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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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09 October 2010
This Week on McLaughlin Group
Conservatives: Pat Buchanan, Monica Crowley
Moderate: Mort Zuckerman
Ole Battle-Axe Lib: Eleanor Clift (Newsweek)
Issue 1: Revving Millenials 1:30
Issue 2: You Got It? 14:30
Issue 3: Billionaire's Club 21:15
Previous McLaughlin Group episodes -here-
08 October 2010
Rock-n-Roll Oldies: Todd Rundgren 1975
Todd Rundgren -dob 6.22.1948- is a multi-talented American musician, singer-songwriter and record producer who still tours on a limited basis, up-to and including earlier this year.
Hailed in the early stage of his career as a new pop-wunderkind
-absolutely adored by critics- and supported by the certified gold solo double LP Something/Anything? in 1972, Rundgren went on to produce a diverse range of recordings as solo artist and during the 70s/80s with the band Utopia
He has also been successful as a producer and engineer on the recorded work of other musicians. Todd Rundgren engineered and/or produced Stage Fright by The Band, We're an American Band by Grand Funk Railroad, Bat Out of Hell by Meat Loaf (now ranked as the 5th biggest-selling album of all time), and then later Skylarking by new-wavers XTC in 1986.
As a musician, best-known hits include Hello It's Me -written when he was just 16- I Saw the Light which still enjoys heavy rotation on classic rock/adult contemporary radio stations, Just One Victory is long a concert favorite, and Bang the Drum All Day has become an anthem in many American sports arenas, commercials, and movie trailers.
It always surprised me when I first moved to California in 1990, nobody really seemed to know much of him... more significant back east, perhaps; but I always thought of Rundgren as a towering talent, and an incredible composer. You couldn't ask for more originality, wildly experimental actually... a true genius.
He was also a pioneer of the "power pop" genre in the early 70s along with Badfinger and Raspberries... great stuff, despite the WTF stage act and sailor pants, lol.
And a feature unique to Burt Sugarman's Midnight Special show was actual live performances, not lip synching... but Todd here makes light of the fact that although he's singing live, it's to a taped musical track... albeit one he himself played all instruments on:
06 October 2010
America Will Survive the Obama Debacle... But Will the Democratic Party?
Only if November's mid-term elections -where the far-Left 'progressive' movement is to be stopped cold- compels the Dem survivors to repudiate Barack Obama and adopt some semi-sane platform... because his name is mud now
As most polls continue to swing to the right, it's unlikely any amount of "bucking up" can spare House Democrats a humiliating political spanking on November 2nd- and they do so deserve one.
It's quickly become every-man-for-himself as candidates build all the distance they can between themselves and Dear Leader in the name of political survival. Supposedly the crowning achievement of this regime was "bravely" ramming back-door HC nationalization down our throats... yet one-in-four registered Democrats already favor repeal of ObamaCare, as do large numbers of Republicans and Independents.
Although vigilance is to be called for on our side -best be on the lookout for attempts to pull a Franken or stuff boxes in close contests- conservatives do have genuine reason to believe America's admirable tendency towards self-correction has at long last kicked in.
And fate has joined our side: the seemingly infinite political luck that propelled a corrupt, unqualified community-organizer all the way to the White House has vanished... it's all going wrong now.
As most Obama voters deduce that the he lied-to/guilt-tripped them to get elected, it's also become more-and-more difficult for the WH/MSM/online Left to spin the radical agenda of this administration as anything other than what it is: deeply damaging and farcical hokum.
Dick Morris says Obama has driven the party right off a cliff... perhaps never to recover:
Barack Obama is destroying the Democratic Party...
The damage he is doing to his party's image and prospects closely resembles the harm Hoover did to the Republican Party, from which it did not recover for 20 years after he left office. And the extent to which Obama is discrediting the left parallels the damage George McGovern did to his ideological confreres in 1972, when he went down in flaming defeat.
In a sense, America met its first conservative in 1981, and fell in love. We met our first liberal in 2009, and are running away screaming.
FDR was too long ago to count; Lyndon Johnson too distracted by Vietnam to make an impact. So Obama is the first full-throated liberal to be president in our lifetimes. And we won't soon forget him and the lessons his failure is teaching us.
Strangely, the Democrats don't yet get it. They whistle a happy tune as they march off the cliff. There is no voice of dissent against Obama's policies, no mumbled animosity, no suppressed discontent.
The party is solid as a phalanx behind its leader even as he sends it to political death...
This is likely not the legacy Obama had in mind when, with his massive ego, limited competence, and paltry experience, he took over the White House. Americans, in a fit of national delusion, made what they now realize was one of their biggest mistakes.
The magnitude of our error, or at least of our understanding of it, will become apparent on Nov. 2, when the GOP will win both houses of Congress, the House by a considerable margin.
The 2010 landslide will likely set the record for the largest transfer of House seats in an off-year election. The prior mark of 74 seats in 1922 (a Democratic gain in the wake of Harding's scandals and the Teapot Dome investigation) will probably be eclipsed. But the true measure of the damage Obama has done to his ideology and his party will not be evident for some time.
Strike you as a tad overconfident? Micheal Barone at the Washington Examiner takes it a step further: America's turn to the right in this election has the potential to be nothing short of earth-shattering... with a 100+ seat Republican gain (!)
Yes, the Democratic party does appear to be on the verge of a historic election defeat, and less than four weeks from today- it's only the degree of the wipeout that really remains in question.
Pelosi's gavel seems certain to be yoinked, while over in the Senate the contested majority now moves into the "toss-up" column. Any subsequent lame-duck spending/amnesty stunts will only increase Americans' mounting animosity towards the irresponsible and arrogant libs... better dare not try it.
But as the damage they've inflicted over the last 18 mos. becomes increasingly apparent -i.e. inflation/dollar crash or Iranian bomb- any political comeback by the Dems in the short-to-mid-term seems unlikely... regardless of what the economy does.
The primary focus of our legislature should be defunding/unwinding monstrous big-government programs foisted upon us against our will... hard to imagine many Democrats finding prompt forgiveness and a politically-beneficial role in that... while any GOP-launched investigations will do little to aid Democrats' stature- not to mention the President's.
By 2012, people will lie to their children about who they voted back in '08, ditch incriminating hopenchangey paraphernalia serupticiously -if they haven't already-, even wince at the very mention of the name Obama... and the GOP could take 45 states running Gilbert Gottfried.
But be sure and get yourself and all like-minded friends to the polls on November 2nd, though- don't give ACORN and other leftist pond-scum the chance to snake any seats.... let's really blow them out of the water so they'll be none of that this time.
05 October 2010
Why Should You Care About Geert Wilders' Trial in The Netherlands?
Because the true name of the game is Muslim intimidation of a divided, squabbling, and spineless West... while they
-along with unwitting fifth-columnist morons of our Left- destroy the few brave individuals still actually willing to speak-out in our defense...
"The West's longstanding democratic tradition of free expression means nothing if it doesn't protect unpopular speech" -IBD
As the Dutch government attempts to shut-down Wilders by going after him in court with open-to-interpretation "hate crime" charges, it's hard not to recall litigious one-worlder Barack Obama's recent legal attempts to crush the will of not just Governor Jan Brewer but 70% of her electorate while aiding and abetting foreign invaders at our expense... then dismissing those expressing concern as ill-informed bigots:
If you missed Mr Wilder's 9/11 Ground Zero speech last month, full video and text -here-
Some background on Muslim triumphalism -here-
And listen to the man yourself and tell me where the crime is... in reality, he's about as honest and reasonable a politician as one could imagine.
Geert Wilders is not a racist, a fascist, or anything of the sort... he's just a stand-up-guy who's not willing to purport BS as truth in the name of political correctness, actually cares about what's being done to his nation and culture, has the common sense to recognize -and courage to confront- a threat when he sees one... and as he himself put so succinctly- "Well, somebody should say it":
04 October 2010
Lessons of 2010: RUBIO -not Romney- Republicans in the Drivers' Seat for 2012
"Usually, a figure like Romney is the big shot
who arrives
in town to boost a little guy like Rubio
This time, it's the other way round..."
With Marco Rubio pretty much running-away with it in Florida, all those with presidential ambitions on the Republican side are taking-note of the rapidly evolving political landscape in this country... and making hurried adjustments.
Two things have become apparent re. 2012: Better give us a small-government, Reaganite-conservative... the TEA Party movement will hold de facto veto power over the nomination.
And it won't necessarily be the next-guy-in-line this time, either... both these developments likely sound less than ideal to professional presidential candidate Mitt Romney- the father of RomneyCare does have some explaining to do.
Toby Harnden from The Telegraph (UK) was in Florida this weekend as Mitt was actually stumping for Marco Rubio's all-but-sealed Senate bid. But with GOP rising-star Rubio up 12 points over Orange Charlie, why was Romney even there... and who was more likely to benefit from the association?
America is now making a sharp turn to the right... and the next couple of years look to be quite different than the last:
Background/update on the Rubio-Crist-Meek
Florida Senate race -here-
The Telegraph Pookie's Toons
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Grace Family Medicine
Info Map
Search:
Location
340 Arnett Blvd., Rochester, NY 14619
Hours (as of February 2012)
On call 24/7
Phone
585 235 2250
Wheelchair Accessible
Info Needed
Website
http://www.hisbranches.org/grace/
Grace Family Medicine is a primary care needs provider in the 19th Ward that opened in 1978. In 2011 they were licensed by New York State to operate as a Community Health Center. They operate under the umbrella of His Branches, Inc..
Due to HIPAA Medical regulations, medical personnel are prohibited from discussing anything to do with patients. Please consider this when posting.
Comments:
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Mill Valley
From Wikitravel
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Mill Valley [1] is a city in Marin County, in the North Bay region of the Bay Area of California. The city begins in the canyons and ridges at the base of Mount Tamalpais and extends into a broad valley that reaches the Richardson Bay portion of the San Francisco Bay.
[edit] Get in
[edit] By car
Mill Valley is easiest to see by car. From Highway 101 take the Mill Valley/Tiburon Blvd exit or the Mill Valley/Stinson Beach exit.
[edit] By bus
Buses from San Francisco drop off along the highway. Commuter buses run into downtown as well as to and from the ferry in nearby Tiburon.
[edit] Get around
While downtown is nice to see on foot, the parks and woods are best reached by car. Mountain bikes were invented near here, and remain a popular way to get around.
[edit][add listing] See
• Mill Valley Mill -- Not much remains of the original structure, but it's a pretty spot in a redwood lined riverbed. A railroad car from the Old Railroad Grade--the main route up Mt. Tamalpais for sightseers in the early-1900s--stands opposite the mill.
[edit] Muir Woods
Muir Woods
Frank Valley (Muir Woods) Road (Marin Transit #66[2], summer weekends and holidays only), Phone: +1 415 388-2596, [3]. 8AM-sunset every day. $7.
Muir Woods National Monument [4]. is home to 560 acres (2.2 km2) of unlogged stands of old-growth redwood trees (Sequoia sempervirens), and is one of the few remaining places where these trees (the tallest living things on the planet) can be seen in their full glory. Many of the redwoods are over 200 (60 m) feet tall, 10 feet (3 m) wide, and over 600 years old. The woodland is served by a number of board-walks and other walking trails where visitors can get a close look at the magnificent trees.
[edit][add listing] Do
• Hikes Mill Valley is the starting point for a number of long hikes in the redwood forests of Mount Tam and beyond to the coast.
• Green Gulch Farms & Zen Center, 1601 Shoreline Highway, Phone: +1 415 383-3134, [5]. Daily Meditation 8:30AM. Weekend and longer retreats and various workshops in Zen practice and organic farming.
• Mill Valley Film Festival, [6].
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Depot Bookstore A famously nice spot with a cafe and excellent selection of books.
[edit][add listing] Eat
For a small town, Mill Valley has a wide range of excellent restaurants from cozy local joints to upscale eateries.
• Toast, 31 Sunnyside Ave. For great breakfast foods where the locals eat.
• Small Shed Flatbreads, 17 Madrona St. Delicious local, organic artisan flatbread pizzas, fresh salads, and soul-warming comfort foods.
• Piazza D'Angelo, 22 Miller Av. A Marin institution, D'Angelo's is no simple pizza place. Casual-dressy Italian food. Reservations recommended on weekends or holidays. $16-$20
• La Ginestra, 127 Throckmorton Av. Great family-style Italian food including pizza and ravioli.
• Joe's Taco Lounge, 382 Miller Av. Healthy Californian-Mexican. Seafood tacos and burritos are their specialty, but the decor is worth the trip. $5-$10
• El Paseo Restaurant, 17 Throckmorton Ave. For a delicious, and rather expensive, dinner out, try this upscale Italian/California cuisine restaurant and Mill Valley institution.
• Pearls Phat Burger, 8 E Blithedale, (415) 381-6010. Great burgers. $7-$10. edit
• Avatar's Punjabi Burritos, 15 Madrona St. Inexpensive Indian food wrapped in a burrito. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
• Sweetwater Saloon, 153 Throckmorton Av., Phone: +1 415 388-2820, [7]. Local bar and music venue with a surprisingly Big Name shows.
• The 2AM Club
• Buckeye Roadhouse, 15 Shoreline Hwy, Mill Valley CA 94941 415.331.2600
[edit][add listing] Sleep
Budget options (a relative word in Marin County) can be found along Highway 101 -- the further north you go, the more reasonable they will be. Other, more romantic options are scattered on the mountain behind town.
• Mountain Home Inn, 810 Panoramic Highway, Phone: +1 415 381-9000, [8].
• Alpine Lodge 730 Panoramic Hwy and Echo Summit Lodge. Located on Mt. Tamalpais are open to California Alpine Club Members and their guests, Alpine Lodge is open as a hostel-style B&B on some weekends in July and August.
• Tam Valley Bed & Breakfast, 508 Shasta Way, Phone: +1 415 383-8716, [9]. $170-$190.
• Mountain Meadow Inn, 3 Hart Ln., Phone: +1 415 388-2541, [10].
• Holiday Inn Express, 160 Shoreline Highway, +1 415 332-5700, [11].
• Acqua Hotel, 555 Redwood Hwy, +1 415 380-0400, [12]. Part of the Joie de Vivre Hotels collection of boutique hotels. Easy highway access and rooms with a view of Richardson Bay.
• Mill Valley Inn, 165 Throckmorton Avenue, +1 415 389-6608, [13]. An intimate, small hotel tucked away in a redwood grove at the foot of Mt. Tamalpais, just steps away from the bustling town plaza.
• Mill Valley Beer Works, (Downtown). checkout: $5-$12. edit
There are a lot of Vacation Rentals by Home Owner (VRBO) and Home Away options available in this community as well, if one is interested in a more 'local' experience, people actually rent away their actual houses. There are great places usually very central to town and have great prices for weeks and nights!
• Larkspur Hotel Mill Valley, 160 Shoreline Highway, 415.332.5700, [14]. Located in Marin County and recently remodeled, this hotel offers complimentary trail bicycles, S'mores kits and have free fanny packs for your hike. edit
[edit] Stay Safe
Mill Valley has a very low crime rate, thanks to high property values and insulation by other exclusive towns like Tiburon, Larkspur, and Corte Madera. Prevalance of dangerous crimes is low enough to actually induce stricter enforcement of traffic infractions, since the police would not have much to do otherwise.
Common sense should prevail, though. Do not hike alone when rambling across the trails in Mill Valley and Mt. Tamalpais. The likelihood of having a negative encounter during a hike is minimal, but you will benefit greatly with the aid of another person should you meet an unsavory character--animal or human--along the way.
[edit] Get out
• Tiburon and the ferry to San Francisco
• Corte Madera. Home to a major shopping center and some nice parks.
• San Francisco. The toll for the Golden Gate bridge is currently 6 USD.
• Stinson Beach. Try to avoid the mid-day crowds. Leave early, and take backroads instead of Highway 1.
Routes through Mill Valley
Santa RosaCorte Madera N S SausalitoSan Francisco
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Pages that link to "Springwood (New South Wales)"
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2030.0 - Complete Set of Social Atlases, 2001
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/10/2002
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
October 21, 2002
Embargoed 11:30am (AEST)
135/2002
Launch of 2001 Census Social Atlas series
The 2001 Census Social Atlas series will officially be launched at a national launch in Perth on Monday, October 28, 2002 by Senator the Hon. Ian Campbell, Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasurer.
The Social Atlases for the cities of Perth, Sydney and Hobart will be released at this time.
Details:
Who: Senator the Hon. Ian Campbell, Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasurer.
What: Launch of the 2001 Social Atlas series.
When: 10:00 am sharp, Monday 28 October 2002.
Where: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Level 11, Exchange Plaza, 2 The Esplanade, Perth WA 6000.
Why: The Social Atlas series presents colour maps of the key social, demographic and economic characteristics of each capital city, at the time of the 2001 Census. The maps are easy to interpret and are accompanied by brief commentary explaining main features and characteristics. It provides a primary source of information used by a wide range of government and non-government organisations alike in planning for the future.
Vision opportunities: Speeches and interview opportunities with Senator the Hon. Ian Campbell and the Australian Statistician, Dennis Trewin.
Media information: A comprehensive information kit including the atlases for Sydney, Perth and Hobart will be available at the launch, including broadcast and print quality CD ROM copies of the maps contained in the publications will be available for media.
The launch will be streamed via video link to a briefing for Sydney media wishing to cover the launch of their atlas. A media alert advising journalists of these arrangements has been issued to Sydney. Television networks requiring broadcast quality coverage of the event may need to arrange this through their Perth affiliates.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1350.0 - Australian Economic Indicators, May 2011
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/04/2011
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1304.0 - Monthly Summary of Statistics, Australia, Sep 1994
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 22/09/1994
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Remedial Course on Affiliate Marketing
Posted by emd5005 under Online Marketing
From http://ericadewolf.wordpress.com 1873 days ago
Made Hot by: on April 1, 2008 3:40 pm
An extremely basic article on affiliate marketing and what it is!
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User Profile
Name: Madhav Gadgil
Member Since: October 3rd, 2006
Member Name: Madhav.gadgil
Biography:
Madhav Gadgil’s scientific work focuses on ecology, conservation biology, human ecology, and ecological history. He has been a Lecturer on Biology at Harvard and a Visiting Professor of Human Biology at Stanford. From 1973 to 2004 he served on the faculty of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, where he founded the Centre for Ecological Sciences that has developed strong traditions of working with researchers, teachers, and policy makers as well as NGO workers, farmers and other citizens throughout the country. This has led to innovative experiments of involving High School and College teachers and students in inventorying and monitoring of biodiversity. He worked on the committee that drafted India’s Biological Diversity Act 2002, and has developed the methodology and database for People’s Biodiversity Registers that would be implemented at the level of local bodies throughout the country. He currently chairs the Committee to revise the Environmental Education Curriculum at the School stage. He is a Fellow of Indian National Science Academy, Third World Academy of Sciences, and Foreign Associate of the U.S. National Academy of Science. He was awarded the Volvo Environment Prize and Padma Bhushan by the President of India. He was a member of the Science Advisory Council to the Prime Minister of India from 1986-90 and chaired the Science and Technology Advisory Panel of Global Environment Facility from 1998-2002. Dr. Gadgil holds an M.Sc. in Zoology from Bombay University and a Ph.D. in Biology from Harvard University.
E-mail: Madhav Gadgil
User Content
Title Role Type Website Date
Bahamian mangroves Topic Editor Article Encyclopedia of Earth 2012-07-04 11:57:47
Biodiversity fact sheet Topic Editor Article Encyclopedia of Earth 2008-06-24 20:10:03
Biological diversity in the Tropical Andes Topic Editor Article Encyclopedia of Earth 2012-03-21 14:46:41
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Cherokee County, North CarolinaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 17:10, 3 December 2008 by Sessionsbrent (Talk | contribs)
United States > North Carolina > Cherokee County
Contents
County Courthouse
History
Parent County
1839--Cherokee County was created 4 January 1839 from Macon County. County seat: Murphy [1]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
1865, 1895, 1926--Courthouse fires have destroyed many court records.
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Church
Court
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Newspapers
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Societies and Libraries
Web Sites
• USGenWeb project. May have maps, name indexes, history or other information for this county. Select the state, then the county.
