reason for the citizenry to stand idly by as an ever-expanding coalition of government agencies and semi-private corporations gain greater influence over U.S. foreign policy. That the last decade of foreign policy as practiced by such individuals has been an absolute disaster even by the admission of many of those who put it into place will not phase those who nonetheless believe that the citizenry should be prevented from knowing what is being done in its name and with its tax dollars.
To the extent that the actions of a government are divorced from the informed consent of those who pay for such actions, such a government is illegitimate. To the extent that power is concentrated in the hands of small groups of men who wield such power behind the scenes, there is no assurance that such power will be used in a manner that is compatible with the actual interests of that citizenry, or populations elsewhere. The known history of the U.S. intelligence community is comprised in large part of murder, assassinations, disinformation, the topping of democratic governments, the abuse of the rights of U.S. citizens, and a great number of other things that cannot even be defended on “national security” grounds insomuch as that many such actions have quite correctly turned entire populations against the U.S. government. This is not only my opinion, but also the opinion of countless individuals who once served in the intelligence community and have since come to criticize it and even unveil many of its secrets in an effort to alert the citizenry to what has been unleashed against the world in the name of “security.”
Likewise, I will here provide as much information as I can on Romas/COIN and its upcoming replacement.
Although the relatively well-known military contractor Northrop Grumman had long held the contract for Romas/COIN, such contracts are subject to regular recompetes by which other companies, or several working in tandem, can apply to take over. In early February, HBGary Federal CEO Aaron Barr wrote the following e-mail to Al Pisani, an executive at the much larger federal contractor TASC, a company which until recently had been owned by Northrop and which was now looking to compete with it for lucrative contracts:
“I met with [Mantech CEO] Bob Frisbie the other day to catch up. He is looking to expand a capability in IO related to the COIN re-compete but more for DoD. He told me he has a few acquisitions in the works that will increase his capability in this area. So just a thought that it might be worth a phone call to see if there is any synergy and strength between TASC and ManTech in this area. I think forming a team and response to compete against SAIC will be tough but doable.” IO in this context stands for “information operations,” while COIN itself, as noted in an NDA attached to one of the e-mails, stands for “counter intelligence.” SAIC is a larger intelligence contractor that was expected to pursue the recompete as well.
Pisani agreed to the idea, and in conjunction with Barr and fellow TASC exec John Lovegrove, the growing party spent much of the next year working to create a partnership of firms capable of providing the “client” – a U.S. agency that is never specified in the hundreds of e-mails that follow – with capabilities that would outmatch those being provided by Northrop, SAIC, or other competitors.
Several e-mails in particular provide a great deal of material by which to determine the scope and intent of Romas/COIN. One that Barr wrote to his own e-mail account, likely for the purpose of adding to other documents later, is entitled “Notes on COIN.” It begins with a list of entries for various facets of the program, all of which are blank and were presumably filled out later: “ISP, Operations, Language/Culture, Media Development, Marketing and Advertising, Security, MOE.” Afterwards, another list consists of the following: “Capabilities, Mobile Development, Challenges, MOE, Infrastructure, Security.” Finally, a list of the following websites is composed, many of which represent various small companies that provide niche marketing services pursuant to mobile phones.
More helpful is a later e-mail from Lovegrove to Barr and some of his colleagues at TASC in which he announces the following:
Our team consists of:- TASC (PMO, creative services)
- HB Gary (Strategy, planning, PMO)
- Akamai (infrastructure)
- Archimedes Global (Specialized linguistics, strategy, planning)
- Acclaim Technical Services (specialized linguistics)
- Mission Essential Personnel (linguistic services)
- Cipher (strategy, planning operations)
- PointAbout (rapid mobile application development, list of strategic
partners)
- Google (strategy, mobile application and platform development – long
list of strategic partners)
- Apple (mobile and desktop platform, application assistance -long list
of strategic partners)
We are trying to schedule an interview with ATT plus some other small app developers.
From these and dozens of other clues and references, the following may be determined about the nature of Romas/COIN:
1. Mobile phone software and applications constitute a major component of the program.
2. There’s discussion of bringing in a “gaming developer,” apparently at the behest of Barr, who mentions that the team could make good use of “a social gaming company maybe like zynga, gameloft, etc.” Lovegrove elsewhere notes: “I know a couple of small gaming companies at MIT that might fit the bill.”
3. Apple and Google were active team partners, and AT&T may have been as well. The latter is known to have provided the NSA free reign over customer communications (and was in turn protected by a bill granting them retroactive immunity from lawsuits). Google itself is the only company to have received a “Hostile to Privacy” rating from Privacy International. Apple is currently being investigated by Congress after the iPhone was revealed to compile user location data in a way that differs from other mobile phones; the company has claimed this to have been a “bug.”
4. The program makes use of several providers of “linguistic services.” At one point, the team discusses hiring a military-trained Arabic linguist. Elsewhere, Barr writes: “I feel confident I can get you a ringer for Farsi if they are still interested in Farsi (we need to find that out). These linguists are not only going to be developing new content but also meeting with folks, so they have to have native or near native proficiency and have to have the cultural relevance as well.”
5. Alterion and SocialEyez are listed as “businesses to contact.” The former specializes in “social media monitoring tools.” The latter uses “sophisticated natural language processing methodology” in order to “process tens of millions of multi-lingual conversations daily” while also employing “researchers and media analysts on the ground;” its website also notes that “Millions of people around the globe are now networked as never before – exchanging information and ideas, forming opinions, and speaking their minds about everything from politics to products.”
6. At one point, TASC exec Chris Clair asks Aaron and others, “Can we name COIN Saif? Saif is the sword an Arab executioner uses when they decapitate criminals. I can think of a few cool brands for this.”
7. A diagram attached to one of Barr’s e-mails to the group (http://imageshack.us/…) depicts Magpii as interacting in some unspecified manner with “Foreign Mobile” and “Foreign Web.” Magpii is a project of Barr’s own creation which stands for “Magnify Personal Identifying Information,” involves social networking, and is designed for the purpose of storing personal information on users. Although details are difficult to determine from references in Barr’s e-mails, he discusses the project almost exclusively with members of military intelligence to which he was pitching the idea.
8. There are sporadic references such things as “semantic analysis,” “Latent Semantic Indexing,” “specialized linguistics,” and OPS, a programming language designed for solving problems using expert systems.
9. Barr asks the team’s partner at Apple, Andy Kemp (whose signature lists him as being from the company’s Homeland Defense/National Programs division), to provide him “a contact at Pixar/Disney.”
Altogether, then, a successful bid for the relevant contract was seen to require the combined capabilities of perhaps a dozen firms – capabilities whereby millions of conversations can be monitored and automatically analyzed, whereby a wide range of personal data can be obtained and stored in secret, and whereby some unknown degree of information can be released to a given population through a variety of means and without any hint that the actual source is U.S. military intelligence. All this is merely in addition to whichever additional capabilities are not evident from the limited description available, with the program as a whole presumably being operated in conjunction with other surveillance and propaganda assets controlled by the U.S. and its partners.
Whatever the exact nature and scope of COIN, the firms that had been assembled for the purpose by Barr and TASC never got a chance to bid on the program’s recompete. In late September, Lovegrove noted to Barr and others that he’d spoken to the “CO [contracting officer] for COIN.” “The current procurement approach is cancelled [sic], she cited changed requirements,” he reported. “They will be coming out with some documents in a month or two, most likely an updated RFI [request for information]. There will be a procurement following soon after. We are on the list to receive all information.” On January 18th of next year, Lovegrove provided an update: “I just spoke to the group chief on the contracts side (Doug K). COIN has been replaced by a procurement called Odyssey. He says that it is in the formative stages and that something should be released this year. The contracting officer is Kim R. He believes that Jason is the COTR [contracting officer's technical representative].” Another clue is provided in the ensuing discussion when a TASC executive asks, “Does Odyssey combine the Technology and Content pieces of the work?”
The unexpected change-up didn’t seem to phase the corporate partnership, which was still a top contender to compete for the upcoming Odyssey procurement. Later e-mails indicate a meeting between key members of the group and the contracting officer for Odyssey at a location noted as “HQ,” apparently for a briefing on requirements for the new program, on February 3rd of 2011. But two days after that meeting, the servers of HBGary and HBGary Federal were hacked by a small team of Anonymous operatives in retaliation for Barr’s boasts to Financial Times that he had identified the movement’s “leadership;” 70,000 e-mails were thereafter released onto the internet. Barr resigned a few weeks later.
Along with clues as to the nature of COIN and its scheduled replacement, a close study of the HBGary e-mails also provide reasons to be concerned with the fact that such things are being developed and deployed in the way that they are. In addition to being the driving force behind the COIN recompete, Barr was also at the center of a series of conspiracies by which his own company and two others hired out their collective capabilities for use by corporations that sought to destroy their political enemies by clandestine and dishonest means, some of which appear to be illegal. None of the companies involved have been investigated; a proposed Congressional inquiry was denied by the committee chair, noting that it was the Justice Department’s decision as to whether to investigate, even though it was the Justice Department itself that made the initial introductions. Those in the intelligence contracting industry who believe themselves above the law are entirely correct.
That such firms will continue to target the public with advanced information warfare capabilities on behalf of major corporations is by itself an extraordinary danger to mankind as a whole, particularly insomuch as that such capabilities are becoming more effective while remaining largely unknown outside of the intelligence industry. But a far greater danger is posed by the practice of arming small and unaccountable groups of state and military personnel with a set of tools by which to achieve better and better “situational awareness” on entire populations while also being able to manipulate the information flow in such a way as to deceive those same populations. The idea that such power can be wielded without being misused is contradicted by even a brief review of history.
History also demonstrates that the state will claim such powers as a necessity in fighting some considerable threat; the U.S. has defended its recent expansion of powers by claiming they will only be deployed to fight terrorism and will never be used against American civilians. This is cold comfort for those in the Arab world who are aware of the long history of U.S. material support for regimes they find convenient, including those of Saddam Hussein, Hosni Mubarak, and the House of Saud. Nor should Americans be comforted by such promises from a government that has no way of ensuring that they will be kept; it was just a few months ago that a U.S. general in Afghanistan ordered a military intelligence unit to use pysops on visiting senators in an effort to secure increased funding for the war, an illegal act; only a few days prior, CENTCOM spokesmen were confidently telling the public that such other psychological capabilities as persona management would never be used on Americans as that would be illegal. The fact is that such laws have been routinely broken by the military and intelligence community, who are now been joined in this practice by segments of the federal contracting industry.
It is inevitable, then, that such capabilities as form the backbone of Romas/COIN and its replacement Odyssey will be deployed against a growing segment of the world’s population. The powerful institutions that wield them will grow all the more powerful as they are provided better and better methods by which to monitor, deceive, and manipulate. The informed electorate upon which liberty depends will be increasingly misinformed. No tactical advantage conferred by the use of these programs can outweigh the damage that will be done to mankind in the process of creating them.
Barrett Brown
Project PM
http://wiki.echelon2.org:8090/…
ORIGINALLY POSTED TO BARRETTBROWN ON WED JUN 22, 2011 AT 11:30 AM PDT.
ALSO REPUBLISHED BY ANONYMISS DKOS AND ANONYMOUS DKOS.
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Entropy 2003, 5(4), 313-347; doi:10.3390/e5040313
Article
Quantum Games: Mixed Strategy Nash's Equilibrium Represents Minimum Entropy
1 Experimental Economics, Todo1 Services Inc, Miami Fl 33126, USA 2 GATE, UMR 5824 CNRS - France 3 Research and Development Department, Petroecuador, Quito-Ecuador
Received: 15 November 2002 / Accepted: 5 November 2003 / Published: 15 November 2003
Download PDF Full-Text [511 KB, uploaded 16 September 2008 11:01 CEST]
Abstract: This paper introduces Hermite's polynomials, in the description of quantum games. Hermite's polynomials are associated with gaussian probability density. The gaussian probability density represents minimum dispersion. I introduce the concept of minimum entropy as a paradigm of both Nash's equilibrium (maximum utility MU) and Hayek equilibrium (minimum entropy ME). The ME concept is related to Quantum Games. Some questions arise after carrying out this exercise: i) What does Heisenberg's uncertainty principle represent in Game Theory and Time Series?, and ii) What do the postulates of Quantum Mechanics indicate in Game Theory and Economics?.
Keywords: quantum games. minimum entropy. time series. Nash-Hayek equilibrium
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Jiménez, E. Quantum Games: Mixed Strategy Nash's Equilibrium Represents Minimum Entropy. Entropy 2003, 5, 313-347.
AMA Style
Jiménez E. Quantum Games: Mixed Strategy Nash's Equilibrium Represents Minimum Entropy. Entropy. 2003; 5(4):313-347.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Jiménez, Edward. 2003. "Quantum Games: Mixed Strategy Nash's Equilibrium Represents Minimum Entropy." Entropy 5, no. 4: 313-347.
Entropy EISSN 1099-4300 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Compare Projects
General
Project Activity Very Low Not Available
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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840:153g/2008
From OpenWetWare
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840:153g: Recombinant DNA Te(a)chniques
Home People Projects Materials Schedule Help
Contents
Foreword
"If you want truly to understand something, try to change it" (Kurt Lewin)
This page is the FINAL homepage of the course titled "840:153g". Current version: Spring 2009! You may want to watch this really good video from Drew Endy before (or after) you read on. Please also read his groundbreaking article about Foundations for Engineering Biology.
Course Overview
During this course, you will be introduced to basic techniques for cloning and recombining DNA. The principles of gene cloning, DNA manipulation and analysis will be addressed from a practical view. This lab requires designing your own experiments, self experimentation, record keeping, and discussion and reporting.
Upon completion of the course, you will
1. understand how gene sequences are translated into protein in different organisms
2. conceptually understand how to manipulate DNA and create recombinant proteins or modify protein expression
3. be able to identify, analyze, and functionally recombine DNA molecules
By taking this course, you will learn how to isolate, analyze, and clone DNA. You will have a broad overview over the most common procedures used in a molecular biology laboratory. You will be able to design and carry out simple experiments, document and explain your results. You will have demonstrated that you developed skills in finding and using genomic information stored in public repositories, analyze and summarize your findings, and logically organize and present your data.
You will work in teams of two throughout the course. Each team will design a new biological part or device, assemble it, prove it, and store it in the registry of biological standard parts. Your team may use all parts stored in the registries 2007 DNA distribution kit. The kit is available to you in form of DNA. Therefore, see these instructions how to use the kit.
Your Assignment
Like in the "International Genetically Engineered Machine" (iGEM) competition, you will work in a small team to develop a new biological part, module, or device. Our teams are small, but I expect each team to develop something new - something that does not yet exist in the repository of biological standard parts. This is a very challenging task for the few sessions we have and not necessarily something all teams will be able to accomplish. Therefore, very good planning is required. The better your team plans the entire project from the beginning, the better your chances are being able to complete your project. Since good planning is very important, it will contribute 20% to your grade. Your team has to carefully describe your project on your project homepage and give a presentation during the third week of class.
It is up to each team to make a decision which new part to make. However, teams should carefully study the parts list to find something that's not already there. New parts can be as simple as a new protein coding device or regulatory region, a combination of existing parts, or something else you would like to do. However, we cannot synthesize DNA because that is too costly. Therefore, you have to work with existing parts (from the 2007 repository) and use some DNA that you can easily amplify from readily available plant tissue by PCR. In addition to the particular part, module, or device your team wants to produce, each team needs to make sure that the new part is biobricks compatible. This means your part must eventually be modified by site-directed mutagenesis to substitute for conflicting restriction sites (e.g. those used in the biobricks standard assembly). Finally, you (as a team) have to provide evidence that your part, module, or device is functioning in the way you predicted. Figuring out how to do this can be quite tricky. Therefore, think it over and discuss it with your instructor. Finally, after doing all the work, each team will present its results in graded presentation at the end of the semester. This presentation is again worth 20% of the grade.
How to Start
1) Select a part, module, device, or system to build
Your first team task is to select a project. Please take a look at the iGEM presentations for some ideas and an overview of what undergraduate teams achieved. Then, select a project your team wants to work on. Be curious and select something interesting. Don't be afraid to select a project that looks challenging. We will learn something from each project - regardless of how far you get with it. So please select a project that really interests you; something you really would like to do. Browse the parts in the registry to find out what is available to use and what you can build on. Then, make a list of what needs to be done. We will discuss all proposals in the third week.
2) Describe your project on the team homepage
You have to describe your project on the team homepage. The description should be very concise and contain enough details to understand the project in all its details. That includes:
• description of the product (part, module, device, or system)
• sources for cloning it (e.g. tissue, parts used)
• steps required to make it
• proof of function
Developing your ideas and figuring out what is involved is a complex task that involves all team members - and the instructor. You have to sit together and play around with your ideas. Brainstorm, make plans, assign work pieces to everyone, find information, discuss what you found, revise your concepts, look up protocols and describe your approach on your homepage. Familiarize yourself (everyone) with OpenWetWare, how to edit pages, and how to upload pictures (very important for a good grade). Do not forget to apply for an account (which is free) as soon as possible, but at the latest before the second class session. You will need your account by then. The sooner you start writing (even rough drafts, lists of ideas) the easier it will be for your team to keep track of your progress and find relevant information. And the more you write the better your grade will be. WRITE IN EVERY SESSION! The completeness and clarity of your online journal will be assessed and graded (15%). Your experimental design, the approach you take, and the results you expect must be explained in form of a research proposal on your project website. This proposal needs approval by the instructor before any lab work can commence.
You almost certainly will identify a couple of gaps in your knowledge that have to be addressed in order to complete or even start your project. Questions you cannot solve on your own should be listed at the end of your experimental strategy under the "Need to Know" section. This section can be quite large. A good selection of "need to know" questions is very helpful in developing your experimental approach. Ask yourself: "What information (about the part and the experimental procedures) do we need in order to produce and verify it?" Prepare a list of issues you need to address! Keep in mind that the WIKI pages can be easily edited. So start writing as soon as possible. You can revise and modify it later.
Please be aware that the first 2-3 weeks may indeed be spend developing your experimental plan rather than working in the lab. If you wish, you can consider this as the combined lecture part of the course.
Attendance Policy
Attendance at ALL laboratories is mandatory. Only religious observance, a death in the family, or serious illness/injury and a doctor\\\\\\\'s note are valid excuses. One unexcused absence from the lab will result in failure of the course. Lecture and lab sessions are always combined. There will be no formal lectures but short lecturings on specific topics may be given occasionally and if needed.
Grading
Your team needs to develop a website at OWW where you describe your project in as much detail as possible (in form of the proposal). The first 10% of the grade will be given for selecting a part, module, device, developing an experimental outline to produce it, and completing the project proposal (due by the end of week 3). However, your proposal should be complete by the end of week two to allow for a review and for making improvements. A complete proposal does not mean that you have to have all answers. You probably won't. I just expect that you have your ideas down and know what you need to do to achieve what you proposed. Each team will present its proposal in a 20 minute presentation in the last session of week 3. This presentation is worth another 10% of your grade.
A large and very important part of the class grade will be based on writing a detailed lab notebook. This personal lab notebook is required and will be graded based on completeness, accuracy, and content. It should contain all experimental procedures carried out during each lab session (incl. observations, calculations, remarks, etc.), as well as description and discussion of results. Based on the results obtained, it should also contain a brief description of the steps you plan and materials you need for the next session. The notebook has to be written at the day of the lab - during the lab! Everyone has to write her/his own notebook, but tasks should be equally shared among team members. It is absolutely necessary that everyone writes a good notebook and keeps it updated. The notebook will be worth 35% of your grade. It will be graded 3 times during the semester (after 5, 10, 15 weeks). Notebook keeping is essential for your work and grade and therefore should be done during the lab sessions. There will often be lag times while experiments run. Use them for writing your lab notebook or discuss progress within your team or with me. The notebooks can never leave the lab and have to be available any time during class sessions.
In addition to and based on the combined team notebooks, an online journal must be kept for each team (worth 15% of your grade). This journal has to be updated before the next lab session and summarize the teams achievements made during EACH session. I do not expect an exhaustive explanation or a simple repetition of your notes. Team members should sit together before the end of class to SUMMARIZE their achievements, acknowledging every ones contribution. This includes pictures of important results (for example gel pictures). And don't forget to write an action plan (ToDo list) for the next lab. No late entries (even 1 day) will be considered. Since each entry in the online journal receives a time stamp and the name of user who writes it, it very easy for me to monitor every team members contribution.
Finally, I expect each team to develop their part and test it. If a team does not accomplish it, the achievements as well as problems must be explained thoroughly in the lab notebooks, online journal, and the final presentaion. Evidence must be provided in the lab notebooks that sufficient efforts have been undertaken to achieve the goals mentioned in the proposal. After all, this is real science (none of the parts you attempt to build have ever been generated) and there is no guarantee that any group will succeed (though chances are high). Therefore, keeping a good notebook is essential. The individual notebook will account for 35% of the grade. The online journal (project website) will account for another 15% of the grade. All team members will receive identical grades for the online journal (15%) and the two presentations (10% first presentation, 15% final presentation). However, everyone's individual contribution to the team progress will be weighed by three peer assessments during the semester.
I will assign another 15% of the grade based on my individual assessment of everyone's personal contribution. Here, I will consider ideas presented during class sessions, including preparation for class, discussion of experiments and results, timeliness, and teamwork capabilities. It is okay to have fun in the lab and there will be times where you have to wait for gels or PCRs to finish. However, use your time wisely. Don't waste it by discussing the latest movies or last weekends party. Time for experiments is scarce enough and each team will have a very tight schedule. This is not a class where you can just sit around and talk and let others do the work! Cell phones and other electronic devices (iPhones or MP3 players) are not allowed in the lab and will be confiscated if used.
Final Grade Composition:
• 10% project proposal and experimental plan (due by end of week 2)
• 10% team project presentation (due by end of week 3)
• 35% lab notebook
• 15% online journal (team website)
• 15% individual contribution (ideas presented, preparation for class, performance, knowledge)
• 15% final project presentation
Once again: four grades (50%) will be team grades for which all team mates will receive identical grades. The grades will be weighed by three peer evaluations from your team members. Two other grades (notebook and individual contribution) will be individual grades (50%). There are no make-ups possible in this class!!!
Getting Started with OWW
To get started with your online journal, you need to apply for an account at OWW (which is free). Please write down your username and password from your confirmation email. After you obtained your account details, please go to the Project Page and start developing your proposal. There is help available on how to use this WIKI in the left-handed navigation pane and in the top menu bar.
Tutorials
Check out this nice tutorial by Prof. Arking to get started in the lab.
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IGEM:Harvard/2010/Journal Club
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Join the Google Group for email updates about journal club meetings!
Contents
April 20 2010
This week we will be discussing Levskaya et al. "Spatiotemporal control of cell signalling using a light-switchable protein interaction"
April 6 2010
This week we will be discussing a paper that describes an iGEM team’s efforts to build a DNA-based computer that functions in living bacteria:
Engineering bacteria to solve the Burnt Pancake Problem 2008, Journal of Biological Engineering [1]
Enjoy! See you this Tuesday.
March 22 2010
We'll be discussing Bayer et. al. "Synthesis of Methyl Halides from Biomass Using Engineered Microbes," focusing on the novel methods presented.
March 8 2010
We'll discuss building biological circuits that compute Boolean logic: Anderson et. al. "Environmental signal integration by a modular AND gate."
March 1st 2010
today is the DEADLINE for applying to iGEM!!!
we're so excited about meeting the applicants and putting together an awesome 2010 team.
February 23rd 2010
transcription-based circuits: synthetic toggle switch in e. coli
on tuesday, february 23rd, we met once again (!) and discussed this paper:
construction of a genetic toggle switch in Escherichia coli gardner, et al, nature, 2000 [2]
as one of the first examples of using quantitative insight in the engineering of a bistable, transcription-based circuit, this paper helped lay the foundation for further work on synthetic genetic networks. in addition to discussing specifics about the paper’s content, we also used it as an introduction to some of the basic techniques, experimental approaches, and mathematics that are fundamental in the construction of synthetic circuits.
February 9th 2010
Our first meeting will be at 6:30 pm in BioLabs room 1058 (16 Divinity Ave, Cambridge MA). We will be discussing the Nature Editorial "Meanings of 'Life'". Join us for pizza and exciting discussion about the definition of synthetic biology and how it can affect our definitions of life.
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Facebook begins deleting fake Likes on brand Pages
PanARMENIAN.Net - Facebook has begun eliminating fake Likes on brand Pages, after pledging to ramp up security in August, Mashable reports.
On Wednesday, Sept 26, the social network started weeding out bogus Likes caused by compromised accounts, deceived users, malware or purchased bulk Likes, it confirmed.
Less than 1% of Likes on a page would be removed, “providing they and their affiliates have been abiding by our terms,” Facebook said in a blog post.
The percentage is consistent with data provided by PageData, an independent Facebook Page tracking service.
Among Pages with the most total Likes, Texas HoldEm Poker saw a loss of more than 96,000 Likes in the past day, according to the service. That clocks in around 0.15% of its 65.3 million total Likes.
Other top offenders included singers Rihanna who lost 28,000 Likes, Shakira who shed 26,000 and Lady Gaga who dropped 34,000.
Zynga‘s Farmville game was another big loser with 45,000 Likes gone.
Facebook previously said it had “dedicated protections” against threats that result in fake Likes, but emphasized that these improved systems to safeguard the network’s integrity “have been specially configured to identify and take action against suspicious Likes.”
“Users will continue to connect to the Pages and Profiles they authentically want to subscribe to, and Pages will have a more accurate measurement of fan count and demographics,” Facebook wrote in its August post. “This improvement will allow Pages to produce ever more relevant and interesting content, and brands will see an increase in true engagement around their content.”
Partner news
Top stories
It’s not the first time Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer has been interested in the New York-based hipster blogging service.
The number of new smartphones delivered with Android jumped to 162.1 million in the first three months in 2013.
“We believe Samsung generates more revenue and profit from the Android platform than Google does,” Neil Mawston said.
The service now also makes it easier for users to add new contacts sent to them by friends, and has support for Simplified Chinese.
Partner news
Employers and job seekers: how to find each other
Arpine Grigoryan։ each job seeker should understand why to apply for this “x” job in this “x” company but not for “y” job in “y” company.
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Hovannisian to challenge constitutionality of Electoral Code
PanARMENIAN.Net - Legal adviser of Heritage party leader Raffi Hovannisian headquarters Karen Mezhlumyan will appeal to the Constitutional Court to challenge the constitutionality of Article 18 part 5 of Armenia’s Electoral Code.
Heritage board vice president Armen Martirosyan told a PanARMENIAN.Net reporter that Hovannisian addressed the administrative court against the Central Election Commission (CEC), with the lawsuit, however, rejected.
Hovannisian addressed the administrative court with a demand to announce CEC’s Feb 25 decision invalid. He urged the CEC to include the costs of president-elect Serzh Sargsyan’s over 1600 election headquarters and posters in former candidate’s campaign expenses Earlier, Armen Martirosyan issued an appeal to the CEC, urging to announce Serzh Sargsyan’s candidacy invalid. The appeal was rejected.
Meanwhile, under the Article 5 of Armenian Electoral Code, the candidates, parties running in proportional electoral system, as well as political blocs may set up election headquarters, which can’t be located in state and local government buildings. The posters on campaign headquarters are not considered printed promotional materials, unless they include direct calls and unless each poster area exceeds 6 square meters
Partner news
Top stories
Dwelling on the hike in gas prices, Iskandaryan said the change also affected other countries importing Russian gas.
Armen Martirosyan noted that the price rise will further deteriorate the situation in the country, fostering emigration.
In this connection, Foreign Minister Edward Nalbandian left for Strasbourg to attend CoE foreign ministers meeting.
Orinats Yerkir party held a political council meeting on May 15, chaired by party leader Artur Baghdasaryan.
Partner news
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THE SUBJECT
PLIEUSICLES, a young Athenian, is in love with Philocomasium, a Courtesan of Athens, who returns his affection. Being sent on public business to Naupactus, a certain Captain of Ephesus, Pyrgopolinices by name, comes to Athens, and insinuates himself into the good graces of her mother, in order that he may get Philocomasium into his power. Having deceived the mother, he places the daughter on board ship and carries her off to Ephesus. On this, Palaestrio, a faithful servant of Pleusicles, hastens to embark for Naupactus, with the view of telling his master what has happened. The ship being taken by pirates, he is made captive, and by chance is presented as a gift to Pyrgopolinices. He recognises the mistress of Pleusicles in the Captain's house; but he carefully conceals from the Captain who he himself is. He then privately writes to Pleusicles, requesting him to come to Ephesus. On arriving, Pleusicles is hospitably entertained by Periplecomenus, a friend of his father, an old gentleman who lives next door to the Captain. As Philocomasium has a private room of her own in the Captain's house, a hole is made through the partition wall, and by this contrivance she meets Pleusicles in the house of his entertainer, who gives his sanction to the plan.
At this juncture, the play begins. A servant of the Captain, named Sceledrus, has been appointed to be the keeper of Philocomnasium. Pursuing a monkey along the roof of the house, he looks down the skylight of the house next door, and there sees Pleusicles and Philocomasium conversing and toying with each other. When this has been discovered to be the case, a plan is arranged, by which Sceledrus shall not only not divulge to the Captain what he has seen, but shall even be made to believe that he has not actually seen it himself. Palaestrio, therefore, persuades him that the twin-sister of Philocomasium has arrived at Ephesus, and with her lover is staying at their neighbour's house. To forward their designs, Palaestrio then invents another plan. He persuades the Captain to believe that the wife of his neighbour, Periplecomenus, is in love with him. Through his agency, a Courtesan, named Acroteleutium, pretends that she is the wife so desperately in love with the Captain. he believes this story, and, that he may the more conveniently receive her in his house, by the advice of Palaestrio, he sends Philocomasium away, and gives her into the charge of Pleusicles, who is disguised in the dress of a master of a ship. They go to the harbour and set sail, accompanied by Palaestrio, whom the Captain has given to Philocomasium at her request. The Captain, then, at the invitation of the maid of Acroteleutium, goes to the house next door, to visit her mistress. On this, Periplecomenus, with his servants, sallies forth upon him, and, having first threatened to cut him in pieces, and then having beaten and stripped him, they let him go, after they have exacted from him a confession that he has been rightly served, and a promise that he will molest no one in return for the treatment he has received.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
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Citation URN: urn:cts:latinLit:phi0119.phi012.perseus-eng1:intro.subject
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Place:McBride, British Columbia, Canada
Watchers
NameMcBride
TypeCommunity
Coordinates53.3°N 120.167°W
Located inBritish Columbia, Canada
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Situated on the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16), McBride is a small community in the Robson Valley region of British Columbia, Canada, located southeast of Prince George, west of the Alberta border, and west of Jasper, Alberta.
Located between the Canadian Rockies and the Cariboo Mountains, McBride lies in the Mount Robson Valley, through which the Fraser River flows.
The town got its start during the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway when settlers came into the area. Formerly known as Railway Siding 39, McBride was established in 1913, and was named in honour of the then serving premier, Richard McBride (1903–15). McBride post office was established 15 February 1915 with T.R. Lloyd as first postmaster.[1]
After the Second World War, the developing timber and agriculture industries attracted more people to the Robson Valley.
The current population is 660, according to the 2006 Census. While timber and primary sawmilling industries continue to support the town, tourism is a growing source of employment for the valley. One of the primary tourist attractions is the world-famous snowmobiling, Albertans taking the majority of spots on the mountain trails that ring the town. Other attractions include hunting and whitewater rafting. McBride also produces some of the world's finest tonewoods, wood used in the production of musical instruments, and is home to several luthiers. McBride is located on the edge of the interior cedar hemlock rainforest, the world's only inland temperate rainforest, created by moisture-laden winds dumping rain and snow from the Cariboo-Chilcotin Plateau against the Cariboo Mountains. The forests around McBride contain trees that are in excess of 1,000 years old, with no evidence of disturbance. This moisture-rich ecosystem supports many species of lichen which in turn support the red listed species of caribou indigenous to the inland temperate rainforest of British Columbia.
McBride has a large percentage of Mennonites, who are attracted by inexpensive land and relative isolation to ensure their agrarian culture continues to survive. For similar reasons McBride also has a healthy population of draft dodgers from the US who settled in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Seventh Day Adventists also make up a large percentage of McBride.
McBride has a large percentage of foresters who own large pieces of equipment such as forwarders. The inexpensive land and relative isolation are attactive to this demographic as it allows them to pursue their myriad of forest related projects.
In December 2006 the town's major employer McBride Forest Industries closed its doors following the historical precedence of forest industry consolidation. It remains to be seen how the McBride economy will deal with such a blow.
Since 1986, McBride has been served by The Valley Sentinel Newspaper an independently owned and operated weekly source for all local news in the Robson Valley.
The McBride railway station is served by the Via Rail Jasper – Prince Rupert train service.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at McBride, British Columbia. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I would like to find out the unique monthly traffic for a competitors subdomain. I know that compete.com does this but it is very expensive. Are there any free or less expensive tools out there that I can use?
share|improve this question
4 Answers
There really is no such thing as reliable, public-facing analytics data for websites. Some websites choose to make certain statistics pubic from their own private analytics, but these numbers can be hard to verify.
There are several companies that claim to show public analytics data for any website on the internet, but these aren't actually capturing real traffic data. Instead, they're tracking a small sample size of internet users, looking at what sites those people visit, and then extrapolating that data out to generate trends for the whole internet. However, I've seen these numbers be orders of magnitude off from actual traffic data, and they can be easy to tamper with.