• Family History Library Catalog
References
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Publication Listing
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Cover art supplied by Visco
Contents (view Concise Listing)
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Verified by Hall3730 on 2008-03-05 20:15:59
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Verified by Hauck on 2011-11-06 05:46:09
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Not Verified
Primary2 Verified by Hauck on 2011-11-06 05:46:09
Primary3 Verified by Teddybear on 2012-03-27 12:56:13
Primary4 Not Verified
Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Are You Content in Your Context?
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Title: Are You Content in Your Context?
Author: Jack Cohen
Year: 1990
Type: CHAPTERBOOK
ISFDB Record Number: 1336637
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Physics307L:Schedule/Week 12 agenda
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
How to write a formal report
Introduction to scientific journals
Physical Review Letters (PRL), Science, Nature, PNAS, Biophysical Journal, Physical Review E (PRE)
What is required in our report?
Physics307L:People/Koch/Formal
Talk about the distinction between Results and Discussion
Writing tips
1. Write the easiest parts first! Figures and tables are the guts of your report.
Generating PDFs from uniformly distributed random numbers
Personal tools
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31.
But when they saw that it was being moved, and was approaching their walls, startled by the new and unaccustomed sight, they sent embassadors to Caesar [to treat] about peace; who spoke in the following manner: "That they did not believe the Romans waged war without divine aid, since they were able to move forward machines of such a height with so great speed, and thus fight from close quarters; that they resigned themselves and all their possessions to [Caesar's] disposal: that they begged and earnestly entreated one thing, viz., that if perchance, agreeable to his clemency and humanity, which they had heard of from others, he should resolve that the Aduatuci were to be spared, he would not deprive them of their arms; that all their neighbors were enemies to them and envied their courage, from whom they could not defend themselves if their arms were delivered up: that it was better for them, if they should be reduced to that state, to suffer any fate from the Roman people, than to be tortured to death by those among whom they had been accustomed to rule."
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
load focus Notes (J. B. Greenough, Benjamin L. D'Ooge, M. Grant Daniell, 1898)
load focus Latin (T. Rice Holmes, 1914)
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• Cross-references to this page (1):
• A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), TURRIS
• Cross-references in general dictionaries to this page (4):
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Citation URN: urn:cts:latinLit:phi0448.phi001.perseus-eng1:2.31
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Why Search Engine Marketing Has The Hots for User Centered Design
Feb 10, 2005 • 5:15 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Web Usability & SEO
In one of Seth Godin's maddening blog posts about the SEO industry he wrote,
"Just a short time ago, SEO was seen as a shortcut by marketers unwilling to do the hard work of actually making a product and a site that mattered. In that era, SEO was the quick way to get cheap traffic—cheap so you could afford to waste it."
What's infuriating to me is that he must've had a very bad date with a dishonest SEO/SEM company, because it was no "short time ago" in my book. As far as I could see, way back in the late 1990's when I was an SEO, there was trouble. I made no guarantee's to clients about how rich and famous they'd get when I was done because in many cases, their sites were in bad shape.
No amount of SEO hoola hoop manuvers was going to help them as long as their business requirements didn't have "Design it so customers can use it" written in there somewhere.
I'm not the only one who recognized the disconnect between marketing for search engines and design that sells. Nestled inside more and more companies are usability specialists working alongside web designers and SEO's. This trend is booming.
When my blog was selected by usability and web design tools software developers, TechSmith, as their Blog of the Month for February, they wondered if I'd write about this very topic.
Which I did, in Why Search Engine Marketing Has A Passion for Web Site Usability
It's not that I expect Seth Godin will read it. But it sure feels to pull out my pom poms once in awhile and cheer you all on.
Previous story: Google Admits to Improve Search Quality with Registrar Data
blog comments powered by Disqus
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Henry B. Schacht
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
Henry B. Schacht, Director, Alcoa, Incorporated.
"Mr. Schacht, 74, was elected to the Board of Directors in 1994. He is Chairman of the Audit Committee and a member of the Executive Committee and the Public Issues Committee. He has been Managing Director and Senior Advisor, Warburg Pincus LLC, a global private equity firm, since 2004. Mr. Schacht served as Chairman (1996 to 1998; and October 2000 to February 2003) and Chief Executive Officer (1996 to 1997; October 2000 to January 2002) of Lucent Technologies Inc. He also previously served as Senior Advisor (1998 to 1999 and 2003) to Lucent. Mr. Schacht was managing director of Warburg Pincus LLC from February 1999 until October 2000. Mr. Schacht was Chairman (1977 to 1995) and Chief Executive Officer (1973 to 1994) of Cummins Inc., a leading manufacturer of diesel engines." [1]
He "returned to Warburg Pincus in 2004. He first joined the firm in early 1995, leaving later that year to become the founding chairman and chief executive officer of Lucent Technologies from 1996 to 1998, chairman/consultant for Lucent in 1999 and returned from 2000 to 2004. Prior to his tenure at Lucent, he served as chairman and CEO of Cummins Engine Company. Mr. Schacht is a director of ALCOA and his former directorships include: Alcatel-Lucent (and Lucent), AT&T, Avaya, CBS, Chase Manhattan, The New York Times and Johnson & Johnson. He is a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, former chairman of the Board of Trustees of The Ford Foundation and a former trustee of Yale University. He is also a former member of The Business Council and of The Business Roundtable. Mr. Schacht graduated from Yale University and earned an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School." [2]
Resources and articles
Related Sourcewatch articles
References
1. Henry B. Schacht, Forbes, accessed November 4, 2009.
2. Henry Schacht, E.M. Warburg Pincus & Co., accessed May 13, 2010.
3. Directors, Committee to Encourage Corporate Philanthropy, accessed November 4, 2009.
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Family:Henry Lyle and Elizabeth Atkinson (1)
Watchers
Facts and Events
Marriage[1] 11 Mar 1864 Reach, Ontario, Ontario, Canada
Children
BirthDeath
1.
2.
3.
4.
References
1. Britnell, W. E, and Elizabeth Hancocks. County marriage registers of Ontario, Canada, 1858-1869. (Agincourt, Ontario: Generation Press, c1979-), MS948, Reel 12.
18 Mar 1864 at Reach Township in the County of Ontario.
Elizabeth Atkinson, born England, living in Reach Township, age 21, spinster, estimated birth year: 1843, father Ambrose Atkinson, mother Matilda Atkinson; married Henry Lyle, aged 24, born Kingston, living in Reach Township, father George Lyle, mother Martha [no surname given],
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4304.5 - Western Australian Child Health Survey: Family and Community Health and Well-being, May 1996
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/05/1996
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Examines the structure and Functioning of Western Australian Families with children aged between 4 to 16 years. Indentifies factors in families.Indentifies the characteristics of families which support the health and social, emotional, scholastic and vocational competency of
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Firefox Metrics – More Community Focused
Ken Kovash
4
Over the years, the Mozilla Metrics team has been wanting to be more open with our data. We have some key metrics related to Firefox downloads and daily usage and our idea has been to make this data open to the entire community (and more broadly, to the entire outside world, e.g., for university researchers to use).
As an early step in that process, we’ve come upon one specific area where being more open should prove helpful. Working with Seth Bindernagel and the l10n team, we’ve created a set of custom reports that will be provided to Firefox localizers on a regular basis. The reports were recently launched and Seth has a full write-up highlighting the key components (e.g., locale and geo interactions). As an example, below is a portion of what pt-PT localizers receive.
Thanks to Pedro Alves and Seth, among many others, for their hard work.
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Creative Commons » xpLor http://creativecommons.org Share, reuse, and remix — legally. Fri, 17 May 2013 00:22:14 +0000 en-US hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.5.1 Blackboard’s xpLor: Cross-platform learning repository adds Creative Commons license options http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/35378 http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/35378#comments Mon, 28 Jan 2013 18:28:47 +0000 Jane Park https://creativecommons.org/?p=35378 Earlier this year, Blackboard announced xpLor — a new cloud-based learning object repository that will work across the various learning management systems (LMS) in use at educational institutions: e.g., Blackboard, Moodle, ANGEL, and Sakai. xpLor’s goal, as stated by Product Manager Brent Mundy, is to dissolve content boundaries between LMS’s and institutions so that instructors can more easily share, discover, and reuse course content. While the LMS is good at administering courses, LMSs are not particularly good at large-scale content management. For example, you can only manage content within an individual course, and you can’t easily share course content with other instructors using a different LMS or even with instructors using the same LMS at different institutions.
Now, with xpLor, which is currently in beta at more than 70 institutions, you can. Since xpLor is cloud-based and built using IMS standards (such as Common Cartridge and Learning Tools Interoperability), any LMS employing IMS standards can work with it. And now, xpLor has added Creative Commons license options, which means that instructors and institutions can create, share, and even build on each other’s CC-licensed content all through the same interface.
The default license for adding content is Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY),
but instructors can opt for a different CC license or their own custom terms. Here’s an example of what a CC-licensed resource via xpLor looks like:
xpLor also integrates CC-licensed content from existing open education projects, like the Khan Academy and Blackboard CourseSites’ CC BY licensed courses.
Instructors can find resources from these projects in addition to content added by their colleagues via xpLor’s search interface. As shown below, the CC license mark is clearly displayed next to each resource. In the future, instructors will be able to filter their searches by the CC license they desire.
In addition, xpLor offers instructors the ability to directly copy, edit and remix CC-licensed content in its system, as long as the resource is one of the basic common content types found in all LMS’s, according to common cartridge standards. As instructors pull from various sources to create content, the resource’s attribution and license will automatically be retained and carried into the new, derivative work, thanks to xpLor’s built-in support for authoring and versioning. In future iterations, content will also be exportable according to the same standards, with the license metadata attached.
For those interested in learning more, Blackboard has produced an infographic site on how it all works, where you can also sign up to receive additional info. If you want the back story on how xpLor originated, including the technical details of how the different systems will operate, we recommend reading project consultant Professor Chuck Severance’s post on xpLor.
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| Edit | | History |
From DDO wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Rogue
Starting a...
Enhancements
Tactics
Equipment
Contents
[edit] Introduction
Rogues are primarily a skill based class. Therefore any items which improve Stats or Skills are useful.
[edit] Equipment
[edit] Essential Items
Thieves's tools are essential for the skills Disable Device and Open Lock. These skills are only available after rogue training. The full range of normal, masterwork, +1, +2, +3, +4 and +5 tools are available from looting chests. These give a corresponding bonus to the roll of +1, +2 through to +7 respectively. This will stack with any item giving a bonus to disabling or unlocking.
In case a rogue has to resort to buying Thieves's tools The Harbor general vendor sells normal tools, The Marketplace general vendor sells normal or masterwork. Tools with bonuses are available for purchase only after gaining Free Agent favour. Their vendor in The Harbor will then sell them to you.
[edit] Armor
Rogues are trained to wear Light armor only. This gives a choice of four types or choose from. Also available are Robes and Mithral or Darkleaf Medium Armor (which counts as light due to the metal properties). Light armor also ensures that Evasion is not hindered. Generally it is best to select an armor which does not reduce dexterity bonus.
At lower levels Adamantine armor is useful for giving some damage reduction. At higher levels the amount of damage received in attacks is much greater so DR/1 or 2 is insignificant. It is wiser to invest in magic armor that gives some benefits. As a rogue, unless you are a very specialised build you do not want to worry about AC.
Being untrained in shield use means rogues will not normally use them. In extremes, however, any character can use a shield untrained so getting a light shield gives some additional protection when necessary. Special ones to look out for are:
Darkwood shields have the advantage of zero armor check penalty.
Mithral has the advantage of increased maximum dexterity bonus.
Protection items are useful. Having light armor and no shield means that rogues tend to have a lower armor class, and some protection bonus, along with the bonus to armor class from high dexterity bonus often helps in melee combat.
[edit] Weapons
Rogues are trained to use Simple Weapons and the Martial Weapons of rapier, shortsword and shortbow only. This gives a modest selection to choose from. Due to rogues often having high dexterity the Weapon Finesse feat is a popular choice. As such light weapons which usable are Sickle (slashing), Light mace (bludgeoning), and Dagger (piercing) are hence preferable. Racial or further training can mean that other finesse weapons are available for use.
Magic melee weapons giving a bonus to backstabbing or deception are an excellent compliment to rogue skills. Otherwise a weapon with bane, elemental or special powers are a personal preference. Magic ranged weapons with special powers are handy as it is applied to all ammo, even normal bolts. Coupled with the Rogue's high dexterity this makes a good choice of weapon. Returning throwing weapons are useful to reduce costs.
[edit] Other Items
Stat boost items are excellent as they give a boost to several skills. They tend to be more rare to loot, especially those with high boosts. Skills boost items are more common and usually target a single skill. (although better ones can target several skills, or a stat and a skill - hold onto those!). The bonus is an odd number. +1 and +3 are available for use by any level, and then higher bonuses are level limited.
As Rogues also have only a good Reflex save, hence items which give Resistance or enhanced Fortitude save or Will save are good.
Items which give limited spell effects are handy to enhance skills, get buffed, or just mimic a good spell.
[edit] Named quest rewards
Named quest rewards which have a chance of being looted of particular interest to rogues are:
• Cult of Six: Jeweler's Loupe - Goggles: Haggle +7Haggle +7: Provides a +7 competence bonus to the wearer's Haggle which is a Passive Charisma based skill which allows you to negotiate better prices with vendors., Disable Device +7Disable Device +7: Provides a +7 competence bonus to the wearer's Disable Device which is an Active Intelligence based skill which can be used to disarm traps in dungeons. Requires that the control box of the trap has been located by a successful Search check. If the Disable Device check succeeds, you disable the trap. If it fails by < 5, you have failed but can try again. If you fail by 5+ the control box explodes (causing some damage to those in an area around the box) and can't be used again (the trap will remain dangerous, of course!). Using this skill consumes one thieves' tool. - Required Level: 7
[edit] Conclusion
Rogues are very versatile and depending on their leaning in terms of combat, ranged combat, using magic scrolls and wands, trap monkey, etc. weapons, armour and items are available for use. You may need to compete with other classes for them, however.
Generally after some questing you'll have a range of useful items, some which are permanently equipped, and some which you can swap out as the quest demands.
Good luck in your roguish exploits!
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Android Application Development
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 23:48, 14 January 2011 by Tim Bird (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
For the most reliable reference to the Android Application Development go through:
http://developer.android.com/guide/index.html
This includes java doc to all classes, packages, and other variables and is the most updated site.
Though it is most customary to get started in Eclipse, which is the most standard, you are also free to use Netbeans, but the Netbeans updates for the Android SDK plugin is not very dynamic and to my knowledge was developed and supported by a single project called Kenai.
You should also know that you can not step into Android Application Development with out having base on Core Java programming, yes, that is a pre-requisite, else it is bit difficult.
So then, welcome, get ready to jump into the droid community and get going.
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36th Battalion, Virginia Cavalry (Confederate)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States U.S. Military Virginia Virginia Military Virginia in the Civil War 36th Battalion, Virginia Cavalry
Contents
Brief History
The 36th Battalion, Virginia Cavalry was organized in February 1863, with four companies, later increased to five. The unit was assigned to A. G. Jenkins', W. E. Jones', B. T. Johnson's, and Payne's Brigade. It had a force of 125 men at Gettysburg, moved to Western Virginia, and then took part in operations in East Tennessee. The 36th was with McCausland at Chambersburg, served with Early in the Shenandoah Valley, and was active around Appomattox. After cutting through the lines at Appomattox, it disbanded. Major James W. Sweeney was in command.[1]
Companies in this Regiment with the Counties of Origin
Men often enlisted in a company recruited in the counties where they lived though not always. After many battles, companies might be combined because so many men were killed or wounded. However if you are unsure which company your ancestor was in, try the company recruited in his county first.
Company A (Captain Cornelius Timothy smith)
Company B (Captain Clinton Dufield, Captain Lambert Baynes) - many men from Braxton County
Company C (Captain Morris Kirtley) - many men from Cabell and Putnam County
Company D (Captains John B. Lady and William M. Miller) - many men from near Charleston and Lewis County
Company E ( Captains Edwin G. Zane and James B. Morgan) (formerly Company F, 14th Virginia Cavalry)
The information above is from36th and 37th Battalions Virginia Cavalry, by J. L. Scott
Field & Staff
Company A
Company B
Company C
Company D
Company E
Other Sources
• Beginning United States Civil War Research gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier or sailor. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in Virginia in the Civil War and United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865 (see below). <br>
• National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information. <br>
• Virginia in the Civil War describes many Confederate and Union sources, specifically for Virginia, and how to find them.. These include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc. <br>
• United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865 describes and explains United States and Confederate States records, rather than state records, and how to find them. These include veterans’ censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc. <br>
References
1. National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, (accessed December 2010).
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• This page was last modified on 9 July 2012, at 20:25.
• This page has been accessed 537 times.
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Arizona Native RacesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
The term "Native Races" is a broad term used to mean any or all races living in a locality prior to some defined date in history. In this Wiki, the term "American Indians" is used to describe those who were residing in this locality prior to European contact. It is also used to describe their descendants, especially those recognized as such by the various levels of government in the United States. It is used as the preferred term in this Wiki and is based upon accepted usage by the Library of Congress.
For a more detailed description of the natives of this locality, see Indians of Arizona.
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• This page was last modified on 1 October 2010, at 18:49.
• This page has been accessed 547 times.
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Illinois Death Certificates (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.
Contents
Collection Time Period
Illinois began recording deaths on January 1, 1916.
Record Description
Each death was recorded on a one-page, preprinted form. Death certificates are intact and extant and are being preserved under good conditions. Some records may have been damaged or destroyed during their transfer to state officials.
Record Content
Death records include the following genealogical information:
• Dates of death and burial
• Birth date (usually included)
• City, county, and state of death
• Name and location of the cemetery where buried
• State and country or sometimes town and county of birth for the deceased (usually included)
• State or country and sometimes town and county of birth for the parents (usually included)
• Name of the deceased, spouse’s married name, and parents’ names (usually includes the mother’s maiden name)
• Name of the informant (usually a family member; often a son or daughter of the deceased)
• Age in years, months, and days
• Sex
• Residence or address (usually includes length of time at that residence or length of time in the United States, if foreign born)
• Marital status (single, married, widowed, or divorced)
• Occupation
How to Use the Records
To begin your search it is helpful to know the following:
• The place where the death occurred.
• The name of the person at the time of death.
• The approximate death date.
Compare the information in the death record to what you already know about your ancestor to determine if this is the correct person. You may need to compare the information of more than one person to make this determination.
When you have located your ancestor’s death record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. These pieces of information may give you new biographical details that can lead you to other records about your ancestors. Add this new information to your records of each family. For example:
• Use the death date or age to calculate an approximate birth year.
• Use the birth date or age along with the place of birth to find or verify their birth records and parents' names.
• Use the birth date or age along with the place of birth to find the family in census records.
• Use the residence and names of the parents (if the deceased is a child) to locate church and land records.
• Occupations listed can lead you to employment records or other types of records such as military records.
• Use the parent’s birth places to find former residences and to establish a migration pattern for the family.
• The name of the officiator is a clue to their religion or area of residence in the county.
• The name of the undertaker or mortuary could lead you to funeral and cemetery records which often include the names and residences of other family members.
• Compile the entries for every person who has the same surname, this is especially helpful in rural areas or if the surname is unusual.
• Continue to search the records to identify children, siblings, parents, and other relatives of the deceased who may have died or been buried in the same county or nearby. This can help you identify other generations of your family or even the second marriage of a parent. Repeat this process for each new generation you identify.
• When looking for a person who had a common name, look at all the entries for the name before deciding which is correct.
If you are unable to find the ancestors you are looking for, try the following:
• Check for variant spellings of the surnames.
• Check for a different index. There are often indexes at the beginning of each volume.
• Search the indexes and records of nearby counties.
Keep in mind:
• The information in these records is usually reliable, but depends upon the reliability of the informant.
• Earlier records may not contain as much information as the records created after the late 1800s.
• There is also some variation in the information given from one record to another record.
For a summary of this information see the wiki article: United States, How to Use the Records Summary
Record History
Death records were recorded on the state level from January 1, 1916, to the present. Before this, some death records were kept at the county level beginning in 1877. Although the recording of death records began in 1916, some areas did not comply with the mandate until 1922.