Two companies that jump to mind that offer these sorts of public-facing analytics are Alexa and Compete. Both of these companies will let you lookup any website to see what its traffic is like, but keep in mind that this is often inaccurate.
There are other companies like Quantcast that allow a website owner to embed a tracking code on their website. Quantcast then actually tracks every visit to that website. Quantcast then gives the site owner very rich, detailed analytics, and also offers a more limited subset of that data for the public to view. If you're looking for a Fortune 500 company, there's a good chance they'll have Quantcast code installed on their website, so you could try checking there.
Calculating accurate data for competitors:
If you're looking for a relative comparison (ie, your site compared to a competitor's site) there's a quick calculation you can perform to get a fairly good idea about your competitor's traffic:
1. look up your site and the competitor's site on one of the public analytics services
2. find the difference factor between your sites (ie, do they get half as much traffic? twice as much?)
3. compare the numbers listed for your site with the actual traffic you're seeing on your own internal website analytics
4. multiply your traffic data with the difference factor you found on the public analytics site
This will give you a fairly good approximation for how much traffic your competitor is getting.
share|improve this answer
Have you tried Alexa (http://www.alexa.com/) ?
share|improve this answer
Instead of paying for such tools that are not 100% accurate always; why don’t you try Google search? Just enter the company/product name of your competitor and get to know all the external and 3rd party websites of all sorts (blogs, discussions, videos, News and PR) where your competitor have created a link or some blogger has reviewed his company/product. The referring websites returned by Google search results are pretty accurate, relevant and FREE as well. Try it, it works; really!
share|improve this answer
I find the Google adplanner tool useful for this.
https://www.google.com/adplanner/
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I've just registered a limited company in the UK. I wonder whether this is possible/legal to use your personal bank account until the company has its own account? I want to make online transactions on my website available as soon as possible, but it seems I won't be able to open an account for the company faster than within one or two weeks. The problem is my website operates in Poland, and it lasts a bit to prepare all documents required by Polish banks and translate the douments, whereas it's just about 10 minutes to open a personal account.
share|improve this question
2 Answers
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Its legal in the UK.
I agree with jmp though, its a bad idea. Using your own bank account raises suspicion of corruption and looks unprofessional. It will also make accounting a nightmare.
share|improve this answer
Can't speak for the UK but in the USA such co-mingling of funds makes it easier for someone suing your company to pierce the corporate veil and go after you personally. I'd recommend going for a separate business only account.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
We're two Italian developers, and we're about to release a software technology in open beta. However, we're not incorporated as this is a long-term side project of ours and we're both employed somewhere else. We are concerned about the possible implications of not incorporating before going public, do you have any suggestions on that?
Thanks.
share|improve this question
1 Answer
Incorporation offers levels of protection from lawsuits, as well as tax benefits. Personally, I'm all about making sure business structures are in place. However, it's completely up to you, and your comfort levels with the risk.
If you collect personal information, especially in the EU, you will probably want to incorporate to protect your personal assets in case you violate privacy concerns, or have security issues that cause your client's/customer's data to not remain confidential. Remember that a business is a separate entity, so if a business violates privacy laws, it is the business that is liable, but if you (personally) do it, you're personally liable, for any fines/lawsuits/etc.
The best advice would be to sit down with an accountant and/or an attorney (solicitor). They can go through, in detail, what your risks are, both legally and financially, as well as what benefits/detriments you might have of creating a business.
Hope this helps, let me know if you need more info. It's really hard to discuss these general questions without more specifics.
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Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
This seems like a straightforward, common question that would not require a lawyer to answer, but I'm having a lot of trouble finding an answer to the question in the title.
I would like to form an LLC, primarily for the liability protection.
Even though I don't think I'll ever need or want to take investment, everyone says to incorporate in Delaware. I'm open to that.
I live in Virginia, but my startup has no real physical presence there. I work from home (or more often, a coffee shop or library), I don't have any physical inventory, employees, storefronts, etc. The company is just me and a laptop and some servers out in the cloud.
Virginia law says that if I "transact business" in VA then I need to file as a foreign corporation, but does not define what "transact business" means. In fact, all it does is provide a non-exhaustive list of things that don't count as "transacting business" (opening a bank account or holding meetings in VA, for example, don't count as transacting business).
If I form a Delaware LLC and have a registered agent there, do I need to register as a foreign corporation in Virginia? Under what circumstances (beyond the obvious like opening up a real brick-and-mortar office or store) would trigger the need to register as foreign corporation in Virginia or anywhere else.
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6 Answers
My understanding from reading your question is that you will have to file as a foreign corporation in your home state. To be on the safe side you should speak to a small business attorney in your home state. He or she can tell you what "transact business" means to the state.
However, before you make the decision to incorporate in Delaware versus your home state, there is something else you should consider, if you haven't already:
Tax Structure: What type of tax structure will you choose for your LLC? If you go with pass-through taxation (either because the LLC is disregarded by the IRS, or because you bring in another member and are taxed as a partnership), your profits will pass through to you as the owner of the company. Meaning that when you file your personal income tax, you will need to include the profits (or losses) from your business anyway. If you go with Corporate taxation, your LLC is treated as a separate entity and it will pay taxes in whatever state it is registered in. And you as the owner pay your personal income taxes in whatever state you are living in.
In my opinion, registering a small startup like yours in a state other than your home state isn't worth the effort. Your time is better spent working on your product or service. But I don't have all the facts. Again, you should consult a small business attorney.
Also take a look at this other answer, it may help you out.
share|improve this answer
The fact that you are
1. the principal executive of the LLC and
2. you reside in VA
will most likely give your LLC nexus in VA, requiring it to file as a foreign corporation.
share|improve this answer
From what I've gathered on this issue, it really comes down to how your home state defines "conducts business on behalf of". I've heard a lot of people say that ALL states consider being a member manager or an officer of the company as "conducting business on behalf". But I think that's a lazy way to look at it and from what I've read, goes against the intent of the Due Process clause that relates to "minimal connection". It might constitute conducting business, but it might not. Similarly, saying "working from your home on your laptop is conducting business" is too broad as well. What if I have a turn-key internet based solution that I license from another company (which I also own) and all I do on my laptop is improve this turn-key solution as an owner of that other company? Granted, most people that say, "work from my home on my laptop" mean exactly that and ARE conducting business on behalf of, but that's not the ONLY possibility.
In my opinion, it is possible to have a single member LLC or single stockholder corporation that resides in a state other than that single member/stockholder's home state and still NOT trigger substantial nexus in the member/stockholder's home state, depending on the state.
For example, if I formed a Nevada corp, rented offices in Nevada, located my servers there, and had a software platform that handled the entire company's business, just what "business" is left to conduct in my home state? I just can't see where having to file a few Nevada business forms at most constitutes "conducting business" in my home state enough to trigger substantial nexus in my home state. Granted there are a lot of home-based Internet businesses where you really would have to conduct most of the companies business in your home state. I'm simply stating that that's not the ONLY possible scenario.
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There is quite a bit of case law behind the entire issue of internet taxation. Generally, in order to be taxed in a particular state, a business must have a “substantial nexus” to the state. This depends on the existence of 1) Headquarters, 2) Employees, 3) Bank Accounts, 4) Servers, and/or 5) Return stores. If the company has one or any factor of these things, it is likely to have some “nexus” to the state. No single factor is determinative, and each case must be determined on a case-by-case basis.
As you mentioned, VA explicitly lists how having a bank account in state doesn't count, so rule out #3. For others who are interested in this topic, here's the link to the VA code: http://law.justia.com/virginia/codes/toc1301000/13.1-757.html
Disclaimer: This post does not constitute legal advice and does not establish an attorney-client relationship.
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My thoughts... "everyone says to incorporate in Delaware" is not a really good reason to incorporate in Delaware. There really isn't any compelling reason to domesticate your entity in Delaware that I can derive from your question unless you left out that you're going public in the next couple of years ;-)
Also... whether or not you could take advantage a state tax free jurisdiction would depend on whether or not you're planning on taking any money out of the entity. If you aren't taking money out of it, then I would argue that you aren't "conducting business" in your home state (however it would be easy to find people to make the opposite argument even though I feel they would be wrong LOL) If you have a another job that is supporting you and this is a side project, then maybe the idea would be to leave all of the money in the company. Not the easiest thing to do all the time I understand, but just a thought...
Another consideration is how onerous the taxes are in your home state. Personally, I wouldn't mind paying a little bit of tax if it meant that I didn't have to ever deal with the horrifically rude people at the Delaware Secretary of State. They never fail to let you know what a favor they are doing you by talking to you and how lucky you are that they even picked up the phone. Apparently they buy their own hype.
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You will be doing business in VA, so that is where you should form your LLC. If you form it in DE, you will need to register in VA because you will be transacting business there (yes, running a business from home on a laptop is transacting business).
This issue comes up frequently. Please see Why (not) incorporate in Delaware? and Why (not) form an LLC in Nevada? (both written from a CA perspective, but equally applicable to VA).
Disclaimer: This post does not constitute legal advice and does not establish an attorney-client relationship.
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Open English Bible (OEB)
The Open English Bible (OEB) is a modern English translation of the Bible with a median translation approach similar to that of the NET Bible and the Revised English Bible (REB) available under the Creative Commons Zero Licence.
For more information, see their website at openenglishbible.org.
Title: Open English Bible
Date: 2010-2012
Publisher: openenglishbible.org
Contents: New Testament is complete but under revision, work has started on the Old Testament, with drafts of Psalms, Esther, Ruth and some of the Minor Prophets.
Availability: The Open English Bible is available as a download on the Internet. Its home page may be found at http://openenglishbible.org/, with downloads available as well as the facility to read online.
Comments: The New Testament of the OEB is being formed on the base of the Twentieth Century New Testament, in particular the revised edition published in 1904. As such it is based on the critical text of Wescott & Hort. The OEB aims to be a scholarly defensible mainstream translation usable within a religious community. Unlike the World English Bible but like the REB, NIV etc, the OEB is not based on a source within the Tyndale tradition.
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
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Commentary
Resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock with normal saline versus lactated Ringer's: effects on oxygenation, extravascular lung water, and hemodynamics
Samir G Sakka
Author Affiliations
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Center Cologne-Merheim, University of Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimerstrasse 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany
Critical Care 2009, 13:128 doi:10.1186/cc7742
See related research by Phillips et al., http://ccforum.com/content/13/2/R30
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://ccforum.com/content/13/2/128
Published:3 April 2009
© 2009 BioMed Central Ltd
Abstract
Which type of fluid to use in the resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock, within and between crystalloids or colloids, is still a matter of debate. In this context, with respect to organ dysfunction, early detection of lung injury is widely considered of particular clinical importance. For these purposes, the transpulmonary thermodilution technique that enables one to assess extravascular lung water as a marker of pulmonary edema is applied in the clinical setting. In this issue of Critical Care, Phillips and colleagues describe that early resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in pigs with two different crystalloid solutions – normal saline or Ringer's lactate – had little impact on oxygenation when the resuscitation volume was <250 ml/kg. Ringer's lactate had more favorable effects than normal saline, however, on extravascular lung water, pH, and blood pressure but not on oxygenation. Although several pathophysiological aspects remain unanswered, these data are interesting in so far as they indicate that clinically applied amounts of crystalloids per se do not negatively influence pulmonary function, while with larger amounts the type of fluid has different effects on the extent of fluid extravasation in the lungs.
Commentary
In the present issue of Critical Care an experimental model of hemorrhagic shock in pigs describes a significant difference in the extent of lung injury as assessed by the extravascular lung water (EVLW) between two crystalloid solutions – normal saline (NS) or Ringer's lactate (RL) – when administered in volumes >250 ml/kg [1]. In general, which type of fluid to use in the resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock is still a matter of debate. In this context, with respect to developing organ dysfunction, early detection of lung injury during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock is widely considered of particular clinical importance. For these purposes, the transpulmonary thermodilution technique – which enables one to assess the extent of fluid in the interstitial space of the lungs (EVLW) by describing the relation between intravascular fluid and extravascular fluid (that is, pulmonary capillary permeability) – is clinically applied. Especially in the scenario of fluid shift during resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock, the type of fluid may have particular influence on endothelial function in the lungs.
The study of Phillips and colleagues attempted to mimic severe hemorrhagic shock in both the prehospital and early-hospital periods in humans [1]. Studies examining the effects of NS versus RL on hemodynamic response have so far been conducted in controlled hemorrhage models, and many studies reinfused shed blood with the resuscitation fluid. In contrast, this study used a more clinically relevant model by adding tissue injury to uncontrolled hemorrhage and initiating early resuscitation with crystalloids alone and resuscitating to a goal blood pressure. As the authors themselves mention, however, their study has several limitations that make the interpretation of the effects of the fluid type independent of the volume difficult. Nevertheless, the results probably allow more reliable extrapolation to the human clinical scenario than previous studies.
First, total blood loss was greater in the NS group than in the RL group, which may impact on the study findings. Furthermore, although animals in the NS received significantly more fluid, the mean arterial pressure was significantly lower in the resuscitation phase when compared with the RL group. At a time point during resuscitation when differences between both groups in EVLW first became significant, however, a higher capillary permeability as assessed by the index parameter pulmonary capillary permeability was already observed. Significantly higher pulmonary capillary permeability in the presence of a comparable filling volume implies either greater extravasation of fluid into the lung due to increases in permeability, or changes in the transcapillary oncotic pressure gradient, or an impairment of fluid clearance, or a combination of the three.
In general, the various factors for transcapillary fluid flux have been described in the Starling equation. Since this occurred at a time when there were no differences in the volumes of resuscitation administered or in the central filling volumes, however, this finding suggests that NS may have caused a pulmonary capillary endothelial permeability injury relative to the RL group to explain the differences in EVLW. It should be mentioned that nobody has previously examined EVLW, oxygenation, and hemodynamic effects in an uncontrolled trauma-related hemorrhagic shock model.
With respect to the monitoring technology used, a clinical study compared NS with different colloids and found that pulmonary edema (that is, EVLW as measured by trans-pulmonary thermodilution) and the lung injury score were not affected by the type of fluid loading in fluid responsiveness in both septic patients and nonseptic patients [2]. van der Heijden and colleagues, however, did not compare different crystalloids and did not involve individuals with a different underlying pathophysiology [2]. Phillips and colleagues present evidence that the difference in EVLW between NS versus RL may have been due to increased pulmonary vascular permeability [1] – surprisingly, there is little in the literature describing this effect. Further pathophysiological mechanisms to explain the authors' findings are peripheral vasodilatation by NS and acidosis, which itself may cause vasodilation and impair endothelial integrity [3].
Interestingly, oxygenation (PaO2 to FiO2 ratio) was not significantly different between both groups while EVLW was. Previous clinical and experimental studies showed that transpulmonary thermodilution-derived EVLW is sufficiently accurate when compared with gravimetry or with the double-indicator dilution technique [4-6]. Consequently, to explain this difference and to exclude limitations by the technique itself, a reference technique – such as gravimetry, which would have been easy to apply in an animal study – would have been useful. The authors adequately mentioned in their discussion the following possible explanations for the differences observed between NS and RL: inflammation, oncotic pressure (which unfortunately was not measured) and different influences on coagulation and platelet activation. Histological examinations that were obtained by the same group in the same model [7], however, revealed that increased numbers of sequestered neutrophils in the lung between NS-resuscitated and RL-resuscitated animals were not different. Finally, ventilator settings that may have influenced the study results were discussed. Although clinically not recommended and hopefully not applied, an identical tidal volume of 12 ml/kg was used in both groups. According to the authors, this tidal volume may have caused some lung injury and may have played a role in the development of increased EVLWI; however, using the same tidal volume made it unlikely as the cause of the difference between the groups.
Further, more sophisticated studies are required to validate and explain these findings. The authors are to be congratulated for completing this first phase of a promising line of investigation. Future research should further clarify the clinical significance of different fluids on pulmonary capillary function in patients with hemorrhagic shock.
Abbreviations
EVLW: extravascular lung water; NS: normal saline; RL: Ringer's lactate.
Competing interests
SGS is a member of the medical advisory board of Pulsion Medical Systems AG, Munich, Germany, and received honoraria for presenting lectures.
References
1. Phillips CR, Vinecore K, Hagg DS, Sawai RS, Differding JA, Watters JM, Schreiber MA: Resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock with normal saline vs. lactated Ringer's: effects on oxygenation, extravascular lung water, and hemodynamics.
Crit Care 2009, 13:R30. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text
2. Heijden M, Verheij J, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Groeneveld AB: Crystalloid or colloid fluid loading and pulmonary permeability, edema, and injury in septic and nonseptic critically ill patients with hypovolemia.
Crit Care Med 2009, in press. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Maniatis NA, Kotanidou A, Catravas JD, Orfanos SE: Endothelial pathomechanisms in acute lung injury.
Vascul Pharmacol 2008, 49:119-133. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Katzenelson R, Perel A, Berkenstadt H, Preisman S, Kogan S, Sternik L, Segal E: Accuracy of transpulmonary thermodilution versus gravimetric measurement of extravascular lung water.
Crit Care Med 2004, 32:1550-1554. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
5. Sakka SG, Rühl CC, Pfeiffer UJ, Beale R, McLuckie A, Reinhart K, Meier-Hellmann A: Assessment of cardiac preload and extravascular lung water by single transpulmonary thermodilution.
Intensive Care Med 2000, 26:180-187. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. Neumann P: Extravascular lung water and intrathoracic blood volume: double versus single indicator dilution technique.
Intensive Care Med 1999, 25:216-219. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
7. Watters JM, Brundage SI, Todd SR, Zautke NA, Stefater JA, Lam JC, Muller PJ, Malinoski D, Schreiber MA: Resuscitation with lactated ringer's does not increase inflammatory response in a Swine model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock.
Shock 2004, 22:283-287. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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A running theme that the only thing that matters is test scores
according to the American Psychological Association, a study of Texas middle school students found that healthy lungs and hearts could “predict” better scores on reading and math tests.
Here’s another — from the UK but in the same vein — touting the conclusion that “daily exercise significantly improves pupils test scores.”
And another finding that integrating arts education into students “regular curriculum showed remarkable improvement on standardized test scores.”
The recent study that raised the most eyebrows, however, was a “working paper” reported by Education Week which revealed that students get better test scores when they are given an incentive up front — “a trophy, $10, or $20 in cash” — with the threat of having the reward taken away should scores turn out to be sub-par. The researchers call their approach “loss aversion.”
Notice the running theme throughout all these — that just about the only indicator of childrens wellbeing that matters anymore is how well they score on standardized tests? Hard to remember now that once upon a time, when Americans talked about children, healthy “hearts and lungs” were thought to be a pretty important condition for their own sake. Yet now that test scores have become the holy grail of education, other really important indicators of childrens wellbeing — their health, their opportunities to learn about the arts, their intrinsic love of learning — seem passé.
It’s important to be reminded that Americans haven’t always thought this way.
Jeff Bryant via http://www.ourfuture.org/blog-entry/2012083313/back-school-and-renewed-call-progressive-education
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How to Upload Restricted File Types in DotNetNuke
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How to Upload Restricted File Types in DotNetNuke (Unpublished)
DotNetNuke comes with quite a few security features right out of the box. One of those security features is not allowing the uploading of uncommon or harmful file types. Why would this be a security feature? Simple. There are several file types that could be uploaded to your website that would be able to execute code directly against the web server and/or the database server. As you might imagine, that is not a good thing.
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Empresa Nacional de Petroleo Bio-Bio Refinery is located at ConcepciÃ?n, BÃo-BÃo, Chile. Location coordinates are: Latitude= -36.77918, Longitude= -73.12513. This infrastructure is of TYPE Crude_Oil_Refineries and CATEGORY Fuels and Resources with a design capacity of 113400 bbl/day. .
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Saturday, 18 March 2006
EUROMASTER; LLADRO; FERRO, FERRERO ... MIDAS
Master of Europe
On Thursday the IPKat mentioned the Euromaster case, which was not available in English. He has since received a very helpful note on it from his friend Mélanie Lemeunier, who is currently studying IP in London. Mélanie explains:
Jesus Gomez Fria applied to register as a Community trade mark a figurative mark containing the word euroMASTER in relation to transport services in class 39 and sports competitions in class 41. Eurodrive Services and Distribution NV opposed, relying on its earlier multi-national registration (in France, Spain, Austria, Benelux, Denmark, Finland, the UK, Greece, Ireland, Italy and Portugal) of the word trade mark EUROMASTER for goods and services in Classes 12 and 37, particularly in relation to tyres and car repairs.
The OHIM Opposition Decision upheld the opposition for transport services in class 39, considering that the goods and services in question were similar, as were the related signs. The opposition was however rejected in so far as it relied on a French registered trade mark as the opponent hadn't proved it owned it. The opposition was also rejected concerning class 41 as these goods and services were not considered similar.
Both parties appealed unsuccessfully against that decision, the First Board of Appeal employing the same arguments as the Opposition Division. Eurodrive then appealed to the Court of First Instance (CFI). They argued first that goods in class 41 were also similar and that there was a risk of confusion with the goods and services of the earlier registered trade mark (tyres could be associated with the sports competition especially because of their complementarity and the extreme similarity of the signs). They also argued that the OHIM decision had not been properly reasoned.
The CFI dismissed Eurodrive's appeal, considering that the public for class 12 and 37 were different (the organisers of sports competitions being specialised and particularly aware), the goods and services were different and not complementary (rejecting the comparison with the ALADIN case) and that there was no likelihood of confusion; the CFI also considered that the decision had been properly reasoned.
Thanks a million, Mélanie, says the IPKat.
LLADRO: another retro case on Lawtel
Lladro Commercial SA v Rosa Ma Lladro Castello, a decision of Lord Chancellor's Appointed Person Geoffrey Hobbs QC way back on 16 January, suddenly made its way on to Lawtel's daily list this week. Although Lawtel is usually very good at noting up highly current cases, every so often it delivers batches of retro trade mark cases with no apparent reason: this is one of them.
This case involved an appeal by Lladro against the dismissal of its opposition under the Trade Marks Act 1994 s.5(3) and s.5(4)(a) to Rosa's application to register a series of two CONDE DE LLADRO ffigurative marks for use in relation to alcoholic beverages except beer. Lladro, a Spanish company that commercialised fine porcelain and chinaware articles that were sold internationally, owned a number of UK and Community trade marks for the mark LLADRO in various classes, Rosa being a daughter of one of Lladro's founders. Lladro argued that use of the marks in relation to goods of the kind specified in the application for registration would infringe its earlier marks and that use of Rosa's marks for the goods specified in her application was likely to give rise to the mistaken belief that the goods were connected with Lladro.
The hearing officer held that Lladro had a reputation in its trade marks for porcelain and ceramic goods. While the respective marks were similar aurally, visually and conceptually, use of Rosa's mark for alcoholic drinks would not take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the distinctive character or repute of Lladro's marks under s.5(3), nor would there be a likelihood of misrepresentation so as to support a passing-off action under s.5(4)(a).
Right: Lladro ceramics - the IPKat is not amused ...
Geoffrey Hobbs QC dismissed Lladro's appeal.
* There was no evidence to support the inference that consumers would be led by experience, expectation or extrapolation to make a connection between the marks.
* While the high degree of individuality possessed by the word LLADRO and the strength of its reputation acquired through use were factors that could not be denied, the hearing officer was right to say that they provided insufficient basis on which to make the inference he was being asked to make.
* Even if the hearing officer was wrong on that point, the presence in the marketplace of marks and signs that called each other to mind was not itself sufficient to satisfy the requirements of s.5(3) [at this point Geoffrey Hobbs QC cited his own decision in Electrocoin Automatics Ltd v Coinworld Ltd (2004) EWHC 1498.
* Section 5(3) sought to prevent the Hobbsian concept of cross-pollination between a mark and a sign that are identical or similar, i.e. the linkage in people's minds between the use of one mark with the use of the other. For such a "link" to be productive of an advantage or detriment of the kind required under s.5(3), the "link" established in the minds of people in the marketplace had to be liable to have an effect on their economic behaviour, which was not the case here.
The IPKat's pleased to see a sensible decision that recognises the scope of reasonable protection afforded by s.5(3) and doesn't seek to suffocate uses that are never likely to impinge on the earlier registrant's commercial interests or brand ethos. Merpel says, it's just because you don't like Lladro china, isn't it ...?
You can read the full decision of Geoffrey Hobbs QC, which carries a proper illustration of Rosa's marks here
Ferro, Ferrero ... MIDAS!
The IPKat's friend Bonita Trimmer (Wragge & Co) writes:
"Reading your blog on Athinaiki Oikogeniaki Artopoiia AVEE v OHIM, Ferrero OHG mbH reminded me of the recent MIDAS Community registered invalidity decision re a registered 2D logo community design invalidated by an earlier stylised word registered trade mark (see here, here, here and here).
I don't think you have covered this in your blog - in my view it was the right decision (i.e. in view of likelihood of confusion figurative/word TM cases such as the above) but the reasons actually given were far from solid gold".
Thanks, Bonita, even if you've just set the IPKat and Merpel some more weekend homework ...
Myth of King Midas here
King Midas in Reverse here
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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wiki:Help
Version 107 (modified by stoecker, 3 years ago) (diff)
--
Welcome to the JOSM online help system
From JOSM you can reach this page
• by clicking the menu item Help->Help
• by clicking on a help button in one of the JOSM dialogs
• by pressing F1
Please help to improve online help information.
This help might get outdated from time to time. Please help improving it by fixing parts that are missing or outdated - this is a wiki!
Getting Started
Concepts
• Objects - explains what objects maps consist of and how these objects are described in detail
• Conflict - explains the basics of conflicts, why they occur, how they are detected and how you can resolve them
• Changeset - explains why you create a changeset when you upload data to the OSM server
JOSM interface
Map View
• Map View - The main area, where editing takes place
Depending on which plugins you have installed you may have more options on this menu.
Toolbars
• Main Toolbar - the toolbar above the main JOSM window.
This toolbar is highly customisable, with the ability to add and remove menus items from the preferences dialog.
• Edit Toolbar - the toolbar down the left hand side of the main JOSM window
Toggle Dialogs
Other dialogs
JOSM Plugins
JOSM error messages
Attachments (1)
Download all attachments as: .zip
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Star Mialuri is on Lrt Ampang Line C; is on Cheras, J; is near Jejaka, J; is near Pandan Indah, J; is near Pudu Hulu, J; is near Jejaka 1, J; is near Peel, L; is near Jejaka 2, J; Star Mialuri is geographically located at latitude(3.1237 degrees) 3° 7' 25" North of the Equator and longitude (101.7275 degrees) 101° 43' 39" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to Star Mialuri are represented by the nearest distances for a beam of light to travel and may not be nearest by road. For example, Star Mialuri is located 203 metres from Jaya Jusco Taman Maluri. Star Mialuri is located 211 metres from Miharja Apartments. Star Mialuri is located 264 metres from Menara Pgrm. Star Mialuri is located 266 metres from Petronas Jalan Cheras. Star Mialuri is located 278 metres from Shell Jalan Cheras.
Featured Places Of Interest Located NearbyStar Miharja is located 1.1 Kilometres away from Star Mialuri. Star Miharja - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Maluri Hotel 0.5km, Wenworth Hotel 1.6km, Hotel Cheras 2.8km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Star Mialuri.
Jaya Jusco Taman Maluri 0.2km, Courts Cheras 0.5km, Shops Taman Pertama 0.8km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Star Mialuri.
Times Square Theme Park 2.7km, Muzium TUDM Sungai Besi 2.8km, Cultural Craft Complex 3.1km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Star Mialuri.
SJK Yaacob Latiff 0.5km, SMK Yaacob Latiff 0.5km, SJK Jalan Cochrane 0.7km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near Star Mialuri.
Park Taman Pertama 0.8km, Park Laman Peel 1.1km, Park Perkasa 1 1.1km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Star Mialuri.
Star Mialuri
Jaya Jusco Taman Maluri
Miharja Apartments
Menara Pgrm
Petronas Jalan Cheras
Shell Jalan Cheras
Police Ippd Cheras
Badminton Stadium, KL
TAMAN MIHARJA 55200
Miharja Condo
SJK Yaacob Latiff
SMK Yaacob Latiff
Maluri Hotel
Courts Cheras
TAMAN SHAMELIN PERKASA 56100
Bandaraya Cheras Youth Complex
Taman Pertama
SJK Jalan Cochrane
TAMAN KOBENA 56100
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
Star Mialuri
SMK Jalan Cochrane is about 0.8 km away.
Park Taman Pertama is about 0.8 km away.
Shops Taman Pertama is about 0.8 km away.
SMK Sri Bintang (u) is about 0.9 km away.
SJK Sri Bintang (u) is about 0.9 km away.
Shell Jalan Shelley is about 0.9 km away.
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Open for Business: Employees with benefits
Image credits: opensource.com
(2 votes)
Paul Graham coined the term 'ramen profitable' to describe the sort of start-up companies that can quickly reach profitability because they have low overhead and few expenses. I think of OpenNMS as 'sushi profitable'--that is, profitable enough to provide a few of the finer things in life. Like employee benefits.
When your company reaches sushi profitability, you’ll need to consider employee benefits--health insurance, a 401(k), and a stock option plan. These may sound like things only available to larger companies, but by leveraging the do-it-yourself nature of the open source way, even small companies can provide solid benefits to their employees.
Note: All of the companies mentioned in this column are provided as examples only, and do not represent an endorsement by either the author or this website. Also note that I am not a lawyer, nor am I certified to provide any type of financial advice. I'm just relating what we did in the hopes that others might find it useful.
Health insurance and the single worker
The first company I started was initially just me, and I needed health insurance. The process was pretty straightforward. I contacted a large, local health insurance provider, filled out an application, and they sent a nurse to my house to take my weight and draw my blood. Based on that information they quoted me a price.
There are a couple drawbacks to this. First, since there is no group policy to spread out the risk, if you are not in great health (for example, if you’re older, overweight, or have a lot of pre-existing conditions) you will end up paying more. Second, unless your premium is extremely high, or you have health related expenses that represent a large percentage of your income, your premium payments will be post-tax. As long as you can afford it, it is important to maintain some coverage—in case of an accident and so that a lapse doesn’t result in denial of a claim for a pre-existing condition.
The advantages of group coverage
However, once a company has more than three or four employees, you can qualify for a group plan. Not only do these plans offer rates based solely on employees’ ages, but any premiums can be paid with pre-tax dollars.
The way we found our health care solution was the way I've learned to make most decisions since I started working with open source software--I asked others. Many people recommended that I find a health insurance broker--someone who could examine our situation and then suggest a few options. A good broker will also handle most of the communication between you and the insurance company. At OpenNMS, for example, all I have to do is send in the checks.
In the beginning we had a standard insurance plan, with in-network and out-of-network rates and co-payments. I believe that the health of my employees is very important, so the company pays 100% of their premiums for medical and dental insurance. This is for the individual only--if an employee wants coverage for other members of their family, it is available (paid in pre-tax dollars), but the employee pays the extra costs. We also, through our broker, later added short-term and long-term disability (the latter requires that you have been in business for several years), as well as life insurance.
Insurance contracts have to be renewed each year. Unfortunately, two years ago our rates went up nearly 50%. We asked our broker for options, and that’s when we learned about high-deductible health plans (HDHP) coupled with a health savings account (HSA).
A high-deductible health plan carries a lower premium than a standard health plan. The amount of the deductible can vary, but in our case we went with $2,500 per individual, and $5,000 per family. That amount is the employee’s responsibility, but, after the deductible is met, most medical expenses are covered at 100% (though, again, this can vary).
Adding a health savings account (HSA)
Twenty-five hundred dollars might sound like a lot because, well, it is. So, at the same time we switched to an HDHP, we also opened an HSA for every employee. The company funds this at the rate of $2,500 a year, thus covering the individual’s deductible. Employees can put in more money if they like (tax deferred) which helps those who choose family coverage.
This combination of an HDHP with an HSA hasn’t stopped our premiums from increasing, though it has kept these increases smaller. It has also allowed OpenNMS to continue to cover 100% of our employees’ health insurance. And it puts some of the power for managing healthcare costs back into the hands of the employee through the HSA.
In many ways, an HSA functions like a flex benefits plan, with one important difference. With flex benefits, an employee puts aside a certain amount each year to cover anticipated medical expenses, but that money has to be spent within the year or be forfeited. Not so with an HSA. Money deposited into an HSA has no expiration date, and it can earn interest, increasing one’s health care assets over time. Finally, at retirement, an HSA can be converted into a standard retirement account, such as a 401(k).
Get 401(k)... from your local Costco?
Several years ago, when we decided that we wanted to provide a 401(k) benefit, we went where everyone goes when thinking about retirement plans--Costco. Seriously, one of my employees pointed out that Costco sold a retirement plan for small companies. Actually, Costco resells a service called Sharebuilder that is managed by ING Direct. This has changed in the years since we did ours, as the Costco website now references Intuit, which resells a plan managed by Morningstar.
There are two main things to look for in a 401(k) plan. From the employee's perspective, they want a lot of options with low management fees. This is the money that the provider of the 401(k) takes out periodically as recompense for managing the funds. The second consideration is the amount charged to the company for monthly maintenance fees. The Sharebuilder plan was reasonable on both counts, and I was able to provide this benefit for less than $100/month.
One note on 401(k) plans: there are rules to prevent these plans from being used solely by the owners and managers of a company. Owners are identified by having a certain amount of ownership or stock, and I believe highly compensated employees are identified by a certain salary range. In order to encourage investment by less well-compensated employees, there are ratio tests that must be performed, and owners and managers can only contribute based upon the contributions of the company as a whole.
This is extremely complicated, especially when a company is small and consists primarily of owners. There is a way around this by leveraging safe harbor provisions. We instituted a profit-sharing plan where the company contributes three percent of the salary of each employee into their account once a year. This removes the ratio tests and allows every employee to contribute as much as they want (up to the legally imposed limits for the account, of course).
Fairly distributing stock options
Finally, we broach the topic of profit-sharing. Most employees in small start-up companies are interested in some form of incentive stock option (ISO) plan. These were popular during the first tech bubble, around 2000, when many companies were structured for a quick exit via some sort of liquidity event.
While this is still the plan for a lot of companies, it has become less so in recent times as businesses focus more on reaching profitability than solely on building a company for acquisition. The fact is that ISOs are a pain to create and manage, and unless you have both a good lawyer and money to spare, they may not be worth the trouble.
We have yet to formalize our own stock option plan, but I like the one adopted by the company 37signals. They wanted a simple plan that would reward seniority, and they came up with the following:
• At least five percent of the ultimate sale price (or, in the case of an IPO, the fair market value of the capital stock) would be set aside for an employee bonus pool.
• Each current employee will be credited with one unit for every full year they’ve worked, starting after the first full year. The maximum amount of units one person could earn would be five units. So if you worked for two years you’d get two units. Three-and-a-half years, three units. Four years, four units. Five years, five units. Seven years, five units. And so on.
• They would divide the total employee bonus pool dollar amount by the total number of units held by all employees. This would determine the unit value.
• Each person would receive stock shares equal to the unit value multiplied by their units.
I think this sounds like a good plan. I'm not sure I completely agree with the numbers (I'm thinking more like 10 percent, going up to ten years), but I do think it makes more sense than the lottery around stock options, as well as their tax consequences. (I was involved in an IPO in the first bubble and the less said about the alternative minimum tax, the better.) It seems to reward service equitably--unlike stock options which tend to be larger for early employees--and it is much simpler than other alternatives.
Don’t think that just because your company is small that it can't have big-company benefits. By applying the same ingenuity that you bring to your business, you can create a benefits solution that well-serves both your people and your company.
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BIOL398-03/S13:Class Journal Week 2
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 00:32, 24 January 2013 by Kasey E. O'Connor (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
user:Kevin Matthew McKay
Contents
Week 2 questions
Reflection on Work
• What was the purpose of this assignment?
• To understand the math behind the chemostat and improve our MATLAB skills.
• What aspect of this assignment came most easily to you?
• Understanding the math and biology of the chemostat.
• What aspect of this assignment was the most challenging for you?
• Doing anything in MATLAB I do not understand it other than the most basic things shown in the tutorial. Working with the computer, I do not like computers and I really very much do not enjoy writing code and working with computer programs.
• What (yet) do you not understand?
• MATLAB.
Read and Reflect
• What distinction does Lander draw between modeling to "discover new knowledge" and modeling for "understanding"?
• Lander clearly favors modeling with the purpose of understanding, and comments on how it is seen as trivial when compared to the discovery of new knowledge. While discovery of new knowledge is finding bits and pieces of information accepted as "facts", truly understanding includes taking those facts and connecting them to other knowledge (the metaphor of the hairball, the nodes would be facts while the edges are understanding).
• Which point of view resonates with you more?
• I find that I get more out of understanding then I do out of straight facts. Knowing the facts is great, but without the anchor of understanding, facts will quickly exit one's memory. I know this from experience. I remember biological processes much better when I actually understand them for example, I really understand the Krebbs cycle because I can draw it out and explain every part of it, not just because I have memorized the diagram.
Kevin Matthew McKay 22:39, 23 January 2013 (EST)
Kasey E. O'Connor Week 2 Journal Entry
Kasey E. O'Connor
Reflection on Work
1. What was the purpose of this assignment?
2. What aspect of this assignment came most easily to you?
3. What aspect of this assignment was the most challenging for you?
4. What (yet) do you not understand?
Read and Reflect
1. What distinction does Lander draw between modeling to "discover new knowledge" and modeling for "understanding"?
Lander states that discovering new facts, while it can be exciting, is much different than actually understanding what you are presented with. He clearly favors modeling for understanding, and claims that the majority of biologists would feel the same. He says that there will always be a need for models for understanding, and the notion that models can only be used to make predictions is not entirely correct. It is with all of the models that understanding can be found.
1. Which point of view resonates with you more? Why?
I found that the models for understanding resonate more with me. There is much more to learning than just memorizing facts. Especially in math and biology since they are subjects that constantly build upon each other, having an understanding it necessary. In order to be able to correctly explain biological systems, or even some mathematical problem solving techniques, an understanding of the process and/or model that goes with it is going to be much more beneficial.
Personal tools
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Harman's bookmarks
"The greatest sweetener of human life is Friendship. To raise this to the highest pitch of enjoyment, is a secret which but few discover."
Addison, Joseph on friends and friendship
20 fans of this quote
"Friendship improves happiness, and abates misery, by doubling our joys, and dividing our grief."
Addison, Joseph on friends and friendship
26 fans of this quote
"One friend in a lifetime is much, two are many, three are hardly possible. Friendship needs a certain parallelism of life, a community of thought, a rivalry of aim."
Adams, Henry Brooks on friends and friendship
29 fans of this quote
"I was the kid next door's imaginary friend. "
Phillips Emo on friend
"Hopes are but the dreams of those that wake."
Prior, Matthew on hope
5 fans of this quote
"Honest men are the soft easy cushions on which knaves repose and fatten."
Otway, Thomas on honesty
"The mind is no match with the heart in persuasion; constitutionality is no match with compassion."
Dirksen, Everett M. on passion
"In its function, the power to punish is not essentially different from that of curing or educating."
Foucault, Michel on punishment
"The fire which enlightens is the same fire which consumes."
Amiel, Henri Frederic on passion
9 fans of this quote
"False friends are worse than bitter enemies."
Proverb, Scottish on enemies
13 fans of this quote
"Everything you want in life has a price connected to it. There's a price to pay if you want to make things better, a price to pay just for leaving things as they are, a price for everything."
Browne, Harry on price
"It is the nature of the strong heart, that like the palm tree it strives ever upwards when it is most burdened."
Sidney, Sir Philip on endurance
"Debate is masculine, conversation is feminine."
Alcott, Amos Bronson on conversation
"Always remember, others may hate you, but those who hate you don't win unless you hate them-and then you destroy yourself."
Nixon, Richard M. on hatred
11 fans of this quote
"If we would build on a sure foundation in friendship, we must love friends for their sake rather than for our own."
Bronte, Charlotte on friends and friendship
9 fans of this quote
"An arch never sleeps."
Proverb, Indian on endurance
"Know how sublime a thing it is to suffer and be strong."
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth on endurance
7 fans of this quote
"Low self-esteem is like driving through life with your hand-break on."
Maltz, Maxwell on self-esteem
6 fans of this quote
"If I have seen further... it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants."
Newton, Sir Isaac on vision
8 fans of this quote
"And Wisdom be the Daughter of Experience"
Da Vinci, Leonardo on wisdom
3 fans of this quote
"As a well-spent day brings happy sleep, so a life well spent brings happy death."
Da Vinci, Leonardo on death
11 fans of this quote
"Nothing can be loved or hated unless it is first known."
Da Vinci, Leonardo on understanding
15 fans of this quote
"Time stays long enough for those who use it."
Da Vinci, Leonardo on time
9 fans of this quote
"The function of muscle is to pull and not to push, except in the case of the genitals and the tongue."
Da Vinci, Leonardo on body
6 fans of this quote
"Is it to be thought unreasonable that the people, in atonement for wrongs of a century, demand the vengeance of a single day?"
Robespierre, Maximilien on vengeance
"On wrongs swift vengeance waits."
Pope, Alexander on vengeance
"Delay in vengeance delivers a heavier blow."
Ford, John on vengeance
"Vengeance has no foresight."
Bonaparte, Napoleon on vengeance
4 fans of this quote
"I have offended God and mankind because my work didn't reach the quality it should have."
Da Vinci, Leonardo on excellence
6 fans of this quote
"Just as iron rusts from disuse, even so does inaction spoil the intellect."
Da Vinci, Leonardo on idleness
5 fans of this quote
"Vengeance is mine, I will repay, saith the Lord."
Bible on vengeance
"Before the first before and after the last after, there is night waiting. "
Stojanovic, Dejan on night
3 fans of this quote
"Going to the opera, like getting drunk, is a sin that carries its own punishment with it."
More, Hannah on opera
"Hard pounding, gentlemen: but we shall see who can pound the longest."
Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington on endurance
3 fans of this quote
"The sweetest joy, the wildest woe is love."
Bailey, Pearl on love
27 fans of this quote
"Accept the things to which fate binds you, and love the people with whom fate brings you together, but do so with all your heart."
Aurelius, Marcus on love
92 fans of this quote
"Vengeance taken will often tear the heart and torment the conscience."
Schopenhauer, Arthur on vengeance
4 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"One must not attempt to justify them, but rather to sense their nature simply and clearly."
Einstein, Albert on acceptance
16 fans of this quote
"The minute you settle for less than you deserve, you get even less than you settled for."
Dowd, Maureen on acceptance
52 fans of this quote
But wait... my book has more: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 next
Harman's quote collection
I'm male and made my book on 15th July 2012.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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...against Jack. He is a man of honor, and incapable of abusing--
TANNER. Don't, Tavy: you'll make me ill. I am not a man of honor: I am a man struck down by a dead hand. Tavy: you must marry her after all and take her off my hands. And I had set my heart on saving you from her!
OCTAVIUS. Oh, Jack, you talk of saving me from my highest happiness.
TANNER. Yes, a lifetime of happiness. If it were only the first half hour's happiness, Tavy, I would buy it for you with my last penny.
But a lifetime of happiness! No man alive could bear it: it would be hell on earth.
RAMSDEN. [violently] Stuff, sir. Talk sense; or else go and waste someone else's time: I have something better to do than listen to your fooleries [he positively kicks his way to his table and resumes his seat].
TANNER. You hear him, Tavy! Not an idea in his head later than eighteen-sixty. We can't leave Ann with no other guardian to turn to.
RAMSDEN. I am proud of your contempt for my character and opinions, sir. Your own are set forth in that book, I believe.
TANNER. [eagerly...
Shaw, George Bernard
Excerpt from Man and Superman · This quote is about friends and friendship · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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George Bernard Shaw (July 26, 1856 November 2, 1950) was an Irish playwright and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925.
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The nobler the blood the less the pride. Proverb, Danish
This quote is about pride · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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We don't have a biography.
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Quality questions create a quality life. Successful people ask better questions, and as a result, they get better answers. Robbins, Anthony
This quote is about questions · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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Tony (Anthony) Robbins (born 29 February 1960, Glendora, California) is an American life coach, motivational speaker and bestselling writer.
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"url": "wikitravel.org/en/Talk:Right_to_access",
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Talk:Right to access
From Wikitravel
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This should be moved to Norway/Right to access or expanded to include other countries which have this concept. -phma 09:01, 8 Mar 2004 (EST)
I agree, and the phrase "Right to access" is kinda confusing-- is that a common term somewhere? Majnoona 10:59, 8 Mar 2004 (EST)
I agree too, though consolidating here does create a redundancy problem, sinces all of the scandinavian countries have laws like this (it's also a feature of english common law, though it's been eroded a bit over the years). Still redundancy is better than finding missing the information becuase you can't click the link from the Norway page which you printed out and put in your backpack.. ;) -- Mark 11:06, 8 Mar 2004 (EST)
Then maybe it could be moved to a "Right to access" chapter on the Scandinavia page? DhDh 12:00, 8 Mar 2004 (EST)
Needs some editing. It really looks like a discussion on some cases, for example: If 'out of the way' sounds harsh... It's its own paragraph that refers to a paragraph two paragraphs above. /PutBoy
The page says to "..close gates even if you found them open..". Well, here in Australia, we say, " leave gates as you find them.." which seems more logical, if you don't want to annoy the farmer who left it open for his animals' convenience ! Clarification, anyone ? 203.63.143.122 22:22, 15 April 2007 (EDT)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
5204.0 - Australian System of National Accounts, 2011-12 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 02/11/2012
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
GLOSSARY
Actual consumption
To allow for the fact that the consumption of goods and services by households may be paid for, in cash or in kind, by the general government sector an alternative measure of consumption called actual consumption has been defined. It is measured by first separating government final consumption expenditure (GFCE) into individual and collective consumption. Individual consumption refers to services that are provided by general government to households which are consumed individually, for example health and education. Collective consumption, on the other hand, relates to the provision of public services such as policing and defence. Household actual consumption is measured as household final consumption expenditure plus individual consumption within GFCE. General government actual consumption is measured as GFCE less individual consumption. Actual consumption is a particularly useful measure for international comparison since countries often have different systems for providing individual services.
Adjusted disposable income
Consistent with the estimation of an alternative measure of consumption (see Actual consumption) an alternative measure of disposable income can also be measured. Adjusted household disposable income is measured by adding the value of individual consumption (recorded as transfers in kind on the income side of the account) to gross disposable income.
Agricultural factor income
The total factor income arising from production in agriculture and services to agriculture. It is equal to the estimated gross value of production (after the inventory valuation adjustment) less estimated production costs other than compensation of employees and consumption of fixed capital for all enterprises engaged in agriculture and services to agriculture. It includes agricultural output produced by the household sector for its own consumption.
Agricultural income
The income accruing from agricultural production during the year. It is equal to gross agricultural product at factor cost less consumption of fixed capital, compensation of employees, and net rent and interest payments.
Agricultural production costs
Include all costs (other than compensation of employees and consumption of fixed capital) incurred in current production but exclude net rent and interest payable which are treated as appropriations out of operating surplus. In general, marketing costs are as shown in the statistical publication Value of Agriculture, Australia (cat.no.7113.0) and represent the difference between the value at the farm or other place of production and at the wholesale markets. Other costs include taxes on production and imports, fertilisers, fuel, costs associated with inter-farm transfers of livestock and fodder, maintenance and other miscellaneous items.
Average compensation per employee
Calculated as total compensation of employees divided by the number of wage and salary earners from the monthly Labour Force Survey.
Basic price
The amount receivable by the producer from the purchaser for a unit of a good or service produced as output, minus any tax payable plus any subsidy receivable, on that unit as a consequence of its production or sale; it excludes any transport charges invoiced separately by the producer.
Capital account
Records the values of the non-financial assets that are acquired, or disposed of, by resident institutional units by engaging in transactions, and shows the change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers or internal bookkeeping transactions linked to production (changes in inventories and consumption of fixed capital).
Capital productivity
See 'Productivity estimates'
Capital transfers
Transactions in which the ownership of an asset (other than cash and inventories) is transferred from one institutional unit to another, in which cash is transferred to enable the recipient to acquire another asset or in which the funds realised by the disposal of another asset are transferred. Examples include general government capital transfers to private schools for the construction of science blocks or libraries and transfers to charitable organisations for the construction of homes for the aged.
Chain price indexes
Annually-reweighted chain Laspeyres price indexes referenced to the same year as the chain volume measures. They can be thought of as a series of indexes measuring price change from a base year to quarters in the following year using current price values in the base year as weights, linked together to form a continuous time series. In other words, chain price indexes are constructed in a similar fashion to the chain volume indexes.
Chain volume measures
Annually-reweighted chain Laspeyres volume indexes referenced to the current price values in a chosen reference year (i.e. the year when the quarterly chain volume measures sum to the current price annual values). Chain Laspeyres volume measures are compiled by linking together (compounding) movements in volumes, calculated using the average prices of the previous financial year, and applying the compounded movements to the current price estimates of the reference year.
Changes in inventories held by enterprises and general government
Obtained after adjusting the increase in book value of inventories by the inventory valuation adjustment. The need for an inventory valuation adjustment arises because the changes in the value of inventories as calculated from existing business accounting records do not meet national accounting requirements. For national accounting purposes, physical changes in inventories should be valued at the prices current at the times when the changes occur. The inventory valuation adjustment is the difference between the change in (book) value of inventories and the physical changes valued at average current prices. The physical changes at average current quarter prices are calculated by applying average quarterly price indexes to the changes in various categories of inventories in volume terms.
Collective consumption
Services provided simultaneously to all members of the community or to all members of a particular section of the community, such as all households living in a particular region. Collective services are automatically acquired and consumed by all members of the community, or group of households in question, without any action on their part. Typical examples are public administration and the provision of security, either at a national or local level. Collective services are the ‘public goods’ of economic theory. By their nature, collective services cannot be sold to individuals on the market, and they are financed by government units out of taxation or other incomes. The defining characteristics of collective services are as follows: collective services can be delivered simultaneously to every member of the community or of particular sections of the community, such as those in a particular region; the use of such services is usually passive and does not require the explicit agreement or active participation of all the individuals concerned; and the provision of a collective service to one individual does not reduce the amount available to others in the same community or section of the community, i.e. there is no rivalry in acquisition. See also Individual consumption.
Compensation of employees
The total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an enterprise to an employee in return for work done by the employee during the accounting period. It is further classified into two sub-components: wages and salaries; and employers’ social contributions. Compensation of employees is not payable in respect of unpaid work undertaken voluntarily, including the work done by members of a household within an unincorporated enterprise owned by the same household. Compensation of employees excludes any taxes payable by the employer on the wage and salary bill (e.g. payroll tax). See also Employers’ social contributions; Wages and salaries.
Consumption of fixed capital
The reduction in the value of fixed assets used in production during the accounting period resulting from physical deterioration, normal obsolescence or normal accidental damage. Unforeseen obsolescence, major catastrophes and the depletion of natural resources are not taken into account.
Cultivated Biological Assets
Includes such assets as orchard growth and livestock. The definition of orchard growth is any plant that can produce a marketable quantity of fruit for more than one year in which the grower intends to obtain a future benefit from the sale of the fruits borne. It can include trees, vines, bushes and shrubs. The costs to be capitalised as part of the value of fruit and nut bearing plants are the establishment costs involved in planting the new nursery plant and then maintenance costs associated with making the plant grow. Livestock assets are classified as either fixed assets or inventories. Those livestock which are used in production of other products (e.g. breeding stock, animals for entertainment, sheep for wool and dairy cattle) are fixed assets. Inventories cover all other livestock types and includes those animals raised for meat or other one-off products (e.g. leather).
Current prices
Estimates are valued at the prices of the period to which the observation relates. For example, estimates for 2002-03 are valued using 2002-03 prices. This contrasts to chain volume measures where the prices used in valuation refer to the prices of the previous year.
Current transfers
Transfers, other than those classified as capital transfers, in which one institutional unit provides a good, service or cash to another unit without receiving from the latter anything of economic value in return.
Current transfers to non-profit institutions
Transfers for non-capital purposes to private non-profit institutions serving households such as hospitals, independent schools, and religious and charitable organisations.
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
Include taxes on the incomes of households or the profits of corporations and taxes on wealth that are payable regularly every tax assessment period (as distinct from capital taxes that are levied infrequently).
Dividends from public corporations
Comprises that part of the net income of public corporations (financial and non-financial) which is paid to general government whether described by the corporations as dividends or transfer of profits. Income tax and other forms of taxation are excluded. Public corporation net income is derived by deducting consumption of fixed capital, interest payable and working expenses from interest receivable and charges for goods and services.
Economically significant prices
Prices which have a significant influence on both the amounts producers are willing to supply and the amounts purchasers wish to buy.
Employers' social contributions
Payments by employers which are intended to secure for their employees the entitlement to social benefits should certain events occur, or certain circumstances exist, that may adversely affect their employees' income or welfare - namely work-related accidents and retirement.
Exports of goods and services
The value of goods exported and amounts receivable from non-residents for the provision of services by residents.
Final consumption expenditure - general government
Government final consumption expenditure is current expenditure by general government bodies on services to the community such as defence, education, and public order and safety less any explicit charges for these services. If these are provided free of charge or at charges which cover only a small proportion of costs, the government is considered to be the consumer of its own output. This output has no directly observable market value, and so it is valued in the national accounts at its cost of production. It also includes the value of the portion of market output purchased by the General Government sector on behalf of beneficiaries.
Final consumption expenditure - households
Net expenditure on goods and services by persons and expenditure of a current nature by private non-profit institutions serving households. This item excludes expenditures by unincorporated businesses and expenditures on assets by non-profit institutions (included in gross fixed capital formation). Also excluded is expenditure on maintenance of dwellings (treated as intermediate expenses of private enterprises), but personal expenditure on motor vehicles and other durable goods and the imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings are included. The value of 'backyard' production (including food produced and consumed on farms) is included in household final consumption expenditure and the payment of wages and salaries in kind (e.g. food and lodging supplied free to employees) is counted in both household income and household final consumption expenditure.
Financial account
Records the net acquisition of financial assets and net incurrence of liabilities for all institutional sectors by type of financial asset.
Fixed Assets
Are defined as produced assets that are used repeatedly, or continuously, in processes of production for more than one year. Fixed assets not only include structures, machinery and equipment and intellectual property products but also cultivated assets such as trees and animals that are used repeatedly or continuously to produce other products such as fruit and dairy products.
Gross disposable income - households
Gross household income less income tax payable, other current taxes on income, wealth etc., consumer debt interest, interest payable by unincorporated enterprises, net non-life insurance premiums and other current transfers payable by households.
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Is the total market value of goods and services produced in Australia within a given period after deducting the cost of goods and services used up in the process of production but before deducting allowances for the consumption of fixed capital. Thus gross domestic product, as here defined, is 'at market prices'. It is equivalent to gross national expenditure plus exports of goods and services less imports of goods and services. Farm product is that part of gross domestic product which arises from production in agriculture and services to agriculture. It is equivalent to the value added of ANZSIC 06 subdivision 01 'Agriculture' plus taxes less subsidies on products primary to this subdivision. Non-farm product arises from production in all other industries.
GDP per capita
The ratio of the chain volume estimate of GDP to an estimate of the resident Australian population. Population estimates use data published in the quarterly publication Australian Demographic Statistics (cat. no. 3101.0) and ABS projections.
Gross domestic product per hour worked
The ratio of the chain volume estimate of GDP to an estimate of hours worked. Hours worked estimates are derived as the product of employment and average hours worked.
Movements in chain volume estimates of GDP per hour worked are commonly interpreted as changes in labour productivity. However, it should be noted that these measures reflect not only the contribution of labour to changes in production per hour worked, but also the contribution of capital and other factors (such as managerial efficiency, economies of scale, etc.).
Gross entrepreneurial income
The gross entrepreneurial income for a corporation, quasi-corporation, or institutional unit owning an unincorporated enterprise engaged in market production is defined as its gross operating surplus or gross mixed income, plus property income receivable on the financial or non-financial assets owned by the enterprise, less interest payable on the liabilities of the enterprise and rents payable on land or other tangible non-produced assets rented by the enterprise. See Gross operating surplus, Gross mixed income.
Gross fixed capital formation - general government
Expenditure on new fixed assets plus net expenditure on second-hand fixed assets whether for additions or replacements including defence weapons platforms that have an anticipated ongoing use (greater than one year). Expenditure on new roadworks (or upgrading existing roads) is included but expenditure on road repair and maintenance is classified as government final consumption expenditure.
Gross fixed capital formation - private
Expenditure on fixed assets broken down into dwellings, non-dwelling construction, machinery and equipment, cultivated biological assets, intellectual property products and ownership transfer costs. The machinery and equipment category includes plant, machinery, equipment, vehicles, etc. Expenditure on repair and maintenance of fixed assets is excluded, being chargeable to the production account. Additions to fixed assets are regarded as capital formation. Also included is compensation of employees and other costs paid by private enterprise in connection with own-account capital formation. Expenditure on dwellings, non-dwelling construction, and machinery and equipment is measured as expenditure on new and second-hand assets, less sales of existing assets. Cultivated biological assets includes livestock and orchard growth. Along with Computer software, Mineral and petroleum exploration and Artistic originals, Research and development is now included in the intellectual property products asset type. Ownership transfer costs comprise of stamp duty, real estate agents' fees and sales commissions, conveyancing fees and miscellaneous government charges.
Gross fixed capital formation - public corporations
Expenditure on new fixed assets plus net expenditure on second-hand fixed assets and including both additions and replacements. Also included is compensation of employees and other costs paid by public corporations in connection with capital works undertaken on own account.
Gross income - households
The total income, whether in cash or kind, receivable by persons normally resident in Australia. It includes both income in return for productive activity (such as compensation of employees, the gross mixed income of unincorporated enterprises, gross operating surplus on dwellings owned by persons, and property income receivable, etc.) as well as transfers receivable (such as social assistance benefits and non-life insurance claims).
Gross mixed income of unincorporated enterprises
The surplus or deficit accruing from production by unincorporated enterprises. It includes elements of both compensation of employees (returns on labour inputs) and operating surplus (returns on capital inputs).
Gross national disposable income
Is equivalent to gross national income plus all secondary income in cash or in kind receivable by resident institutional units from the rest of the world, less all secondary income in cash or in kind payable by resident institutional units to the rest of the world.
Gross national expenditure
The total expenditure within a given period by Australian residents on final goods and services (i.e. excluding goods and services used up during the period in the process of production). It is equivalent to gross domestic product plus imports of goods and services less exports of goods and services.
Gross national income (GNI)
The aggregate value of gross primary incomes for all institutional sectors, including net primary income receivable from non-residents. Gross National Income was formerly called gross national product (GNP).
Gross operating surplus
The operating surplus accruing to all enterprises, except unincorporated enterprises, from their operations in Australia. It is the excess of gross output over the sum of intermediate consumption, compensation of employees, and taxes less subsidies on production and imports. It is calculated before deduction of consumption of fixed capital, dividends, interest, royalties and land rent, and direct taxes payable, but after deducting the inventory valuation adjustment. Gross operating surplus is also calculated for general government and it equals general government's consumption of fixed capital.
Gross value added
The value of output at basic prices minus the value of intermediate consumption at purchasers' prices. The term is used to describe gross product by industry and by sector. Basic prices valuation of output removes the distortion caused by variations in the incidence of commodity taxes and subsidies across the output of individual industries.
Hours worked
The hours worked by all labour engaged in the production of goods and services, including hours worked by civilian wage and salary earners, employers, self-employed persons, persons working one hour or more without pay in a family business or on a farm, and members of the Australian defence forces.
Household saving ratio
The ratio of household net saving to household net disposable income. Household net saving is calculated as household net disposable income less household final consumption expenditure. Household net disposable income is calculated as household gross disposable income less household consumption of fixed capital.
Implicit price deflator
Obtained by dividing a current price value by its real counterpart (the chain volume measure). When calculated from the major national accounting aggregates, such as gross domestic product, implicit price deflators relate to a broader range of goods and services in the economy than that represented by any of the individual price indexes that are published by the ABS. Whereas the chain price indexes are chain Laspeyres indexes, the annual implicit price deflators are chain Paasche price indexes, i.e. each year-to-year movement is calculated using the current price value shares of the second of the two years to weight together the elemental price indexes.
Imports of goods and services
The value of goods imported and amounts payable to non-residents for the provision of services to residents.
Individual consumption
An individual consumption good or service is one that is acquired by a household and used to satisfy the needs and wants of members of that household. Individual goods and services can always be bought and sold on the market, although they may also be provided free, or at prices that are not economically significant, or as transfers in kind. Individual goods and services are essentially ‘private’, as distinct from ‘public’. See also Collective consumption.
Institutional unit
An institutional unit is an economic entity that is capable, in its own right, of owning assets, incurring liabilities, engaging in economic activities and engaging in transactions with other entities.
Intellectual property products
Includes such assets as computer software, research and development, entertainment, literary or artistic originals, and mineral exploration intended to be used for more than a year.
Intangible fixed assets
Includes such assets as computer software, entertainment, literary or artistic originals, and mineral exploration intended to be used for more than a year.
Intangible non-produced assets
Includes such assets as purchased goodwill, 3G spectrum licences, patented entities and leases on land and subsoil assets. Estimation of these assets is in its infancy. Currently only the value of 3G spectrum licences is included in the national and sector balance sheets.
Intermediate consumption
Consists of the value of the goods and services used as inputs by a process of production, excluding compensation of employees and the consumption of fixed capital.
Inventories
Consist of stocks of outputs that are held at the end of a period by the units that produced them prior to their being further processed, sold, delivered to other units or used in other ways and stocks of products acquired from other units that are intended to be used for intermediate consumption or for resale without further processing.
Labour productivity estimates
See 'Productivity estimates'
Livestock
Livestock assets are classified as either fixed assets or inventories. Those livestock which are used in production of other products (e.g. breeding stock, animals for entertainment, sheep for wool and dairy cattle) are fixed assets. Inventories cover all other livestock types and includes those animals raised for meat or other one-off products (e.g. leather).
Machinery and equipment
Consists of transport equipment, computing equipment and other machinery and equipment other than that acquired by households for final consumption.
Market output
Output that is sold at prices that are economically significant or otherwise disposed of on the market, or intended for sale or disposal on the market.
Market sector
The definition of those industries that constitute the 'market sector' is defined to include all industries except for Public administration and safety (O); Education and training (P); Health care and social assistance (Q) and Ownership of dwellings. The key aggregate GDP market sector and associated measures has been replaced by Gross value added market sector. The latter is different in that it excludes 'taxes less subsidies on products'. For more information see Information Paper: Upcoming changes to the Australian System of National Accounts, 2010-11 (cat. no. 5204.0.55.007).
Multifactor productivity
See 'Productivity estimates'. Also, industry level multifactor productivity estimates for the ANZSIC06 industries encompassing divisions A to N, R and S, are published in Experimental Estimates of Industry Multifactor Productivity (cat. no. 5260.0.55.002). These indexes are available on both a gross output and value added basis.
National lending
See 'Net lending to non-residents'
National saving
Calculated as the sum of the net saving of each of the resident sectors - households and unincorporated enterprises, non-financial corporations, financial corporations and general government. Also referred to as
net saving
.
Net domestic product
Calculated as GDP less consumption of fixed capital.
Net lending to non-residents
The excess of net acquisition of financial assets in the rest of the world by resident institutional units over their net incurrence of liabilities in the rest of the world.
Net saving - corporations
This is equal to the gross income receivable by corporations less income payable and consumption of fixed capital. Income receivable by corporations includes gross operating surplus, property income and current transfers receivable. Income payable includes property income and current transfers (including income taxes) payable.
Net saving - general government
The surplus of general government gross income over current use of income. Current use of income includes final consumption expenditure and current transfers (interest and other property income payable, social assistance benefits payments to residents, transfers to non-profit institutions, subsidies, etc.).
Net saving - households
Is equal to gross household disposable income less household final consumption expenditure and consumption of fixed capital. Household saving is estimated as the balancing item in the households income account. It includes saving through life insurance and superannuation funds (including net earnings on these funds), increased equity in unfunded superannuation schemes and the increase in farm assets with marketing boards.
Net secondary income from non-residents
All transfers to or from non-residents to resident government or private institutional units which are not payments for goods and services, compensation of employees or property income.
Net worth
In the national and sectoral balance sheets, net worth represents the difference between the stock of assets (both financial and non-financial) and the stock of liabilities (including shares and other equity). Because it is derived residually, it can be negative.
Neutral holding gains/losses
The value of the holding gain that would accrue if the price of the asset changed in the same proportion as the general price level.
Nominal holding gains/losses
On a given quantity of asset, it is the value of the benefit accruing to the owner of that asset as a result of a change in its price or, more generally, its monetary value, over time.
Non-market output
Goods and services produced by any institutional unit that are supplied free or at prices that are not economically significant.
Non-produced assets
Are defined as non-financial assets that come into existence other then through processes of production. These assets are needed for production but have not themselves been produced. In the ASNA, there is a distinction between Natural resources (Land; Subsoil assets; Native timber standing and Spectrum) and Permissions to use natural resources (Spectrum licences).
Other changes in real net wealth
Calculated as the sum of real holding gains, net capital transfers and other changes in volume.
Other changes in real net wealth - other differences
These arise due to a different treatment of stock and flow concepts between the balance sheet and capital account estimates. Net capital formation in the balance sheet includes additional components of cultivated biological resources (all animals and not just sheep and cattle as shown in the capital stock tables), livestock and plantation standing timber inventories. These are included in the change in net worth in the balance sheet and excluded from the capital account.
Other changes in volume
A flow which recognises the entry and exit of assets across the asset boundary. An example is the discovery of new mineral resources.
Other subsidies on production
Consist of all subsidies, except subsidies on products, which resident enterprises may receive as a consequence of engaging in production. Other subsidies on production include: subsidies related to the payroll or workforce numbers, including subsidies payable on the total wage or salary bill, on numbers employed, or on the employment of particular types of persons, e.g. persons with disabilities or persons who have been unemployed for a long period. The subsidies may also be intended to cover some or all of the costs of training schemes organised or financed by enterprises. Subsidies aimed at reducing pollution are also included. See also Subsidies on products.
Other taxes on production
Consist of all taxes that enterprises incur as a result of engaging in production, except taxes on products. Other taxes on production include: taxes related to the payroll or workforce numbers excluding compulsory social security contributions paid by employers and any taxes paid by the employees themselves out of their wages or salaries; recurrent taxes on land, buildings or other structures; some business and professional licences where no service is provided by the Government in return; taxes on the use of fixed assets or other activities; stamp duties; taxes on pollution; and taxes on international transactions. See also Current taxes on income, wealth, etc., Taxes on production and imports and Taxes on products.