Why This Record Was Created
Deaths were recorded to better serve public health needs. Death certificates were also used in connection with the probate of wills and the administration of estates.
Record Reliability
The information recorded about the death is usually reliable, including the cause of death, the name of the attending physician or medical professional, the name and address of the funeral home, and the date and place of burial. The accuracy of other information depends on the reliability of the informant, often a family member.
Related Web Sites
This section of the article is incomplete. You can help FamilySearch Wiki by supplying links to related websites here.
Related Wiki Articles
Illinois Deaths and Stillbirths (FamilySearch Historical Records)
Contributions to this Article
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should also list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the Wiki Article: How to Cite FamilySearch Collections
Examples of Source Citations for a Record in This Collection
• United States. Bureau of the Census. 12th census, 1900, digital images, From FamilySearch Internet (www.familysearch.org: September 29, 2006), Arizona Territory, Maricopa, Township 1, East Gila, Salt River Base and Meridian; sheet 9B, line 71
• Mexico, Distrito Federal, Catholic Church Records, 1886-1933, digital images, from FamilySearch Internet (www.familysearch.org: April 22, 2010), Baptism of Adolfo Fernandez Jimenez, 1 Feb. 1910, San Pedro Apóstol, Cuahimalpa, Distrito Federal, Mexico, film number 0227023
Sources of Information for This Collection:
Illinois Department of Health. Certificates of death. From URL, date accessed or downloaded. Digital identification number if any, certificate number, name of individual, death date.
Illinois Department of Health. Certificates of Death. From FamilySearch Internet (www.familysearch.org), September 29, 2006. Certificate 41557, Katherin L. Gentes, Nov. 16, 1925.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 1 June 2011, at 14:31.
• This page has been accessed 4,801 times.
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Changes related to "Template talk:District of Columbia Migration Routes"
From FamilySearch Wiki
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
Recent changes options Show last 50 | 100 | 250 | 500 changes in last 1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 30 days
Hide minor edits | Show bots | Hide anonymous users | Hide logged-in users | Hide my edits
Show new changes starting from 05:27, 18 May 2013
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In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.
Learn More
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U.S. Virgin Islands Archives and LibrariesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 07:22, 3 April 2012 by Cottrells (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
United States U.S. Virgin Islands Archives and Libraries
New York City
National Archives at New York City (Serves the U.S. Virgin Islands)
201 Varick Street 12th Floor
New York, NY 10014
(Entrance on Houston Street, between Varick and Hudson)
Telephone: Toll-free 866-840-1752 or 212-401-1620
Fax: 212-401-1738
Internet: http://www.archives.gov/northeast/nyc
The National Archives—Northeast Region has records created by federal agencies in New York, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The archives has naturalization records, internal revenue service records, customs lists, and records of the U.S. District Court of Appeals. The archives also has microfilms of all available federal census records, many naturalization records, court records, passenger lists for New York City and other ports. The National Archives has announced the records of this branch will be moved to the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House at One Bowling Green in New York City. The new home will be located in the same building as the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian.
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Review
Nuclear transcription factors in mammalian mitochondria
Sarah Leigh-Brown1,2, José A Enriquez3,4 and Duncan T Odom1,2*
Author affiliations
1 Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
2 University of Cambridge, Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
3 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
4 Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 9, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Genome Biology 2010, 11:215 doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-7-215
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2010/11/7/215
Published:29 July 2010
© 2010 BioMed Central Ltd
Abstract
Nuclear transcription factors have been detected in mammalian mitochondria and may directly regulate mitochondrial gene expression. Emerging genomics techniques may overcome outstanding challenges in this field.
Review
Mammalian cells store genetic information in two cellular compartments: the nucleus and the mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA is packaged, handled and inherited independently of the nuclear genome, and far less is known about the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression compared with that of nuclear genes. As the singular site of the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation in the eukaryotic cell, the regulation of mitochondrial functions are complex and must be tightly regulated to respond to cellular metabolic requirements [1,2]. The majority of proteins present in mitochondria are encoded and transcribed in the nucleus [3], but the mitochondrial genome encodes a handful of proteins crucial for the generation of ATP (Figure 1). These proteins are transcribed and translated in the mitochondrial matrix and do not enter the cytoplasm [4,5]. Because both the nuclear and the mitochondrial genomes contribute to the mitochondrial proteome, their regulatory coordination is critical to cell survival and energy homeostasis [6]. This coordination is complicated by the distinct packaging and environment of the two genomes (Box 1).
Box 1 Mitochondria and mitochondrial gene regulation
The mitochondrion is the single cellular site of ATP generation via aerobic respiration, and metabolites such as dietary lipids and pyruvate, the metabolic product of glycolysis, are actively transported into mitochondria [79]. As the tricarboxylic acid cycle progresses within the mitochondrial matrix, a series of electron-transfer reactions, known collectively as the electron-transport chain, proceeds between large multiprotein complexes and small electron carriers within the inner membrane and matrix [5]. The resulting electrochemical gradient generates bioavailable ATP via a rotating inner-membrane ATPase, which couples proton flow down a proton gradient to the catalysis of the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP using inorganic phosphate [80].
The mitochondrion is derived from a symbiotic α-proteobacterium [81], and so the mitochondrial genome is packaged and structured differently from the nuclear genome [82]. The sequence of the mitochondrial genome and the translation machinery are also more similar to that of a bacterium than to eukaryotic systems [83], and the mitochondrial transcription machinery is reminiscent of that used by bacteriophages [84]. In contrast to the chromatin-based packaging of the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial genome is packaged into non-chromatin nucleoids involving proteins specific to mitochondria, such as Tfam [4,85]. Although the mammalian mitochondrial DNA is small, at around 16.5 kb, it nevertheless encodes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes, as shown in Figure 1[86]. Unlike nuclear genes, each of which often has multiple dedicated promoters, all mitochondrial genes are expressed together from only three promoters encoded in the regulatory D-loop region [87], which are recognized by the mitochondrial basal transcriptional machinery: the mitochondrial RNA polymerase (Polrmt), and the mitochondrial transcription factors Tfam and Tfb2m [4,88]. The resulting three polycistronic transcripts do not undergo splicing, and are processed by an RNase that excises tRNAs to release the mRNA and rRNA [9,89] before mRNA translation in the mitochondrial matrix.
Figure 1. Organization of the mammalian mitochondrial genome. Thirteen protein-coding genes (yellow), twenty-two tRNA genes (red) and two rRNA genes (orange) are encoded on a single circular nucleic acid and transcribed from three promoters (blue): LSP, HSP1 and HSP2, which are situated in a single region called the D-loop, which contains regulatory sequences that control transcription from all three promoters, including motifs for DNA-binding proteins such as Tfam. The inner circle of genes is encoded on the (-) strand and transcribed from the LSP promoter. The outer circle of genes is encoded on the (+) strand and transcribed from the HSP1 and HSP2 promoters. Transcription from HSP2 is terminated distal to the 16S rRNA gene. The resulting three polycistronic transcripts are processed by enzymatic excision of the tRNAs (red). ATP6, ATP8, subunits of ATP synthase F0; Cox1, Cox2, Cox3, subunits of cytochrome oxidase; CytB, cytochrome B, Nd1, Nd2, Nd3, Nd4, Nd4L, Nd5, Nd6, subunits of NADH dehydrogenase.
Regulation of mitochondrial gene expression is poorly characterized relative to that of the nucleus. Nuclear-encoded transcriptional regulatory proteins called transcription factors can potentially influence mitochondrial gene expression in two quite different ways - indirectly or directly. They can act as 'indirect regulators' by regulating the transcription of nuclear-encoded genes relevant to mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Indirect regulators include the nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2 (NRF-1, NRF-2), which regulate the expression of nuclear-encoded components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and the basal transcription machinery [7] (Figure 2). Alternatively, they can be imported into the mitochondrion and alter transcription from the mitochondrial genome as 'direct regulators' of mitochondrial gene expression (Figure 2). Whereas the majority of mitochondrial transcriptional regulators act indirectly, a handful of nuclear transcription factors appear to act in both environments and have been partly characterized as direct regulators of mitochondrial gene expression.
Figure 2. The mammalian mitochondrion. The mitochondrion is the site of ATP generation via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the electron-transport chain, and the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) exists in multiple copies per mitochondrion. The majority of mitochondrially localized proteins, including the basal transcription machinery (Tfam, Tfb2m and Polmrt), are encoded in the nucleus, where their expression is controlled by nuclear transcription factors (such as the estrogen receptor (ER) and NRF-1). Their mRNAs are then translated in the cytoplasm and the proteins imported into mitochondria.
Nuclear transcription factors were first identified as acting in mitochondria 15 years ago, and these early reports included the glucocorticoid receptor [8], the tumor suppressor p53 [9] and the mitochondrial receptor for the thyroid hormone tri-iodothyronine (T3), named p43 [10]. The crucial demonstration that mitochondrial gene expression can be regulated without a change in nuclear gene expression came a few years later, using biochemically isolated mitochondria. The observation that thyroid hormone treatment of isolated mitochondria altered mitochondrial gene expression despite the absence of a nucleus indicated that mitochondrial gene expression was not only regulated indirectly, via the nucleus. It also suggested that a T3 receptor might be acting directly within the mitochondria as a regulator of transcription from the mitochondrial genome.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to contribute to aging [11] and to diseases, including cancer [12], diabetes [13] and obesity [14], but despite the boom in transcription factor biology facilitated by emerging technologies such as chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), the mitochondrial role of nuclear transcription factors is understudied. This is in part due to technical challenges of disambiguating indirect regulation from direct regulation when both are mediated by the same transcription factor or signaling pathway. In this review we discuss the methods used to dissect the functions of nuclear and mitochondrial transcription factors, and discuss five well-characterized examples of nuclear-encoded gene regulatory proteins that act in mitochondria.
Techniques for distinguishing nuclear and mitochondrial roles of mammalian transcription factors
The techniques summarized in Table 1 have been applied to the study of nuclear transcription factors in mitochondria with the aim of addressing three major questions. Is the factor localized to mitochondria? Is the putative mitochondrial role independent from the nuclear role? Does the factor bind to the mitochondrial DNA and/or regulate mitochondrial gene expression? Up to now there has been an emphasis on electro-mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and nuclear reporter constructs to validate the binding of a transcription factor to specific mitochondrial DNA sequences. But given the distinctly different molecular environments involved, claims that nuclear transcription factors directly bind the mitochondrial genome in vivo have been controversial. A more physiological system is to use isolated mitochondria in in organello transcription assays [15]. With the increased availability of genomics techniques and ChIP-grade antibodies, the direct in vivo identification of protein-DNA contacts in mitochondria could become routine [16]. In nuclear transcription studies, ChIP is a gold standard for detecting in vivo interactions between a factor of interest and the genome, and these methods can be readily adapted to mitochondrial investigations. ChIP assays are increasingly performed on native transcriptional regulators rather than on tagged overexpressed protein constructs, and can thus indicate the presence or absence of mitochondrial binding in vivo. The successful use of techniques such as ChIP, immunoelectron microscopy, EMSA, co-immunoprecipitation, and subcellular fractionation followed by immunoblotting is highly dependent on antibody specificity. Indeed, one antibody used to detect the phosphorylated form of the cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) in immunostaining and cellular localization studies was recently shown to cross-react with pyruvate dehydrogenase, an abundant enzyme in mitochondria [17]. This case highlights the need for antibody validation.
Table 1. Techniques used to investigate nuclear transcription factors in mitochondria
Proteomics studies over the past decade have attempted to characterize the complete mammalian mitochondrial proteome [1,2,18]. While these studies have revealed the responsiveness of mitochondria to cell signaling and the tissue specificity of mitochondrial function, they have rarely identified direct mitochondrial transcriptional regulators. DNA-damage repair proteins and other DNA-binding proteins seem difficult to detect using mass spectrometry because of their low relative abundance [1]. Subtractive proteomics - the differential detection of proteins in a mitochondrial sample relative to a cytoplasmic/nuclear sample - can increase the sensitivity of a mass spectrometric analysis, but at the cost of not detecting proteins with a role in multiple organelles [2]. Both the proteomics and genomics tools used in mitochondrial studies are improving rapidly, and as a result the number of nuclear transcription factors shown to play a direct role in mitochondrial regulation is likely to increase.
Nuclear transcription factors as direct regulators of mitochondrial gene expression
The nuclear transcription factors best characterized as direct regulators of mitochondrial gene expression in mammals are the T3 receptor p43, CREB, the tumor suppressor p53, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and the estrogen receptor. p43 and CREB are transcription factors that can bind mitochondrial DNA to regulate gene expression. p53, Stat3, and, potentially, the estrogen receptor are thought to act as co-regulators, affecting mitochondrial gene expression through protein-protein interactions.
The T3 receptor
The thyroid hormone T3 is a primary regulator of mammalian mitochondrial biogenesis [19] and can influence mitochondrial function both indirectly and directly. In its indirect role, it binds to members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors known as T3 receptor α and β (T3Rα and T3Rβ) to regulate nuclear gene transcription [20] (Figure 3). Nuclear transcriptional targets of these receptors include genes that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, such as those encoding the transcription factor nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) and the cofactor PGC-1α [21,22] as well as the mitochondrial basal transcription factor Tfam [23,24].
Figure 3. Regulation of mitochondrial function by a thyroid hormone. Indirect regulation: binding the thyroid hormone tri-iodothyronine (T3) to the T3 receptor (T3R) leads to upregulation of transcriptional regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, such as NRF-1 and PGC-1α. NRF-1 and PGC-1α then can upregulate transcription of the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial basal transcription machinery (Tfam, Polrmt), which stimulates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and mitochondrial biogenesis. Direct regulation: thyroid hormone binds directly to two mitochondrial proteins, the inner mitochondrial membrane adenine nucleotide transporter (AdNT) and a truncated version of T3R located in the mitochondrial matrix. T3 regulates expression from the mitochondrial genome via T3R, which may bind directly to the mitochondrial DNA.
T3 also regulates mitochondrial function directly via two pathways: the regulation of nucleotide transport across the inner membrane via a T3-binding adenine nucleotide transporter (AdNT) [25,26]; and control of mitochondrial transcription via the mitochondrially localized T3Rα1 isoform known as p43 (Figure 3; reviewed in [27,28], see also [10]). Most proteins are imported into mitochondria in an ATP-dependent manner via the protein translocator channel TOM, which recognizes an amino-terminal mitochondrial localization signal that is then cleaved during import. p43, however, is imported into rat liver mitochondria via a different pathway, previously shown for the yeast mitochondrial transcription factor MTF1 [15], which is independent of both TOM and mitochondrial ATP levels, and does not result in cleavage of the imported protein.
One potential mechanism by which transcription factors could be accurately sorted among different cellular compartments is revealed when considering the T3 receptors. It was noticed that a protein construct mimicking a T3Rβ isoform with a truncated amino terminus (which is the form present in most non-mammalian vertebrates) is specifically imported into isolated rat mitochondria, suggesting a role for the amino-terminal truncation in mitochondrial import [15]. p43 is itself a truncated form of the full-length nuclear transcription factor T3Rα and is translated from an alternative start site in the T3Rα mRNA [15,29]. The expression of p43 is, however, regulated independently from the full-length T3Rα and it shows a distinct tissue-specific pattern of expression [29].
T3 receptors associate with nuclear DNA in a sequence-specific manner via T3-response elements (T3REs), DNA motifs first recognized in the promoters of T3-responsive genes. Multiple T3REs have been identified in the mouse mitochondrial genome that confer responsiveness to thyroid hormone in nuclear reporter assays, and p43 binds to these sequences in vitro in EMSAs. These techniques do not, however, address the question of whether p43 binds mitochondrial DNA in vivo under physiological conditions. This was partly addressed in a series of studies utilizing induced-hypothyroid rats, in which physiological T3 levels were found to regulate mitochondrial gene expression directly in vivo. Mitochondria isolated from the livers of these rats showed that changes in physiological thyroid hormone levels altered the relative levels of mitochondrial mRNA and rRNA, which correlated with altered protein occupation of the mitochondrial D-loop as determined by DNA footprinting [30]. The independence of this direct mitochondrial role for T3 from the well-characterized indirect role was shown when isolated mitochondria from hypothyroid rats were treated with T3 and the mitochondrial mRNA:rRNA ratio and the pattern of DNA footprinting returned to that of normal rats [30]. This indicated that T3 regulates mitochondria directly and suggested that this pathway may involve a mitochondrial T3 receptor with similar binding preferences to the nuclear form.
The role of p43 in T3-mediated regulation of mitochondrial transcription was confirmed using the same in organello system from induced-hypothyroid rats to show that the addition of p43 (translated in vitro to avoid possible contamination by cellular components) stimulated mitochondrial gene transcription in the presence of T3 [15], whereas T3 treatment in the absence of p43 did not stimulate mitochondrial gene expression [15]. In validation of the mitochondrial role of p43 in vivo, mice overexpressing p43 under the control of a muscle-specific promoter exhibited increased mitochondrial gene expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle, and had increased oxidative metabolism, with body temperature 0.8°C higher than control mice [31].
The direct regulation of mitochondrial transcription by T3 is complex and highly tissue specific. In organello studies that demonstrate the responsiveness of liver mitochondrial transcription to T3 also demonstrate that mitochondria from the heart are not regulated in this manner. Rather, T3 regulation of mitochondria from the hearts of the induced-hypothyroid rats is indirect - via the nucleus - and primarily at the level of regulating mitochondrial DNA copy number [32]. This complexity is likely to be shared by other transcription factors with a direct mitochondrial activity, and it may explain why early work did not detect direct binding of a protein to the proposed mitochondrial T3REs [30] despite the requirement of a DNA-binding domain in p43 for the observed mitochondrial function [15]. Regardless of this outstanding debate over the location of p43 binding to mitochondrial DNA, evidence is overwhelming that p43 is localized to the mitochondria in rat liver, where it binds to the mitochondrial genome and regulates mitochondrial transcription. A great deal remains to be studied regarding p43 in mitochondria - for example, it is not clear whether this regulatory pathway is conserved within mammals, or in which other tissues it is utilized. Nevertheless, the studies on thyroid hormone and thyroid hormone receptor were the first direct illustration that mitochondrial gene expression is regulated independently from nuclear gene expression and introduced a key model system for the study of nuclear transcription factors in mitochondria.
Cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB)
The transcription factor CREB regulates nuclear gene expression in response to a diverse range of stimuli [33,34]. CREB is activated by phosphorylation, either by the cyclic-AMP responsive protein kinase A (PKA) or by other kinases, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMKs) [35]. A self-contained CREB pathway exists in mitochondria, which involves PKA [36], cyclic AMP [37] and CREB [38]. On stimulation, this pathway induces binding of phosphorylated CREB to cyclic-AMP response elements (CREs) in the mitochondrial DNA D-loop and regulation of mitochondrial gene expression [39,40] (Figure 1).
CREB was first localized to rat brain mitochondria by subcellular fractionation followed by immunoelectron microscopy [38]. Despite not having a classical mitochondrial localization signal, the transport of labeled CREB into isolated rat liver mitochondria depends on the mitochondrial translocator TOM, the import route for most proteins into mitochondria [39]. The mitochondrial pool of CREB can co-immunoprecipitate with the chaperone protein mtHSP70 [40], suggesting a mechanism of targeting to the mitochondria that is dependent on chaperone proteins rather than on a mitochondrial localization signal, as has been shown for p53 [41]. Once in mitochondria, CREB is regulated by phosphorylation in response to the same stimuli as in the nucleus, and in vitro can bind oligonucleotides bearing the consensus CRE sequence [38]. Binding of CREB to the mitochondrial D-loop (Figure 1) has been detected in vivo using ChIP [36] and DNase footprinting, and is dependent on mitochondrial PKA activity [40,41]. Unlike p43, mitochondrial localization of CREB has been identified in multiple mammalian species and tissues [36,38,39].
An overexpression construct that selectively increases levels of CREB in mitochondria was used to distinguish CREB nuclear and mitochondrial regulatory roles in primary cultured neurons from rat brain [40]. These increases in mitochondrial CREB perturbed mitochondrial gene expression without altering the expression levels of CREB's nuclear target, c-fos [40]. The mRNAs of mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase subunits 2, 4 and 5 (Figure 1) were specifically upregulated; conversely, these mRNAs were downregulated on treatment with a dominant-negative form of CREB in the mitochondria [40].
Tumor suppressor protein p53
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a well-known example of a nuclear transcription factor with a role in mitochondria [42]. First identified by its transcriptional regulatory function [43], p53 also has non-transcriptional functions, and has been implicated in apoptosis [44], senescence [45], autophagy [46], DNA-damage repair and cell-cycle arrest [47].
In mitochondria, p53 directly regulates apoptosis via protein-protein interactions at the outer membrane, and this function has been reviewed thoroughly elsewhere [48,49]. However, there is considerable evidence for a second mitochondrial role for p53, in mitochondrial DNA maintenance and in mitochondrial DNA-damage repair. Co-immunoprecipitation of p53 with the mitochondrion-specific transcription and mitochondrial DNA packaging factor Tfam suggests that p53 may regulate DNA-damage repair in mitochondria [50], as it does in the nucleus [51,52]. In KB human epidermoid cancer cells and in HCT116 adenocarcinoma cells, p53 physically interacts with Tfam, with the effect of enhancing the binding of Tfam to cisplatin-damaged DNA at the expense of oxidized DNA, in a reversal of Tfam's normal binding pattern [50].
p53 also seems to play a role in mitochondrial base-excision repair. In a nucleus-free in vitro system derived from the mitochondria of mouse liver, p53 can stimulate the gap-filling function of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase mtPOLγ [53]. A physical interaction between p53 and mtPOLγ in vivo has been detected in HCT116 cells [54], where p53 enhances the replication function of mtPOLγ and interacts with the mitochondrial genome. The observed binding of p53 to the mitochondrial genome was stimulated by, but not dependent on, DNA damage, suggesting that the role of p53 at the mitochondrial DNA may not be confined to the DNA-damage response. Furthermore, in studies comparing mitochondria from p53-deficient cell lines with those from isogenic p53-positive lines, p53 appears to provide an endogenous proofreading function for mtPOLγ during mitochondrial DNA replication [55].
Despite clear localization of p53 to the mitochondrial matrix and a number of direct associations with mitochondrial DNA, evidence that p53 can bind sequence-specifically to regulate expression of mitochondrially encoded genes remains elusive. Sequences from the mouse mitochondrial genome that resemble the nuclear binding motif of p53 confer p53 responsiveness in nuclear reporter assays [56], but there is no evidence that p53 regulates transcription from the mitochondrial genome. Regardless of whether p53 directly regulates mitochondrial transcription, it plays important mitochondrial roles in apoptosis, DNA integrity and response to stress.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3)
Stat3 was first detected in mitochondria as a result of its functional association with GRIM-19, a subunit of the respiratory electron-transport chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), which functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain [57,58]. In the nucleus, Stat3 mediates the transcriptional response to growth factors such as interleukin-6 and epithelial growth factor [59]. Differences between Stat3 function in the mitochondria and nucleus are exemplified by the fact that the mitochondrial pool of Stat3 mediates oncogenic transformation by the small GTPase H-Ras, a process that is mechanistically distinct from how nuclear Stat3 supports oncogenic transformation by the viral oncogene v-Src [60]. Both Stat3-knockdown cell lines and Stat3-knockout mice show disrupted electron-transport chain function [61], which suggests that Stat3 directly regulates mitochondrial function via its effects on the electron-transport chain. Engineered Stat3 mutant proteins have shown that the nuclear role and the mitochondrial role can be functionally isolated [61].
The estrogen receptor
The estrogen receptor was first found to localize to mitochondria of rabbit uterus and ovary in 2001 [62]. This receptor regulates gene expression by binding to estrogen-response elements (EREs) in gene promoters following the binding of the steroid hormone estrogen to the receptor [63]. Nuclear targets include NRF-1, which, as noted earlier, encodes a transcription factor that stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and is a transcriptional regulator of genes encoding the mitochondrial basal transcription machinery [64] (Figure 2). The indirect regulation of mitochondrial function by the actions of the estrogen receptor has been reviewed elsewhere [65,66].
There is evidence that estrogen acts directly in mitochondria by two pathways: one utilizing the receptor and the other independent of it [27,67,68]. The presence of the estrogen receptor in mitochondria is well established; both isoforms, ERα and ERβ, localize to mitochondria in diverse cell lines and tissues, yet their functions remain contentious. EMSAs suggest that ERβ may bind directly to the D-loop of the mitochondrial genome in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (Figure 1). This binding was stimulated by treatment of the cells with estrogen and inhibited by treatment with ERβ-specific antibodies [69]. It has not, however, been shown that isolated mitochondria respond to estrogen treatment by altering gene expression in an ERβ-dependent fashion.
Other putative functions for the mitochondrial estrogen receptor have focused on protein-protein interactions identified using a bacterial two-hybrid screen. This screen revealed that ERα can interact stably and reproducibly with the mitochondrial protein 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10, suggesting a role for mitochondrial ERα in regulating cellular steroid metabolism and response [70].
Since cancer is in part a metabolic disease [71], and altered mitochondrial DNA sequence and transcription levels have been observed in both primary tumors and in cancer cell lines [72,73], a mitochondrial role for the estrogen receptor would be relevant to both estrogen receptor biology and the study of hormone-sensitive breast cancer. As with other nuclear factors, however, the indirect action of the estrogen receptor on mitochondrial gene expression is a confounding factor that complicates investigation. Furthermore, as noted above, estrogen seems to regulate mitochondria directly, even in the absence of its receptor [68]. The disagreement over the role of mitochondrial estrogen receptors could be, in part, due to cell-specific functions. Nevertheless, mitochondria are clearly an important target of estrogen hormone action.
Other transcription factors
Although only a small number of nuclear transcription factors have had a mitochondrial role validated, either in a nucleus-free in organello system or by detection of binding to the mitochondrial genome, there are a number of nuclear transcription factors that have been localized to mitochondria but where the mitochondrial role remains understudied. The glucocorticoid receptor [74], the heterodimeric transcription factor AP-1 [75], and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) [76] have all been detected in mammalian mitochondria, and there is some evidence for the glucocorticoid receptor [77] and AP-1 [78] binding to the mitochondrial genome to potentially regulate gene expression.
Future directions
The five nuclear transcription factors that have been shown to have distinct mitochondrial roles are all involved in signaling pathways: the estrogen receptor and p43 are nuclear hormone receptors activated by a hormone ligand; CREB is phosphorylated in a cyclic-AMP-dependent manner; Stat3 is stimulated by growth hormone signaling pathways; and transcription of p53 is activated in response to cell stress. The same signals and signaling pathways regulate the mitochondrial pools of these proteins, so the mitochondrial and the nuclear roles appear to be coordinated regulatory responses. Because these proteins are from different families and the characterized mitochondrial functions are varied, it seems that the development of a mitochondrial role for a nuclear transcription factor is likely to be a common evolutionary strategy for coordinating the two genomes.
The mitochondrial genome and proteome are not only regulated indirectly via processes within the nucleus; they are independently responsive to the needs of the cell. The nuclear transcription factors present in mitochondria are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, cellular metabolism and apoptosis, and their mitochondrion-specific roles are a key part of their biology. The mitochondrial roles of nuclear transcription factors are likely to form a core part of their cellular functions, and yet have been explored in detail in only a handful of cases. The application of new genomics and proteomics techniques may substantially revise our understanding of the regulatory interactions that exist between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes - with implications for transcription factor biology, mitochondrial regulation and diseases such as cancer, diabetes and obesity.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Russian Facebook of Horrors: From Tragedy to Humor
This post is part of RuNet Echo, a Global Voices project to interpret the Russian language internet. All Posts · Learn more
This post also available in:
Español · El Facebook ruso del horror: De la tragedia al humor
srpski · Ruski Facebook Užasa: Od Tragedije do Humora
Humor is sometimes the only way to deal with a tragedy like the one that struck Russian Facebook over the weekend [GV], when it turned out that Alexey Kabanov, chef and father of three, had allegedly strangled and dismembered his wife, Irina Cherska. Kabanov led a vocal Facebook campaign in search of Irina for several days after her disappearance on January 3, and so the news of her death came as a shock for many members of Russia's tightly knit online community.
Alexey Kabanov being interviewed about the search for his wife Irina on January 9, just days prior to his arrest. YouTube screenshot. January 15, 2013.
After all, Irina was an active blogger [ru] since 2003, while her husband was in the late 90s a co-founder of the Project O.G.I, a hybrid cafe/literary club/music venue/book-store [ru] that was popular with Moscow's internet hipsters before there were hipsters. Recently both were active participants in the protest movement, regularly attending rallies and marches.
The shock comes as no surprise, but some of the online responses to the tragic events are jarring. I have attempted to curate some examples, with the caveat that sometimes it is hard to tell the people who are using comedy as catharsis from ones who are simply “trolling.” Take for example Maksim Kononenko, who knew the other founders of Kabanov's cafe, although he does not remember Kabanov himself. Kononenko posted [ru] the following joke on his Facebook:
Каждое утро в ужасе просыпаюсь. Не убил ли жену? Не переебал ли детей? Кошку не съел ли?! И только потом успокаиваюсь.
Every morning I wake up in horror. Could I have killed my wife? Could I have f*cked all the kids? Maybe I've eaten the cat? And only then I can relax.
Kononenko was drawing a parallel between Kabanov's case and recent allegations of child abuse [GV] against top Russian blogger Rustem Adagamov. A joke in poor taste, or a way to deal with macabre news coming one after the other? Kononenko later tweeted [ru], parodying theories of political motivation for both cases:
Навальный убил жену Кабанова чтобы отвлечь внимание от Адагамова. Потому что Адагамов член КС, а Кабанов хуй знает кто.
Navalny killed Kabanov's wife to divert attention from Adagamov. Because Adagamov is a member of the C[oordinating] C[ouncil of the Opposition], and who the f*ck knows who Kabanov is.
Popular blogger Vitaly Volodin joked [ru] in a LiveJournal comment:
увы, как-то пока очень узко на эту историю смотрят уважаемые обозреватели. можно шире. например, неплохо было бы обсудить, почему человек, называющий себя предпринимателем, не умеет спрятать расчленённого трупа. собственно, в одном этом уже заключается вся трагедия малого бизнеса в россии.
sadly, so far the pundits are looking at this case very narrowly. there can be a wider discussion. for one, we should be asking why a man who calls himself an entrepreneur is incapable of hiding a dismembered body. in fact, just this in and of itself encapsulates the tragedy of small and medium enterprise in russia.
LiveJournal user zarade was on the same page. In fact, he liked his own joke so much they posted it as comments to at least [ru] two [ru] LiveJournal posts, and as a comment [ru] on one of Kabanov's Facebook status updates.
[...] Только вот расчлененное тело я бы прятал не в машину, а в место по-надежней. Вы, жалкие людишки не поймете исскуство убивать, пока сами его не постигните.
[...] Only I wouldn't hide the dismembered body in the car, but a safer place. You, puny humans, won't understand the art of murder until you comprehend it on your own.
A stylized troll or an unhinged psychopath? You decide.
The same applies to my last pick. In the comments to Kabanov's last Facebook post, one Sergey Shutiev posted what is either the gibbering of a madman, or one of the best parodies of petty nationalism I've seen in a while. Referencing the fact that Kabanov was born in Azerbaijan and Irina Cherska in Ukraine, both lacking Moscow registration, Shutiev wrote:
Почему, вообще все в Москву приехали? Езжайте к себе, откуда вы там. Заебали уже тут беспредельничать. У себя беспредельничайте.
Anyway, why has everyone come to Moscow? Go back to where you came from. I'm f*cking tired of you causing mayhem here. Cause mayhem at home.
Watch this space, we'll be taking an in-depth look with more stories on the “Russian Facebook of Horrors” in the next few days.
Part I: Russian Facebook of Horrors: The Murder Trail
Part II: Russian Facebook of Horrors: From Tragedy to Humor
Part III. Russian Facebook of Horrors: It's a Conspiracy!
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
February 14, 2011
Default HTTPS Access for Picasa Web Albums
Last month, Picasa Web Albums started to support HTTPS and now it's enabled by default. It's probably the only popular photo sharing site that uses an encrypted connection by default and that's really impressive.
Picasa Web Albums is not the only Google service that has recently switched to HTTPS. Google Calendar, Google Docs, Google Sites are three other services that only use encrypted connections. You no longer have worry about editing the URL and replacing "http" with "https" because Google automatically redirects URLs to HTTPS.
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Caltex J Transfer Caltex Jln Transfer is on Jln Argyll; is near Jln Sri Bahari; is near Jln Transfer; is near Lebuh Clarke; is near Jln Dato Koyak; is near Jln Ariffin; is near Jln Sekerat; is near Jln Hutton; Caltex Jln Transfer is geographically located at latitude(5.4213 degrees) 5° 25' 16" North of the Equator and longitude (100.3308 degrees) 100° 19' 50" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Penang.
The locations related to Caltex Jln Transfer are represented by the the shortest path as the crow would fly between any two points and may not be nearest by road. For example, Caltex Jln Transfer is located 52 metres from Hotel Antarabangsa. Caltex Jln Transfer is located 129 metres from Hotel London. Caltex Jln Transfer is located 134 metres from Hotel Kowloon. Caltex Jln Transfer is located 171 metres from Sr (p) Jln Northam. Caltex Jln Transfer is located 213 metres from Odeon.
Hotel Antarabangsa 0.1km, Hotel London 0.1km, Hotel Kowloon 0.1km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Caltex Jln Transfer.
Penang Plaza 0.6km, Perangin Mall 0.8km, Gurney Plaza 3km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Caltex Jln Transfer.
Kampong Sungai Nibong Besar, Malaysia 10.4km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Caltex Jln Transfer.
Penang Municipal/youth Park 4.2km, Bkt Dumbar Reservoir 4.6km, Botanics Gardens 4.8km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Caltex Jln Transfer.
Caltex Jln Transfer
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New China is about 0.4 km away.
Citibank Penang is about 0.4 km away.
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Sound Transit Board identifies route, station options for North Corridor rail expansion
The Sound Transit Board of Directors Thursday identified potential station locations for staff to study as part of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement for light rail between Northgate and the Lynnwood Transit Center.
The Draft EIS will also look more closely at impacts associated with the alignment running along the I-5 corridor, and will examine impacts and benefits associated with building stations at the following locations along I-5:
• NE 130th Street
• NE 145th Street
• NE 155th Street
• NE 185th Street
• 220th Street SW
• 236th Street SW
• Lynnwood Transit Center
Other areas of study include alignment, profile and station design issues. Sound Transit will also seek to avoid, minimize or mitigate potential impacts of the project as the project moves forward. The Draft EIS is scheduled to be complete in spring 2013.
Last month, Sound Transit completed the latest phase of public outreach, which included ongoing consultation with local governments, and ten “listening stations” in North King County and South Snohomish County. Nearly 500 community members engaged staff to gather information and have their opinions known about future light rail options along the I-5 corridor. That input — as well as ongoing analysis — helped inform the Sound Transit board’s decision today.
The line is part of the Sound Transit 2 extensions to the north, east and south approved by voters in 2008. It is scheduled to open in 2023.
Recent analysis estimates the North Corridor light rail line will carry 52,000 riders a day by 2030 and take about 14 minutes to travel between Lynnwood and Northgate; it will feature four stations with trains running every four minutes during rush hour.
The project is estimated to cost between $1.4 and $1.6 billion. Sound Transit believes the project will be very competitive for federal funding because of its high ridership potential through one of the most congested corridors in the country.
By 2023, the line will connect with the light rail station at Northgate and travel south through the University of Washington to downtown Seattle where riders can continue on to Sea-Tac International Airport/S. 200th St. or ride east across Lake Washington to Mercer Island, Bellevue and the Overlake/Microsoft campus area.
To encourage constructive community dialogue, all commenters must use their real names, first and last. Comments from users with names that don't comply with this policy will be removed. Thank you for your cooperation.
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2020(S08) Lecture:week 9
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Contents
Week 9 Tuesday
“Faith is a poor substitute for reason” Thomas Jefferson
As you hone in on the details of your projects, your team should plan ways to validate the system's operation and ways to learn from its glitches. We have two quick challenges for you today. The first illustrates that even the "best" answers you can offer that are consistent with all available data remain tentative, that the answer is either strengthened or revised by additional data and that all interpretations are subject to personal biases, human values and the various ways we all think about the world. The second challenge puts you midstream in a flawed design and requires that you consider the modes of failure to debug/troubleshoot the problem.
We will spend only 20 minutes on these challenges and then you and your team can use the rest of today's lecture time to prepare for tomorrow's Tech Spec Review.Please plan to arrive at 2PM for tomorrow's presentations. Speaking order will be determined by the order in which your .ppts are sent to Natalie.
Challenge 1: The check's in the mail
This challenge is adapted from Judy Loundagin's lesson, here.
1. One member of your team should serve as scribe (with notebook sheet to be provided). Another should be spokesperson (see item 7, below).
2. Each team should get one envelope that is filled with fictional checks. Do not look at the checks yet. All envelopes have the same checks.
3. Remove and examine 4 checks only.
4. Discuss a plausible scenario which involves those checks.
5. Once your group has agreed on a reasonable scenario that accounts for the checks, and the scribe has written it down, then you can draw 4 more checks from the envelope. As tempting as they are, the unchosen checks must stay in the envelope, unexamined.
6. Reconsider your initial scenario to include the information you can glean from all 8 of the checks.
7. We will take 1 minute to hear from each team. The spokesperson should detail
• the content of the first 4 checks,
• the way your team considered their content and
• the initial conclusion you drew
• the details of the next 4 checks and
• the revisions you made to the scenario to accommodate the information.
Finally, the spokesperson should say what kind of check they would expect to see in the envelope if their scenario is correct OR what kind of check would blow their ideas out of the water and demand a full re-write of their explanation.
Challenge 2: Soap Stress
Compressional stress on a cube
Tensional stress on a cube
Shear stress on a cube
This challenge is adapted from one described at teachengineering.org. We will skip the preliminary descriptions of plate tectonics and just remind you of three stresses that give rise to deformation: compression, tension and shearing forces.
1. Begin by looking at how the packaged soap is breaking during shipment from the factory to the distributor (a sample of the broken soap will be available for you to look at). Decide as a team which kind of stress could be leading to this kind of damage. Pick only one kind (i.e. not a combination of tension and shear) and rate your confidence in that choice on a scale of 1-10 (1 = we had to pick something so we picked this, 10 = I'd bet my house on it)
2. Now start counting costs to analyze and fix what you believe to be the failure mode.
• if you'd like to stress an unbroken soap bar, each bar costs $1
• if you'd like to use paper to wrap each bar of soap, each sheet of paper costs $0.01
• if you'd like to use a small piece of cardboard to line each bar of soap, each piece of cardboard costs $0.05
• if you'd like to use larger sheets of cardboard to line each 12 pack of soap, each large sheet costs $0.50
In 5 minutes, your team will be asked
• which of the three stresses you believe could be breaking the bars of soap
• how confident you are with that choice
• what you'd propose as the best way to fix the problem
• how much you spent to arrive at that recommendation and what your proposed solution will cost
• and finally if you are more or less confident in the source of stress that's breaking the soapbars after this quick round of failure analysis, and debugging.
Be sure to wash your hands before you touch your eyes if you've been breaking soap to test it.
Mapping these challenges to your project
There is no such thing as either complete knowledge or flawless design. And if you believe, as Henry Petroski does, that "...the central goal of engineering is still to obviate failure, and thus it is critical to identify exactly how a structure may fail." (pg 195 in To Engineer is Human), then you and your team will dedicate effort
• to collecting relevant data that validates or disproves the ideas in your own project and
• to anticipating failure modes so debugging your design is trivial rather than backbreaking.
If these ideas of validation and debugging can be included in your Tech Spec Review for tomorrow, then great. If not, then be sure to include them in your final design at the end of the term.
Week 9 Studio
Technical Specification Review
Week 9 Thursday
Project Re-design
Based on the work you've done so far, the questions you heard yesterday after your presentation and the short amount of feedback you'll get today, it's time to prioritize what work still needs to get done on your project. Over the next few weeks, we will continue to offer tools for implementing different natural and engineered solutions, and we will try to provide consultants working in these fields to help you see your project through their more experienced eyes. You should leave today's class with a clear sense of what the work flow for the next few weeks will be.