Output
This consists of those goods and services that are produced within an establishment that become available for use outside that establishment, plus any goods and services produced for own final use.
Primary incomes
Consist of incomes that accrue to institutional units as a consequence of their involvement in processes of production or their ownership of assets that may be needed for the purposes of production.
Produced Assets
Are defined as non-financial assets that have come into existence as outputs from processes that fall within the production boundary. There are three main types of produced assets: fixed assets, inventories and valuables.
Productivity estimates
A number of productivity measures are included in this publication.
• Capital productivity estimates are indexes of real gross value added (GVA) per unit of capital services used in production. They have been derived by dividing the index of the chain volume measure of GVA for the market sector by an index of capital services. The capital productivity indexes reflect not only the contribution of capital to changes in production, but also the contribution by labour and other factors affecting production.
• Labour productivity estimates are indexes of real GDP per capita or per hour worked. For the whole economy, they have been derived by dividing the chain volume measure of GDP by the estimated resident population or hours worked. For the market sector, they have been derived by dividing the chain volume measure of GVA by hours worked. Market sector estimates are also derived using labour inputs adjusted for the quality and composition of labour input. Labour productivity by industry indexes are also published. Labour productivity indexes reflect not only the contribution of labour to changes in product per labour unit, but are also influenced by the contribution of capital and other factors affecting production.
• Multifactor productivity estimates are indexes of real GVA per combined unit of labour and capital. For a description of how these estimates are derived and the latest ABS developments in this area, refer to Information paper: Experimental Estimates of Industry Multifactor Productivity (cat. no. 5260.0.55.001). For a more comprehensive description the reader should refer to Chapter 27: Productivity measures of Australian National Accounts: Concepts, Sources and Methods (cat. no. 5216.0).
Productivity growth cycles
A common method of examining changes in productivity over an extended period involves identifying and dividing the data into productivity 'growth cycles'. Year to year changes in measured productivity may reflect changes that are conceptually distinct from the notion of productivity. By analysing averages of productivity statistics between growth cycle peaks, the effects of some of these temporary influences can be minimised, allowing better analysis of the drivers of productivity growth in different periods. Productivity growth cycle peaks are determined by comparing the annual MFP estimates with their corresponding long-term trend estimates. The peak deviations between these two series are the primary indicators of a growth-cycle peak, although general economic conditions at the time are also considered.
Property income
Is the income receivable by the owner of a financial asset or a tangible non-produced asset in return for providing funds, or putting a tangible non-produced asset at the disposal of another institutional unit.
Purchasers' price
The amount paid by the purchaser, excluding any deductible tax, in order to take delivery of a unit of a good or service at the time and place required by the purchaser. The purchaser’s price of a good includes any transport charges paid separately by the purchaser to take delivery at the required time and place.
Quality adjusted hours worked
This measure of labour input takes account of changes in the aggregate quality of labour due to changes in educational attainment and the length of experience in the workforce. Labour productivity and multifactor productivity estimates based on quality adjusted hours worked are also calculated. For a description of this work see the feature article, 'Further developments in the analysis of productivity growth in Australia' in the September quarter 2001 issue of Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product (cat. no. 5206.0).
Real gross domestic income
Calculated by:
• taking the volume measure of gross national expenditure (GNE)
• adding exports of goods and services at current prices deflated by the implicit price deflator for imports of goods and services
• deducting the volume measure of imports of goods and services
• adding the current price statistical discrepancy for GDP(E) deflated by the implicit price deflator for GDP.
In the derivation of the aggregate all of the adjustments are made using the chain volume aggregation method used to derive all of the ABS chain volume estimates.
Real gross national income
Calculated by adjusting real gross domestic income for the real impact of primary income flows (property income and labour income) to and from overseas.
Real holding gains
A real holding gain/loss is the difference between the nominal holding gain/loss on assets and liabilities, and the neutral holding gain. It is the value of the additional command over real resources accruing to the holder of an asset as a result of a change in its price relative to the prices of goods and services in the economy.
Real net national disposable income
Calculated by:
• taking real gross domestic income
• deducting real incomes payable to the rest of the world
• adding real incomes receivable from the rest of the world
• deducting the volume measure of consumption of fixed capital.
Real incomes payable and receivable are calculated by dividing the nominal income flows by the implicit price deflator for gross national expenditure. In the derivation of the aggregate, all of the adjustments are made using the chain volume aggregation method used to derive all of the ABS chain volume estimates.
Secondary income
Consists of receipt and payment of current transfers.
Services from consumer durables
Represents the value of services provided by consumer durables to the household in the accounting period. It arises because consumer durables, unlike other final consumption goods, are not used up in the accounting period in which they are purchased. It is measured in the same way as consumption of fixed capital, i.e. as the reduction in value of the stock of consumer durables during the accounting period resulting from physical deterioration, normal obsolescence or normal accidental damage. Unforeseen obsolescence is not taken into account.
Ideally, the service flow would be calculated in a manner analogous to the estimation of flows of capital services within the general capital stock model. Flows of capital services and flows of consumption of fixed capital are related but diff erent concepts. Capital services relate to the changing efficiency of an asset whereas depreciation relates to the changing price of an asset.
Social assistance benefits in cash to residents
Includes current transfers to persons from general government in return for which no services are rendered or goods supplied. Principal components include: scholarships; maternity, sickness and unemployment benefits; family allowances; and widows', age, invalid and repatriation pensions.
Statistical discrepancy (I), (E) and (P)
Calculated as the differences between aggregate incomes, expenditures, or industry products respectively and the single measure of GDP. For years in which a balanced supply and use table is available to benchmark the national accounts, the same measure of GDP is obtained.
Subsidies on products
Subsidies payable per unit of a good or service. The subsidy may be a specific amount of money per unit of quantity of a good or service, or it may be calculated ad valorem as a specified percentage of the price per unit. A subsidy may also be calculated as the difference between a specified target price and the market price actually paid by a purchaser. A subsidy on a product usually becomes payable when the product is produced, sold or imported, but it may also become payable in other circumstances, such as when a product is exported, leased, transferred, delivered or used for own consumption or own capital formation.
Taxes less subsidies on production and imports
Defined as ‘taxes on products’ plus ‘other taxes on production’ less 'subsidies on products' less 'other subsidies on production'.
Taxes on production and imports
Consist of ‘taxes on products’ and ‘other taxes on production’. These taxes do not include any taxes on the profits or other income received by an enterprise. They are payable irrespective of the profitability of the production process. They may be payable on the land, fixed assets or labour employed in the production process, or on certain activities or transactions. See also Current taxes on income and wealth, Other taxes on production and Taxes on products.
Taxes on products
Taxes payable per unit of some good or service. The tax may be a specific amount of money per unit of quantity of a good or service (quantity being measured either in terms of discrete units or continuous physical variables such as volume, weight, strength, distance, time, etc.), or it may be calculated ad valorem as a specified percentage of the price per unit or value of the goods or services transacted. A tax on a product usually becomes payable when the product is produced, sold or imported, but it may also become payable in other circumstances, such as when a good is exported, leased, transferred, delivered, or used for own consumption or own capital formation. See also Current taxes on income and wealth, Other taxes on production and Taxes on production and imports.
Terms of trade
Calculated by dividing the export implicit price deflator by the import implicit price deflator and multiplying by 100.
Total factor income
That part of the cost of producing the gross domestic product which consists of gross payments to factors of production (labour and capital). It represents the value added by these factors in the process of production and is equivalent to gross domestic product less taxes plus subsidies on production and imports.
Unit labour costs
These series represent a link between productivity and the cost of labour in producing output. A nominal
Unit Labour Cost
(ULC) measures the average cost of labour per unit of output while a real ULC adjusts a nominal ULC for general inflation. A ULC is calculated as the ratio of labour costs per hours worked by employees divided by volume gross value added per total hours worked. Positive growth in a real ULC indicates that labour cost pressures exist.
Wages and salaries
Consist of amounts payable in cash including the value of any social contributions, income taxes, fringe benefits tax, etc., payable by the employee even if they are actually withheld by the employer for administrative convenience or other reasons and paid directly to social insurance schemes, tax authorities, etc., on behalf of the employee. Wages and salaries may be paid as remuneration in kind instead of, or in addition to, remuneration in cash. Separation, termination and redundancy payments are also included in wages and salaries. Wages and salaries are also measured as far as possible on an accrual rather than a strict cash basis. See also Employers’ social contributions; Compensation of employees.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6354.0 - Job Vacancies, Australia, Aug 2010
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/09/2010
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
AUGUST KEY FIGURES
May 2010
Aug 2010
May 2010 to Aug 2010
'000
'000
% change
Trend estimates
Private sector
154.7
162.0
4.7
Public sector
16.5
16.7
1.0
Private and public sectors
171.2
178.7
4.4
Job Vacancies, Total and Private sector (a) - Trend
AUGUST KEY POINTS
TREND ESTIMATES
• Total job vacancies in August 2010 were 178,700, an increase of 4.4% from May 2010.
• The number of job vacancies in the private sector was 162,000 in August 2010, an increase of 4.7% from May 2010.
• The number of job vacancies in the public sector was 16,700 in August 2010, an increase of 1.0% from May 2010.
NOTES
FORTHCOMING ISSUES
ISSUE (QUARTER) Release Date
November 2010 12 January 2011
February 2011 30 March 2011
CHANGES IN THIS ISSUE
TREND ESTIMATES
Trend estimates, for November 2009 onwards, have been reintroduced for this issue. Previously trend estimates for this period were not available due to the suspension of the Job Vacancies Survey during 2008/2009. For further details, see Explanatory Notes paragraphs 26 to 29.
INQUIRIES
For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070 or Kerry Foley on Perth (08) 9360 5373.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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sorting c++ link list i have used classes to create the list
Newbie Member
9Mar2010,20:01 #1
i want to sort the link list by the Employee id number but have no clue where to start.the sorting must be done in the EmployeeLink.cpp file see atachment.
thank you.can any one help please
Attached Files
employee info.zip (5.4 KB, 7 views)
Go4Expert Founder
9Mar2010,21:15 #2
Please do not attach your program and ask for getting it done.
Explain what you are trying to achieve and what you could not do and we would be more than happy to help
Newbie Member
9Mar2010,21:28 #3
i apologise.i thought that by uploading the codes that you would get a better understanding of what i was doing.as i explained i had no clue as to how to do the sorting of link list.again i apologise.thank you for assiting
Go4Expert Founder
9Mar2010,21:42 #4
Have you seen - Sort Linked List
Newbie Member
9Mar2010,22:57 #5
yes i did but when i implemented the code and change it some what to match my program i keep getting this error : left operand must be l-value
code for which error was given for:
current->getnextEmployeeInfo()=next->getnextEmployeeInfo ();
thanks u for helping
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}
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Swap two values using XOR operation
Light Poster
30Aug2005,08:26 #1
Hi all, How we can Swap the two values using XOR operation but without using third Variable?
Thanks
Go4Expert Founder
30Aug2005,10:12 #2
Very simple
Code:
int x = 1;
int y = 10;
x = x^y;
y = x^y;
x = x^y;
This is similar to doing with +- or */
Thanks
Shabbir Bhimani
Light Poster
20Sep2005,19:44 #3
Thanks. I was not able to start my PC and so I could not reply.
Banned
19Sep2009,13:33 #4
we can do in a single line using compound assignment tooo......
x^=y^=x^=y;
the above too will work
thank u
SaswatPadhi likes this
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}
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Inactive
Ratings and Reviews
Analyzed 8 days ago based on code collected 8 days ago.
Community Rating
5.0
Average Rating: 5.0/5.0
Number of Ratings: 1
Number of Reviews: 0
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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[15] "Behold, I come like a thief. Blessed is he who watches, and keeps his clothes, so that he doesn't walk naked, and they see his shame."
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Case 15
In Thasus, the wife of Dealces, who was lodged upon the Plain, from sorrow was seized with an acute fever, attended with chills. From first to last she wrapped herself up in her bedclothes; still silent, she fumbled, picked, bored, and gathered hairs (from them); tears, and again laughter; no sleep; bowels irritable, but passed nothing; when directed, drank a little; urine thin and scanty; to the touch of the hand the fever was slight; coldness of the extremities. On the ninth, talked much incoherently, and again became composed and silent. On the fourteenth, breathing rare, large, at intervals; and again hurried respiration. On the sixteenth, looseness of the bowels from a stimulant clyster; afterwards she passed her drink, nor could retain anything, for she was completely insensible; skin parched and tense. On the twentieth, much talk, and again became composed; loss of speech; respiration hurried. On the twenty-first she died. Her respiration throughout was rare and large; she was totally insensible; always wrapped up in her bedclothes; either much talk, or completely silent throughout. Phrenitis.
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Four-dimensional space whales
From The Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Four-dimensional space whale
First appearance"Möbius Dick" (6ACV15)
Four-dimensional space whales are cetacean-like alien creatures. They resemble sperm whales, feed on the obsession of others, and breach into the Universe to hunt and fill their lungs with vacuum (6ACV15). When not in Universe Gamma, the whale lives in the fourth dimension, a realm where the laws of reality are radically different than they are here.
The first Planet Express crew came across an albino space whale in 2961 and was eaten by it; 50 years later, the current Planet Express crew encountered it while delivering a monument dedicated to the first crew. The whales can be controlled if the obsession they are feeding on becomes overpowered by another obsession, such as when Leela overpowered Möbius Dick due to her desire to finish her delivery.
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Place:Ariquemes, Rondônia, Brazil
Watchers
NameAriquemes
TypeCity
Coordinates9.917°S 63.1°W
Located inRondônia, Brazil
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Ariquemes is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. Its population was 84,581 (2008) and its area is 4,427 km2. It is the third-largest city in Rondônia state.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Ariquemes. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Place:Eighty Eight, Barren, Kentucky, United States
Watchers
NameEighty Eight
TypeTown
Coordinates36.917°N 85.783°W
Located inBarren, Kentucky, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Eighty Eight is an unincorporated town in Barren County, Kentucky, United States. It is part of the Glasgow Micropolitan Statistical Area and is 10 miles east of Glasgow on State Highway 90. The town's biggest claim to fame was the celebration of August 8, 1988 (08/08/88). People with an affinity for the number 8 descended upon the town from various parts of the nation and world, and the celebration was televised on national television. A similar celebration was held August 8, 2008 (08/08/08). National media coverage this time was usurped by the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Eighty Eight, Kentucky. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Top Ten IT Conversations Shows for Feb 2007
Here are the top ten shows on IT Conversations, by downloads, for February 2007. If you're looking for something good on IT Conversations, these shows would be a nice place to start.
1. Anibal Acevedo Vila - Tech Nation (No rating yet)
2. Who Owns "You"? - Supernova2006 (Rating: 3.12)
3. Michelle Kaufmann - Tech Nation (Rating: 3.89)
4. Barry Flicker - Slashing Project Time and Cost (Rating: 3.50)
5. Dave Thompson - Tech Nation (Rating: 3.00)
6. Bill Moggridge - Tech Nation (Rating: 3.33)
7. Craig Burton - Technometria: The Enterprise of One (Rating: 2.29)
8. Scott Rosenberg - Dreaming in Code (Rating: 3.45)
9. Jeff Barr, Doug Kaye - Technometria: Amazon Web Services (Rating: 4.50)
10. Dr. Karen Stephenson - Social Network Analysis (Rating: 3.00)
You'll notice that the Perl script I use to generate the list now includes ratings data as well. To do that, it has to download the ratings data from Loomia. The tool now downloads three separate kinds of data sources--Apache log files, an RSS feed of all the shows, and ratings data--and then massages them to produce the list. This is saving me quite a bit of time.
The ratings provide more color to the list since you can see that the top downloads don't necessarily reflect what people thought of the show. Downloads are an indication of the appeal of the subject or guest/speaker. Ratings are a measure of how well that expectation was met.
I've not yet added an option to generate a list of the top rated shows, but that's coming. Eventually I plan to automatically include this data for the last 30 days on the IT Conversations site.
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1
vote
3answers
335 views
Can I sell an open source project to my client?
i have one open source project, i want to sell this to my client by making some modification in the existing project. Is it good to sell or is it permissible to sell the open source project to ...
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4answers
291 views
Should I start talking about my future product, or should I wait till its ready?
I've registered my small consulting company about a year ago and since then we provide consulting and support for several clients, one of which is one of the industry largest organizations in the ...
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How can eCommerce (catalog) sites increase conversions?
How can sites that sell consumer goods in catalog eCommerce shopping cart websites improve conversions? Would love to hear your tips on what you feel would encourage users from simply searching for a ...
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Strategies for finding potential customers for a tiny app
Background: I used to work for a software consulting firm. For obvious reasons, one thing that was critical to both our company and our customers was keeping track of the time spent on specific tasks. ...
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Connexions
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You are here: Home » Content » Java1616: Polymorphism and Interfaces, Part 1
About: Java1616: Polymorphism and Interfaces, Part 1
Module by: Richard Baldwin. E-mail the author
View the content: Java1616: Polymorphism and Interfaces, Part 1
Metadata
Name: Java1616: Polymorphism and Interfaces, Part 1
ID: m44195
Language: English (en)
Summary: According to Baldwin, if you don't understand the Java interface, you don't understand Java. There is very little, if anything useful that can be done using Java without understanding and using the Java interface.
Subject: Science and Technology
Keywords: abstract class, abstract method, assignment compability, behavior, casting, class, class method, class variable, constructor, encapsulation, extends, final, implements, inheritance, inner class, instance, instance method, instance variable, instantiate, interface, Java, method, method overloading, method overriding, object, object-oriented programming, OOP, polymorphism, primitive type, public, reference, reference type, signature, state, static initializer block, subclass, superclass, toString method, variable, void
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: Richard Baldwin (Baldwin@DickBaldwin.com)
Copyright Holders: Richard Baldwin (Baldwin@DickBaldwin.com)
Maintainers: Richard Baldwin (Baldwin@DickBaldwin.com)
Latest version: 1.3 (history)
First publication date: Jul 26, 2012 2:02 pm -0500
Last revision to module: Jan 1, 2013 11:02 pm -0600
Downloads
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Source Export ZIP: m44195_1.3.zip ZIP containing the module XML plus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.3 Jan 1, 2013 11:02 pm -0600 by Richard Baldwin
Changes:
update
Version: 1.2 Dec 12, 2012 7:38 am -0600 by Richard Baldwin
Changes:
Update title
Version: 1.1 Jul 27, 2012 4:07 pm -0500 by Richard Baldwin
Changes:
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American Medical Assocation (AMA) Manual of Style:
Baldwin R. Java1616: Polymorphism and Interfaces, Part 1 [Connexions Web site]. January 1, 2013. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m44195/1.3/.
American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
Baldwin, R. (2013, January 1). Java1616: Polymorphism and Interfaces, Part 1. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m44195/1.3/
Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Baldwin, Richard. "Java1616: Polymorphism and Interfaces, Part 1." Connexions. January 1, 2013. http://cnx.org/content/m44195/1.3/.
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Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Baldwin, R. 2013. Java1616: Polymorphism and Interfaces, Part 1. Connexions, January 1, 2013. http://cnx.org/content/m44195/1.3/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Baldwin, Richard. Java1616: Polymorphism and Interfaces, Part 1. Connexions. 1 Jan. 2013 <http://cnx.org/content/m44195/1.3/>.
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Error!
Success!
F# for Scientists now being published
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kicks
F# for Scientists now being published (Unpublished)
The new book from the author of the popular F#.NET journal and the excellent OCaml for Scientists. F# for Scientists is due to be published by Wiley this year.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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Fall Line RoadEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 15:19, 20 January 2011 by DiltsGD (Talk | contribs)
United States Migration Trails and Roads Fall Line Road
At the southeastern edge of the Piedmont is the (water)fall line, where rivers drop to the coastal plain. Towns grew at the fall line because cargo on boats had to be portaged around the waterfalls which also served as an important early source of water power. Mills built to harness this resource encouraged the growth of towns. The larger rivers were navigable up to the fall line, providing a trade route for these mill towns.[1]
The Fall Line Road (or Southern Road) was the road built to connect most of these growing mill towns.
As roads developed in America settlers were attracted to nearby communities because the roads provided access to markets. They could sell their products at distant markets, and buy products made far away. If an ancestor settled near a road, you may be able to trace back to a place of origin on a connecting highway.
Contents
Historical Background
a[2]
Route
By Town (Northeast to Southwest)[3]
• Fredericksburg, VA: Rappahannock R.
• Richmond, VA: James R.
• Petersburg, VA: Appomattox R.
• Roanoke Rapids, NC: Roanoke R.
• Smithfield, NC: Neuse R.
• Fayetteville, NC: Cape Fear R.
• Cheraw, SC: Pee Dee R.
• Camden, SC: Wateree R.
• Columbia, SC: Congaree R.
• Augusta, GA: Savannah R.
• Milledgeville, GA: Oconee R.
• Macon, GA: Ocmulgee R.
By County[4]
• Virginia: Fredericksburg, Spotsylvania, Caroline, Hanover, Richmond, Henrico, Chesterfield, Dinwiddie, Brunswick
• North Carolina:
• South Carolina:
• Georgia:
• Alabamba:
Settlers and Records
No lists of settlers who used the Fall Line Road are known to exist.
Sources
1. Wikipedia contributors, "South Carolina" in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina (accessed 20 January 2011).
2. William Dollarhide, Map Guide to American Migration Routes 1735-1815 (Bountiful, Utah: Heritage Quest, 1997), ???. (FHL Book 973 E3d). WorldCat entry.
3. Wikipedia contributors, "Fall line" in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_line (accessed 20 January 2011).
4. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), 849. [FHL Book 973 D27e 2002]. WorldCat entry.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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Sunday, July 01, 2012
Mass public resignation from Mormonism
I had a what the fuck moment when reading a story about Mormons who had gathered in Utah to resign from their church. It was this section:
Married in a Mormon temple, Fielding said the couples shared disaffection from their faith is tied in part to their local church leader's response to questions Fielding had about polyandry and polygamy - taking multiple husbands and wives - in the early church.
"I went to him looking for a faithful perspective. He called my wife and told her she needed to find a new husband," Fielding said.
Read more: Mormons quit church in mass resignation ceremony
How dare the church stick its nose into the private family life of its members? Unfortunately, It is normal behavior. It is the price you pay to become a Mormon. You give up your privacy and the ability to manage your own affairs without interference from well meaning but poorly trained religious zealots. Besides Mormon's fairytale theology, this is what bothers me the most the church. The social aspects of Mormonism are insidious.
It takes courage to quit the Mormon church. Once you are a member, the social ties are strong. You face business and personal isolation. Your family will turn their backs to you. Your friends will disappear. You may even lose your job. I’ve helped two people and their families leave the church. In both cases, the people involved suffered horrible social pressure. I’m encouraged to see people leave in mass. It sends the right message.
Technorati Tags: ,,
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IGEM:Kyoto/schedule
From OpenWetWare
< IGEM:Kyoto
Revision as of 02:35, 6 April 2012 by Suguru Kato (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Calendar of Events
2011: http://2011.igem.org/Calendar_of_Events
2011/08/29 ＜iGEM Japan＞ 第３回iGEM学生懇親会
2011/03/31 ＜公式＞ IGEM 2011 registration closes; Team registration fee due
April / May ＜公式＞ DNA Distribution sent to teams (target deadline; subject to change)
2011/10/01-10/02 ＜公式＞ iGEM 2011 Regional Jamborees: Europe, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, TUDelft, and University of Groningen, Amsterdam, Netherlands
2011/10/08-10/10 ＜公式＞ iGEM 2011 Regional Jamborees: Americas, the Institute of Biological Engineering, Indianapolis, Indiana, US
2011/10/15-10/16 ＜公式＞ iGEM 2011 Regional Jamborees: Asia, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
2011/11/05-11/07 ＜公式＞ iGEM 2011 World Championship Jamboree, MIT
2011/11/18-11/20 ＜iGEM Japan＞ サイエンスアゴラに出展
2011//12/20 ＜iGEM Kyoto＞ 説明会
2010: http://2010.igem.org/Calendar_of_Events
2010/01/26 ＜公式＞ IGEM 2010 registration opens
2010/04/15 ＜新歓＞ 新入生対象説明会
2010/04/22 ＜新歓＞ 新入生対象説明会
2010/05/06 ＜新歓＞ 新入生対象説明会
2010/05/07 ＜公式＞ DNA Distribution sent to teams
2010/06/01 ＜公式＞ Visa invitation letter requests due
2010/06/26-06/27 ＜公式＞ Spring Workshop in Taipei
2010/07/16 ＜公式＞ Team project descriptions due
2010/11/05-11/08 ＜公式＞ iGEM Competition Jamboree, Cambridge, MA, US
2010/11/20-11/21 ＜iGEM Japan＞ サイエンスアゴラに出展
2010/11/23 <11月祭> 研究室企画に出展
2010/12/16 ＜新歓＞ 第一回新歓説明会
Personal tools
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Talk:CH391L/S13/DIY SyntheticBiology
From OpenWetWare
< Talk:CH391L/S13
Revision as of 22:39, 31 January 2013 by Thomas Wall (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
• Gabriel Wu 16:55, 28 January 2013 (EST): Adoption curves would add a lot in putting DIY Bio in perspective with other well-known technologies.
• Kevin Baldridge 16:57, 28 January 2013 (EST):This article really highlights some of the efforts that are already underway in at-home laboratories.[PopSci DIY Bio]
• Catherine I. Mortensen 17:37, 30 January 2013 (EST): I think they're is always dangers with things like DIY.... My friend always plays this strategy game called Plague. The goal is to infect the world with viruses and diseases. It's just a game but the possibilities are out there.
• Neil R Gottel 18:58, 30 January 2013 (EST):Pandemic is pretty fun, although you're trying to prevent the infections, not spread them :)
• Benjamin Gilman 19:32, 30 January 2013 (EST): We talked about identifying canine perpetrators, but is there another example that anyone knows about where a DIY bio project resulted in an actual product or a significant basic science discovery?
• Marco D Howard 20:32, 30 January 2013 (EST): This guy is making quantum dot producing cells Quantum Dot Biolaser
• Benjamin Gilman 12:50, 31 January 2013 (EST): From the description it sounds like they haven't actually made it work at all though. Like a lot of other DIY bio projects, it's an entertaining idea with few if any commercial applications, and it's still at the idea stage. I guess I'm just hoping to find a DIY project that actually resulted in the product or system they wanted.
• Max E. Rubinson 16:59, 31 January 2013 (EST): This article discusses some basic scientific discoveries made by DIY biologists.
• Neil R Gottel 19:53, 30 January 2013 (EST): I was scanning the wikipedia page on DIY bio, and saw this: "DIYbio wants to revise the notion that you must be an academic with an advanced degree to make any significant contribution to the biology community." I appreciate this attitude, but is this at all realistic? Contributing to astronomy just requires a telescope, and contributing to open source programs just requires a computer, but the huge investment for a semi-decent bio lab seems to pretty much require that the person doing the experiments have some sort of qualification (now, whether colleges actually do their job in qualifying you is another matter).
• Neil R Gottel 19:58, 30 January 2013 (EST): Also, just found this article in wired from 5 days ago about a cheap DIY cell-printer. Maybe we need one for our lab...
• Jeffrey E. Barrick 20:52, 30 January 2013 (EST):Cool! I might want a smaller printhead for bacteria, but this might be a way to "print" a lot of microcultures.
• Marco D Howard 20:06, 30 January 2013 (EST): Here is the video. I was talking about DIY neighbor hood labs. Dr Jorgensen also addresses the ethical side of synthetic biology. Here is the link to her lab Genspace
• Jeffrey E. Barrick 13:05, 31 January 2013 (EST):For some reason I keep imagining a little "bacteria farm" like an ant farm where you buy some enclosed bacteria that grow through some agar such that they make interesting patterns of color. You could even rig them to evolve and diversify over time to have it stay interesting longer.
I always imagined that the first thing DIY biologists would do would be to modify yeast for making unique beers. Has anyone ever done that?
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User:Steven J. Koch
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 02:14, 28 January 2009 by Steven J. Koch (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Steve Koch, Experimental Biophysicist
This user is a DNA unzipper
My Blogs
science, research, and teaching.
Plus our lab blog.
Biosketch
Ann Arbor, Michigan Childhood 1974-
1996
Science, Video Games, Commodore 64, Michigan Wolverines, Detroit Tigers, Playing Baseball, Science Olympiad
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor B.S. 1996 Physics, Marching Band
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY M.S
Ph.D.
2000
2003
Physics / Biophysics
Sandia National Laboratories and
Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT),
Albuquerque, NM
Postdoctoral
fellow
2003-
2006
Biophysics and Nanotechnology
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, NM
Assistant
Professor
2006-
present
Molecular Biophysics
Links to OpenWetWare pages
Our research lab wiki
Physics 500: Biophysics Seminar
Junior Physics lab course on OWW
Research Interests
• Development of biophysical tools, particularly single-molecule manipulation techniques
• Optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers, MEMS and nanophotonics devices
• Protein-DNA interactions, cellular molecular biophysics
• Eukaryotic transcription, DNA damage repair
Contact info
sjkoch@unm.edu
Steven J. Koch
Center for High Technology Materials
1313 Goddard SE
MSC04-2710
Albuquerque, NM 87106
Reading suggestions
My reading suggestions on Amazon.
Scratch pad
Special:Contributions/Antonio
Special:Contributions/Cmorse
/307L ideas
/Turkeys from Treviso
/Test notebook template
/Test notebook
Physics 500 Optical Tweezers Talk
Wiki ideas
User:Steven J. Koch/Example task list
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Quotation added by kushrupani
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
A weird fact of life is that a happy moment can make you smile few times but a sad moment can make you cry again and again. Kaushal Rupani
This quote is about life · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Kaushal Rupani ...
We don't have a biography.
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Quotes by Jones, Beverly
We don't have a biography. Please consult wikipedia.
"Now, as always, the most automated appliance in a household is the mother."
Jones, Beverly on work
"Romance, like the rabbit at the dog track, is the elusive, fake, and never attained reward which, for the benefit and amusement of our masters, keeps us running and thinking in safe circles."
Jones, Beverly on romance and romanticism
Take a look at recent activity on QB!
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"warc_url": "http://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/5510"
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Home Browse About Contact Help
Cairo - A Native Street (58)
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About this item
Title: Cairo - A Native Street (58)
Author: Lehnert & Landrock
Summary: Street scene with tower in background
Citable link to this page: http://hdl.handle.net/1911/5510
Date: n.d.
Original Source Original postcard: "Cairo - A Native Street (58)." (Lehnert & Landrock). 3"x 6". From the collection of Dr. Paula Sanders, Rice University.
Subject Cairo (Egypt)--Buildings, structures, etc.; Mosques--Egypt--Cairo
Related Resource Locate TIMEA places on a GIS map
Related Resource Browse more TIMEA resources related to this location
Related Resource More information on sites that appear in TIMEA materials can be found
About This Resource: Forms part of the Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA)
Citation
Lehnert & Landrock Cairo - A Native Street (58) (n.d.).
From Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA). http://hdl.handle.net/1911/5510
For more on properly formatting citations, see Citing TIMEA Resources.
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
• TIMEA Visual Materials [1769]
This collection contains book illustrations, postcards, stereocards, photographs, and ephemera related to travel in the Middle East, primarily Egypt.
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Draft Project Graduation Checklist Draft
From OSGeo Wiki
Revision as of 12:45, 6 March 2012 by Dmorissette (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Draft copy of Project_Graduation_Checklist. The official copy of this document lives at http://www.osgeo.org/incubator/process/project_graduation_checklist.html.
Contents
Document Status
IncCom Document Number: X
Version: 2.0-RC1
Last Updated: January 2012.
Status: Draft
Purpose
The purpose of this checklist is to determine whether an Incubator Project produces quality products, remains true to its stated licence and is sustainable. Satisfying this checklist is a pre-requisite for graduation.
A project should have institutionalized the processes in this list or provide justification why the process is not used.
See also:
Terms and Definitions
Mentor
A member of the Incubation Committee chosen to assist a Project through the Incubation Process.
Institutionalized Process
A documented process which which addresses a need and is actively in use. It typically takes months before a process becomes institutionalized. A more detailed definition of institutionalization is found in the Capability Maturity Model (CMMI) - "Generic Goal 2: Institutionalize a Managed Process"
Open Source License
a license recognized by the Open Source Initiative
Incubation Checklist
Open
Project has demonstrated that it has an open and active/healthy users and developers community:
1. open: projects are expected to function in an open and public manner.
• open source license
• open communication channels
• open decision making process
2. active and healthy community
• active community of developers and users with healthy ongoing collaboration.
Eg. collaboration on project activities such as testing, release and feature development
• long term viability of the project showing participation and direction from a number of organisations.
Eg. Focused on ensuring a project has a high bus number; and decisions are not being made behind closed doors
Intellectual Property and License
We need to ensure that the project owns or otherwise has obtained the ability to release the project code by completing the following steps:
1. The project code, documentation and data has been adequately vetted to assure it is all properly licensed as per a provenance review.
2. All code contributors have agreed to abide by the project's license policy, and this agreement has been documented and archived.
Processes
1. The project has code under configuration management.
Eg, subversion, git.