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Streptomyces:Protocols/Conjugation
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Revision as of 11:40, 13 June 2007
Protocols - DNA Digest
Home Research Research Groups Publications Resources Meetings Links Contact
Intergeneric Conjugation and Overlay
Description
Transfer of plasmid/cosmid DNA from a host strain, e.g. E.coli ET12567 [pUZ8002], to the recipient strain, e.g. Streptomyces coelicolor.
Approx. Duration:
Conjugation preparation ~30 minutes
Preparing the host cells ~25 minutes
Preparing the recipient cells ~15 minutes
Plating the conjugant mix ~20 minutes
Whole Conjugation ~1 hour 30 minutes
Overlay preparation ~5 minutes
Overlaying ~10 minutes
Uses
Transfer a cloned plasmid/cosmid into Streptomyces to knockout, complement, over-express a gene.
Prerequisites
You need to know if the Streptomyces species you are using has a methyl-specific restriction mechanism. If this is the case, intergeneric conjugation into Streptomyces will require the use of the E.coli strain ET12567 [pUZ8002]; otherwise DH5α [pUZ8002] may be used. You should also know the antibiotic resistance markers that the E.coli strain, construct and Streptomyces strain confer.
Safety
General laboratory & molecular microbiology safety rules apply.
Requirements
LB/LB-NaCl, SFM+MgCl2, 2xYT, sterile distilled water (sdH2O), 15mL falcon tube(s), micro-centrifuge tube(s) (MCT), heating block @ 50°C, incubator @ 30°C, falcon centrifuge, micro-centrifuge, vortexer, Antibiotic(s).
Preparation
Pour 4 plates per conjugation (plus parallels if necessary) of SFM+MgCl2 (10mM final) and dry for ~1 hour. Place the LB/LB-NaCl on ice. Set a heating block to 50°C. Label all tubes and plates to be used.
Method
All parts are to be performed under sterile conditions, i.e. a Bunsen burner/laminar flow hood. Spins should be done at the maximum capacity of the centrifuge/tubes. Before plating the conjugation, each MCT should be thoroughly mixed by vortexing.
Making the E.coli conjugationally competent:
1. After sub-culturing decant the 10mL culture into a 15mL falcon tube.
2. Using the appropriate centrifuge in the cold room, spin the cells at 5000g for 3 minutes.
3. Decant the supernatant and re-suspend the pellet in 1mL ice cold LB/LB-NaCl, then top-up to 10mL.
4. Repeat steps 2-3-2 in this order then progress to step 5.
5. Re-suspend the pellet in 1mL LB/LB-NaCl.
6. Place the cell suspension on ice.
Synchronising the germination of Streptomyces spores:
1. Thaw the spore prep, on ice.
2. In a laminar flow hood, add 500µL 2xYT to a MCT, to this transfer 5µL of spores.
3. Use a heating block to incubate the spore mix @ 50°C for 10 minutes.
Initiating conjugation:
1. Add 500µL of the relevant E.coli cells to the pre-germinated spores and mix by inversion.
2. Centrifuge the cells for 2 minutes and decant the supernatant.
3. Re-suspend the pellet in the remaining fluid so that the final volume is 50µL
Setting up serial dilutions:
1. Pipette 270µL sdH2O into each of 4 MCTs.
2. Label the first – 10-1, second 10-2, etc…
3. Transfer 30µL of the conjugation mix to the 10-1 MCT.
4. Mix well by vortexing.
5. Immediately transfer 30µL from 10-1 MCT to the 10-2 MCT.
6. Repeat steps 4 & 5, continuing the serial dilution for the 10-3 and 10-4 MCTs.
Plating:
1. Pipette 100µL of each serial dilution onto an SFM+MgCl2 plate.
2. Use a glass spreader in a circular motion to evenly spread the conjugation mix over the plate.
3. Allow the liquid to soak into the plate before transferring to an incubator @ 30°C.
4. Plate parallels if necessary – see notes.
• Overlay:
• After an overnight incubation, the conjugation plates need to be overlaid with antibiotics, to select for successful exconjugants. Typically, the antibiotics used are Nalidixic Acid and whatever antibiotic the conjugated construct confers resistance to; normally Apramycin.
• Create a 500µL solution per plate using sdH2O and the usual concentrations of antibiotics.
To a suitable sized falcon, add:
1. The volumes of antibiotics required to overlay all the plates +1.
2. sdH2O. Volume to add = (No of plates +1 * 500µL) – Volume of antibiotics.
3. Mix solution well.
4. Pipette 500µL onto a plate. Using a sterile ‘L’ shaped spreader, very lightly, barely touching the plate; spread the liquid over the whole surface.
5. Replace the plates in the incubator @ 30°C for 3-4 more days.
Notes
Conjugation of a plasmid or cosmid into Streptomyces coelicolor is restricted by two main factors. Firstly, intergeneric conjugation can only be achieved if the vector contains the Streptomyces origin of replication – oriT. Secondly, the construct must be transformed into the E.coli strain ET12567 [pUZ8002]. This is due to methyl-specific restriction mechanisms that some Streptomyces use to protect themselves against the introduction of heterologous DNA. ET12567 [pUZ8002] is methylation deficient and therefore a convenient donor to use. If the Streptomyces species does not have methyl-sensing mechanisms then DH5α [pUZ8002] may be used. The plasmid pUZ8002 is required in both cases because of the tra gene, which encodes a transfer protein Tra. This enables RP4 derived in trans mobilisation of tra defective vectors in intergeneric conjugations.
The number of parallels performed depends on the type of conjugation:
Integrative Conjugation with an integrative plasmid; those with a phage ΦC31 integrase gene, i.e. pSET152 is relatively efficient. Integration occurs between the attP sites in the Streptomyces genome and the plasmid/construct. A single set of plates should suffice for the four dilutions.
Homologous Recombination When attempting PCR targeted mutagenesis with a library cosmid; the integration or removal of the resistance cassette relies on homologous recombination. This is quite an inefficient process, especially when looking for complete recombination (double crossovers). It is recommended to plate at least one parallel set of plates (2x4 dilution sets = 8 plates in total).
Selective Conjugation with a plasmid that does not have integrase or homologous recombination activity, i.e. pCJW93 requires continuous selection with thiostrepton to keep the plasmid/construct. This is also an efficient conjugation that should only require a single set of plates – one for each of the dilutions.
A consideration with the E.coli strain ET12567 is its growth rate. Its doubling rate is slightly longer than DH5α. Thus the subculture needs a longer incubation (up to 4 hours) and the plates a few extra hours.
The antibiotics in the overlay select for the correct exconjugants. It is done after the incubation overnight to allow for the construct replication / integration into the genome of Streptomyces. If a construct confers Apramycin resistance then all successful exconjugants will be Apramycin resistant. When used at the suggested concentrations Nalidixic Acid bacteriostatically inhibits the growth E.coli cells. It is thought to do this by disrupting DNA repair mechanisms. This prevents E.coli from over growing the Streptomyces, allowing it to develop normally. Also, mechanical selection of a Streptomyces colony will prove easier in later steps.
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Todd:Back Door
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Home Contact Internal People Papers Research Teaching Links News Construction
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General
Day-to-Day Responsibilities
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Do all this stuff to get an account and start editing pages
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User:Xian Wei
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I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Xian Wei (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from web surfing, and I've joined because better management over my projects; better share results and ideas with others.
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
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"Don't wish it were easier, wish you were better."
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Of course, money will do after its kind, and will steadily work to unspiritualize and unchurch the people to whom it was bequeathed. Emerson, Ralph Waldo
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Mistakes are, after all, the foundations of truth, and if a man does not know what a thing is, it is at least an increase in knowledge if he knows what it is not. Jung, Carl
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It is commonly said that ridicule is the best test of truth; for that it will not stick where it is not just. I deny it. A truth learned in a certain light, and attacked in certain words, by men of wit and humor, may, and often doth, become ridiculous, at least so far, that the truth is only remembered and repeated for the sake of the ridicule. Chesterfield, Lord
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The Earls of Chesterfield were an aristocratic family from Derbyshire, England. Their ancestral seat is Bretby Hall at Bretby, Derbyshire, and their family name is "Stanhope". Upon the death of the thirteenth Earl, the title became extinct, as no more male descendants of the first Earl were living.
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...his position could, and many a man in his position would, have saved himself, by making terms which would have very slightly, almost insensibly, increased the losses of those who had had dealings with him, and left him a remnant to live upon. But he is resolved on payment to the last farthing of his means. His own words are, that they will clear, or nearly clear, the House, and that no one can lose much. Ah, Miss Harriet, it would do us no harm to remember oftener than we do, that Vices are sometimes only virtues carried to excess! His pride shows well in this.'
She heard him with little or no change in her expression, and with a divided attention that showed her to be busy with something in her own mind. When he was silent, she asked him hurriedly:
'Have you seen him lately?'
'No one sees him. When this crisis of his affairs renders it necessary for him to come out of his house, he comes out for the occasion, and again goes home, and shuts himself up, and will sea no one. He has written me a letter,...
Dickens, Charles
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Charles John Huffam Dickens FRSA (7 February 1812 - 9 June 1870), pen-name "Boz", was an English novelist. During his career Dickens achieved massive worldwide popularity, winning acclaim for his rich storytelling and memorable characters. Considered one of the English language's greatest writers, he was the foremost novelist of the Victorian era as well as a vigorous social campaigner.
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to affect the quality of the day, that is the highest of the arts thoreau henry david
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212 - The Extra Degree
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212 - The Extra Degree
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Quotes by Fink, David Harold
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"Know what you want. Become your real self."
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Fink, David Harold on honesty
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, 1995
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/06/1995
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Contents >> Work >> Labour Force Projections: Projections of the labour force
Labour Force Projections: Projections of the labour force
Australia's labour force is projected to grow from 8.6 million people in 1993 to 10.6 million in 2011, largely because of increased participation by women.
The labour force is a fundamental input to domestic production. Its size and composition are therefore crucial factors in economic growth. From the viewpoint of social development, earnings from paid work are a major influence on levels of economic well-being. The labour force thus has implications for government policies and programs in areas such as employment, child care, superannuation and income support. Social concerns about the size and composition of the future labour force therefore tend to revolve about these issues.
Australia's labour force is projected to grow from 8.6 million persons in 1993 to 10.6 million persons in the year 2011. This represents an average annual growth rate of 1.2% over the period. However, the annual growth rates are projected to decline gradually from 1.3% in 1996 to 0.6% in 2011.
Labour force projections
The labour force comprises all persons aged 15 years and over who are employed or unemployed. The labour force participation rate for any group is the number in that group who are in the labour force expressed as a percentage of the population in that group. For more details of labour force definitions see Work - definitions and references.
Labour force projections are based on projected labour force participation rates for each age-sex group which are applied to population projections. The population projections series used in this review is Series A because the assumptions (medium fertility, low overseas migration and high interstate migration) most closely reflect prevailing trends (see Projections of the Populations of Australia, States and Territories 1993 to 2041 (cat. no. 3222.0)). The projected labour force participation rates were determined by fitting a linear time trend to seasonally adjusted monthly data for each age-sex group for the period 1978-93 and extrapolating. Each trend was then assessed against a number of criteria to ensure the resulting projections were meaningful. The criteria included female participation rates not exceeding male participation rates and relative stability between consecutive age-sex groups.
Labour force projections are not predictions or forecasts. They are illustrations of the growth and change in the composition of the labour force that would occur if the assumptions were realised.
Labour force participation
Projections of male labour force participation rates differ markedly across age groups. For men aged 15-19, the participation rate is projected to fall from 55% in 1993 to 52% in 2011. For men aged 45-54, the participation rate is projected to fall slightly from 89% in 1993 to 88% in 2011. The most significant projected decrease is for men in the 55-59 years age group, a fall from 72% in 1993 to 66% in 2011. These projections have been based on the prevailing trends of 1978-93, a period when the labour force was expanding and early retirement became increasingly common (see Australian Social Trends 1994, Early retirement among men). If new factors enter the picture, such as raising, or dispensing with, compulsory retirement ages, labour force participation rates in older age groups may not drop so significantly.
In contrast, female labour force participation rates are projected to increase for all age groups except those aged 15-19. In the past, female labour force participation rates have shown an M-shaped pattern with the peaks occurring in the 20-24 and 35-44 years age groups. The trough in the 25-34 years age group largely reflects prime child-rearing ages. Increasingly, women are continuing to participate in the labour force after having children and this trend is expected to continue. The labour force participation rate for women aged 25-34 is projected to increase from 66% in 1993 to 79% in 2011 and the rate for women aged 35-44 from 70% to 84% over the same period.
The combination of these projected changes in labour force participation and the projected changes in the size and structure of the population (see Projections of the working age population) results in a projected labour force in 2011 quite different in structure from the labour force of 1993. Overall, male labour force participation is projected to decrease from 74% in 1993 to 69% in 2011 while female labour force participation is projected to increase from 52% to 57%.
By 2011 the number of men in the labour force is projected to be 5.8 million compared to 5.0 million in 1993. This represents an average annual growth rate of 0.8% over the period. In comparison, the number of women is projected to increase from 3.6 million in 1993 to 4.9 million in 2011, an average annual growth rate of 1.7%. In 1993, women made up 42% of the labour force; by 2011 the proportion is projected to increase to 46%.
LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES, 1993 AND 2011
Men
Women
Source: Labour Force Projections
Age structure
Both the male and female components of the labour force are projected to age in the next 18 years. In 1993 the median age of the labour force was 36.0 years (36.6 years for men and 35.1 years for women). By 2011 the median age is projected to have increased to 39.0 years (39.4 years for men and 38.5 years for women).
In 1993 there were 1.87 million people aged 15-24 in the labour force. By 2011 this is projected to have increased slightly to 1.89 million. The number of men aged 15-24 in the labour force is projected to decrease by 7,300 while the number of women is projected to increase by 26,500. People aged 15-24 will be a declining proportion of the total labour force. In 1993, those aged 15-24 represented 22% of the labour force but this is projected to have fallen to 18% by 2011.
In contrast, people in older age groups are projected to contribute a larger share of the labour force. In 1993 there were 641,900 people aged 55-64 in the labour force. This is projected to grow by 507,500 to 1.15 million by 2011, increasing the overall representation of the 55-64 years age group from 7% to 11%.
The biggest increase in the labour force is projected to occur in the 45-54 years age group. Between 1993 and 2011, this group's share of the labour force is projected to increase from 19% to 23%. In this period, the male labour force aged 45-54 is projected to rise by 0.3 million to 1.3 million and the female labour force by 0.5 million to 1.2 million.
PROJECTED GAINS IN THE LABOUR FORCE, 1993-2011
Source: Labour Force Projections
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Research article
The role of molecular chaperonins in warm ischemia and reperfusion injury in the steatotic liver: A proteomic study
Venkataswarup Tiriveedhi1,6*, Kendra D Conzen1, Jane Liaw-Conlin1, Gundumi Upadhya1, James Malone2, R R Townsend2,3, Robnet Kerns2, Jianluo Jia1, Krista Csontos2, Sabarinathan Ramachandran1, Thallachallour Mohanakumar1,4, Christopher D Anderson5 and William C Chapman1,7*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
2 Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
3 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
4 Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
5 Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
6 Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8109, 3328 CSRB, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
7 Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Queeny Tower-6107 660 S. Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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BMC Biochemistry 2012, 13:17 doi:10.1186/1471-2091-13-17
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2091/13/17
Received:30 June 2012
Accepted:5 September 2012
Published:10 September 2012
© 2012 Tiriveedhi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
The molecular basis of the increased susceptibility of steatotic livers to warm ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury during transplantation remains undefined. Animal model for warm I/R injury was induced in obese Zucker rats. Lean Zucker rats provided controls. Two dimensional differential gel electrophoresis was performed with liver protein extracts. Protein features with significant abundance ratios (p < 0.01) between the two cohorts were selected and analyzed with HPLC/MS. Proteins were identified by Uniprot database. Interactive protein networks were generated using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and GRANITE software.
Results
The relative abundance of 105 proteins was observed in warm I/R injury. Functional grouping revealed four categories of importance: molecular chaperones/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, metabolism, and cell structure. Hypoxia up-regulated 1, calcium binding protein 1, calreticulin, heat shock protein (HSP) 60, HSP-90, and protein disulfide isomerase 3 were chaperonins significantly (p < 0.01) down-regulated and only one chaperonin, HSP-1was significantly upregulated in steatotic liver following I/R.
Conclusion
Down-regulation of the chaperones identified in this analysis may contribute to the increased ER stress and, consequently, apoptosis and necrosis. This study provides an initial platform for future investigation of the role of chaperones and therapeutic targets for increasing the viability of steatotic liver allografts.
Keywords:
Ischemia repurfusion injury; Two dimensional gel electrophoresis; Mass spectrometry; Liver transplantation; Chaperonins; Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress
Background
Approximately 6,000 liver transplants are performed annually in the United States (U.S. Scientific Registry and Transplant Recipients 2008). The shortage of available organs, remains a major problem and contributes to a waiting list mortality greater than 110 deaths per 1000 patient years on the waiting list [1]. The current donor shortage is further compounded by the increasing prevalence of hepatic steatosis in potential donors. Fatty infiltration of the liver is now the most common adverse condition in potential donors, with a prevalence of 13-50% in some populations [2,3]. Steatotic livers are more susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induced by both warm and cold ischemic periods during transplantation, which directly lead to higher rates of primary nonfunction and delayed graft function [4-6]. Initial primary nonfunction predisposes to three-fold increased incidence of early rejection and graft loss within three months of transplantation [7]. The severity of I/R injury is associated with the degree of fatty infiltration. Severely steatotic livers (>60% steatosis) are contraindicated for liver transplantation [5,6]. Although, moderate steatosis (30-60%) is a relative contraindication for transplantation, however, due to the limited availability of the organs, these allografts are also being used with greater frequency in several transplant centers [2].
Efforts have been made to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for poor graft function in steatotic livers. However, research to date has been limited by focus on individual pathways or molecules. Given the numerous intracellular changes which are likely to occur, a global molecular approach is required to identify mediators of injury. Proteomics provides one approach to identify and study potential biomarkers and mediators and offers the advantage of elucidating overall patterns of injury-induced changes at the protein level, including both changes in relative protein abundance and post-translational modifications of proteins [8,9]. Proteomics has been successfully employed in the study of various liver injury models and models of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) [10-15]. High levels of oxidative stress and decreased levels of antioxidant proteins have been implicated as important mediators of injury due to ethanol-induced steatosis [16]. Steatosis has been implicated to induce changes in the mitochondrial proteome [17]. The I/R injury in other organs is shown to increase mitochondrial permeability, contributing to activation of apoptotic pathways [18]. Studies have demonstrated that proteins and enzymes involved in lipid and energy metabolism, redox signaling and oxidative stress responses were affected during cold and warm I/R phases in transplantation [19]. Despite research into the mechanisms of injury in liver I/R and in steatosis, a comprehensive study on the proteome in liver subjected to I/R has not yet been studied. Therefore, we performed a proteomic analysis on fatty rat livers following a period of warm ischemia to identify potential mediators of ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Methods
Animals
Male obese (n = 3) and lean (control group, n = 3) Zucker rats were purchased from Harlan Laboratories (Indianapolis, IN). Upon arrival at the pathogen-free barrier facility at Washington University in St. Louis, rats weighed 280 to 310 grams and were 8–11 weeks old. Animals had access to standard chow ad libitum and were maintained on a 12 h light-dark cycle. Animal protocols were approved by the Animal Studies Committee of Washington University in St. Louis and experiments were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Use of Laboratory Animals.
Liver ischemia
A model of selective (70%) hepatic warm ischemia was used. Anesthesia was induced with 3% inhaled isoflurane and maintained with 1.5 - 2% isoflurane. Animals were placed on a warming table and the abdominal wall was shaved and sterilized with betadine. Laparotomy was performed through a midline incision. The portal triad was dissected free of surrounding tissue. Portal vein and hepatic artery branches to the left and median hepatic lobes were identified and occluded with a microvascular clamp for 45 min (Fine Science Tools, Foster City, CA). This method of partial hepatic ischemia prevents mesenteric venous congestion and permits decompression of the gut through the right hepatic vessels. Observed blanching of the left and median hepatic lobes confirmed appropriate placement of the clamp. The abdomen was covered with saline-moistened gauze during ischemia. Upon portal clamp removal, evidence of reperfusion was observed through immediate color change of the left and median lobes. The abdominal wall was closed with a running 4–0 monofilament suture. After 1 h of reperfusion, a median lobectomy was performed by ligation of the median lobe portal pedicle with a 4–0 silk suture. The left lobe was removed in a similar manner after two hours of reperfusion. All tissue samples were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at-80°C until processing.
Sample preparation
The sample preparation for two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis was performed with liver protein extracts as previously described [20]. Individual pieces of frozen liver tissue (approximately 1 cm2) from lean or obese animals were covered with liquid nitrogen in a pre-cooled Biopulverizer (Biospec Products Inc., Bartsville, OK) and crushed to a fine powder. Each sample was solubilized in lysis buffer (Tris-HCl pH 8.5 (30 mM), 7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, and 4% CHAPS), and the total protein content was determined using the Advanced Protein Assay (Cytoskeleton, Inc.). A total pool was generated using equal amounts of each pool to represent all proteins found in the study. An aliquot containing 50 μg of protein from each sample was diluted to 50μL with lysis buffer (Tris-HCl pH 8.5 (30 mM), 7 M urea, 2 M thiourea, and 4% CHAPS) and labeled with 400 pmol of charge-matched cyanine dyes (GE health care, Pittsburgh, PA) 3-[(4-carboxymethyl) phenylmethyl]-3-ethyloxacarbocyanine halide N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester (Cy2,) for lean, or 1-(5-carboxypentyl)-10-methylindodicarbocyanine halide N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester (Cy5) for obese. All chemicals unless otherwise specified were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The total pool sample was labeled using 1-(5-carboxypentyl)-10-propylindocarbocyanine halide N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester (Cy3) for combined protein pool as internal standard for intergel comparison. The pool consisted of all 3 samples and was prepared by combining 50 μg of each individual sample. All labeling reactions were carried out for 45 min at 4°C and protected from light. The reaction was quenched with 10 nmol of lysine for 10 min (4°C, protected from light). Labeled lean and obese samples were combined with a total pool aliquot and the resulting mixture was diluted by addition of 300 mL of rehydration buffer (7 M urea/2 M thiourea, 4% CHAPS, 0.5% v/v ampholytes (pH 3–10)) [21].
Two dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) and imaging
Each combined tripartite-labeled sample (450 μL final volume) was rehydrated into 24 cm, 3–10 NL IPG strips (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ) under low voltage (100 V) for 12 h, followed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) using a Protean IEF cell (Bio-Rad Labs, Hercules, CA) for a total of 65.5 kVh (using a three-step voltage protocol: 500 V and held for 500 Vh, 1000 V and held for 1000 Vh, 8000 V, and held for 64,000 Vh). After focusing, proteins were reduced by placing the IPG strips in 10 mL of equilibration buffer (10 mL, 50 mM Tris (pH 8.8), 6 M urea, 30% glycerol, 2% SDS, bromophenol blue) containing freshly prepared DTT (50 mg) for 15 min at room temperature. The proteins were then alkylated by adding iodoacetamide (600 mg in 10 mL of equilibration buffer). IPG strips were then rinsed with 1X SDS running buffer (25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine, 0.1% SDS) and layered on 10-20% polyacrylamide gels and sealed with agarose (1% w/v in 16x running buffer). Commercially prepared gels (Jule, Inc., Milford, CT) were cast between low-fluorescence glass plates using bind-silane (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ) to attach the gel to one plate as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Second-dimension SDS-PAGE separation was carried out on all gels simultaneously using 5 W/gel for the first 15 min followed by 1 W/gel for 17 h with circulating buffer (20°C) in the lower buffer chamber. Images of the labeled proteins in each gel were generated using a Typhoon Imager (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ) and the following excitation/emission wavelengths for each dye (488/520 nm for Cy2, 520/580 nm for Cy3, and 620/670 nm for Cy5). After image generation, the nonsilanized glass plate was removed and the gels were placed in fixing solution (33% ethanol, 7.5% acetic acid) for 2 h. Gels were then rinsed with deionized water (18 MΩ) for 15 min and stored in water-filled, sealed bags at 47°C. All steps were performed to minimize exposure to ambient light.
Gel image analysis
Protein features with significant abundance ratios (fold-change) between experimental groups (p < 0.01) were selected by gel image analysis (DeCyder v. 6.5) and analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/mass spectometry (MS). ImageQuant (Molecular Dynamics from GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ) software was used to crop the gel images and remove portions of the image corresponding to the IPG strip, the spacers between the gel plates, and any remaining dye front from the electrophoresis. The DeCyder (v. 6.5) DIA (difference in-gel analysis) module was used to identify gel feature boundaries and calculate abundance ratios using a normalization algorithm that was applied as previously described [22-24]. Standard parameters were used to determine boundaries estimating 10,000 features per image. Gel artifacts were removed by software from each gel image using a peak volume filter set at 10,000. Additional gel artifacts (e.g. water spots, dust particles) were excluded manually. Images were compared across multiple gels using the DeCyder BVA (Biological Variation Analysis) module. This analysis matched features in the pool images from each gel, using this sample as a quantitative reference for protein features in the remaining images allowing quantitative comparison of features in all images in the experiment. The DeCyder Extended Data Analysis (EDA) module was used to perform t-test analysis and generate heatmaps. Matched features with significant differences in abundance ratios (p <0.01) or with abundance ratios > 1.5 (p < 0.05) and 100% gel presence were selected for further analysis.
Gel digestion, preparation of peptides and mass spectrometric analysis
Selected features were excised robotically (ProPic, Genomic Solutions, Ann Arbor, MI) using a triangulation algorithm implemented with in-house software. Proteins in the gel pieces were digested in situ with trypsin [25], and stored at −80°C until analyzed by mass spectrometry. Samples were analyzed using a nanoflow (200 nl/min) pulse-free liquid chromatograph, interfaced to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Q-STAR XL, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) using a PicoView system (New Objective, Woburn, MA), or nano-reversed-phase HPLC interfaced to an electrospray-linear ion trap-Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer (LTQ-FT, Thermo-Finnigan, Ringoes, NJ) operated as previously described [26]. The MS and MS/MS data were collected in the profile mode. The “raw” files were processed using MASCOT Distiller, version 2.1.1.0 (Matrix Science, Oxford, U.K.) and searched using MASCOT version 2.3.02 against the UniProt Rat database (downloaded November 21, 2011) with 41, 601 entries (Additional file 1: Table S1). The resulting DAT files were imported into Scaffold, ver. 3.5.1 (Proteome Software, Portland, OR) to identify proteins with greater than or equal to 95% confidence and to determine the spectral counts for each protein. The detailed mass spectrometry and peptide data are summarized in Additional file 1: Table S1.
Additional file 1. Table S1. Identified proteins of interest based on features of interest from 2-DE analysis.
Format: XLSX Size: 543KB Download file
Network and pathway analysis
Proteins identified from the Uniprot database were imported into Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software, version 6.3 (Ingenuity Systems,Inc., Redwood city, CA) to generate interactive protein networks. Duplicate GI numbers were manually removed prior to loading. GI numbers were loaded into IPA; proteins not recognized by IPA were removed from analysis. A network analysis was performed with limitations set at 35 proteins; direct and indirect relationships were permitted. Core analysis of the protein set generated, producing 9 interactome networks.
Gene networks were created by submitting gene symbol lists to the GRANITE web application (Gene RelAtional Network of InTeracting Elements), a tool to generate gene relational networks (http://bioinformatics.wustl.edu/webTools/GraniteGeneSearch.do webcite). The “enhanced” GRANITE function was used to discover genes not present in but are targets of or interact with submitted gene sets. Gene sets combined with any discovered genes were reloaded into GRANITE to complete connections from discovered genes to genes in the original list. Raw and filtered GRANITE output was directly loaded into Cytoscape for network integeration and visualization [27].
Results
Identification of protein targets in warm I/R injury
To analyze the differences in the proteome leading to warm I/R injury in steatotic livers, total protein was collected from lean and obese Zucker rats. A 50 μg protein sample individually collected from lean and obese rats subjected to I/R injury were labeled with cyanine dye Cy2 and Cy5, respectively, and subjected to 2-DE with an IEF range of pH 3 to 10. The proteome of lean and obese rats were compared following 1 and 2 h of reperfusion (Figure 1A). The total protein pool of 25 μg was treated with cyanine dye Cy3 and run on 2-DE as internal standard to compare between intergel variability. The differential in gel analysis (DIA) module for software Decyder v 6.5 (Amersham) was used to calculate the protein spot volumes and normalized volume ratio for each differentially labeled co migrated protein (Figure 1). The values of 2 standard deviations of the mean volume ratios were between 1.3 and 1.7, and only features with greater than 1.5 fold changes in volume in both gels per time point were defined as altered. As shown in lower panel of Figure 1B-D, there is no significant difference between the 1 and 2 hr reperfusion of lean rats, and similarly there is no significant difference between the 1 and 2 hr reperfusion of obese rats.
Figure 1. (A) Isoelectric focusing 2D gel (pH 3–10). Soluble protein (500 μg) was loaded onto the gel. A representative gel from the total protein collected from of 2 hrs reperfusion injury of liver collected from the obese rat is shown; (B-D) Representative features with abundance as analyzed by three-dimensional simulation and identified by Decyder v6.5 with at least 2 fold abundance.
A heat map generated from the DeCyder Extended Data Analysis (EDA) module (Figure 2A) was utilized for hierarchical clustering and additional statistical analysis. As shown in Figure 2B, an initial analysis showed 5,236 features on the gels which have a volume ratios (spot frequency/spot volume ratios) variance of at least greater than 1.5. This ratio was taken as a threshold value above or below which spot volume observed in the analytical gels were considered significant. The standardized abundances of all features matched protein features were compared across four analytical protein gels (1 and 2 hrs reperfusion of lean and obese animals), and Students’ t-test was performed with the DeCyder biological variance analysis (BVA) module to validate the significance of the detected difference between spot volumes at p < 0.01. A total of 269 features were selected from the initial automated analysis. Manual inspection for artifact elimination (due to streaks and staining contamination), and further statistical analysis, produced 84 features of interest (Additional file 1: Table S1) for feature excision, in-situ gel digestion and identification using tandem mass spectrometry with database searching.
Figure 2. (A) Heat map generated from 84 protein features selected on 2-DE for analysis; (B) Rationale adopted in identifying the features of interest on 2-DE.
Identification of the differentially regulated proteins by mass spectrometry
The 84 features of interest identified by ANOVA analysis on the 2-DE were excised subjected to in-gel digestion with trypsin, and the peptide pools from each excised feature were analyzed using nano-LC-MS, as described under ‘Materials and Methods’. The database searches were qualified using the Protein Prophet algorithm (95% protein probability) within the SCAFFOLD software. The analysis identified 106 proteins with 453 peptides in the 84 ‘differential’ features (see Additional file 2: Table S2 for peptide sequences and supporting MS data). These lead protein targets were utilized for further analysis to identify the biochemical pathways involved in the I/R injury.
Additional file 2. Table S2. Target proteins predicted from the excised spot of interest on 2-DE and further analyzed on mass spectrometry and database search by MASCOT.
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Differential expression of ER stress related molecular chaperones in steatotic liver after I/R compared to lean liver
No differential gene expression was observed between 1 and 2 h of reperfusion in either the steatotic liver or the lean liver. Therefore, steatotic liver tissue from 1 h and 2 h reperfusion were pooled, and lean liver tissue obtained after 1 or 2 h reperfusion were pooled. All further analysis was performed to compare protein expression between fat and lean liver samples. One hundred four proteins with significant abundance ratios were identified. A PubMed/Medline search was performed for each protein by protein name and corresponding gene ID. Based on published literature in this database, proteins were grouped according to functional category. Functional grouping revealed four categories of importance: molecular chaperones/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, metabolism, and cell structure (Figure 3). Hypoxia up-regulated 1 (Hyou1, abundance ratio −1.39), calcium binding protein 1 (Cabp1, -1.37), calreticulin (Calr, -1.31), heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60, -1.14), heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90B1, -1.33), and protein disulfide isomerase 3 (Pdia3, -1.92) were chaperonins down-regulated in steatotic liver following I/R. Only one chaperonin, heat shock protein 1 (Hspd1, 1.89), was significantly upregulated.
Figure 3. Proteins of chaperonin family which demonstrated significant change in expression profile between lean and obese animals.
Ingenuity pathway analysis identifies four molecular chaperone mediated pathways as the critical targets of I/R injury
Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to determine relationships of our known significant proteins with each other and other known proteins in the literature which did not show differential expression in our project. IPA generated nine networks, with 106 proteins mapping into at least one of these networks (Figure 4). A network of great significance was that representing cellular assembly and organization, protein degradation, with connections to more than 21 identified proteins with differential expression from the liver samples. This included four of the chaperonins previously identified: Hyou1, Calr, HSP90B1, and Pdia3. These four proteins were indirectly related through interactions with Akt, a well-known serine/threonine kinase, and X-box binding protein-1 (spliced) (XBP-1(s)), a key mediator in one of three ER stress response pathways. A total of 97 proteins were identified in functional or canonical pathways. Not surprisingly, the greatest functional categories and canonical pathways with differential profiles between steatotic and lean liver were those involving amino acid metabolism and small molecule biochemistry.
Figure 4. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to define potential relationships of interest between proteins identified in the proteomic analysis.
Discussion
The recent genomic revolution has resulted in a paradigm drift in the comprehensive analysis of biological processes and biochemical regulators. A continuous body of literature strongly indicating a non-predictive correlation between mRNA and protein level expression [28], along with posttranscriptional modifications leading to control in the rate of synthesis and half-life of proteins place [29] an increased importance on the direct measurement of the protein expression by proteomic techniques to analyze the biochemical signaling pathways. In this report using various proteomics based approaches we determine the key role of regulatory molecular chaperonins in the I/R injury in the setting of liver steatosis.
The demand for liver allografts remains a challenging problem for transplant centers in the US and across the globe, especially with the increasing prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the donor population [30]. Attenuation of steatosis-associated ischemia/reperfusion injury is an important strategy for reducing allograft shortages. Proteomic analysis is an important tool for large-scale analysis of cellular changes induced through various injury models, including that of hepatic ischemia . This particular analysis revealed that the proteome profile of steatotic liver following a period of warm ischemia/reperfusion significantly differs from that of lean liver. Some functional groups, such as those involved with amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and cellular structure, are expected to be significantly different in steatotic liver, regardless of I/R injury. A novel finding, however, was the significant down-regulation of multiple molecular chaperones. Chaperonins have important roles in protein folding and structure [31]. Disruptions in cellular homeostasis can cause perturbations in protein processing, resulting in an accumulation of unfolded proteins. This triggers the “unfolded protein response” (UPR), or endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) response, a response to cellular stress which can lead to adaptation or trigger apoptotic pathways [32]. Chaperonins reduce ER stress by stabilizing proteins which become unfolded during periods of cellular stress (e.g., I/R). Pdia3 encodes ERp57, a known molecular chaperone with well-established interactions with calreticulin and their role in antigen-processing/loading of MHC class I molecules [33,34]. ERp57 is also known to regulate Grp78, a key molecular chaperone in initiating one of three ER stress signaling cascades [35]. The chaperonin subset of proteins, with these molecules in particular, represent potential therapeutic targets for mitigating I/R injury.
The Akt pathway, a serine/threonine kinase, has been shown to play an important role in various types of ischemia/reperfusion. Although it did not show significant differential expression at the reperfusion time points analyzed in our study, Akt is indirectly related to multiple chaperonins which do play a significant role in protein folding and processing, and have implicated roles in endoplasmic reticulum stress in other models. Akt has also been shown to play a role in ER stress. Given these relationships which we have identified, it is likely that ER stress plays a role in the greater injury sustained by steatotic liver following intervals of ischemia/reperfusion [36]. Also, certain key mediators of the unfolded protein response (Grp78, IRE-1a, XBP-1(s), ATF4, and CHOP) are shown to be upregulated in both a murine model of hepatic warm I/R and a rat liver transplant model [37].
The potential role of chaperones as drug targets has been well established. Previous studies in our laboratory using a chaperones targeting small chemical molecule, taurine-conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), has shown to decrease ER stress response and decrease ischemia repurfusion injury in animal models of steatotic liver allografts [38]. The role of chaperones in ischemia injury has also been established in other transplant models such as cardiac myocytes [39]. Not just limited to transplant settings, but in other disease states such as malaria, chaperones are considered as important drug targets [40]. However, in our initial study along with chaperones/ER stress protein group we have also identified other protein groups such as oxidative stress, metabolism, and cell structure. Although, it is currently unclear of their potential role in drug targeting these protein groups in ameliorating I/R injury and enhancing survival of steatotic liver allografts, future research on these protein groups could offer novel molecular targets.
Certain inherent limitations with 2-DE based proteomics approaches associated with artifacts and database subset mapping in identifying exact target proteins [41] warrants further direct cell based functional studies to validate our current findings. Lean liver tissue served as the comparison, or control, for steatotic liver subjected to warm ischemia and a short period of reperfusion; however, it might be revealing to compare these samples to liver tissue not subject to I/R. Samples obtained at additional reperfusion times would help establish a trend in protein expression profiles. In spite of limitations we still consider our current study to add new insights and further research to study the functional basis and potential chaperonin-based therapeutic strategies to enhance long term survival of the liver allografts.
Conclusion
In conclusion, using a broad-based proteome analysis, we identified key differences between ischemic responses in steatotic and lean livers. Down-regulation of the chaperonins identified in this analysis may contribute to the increased levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress and, consequently, apoptosis and necrosis observed in steatotic livers compared to lean livers. The proteins identified in this report, provide an initial platform for investigating the role of molecular chaperones in I/R injury in fatty liver and provide potential therapeutic targets for increasing viability of steatotic liver allografts.
Competing interests
The authors declare they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
VT participated in the research design, data analysis and writing of the paper; KDC participated in research design performance of research, data analysis and writing of the paper; JL-C and GU participated in the performance of the research; JM, RRT and RK participated in the bioinfomatic analysis and writing of paper; JJ and KC participated in the research design and performance of research; SR, TM and CDA participated in the research design and writing of the paper; WCC is the PI of this project and participated in the research design, data analysis and writing of paper. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the NIH National Center for Research Resources P01 HL66196-01(WCC); P41 RR00954 and UL1 RR024992 (RRT); and NIH 5T32CA00962120 (KDC). The NIH did not play a role in study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The authors thank Petra Erdmann-Gilmore and Alan E. Davis for expert technical assistance and for performing the LC-MS analysis.
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Southern Ocean
Southern Ocean
Extensive ice cover on the Southern Ocean during the southern winter. NASA/National Snow and Ice Data Center
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editors: J. Emmett Duffy, C Michael Hogan
The Southern Ocean surrounds Antarctica extending to the latitude 60° South. It is sometimes referred to as the Antarctic Ocean (a counterpart to the Arctic Ocean) or the South Polar Ocean.
The Southern Ocean has the unique distinction of being a large circumpolar body of water totally encircling the continent of Antarctica.
This ocean region occupies about 4% of the Earth's surface or about 20,327,000 square kilometers (7,846,000 square miles). It has 17,968 km of coastline.
Southern Ocean region (Source: CIA World Factbook).
Antarctic Convergence . Source: Michigan State University
Seas adjacent or part of this ocean region include the Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Ross Sea, Scotia Sea, and the Weddell Sea.
By about September of each year, a mobile icepack situated around Antarctic reaches its greatest seasonal extent covering about 19 million square kilometers (7 million square miles). This icepack shrinks by around 85% six months later in March.
Probable large and possible giant oil and gas fields exist on the continental margin. Other natural resources include manganese nodules, possible placer deposits, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs; squid, whales, seals, krill, and fish.
There are few ports or harbors exist on the southern side of the Southern Ocean; ice conditions limit use of most to short periods in midsummer; even then some cannot be entered without icebreaker escort; most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and, except in an emergency, are not open to commercial or private vessels.