2. The project uses an issue tracker and keeps the status of the issue tracker up to date.
3. The project has documented its management processes.
This is typically done within a Developers Guide or Project Management Plan.
• The project has a suitable open governance policy ensuring decisions are made, documented and adhered to in a public manner.
This typically means a Project Management Committee has been established with a process for adding new members. A robust Project Management Committee will typically draw upon developers, users and key stakeholders from multiple organisations as there will be a greater variety of technical visions and the project is more resilient to a sponsor leaving.
• The project uses public communication channels for decision making to maintain transparency.
E.g. archived email list(s), archived IRC channel(s), public issue tracker.
Documentation
1. The project has user documentation:
• Including sufficient detail to guide a new user through performing the core functionality provided by the application.
2. The project has developer documentation:
• Including checkout and build instructions.
• Including commented code, ideally published for developer use.
Examples: javadocs for Java applications, or Sphinx documentation for Python applications.
• Providing sufficient detail for an experience programmer to contribute patches or a new module in accordance with the project's programming conventions.
Release Procedure
In order to maintain a consistent level of quality, the project should follow defined release and testing processes.
1. The project follows a defined release process:
• Which includes execution of the testing process before releasing a stable release.
2. The project follows a documented testing process.
Ideally, this includes both automated and manual testing
Ideally this includes documentation conformance to set quality goals, such as reporting Percentage Code Coverage of Unit Tests.
3. Release and testing processes provide sufficient detail for an experienced programmer to follow.
OSGeo Committees and Community
The OSGeo Foundation is made up of a number of committees, projects and local chapters. This section gathers up information these groups have requested from OSGeo projects. These expectations are not mandatory requirements before graduation, but a project should be prepared to address them in order to be considered a good OSGeo citizen.
Board
The OSGeo Board holds ultimate responsibility for all OSGeo activities. The Board requests:
1. A project provide a Project Officer as a contract point:
• The Project Officer should be listed at: Project Officer
• This person is established when the incubation committee recommends the project for graduation
• Your community can change the project officer as needed (just add an agenda item to the next board meeting so they can recognise the change of officer).
Marketing
Access to OSGeo's Marketing_Committee and associated Marketing_Pipeline is one of the key benefits of joining the OSGeo foundation. The Marketing Committee requests:
1. Marketing artefacts have been created about the project in line with the incubation criteria listed in the OSGeo Marketing Committee's Marketing Artefacts. This lists the documentation requirements for OSGeo-Live. Marketing Artefacts include:
• Application Overview
• Application Quick Start
• Logo
• Graphical Image
2. Ideally, stable version(s) of executable applications are bundled with appropriate distributions.
In most cases, this will at least include OSGeo-Live, but may also include DebianGIS, UbuntuGIS, and/or osgeo4w ms4w, etc.)
Projects
Projects do not exist in isolation; and are expected to communicate and collaborate on key issues.
As an example the PostGIS release procedure asks that the release be checked with MapServer, GeoServer and others.
SAC
The System Administration Committee is available to help infrastructure and facilities. Information for this committee is collected as part of the Project Status Template. The following should be set up:
A project may optionally request SAC help to make use of:
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2938.0 - Census Paper 03/06 - Occupation, 2001
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/10/2003
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
This paper focuses on the data quality of the Census question on occupation and contains information about how various stages in the development and processing of the 2001 Census might have impacted on the data from these questions. Improvements are reported in data quality measures (such as non-response, level of coding, discrepancy rates and automatic coding rates) when compared to the 1996 Census. Data from the 2001 Census on the question on Occupation are compared with the 2001 Labour Force Survey, finding similar results and mirroring the relationship reported in 1996. Finally, this paper provides suggestions for possible improvements in form design and processing, which could result in higher data quality outcomes for the 2006 Census.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8502.3 - Interstate Trade, Queensland, Mar 2011 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 17/06/2011
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INTERSTATE TRADE, QUEENSLAND
The value of interstate imports for Queensland in the March quarter 2011 was $8,475 million, a 12.0% decrease from the previous quarter. The value of interstate exports in the March quarter 2011 was $4,042 million, a 28.6% decrease from the previous quarter.
Queensland Interstate Trade
The two tables below provide selected commodities for imports and exports in the December quarter 2010 and the March quarter 2011. Please contact us if you would like to receive detailed commodity data. Contact information is stated below.
Queensland Interstate Trade, Imports
December quarter 2010
March quarter 2011
Commodity
Other food and live animals ($m)
1 371.4
1 220.8
Road vehicles ($m)
975.8
958.6
Other miscellaneous manufactured articles ($m)
938.8
556.4
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ($m)
881.9
688.4
Other manufactured goods ($m)
876.6
742.6
Queensland Interstate Trade, Exports
December quarter 2010
March quarter 2011
Commodity
Other food and live animals ($m)
*1 031.0
622.2
Other miscellaneous manufactured articles ($m)
*464.3
*408.5
Other manufactured goods ($m)
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products ($m)
406.8
**275.8
374.9
263.5
* estimate has a relative standard error of 25% to 50% and should be used with caution
** estimate has a relative standard error of greater than 50% and is considered too unreliable for general use
For further information on Queensland's Interstate Trade, please contact the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Queensland Interstate Trade on (07) 3222 6080.
Please ring the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070 for general statistical and publication enquiries.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6202.0 - Labour Force, Australia, May 2012 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/06/2012
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MEDIA RELEASE
7 June 2012
Embargo: 11.30 am (Canberra time)
81/2012
Australia's unemployment rate increased 0.2 percentage points to 5.1 per cent in May 2012
Australia's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate increased 0.2 percentage points to 5.1 per cent in May, as announced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) today. There was also an increase in the labour force participation rate of 0.3 percentage points in May to 65.5 per cent.
The ABS reported the number of people employed increased by 38,900 to 11,537,900 in May. The increase in employment was driven by increased full-time employment, up 46,100 people to 8,107,900, and was offset by a decrease in part-time employment, down 7,200 people to 3,430,100. The increase in employment was driven by increases in both male and female full-time employment.
The number of people unemployed increased by 22,400 people to 622,800 in May, the ABS reported.
The ABS monthly aggregate hours worked series showed a decrease in May, down 4.7 million hours to 1,627.2 million hours.
The seasonally adjusted underemployment rate was 7.4 per cent in May 2012. Combined with the unemployment rate of 5.1 per cent, the latest estimate of total seasonally adjusted labour force underutilisation was 12.6 per cent in May. For more information on underemployment and underutilisation, please refer to the article 'Understanding Labour Force,' which is published every month in Labour Force, Australia (cat. no. 6202.0).
More details are in the May 2012 issue of Labour Force, Australia (cat. no. 6202.0), as well as the upcoming May 2012 issues of Labour Force, Australia, Detailed (cat. no. 6291.0.55.001) and Labour Force, Australia, Quarterly (cat. no. 6291.0.55.003), due for release next week on June 14. These publications are available for free download (after release) from the ABS website - www.abs.gov.au.
Media note:
When reporting ABS data, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (or ABS) must be attributed as the source.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1384.6 - Statistics - Tasmania, 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 22/04/2004
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Culture and the Arts >> Culture and the Arts - overview
The concept of 'culture' constitutes the way of life for society, encompassing its customs, rituals, pastimes and pleasures.
Culture includes cultural and natural heritage, language, religious practices, identity and background, the creative and performing arts, literature, film and video, libraries, the Internet, and radio and television.
Cultural activities are essential to a shared sense of quality of life.
HERITAGE
Tasmania’s heritage is drawn from its cultural and natural environments. The Register of the National Estate, maintained by the Australian Heritage Council, is a listing of those places of Australia’s Indigenous, historic and natural heritage that have special value for present and future generations.
HERITAGE LISTINGS ON THE REGISTER OF THE NATIONAL ESTATE - 2002-2003(a)
Tasmania
Australia(b)
Type of listing
no.
no.
Indigenous
66
915
Historical
1,209
10,061
Natural
263
2,117
Total
1,538
13,093
(a) Does not include those on the Interim List.
(b) Includes external territories e.g Antarctica, Lord Howe Island etc
Source: Australian Heritage Commission, Annual Report 2002-2003.
Further information can be found on the Australian Heritage Council web site at http://www.ahc.gov.au
and on the Department of Environment and Heritage web site at http://www.deh.gov.au
CULTURAL PURSUITS
The 2002 General Social Survey, which was conducted throughout Australia from March to July 2002, examined attendance at selected cultural venues and events by people aged 18 years and over.
During the 12 months before interview in 2002, the most popular cultural pursuit of Tasmanians was attending the cinema (59.7% of Tasmanians), followed by attending the library (42.7%), botanic gardens (34.9%) and museum (32.2%). (Source: Attendance at Selected Cultural Venues and Events, Australia (cat. no. 4114.0)).
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Comparative genomics of ParaHox clusters of teleost fishes: gene cluster breakup and the retention of gene sets following whole genome duplications
Nicol Siegel1, Simone Hoegg1, Walter Salzburger1,2, Ingo Braasch1,3 and Axel Meyer1*
Author Affiliations
1 Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
2 Department of Ecology and Evolution (DEE), University of Lausanne UNIL Sorge, Le Biophore, Lausanne, Switzerland
3 Physiological Chemistry I, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Genomics 2007, 8:312 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-312
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/8/312
Received:13 April 2007
Accepted:6 September 2007
Published:6 September 2007
© 2007 Siegel et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The evolutionary lineage leading to the teleost fish underwent a whole genome duplication termed FSGD or 3R in addition to two prior genome duplications that took place earlier during vertebrate evolution (termed 1R and 2R). Resulting from the FSGD, additional copies of genes are present in fish, compared to tetrapods whose lineage did not experience the 3R genome duplication. Interestingly, we find that ParaHox genes do not differ in number in extant teleost fishes despite their additional genome duplication from the genomic situation in mammals, but they are distributed over twice as many paralogous regions in fish genomes.
Results
We determined the DNA sequence of the entire ParaHox C1 paralogon in the East African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni, and compared it to orthologous regions in other vertebrate genomes as well as to the paralogous vertebrate ParaHox D paralogons. Evolutionary relationships among genes from these four chromosomal regions were studied with several phylogenetic algorithms. We provide evidence that the genes of the ParaHox C paralogous cluster are duplicated in teleosts, just as it had been shown previously for the D paralogon genes. Overall, however, synteny and cluster integrity seems to be less conserved in ParaHox gene clusters than in Hox gene clusters. Comparative analyses of non-coding sequences uncovered conserved, possibly co-regulatory elements, which are likely to contain promoter motives of the genes belonging to the ParaHox paralogons.
Conclusion
There seems to be strong stabilizing selection for gene order as well as gene orientation in the ParaHox C paralogon, since with a few exceptions, only the lengths of the introns and intergenic regions differ between the distantly related species examined. The high degree of evolutionary conservation of this gene cluster's architecture in particular – but possibly clusters of genes more generally – might be linked to the presence of promoter, enhancer or inhibitor motifs that serve to regulate more than just one gene. Therefore, deletions, inversions or relocations of individual genes could destroy the regulation of the clustered genes in this region. The existence of such a regulation network might explain the evolutionary conservation of gene order and orientation over the course of hundreds of millions of years of vertebrate evolution. Another possible explanation for the highly conserved gene order might be the existence of a regulator not located immediately next to its corresponding gene but further away since a relocation or inversion would possibly interrupt this interaction. Different ParaHox clusters were found to have experienced differential gene loss in teleosts. Yet the complete set of these homeobox genes was maintained, albeit distributed over almost twice the number of chromosomes. Selection due to dosage effects and/or stoichiometric disturbance might act more strongly to maintain a modal number of homeobox genes (and possibly transcription factors more generally) per genome, yet permit the accumulation of other (non regulatory) genes associated with these homeobox gene clusters.
Background
The cichlid fish
Cichlids belong to the most diverse and species-rich families of fishes. With an estimated number of more than 3,000 species they alone represent more than ten percent of all fish species. The family Cichlidae belongs to the teleosts that, with more than 26,500 species, are the most diverse lineage of all vertebrates [1]. Cichlids have a Gondwanian distribution and are found in India, Madagascar, South and Central America and Africa and developed a stunning variety of coloration patterns, body shapes, behaviors and trophic as well as ecological specializations within a few millions of years see [2-8]. Their unparalleled diversity made the cichlid species flocks a textbook example for parallel adaptive radiations and explosive speciation [7].
The evolutionary success of the cichlids has been attributed to morphological and behavioral patterns, although the relative importance of different mechanisms – as there will be surely more than one – is still debated. One plausible factor that is at least partly responsible for the cichlids' unique diversity is the complexity of their breeding system and social behavior. Cichlids evolved a variety of brood care strategies and mating systems, and it is likely that female choice with respect to male coloration played an important role during cichlid evolution [2,5,9-11]. Another possible reason for their evolutionary success is the particular architecture of the cichlids' jaw apparatus. They possess two sets of jaws, one oral and one pharyngeal jaw derived from the fifth gill arch. These jaws evolved independently from each other and allow for an immense variety of possible feeding types leading to different diets. Therefore, many different niches could be colonized by cichlids [12]. There is a large amount of behavioral and morphological divergence between different cichlid species in the East African lakes. Yet, rather surprising parallelisms have evolved in species flocks of the different lakes [3,5,8] indicating that the genetic "predisposition" for the modification of these traits might have been already present in the genome of the common ancestor of all the East African cichlid species. We assume that a substantial part of the necessary modifications of the cichlids' genome takes place in the regulatory elements of only a few important genes. To test this hypothesis it would be important to identify those genes of relevance in speciation. As part of this overall research effort we focus here on the ParaHox genes, a sister-cluster of the Hox genes that are crucial in development [13,14]. Here, we report on an investigation of the genomics of the ParaHox C and D paralogons of the cichlid Astatotilapia burtoni and present the results of a comparison of some of its genomic features with those of other vertebrate ParaHox clusters.
Genome duplication, Hox- and ParaHox clusters in vertebrates
It has been suggested that gene- or genome duplications might be important evolutionary mechanisms resulting in new copies of genes, which are then free to accumulate mutations and to evolve new or additional functions [15]. Changes in regulatory elements of duplicated gene copies could, for example, cause neofunctionalization; the gain of a new function, or a subfunctionalization; i.e., subdividing the original functions of the duplicated gene between the daughter genes [16]. Genes under relaxed selection can arise after the duplication of single genes, large chromosomal fragments or even whole genomes [[17] and references therein]. For each of these three possibilities, different effects are characteristic: the preservation or disruption of regulatory control, the genomic context, the potential for dosage imbalance and, of course, the size of the duplicated fragment [18].
Duplications of genes as a consequence of the activity of transposable elements, unequal crossing-over and other mechanisms occur frequently in the course of vertebrate evolution [19]. The duplication of whole genomes, however is a rare event in animals, although there are quite a few polyploid species in some taxonomic groups such as frogs [20], salamanders [21] and several fish lineages such as salmonids [22], cyprinids and catfish [23]). In plants polyploidy is a rather common phenomenon [24-26].
Several studies have proposed the existence of two rounds of whole genome duplications during vertebrate evolution (2R hypothesis) [[14,27] and references therein]. More recent analyses revealed that in the lineage leading to the ray-finned fish, an additional genome duplication event, the fish-specific genome duplication (3R or FSGD), has occurred [28-33]. The 1R and 2R can be roughly dated 430 – 750 mya [27,34] in the lineage of the Gnathostomata. However, the phylogenetic relationships of the agnathan lineages to one other and to the vertebrates as well the timing of 1R and 2R is not fully resolved yet [35]. The FSGD [36,37] took place in the lineage of ray-finned fish, after the separation of gars but before the origin of the Osteoglossomorpha [30], around 320 mya [27,38].
Among the first to be discovered and still among the most prominent examples for duplicated genes through whole genome duplications are the Hox clusters [14]. The number of Hox gene clusters and their genomic architecture in vertebrate genomes are an excellent illustration for the vertebrate genomic history of two rounds of genome duplications (1R, 2R), as well as an additional fish specific genome duplication (3R/FSGD) [39]. One cluster is found in the genome of the Cephalochordate Branchiostoma and one cluster is assumed to be the ancestral state [40]. Two rounds of genome duplication led to four copies in sharks and tetrapods and another round of genome duplication along with reciprocal losses of genes lead to a total number seven Hox clusters in teleost fish [33,39]. Therefore it might be expected that the genes of the ParaHox clusters, just as those of the Hox clusters, should reflect the history of the last two genome duplications in fish as well [41].
The ParaHox complex in mammals consists, just as the Hox complex, out of four clusters termed A to D. But only the A cluster still carries all three genes of the predicted ancestral ParaHox cluster. All other clusters contain only a single ParaHox gene at most. The ParaHox complex is even more fragmented in teleost fish, and Mulley et al. [42] argued that there are no teleost ParaHox clusters at all. However, if the adjoining genes of the ParaHox clusters are taken into account, the syntenic structure of the genomic region/paralogon that contains the ParaHox gene(s) becomes apparent [43-45] (see Figure 1) and the evolutionary history of the clusters can be reconstructed.
Figure 1. Schematic of the genomic architecture of the vertebrate ParaHox loci. a: Structure of the presumed ancestral vertebrate condition and the mammalian ParaHox clusters and their 3' adjoining genes ("ParaHox paralogon"). b: structure of the derived (post FSGD) teleost fish ParaHox cluster genomic architecture and their 3' adjacent genes [43-45] The color code of the relevant genes is maintianed throughout this paper: yellow: ParaHox genes, red: pdgfr genes, blue: kit and csf1r genes, green: vegfr genes, purple: clock genes; the colors red, blue and green also stand for RTKs type III.
The present study regards a ParaHox paralogon as the ParaHox gene(s) from a cluster together with the respective 3' adjoining genes as a [46] (see Figure 1). Therefore, genes located 5'of the whole paralogon are referred to as 5'of a gene X and genes more towards the 3'end of a paralogon are referred to as 3'of a particular gene X, irrespective of the orientation of gene X.
For this study we conducted an analysis of the genomic evolution of vertebrate ParaHox paralogons. Specifically, we were interested in the ParaHox clusters C and D and the adjoining type III receptor tyrosine kinase genes (pdgfrα/kit and pdgfrβ/csf1r respectively) that were shown to be involved in teleost coloration [46-49]. To this end, we determined the DNA sequence of the entire ParaHox C1 paralogon in the East African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni, and compared it to orthologous regions in other teleosts' genomes (Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Takifugu rubripes, Gasterosteus aculeatus) and mammals (Mus musculus, Homo sapiens) as well as to the Astatotilapia burtoni ParaHox D paralogons [46]. This was done in order to investigate the genomic consequences of several rounds of genome duplication in the vertebrate lineage (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of the RTKs of the C and D ParaHox paralogon. Bayesian analysis, **: 1.00; *: 0.95 – 0.99 support, nucleotide data, stars mark the postulated phylogenetic timing of whole genome duplications. Tree are derived from a PHYML analysis.
Results and discussion
To investigate the evolution of the vertebrate ParaHox paralogons C and D we shotgun sequenced a BAC clone of a BAC library of the East African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni [50] that contained the C1 ParaHox paralogon, i.e., the ParaHox gene gsh2 and its 3'adjoining genes. The obtained BAC contig (GenBank accession EF526075 GenBank accession number: sequence will be submitted upon acceptance of the paper) was then further analyzed and compared to the sequences of two other BAC clones of the African cichlid Astatotilapia burtoni, 20D21 (DQ386647) and 26M7 (DQ386648) containing the D1 and D2 paralogons [46].
Sequence assembly and analysis
This analysis showed that the C(1) ParaHox gene locus and its 3' adjoining genes of Danio rerio is located on chromosome 20, of Takifugu rubripes on scaffold 13, of Tetraodon nigroviridis on 'chromosome1_random', of Gasterosteus aculeatus on group VIII, of Homo sapiens on chromosome 4, of Mus musculus of chromosome 5 and of Oryzias latipes on the scaffolds 1,264 (gsh2, pdgfrα), 578 (kita, kdrb) and 2,436 (clock) (see Figure 3 and see Additional File 1 [Table S1] for details).
Figure 3. C1 and C2 ParaHox paralogon – overview. The C ParaHox paralogon of Homo sapiens, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Takifugu rubripes, Oryzias latipes, Danio rerio, Gasterosteus aculeatus and Astatotilapia burtoni. All teleost fishes except Astatotilapia are represented with their a- and b-copy. Of Astatotilapia only the a-copy is available at present. The orientation of the five genes and their respective paralogs are printed above the genes. The locations of the genes in their respective genome annotation are written on the right side of the name of the species.
Additional file 1. Location of the genes of the C1 and C2 ParaHox paralogon. List of the genes used for the computation of the trees via PHYML and Mr. Bayes analyses, including the orientation of the gene (→ means 5'-3'; ← means 3'-5' orientation) and the database the DNA sequence was taken from. All sequences from NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) [52] were taken as annotated there; the sequences from the other databases (MGP (Medaka Genome Project) [65], version 200506) and Ensembl [66]T. nigroviridis version Tetraodon7, T. rubripes version Fugu4.0, O. latipes version Medaka1, G. aculeatus version BroadS1,D. rerio version Zv6) were annotated by hand.
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Sequences for the C2 and the D ParaHox gene loci and their 3' adjoining genes were also retrieved from the aforementioned databases and aligned by hand. The locations of the different genes in the respective genome assemblies are summarized in Additional File 1.
Identification and characterization of Astatotilapia burtoni ParaHox paralogon containing BAC clones
The BAC library was screened for the C1 ParaHox paralogon gene kita as described previously [50]. A PCR screen for the presence of the ParaHox gene gsh2 was subsequently performed to identify BAC clones covering the entire C1 ParaHox paralogon. The kita and gsh2 positive clone 99M12, which was determined to have an insert length of 154 kb, was chosen for further investigation. The BAC clone was shotgun sequenced and BAC contigs were assembled into a scaffold and a complete sequence as described earlier [50].
BLAST searches [51] of the assembled contigs against GENBANK [52] showed that five genes were at least partially present in the BAC clone 99M12 (Figures 1 and 4): genomic screened homeo box 2 (gsh2), the platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (pdgfrα), the a – copy of the v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (kita), the b – copy of the kinase insert domain receptor (kdrb) and the circadian locomoter output cycles kaput (clock) (Figures 1 and 4). The C1 ParaHox paralogon was found to be the paralogon with the highest number of 3' adjoining genes in teleosts.
Figure 4. C1 and C2 ParaHox paralogon. Detailed depiction of the teleost fish C1 and C2 ParaHox paralogons of Figure 1b. Homo sapiens and Mus musculus were left out of the figure to ensure a clear image of the genes. The orientation of the genes is indicated by the arrows.
Using cDNAs, annotated and predicted genes of Homo sapiens, Mus musculus and Danio rerio available on NCBI [52], we deduced the coding sequences of Takifugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Oryzias latipes, Gasterosteus aculeatus and Astatotilapia burtoni. We were able to assemble the complete coding sequences of four of the five genes located on the BAC clone 99M12 of A. burtoni. The only incompletely assembled gene is kdrb where approximately 200 bp of the coding sequence are missing.
From the beginning of the gene gsh2 to the end of clock this sequence of the clone 99M12 spans 133.56 kb. This length was used for comparisons of the lengths of the C1 ParaHox paralogons of the different organisms used in this study (Homo sapiens, Danio rerio, Takifugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Oryzias latipes, Gasterosteus aculeatus and Astatotilapia burtoni) because the real length of the inserted gaps is unknown as of present.
Another BAC clone (26M7) of the Astatotilapia burtoni BAC library contains the genes caudal type homeo box transcription factor 1 a (cdx1a), the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β1 (pdgfrβ1) and the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor a (csf1ra) [46]. These three genes plus the fms-related tyrosine kinase 4 (flt4) that is not present on the clone belong to the D1 ParaHox paralogon, whereas the clone 20D21 was found to contain the genes platelet-derived growth factor receptor β2 (pdgfrβ2) and the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor b (csf1rb) [46]. These two genes plus the caudal type homeobox transcription factor 1b (cdx1b) (not contained on this BAC clone) form the D2 ParaHox paralogon. The genes kitb and clock3, belong to the C2 ParaHox paralogon. Figure 5 shows the D1 and D2 ParaHox paralogons as defined above.
Figure 5. D1 and D2 ParaHox paralogon. The D ParaHox paralogon of Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Takifugu rubripes, Oryzias latipes, Gasterosteus aculeatus and Astatotilapia burtoni. The orientations of the genes are indicated by the arrows. The chromosomal locations of these paralogons in their respective genomes are indicated next to the species name.
The ancestral ParaHox complex fish is fragmented in teleosts fish [42]. Therefore, we use the expression ParaHox "paralogon" instead of "cluster" since, especially for the case of the C2 ParaHox paralogon, not a single ParaHox gene is still present and in the case of the D2 ParaHox paralogon, the data we investigated did not include the ParaHox cdx1b gene. Possibly the most interesting finding is that the ParaHox complex of teleost fish, even after another round of whole genome duplication (WGD), the FSGD, and subsequent deletion of genes, contains exactly the same number of genes and orthologous set of ParaHox genes as the mammalian four ParaHox clusters which did not experience the FSGD. This is all the more surprising since in teleosts all six ParaHox genes are distributed across seven instead of four paralogons, and there is not a single complete ParaHox cluster left in the fish lineage [42]. As outlined above, the ParaHox paralogous genomic regions remain identifiable and we wish to emphasize that the paralogous relationship of the RTKs and other genes 3' of the remnants of those ParaHox clusters stay intact. This is because the remaining genes of the ParaHox clusters, and the 3' adjoining RTKs, as well as the genes clock and clock3 that lie directly 3' of the RTKs on the C1 and C2 ParaHox clusters respectively, clearly form paralogous genomic regions.
The C1, C2, D1 and D2 ParaHox paralogons
Using sequence orthology to Astatotilapia burtoni we were able to determine the C and D ParaHox paralogons of Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Danio rerio, Takifugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Oryzias latipes and Gasterosteus aculeatus (Additional File 1).
We were unable to find the gene clock in the G. aculeatus genome except for two very short blast hits. Since each of the genes of the C1 ParaHox paralogon of this species lies on different contigs within one scaffold, it seems likely that this gene was not correctly assembled in the current release of the stickleback genome. The entire D2 ParaHox paralogon of D. rerio and a major portion of the expected paralogon of G. aculeatus could not be located in the current releases of public genomic databases. The flt4 gene of M. musculus was relocated to another chromosome and the flt4 of H. sapiens was relocated to a location 30 Mb 5' of cdx1. Therefore it was excluded from the following analyses. The cdx1b of Tetraodon nigroviridis is relocated as well and the cdx1b of Oryzias latipes is reversed. All other examined organisms kept the orientations and positions unaltered in reference to the more 5' genes, but the distance to those is always very large (Figure 5).
The orientation and the order of the genes of the C ParaHox paralogons are conserved in all vertebrates species examined (Figures 3 and 4), implying that the orientation and order of these genes have remained unchanged for more than 450 my [53]. The genes gsh2, pdgfrα and kita with its paralogous gene kitb all have a 5' – 3' orientation. The genes kdrb and clock as well as its paralogous gene clock3, show a 3' – 5' orientation (Figures 3 and 4, [42,45]). The genomic architecture of the D1 and D2 ParaHox paralogons is less conserved. The orientation of the genes has stayed the same in all but one species included in this study. Yet, in four genomes the position of a gene compared to pdgfrβa/b and csf1ra/b has changed (Figure 5). Furthermore, the csf1rb gene seems to have been lost in Danio rerio [46]. The gene content of all other paralogons examined in this study was completely conserved.
The presumed ancestral condition of the C ParaHox paralogon that can still be found in mammalian genomes [43,45], it is also conserved in all teleostean a-copies of this ParaHox paralogon (Figures 1a and 3). In all organisms examined here, the b-copy of the C ParaHox complex has lost genes, namely gsh2, pdgfrα and kdrb. The remaining genes of this paralogon nevertheless retained their orientation. A similar scenario can be seen in the D ParaHox paralogon. Here only the b-copy of the gene flt4, a 2R-paralog of kdrb, was lost. We found no trace of clock-like genes 3' of the RTKs so we can not say whether both clock copies were deleted or if the clock precursor was located in the C ParaHox paralogon after the precursor of the C and the D ParaHox paralogons was duplicated. This implies that there never was a clock-like gene in the D1 and D2 ParaHox paralogons.
It seems quite remarkable, that this gene complex maintained both its gene order as well as gene orientation (with the exception of two genes) over very significant evolutionary time spans. Only the lengths of the introns and intergenic regions differ between the species examined. Possible reasons for this conservation might be related to the presence of promoter, enhancer or inhibitor motifs in that complex that influence more than just one gene, so that an inversion or a relocation of one gene would possibly destroy the regulation of the proteins constructed from this and other genes nearby. If such a co-regulation exists, it might explain the maintenance of the gene order and gene orientation over the course of vertebrate evolution. Chiou et al. [54] showed an example of the important role of clustering in the regulation of the expression of biosynthetic genes in A. parasiticus.
Another possibility might be that a regulator is not located immediately next to its corresponding gene but at a distance, and that other genes exist between regulator and corresponding gene. A relocation or inversion in such a case is expected to lead to disruption of the interactions. It has already been shown that regulatory genes or regions lying in a gene cluster are able to control the expression of genes outside of this cluster [55]. Nevertheless, the selective pressures leading to the maintenance of gene clusters are still poorly understood.
In both the C and the D paralogons, only the a-copy retained the ParaHox gene. It was either lost (C2 copy) or relocated (D2 copy, Figure 5). So the b-paralogon in both cases lost more genes than the a-paralogon. Therefore, when comparing the C and the D ParaHox paralogons it is apparent that the a-copies of the ParaHox paralogons C and D of the teleosts are more conserved and show a higher degree of synteny with the mammalian ParaHox paralogons than the b-copies. Interestingly, this finding is similar to the pattern previously found in the Hox clusters [56]. This finding implies that one copy of the paralogon pair evolved faster than the other. That this is always usually the b-copy is explained most easily by the fact that the more conserved (a) copy is much more likely to be discovered and named first.
To further investigate this issue, we performed relative rate tests as described previously [46]. These analyses revealed that the genes of the C paralogons always evolved slower than that of the D paralogons, compared to the human gene (data not shown). Also, we found that the a-paralogon genes always evolved more slowly that the b-copy, except cdx1. cdx1a/b, that are a part of the D1/D2 paralogons respectively, the b-copy evolved more slowly than the a-copy, for unknown reasons – even though the rest of the paralogon follows the normal trend (see Table 1). In this regard, the 3' end and the 5' end of the D1/D2 paralogons seem to experience different evolutionary forces.
Table 1. Nonparametric Relative Rate Tests of the C and D ParaHox paralogons
To search for conserved regions that could possibly be promoter regions, enhancers or inhibitors, we performed a mVista plot analysis comparing the C1 ParaHox paralogon of Astatotilapia burtoni with those of Takifugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens. The genes of these paralogons were, as already mentioned, gsh2, pdgfrα, kita, kdrb and clock (Figure 6). The results are similar to our previous analyses of the D Parahox paralogons [46]. Conserved intergenic regions immediately upstream of the genes gsh2, pdgfrα and kita can clearly be detected. Furthermore, there are conserved regions also following the gene clock as well as between it and kdrb. Another conserved region is apparent immediately 3' of kita as well as between the genes gsh2 and pdgfrα (Figure 6). The conserved elements upstream of the genes gsh2 and pdgfrα and a region between kdrb and clock are, at least in part, conserved in all vertebrates examined. Through blasting of a subset of the A. burtoni sequence against the available databases, we found that the conserved sequences between the genes kdrb and clock, are similar to another gene, a transmembrane protein called HTP-1. The other conserved intergenic regions are only conserved in teleost fish. examined and BLAST searches of those regions of the BAC clone 99M12 revealed them to be SINE and LINE elements. As only the fugu specific mask was available, not all elements could be masked efficiently. The only exception to that pattern is the region in Oryzias latipes in the second part of the gene clock. Because of problems in the genome assembly of this organism these data could not be used in the mVista blot analysis and, therefore, medaka had to be omitted from this analysis. As already mentioned, the gene clock of Gasterosteus aculeatus could not be located in its genome assembly. Only two short BLAST hits for clock were found with bl2seq (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Shuffle-LAGAN vista blot. Comparisons of the C1 and C2 ParaHox paralogons from A. burtoni (query sequence) with T. rubripes, T. nigroviridis, D. rerio, O. latipes, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Mus musculus and H. sapiens. The blue peaks are conserved areas in exons of the genes and in pink conserved intergenic regions are indicated. The genes shown on the graph are from left to right: gsh2, pdgfrα, kita, kdrb and clock.
A comparison of the C1 ParaHox paralogons of Homo sapiens, Astatotilapia burtoni, Danio rerio, Takifugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis and Gasterosteus aculeatus (Figures 3 and 4) showed that the cichlid sequence is of an intermediate length. It is considerably shorter that H. sapiens (10%),D. rerio (39%) and O. latipes (34%) but longer than T. nigroviridis (150%), T. rubripes (141%) and G. aculeatus (135%) (see Additional file 2). In O. latipes only fragments of clock, the last gene of the paralogon, could be found. Because of seemingly incomplete assembly in this genomic region 34% might not be the final result.
Additional file 2. Comparison of the genome size and the size of the C1, C2, D1 and D2 ParaHox paralogons. All genome size estimations, except A. burtoni from the animal genome size database [57], A. burtoni estimation from (Lang et al. 2006); size estimation of the D1 and D2 cluster from (Braasch et al. 2006). The gene flt4 is not included in this analysis.