Northern Boundary
The northern boundary of the Southern Ocean is not precisely defined. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) tentatively set the boundary at the latitude of 60°south in 2000, but has not formally adopted that boundary. The decision of the (IHO) on a boundary addressed a long term dispute about whether the waters around Antarcica should be considered merely southern extensions of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. In adopting its position on the Southern Ocean, Commodore John Leech of the IHO, articulated the rationale for recognizing the ocean:
"A great deal of oceanographic research in recent years has been concerned with ocean circulations, first because of El Nino, and then because of a wider interest in global warming...[this research has] identified that one of the main drivers of ocean systems is the 'Southern Circulation,' which sets the Southern Ocean apart as a separate eco-system. As a result the term Southern Ocean has been used to define that huge body of water which lies south of the northern limit. Thinking of this body of water as various parts of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans makes no scientific sense. New national boundaries arise for geographical, cultural or ethnic reasons. Why not a new ocean, if there is sufficient cause?"
Some oceanographers tend to prefer the Antarctic Convergence, or the boundary between water masses and currents of the oceans to the north (Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans), as the northern limit of the Southern Ocean. While the Antarctic Convergence is approximately at the latitude of 60°south, it moves seasonally and thus provides challenges as a useful boundary to chartographers and others.
The latitude of 60°south coincides with the Antarctic Treaty Limit, the international treaty governing Antarctica.
Australia has argued that the Southern Ocean extends north of the IHO definition south of that country, extending all the way to Australia's southern shore. This assertion is not generally recognized.
Ice
The Southern Ocean includes huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters as well as smaller bergs and iceberg fragments. Many of these derive from the numerous Antarctic Ice Shelves, whose named formations amount to 47.
Sea ice, most often one half to one meter thick, with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large annual and interannual variations; covers much of the ocean. The Antarctic icepack grows from an average minimum of 2.6 million sq km in March to about 18.8 million sq km in September, better than a sixfold increase in area. In winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter.
Climate
Sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius.
Cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean. The ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth.
Ecology
The Antarctic Convergence concentrates nutrients, which promotes marine plant life, and which in turn allows for a greater abundance of animal life.
Water Masses and Currents
Schematic diagram of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Source: Science in Salamanca
A large body of recent oceanographic research has shown that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), an ocean current that flows from west to east around Antarctica, plays a crucial role in global ocean circulation. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (21,000 km in length) is the world's largest ocean current, transporting 130 million cubic meters of water per second - 100 times the flow of all the world's rivers.
The region where the cold waters of the ACC meet and mingle with the warmer waters of the north defines a distinct border - the Antarctic Convergence - which fluctuates with the seasons, but which encompasses a discrete body of water and a unique ecologic region.
The major chokepoint is the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica.
Bathymetry
Relative to the other ocean regions, the floor of the Southern Ocean is quite deep ranging from 4,000 to 5,000 meters (13,100 to 16,400 feet) below sea level over most of the area it occupies.
Continental shelf areas are very limited and are mainly found around Antarctica. But even these areas are quite deep with an elevation between 400 to 800 meters (1,300 to 2,600 feet) below sea level.
For comparison, the average depth of the continental shelf for the entire planet is about 133 meters (425 feet). The Southern Ocean's deepest point is in the South Sandwich Trench at 7,235 meters (23,3737 feet) sea level.
Lowest point: -7,235 m at the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench.
Environmental problems and governance
The Southern Ocean has experienced increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from the Antarctic ozone hole in recent years, reducing marine primary productivity (phytoplankton) by as much as 15% and damaging the DNA of some fish.
Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing has occurred in recent years, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, which is likely to affect the sustainability of the stock. There is a large amount of incidental mortality of seabirds resulting from long-line fishing for toothfish.
The now-protected fur seal population is making a strong comeback after severe overexploitation in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The Southern Ocean is subject to all international agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region:
• International Whaling Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees south [south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees west]);
• Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits sealing);
• Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (regulates fishing)
Many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence).
The Antarctic Treaty defers claims in Antarctica, but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the Unietd Kingdom assert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in the Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersea ridges; the United States and most other states do not recognize the land or maritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal claims exist in the waters in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west
Further Reading
See Also
Citation
Michael Pidwirny (Lead Author);Peter Saundry (Contributing Author);J. Emmett Duffy, C Michael Hogan (Topic Editor) "Southern Ocean". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth October 3, 2009; Last revised Date May 13, 2013; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/articles/view/156187/United_Nations_Convention_on_Law_of_the_Sea_(UNCLOS),_1982/>
The Author
Michael Pidwirny studied Physical Geography at the University of Winnipeg and the University of Manitoba. He received his PhD from the Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia in 1994. He currently is an Associate Professor of Physical Geography at the University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus. Pidwirny’s research interests include climate change, the influence of land-use change on biodiversity, and the use of technology in education. He publishes regularly in encyclop ... (Full Bio)
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Early Tennessee Tax ListsEdit This Page
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Revision as of 20:44, 26 April 2010 by RoachA (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
The three classic books, Curtis, Sissler, Cremore, have very different approaches of their indexing of early tax lists. Curtis indexes on a county basis, Sissler statewide, and Cremore, on a militia district with additional districts within each county.
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File Systems
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Contents
Conventional File Systems
Ext2, Ext3
Ext2 was introduced with Linux. Ext3 is a journaled version of Ext2 which allows for speedy disk recovery after a crash.
FAT
Originally used by MS-DOS. Includes FAT12 (for floppy disks), FAT16 and FAT32.
FFS
The Fast File System used by some BSD versions of UNIX and from which UFS was derived supporting faster disk access and symbolic links like ffs.
HFS
Used by Apple systems, it has been succeed by HFS+.
JFS
IBM's Journaled File System introduced with their flavor of UNIX (AIX)
NTFS
The New Technology File System, introduced by Microsoft with Windows NT 4.0. Now used on Windows XP.
reiserfs
A journaling filesystem for Linux.
UFS
The Unix File System, introduced with UNIX.
XFS
SGI’s high performance journaling filesystem that originated on their IRIX (flavor of UNIX) platform. XFS supports variable blocking sizes, is extent based, and makes extensive use of Btrees to facilitate both performance and scalability. Additionally, support is also provided for real-time environments.
YAFFS2
Yet Another Flash File System is a filesystem which is used on Android smartphones and was build for NAND and NOR flash.
Next3
An open-source file system based on the Ext3 file system, for the purpose of supporting enterprise-grade snapshot capabilities.
Cryptographic File Systems
Cryptographic file systems, also known as encrypted file systems, encrypt information before it is stored on the media. Some of these file systems store encrypted files directly. Others are better thought of as device drivers, which are then used to store some of the file systems discussed above.
File Vault
A clever user interface to Apple's encrypted disk images. Uses the ".sparseimage" extension on disk files.
CFS
Matt Blaze's Cryptographic File System for Unix.
Key Management in an Encrypting File System, Matt Blaze, USENIX Summer 1994 Technical Conference, Boston, MA, June 1994.
A Cryptographic File System for Unix, Matt Blaze, Proceedings of the First ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Fairfax, VA, November 1993.
EFS
EFS is the Encrypted File System built into versions of Microsoft Windows.
NCryptfs
NCryptfs: A Secure and Convenient Cryptographic File System, Charles P. Wright, Michael C. Martino, and Erez Zadok, Stony Brook University, USENIX 2003 Annual Technical Conference.
TCFS
Transparent Cryptographic File System.
http://www.tcfs.it/
http://www.tcfs.it/docs/tcfs.ps
SFS
Secure File System.
http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~rebel/sfs/
ZFS
http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Project+zfs-crypto/WebHome
See also Full Disk Encryption, which are disk- or applicance-based cryptographic file systems.
CD and DVD File Systems
Optical media use different file systems than hard disks or flash media, primarily because of the write-once nature of most optical discs. Even rewritable discs use different file systems because of the way that rewritable media is managed. So while you will never find NTFS or FAT32 on an optical disc (though the exceptional nature of DVD-RAM must be remembered -- you can create a FAT DVD-RAM), you will find the systems listed below.
HFS and HFS+
These file systems are defined by Apple and only limited support is available for them outside of the Macintosh world. These are the identical implementations for hard disk file systems on MacOS operating systems.
ISO 9660
This is the most basic file system and the foundation for a number of extensions which have been made to it. It was originally defined in 1989 and was an outgrowth of the previous HSG (High Sierra Group) definition of a file system for CDs.
Joliet
This is a Microsoft defined extension to ISO 9660 to support Unicode and 64-character file names. It was introduced with Windows 95. It has gained some support for Linux and MacOS file systems but remains something that is used primarily in the Windows environment.
Red Book
The original definition of audio CDs was distributed with a red cover, hence the term "Red Book". This is not properly a file system as it does not define files, file names or any metadata. It is the definition by which music discs are created.
Rock Ridge
Rock Ridge is a set of extensions based on the System Use Sharing Protocol or SUSP definition. It is a method by which POSIX file attributes, including very long file names, can be applied to optical media. Today it is only really supported by Linux and other Unix-derived operating systems.
UDF
UDF is the acronym for Universal Disk Format which was defined by the Optical Storage Technology Association as an implementable subset of ISO 13346. It is part of the definition for DVD Video and DVD Audio discs as well as being used by a number of drag-and-drop disc writing programs. It is supported for reading by Windows 98 and later versions and is supported beginning with OS 9 on the Macintosh. Both Windows Vista and Windows 7 can write discs using this as either a "mastered" format with a static, read-only file system or as a "live" file system which can be updated on both write-once and rewritable media.
Distributed File Systems
Distributed file systems, also known as network file systems, allow any number of remote clients to access one or more servers which store the files. The client nodes do not have direct access to the underlying block storage on the server(s), which are transparent to the clients and may include facilities for replication or fault tolerance.
Ceph
OracleFS
AndrewFS
HDFS
The GoogleFS clone, built from a cluster of data nodes.
NFS
Originally from Sun, it is the standard in UNIX-based networks.
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Talk:Endianness
From Forensics Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Redirects from little-endian and big-endia
There should probably be a redirect from little endian and big endian to this article. That way if someone searches for either of these terms they will be brought to this article. That's how Wikipedia does it, and it seems to work well. Kevin Thompson
I agree, and have made it happen, Little Endian, Big Endian Jessek 05:57, 20 March 2008 (PDT)
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Bibliography: Old Haunts
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Title: Old Haunts
Author: Richard Matheson
Year: 1957
Type: SHORTFICTION
Select 2 publications to diff:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Cover: Gordath Wood
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Title: Cover: Gordath Wood
Author: Aleta Rafton
Year: 2008
Type: COVERART
ISFDB Record Number: 1107434
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Nano Express
Ferromagnetism in sphalerite and wurtzite CdS nanostructures
Zhaolong Yang, Daqiang Gao, Zhonghua Zhu, Jing Zhang, Zhenhua Shi, Zhipeng Zhang and Desheng Xue*
Author affiliations
Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of MOE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Nanoscale Research Letters 2013, 8:17 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-8-17
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/8/1/17
Received:27 November 2012
Accepted:22 December 2012
Published:7 January 2013
© 2013 Yang et al.; licensee Springer.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Room-temperature ferromagnetism is observed in undoped sphalerite and wurtzite CdS nanostructures which are synthesized by hydrothermal methods. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results indicate that the sphalerite CdS samples show a spherical-like shape and the wurtzite CdS ones show a flower-like shape, both of which are aggregated by lots of smaller particles. The impurity of the samples has been ruled out by the results of X-ray diffraction, selected-area electron diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Magnetization measurements indicate that all the samples exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism and the saturation magnetization decreases with the increased crystal sizes, revealing that the observed ferromagnetism is defect-related, which is also confirmed by the post-annealing processes. This finding in CdS should be the focus of future electronic and spintronic devices.
Keywords:
CdS nanostructures; Hydrothermal methods; Room-temperature ferromagnetism; Sulfur vacancies
Background
Since the first discovery of ferromagnetism (FM) in Mn-doped GaAs [1], great effort has been paid to search for intrinsic dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) with Curie temperatures (Tc) at or above room temperature (RT) by doping semiconductors with transition metals (TMs) [2,3]. During the past few years, room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) has been reported in TM-doped DMSs experimentally. Nevertheless, the mechanism of the observed FM remains controversial theoretically, which mainly includes experimental artifacts, segregation of secondary ferromagnetic phases, magnetic clusters, and indirect exchange mediated by carriers, electrons, and holes associated with impurities that are related to the observed RTFM [4-7]. Subsequently, RTFM has also been observed in undoped semiconducting or insulating (such as HfO2, In2O3, MgO, ZnO, SnO2, etc.) [8-12], where nominal magnetic ions are not present, and the term ‘d0 FM’ [13,14] was suggested to summarize these cases. It is strongly believed that the point defects in semiconductors or insulators have an open-shell electronic configuration, which can indeed confine the compensating charges in molecular orbitals, forming a local magnetic moment. Recently, experiment results show that the size of the lower dimensional systems, such as film thickness or diameter of nanoparticles, has an effect on the vacancy concentration as well as their magnetic behavior [15,16]. The results are also supported by theoretical works which show the effects of curvature, confinement, and size on various properties of nanocrystals [17,18]. Obviously, the surface-to-volume atomic ratio will be increased significantly with the decreased size of nanocrystals. Since the surface has a broken atomic symmetry and it often has higher anisotropy, new surface states that differ from their bulk form are established, which play a crucial role in controlling the electronic, optical, and other properties of nanocrystals.
CdS, belonging to the II-VI compound family, has a considerably important application such as in optoelectronic devices, photocatalysts, solar cells, optical detectors, and nonlinear optical materials [19-25]. If RTFM were achieved in CdS, it would be a potential candidate in the fabrication of new-generation magneto-optical and spintronic devices. Remarkably, lots of investigations have demonstrated FM with Tc above room temperature observed in transition metal ion (such as Fe, Co, Cr, Mn, and V)-doped CdS-based low-dimensional materials [26-30]. Recently, Pan et al. demonstrated that FM can be realized in CdS with C doping via substitution of S which can be attributed to the hole-mediated double-exchange interaction [18]. Li et al. also studied a Cu-doped CdS system by first-principles simulation and predicted that the system shows a half-metallic ferromagnetic character and the Tc of the ground state is above RT [31]. Meanwhile, Ren et al. indicated that Pd doping in CdS may lead to a long-range ferromagnetic coupling order, which results from pd exchange coupling interaction [32]. Moreover, Ma et al. studied the magnetic properties of non-transition metal/element (Be, B, C, N, O, and F)-doped CdS and explained the magnetic coupling by pp interaction involving holes [33]. In this paper, we report the observation of size-dependent RTFM in CdS nanostructures (NSs). The CdS NSs in sphalerite and wurtzite structures were synthesized by hydrothermal methods with different sulfur sources. The structure and magnetic properties of the samples were studied.
Methods
CdS NSs were synthesized by hydrothermal methods. In a typical procedure for the synthesis of sphalerite CdS samples, 0.15 M cadmium chloride (CdCl2 · 2.5H2O) and 0.15 M sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3 · 5H2O) were added into 40 mL deionized water. After stirring for 30 min, the mixed solution was transferred into a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave of 50-mL capacity. After being sealed, the solution was maintained at 90°C for 2, 4, 6, and 8 h, which were denoted as S1, S2, S3, and S4, respectively. The resulting solution was filtered to obtain the samples. To eliminate the impurity ions, the products were further washed with deionized water for several times and then dried in air at 60°C. Wurtzite CdS were synthesized with different sulfur sources. In this method, 0.2 M cadmium chloride (CdCl2 · 2.5H2O) and 0.2 M thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2) were added into 40 mL deionized water. After stirring, the cloudy solution was transferred into a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave of 50-mL capacity. After being sealed, the solution was maintained at 60°C for 4, 6, 8, and 10 h, which were denoted as S5, S6, S7, and S8, respectively. The as-formed wurtzite CdS NSs were filtered, washed with deionized water, and then dried in air at 40°C.
X-ray diffraction (XRD; X’Pert PRO PHILIPS with Cu Kα radiation, Almelo, The Netherlands) was employed to study the structure of the samples. The morphologies of the samples were obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM; Hitachi S-4800, Chiyoda-ku, Japan). Microstructures of the samples were characterized using a transmission electron microscope (TEM; Tecnai TMG2F30, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) equipped with selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS). The measurements of static magnetic properties were made using a Quantum Design MPMS magnetometer based on a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID; San Diego, CA, USA). Electron spin resonance (ESR; JEOL, JES-FA300, microwave frequency is 8.984 GHz, Akishima-shi, Japan) spectra were recorded to study the dynamic magnetic properties of the samples. The chemical bonding state and the compositions of the samples were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; VG Scientific ESCALAB-210 spectrometer, East Grinstead, UK) with monochromatic Mg Kα X-rays (1,253.6 eV). The thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA; DuPont Instruments 1090B, Parkersburg, VA, USA) was employed to obtain the variation of mass and phase transition details of the samples during argon annealing.
Results and discussion
Structural analysis of sphalerite CdS NSs synthesized at different times (samples S1 to S4) was carried out by XRD, and the results are shown in Figure 1. All diffraction peaks can be indexed to the cubic sphalerite structure of CdS (JCPDS card no. 10–0454). The absence of any other peaks suggests that there is no secondary phase present. Using the Scherrer formula for the full width at half maximum of the main peaks, the average crystalline size has been estimated to be around 4.0, 4.6, 5.1, and 5.5 ± 0.1 nm for samples S1 to S4 (inset of Figure 1), which implies the increase of the crystalline size as the synthesis time increases. Figure 2a,b shows the SEM images of sample S1. Clearly, all products are in the form of a spherical particle with diameters around 200 nm. Under high magnification, it obviously shows that each spherical particle is made up of smaller parts. Figure 2c shows the TEM image of sample S1; it reveals that many crystalline grains congregate together to form a spherical particle and the average size is about 200 nm, which matches the SEM result. It can be clearly seen from the HRTEM of sample S1 in Figure 2d that a single-crystalline grain is about 4 nm in diameter, which is consistent with the XRD result, and it has a lattice spacing of 0.21 nm equaling to the interplanar spacing of the sphalerite CdS in (220) plane. The EDS result is shown in the inset of Figure 2d. The result shows that only the elements Cd, S, C, and Cu are present; Cd and S have an atomic ratio of 54:46. C and Cu are from the carbon membranes which hold the samples during measurement.
Figure 1. XRD patterns of samples S1 to S4 represented by lines of different colors. The inset shows average crystal size of samples S1 to S4 calculated by the Scherrer formula.
Figure 2. Morphological characteristics of sphalerite CdS NSs. (a) SEM image of sample S1. (b) SEM image of representative spherical particles in sample S1. (c) TEM image and (d) HRTEM image of sample S1. The inset shows corresponding EDS result.
Figure 3 displays the XRD patterns of samples S5 to S8, which confirm the formation of a single hexagonal wurtzite structure without impurity phase (JCPDS card no. 41–1049). Size-dependent XRD broadening is also observed in these samples, implying the decrease of the average crystal size as the synthesis time decreases. Figure 4a,b shows the SEM image of sample S5, revealing that the particles aggregate into a flower shape spontaneously. The TEM images in Figure 4c,d show the shadow of the flower-shaped nanostructures which matches the SEM results above. The subsequent HRTEM image shown in Figure 4e confirms the formation of well-crystalline particles, and the lattice spacing is 0.32 nm, which is equal to the lattice constant of the standard wurtzite CdS in (101) plane. The EDX result shows that only Cd and S are present in the sample (inset of Figure 4e). Figure 4f depicts the result of corresponding SAED, and all the diffraction rings were indexed to the wurtzite phase of CdS, where the agreement with the XRD pattern is excellent.
Figure 3. XRD patterns of samples S5 to S8 represented by lines of different colors. The inset shows average crystal size of samples S5 to S8 calculated by the Scherrer formula.
Figure 4. Morphological characteristics of wurtzite CdS NSs. (a, b) SEM images of the flower-shaped wurtzite CdS nanostructures (S5). (c, d) TEM images of sample S5. (e) HRTEM and EDS (inset) results for the same sample (S5). (f) The corresponding SAED pattern.