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Our previous study [46] showed that the sequence of the cichlid D1 ParaHox paralogon again is of an intermediate length, being shorter than that of D. rerio (29%) but longer that the other D1 paralogons of the other species investigated (O. latipes 102%, T. nigroviridis 148%, T. rubripes 140%, G. aculeatus 125%). In both cases the mammalian sequence is the longest and the sequences of the pufferfishes the shortest (see Additional file 2). To test if this is a paralogon-specific effect or an effect of the different genome sizes of the various organisms, we plotted genome size versus cluster size. Figure 7 shows the comparisons (regression analyses) between the genome sizes of different organisms and the length of the C1, C2, D1 and D2 paralogons. The genome sizes of Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Danio rerio, Takifugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis, Gasterosteus aculeatus and Oryzias latipes were taken from the animal genome size database [57]. The genome size estimate of Astatotilapia burtoni was obtained from reference [50].
Figure 7. Comparison (regression analyses) of the genome size and the size of the C1, C2, D1 and D2 ParaHox paralogons. All genome size estimations, except A. burtoni, were taken from the animal genome size database [57], A. burtoni estimation from [50]. Size estimations of the D1 and D2 clusters were obtained from [46]. The gene flt4 is not included in this analysis. The graph includes the regression lines of the datasets if possible.
While the C1 paralogons of teleosts show a similar genome size to cluster size relationship as the mammalian clusters, the C2 clusters are much more condensed but also show the same trend, namely that the cluster size is linked to overall genome size (Figure 7). The D1 paralogons are also much more condensed than the C1 paralogons, but they also display a linear relationship between genome and cluster size, including also the mammalian sequences. An obvious deviation from previously described pattern can be seen in the D2 paralogons of the pufferfishes. Relative to their very compact genome size, the D2 paralogon is surprisingly large. A possible reason for this could be that the maximal condensation of this cluster has already been reached and a further condensation might be detrimental in terms of selection. We can only speculate on this, but the minimum absolute size of the ParaHox paralogons might be determined by the necessary spatial relationships of the individual transcriptional units within these gene complexes and regulatory regions might need to be maintained at a minimal distance in the intergenic regions of adjacent genes in order to maintain the proper function of these genes. The Astatotilapia burtoni D2 ParaHox paralogon could not be included in this comparison because the gene cdx1b is not on the investigated BAC clone.
Gene cluster breakup and gene retention after genome duplications
The FSGD provides the opportunity to study genomes following a whole genome duplication event [[33] and references therein]. For the Hox gene clusters of teleosts, it has been observed before [[39] and references therein] that, although all fish genomes studied so far vary in the gene content and even number of Hox gene clusters, the total number of Hox genes contained in their genomes is about the same as in the genomes of tetrapods, which did not experience this WGD. It has been suggested that particularly the Hox gene clusters are, typically, maintained more or less intact, because they are likely to be strongly regulated by sequential activation and cluster completeness is necessitated by corrected interdigitated gene control [58].
What seems remarkable as well is that the evolutionary forces keeping Hox gene number rather constant seem to be stronger than those that maintain the cohesion and physical linkage on chromosomes of individual clusters following a WGD. Mulley et al. [42] noted that the ParaHox cluster stayed intact in ancestral fish lineages such as Amia and Polypterus, yet noted the fragmentation of the ParaHox clusters in teleosts, that happened due to gene loss and not because of transpositions or inversions [42]. The FSGD duplicated all genomic regions including the clustered sets of homeobox genes such as Hox, ParaHox and NK. The selection pressures that maintained those clusters intact in part of the metazoans, seem to be relaxed, as for many of these gene clusters, several genes seem to have been lost [59], despite the fact that these, often apparently co-regulated arrays of genes, seem to share enhancers and are regulated in an interdigitated fashion (Figure 1). Mulley et al. [42] proposed that the maintenance of a gene cluster is based on interdigitated and/or shared enhancers. The FSGD duplicated not only the genes but also the enhancers and therefore might have released the need for a tight clustering. Our analysis of the ParaHox clusters in teleosts supports this idea in so far as the ParaHox clusters are broken up. Yet, the total number of six ParaHox genes is maintained in post duplication teleost genomes. If the comparison is extended to a larger paralogon than the set of ParaHox genes alone – as was done in this study -it becomes clear that in larger genomic regions there the constancy of gene numbers does not persist. Our analysis shows that some, although not all, additional duplicated genes flanking the ParaHox clusters were retained following a WGD (Figure 1). This might imply that different selective forces such as increased tolerance to more gene product, due to the doubled number of genes, or functional changes (sub-, neofunctionalization) of those genes might be acting. This finding might argue that although differential gene loss on different chromosomal regions is permitted following a WGD through genetic redundancy of cis-regulatory elements, the overall constancy of gene number is strongly selected for by balancing selection at least for transcription factors such as ParaHox genes. Balancing selection might be acting on trans-regulatory mechanisms to countact possibly negative effects of dosage differences. Moreover, possibly weaker selective forces against duplicate genes might permit the retention of probably not co-regulated genes outside of gene clusters after a WGD on one hand. It seems plausible that these different selective forces might also have to do with not only their arrangements in clusters, but also which kind of gene is duplicated (e.g., regulatory genes vs. housekeeping genes). Again, selection might act more strongly in bringing about the loss of interdigitated genes within cluster following a WGD to maintain a modal gene number per genome of these clustered homeobox genes in order to reduce potentially negative changes in dosage following a WGD. The fact, that the number of ParaHox genes before and after the FSGD remained unchanged, indicates a possibly strong regulatory gene dose restriction that would select for the rapid loss of "superfluous" genes. With the exception of the gene cdx1 no gene of the ancestral ParaHox cluster was retained in two copies. Possibly one of the two cdx1 genes may be compensating for the loss of cdx2 gene, hence the retention of two cdx1 genes (Figure 1b, [42]).
Recently Negre and Ruiz [60] have discovered a surprising diversity of Hox gene cluster architectures in different species of Drosophila. Since breaks and inversions were found not too infrequently, they argue that not the integrity and organization of Hox clusters is the strongest target of selection. Rather they argue that functional constraints on individual Hox genes might be acting more forcefully on genomes so that functional sets of homeobox genes are maintained in the genome, which are not necessarily physically linked with unbroken colinearity. Other studies showed that an intact cluster is only important for temporal and not for special colinearity. In Drosophila where development is so rapid that almost all the Hox genes are activated at the same time, the cluster is permitted to be interrupted [[61] and references therein]. Similar reasoning might explain the sitution we describe for "dissolved" ParaHox parologons. Their genomically fixed gene content and orientation in teleost genomes, but their dispersed distribution over seven instead of four chromosomal regions would support the hypothesis that overall gene content is more strongly selected for than the integrity of gene clusters.
Conclusion
We demonstrated the orthologous relationship of the genes of the C and D ParaHox paralogons (Figure 2). Relative rate tests revealed that with the exception of one gene the a-copy always evolves more slowly than the b-copy, the exception being the ParaHox gene cdx1, where the b-copy evolves significantly slower. The relative rate tests also show that the C paralogons evolve more slowly than the D paralogons.
A mVista analysis of the D clusters was performed in an earlier study [46]. We found a number of conserved genomic regions in the C1 ParaHox paralogon that were located in intergenic regions. One conserved sequence block, located at the position 119–130 kb on the A. burtoni BAC clone 99M12, was confirmed to be another gene, the transmembrane protein HPT-1, by BLAST search. We also found evidence that the ParaHox paralogon of the pufferfishes is apparently close to the maximal possible reduction in size.
Despite having undergone an additional genome duplication the total number of ParaHox genes in the genome of teleost fish is maintained at six genes that are distributed over seven chromosomal regions instead of four as in the genomes of tetrapods. Other genes that are physically linked with the ParaHox genes in the same paralogon were also reduced in number following the FSGD. However, while typically ten of these are found in tetrapods 14 are maintained in teleost fish genomes. We discuss possible selective reasons for keeping modal numbers of homoebox genes constant throughout hundreds of millions of years of evolution while permitting to differentially loose ParaHox genes on some ParaHox paralogons.
Future research should include the description of possible binding sites in the conserved elements and functional studies of those putative regulatory elements found by in silico analyses.
Methods
BAC Library screening & Shotgun Sequencing
We previously constructed a BAC library of the East African haplochromine cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni [50]. This library was screened for kita positive clones with the kita specific primer set Burt-Kit-F-474/Burt-Kit_R-672 according to [46]. Using universal primers (gsh2_Ex1_For (AGAYCCCAGRAGATACCACT) and gsh2_Ex2.3_R (GTGCGCGCTCCTCTGGGTG)) designed on known teleost sequences, we confirmed the presence of the gsh2 gene on the BAC clone. The BAC plasmids of the recovered clones were extracted using the Large-Construct Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's manual and then sheared by sonification. The fraction of 2–3 kb was recovered from an agarose gel and blunt-end-ligated into the pUC18 vector of Roche and later electro-transformed into "Electro Max DH10B T1 Phage Resistant Cells" (Invitrogen). The subclones were grown in standard LB-medium (0.5 mg/ml ampicillin). The plasmid DNA was recovered using standard methods. The clones were sequenced directly using a standard M13F/M13R primer set on an ABI3100 automatic DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems).
Contig Assembly
The obtained sequences were quality trimmed by hand and checked for vector sequences using Sequencher 4.2 (Gene Codes Corporation). The same software was used for the contig assembly at the setting "dirty data", with a sequence similarity of 85% and an overlap of 20 bp. The full sequence of the genome of E. coli from the GENBANK database [52] was added to the analyses, so that all E. coli contaminated reads were filtered out of the assembly. Gaps between contigs were closed with gap spanning primers, designed with Primer3 [62]. For further analyses the remaining gaps were closed by 33 N's each.
The contigs of the BAC clone 99M12 were checked for corresponding forward/reverse clones in other contigs and a contig map was drawn. To check this map, the contigs were assembled into one single sequence according to the contig map. Using the tool bl2seq (align two sequences) (GENBANK database) [52], the contigs were BLAST-searched against chromosome 11 of Tetraodon nigroviridis containing its C1 ParaHox cluster. The contig map was then corrected using the information from the bl2seq analysis.
Sequence Annotation
The ontology of the genes sequenced were determined by sequence comparisons with the available genomes of Takifugu rubripes [63], (version 4.0), Tetraodon nigroviridis [64], (version 1–64), Oryzias latipes [65], (version 200506), Gasterosteus aculeatus [66], (version 41) and already annotated genes from Danio rerio, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens were taken from GENBANK [52]. The provided annotations of the Homo sapiens, Mus musculus and Danio rerio sequences from GENBANK database [52] were used to help to identify the intron/exon structure of the respective genes in Takifugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis and Oryzias latipes. In some cases the Danio rerio sequence could not be included into the analyses due to apparent miss-assemblies.
Phylogenetic and Sequence Analyses
For phylogenetic analyses, Nexus files were processed via PAUP* [67] to eliminate positions that could not be aligned. The appropriate models of molecular evolution were estimated using the program modelgenerator [68]. Maximum likelihood trees and bootstrapping (1000 replicates) were calculated in PHYML [69]. Bayesian Inference was performed in Mr. Bayes 3.1 [70,71] (1,000,000 generations/5000 burnin).
Vista Plots were obtained via the mVista option on the Vista homepage [72]. The alignment program used was LAGAN (Global multiple alignment of finished sequences) [73]. For Homo sapiens the human/primate-specific RepeatMasker and for Mus musculus the mouse/rat/rodent specific RepeatMasker was used. For all other sequences the fugu-specific RepeatMasker was used as a stand in.
Authors' contributions
This study was conceived by SH, WS, IB and AM. Most of the laboratory work was done by NS and IB. In silico analyses were conducted by NS with the help of SH, WS and IB. The manuscript was drafted by NS and read and revised by all authors.
Acknowledgements
Support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), from the European Community, and the Landesstiftung Baden-Württemberg GmbH is gratefully acknowledged.
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Editorial
New horizons in Biophysics
Elizabeth C Moylan
Author Affiliations
Biology Editor, BMC series journals
BMC Biophysics 2011, 4:1 doi:10.1186/2046-1682-4-1
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/2046-1682/4/1
Received:14 February 2011
Accepted:2 March 2011
Published:2 March 2011
© 2011 Moylan; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
This editorial celebrates the re-launch of PMC Biophysics previously published by PhysMath Central, in its new format as BMC Biophysics published by BioMed Central with an expanded scope and Editorial Board. BMC Biophysics will fill its own niche in the BMC series alongside complementary companion journals including BMC Bioinformatics, BMC Medical Physics, BMC Structural Biology and BMC Systems Biology.
Editorial
This month PMC Biophysics joins the BMC series of journals as BMC Biophysics. The 'P to B' transition is not some strange quirk of molecular dynamics but the consequence of integrating PhysMath Central journals into Springer and BioMed Central portfolios which has resulted in a very welcome addition to the BMC series. Previously, PMC Biophysics had been published by PhysMath Central but will now be published by BioMed Central - as is the case with all journals in the BMC series. When BioMed Central was founded in 2000, the BMC series of journals were among the first to be launched. Since then, this portfolio of journals have grown rapidly and become well-recognised in the research communities they serve. We are committed to the future of BMC Biophysics and the journal will be in good company among the many successful titles in the BMC series.
Under the stewardship of its Editor-in-Chief, Huan-Xiang Zhou, PMC Biophysics was originally launched in 2008 in response to the gathering strength of the open access movement and the multidisciplinary nature of research in biological physics [1]. BMC Biophysics will maintain this ethos, and continue to publish articles in experimental and theoretical aspects of biological processes from the microscopic to macroscopic level. Topics include (but are not limited to) thermodynamics, structural stability and dynamics of biological macromolecules and mesoscale cellular processes. We also welcome studies on membrane biophysics, nucleic acids, signalling and interaction networks and novel biophysical methods. In keeping with recent developments, we have also broadened the scope of the journal to explicitly cover computational and theoretical biophysics.
As with the other journals in the BMC-series stable, BMC Biophysics has an international Editorial Board which retains much of the PMC Biophysics Editorial Board with additional new faces [2] and comprises Section Editors, Associate Editors and Editorial Advisors. We are delighted that Huan-Xiang Zhou will continue his strong involvement with the journal as a Section Editor and he provides his personal perspective on biophysics in a forthcoming 'Question and Answer' piece in BMC Biology [3].
All previous PMC Biophysics content will remain open access and will be freely accessible from the new BMC Biophysics platform. New submissions to the journal will be assessed by our Section Editors for their suitability for peer review and our Section Editors will work closely with our Associate Editors to facilitate the review process and ensure consistency of decision making. The journal is further supported by a group of Editorial Advisors with specialist knowledge in particular fields. Together the Editorial Board will liaise with in-house Editorial staff to maintain journal thresholds and policies, and to steer the future of BMC Biophysics.
Despite recent government funding cuts, which can often hit interdisciplinary research areas the hardest, biophysics is rapidly gaining momentum. There is of course a history of physics in biology but the need for collaboration is still strong today, from such diverse fields as mapping cancer cell behaviour [4] to novel ideas for antenna structures and nanoparticle synthesis in the field of single molecule biophysics [5]. It's also heartening to see that publishers have recognised the need to cater for research in the physical sciences by providing open access venues. The recent launch of SpringerOpen [6] provides a range of fully open access journals which gives authors in Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Computer Science, and Social Sciences the opportunity to publish open access articles. The announcement by the American Physical Society of their forthcoming journal Physical Review X [7] also shows commitment to the recent research growth in physics and its application to related fields.
We are of course preaching to the converted when highlighting the benefits of publishing open access to the physics community who have long accepted the advantages offered by self-archiving in arXiv.org [8]. However, although arXiv.org provides a means of circulating manuscripts, it does not offer the benefits and visibility to the biological community that publishing a peer reviewed article with BMC Biophysics can provide. Articles published in BMC Biophysics will of course be open access and be freely and universally accessible online immediately upon acceptance, ensuring that research is disseminated to the widest possible audience. In order to cover the costs of publication, an article-processing charge (APC) is levied to authors or their institution on acceptance of the article. This flat fee is among the lowest charged across other publishers offering open access [9]. Publishing in electronic format allows the full use of digital technologies and permits the inclusion of large data sets, links to other web pages, animations, slide shows, video clips and unlimited colour, all at no additional charge. If the institute of the author submitting a manuscript is a member of BioMed Central the cost of the APC is covered by the membership and no further charge is payable [10]. We are able to grant waivers under special circumstances and a number of funding agencies allow their grants to be used for APCs [11]. Finally, BMC Biophysics also welcomes initiatives that encourage standardized reporting and public deposition of datasets [12,13].
Research published open access has the potential to reach a much wider range of readers than any subscription-based journal, either in print or online [14]. And of course if readers can freely access articles this leads to more downloads and more citations, leading to a higher Impact Factor [15,16]. As re-emphasised recently by Alma Swan [17] when discussing a study by Steven Harnad and Tim Brody [18] in which they compared the citation counts of individual open access and non-open access articles appearing in the same (non-open access) journals: there is a clear citation advantage to publishing open access. This open access citation effect is strongest in physics and least in biology (Figure 1). Although it's not obvious where 'biophysicists' sit in the spectrum, open access publishing is clearly the best way for authors to maximise the impact of their work.
Figure 1. The impact of publishing open access is apparent from the % increase in citations from open access articles. This is greatest in the field of physics and least in biology. Figure taken from [17] which was presented under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
We are delighted to be relaunching BMC Biophysics with an inaugural thematic series on 'Biological diffusion and Brownian dynamics' guest edited by Rebecca Wade, Paolo Mereghetti and Andy McCammon. We also take this opportunity to encourage researchers to consider the journal for publishing their own results of workshop meetings. In these fast-moving times, where researchers from many fields are coming together to make up the interdisciplinary field of Biophysics, there is a clear need for the scientific community to keep abreast of the latest developments in an open-access format. So, if you are a physicist working on biological systems, or a biologist using the tools of physics, or a biochemist somewhere on the interface of these disciplines we do hope you will take the time to read more about the journal and consider us for your future submissions.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Jo Appleford, Volkhard Helms, Liz Hoffman, Deborah Kahn, Jan Kuras, Danielle Talbot, Michaela Torkar, Helen Whitaker and Huan-Xiang Zhou for their helpful comments.
References
1. Zhou HX: The debut of PMC Biophysics.
PMC Biophysics 2008, 1:1. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
2. BMC Biophysics Editorial Board[http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbiophys/edboard/] webcite
3. Zhou HX: Q&A: What is Biophysics?
BMC Biology 2011., 9: BioMed Central Full Text
4. Koski O: Interdisciplinary Research Partnerships Set Out to Uncover the Physics of Cancer.
Scientific American 2010.
5. Fisher E, Biggs S, Linsay S, Zhao J: Research thrives on integration of natural and social sciences.
Nature 2010, 463:1018. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. SpringerOpen[http://www.springeropen.com/] webcite
7. Physical Review X[http://prx.aps.org/] webcite
8. [http://arxiv.org/] webcite
9. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/apcfaq] webcite
10. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/apcfaq#automaticwaivers] webcite
11. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/apcfaq#grants] webcite
12. [http:/ / blogs.openaccesscentral.com/ blogs/ bmcblog/ entry/ join_the_data_debate_draft] webcite
13. [http:/ / blogs.openaccesscentral.com/ blogs/ bmcblog/ resource/ opendatastatementdraft.pdf] webcite
14. Suber P: Open access, impact, and demand.
BMJ 2005, 330. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text
15. Hitchcock : The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies. [http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html] webcite
16. Harnad S, Brody T: Earlier Web Usage Statistics as Predictors of Later Citation Impact. [http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10713/02/timcorr.htm] webcite
17. Swan A: The Open Access advantage.
Open Access, Open Data, 13/14 December 2010, Cologne, Germany 2010.
18. Harnad S, Brody T: Comparing the Impact of Open Access (OA) vs. Non-OA Articles in the Same Journals.
D-Lib Magazine 2004, 10:6.
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Research
Adult urinary bladder tumors with rabdomyosarcomatous differentiation: Clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical studies
Zhanyong Bing* and Paul J Zhang
Author Affiliations
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
Diagnostic Pathology 2011, 6:66 doi:10.1186/1746-1596-6-66
Published: 15 July 2011
Abstract
Adult rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in the urinary bladder is rare, and is the subject of case reports and small series. It consists of sheets of small round blue cells with high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, brisk mitosis and apoptosis. In this study, we reported one case of pure rhabdomyosarcoma and two cases of urothelial carcinomas with extensive rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. In addition, their immunohistochemical profile was compared to that of small cell carcinoma of the bladder. Our study showed that sufficient sampling was critical for the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma with extensive rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. As adult RMS in the bladder and urothelial carcinoma with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation shared morphological features with small cell carcinoma of the bladder, appropriate immunohistochemical stains were necessary in the differential diagnosis. We showed both rhabdomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcomatous areas of the urothelial carcinoma were positive for myogenin, negative for cytokeratin and chromogranin stains. In contrast, small cell carcinoma was positive for cytokeratin, and 7 out of 9 cases were also positive for chromogranin. Both rhabdomyosarcoma and small cell carcinoma could be positive for synaptophysin, a potential pitfall to avoid. In addition, all of the tumors with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation were negative for FKHR rearrangement.
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Datasets / Trends in emissions of greenhouse gases (IPCC sector classification)
Trends in emissions of greenhouse gases (IPCC sector classification)
Created : Nov 13, 2009 Published : Jan 01, 2002 Last modified : Nov 29, 2012 11:57 AM
Topics: ,
Data on greenhouse gas emissions and removals, sent by countries to UNFCCC and the EU Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Mechanism (EU Member States) with copies to EEA and ETC/ACC
European data
Trends in emissions of greenhouse gases (IPCC sector classification)
GHGs-emissions of all sectors of all inventories which are in reported to UNFCCC.
[+] Show table definition (records: 98195)
Field name Field Definition Data type Primary key
Country_code International Country code (ISO 3166-1-Alpha-2 code elements) varchar(4) Yes
Pollutant_name Short name of pollutant varchar(40) Yes
Sector_code Sector code varchar(15) Yes
Year Year varchar(20) Yes
Country Country name varchar(53) No
Emissions Emission unit numeric(13) No
Format_name Name of guideline varchar(100) No
Notation Notation key varchar(40) No
Parent_sector_code Parent sector code varchar(15) No
Sector_name Sector name varchar(75) No
Unit Unit the measure value varchar(40) No
Metadata
Additional information
Data compiled and held by ETC/ACC are annual emissions of CO2, CO2-removals, CH4, N2O, HFC-A, HFC-P, PFC-A, PFC-P, SF6-A, SF6-P from individual countries. Sectoral data (IPCC classification) is provided for the following main source categories: Energy, Industrial Processes, Solvent and Other Product Use, Agriculture, Land-Use Change and Forestry, Waste, Other, CO2 emissions from Biomass, International bunkers and Multilateral Operations.
Pollutants: CO2, CO2-Removals, CH4, N2O, HFC-A, HFC-P, PFC-A, PFC-P, SF6-A, SF6-P
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Interactive maps / Heat wave risk of European cities
Heat wave risk of European cities
The share of green (vegetated) and blue (water) areas within cities (2006) can influence the urban heat island effect. Also, population density is associated with increasing this effect of cities and exacerbate the effects of heat waves.
Filed under: ,
European Environment Agency (EEA)
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1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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You are here: Home / News / Health risks from mobile phone radiation – why the experts disagree
Health risks from mobile phone radiation – why the experts disagree
Published : Oct 12, 2011 Last modified : Oct 12, 2011 05:47 PM
Mobile phones and other digital devices are now a big part of modern life – but are they dangerous? There were an estimated 5.3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide by the end of 2010, so if mobile phone use is linked to head cancers, the implications are immense. We look at the scientific uncertainty in this area, and what this means for policy.
Image © JonJon2k8
Mobile phones have numerous social, economic and even environmental benefits. However, there is significant disagreement in the scientific community about whether mobile phone use increases the risk of head cancers. We recommend using the precautionary principle to guide policy decisions in cases like this. This means that although our understanding is incomplete, this should not prevent policy makers from taking preventative action.
David Gee, EEA Senior Advisor on Science, Policy and Emerging Issues
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a global authority on cancer, recently concluded that radiation from mobile phones is a ‘possible’ head cancer risk. However, scientific opinion is split on the issue – many different studies have reached different conclusions based on the same evidence.
The European Environment Agency (EEA) recommends taking a precautionary approach to policy making in this area. This position is based on an evaluation of the existing evidence and on the lessons from earlier hazards, analysed in the EEA “Late Lessons from Early Warnings” project.
“Mobile phones have numerous social, economic and even environmental benefits”, said David Gee, EEA Senior Advisor on Science, Policy and Emerging Issues. “However, there is significant disagreement in the scientific community about whether mobile phone use increases the risk of head cancers. We recommend using the precautionary principle to guide policy decisions in cases like this. This means that although our understanding is incomplete, this should not prevent policy makers from taking preventative action”.
Why do scientists disagree?
One reason scientists disagree is because the mechanisms by which the radiations from mobile phones could cause cancer are not yet understood. However, waiting for that knowledge could take decades: the biological mechanisms connecting tobacco smoke and cancer are still not fully understood, some 60 years after the first published studies linked smoking and lung cancer.
Another area of uncertainty is the design of animal studies, investigating the effects of electro-magnetic fields (EMF) from mobile phones and cancers. A few studies suggest a positive link, but many others fail to find any. But even if all animal studies were negative, this would not necessarily indicate a negative result in humans, as human reactions can be very different compared to those of animals. For example, animal evidence of smoking and lung cancer came only after evidence in humans was established.
Human studies may be inconclusive for several reasons. For example, any brain cancer effects of prolonged mobile phone use could take many years to develop and analyse, whereas mobile phones have only been in widespread use for a couple of decades. The evidence linking smoking or asbestos and lung cancer only became clear 20-25 years after first mass exposures began.
Nonetheless, there are some examples of scientifically rigorous research which already indicate a risk from mobile phones. As the EEA has often noted, potential early warnings such as these should not be ignored, especially given the serious and irreversible nature of any cancer effects and the large numbers exposed, which includes vulnerable groups such as children.
The precautionary principle
Because the evidence on mobile phones and cancer presents a mixed picture, the EEA recommends using the precautionary principle (PP), as recommended in the EU Treaty, to better manage the risk. There is no clear legal definition of the PP so the EEA has produced a working definition:
The precautionary principle provides justification for public policy actions in situations of scientific complexity, uncertainty and ignorance, where there may be a need to avoid, or reduce, potentially serious or irreversible threats to health and the environment, using an appropriate strength of scientific evidence, and taking into account the pros and cons of action and inaction.
The PP requires us to weigh evidence in a different way. This is not new - societies are used to using different strengths of evidence for different reasons, based on the costs of being wrong.
For example, criminals must be found guilty ‘beyond all reasonable doubt’ before they are convicted; injured people in compensation cases need only show a balance of evidence in order to win compensation for negligence; while doctors only need slight evidence of a serious illness to prescribe treatment. Such precautionary approaches are justified where it is not yet possible to establish causality beyond reasonable doubt.
Implications for policy makers and the mobile phone industry
Citizens could be better informed about the risks of mobile phone use, as recommended by the EEA in September 2007. There is sufficient evidence of risk to advise people, especially children, not to place the handset against their heads: text messaging, or hands-free kits lead to about ten times lower radiation levels, on average, than when the phone is pressed to the head.
Governments may also wish to label mobile handsets as a ‘possible carcinogen’, in line with the IARC decision. In addition, more independent research is needed. The cost of these measures is very low, but the potential costs of inaction may be very high.
Additional information
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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The Coal Question: Of the Iron Trade
The Coal Question: Of the Iron Trade
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Ida Kubiszewski PhD
Historical E-Book: The Coal Question: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal-Mines
Author: William Stanley Jevons
Edition Used: London: Macmillan and Co., 1866. (Second edition, revised)
First Published: 1865
Chapter XV
SOLON said well to Crœsus, when in ostentation he showed him his gold, "Sir, if any other come that hath better iron than you, he will be master of all this gold."[1] And it will hardly be denied that the retention of our supremacy in the production and working of iron is a critical point of our future history. Most of those works and inventions in which we are pre-eminent, depend upon the use of iron in novel modes and magnitudes. Roads, bridges, engines, vessels, are more and more formed of this invaluable metal. And it was well remarked by Wilberforce in opposing an intended tax upon iron, that "the possession of iron was one of the great grounds of distinction between civilized and barbarous society; and in the same proportion that this country had improved in manufactures and civilization, the manufacture of iron had been extended and improved, and found its way by numerous meandering streams into every department of civil life."[2]
As our iron-furnaces are a chief source of our power in the present, their voracious consumption of coal is most threatening as regards the future. Though iron is only one of the many products of coal, the making and working of iron demands at present between one-fourth and one-third of our whole yield of coal, and the iron trade certainly offers the widest field for a future increase of consumption. We have seen that for a century our produce of iron has grown at a constant rate,[3] and the pre-eminent usefulness of iron places it beside coal and corn as a material of which there cannot be too much—which itself excites and supports population, offering it the means of constant multiplication.
But it is essentially a suicidal trade in a national point of view. Once already, in an earlier period of iron metallurgy, the iron trade exhausted our resources, and quitted our shores. Its absence contributed to produce that dull and unprogressive period in the early part of last century which is so strongly marked upon our annals.
The former vicissitudes of the iron trade are of a very instructive character. There are two natural periods in the history of the iron manufacture—the charcoal period and the coal period. We require antiquarian writers like Mr. Nichols, Mr. Lower, or Mr. Smiles, to remind us of the very existence of a considerable manufacture of charcoal iron in England in former centuries. It is now so utterly a thing of the past, that only two or three furnaces are kept in work at any one time.[4]
Until the middle of last century, however, iron was always made with charcoal, and a woody country was necessarily its seat. Coal or cole was then the common name for charcoal, pit-coal being distinguished as sea-coal. The collier or collyer was the labourer who cut the timber, stacked it in heaps, charked it, and conveyed the coal on pack-horses to the iron bloomary and forge, situated in some neighbouring valley, where a stream of water gave motion to the bellows and the tilt-hammer.
The ore or mine was also brought by pack-horse from some neighbouring mine or deposit—for there are few geological formations or districts of this country which do not yield iron ore. Often the mine used was derived from heaps of old slag or offal, the refuse of still earlier iron works. For in a previous age, even the use of water-power was unknown, and the furnace was blown by the foot-blast, double bellows alternately pressed by a man as he stepped from one to the other. The low heat thus obtained was not capable of half withdrawing the metal from its matrix. The thousands of tons of cinder and slag—"old man," as it is locally called—left by the Romans, for the most part, as the included coins and antiquities prove, on the Forest of Dean, the Weald of Sussex, or the Cleveland Hills, were long a source of wonder and profit to the manufacturers of a later period.
Here we see a curious instance of the reaction and mutual dependence of the arts. The use of water-power, by giving a blast and heat of greater intensity, raised the iron manufacture to a new efficiency, but it could not enable us to use coal in smelting iron. It was the advance of the art of iron-working and its special application in the steam-engine that gave us the blowing-engine, and coal-blast furnace, which contributed in a main degree to our commercial resuscitation and our present strong position.
It was in the 17th century that the charcoal iron manufacture most flourished in England, and its chief seat was Sussex. "I have heard," says Norden in his Surveyor's Dialogue, "that there are, or recently were in Sussex neere 140 hammers and furnaces for iron." And Camden says of Sussex,[5] "Full of iron-mines it is in sundry places, where, for the making and founding thereof, there be furnaces on every side, and a huge deal of wood is yearly burnt; to which purpose divers brooks in many places are brought to run into one channel, and sundry meadows turned into pools and waters, that they may be of power sufficient to drive hammer-mills, which beating upon the iron, resound all over the places adjoining."
The increase of the trade threatened to denude England of the forests which were considered an ornament to the country, as well as essential to its security, as providing the oak timber for our navy. Poets and statesmen agreed in condemning the encroachments of the ironmasters.
"These iron times breed none that mind posterity"—
says Drayton. And George Withers in 1634[6] speaks of—
"The havoc and the spoyle,
Which, even within the measure of my days,
Is made through every quarter of this Isle—
In woods and grooves which were this Kingdom's praise."
Stowe at the same period clearly describes the growing scarcity of wood-fuel, the falsification of previous anticipations, and the necessity felt for resorting more and more to coal.
"Such hath bene the plenty of wood in England for all uses that within man's memory it was held impossible to have any want of wood in England, but contrary to former imaginations such hath bene the great expense of timber for navigation; with infinite increase of building of houses, with the great expense of wood to make household furniture, casks, and other vessels not to be numbered, and of carts, waggons, and coaches; besides the extreme waste of wood in making iron, burning of bricks and tiles," &c.
"At this present, through the great consuming of wood as aforesaid, there is so great a scarcity of wood throughout the whole kingdom, that not only the city of London, all haven towns, and in very many parts within the land, the inhabitants in general are constrained to make their fires of sea-coal, or pit-coal, even in the chambers of honourable personages; and through necessity, which is the mother of all arts, they have of very late years devised the making of iron, the making of all sorts of glass, burning of bricks, with sea-coal or pit-coal. Within thirty years last, the nice dames of London would not come into any house, or room, where sea-coals were burned, nor willingly eat of the meat that was either sod or roasted with sea-coal fire."[7]
Norden says, "He that well observes it and hath knowne the welds of Sussex, Surrey, and Kent, the grand nursery of those kind of trees, especially oke and beech, shall find an alteration within lesse than thirty years, as may well strike a feare, lest few yeares more, as pestilent as the former, will leave few goode trees standing in these welds. Such a heat issueth out of the many forges, and furnaces, for the making of yron, and out of the glasse kilnes, as hath devoured many famous woods within the welds."[8]
Evelyn in his Diary, deploring the fall of a fine oak, expresses "a deep execration of iron mills, and I had almost sayd ironmasters too."
It was against those "voracious iron-works" that statutes of the 1st and 27th years of Elizabeth were directed, to prevent the destruction of timber trees which were necessary to maintain the wooden walls and maritime power of England. But in spite of statutes the waste went on. Postlethwayt writing in 1766, says,[9] "The waste and destruction that has been of the woods in Warwick, Stafford, Worcester, Hereford, Monmouth, Gloucester, Glamorgan, Pembroke, Shropshire, and Sussex, by the iron-works, is not to be imagined. The scarcity of wood is thereby already grown so great, that where cord wood has been sold at five or six shillings per cord, within these few years it is now risen to upwards of twelve or fourteen shillings, and in some places is all consumed. And if some care is not taken to preserve our timber from these consuming furnaces, we shall certainly soon stand in need of oak to supply the royal navy, and also shipping for the use of the merchants, to the great discouragement of shipbuilding and navigation, upon which the safety and figure of these kingdoms, as a maritime power, depend."
Now, I particularly beg attention to the curious fact that about the end of the 17th century, the iron manufacture to some extent migrated to Ireland. The woods of that country were full of timber when those of England were nearly exhausted. The trade at once followed the fuel in spite of a want of ore in Ireland. As appears in tables of Irish exports, and in Sir F. Brewster's New Essays on Trade,[10] of the year 1702, Ireland became an iron exporting country. Sir William Temple says,[11] "Iron seems to me the manufacture that of all others ought the least to be encouraged in Ireland; or if it be, which requires the most restriction to certain places and rules. For I do not remember to have heard that there is any ore in Ireland, at least I am sure that the greatest part is fetched from England; so that all this country affords of its own growth towards this manufacture, is but the wood, which has met but with too great consumptions already in most parts of this kingdom, and needs not this to destroy what is left. So that Iron-works ought to be confined to certain places, where either the woods continue vast, and make the country savage; or where they are not at all fit for timber, or likely to grow to it; or where there is no conveyance for timber to places of vent, so as to quit the cost of the carriage."
Postlethwayt alludes to the migration of the manufacture and the necessary result. "It is generally allowed that within about these seventy years, Ireland was better stored with oak-timber than England; but several gentlemen from hence, as well as those residing there, set up iron-works, which in a few years swept away the wood to that degree, that they have had even a scarcity of small stuff to produce bark for their tanning, nor scarce timber for their common and necessary uses."
When Ireland was in a condition to compete with England in a given manufacture, no artificial encouragement was needed. Frequent attempts on the other hand were made to gain a supply of iron from our American plantations. "Certainly," as Evelyn remarked, "the goodly rivers and forests of the other world would much better become our iron and saw-mills, than these exhausted countries, and we prove gainers by the timely removal." But perhaps from the want of labour American iron could not compete with continental iron.
England had for a length of time made and used much iron. "The Forest of Deane," says Yarranton, "is, as to the iron, to be compared to the sheep's back as to the woolen; nothing being of more advantage to England than these two are." And the Commanders of the Spanish Armada are said to have had especial orders to destroy the Forest of Dean, as being a main source of England's strength. And though coal could not yet be used in the smelting-furnace, it had long been chiefly used in the finery, the chafery, and the blacksmith's hearth. A great portion of the coal and culm that had for centuries been exported to France, and the coasts of the Northern Sea, was used in the smithy. And it was undoubtedly the abundance of coal that reared from early times the iron-working arts at Sheffield, Dudley, and Birmingham.
When our home production of iron was rapidly failing, there was a considerable demand for foreign iron in England. Hewitt, in his Statistics of the Iron Trade,[12] after expressing his surprise that in 1740 the total produce of England was only 17,350 tons, made in 59 furnaces, adds his conviction that the total production of Europe at the time did not exceed 100,000 tons, of which 60,000 were made in the forest countries of Sweden, Norway, and Russia. One half of this was imported into England. The consumption of iron in England, he thinks, was 15 lbs. per head of the population; while in Europe, on the average, it did not exceed 2 lbs. Of the iron we used, four-fifths were considered to be imported from one country or another. Joshua Gee speaks of our market as "the most considerable in Europe for the vast consumption of iron," and represents the Swedes, Danes, and Russians as striving to gain our market.[13] Our production of iron by the middle of the century was believed to have declined to one-tenth part of its former amount, and the high cost of foreign iron formed the main check upon the progress of those arts which were to be so great. By this time the substitution of coal for charcoal had become a necessity. Postlethwayt, in a pamphlet possessed by the Statistical Society,[14] describes the condition of the iron-trade in 1747, remarking that "England not being so woody a country as either Sweden or Russia, we do not abound, nor ever shall, with a sufficiency of wood-coal;" and that as cordwood was doubled, or trebled in price, six or eight times dearer than pit-coal, and very dear compared with its price in foreign iron-making countries, it was no wonder home-made iron decreased. This scarcity of wood was really due of course to the superior profits to be derived from using the land as pasture. Norden allowed this a century before: "The cleansing of many of these welde grounds hath redounded rather to the benefite than to the hurte of the countrey: for where woods did growe in superfluous abundance there was lacke of pasture for kine, and of arable land for corne."
And Houghton had acutely anticipated the subsequent course of things by suggesting that it would be profitable to cut down all wood near navigable waters where coal could be had, of which he remarked we had enough.[15]
To make iron with pit-coal was the great problem, the practical solution of which was all-important to the nation.
It was no new notion. From the early part of the seventeenth century it had been the object of eager experiments, and the cause of ruin to many of the experimenters. The history of the establishment of our great iron trade has been described in the works of Mr. Smiles, Dr. Percy, and others, but it possesses points of interest which we cannot pass over.
Simon Sturtevant, a German metallurgist, about 1612, was the first to take out a patent for making iron with pit-coal. His specification of the invention, entitled "A Treatise of Metallica," is an eccentric but clever production. In the practical part of his work he seems to have had less success than in the literary; and others who followed up his notions—mostly Dutchmen and Germans, such as Rovenson, Jorden, Franche, and Sir Phillibert Vernalt—had no more success.
The following verses of the year 1633 quaintly allude to such attempts:—
"The yron mills are excellent for that;
I have a patent draune to that effect;
If they goe up, downe goe the goodly trees.
I'll make them search the earth to find new fire."[16]
It was Dud Dudley, a natural son of Lord Dudley, of Dudley Castle, manager of his father's iron forges in the neighbourhood, who, in 1621, first succeeded in smelting iron with coal. According to his own account in his "Metallum Martis," he made considerable quantities of pit-coal iron at Cradley, Pensnet, Himley, and Sedgley. But various disasters and troubles, the jealousy of other iron-masters, and the civil strife of the time, frustrated all his undertakings, and left him a ruined man. His history may be read in his own work, or in Mr. Smiles' "Industrial Biography."
Dudley's invention, it would seem probable, depended upon charking or coking the coal, in a manner analogous to the making of wood charcoal. The coke thus prepared was comparatively free from sulphur, and more readily gave a strong heat. Dudley was thus able, according to his own account, to make five or seven tons of iron a week; selling his pig-iron at 4l. per ton, and his bar-iron at 12l., while charcoal iron cost in pigs 6l. or 7l., and in bars 15l. or 18l. He relied for commercial success upon the cheapness of his iron compared with its fair quality, and he expresses clearly the true inducing cause and purpose of his invention, "knowing that if there could be any use made of the small-coales that are of little use, then would they be drawn out of the Pits, which coles produceth oftentimes great prejudice unto the owners of the works and the work itself, and also unto the colliers."[17]
The almost gratuitous use of fuel thus alluded to obviously led to Dudley's remarkable efforts towards our great manufacture. After Dudley's misfortunes his invention was not followed up. The want of wood was not yet severely felt, and the owners of woodland country and iron forges, of course, considered their interest in the charcoal iron manufacture as one to be protected. When Dr. Plot wrote his curious "Natural History of Staffordshire," the making of pit-coal iron was a matter of unfortunate history, and he speaks of a certain German, Dr. Blewstone, as making "the last effort in that country to smelt iron ore with pit-coal."[18]
Thus the matter rested for half a century. The iron trade, which Andrew Yarranton, about this time, truly designated the keystone of England's industrial prosperity, was checked by the high and rising price of the metal; and the efforts made to get iron from Ireland, or the Transatlantic Plantations, had but a slight or temporary success.
It was Abraham Darby who revived the forgotten method of smelting with pit-coal. The earliest adventurers in the process, we have seen, were Germans, and it is curious that the success of the Darby family was founded upon foreign experience. The eldest Abraham Darby went over to Holland in 1706, and learnt the method of casting hollow iron pots, or Hilton ware, as it was then called. Bringing over skilled Dutch workmen, he took out a patent to protect his newly-acquired process, and then, in 1709, started the celebrated Coalbrookdale Works in Shropshire. At first the oak and hazel woods furnished fuel, but the supply presently proving insufficient for the growing trade, it became customary to mix coke and brays, or small coke with the charge of fuel. Eventually, when an increased blast was obtained, coke took the place of charcoal entirely.
There is much uncertainty and discrepancy concerning the history of the Coalbrookdale Works. Scrivenor, in his "History of the Iron Trade," represents pit-coal as used in 1713. Dr. Percy, on the other hand, describes the younger Abraham Darby as first employing raw coal in the smelting furnace between the years 1730 and 1735.
In his first successful experiment he is said to have watched the filling of his furnace for six days and nights uninterruptedly, falling into a deep sleep when he saw the molten iron running forth. The success of the work was probably secured by the erection of a water-wheel of twenty-four feet diameter, capable of giving a powerful blast. But water was scarce, and a fire-engine, or old atmospheric steam-engine, was set up to pump back the water from the lower to the upper mill-pond. Here is one of those significant instances which teach us the power of coal and the interdependence of the arts. Employed in this engine as a source of motive power, it enabled coal to be also used in the smelting-furnace. And this is typical of the iron trade, as it is of other trades to the present day; for our iron industry in all its developments is as dependent on coal for motive power as for fuel in the furnace.
In December, 1756, we find the works "at the top pinnacle of prosperity, twenty or twenty-two tons per week, and sold off as fast as made, at profit enough." And from this time and from this success arose England's material power. To this invention, says M'Culloch, "this country owes more perhaps than to any one else."[19]
The subsequent history of the iron trade is best to be read in the growth of its produce. Already in 1788 the produce had risen to 68,300 tons, and the increase has since proceeded, as we have seen, in a nearly, constant rate of multiplication.[20]
The chief difficulty experienced in the extension of the trade was the want of motive power. Thus Mr. J. Cookson introduced the coal iron manufacture into the Newcastle district, the blast being worked by a water-wheel on Chester Burn. But "frequent interruption for want of water to drive their wheel, led at length to the furnace being 'gobbed,' and ultimately abandoned, about the close of the last century."[21]
Roebuck originated the great iron trade of Scotland, and his success was due to the command of a good blast.
"Dr. Roebuck was one of the first to employ coal in iron-smelting on a large scale, and for that purpose he required the aid of the most powerful blowing apparatus that could be procured. Mr. Smeaton succeeded in contriving and fixing for him, about the years 1768, a highly effective machine of this kind, driven by a water-wheel."[22] This contrivance is said to have been the blowing cylinder now used.[23]
Wilkinson was another great promoter of the iron manufacture, and his success arose from applying the steam-engine directly to work the blast-engine of his furnace near Bilston in Staffordshire.[24]
Cort's improvements in the puddling, faggoting, and rolling of iron blooms followed. The extensive use of such improvements depends upon the use of coal as the only fuel sufficiently abundant for the puddling, or reheating furnaces, and to supply the enormous power required in rolling iron bars of large size.
The discovery of the hot-blast process by Mr. Neilson is the next great step, and one of the most surprising instances of economy in the history of the Arts. Ironmasters had previously adhered to the mistaken notion that a very cool blast was essential to making good iron, and some even tried the use of ice in cooling the air of the blast. But when a blast of air, hot enough to melt lead, was used instead, the consumption of coal per ton of cast iron made, was reduced from seven tons to two, or two and a half tons. But was this enormous saving equivalent to a decrease of consumption? The produce of pig iron in Scotland has increased as follows:—
Year. Tons.
1820... 20,000
1830... 37,500
1839... 200,000
1851... 775,000
1863... 1,160,000
Now, if we compare the consumption of coal in 1830 and 1863, we find—
37,500 × 7 tons = 262,500 tons of coal.
1,160,000 × 2 tons = 2,320,000 tons of coal.
Or the consumption of coal was increased tenfold, not to speak of the consumption of coal in puddling or working the iron, or in the machine industry which cheap iron promotes.
A subsequent step of economy has been the utilization of the waste gases of the blast-furnace in heating the blast, or the boilers of the steam engines which drive the blast-engine. This improvement, however, was adopted extensively on the Continent, and in the United States, before it was introduced here in 1845. Now it is applied in South Wales, Scotland, and Derbyshire with perfect success.[25]
The most recent, and one of the most ingenious improvements of the iron manufacture, that of Mr. Bessemer, needs only a brief notice. At present, indeed, the process is but half completed because the stream of air forced through the molten cast-iron is found to remove only the carbon and the silicon, leaving the injurious elements, sulphur and phosphorus, nearly untouched.[26] It is, therefore, necessary to use, in the making of Bessemer steel, ores which are free from impurities, and the price of the steel must remain high. But if Mr. Bessemer could remove the phosphorous also, and make all our poor iron into good steel, the invention would be one of those modes of economy which, in reducing the cost of a most valuable material, lead to an indefinite demand. It would, indeed, be one of the greatest advances in the arts ever achieved. Such are the wonderful qualities of steel, that if it were cheap enough, its uses would be infinite. Our engines, machines, vessels, rail roads, conveyances, furniture would all be made of it, with an immense improvement in strength, durability, and lightness. Our whole industry would be thrown into a new state of progress. It would be like a repetition of that substitution of iron for wood, in mill work, which Brindley, and Smeaton, and Rennie brought about. And by still further multiplying the value of our coal and iron resources, it would accelerate alike our present growth and the future exhaustion of our resources.
When we reflect upon the conditions of our great production of iron, we shall see them to consist, apart from the ingenuity and perseverance which gave us the inventions, in the following:—
1. Cheapness and excellence of fuel.
2. Proximity of fuel, ores, and fluxes.
Of the first little need here be said. It will be remembered that the first success of Dudley was obtained in the neighbourhood of the "Thick coal," where up to the end of last century coal was a "drug;" and almost the same may be said of Coalbrookdale, where the final success was attained. And now, whether in South Wales, Scotland, Yorkshire, Staffordshire, or Northumberland, the iron manufacture most flourishes where suitable coal is to be had at the lowest rate.
As regards the second condition, it has been the constant reflection of English writers that the co-existence of the materials of the iron-manufacture was not undesigned. "The occurrence of this most useful of metals, in immediate connexion with the fuel requisite for its reduction, and the limestone which facilitates that reduction, is an instance of arrangement so happily suited to the purposes of human industry, that it can hardly be considered as recurring unnecessarily to final causes, if we conceive that this distribution of the rude materials of the earth was determined with a view to the convenience of its inhabitants." In South Wales, Staffordshire, and elsewhere, there are often found in conjunction the coal, ironstone, limestone flux, as well as the refractory clay and gritstone necessary for the construction of the furnaces. The fact, however, is, that this is rapidly becoming an imaginary condition of our trade. The exhaustion of the ironstone seams in some places, the cost of working them in others, the increased facilities of transport by rail, new discoveries of superior ore, are rendering our iron-works more and more dependent on distant supplies of ore. Scrivenor says, "The great superiority of our iron manufacture has generally been considered (independently of the excellent quality of the coal) to consist in having all the materials necessary to the manufacture found on, or immediately in the neighbourhood of the very spot where the furnaces are erected. South Staffordshire, as it was, will serve to illustrate this point—abundance of good coal—amongst other seams that of the tenyard—excellent ironstone and limestone; this last from Dudley; celebrated for its beautiful fossil slabs; but now limestone is brought from the vale of Llangollen, and the ironmasters are looking to Northamptonshire and other places to assist them with the required supply of ironstone. Is not this, as regards South Staffordshire, the beginning of an end?
"This scarcity of materials is certainly most beneficial to districts where, from the want of coal, it was never contemplated having any share in the manufacture of iron; but it alters the general character of the circumstances under which we have been accustomed to view our superiority, and casts the first shadow upon the iron trade."[27]
Blackwell, in his lecture on the Iron Resources of Britain, although asserting that "in no other countries does this proximity of ore and fuel exist to the same extent as in England,"[28] describes how the facilities of transport are developing a new system. The iron trade, he says, fosters itself by its own creation, the railroad. It is by this that the new-discovered or rather the re-discovered ores in the oolitic formation, stretching obliquely across England, are made available, saving the North of England and the South Staffordshire iron-works from stoppage under the competition of the Scotch black-band works. Of South Staffordshire he says: "Hitherto the second most important iron district in the kingdom, it could no longer have maintained its ground against other localities had it not been for this discovery. South Wales had its cheap and good coals, its blackbands, and its supplies of sea-borne hæmatites, as well as its own argillaceous ironstones; Scotland its beds of blackbands; and the North of England its oolitic ores; but up to the present time South Staffordshire had only its argillaceous ironstones, always the most expensive to raise, with such admixture of hæmatite and North Staffordshire stone as the great cost of carriage would permit."[29]
It is even possible that recourse will some day be had to the Wealden ores, used in the old charcoal iron-works of Sussex, and which are both rich and plentiful, though too distant from coal for present use.
It is an all-important fact of this subject, that the ore is carried to the fuel, not the fuel to the ore. This was the case when the pack-horse conveyed ore to the forges situated among the wood lands which supplied the charcoal. When timber-fuel was abundant in Ireland, ore was sent thither from England. In the still earlier times of the foot-blast the smelting hearth was shifted about the hills to the parts most abounding in timber, as may be inferred from heaps of scoria scattered here and there up to the very summit of the hills. And it is the case now with all our superior means of transport and diminished consumption of fuel. The same fact is found elsewhere.
"Prussia is rich in iron ores, but they seldom occur along with the coal. In former times, the blast-furnaces were built where wood abounded and water power was available; but in later times, as the use of coal and coke became more and more general, it was found that the coal-basins were the fittest localities for the erection of works, as it was more easy and economical to take the ore to the fuel than the fuel to the ore"[30]
Let us now consider the present position and prospects of the English iron manufacture comparatively to those of other countries. The following are the amounts of pig iron produced by the three chief iron making nations in 1862:—
Tons.
Great Britain... 3,943,469
France... 1,053,000
United States... 884,474
If the produce of all other countries were added, it would still be found, no doubt, that our produce exceeds that of the rest of the world, in spite of the recent rapid progress of the manufacture in France and America. Not long ago our exports of iron were scarcely inferior to the gross produce of the rest of the world.[31] This is not due to the quality of our iron. On the contrary, our cheap iron is some of the worst made anywhere. If we compare European iron-producing countries as to the quality and quantity of produce, the following are the orders, the higher place denoting the higher quality or quantity:—[32]
Quality of Iron. Quantity of Iron.
Sweden. England.
Belgium. France.
Prussia. Austria.
Austria. Prussia.
France. Sweden.
England. Belgium.
The inferiority of our iron is due to the sulphur, phosphorous, or other impurities of our fuel and ore. It is on this account that steel, even in Mr. Bessemer's process, has to be made from Swedish iron or other choice metal. And the exceptionally fine and high-priced English iron made by the Low Moor and Bowling Companies is chiefly due to the quality of the coal used.
The vast extension of our manufacture is due to cheapness, and this is the point of all importance in the great mass of cases,—in bridges, rails, ships, heavy framework, pipes, fences, &c. The use of iron is altogether boundless, provided it can be had cheap enough. As Dr. Percy remarks, in spite of the marvellous advancement of the iron trade, "yet it may be safely affirmed that the uses of iron will be vastly more extended than at present, and that there is no just ground for apprehension lest there should be over-produce of this precious metal. Even the railway system is in a state of rapid growth, and the time will come, when every habitable part of the earth's surface will be reticulated with iron or steel roads."
Of the greatly increased supplies of iron required in the future general progress of nations, we shall continue for many years to supply a large part, and to enjoy the wealth and influence which it gives us. But this cheapness depends upon raising coal from our mines and running it into our furnaces at a very low price. Now low prices cannot hold very long with a consumption of coal growing as it has been shown to grow. Were there no other demands upon the South Wales and Scotch coal-fields than that of the iron trade, yet this is of so unlimited an extent that sooner or later the voracious iron furnaces will exhaust our seams as they exhausted our woods. And the result must be a new migration of our great trade.
It is impossible there should be two opinions as to the future seat of the iron trade. The abundance and purity of both fuel and ore in the United States, with the commercial enterprise of American manufacturers, put the question beyond doubt.
"In the North," says Dr. Percy, "the indefinite expansion of the anthracite iron manufacture is equally certain, whatever may be the policy of the government, or the result of the present civil war. The wonderful iron-ore wealth of New Jersey has hardly yet been explored; and another anthracite iron region about Morristown would already have been added to the rest, had there been any direct facilities for bringing the coal to the ore. Now that the Carbondale or Wyoming coal basin, and the Mohanoy or middle coal basin, have both been opened up to the Hudson river market, the vast magnetic ore beds of Lake Champlain will have many more high stacks erected near them than those which already stand upon the shore. Some of these are noble works, mounted on iron pillars. But the principal manufacture must always cling to the Lehigh and Schuykill and Lower Susquehanna valleys in Pennsylvania, where the ore is abundant, the coal near at hand, and the flux on the spot; where the whole land is a garden, and therefore food cheap and labour plentiful, and the great seaports not far off."[33]
The American iron manufacture has been retarded by two chief causes:—
1. The fact that the coal, ore, and flux are not in such close conjunction as in England.
2. The high rate of wages in the United States.
The first obstacle will disappear. The Americans, of all people in the world, are the most forward in driving canals, river navigations, and railways where profit can be made. And while the materials of the iron manufacture are being wedded together in the States, our iron-masters, as we have seen, are seeking their materials at greater distances. The very railway system, which is said to have saved the North of England and the South Staffordshire iron works from a scarcity of materials, will enable the Americans to overcome their great obstacle, and thus one advantage of the English manufacturer becomes illusory.
The high rate of wages in a new country like the States is a true and natural obstacle to the progress of a manufacture, but as we shall see in the next chapter it is one which time will overcome.
If the Americans have obstacles to overcome, they have advantages in cheap and good mineral fuel, which cannot be over-estimated. The anthracite of Mauch Chunk, or the bituminous coal of Ohio, is got almost for the mere price of quarrying, as coal used to be got in Staffordshire, and it is laying the foundation there, as it did here, of a great iron-working industry. Pittsburg is the American Sheffield and Wolverhampton. The steel as well as the iron manufacture has made a secure lodgment there,[34] and its development is a question only of time.
Notes
1. ^Bacon.
2. [43] ^Hansard's Debates, vol. vii. p. 79
3. [44] ^See pp. 217-8.
4. [45] ^Newland and Backbarrow in Lancashire, Duddon in Cumberland, and Loon in Scotland, are the only charcoal furnaces in the United Kingdom. Mineral Statistics, 1863, p. 70.
5. [46] ^Quoted by M. A. Lower. Contributions to Literature, 1854, p. 120.
6. [47] ^Quoted by Smiles. Lives of the Engineers, vol. i. p. 292.
7. [48] ^Stowe's Annals, 1632, p. 1025.
8. [49] ^Surveyor's Dialogue, p. 175.
9. [50] ^Commercial Dictionary, Art. coal.
10. [51] ^Pp. 94, &c.
11. [52] ^Essay upon the Advancement of Trade in Ireland, Works, 1720, vol. i. p. 119.
12. [53] ^Statistics and Geography of the Production of Iron: New York, 1856, p. 7.
13. [54] ^Trade and Navigation of Great Britain, 1738, p. 104.
14. [55] ^Considerations on the making of Bar Iron with Pit or Sea Coal Fire, 1747.
15. [56] ^Houghton's Collection of Letters for the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, 1727-1728, vol. iv. p. 259.
16. [57] ^The Costlie Whore, quoted by Percy, Metallurgy of Iron and Steel, p. 144.
17. [58] ^Metallum Martis, London, 1665, p. 8.
18. [59] ^Smiles' Industrial Biography, p. 77.
19. [60] ^Literature of Political Economy, p. 238.
20. [61] ^Chapter xi
21. [62] ^Report of the British Association, 1863, p. 738
22. [63] ^Smiles' Engineers, vol. ii. p. 61
23. [64] ^Percy's Metallurgy, Iron, p. 889.
24. [65] ^History of Wednesbury, p. 116.
25. [66] ^H. Blackwell, Iron-making Resources of the United Kingdom, 1852, p. 174
26. [67] ^Percy's Metallurgy of Iron and Steel, p. 187.
27. [68] ^Scrivenor on the Iron Trade, p. 301.
28. [69] ^Page 150.
29. [70] ^Blackwell, p. 165.
30. [71] ^Percy's Metallurgy of Iron, p. 564.
31. [72] ^Truran on the Iron Manufacture of Great Britain, pp. iii. iv.
32. [73] ^Canada at the Universal Exhibition of 1855, p. 296.
33. [74] ^Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 382. The last remarks are mistaken in their present application, as will be explained in the following chapter.
34. [75] ^Percy's Metallurgy of Iron, p. 381.
This is a chapter from The Coal Question (e-book).
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Citation
Ida Kubiszewski PhD (Lead Author);Ida Kubiszewski PhD (Topic Editor) "The Coal Question: Of the Iron Trade". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth March 13, 2007; Last revised Date March 13, 2007; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/The_Coal_Question:_Of_the_Iron_Trade>
The Author
Stewardship Committee The Encyclopedia of Earth Dr. Ida Kubiszewski is a Senior Lecturer at the Crawford School of Public Policy at Australian National University. She is also a co-founder and former-Managing Editor the Encyclopedia of Earth. Dr. Kubiszewki is currently working as the Managing Editor for a magazine/journal hybrid called Solutions. Solutions is an outlet for discussions focusing on solutions to the complex problems we are now facing in ... (Full Bio)
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Broughton, East, LancashireEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
England Lancashire Lancashire Parishes
Contents
Chapelry History
BROUGHTON, EAST, a chapelry, in the parish of Cartmel, union of Ulverston, hundred of Lonsdale north of the Sands, N. division of the county of Lancaster, 2 miles (N. by E.) from Cartmel; containing 458 inhabitants. The families of Marshall and Machell had long a seat here: the Thornboroughs were also a long time resident, and subsequently to 1621 held one of two manors, which afterwards descended to the Rawlinsons. The township having often been confounded with Broughton in Furness, the names of East Broughton and Broughton-in-Cartmel have been adopted. The living is a perpetual curacy; net income, £67; patron, the Earl of Burlington. The chapel, which was consecrated in 1745, is dedicated to St. Peter. A national school for girls was commenced in the year 1830.
From: A Topographical Dictionary of England by Samuel Lewis (1848), pp. 409-412. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50837 Date accessed: 25 June 2010.
England Lancashire Lancashire Parishes
Resources
Civil Registration
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is FreeBMD.
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Include here information for parish registers, Bishop’s Transcripts and other types of church records, such as parish chest records. Add the contact information for the office holding the original records. Add links to the Family History Library Catalog showing the film numbers in their collection
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Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Lancashire Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
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• This page was last modified on 11 May 2012, at 06:38.
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MissouriEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 07:44, 23 June 2011 by Larry0011 (Talk | contribs)
This article is about a central state of the United States. For other uses, see Missouri (disambiguation).
United States Missouri
News & Events
Missouri Topics
Did You Know?
*Missouri State Archives has death certificates older than 50 yrs. online starting in 1910 .
• Hint: In you are having trouble getting a hit, try using just the surname and year, year and county, (leave name field blank) or just first name and county, or any combination of these.
• You might also try Starts or Ends' With. (i.e. "Harm" will show Harman & Harmon; "nell" .. Pinnell, Pennell, Penell etc.)
• They were transcribed as they were viewed from microfilm, 'the index is not 100% accurate, choose the spelling that nearest resembles your ancestor. Reporting errors to the Archives will assist other researchers.
• Not all deaths were documented.
• Tombstones do not always have the right years.
Welcome to Missouri, The Show Me State
Featured Content
Most archives, historical societies, and genealogical societies have special collections and indexes of genealogical value. For example, the St. Louis Public Library has a card index to published genealogies in books and periodicals. Such collections must usually be searched in person. The Library can accessed at http://www.slpl.org/index.asp.
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Join a Community of Missouri researchers! Ask questions, help others, and share your research successes on Facebook and/or Skype
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http://www.fides.org
Asia
2012-08-24
ASIA/HONG KONG - "To be a happy youth": World Youth Day in Hong Kong responds to the Pope's exhortation, "Be glad in the Lord always!"
Hong Kong (Agenzia Fides) - "Day Day Run Run – to be a happy youth" was the theme of World Youth Day celebrated at a diocesan level by the diocese of Hong Kong on 18 and 19 August, which was organized by the Commission for the Pastoral Youth Care. According to the Kong Ko Bao (the Chinese version of the diocesan bulletin), 110 young people between 15 and 35 years of age were the protagonists of this intense spiritual experience, which had the aim to "confirm one’s Christian identity and transmit the Gospel of joy". In addition, the theme chosen by the organizers was in tune with Pope Benedict XVI’s message - "Rejoice always in the Lord" (fil 4.4) - for the XXVII World Youth Day 2012. During the Mass of World Youth Day, which was celebrated in the parish of Our Lady of Good Counsel, young people confirmed their commitment to bring joy and happiness to all, through the witness of their faith and an intense spiritual life focused on the Eucharist. According to the Executive Secretary of the Commission for Pastoral Youth Care in Hong Kong, the purpose of the initiative was to "provide opportunities for young Catholics to find joy through the deepening of the knowledge of God, this enabled them to find the Love of God and the joy of being Christians," and now " they bring this Love and joy to others, especially to the poor, the marginalized minorities and the most vulnerable." (NZ) (Agenzia Fides 24/08/2012)
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Hi to all Readers, wondering what to write in my first message
Newbie Member
31Dec2006,08:28 #1
Hi to all Readers, wondering what to write in my first message on www.go4expert.com Finally, decided to write something on "Help And Support" topic, as it's running out of time in thinking.... Well, small introduction to myself. I've been working in Progaramming Team... I want wish to all forumers happy new year..!!!Will come up with more messages. Catch you soon...!!!
Go4Expert Founder
31Dec2006,09:33 #2
Moved thread from Help and Support to Introduce yourself forum.
Happy new year to you as well and welcome to the forum.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Advances in Preventive Medicine
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 541489, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/541489
Review Article
Substance Abuse Treatment, HIV/AIDS, and the Continuum of Response for People Who Inject Drugs
1Division of Pharmacologic Therapies, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD 20857, USA
2HIV/AIDS Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, MD 20857, USA
Received 3 August 2012; Revised 3 October 2012; Accepted 4 October 2012
Academic Editor: Kevin P. Mulvey
Copyright © 2012 Thomas F. Kresina et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The continuum of response (CoR) to HIV/AIDS is a framework for implementation of HIV prevention, care, and treatment programs based on a national strategic plan for HIV/AIDS services. The CoR for people who inject drugs (PWID) is an important extension of the developed CoR to HIV/AIDS. The CoR-PWID employs stakeholders who together plan, develop, pilot, and provide a full range of services that address the various prevention, care/support, and treatment needs of people, families, and communities infected or affected by HIV/AIDS and injection drug use. The CoR-PWID comprises a broad range of services that include but are not limited to the World Health Organization priority interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care in the health sector and the package of essential interventions for the prevention, treatment, and care of HIV for people who inject drugs. Implementation of these well-defined, essential prevention, care/support, and treatment services, in addition to locally defined needed services, in a coordinated fashion is important to clients, their families, and communities. The CoR-PWID is, therefore, a necessary framework essential for service development for countries that address HIV/AIDS in populations of PWID.
1. The CoR to HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS is a complex disease that results in complex needs from patients infected with the virus, their partners, extended family members, and communities [1]. The concept of a continuum of care to provide for the needs of patients, family members, and communities affected by HIV/AIDS was developed early in the epidemic [1]. A comprehensive HIV/AIDS care continuum framework was proposed and consisted of patient discharge planning and referrals among health facilities treating patients with HIV/AIDS and services that included voluntary counseling and testing, community-based services, blood transfusion services, self-help groups, and home care. The care continuum for HIV/AIDS was expanded to encompass the needs of care providers including home care providers [2]. The expansion proposed an international care agenda that included policy strategies that focused on the caregiver where a range of public, private, and no-governmental sectors would come together with the common purpose of insuring that households affected by HIV/AIDS are protected and supported to ensure survival. The CoR to HIV/AIDS builds on these previous models by developing a framework that strengthens national leadership while delivering improved broader health outcomes [3]. This new paradigm supports country ownership and enhances a sustainable national AIDS response to the epidemic. The paradigm has stakeholders planning and providing a full range of services to address the various prevention, care/support, and treatment needs of people, families, and communities infected or affected by HIV/AIDS. The goal is to maximize health outcomes through approaches that decrease HIV transmission, slow disease progression and improve the sense of wellbeing at the individual, family, and community levels. This goal is obtainable as shown by the CoR for HIV/AIDS developed in the United States through the Ryan White HIV/AIDS program. This program creates a true medical home for patients with HIV/AIDS through the support of a coordinated team of health care providers delivering high-quality medical care as well as psychological/psychiatric services, substance abuse treatment, adherence counseling, and social services [4]. Thus, the CoR for HIV/AIDS comprises well-defined essential prevention, care/support, and treatment services (shown in Figure 1), in addition to locally defined needed services. These services when provided in a coordinated fashion to clients, family members, and communities are highly effective [5]. Effective prevention, care/support, and treatment services included in the CoR for HIV/AIDS are identified based on (a) community needs and on epidemiologic data, (b) strategies defined locally, (c) assessed individual needs, and (d) the needs that change over time or life-span approaches.
Figure 1: Continuum for a comprehensive response to HIV/AIDS.
At the individual level, the CoR results in the government orchestrating a health system that identifies populations at-risk and maintains them in appropriate programs that provide services to address identified needs through the lifespan. Prevention services are available for those at-risk for HIV infection and care and treatment services are provided if the individual becomes HIV infected. The CoR also provides for their non-HIV needs through the provision of social, legal, and other wrap around services insuring their ability to access HIV prevention, care, and treatment services.
At the family level, family engagement can facilitate HIV prevention, care, and treatment. The use of patient and family advisors results in improved health outcomes including decreased length of stay in inpatient facilities and higher patient satisfaction [6]. Family-centered care can improve access to and retention in care, particularly for women and children in maternity scenarios where collaborative care and health care integration are successful and sustainable practices [7].
At the community level, engagement of PWID and are HIV infected in the planning and delivery of services in the CoR can improve service delivery through the determination of need, prioritization of service, assessment of quality of services and elimination of barriers to accessing services. Alternatively, engagement of the community to address HIV/AIDS through public education and community mobilization on community health can result in adolescents increasing their knowledge base of health risks and communication on health issues and adults increasing their understanding of adolescent issues related to HIV/AIDS [7, 8].
Through the development of a CoR, countries can provide a comprehensive system of prevention, care, and support to meets the health needs of their people. As the US Global Health Initiative recognizes, the CoR is needed, not only for particular diseases such as HIV, but also for the whole range of public health issues including injection drug use.
2. The CoR to HIV/AIDS for PWID
The CoR-PWID is a service platform for a national response to an HIV/AIDS epidemic. While there are national HIV/AIDS epidemics that are mainly limited to key populations such as injection drug users, for example the HIV/AIDS in Vietnam, diffusion of HIV infection from key populations to the general population through various social constructs has been documented [9]. Therefore, virtually every country can benefit from the development of a CoR-PWID as part of its national HIV/AIDS strategy. The combination prevention program included in the CoR-PWID improves access to the health system for PWID thereby improving their health outcomes. In addition, the CoR-PWID promotes the health integration of the prevention services as well as sustainability of the combination prevention services. The result is a set of combination prevention services that thoroughly and strategically address the risk of HIV transmission and acquisition for key populations. When fully developed and implemented, the CoR-PWID provides a continuum of linked prevention, care, and treatment services for people who inject drugs. Combination prevention programs for PWID are based on the premise that no single intervention is fully efficacious in the prevention of HIV transmission and its acquisition. Rather, they are the set of optimal biomedical, behavioral, and structural interventions, of high quality, implemented at a national scale and targeting key populations that impact the HIV epidemic for key populations.
Case Study
(A model for retention and continuity of care and treatment for opioid-dependent injection drug users.) A nongovernment organization (NGO) worked collaboratively with the National Government to develop and implement a model program of retention and continuity of care for opioid dependence and HIV infection. The model utilizes the National Detoxification Service, State AIDS Centers, NGO managed opioid treatment and rehabilitation centers, NGO outreach programs, and the community. The model program was developed and implemented as a pilot demonstration project to provide essential health services to injection drug users and retain them in care. The interventions developed and implemented comprised HIV testing and counseling, HIV/AIDS opioid dependence postgraduate curriculum for care providers, peer support groups, opioid detoxification, and treatment follow-up phone monitoring, women’s opioid dependence support services and short messaging services (SMS) for targeting injection drug users. These services and interventions promoted the integration and utilization of HIV/AIDS health services and opioid treatment services to form an evidence-based health service delivery model providing essential services to PWID and people living with HIV/AIDS [10].
Combination prevention interventions, as shown in the case study above, comprise a broad range of services that include specific targeted interventions addressing both injection drug use and HIV infection. Such interventions are articulated in the WHO priority interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care in the health sector [11], and the WHO, UNODC, and UNAIDS the package of essential interventions for the prevention, treatment and care of HIV for people who inject drugs [12]. These well-defined essential prevention, care/support, and treatment services, in addition to locally defined services are important to clients, family members, and communities. These evidence-based interventions, shown in Table 1, require four important characteristics as part of their implementation in a CoR-PWID to maximize effectiveness. These interventions need to be (a) part of a public health policy, (b) human rights-based, (c) gender responsive, and (d) community owned. These essential interventions integrated into the set of priority interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment in the health sector (Table 1) form the basis of a national framework for the set of interventions and service comprising the CoR-PWID.
Table 1: Listing of internationally accepted essential interventions for HIV prevention for people who use drugs.
As noted earlier, no single intervention will prevent or reverse the growing national HIV epidemics due to injection drug use and abuse. The greatest impact will be obtained when the interventions are provided through an integrated services platform in a comprehensive high-quality fashion that is scaled nationally. And in order to reach all of those seeking HIV prevention, care, and treatment services, health service platforms need to provide an enabling environment that establishes confidentiality. Also, programs need to develop patient-provider trusting relationships. Both community outreach and peer-to-peer services can promote full service utilization. If the national Ministries of Health embrace and support these health services and interventions through a supportive legal and policy framework, the CoR-PWID will be validated as part of the national public health strategy to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
3. Substance Abuse Treatment as HIV Prevention and Part of the CoR-PWID
People who inject drugs face multiple health and social risks from injection practices as well as the lifestyle of drug use and abuse [13, 14]. Injection practices, which include unsterile injection practices, contaminated drug paraphernalia, and drug adulterants, enhance the risk of drug overdose, infections from bacterial, fungal, and protozoal pathogens and parenterally acquired viral infections, including HIV and hepatitis [15]. Lifestyle events, such as homelessness, poverty, mental illness, or family abandonment, as well as lifestyle behaviors, such as multiple sexual partners or criminal behavior, increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections and comorbidities. The medical cooccurring conditions are specifically prevalent in key populations, especially PWID. Estimates for the population of PWID are available for at least 130 countries with approximately 78% of the 13.2 million people who inject drugs living in developing or transitional countries [16].
Forty-one countries have reported a high prevalence (5%) of HIV infection in key populations (PWID, sex workers, and men having sex with men). Globally, PWID now account for at least 10% of all new HIV infections which are estimated at 5 million per year [17]. In chronic HIV infection, AIDS has been reported as the leading cause of death in PWID [18]. Epidemiological data of HIV infection show that generalized HIV epidemics can result from diffusion transmission of HIV from key populations. Thus, it is important for countries and regions, as part of the CoR-PWID, to undertake surveillance studies to identify current drug use patterns and develop the best practices for the treatment of individuals who inject and abuse illicit drugs.
Drug injection can rapidly develop into drug dependence, a chronic, relapsing neurophysiological disease resulting from the prolonged physiological effects of drug(s) acting in the brain. The neurochemical abnormalities occurring in the brain that result from chronic use and drug injection are the underlying cause of many of the observed physical and behavioral aspects of abuse and dependence. The brain abnormalities associated with addiction are wide ranging, complex, and long lasting [1921]. They can involve abnormal brain signaling pathways, psychological conditioning or stress, and social factors that result in drug cravings leading to a predisposition to relapse even months or years after drug(s) use cessation. Thus, substance abuse/dependence can be most effectively addressed in a multifaceted medical-based paradigm to address the complex changes in the brain along with other comorbidities. The medical-based paradigm comprises a comprehensive program of interventions delivered through the course of long-term treatment. Comprehensive treatment programs include behavioral, social rehabilitative components, and biological (pharmacological) components comprising a continuum of care, as shown in Table 2. Behavioral therapy interventions have been extensively researched and are critical components of the treatment of all drug addictions. Social rehabilitative components are also important as an integral element of a treatment environment and as a wrap-around service.
Table 2: Elements of the continuum of care for people who use drugs, abuse, or are drug dependent.
The use of medications, as part of comprehensive substance abuse treatment, is particularly important for PWID and who abuse opioids or who are opioid dependent [12]. Globally the most common medication used for the treatment of opioid dependence is methadone [22]. Methadone is an opioid agonist whose use in treatment and research is controlled by international conventions. The international conventions allow for differing levels of regulation for individual countries that utilize methadone. Thus, in a highly regulated and structured environment, as in the United States, methadone is dispensed daily at Opioid Treatment Programs (OTPs). These OTPs are increasingly providing wrap-around services to address important patient needs, enhance time in treatment, and promote recovery. Alternatively, methadone can be provided to patients in treatment through prescription or through specific regulated pharmacies.
An alternative medication to methadone is buprenorphine, a partial opioid agonist. Buprenorphine, while regulated, can be prescribed in a primary health care setting even in a highly regulated and structured environment. Thus, opioid dependence treatment can be accessed and provided similar to other illnesses with the result being reduced stigma/discrimination. As part of the CoR-PWID, both medications can be a component of a substance abuse treatment programs in an effort to address the reduced quality of life as well as reduced physical and mental functioning commonly found in drug injectors and drug abuse/dependence [23].
Naltrexone is a nonnarcotic prescription medication for use in relapse prevention to opioid use. Unlike methadone, there is no negative reinforcement (opioid withdrawal) upon discontinuation. Naltrexone is most effective when utilized subsequent to the medical detoxification from opioids. The effectiveness of naltrexone treatment depends upon patient motivation and a social support system that promotes medication adherence [24].
Depot-naltrexone (Vivitrol) addresses the reduced medication adherence of oral naltrexone through a monthly injectable formulation. Increased medication adherence was shown in a recent Phase 3 clinical trial that confirmed Vivitrol’s safety and efficacy in the prevention of relapse to heroin use in a cohort of injection drug users [25]. Currently, studies are underway to determine the most efficacious service model(s) for the use of depot-naltrexone in the treatment of relapse prevention to heroin use and as part of the CoR for opioid users.
Until recently, the global availability and consumption of opioid agonists, such as methadone and buprenorphine, as well as opioid antagonists, such as naltrexone, have been below the levels needed for international research to demonstrate local efficacy and to develop local evidence-based best medical practices [26, 27]. In addition, the global availability and use of methadone has not been sufficient to implement the well-documented efficacy shown for the treatment of opioid dependence that has been developed by research over the last 40 years [27]. However, a strong research base in Western countries has resulted in the development of evidence-based medical practices using opioid agonists in maintenance treatment regimens and opioid antagonists in relapse prevention strategies. The recognition of these evidence-based medical treatment for opioid abuse and dependence has resulted in a substantial global increase in the medical use of opioid agonists and psychotropic medications to address opioid dependence [2830]. This increase is particularly evident in the initiation of new pharmacotherapy programs in regions of Europe, North America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. While in other regions of the world, the medical use of opioid agonists and psychotropic medications have not substantially increased; the implementation of pharmacotherapy programs have begun as part of the global effort to reduce HIV/AIDS. These HIV prevention programs have utilized medications as an element of programs that target injection drug users to reduce their risk of both acquiring and transmitting HIV infection. Thus, the recent international expansion of the use of pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence as a result of efforts to increase access and availability of evidence-based treatments for opioid dependence as well as efforts to reduce the spread of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, a life priority of PWID.
Addressing the life priorities of opioid users in the CoR-PWID is important to enhance the quality of life of the patient in treatment, promote treatment acceptance, and further develop the trusting patient-provider relationship. Life priorities for opioid users have been reported as concerns about HIV and treatment of infection with HIV, housing, money, and protection from violence [31]. The CoR-PWID with its integrated approach to services for HIV/AIDS and injection drug use is centrally positioned to address the life priorities of opioid users.
Substance abuse is a complex medical disorder composed of multiple physiologic, social, and behavioral problems often interrelated with psychological illness. As part of the CoR-PWID, health care providers need to screen people who inject drugs for psychological illness as well as associated trauma and abuse [32]. Although PWID may be self-medicating due to a history of trauma or abuse, an initial focus on the medical treatment of drug abuse is often necessary to create sufficient patient stability from which other treatments can begin. Patient stability is further increased with gender-based, trauma-informed care, and treatment coupled to both mental health services and substance abuse treatment, thereby enhancing the medical outcomes of treatment for other comorbidities [33]. An effective treatment strategy for PWID is to match a comprehensive treatment plan to the individual’s particular substance abuse problems and needs. Desired treatment outcomes should (a) reduce dependence on drugs of abuse, (b) reduce morbidity and mortality of and associated with drugs of abuse, and (c) maximize the patients’ abilities to access services and achieve social integration.
4. HIV Prevention in the CoR-PWID: Integrating Medication-Assisted Treatment into HIV Prevention Services
Medication-assisted treatment or MAT is the use of medications coupled to behavioral therapies as part of a comprehensive substance abuse treatment program [34]. MAT has three main stages or phases of treatment: induction, or the introduction of medications into the patients treatment program; stabilization, or the determination of an appropriate dose of medication for patient stabilization; and maintenance, or long-term administration of the stabilizing dose. After long-term treatment the patient may elect to end MAT as part of their long-term treatment program. So an additional stage/phase can be the titer or ending of medication treatment. PWID and who are opioid dependent travel through the three stages of treatment, sometimes linearly and sometimes with oscillations between phases. The ultimate goal upon entering MAT is a good clinical outcome, which includes the recovery from opioid abuse and dependence and the social reintegration back into society. The individual in recovery is a participating in the CoR-PWID to the fullest extent as a functioning member of the community contributing to the social fiber and health of the community. Thus, a fundamental component of the CoR-PWID and a foundation of MAT are the obtainment of recovery from opioid abuse and dependence [34].
Established MAT programs can frequently be found as a stand-alone service with limited to none prevention services integrated into the treatment program. However, there are important CoR HIV prevention interventions for PWID and their integration into MAT programs is important as HIV prevention interventions. They are the provision of clean needles and syringes through syringe service programs and associated HIV testing and counseling programs. These HIV prevention interventions, when integrated into MAT programs, maximize the enrollment in MAT programs and thereby maximize HIV prevention efforts [35, 36]. Maximizing HIV prevention efforts targeting PWID and those dependent on opioids are critical to prevent HIV infection in key populations.
Integrating drug abuse treatment and early HIV prevention interventions, particularly HIV testing and counseling, are important as CoR-PWID components of the newly emerging Seek, Test, Treat and Retain strategy [37, 38]. This is an engagement and retention strategy that outreach workers can employ with PWID to reduce their risk for HIV infection. Outreach workers can be employed to seek out PWID, establish their HIV status through HIV testing, counsel sexual risk reduction, and thereby address HIV risk behaviors with a subsequent emphasis on treatment for their substance use disorder.
As noted earlier, there is not significant integration of HIV testing and counseling in MAT as part of the CoR-PWID. In the USA, while approximately 90% of opioid treatment programs provide some form of federally mandated HIV/AIDS education, only 74% of opioid treatment programs offered HIV testing [39]. These services appear underutilized in that approximately one-in-three persons receiving substance abuse treatment also received HIV testing and counselling [40]. Globally, although substantial efforts are being made to increase the availability of HIV testing, key populations remain underserved with regard to HIV prevention services. It is estimated that only 10% of persons at-risk for HIV infection receive HIV testing. Thus, strategies such as opt-out testing, home-based testing, door-to-door testing, and providing dedicated HIV testings counselors at point-of-service locations are being utilized as part of the CoR-PWID. Studies have shown that key populations prefer point-of-service HIV testing, however, this intervention requires additional measures to support HIV-positive individuals entering into HIV care and treatment [41].
5. HIV Transmission Prevention in CoR-PWID: Integration of MAT into HIV Care and Treatment
A significant factor in not reducing the global HIV epidemic is the lack of entrance into HIV care and treatment by key populations. These populations, which include PWID, encounter numerous barriers in accessing HIV care and treatment. In addition, once in treatment these individuals often suffer stigma and discrimination as they receive their needed medical care. The result is an increase in the prevalence of medical and psychiatric comorbidities for PWID, as well as social issues and high-risk behaviors. PWID also have the worse clinical outcomes with a higher mortality rate compared to the nondrug using populations infected with HIV [42].
The increased mortality rate noted in PWID is related to their late presentation for HIV care. Patients who present late for care and treatment of HIV/AIDS are at a higher risk of significant clinical complications and are thus more difficult to clinically manage. Late presentation for treatment of HIV/AIDS is a common scenario leading to death [43]. A recent study has documented a highly lethal neurological syndrome found in HIV-infected drug abusers [44]. Although rare, the newly described syndrome is highly lethal with a mean survival time of 21 days after diagnosis. The authors suggest that access and initiation of antiretroviral therapy may provide a better outcome for these patients. In addition, substance abuse treatment, particularly MAT, which has been shown to enhance the health status and quality of life of PWID, as well as reduce mortality, would be an important adjunct to antiretroviral treatment for these patients. Thus, as noted earlier, integrating both MAT with antiretroviral treatment in a HIV primary care setting is important to optimize the CoR-PWID.
How MAT can be integrated in HIV primary care programs depends on the country’s regulatory framework. In the United States, medications except methadone, can be prescribed to patients in a HIV primary care or outpatient HIV clinical care setting. The federal regulations in the United States require methadone to be dispenses in OTPs. However, in this setting studies have shown that HIV care and antiretroviral treatment can be effectively prescribed either as directly observed therapy or as routine care. Other countries, such as Australia, have less stringent federal regulations for prescribing controlled medications and all medications comprising MAT can be provided in a primary care setting. In either case, the important aspect of providing integrated MAT and HIV primary care is the single location/clinic. In that case, the patient can receive all the needed services to support their recovery from drug dependence as well as care and treatment for HIV infection.
6. Conclusion
The CoR-PWID is an essential tool in the HIV prevention toolbox of national HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment strategies that address concentrated HIV epidemics related to injection drug use. Implementation at a national level of these well-defined, essential prevention, care/support, and treatment services, in particular MAT for opioid dependence, is fundamental for the CoR-PWID. The addition of these services to locally defined services results in the prevention of incident infections and HIV transmission, through the development of important health services for people living with HIV, their families, and communities.
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Bibliography: Robert & Katrina: It's Smellarific!
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Title: Robert & Katrina: It's Smellarific!
Author: Kris Kreutzman
Year: 1996
Type: INTERIORART
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 1361741
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Low Activity
Estimated Cost
Analyzed 7 days ago based on code collected 7 days ago.
Project Cost Calculator
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[38]
“Next let Artabazus follow at the head of the Persian targeteers and bowmen; following him, Andamyas, the Mede, in command of the Median infantry; next, Embas with the Armenian infantry; then, Artuchas with the Hyrcanians; he will be followed by Thambradas at the head of the Sacian infantry force and Datamas with that of the Cadusians.
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Hackers Seizing Control of RSS Feeds: Beware
Jun 24, 2009 • 9:10 am | (3) by | Filed Under Search & Web SEO Spam
A Google Reader Help thread reports an increase in the number of RSS feeds being hacked into and used to redirect subscribers to spammer sites.
Googler, Roger, from the Google Reader team said:
Thanks for reporting this problem. Unfortunately, we've seen similar problems with WordPress feeds being compromised in the past. We'll look into it further, but in the meantime, I encourage you all to alert WordPress to this issue via their support forums.
Roger seems to believe there is a loophole somewhere in WordPress allowing this.
Clearly, this is not only upsetting to the publishers and their subscribers, but also to search spam. Many RSS feeds are scraped and used to inject content into Google. Spammed feeds that are scraped are can be even more of an issue for search quality.
Forum discussion at Google Reader Help.
Previous story: Keeping Track Of Links, With Link Building Tools & Spreadsheets
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
California Department of Food and Agriculture
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WARNING! Sewage sludge is toxic. Food should not be grown in "biosolids." Join the Food Rights Network.
California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) is responsible for ensuring California's food safety and for protecting and promoting the agricultural industry. It was established in 1919 by the California State Legislature and signed into law by Governor William Stephens. [1]
Contents
Divisions
• Animal Health and Food Safety Services – promotes food safety and protects public and animal health.
• Fairs and Expositions – supports the local efforts of nearly 80 fairs statewide.
• Inspection Services – ensures that commodities meet quality and labeling standards.
• Marketing Services – oversees California agricultural marketing programs and 51 promotional boards.
• Measurement Standards – certifies devices that weigh or measure commodities so that consumers “get what they paid for.”
• Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services – protects California from exotic and invasive plant pests and diseases.
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1. CDFA website, Accessed May 10, 2011.
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Place:Colorado Springs, El Paso, Colorado, United States
Watchers
NameColorado Springs
Alt namesColorado Citysource: Encyclopædia Britannica (1988) III, 468
El Dorado Citysource: Encyclopædia Britannica (1988) III, 468
Fountain Colonysource: Encyclopædia Britannica (1988) III, 468
TypeCity
Coordinates38.863°N 104.792°W
Located inEl Paso, Colorado, United States (1871 - )
Contained Places
Cemetery
Evergreen Cemetery
Military base
Fort Carson
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Colorado Springs is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and most populous city of El Paso County, Colorado, United States. Colorado Springs is located in the center portion of the state. It is situated on Fountain Creek and is located south of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. At 6,035 feet (1839 m) the city stands over one mile (1.6 km) above sea level, though some areas of the city are significantly higher and lower. Colorado Springs is situated near the base of one of the most famous American mountains, Pikes Peak, in the eastern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains.
With a population of 416,427 as of the 2010 Census, it is the second most populous city in the state of Colorado, behind Denver, and the 41st most populous city in the United States, while the Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 645,613 in 2010. The city covers , making it Colorado's largest city in area. Colorado Springs was selected as the No. 1 Best Big City in "Best Places to Live" by Money magazine in 2006, and placed number one in Outside's 2009 list of America's Best Cities.
Contents
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
General Palmer, city founder
William Jackson Palmer, a Civil War General (brevet) and Medal of Honor recipient, came to the Colorado Territory as a surveyor with the Kansas Pacific Railroad. He explored the area south of Denver searching for possible railroad routes for the Kansas Pacific to strategically occupy. Palmer favorably viewed the valley in the shadow of Pikes Peak as an ideal town site. Since he could not persuade the Kansas Pacific to follow the Arkansas River to Pueblo and from there north to Denver, Palmer secured legislation and funding to build the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad south from Denver with the declared intention of reaching Mexico City, Mexico.[1] Palmer founded Colorado Springs on July 31, 1871,[2] as the first destination served by his railroad. He had the intention of creating a high-quality resort community, and the infant town was soon nicknamed "Little London" because of the many English tourists and settlers who came, owing partly to Palmer's financial connections in England who provided the capital for his railroad, and partly to his associate Dr. William Bell who actively recruited both investors and settlers.[1] The stunning mountain view from anywhere in the valley as well as the nearby Garden of the Gods made the city's location a natural choice.
Within two years, his flagship resort the Antlers Hotel opened, welcoming US and international travelers as well as health-savvy individuals seeking the high altitude, sunshine, and dry climate, and Palmer's visions of a thriving, quality resort town were coming true. Palmer's Denver & Rio Grande Railroad became a critical regional railroad, faithfully serving the city and propelling the railroad south toward Pueblo. He maintained his presence in the city's early days by making many grants or sales of land to civic institutions. Palmer and his wife saw Colorado Springs develop into one of the most popular travel destinations in the late 19th century United States.
The town of Palmer Lake, the Palmer Divide, and other more minor features are named after him, and a bronze sculpture of Palmer on a horse is prominently displayed downtown in front of Palmer High School, at the center of a busy intersection. To many residents who lived in Colorado Springs in the years since, Palmer became known as "the man on the iron horse", a fitting appellation because of his long association with the Rio Grande Railroad.
Old Colorado City and the Pikes Peak Gold Rush
Colorado Springs' present downtown location, where General Palmer first founded the city, was partly due to Palmer's dislike of nearby rough-and-ready Colorado City (now called Old Colorado City, and not to be confused with present-day Colorado City) and its many saloons. Palmer ensured his new planned city stayed alcohol free by buying a huge tract of land to the east of Colorado City. Legally, Colorado Springs stayed dry until the end of Prohibition in 1933, but practically, alcohol was readily available. Conveniently located druggists advertised whiskey, ale, stout and beer for "medicinal purposes."
In its earliest days of 1859–1860, Colorado City was a major hub for sending mining supplies to South Park, where a major strike in the Pike's Peak Gold Rush was found. After the Cripple Creek gold discovery in 1891, ore mills in Colorado City processed much of the gold ore at the Golden Cycle Mill using Palmer's railroads. The affluent, who made money from the gold rush and industry, did not stay in Colorado City but built their large houses in the undeveloped downtown area of Colorado Springs (i.e. Wood Ave). Early pictures show several large stone buildings like Colorado College, St. Mary's Church, the first Antlers Hotel, the library, and the county courthouse (pictured at right) sitting in large empty plains. This is unique during this period, to anticipate a city's civic infrastructure in stone with wide streets laid out before there was a population to justify the expense.
Colorado City remained the county seat of El Paso County until 1873, when the courthouse moved to Colorado Springs. Colorado City was the location of a 1903 labor strike that spread to Cripple Creek and eventually led to the Colorado Labor Wars.
W. S. Stratton, early benefactor
In 1891, Winfield Scott Stratton discovered and developed one of the richest gold mines on earth in the nearby Cripple Creek and Victor area, and was perhaps the most generous early contributor to those communities and to Colorado Springs.
After he made his fortune he declined to build a mansion as the other gold rush millionaires were doing; instead, in later years, he lived in a house in Colorado Springs he had built when he was a carpenter in pre-gold days.
In Colorado Springs, he funded the Myron Stratton Home for housing itinerant children and the elderly, donated land for City Hall, the Post Office, the Courthouse (which now houses the Pioneer Museum), and a park; he also greatly expanded the city's trolley car system and built the Mining Exchange building, and gave to all three communities in many other ways, great and small.
As Stratton's generosity became known, he was also approached by many people looking for money, and he became reclusive and eccentric in his later years.
Spencer Penrose, early benefactor
Spencer Penrose also made his mark on Colorado Springs in its early years—though not until two decades after its founding. Penrose started as a ladies-man and an adventurer. After making a fortune in the gold fields of nearby Cripple Creek in the 1890s, he married Julie Villiers Lewis McMillan, and settled down.
Penrose used his wealth to invest in other national mineral concerns and financed construction of the Broadmoor Hotel, the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, the Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun, the Pikes Peak Highway, what is now known as Penrose-St Francis Health Services, and established the El Pomar Foundation, which still oversees many of his contributions in Colorado Springs today.
End of the Colorado Gold Rush and the start of health tourism
The flow of gold and silver ebbed as the decades passed, and Colorado City's economic fortunes faded with it; the miners and those who processed the ore left or retired. Because of the "healthy" natural scenic beauty, mineral waters, and extremely dry climate, Colorado Springs became a tourist attraction and popular recuperation destination for tuberculosis patients. The waters in Colorado Springs contained so much natural fluoride that some peoples’ teeth developed Colorado Stain. In 1909, Dr. Frederick McKay of Colorado Springs discovered the Colorado Stain connection and that a little fluoride added to water would prevent cavities, according to the permanent health exhibit at the Pioneers Museum. On June 14, 1950 Colorado Springs annexed Roswell which was founded in 1888 by coal miners and became a neighborhood. Other locations such as Austin Bluffs, Broadmoor, Woodmen Valley, Pikeview, Papeton, Knob Hill, Ivywild, Stratton Meadows, Stratmoor, Kelker, Rockrimmon, Pleasant Valley, Rustic Hills, Briargate, and Colorado City (now called Old Colorado City) became part of Colorado Springs. Old Colorado City is located on the west side of Colorado Springs and is a historic district and on the National Register of Historic Places. Its old Victorian brick buildings and main street currently offer several tourist, boutique, and antique shops.
Late 20th century military boom
Colorado Springs saw its first military bases in 1942 shortly after Pearl Harbor was attacked. For several years the city had been trying to attract a military installation to boost its flagging economy. In 1941, the city purchased of what is now Fort Carson to try to lure a prospective Army installation. The U.S. Army established Camp Carson near the southern borders of the city in order to train and house troops in preparation for World War II. It was also during this time that the Army began using Colorado Springs Municipal Airport. It was renamed Peterson Field and used as a training base for heavy bombers (the airport and base still share parts of the flightline). Camp Hale was also established in 1942 in nearby west-central Colorado to provide winter and mountain warfare training during World War II (WWII) for training in skiing, rock climbing, and cold weather survival skills.
As for Camp Carson, the Army expanded it in a venture that increased growth in Colorado Springs and provided a significant area of industry for the city. Camp Carson was named for the Army scout General Christopher "Kit" Carson, who explored the vast western frontier during the 19th century. After World War II the military stepped away from the Springs, Camp Carson was declining and the military was activating and deactivating Peterson Field irregularly. That all changed when the Korean War erupted. Camp Carson, which had declined to only 600 soldiers, was revitalized along with many other parts of the Springs. In 1951, the United States Air Defense Command moved to Colorado Springs and opened Ent Air Force Base (named for Major General Uzal Girard Ent, commander of the Ninth Air Force during World War II).
After the Korean War, Peterson Field was renamed Peterson Air Force Base and was permanently activated. In 1954 Camp Carson became Fort Carson, Colorado Springs' first Army post. Later that same year, President Dwight D. Eisenhower selected Colorado Springs, out of 300 other sites around the nation, to be the site of the United States Air Force Academy. A new and growing Army post, an Air Force Base, and the Air Force's military academy together jump-started Colorado Springs' growth.
The military boom continued and in 1963, NORAD's main facility was built in Cheyenne Mountain. This placed NORAD directly next to Colorado Springs and permanently secured the city's military presence. During the Cold War the city greatly expanded due to increased revenue from various industries and the prevailing military presence in the city. In the mid-1970s, Ent Air Force Base was shut down and later converted into the United States Olympic Training Center. Military presence was further increased in 1983 with the founding of Falcon Air Force Base (later changed to Schriever Air Force Base), a base primarily tasked with missile defense and satellite control. Fort Carson and Peterson are still growing and continue to contribute to the city's growth. Air Force Space Command is located on Peterson AFB.
Waldo Canyon Fire
The Waldo Canyon fire, which started on June 23, 2012, sparked three miles west of Colorado Springs. Three days later, on June 26, the fire exploded eastward toward and into the city, engulfing the neighborhoods of Mountain Shadows and Peregrine. Evacuations peaked on June 27 at 32,000 residents. After an investigation, Colorado Springs Fire Department and United States Forest Service announced that 346 homes were destroyed and two people died during the course of the fire in the Mountain Shadows neighborhood. On the night of June 26, the Waldo Canyon Fire became the most destructive fire in Colorado history, passing the High Park Fire of 2012. Upon reaching 100% containment on July 10, 2012, the total number of acres burned totaled 18,247. The cause of the fire remains under investigation. As of September 25, 2012, the city offered $100,000 to any lead of the cause of the fire.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Colorado Springs, Colorado. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Place:Cottonwood, Yavapai, Arizona, United States
Watchers
NameCottonwood
TypeCity
Coordinates34.732°N 112.019°W
Located inYavapai, Arizona, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Cottonwood is a city in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 11,171.
Research Tips
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I never studied business formally, so to get a better understanding I figure I'd work through some textbooks used by business programs. However, I'm in Canada and most textbooks are from the U.S.
I know that each state and country has some unique rules regarding businesses, but will reading a book based on American business cause any disadvantage to running a Canadian company? The book in question is regarding Financial Accounting and I don't want to learn something that isn't fairly universal (or at least across the two countries).
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1 Answer
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Both the United States, and Canada follow GAAP guidelines, though there will likely be some country specific reporting standards that you should learn.
For the basics of accounting though, you should be fine learning from an American book. As long as it purports to teach GAAP Accounting (Generally Accepted Accounting Principals).
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Almost Two Hundred (Potential) New Contributors a Day
dboswell
We recently launched a dashboard at arewegrowingyet.com that provides information from the Get Involved page about people who want to contribute to Mozilla. Each day around 200 people express interest in contributing.
This is useful information, but getting visibility into how many people want to get involved and what they want to contribute to is just part of the data we need about the growth and health of the community.
To make sure we’re able to bring new contributors in and have them become core members of teams, we also need data about what happens after someone starts to get involved. For that, we’re mapping out contribution paths for different project areas.
For instance, this is the path for how to get involved with coding projects. These paths will help us create additional dashboards, such as the patch map and patch trends dashboards.
Measuring participation will let us identify and fix roadblocks throughout a contributor’s life cycle and will let Mozilla do more by bringing more people in and allowing them to be more effective.
Thanks to the Metrics team for creating arewegrowingyet.com. Stay tuned for more information about other community data projects in the works.
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