The magnetization versus magnetic field (MH) curves for samples S1 to S4 are displayed in Figure 5a which were measured at 300 K under the maximum applied magnetic field of 5,000 Oe using a sample holder of high-purity capsules free from any metallic impurity. The same measurement procedures were done for the empty capsule, which shows that it is diamagnetic, and the diamagnetic signal of the capsule was subtracted from the measured magnetic signal of the samples. The hysteresis loops suggest that all samples exhibit clearly RTFM. It is worth noticing that the saturation magnetization (Ms) strongly depends on the crystalline size of samples: Ms decreases from 0.0187 to 0.0012 emu/g with the increasing crystalline size from 4.0 to 5.5 nm. The d0 ferromagnetism in undoped oxide and sulfide nanoscale materials are often considered as the result of crystal defects [13,14,34]. It is to be sure that the defect grows mostly in the boundary and surface of the crystal grain. Because the volume fraction of the interface could be rather small, the ferromagnetic parts should be small either [35]. The inset of Figure 5a shows zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) magnetization curves of sample S1 in the temperature range of 10 to 300 K at 100 Oe. The dividable curve reveals that the Tc of the sample is above 300 K. Furthermore, there is no blocking temperature in this temperature range, indicating that the observed RTFM is an intrinsic attribute rather than caused by ferromagnetic impurities [36,37]. The MH curves for sample S1 measured at different temperatures from 10 to 300 K are shown in Figure 5b. The diamagnetic signal due to the sample holder was subtracted, and the magnetization was saturated at about 3,000 Oe. It can be seen that the Ms decreases with the increasing temperature. What’s more, the sample shows considerable hysteresis, and the coercive field decreases in a monotonic fashion from a value of 210 Oe at 10 K to 69 Oe at 300 K, which is a typical ferromagnetic behavior.
Figure 5. Magnetic characteristics of sphalerite CdS NSs represented by lines of different colors. (a) Room-temperature M-H curves of samples S1 to S4. The inset shows ZFC and FC curves with a dc field of 100 Oe applied on sample S1. (b) M-H curves for sample S1 measured at different temperatures. (c) ESR spectra of sample S1 measured from 90 to 300 K. (d) The calculated ΔH which is Hcenter is far from 321 mT (g = 2.0023) and the variation of Ms at different temperatures for the same sample (S1).
ESR was performed to further characterize the magnetic properties of the sphalerite CdS NSs. Figure 5c depicts the ESR results measured at different temperatures from 90 to 300 K for sample S1. It can be seen that the sample shows resonance signals with applied magnetic field from 0 to 500 mT. The center magnetic fields (Hcenter) for the sample are far from 321 mT which characterize a free electron (g = 2.0023), indicating that the sample has obvious FM [38], and the ferromagnetic coupling between the moments increase with the decreasing temperature. According to the theory of ferromagnetic resonance [38], the relationship between resonance field and microwave frequency in the ferromagnetic resonance is = B · H, where h, ν, g, μB, and H are the Planck constant, frequency of the applied microwave magnetic field, g-factor, Bohr magnetron, and resonance magnetic field, respectively. In FM materials, the orbital angular momentum quenching in the crystal field and g-factor is 2.0023; the resonance field is made up of applied field Ha and magnetocrystalline anisotropy field Hk: H = Ha + Hk. If we define Ha as H and attribute the change of Hk to the g-factor, which is defined as an effective g-factor (geff), then the ferromagnetic resonance relationship changes to = geffμB · Ha. Hk will increase with the decreasing temperature, and then geff will get higher. In sample S1, the geff increases from 2.54 to 2.74 as the temperatures decrease from RT to 90 K. The results in Figure 5d indicate that the variation of ΔH (=321 mT − Hcenter, which represents the position of the resonance peak) measured at different temperatures is consistent with that of Ms in the samples.
As mentioned above, wurtzite CdS NSs were prepared by a hydrothermal method using a different sulfur source. The M-H curves measured at room temperature for samples S5 to S8 are shown in Figure 6, where the diamagnetic signal has been subtracted. Results indicate that all samples also exhibit clear hysteresis loops; the smaller crystal size shows the largest Ms (about 0.0015 emu/g), and with increasing crystal size, the Ms decreases. The variation of Ms is similar to that of sphalerite CdS.
Figure 6. M-H curves of wurtzite CdS NSs represented by lines of different colors.M-H curves of samples S5 to S8 measured at RT; the inset shows a magnified view of the low-field data.
The composition and purity of the CdS NSs were obtained by XPS. Representative spectra of the sphalerite-structure CdS NSs (sample S1) and wurtzite-structure CdS NSs (sample S5) are shown in Figure 7a. The results show that only the elements Cd, S, C, and O are present, where the standard C 1s peak at 284.6 eV was used as a reference for correcting the shifts and O is from O2 adsorbed on the sample. The S 2p and Cd 3d core-level binding energy spectra are shown in Figure 7b,c, respectively. For the Cd 3d spectra, peaks correspond to the core level of 3d5/2 and 3d3/2 at 405.3 eV (405.2 eV for sample S5) and 412.1 eV, and for the S 2p spectra, the core level of 2p is at 161.8 eV (161.9 eV for sample S5), corresponding to previous reports [39]. Calculation of relative chemical compositions for S1 shows that Cd and S have an atomic ratio of 57.3:42.7, which demonstrates the existence of high density of sulfur vacancies, and this result is consistent with that of EDS. More importantly, the core-level XPS spectra of Fe 2p, Co 2p, and Ni 2p (Figure 7d,e,f) confirm that there is no magnetic impurity present in the sample. Therefore, it can be concluded that the observed FM in all CdS samples is intrinsic and caused by sulfur vacancies.
Figure 7. XPS spectra represented by lines of different colors. (a) XPS survey spectra, high-resolution scan of S 2p (b) and Cd 3d (c) of samples S1 and S5. Absence of magnetic elements Fe, Co, and Ni has been confirmed by the core-level XPS spectra of Fe 2p (d), Co 2p (e), and Ni 2p (f).
Magnetic properties of the post-annealing samples further confirmed the defect-related FM in CdS samples. To obtain the annealing details, the TG and DTA were measured for sample S1, in which the test was performed in argon atmosphere with a heating rate of 60°C/min. As shown in Figure 8a, the DTA for sample S1 indicates that there is a phase transition from sphalerite to wurtzite between 300°C and 400°C which corresponds to the sharp exothermic peak in the DTA curve, and this result is further confirmed by XRD [40]. Above 900°C, an endothermic peak occurs in the DTA curve and the mass decreases radically which is shown in the TG curve. These results indicate that the CdS sample begins to decompose at 900°C and vanishes completely above 1,100°C (where the mass becomes 0% in the thermogravimetric curve). In follow-up experiments, sample S1 was divided into several parts and placed in ceramic boats, then annealed in argon with a gas flow rate of 40 sccm. The post-annealing temperature was kept at 200°C, 400°C, 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C. The temperature was kept constant for 120 min and then cooled naturally in argon. XRD results for the post-annealing samples shown in Figure 8b indicate that the sample annealed at 200°C still shows the sphalerite phase, but the wurtzite structure appeared when the annealing temperature increased. It can also be seen that when the annealing temperature exceeds 400°C, the phase structure of the samples transforms to wurtzite completely and undergoes fine crystallization.
Figure 8. Post-annealing results represented by lines of different colors. (a) DTA-TG curve for sample S1 which was performed in Ar atmosphere from 60°C to 1,200°C. (b) The representative XRD patterns for sample S1 annealed at 200°C, 400°C, and 800°C. (c) M-H curves of the post-annealing samples. (d) Variation of Ms for sample S1 after post-annealing processes.
The MH curves for the post-annealing samples and the variation of their Ms are shown in Figure 8c,d, respectively. It can be seen that the Ms of the samples decrease continuously after post-annealing at 200°C and 400°C. However, the Ms increases with the increasing annealing temperature when the annealing temperature exceeds 400°C. The chemical composition calculated from the XPS result shows that Cd and S have an atomic ratio of 76.7:23.3 for sample S1 after being annealed at 800°C, which indicates that the density of sulfur vacancies gets higher than that of the as-prepared sample. As the analysis of the above annealing progresses, it can be understood that argon annealing at a temperature lower than 400°C results in crystal grain reconstruction and growth which compensates the sulfur vacancies. However, when the annealing temperature gets higher, the sample begins to decompose and promotes large amount of vacancies. Subsequently, the exchange interaction between these different concentrations of sulfur vacancies changes the Ms. Note that changes of Ms for the wurtzite-structure samples after post-annealing processes have the same variation as those for the sphalerite ones above. The post-annealing results further clarify the role of sulfur vacancies in triggering the RTFM in undoped CdS [34,41].
Conclusions
In summary, well-crystalline CdS NSs both in sphalerite and wurtzite were synthesized by simple hydrothermal methods. The NSs were self-aggregated into spherical and flower shapes, respectively. Intrinsic FM is observed in the samples by the magnetic hysteresis loops and prominent ferromagnetic resonance signals. The mechanism of RTFM from sulfur vacancies is proposed. Moreover, the magnetization value can be tuned by changing the concentration of sulfur vacancies, which is affected by the particle size and annealing condition. These findings not only demonstrate that pure CdS shows tunable RTFM, but also suggest that introduction of sulfur vacancies can be a significant way to mediate the d0 FM.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
ZY prepared all the samples, participated in all of the measurements and data analysis, and drafted the manuscript. DG and DX conceived and designed the manuscript. ZZ1 carried out the XPS measurements and data analysis. JZ participated in the SQUID and TG-DTA measurements. ZZ2 carried out the XRD measurements and data analysis. ZS participated in the data analysis and interpretation of the results. All authors have been involved in revising the manuscript and read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (grant no. 2012CB933101), the NSFC (grant nos. 11034004 and 51202101), the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (grant no. 50925103), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (no. lzujbky-2012-28).
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Inactive
Contributors : fnegroni
Analyzed 4 days ago based on code collected 4 days ago.
Activity on Jahshaka by fnegroni
All-time Commits: 39
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30-Day Commits: 0
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First Commit: 17-Jun-2005
Last Commit: 24-Aug-2005
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Project Commits
Approximately one year of commit activity shown
Project Languages
Language Aggregate Coding Time Total Commits Total Lines Changed Comment Ratio
C++ 3m 35 2,288 8.3%
IDL/PV-WAVE/GDL 2m 5 44 -
Make 1m 2 4 -
All Languages 3m 39 2,336 8.1%
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 14:41, 17 June 2009 by Michael A. Speer (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This procedure is useful for the separation of small pieces of DNA, small quantities of DNA, or applications where higher resolution than can be achieved with agarose gel electrophoresis is needed. Because it is very difficult to remove DNA from polyacrylamide gel, it is advised that this protocol should only be used for diagnostic purposes and not for size separation.
Contents
Materials
List everything necessary to perform the protocol here. Include all information about suppliers, ordering details, etc. Links to the suppliers' page on that material are also appropriate and encouraged. Please be aware that users of this protocol may not be working in the same country as you.
Reagents
Biological resources e.g. cell lines, buffers (link to a method for making them), enzymes, chemicals, kits, etc.
Equipment
Any equipment used to perform the protocol (link to a method for using them).
Procedure
Procedure
1. Place Glass plates in casting apparatus
2. Add together the following to make 5ml of gel (0.75mm spacers)
• 3ml water
• 1.5ml 29:1 acrylamide solution (40% w/v)
• 500µl10X TBE solution
• 35µl Ammonium Persulfate (10%w/v)
• 2µl TEMED
3. Pipet mix between casting plates using 5ml pipetor
4. Insert comb and allow to cure for 30 minutes
5. Mix the following for all DNA samples including the ladder
10 DNA
1ul SYBR green (1:100 Dilution in DMSO)
2ul Bromophenol Blue
6. Remove comb, insert gel into electrophoresis chamber and add the necessary amounts of 1X TBE
7. Add DNA mix to wells.
8. Apply 80 volts and run for approximately 60 minutes
Critical steps
Referenced from the main protocol, a more thorough explanation of particularly important steps in the protocol.
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Anecdotal observations that might be of use to others can also be posted here; e.g. 'my cells were still floating'.
It might also be good to add an image to show the workflow and timescales for experiment planning.
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Mature Transition Criteria
Introduction
OW2 projects follow a life cycle composed of three stages: Incubation, Mature and Archive.
Upon request, a projet may want to trigger its status change by :
1. filling in the Mature checklist
2. contacting the Technology Council at tc AT ow2 DOT org with the checklist.
This page describes the criteria that will be applied by the Technology Council for deciding that an incubator project may be given the mature status.
After discussion and a unanimous vote mid March 2011, the Technology Council has decided for the set of criteria below, which are summarized in the following table (see the rest of this document for more details).
The requirement for an archive containing the source of each release was adopted in February 2013.
Technical Criteria
1. Source code, documentation and binariesSource code, documentation and binaries must either be hosted on the OW2 forge infrastructure or be published on a regular basis to OW2 (at least once per release).
For each release, the project must publish an archive containing the source code corresponding to the release.
2. BuildThe project code base must build and the project must document how the project can be built
3. Project usageThe project must give references about its usage
4. Source repository managementThe project must document its versioning policy on its website
5. Code conventionThe project must document its code convention on its website
6. SQuATThe project must be SQuAT (Software Quality Assurance and Trustworthiness) compliant
Community Criteria
7. CommittersThe project must have more than 1 active committer
8. DashboardThe project must have an up-to-date dashboard
9. ActivityThe project must show that it has activity
The criteria are further detailed in the following sections.
Acceptance Criteria
The Technology Council has decided to remove all business related criteria and focus on technical and community aspects.
Technical Criteria
Source Code + Documentation + Binaries
• The source code of the project must be available on the OW2 infrastructure.
• Either the OW2 forge is used as the main development point
• Or the project maintainers must publish on a regular basis their code on OW2
• This has to be managed by an automatic script
• Regular basis meaning "Once per release"
• The same rule applies for documentation and binaries
• For each release, the project must publish an archive file containing the source code corresponding to this release.
Build
• The project code-base must build.
• Build means here compile + tests OK
• A continuous integration mechanism must be used to ensure the build is a success.
• The way to build the system has to be documented on the web site
• Like a cookbook explaining required environment and software + step by step build process
Projects could use the OW2 in-house Continuous Integration System (http://bamboo.ow2.org ) or provide a link to their own CI system elsewhere.
Project's Usage
The projects must show that it is used within the OW2 universe or outside.
Possible Control Points:
• Code sharing with maven repository
• Gives references of client system (using the project)
• Gives references of business users
• ...
Quality
Quality is an important factor of maturity acceptance and has not to be neglected.
Source Repository Management
The project must have means of separating active development from versioning and bug-fixing in the source repository.
It must be documented on the web site.
Example
Active development goes into a trunk and branches are used for stabilization.
Code Conventions
A mature project must follow a code convention guideline.
It must be documented on the web site.
This guideline should be enforced by using tools such as checkstyle.
It is not the aim of OW2 to provides a strict code guideline, but OW2 may define in the future a set of conventions that could be used by default by projects.
SQuAT
SQuAT (Software Quality Assurance Trustworthiness) is OW2 software quality program; it provides a set of tools dedicated to software quality.
Using the SQuAT tools helps to ensure of the quality of a project (IP/Licence management, code style, ...).
A mature project has to publish reports concerning the following aspects:
At the time of writing, FOSSology, Antepedia reports and OMM are required for maturity.
Sonar will be introduced in 2013.
Community Criteria
Committers
The project must have more than 1 active committer.
Dashboard
The project's dashboard must be up to date.
Minimal dashboard's content
• Compulsory
• Project Name
• Project description
• Short project description
• Status: Mature/Incubator/Archive
• Function: (in the list of predefined functions)
• License
• Forge Link
• Mailing List link
• Repository type (SVN, CVS, etc)
• Repository Link
• Project Home Page Link
• Case study
• SQuAT reports (FOSSology, Antepedia, OMM)
• Recommended (not compulsory)
• Logo Image
• License Link
• Project DataSheet link (the link must be to a PDF file)
• Professional support link
• Standard implemented
• Project roadmap (link)
• Proposed
• Community information (list size, traffic, #committers, ...)
Active
The project must show that it is in activity:
• Exchanges (question + answer) on the mailing lists
• Community support
• The number of commits on the last 6 months
• Last commits
• The number of mail / month (on the last 6 months).
• Someone must provide support for the project (maybe not commercial support)
Get Involved
Share technical know how with other users, and help to promote OW2
Legal Notice
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Place:Bordeaux, Gironde, France
Watchers
NameBordeaux
Alt namesBurdeossource: Rand McNally Atlas (1994) I-26
Burdigalasource: GRI Photo Archive, Authority File (1998) p 13216; Times Atlas of World History (1993) p 339
Caudéransource: Family History Library Catalog
TypeInhabited place
Coordinates44.833°N 0.567°W
Located inGironde, France
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Bordeaux ( ; Gascon: Bordèu; ) is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.
The city of Bordeaux, with a population of 239,157 inhabitants, is the 9th largest city in France. The Greater Bordeaux, called Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux is the 5th largest urban area in France after Paris, Lyon, Lille and Marseille, with a population of 719 489 inhabitants. Its metropolitan area aire urbaine has a population of 1,114,000. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called "Bordelais" (for men) or "Bordelaise" (for women).
The city's nicknames are "La perle d'Aquitaine", "La Belle Endormie" (Sleeping Beauty) in reference to the old center which had black walls due to pollution. But today we can say that Bordeaux is awake. In fact, a part of the city, Le Port de La Lune, was almost completely renovated.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area moves 14.5 billion euros each year. Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.
In 107 BC, the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges, an allied Roman tribe, and the Tigurini led by Divico. The Romans were defeated and their commander, the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus was killed in the action.
The city fell under Roman rule around 60 BC, its importance lying in the commerce of tin and lead towards Rome. Later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine, flourishing especially during the Severan dynasty (3rd century). In 276 it was sacked by the Vandals. Further ravage was brought by the same Vandals in 409, the Visigoths in 414 and the Franks in 498, beginning a period of obscurity for the city.
In the late 6th century, the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks, but royal Frankish power was never strong. The city started to play a regional role as a major urban centre on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia. Circa 585, a certain Gallactorius is cited as count of Bordeaux and fighting the Basques.
The city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman in 732, after he had defeated Duke Eudes in the Battle of the River Garonne near Bordeaux and before the former was killed during the Battle of Tours on 10 October. After Duke Eudes's defeat, Aquitaine pledged allegiance formally to the new rising Carolingian dynasty, but still remained out of Frankish central rule until 768 (Duke Waifer defeated). In 736, the Aquitanian duke Hunald led a rebellion after his father Eudes's death, at which Charles responded by sending an expedition that captured and plundered Bordeaux again, while the Frankish commander didn't retain it for long, since he left south-east to wage war in Narbonnaise.
In 778, Seguin (or Sihimin) was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke Lupo, and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass that very year. In 814, Seguin was made Duke of Vasconia, but he was deposed in 816 for failing to suppress or sympathise with a Basque rebellion. Under the Carolingians, sometimes the Counts of Bordeaux held the title concomitantly with that of Duke of Vasconia. They were meant to keep in check the Basques and defend the mouth of the Garonne from the Vikings when the latter appeared c. 844 in the region of Bordeaux. In Autumn 845, count Seguin II marched on the Vikings assaulting Bordeaux and Saintes but was captured and put to death. There are no bishops mentioned during the whole 8th century and part of the 9th in Bordeaux.
From the 12th to the 15th century, Bordeaux regained importance following the marriage of Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine with the French-speaking Count Henri Plantagenet, born in Le Mans, who became, within months of their wedding, King Henry II of England. The city flourished, primarily due to wine trade, and the cathedral of St. André was built. It was also the capital of an independent state under Edward, the Black Prince (1362–1372), but in the end, after the Battle of Castillon (1453) it was annexed by France which extended its territory. The Château Trompette (Trumpet Castle) and the Fort du Hâ, built by Charles VII of France, were the symbols of the new domination, which however deprived the city of its richness by halting the wine commerce with England.
In 1462, Bordeaux obtained a parliament, but regained importance only in the 16th century when it became the center of the distribution of sugar and slaves from the West Indies along with the traditional wine.
Bordeaux adhered to the Fronde, being effectively annexed to the Kingdom of France only in 1653, when the army of Louis XIV entered the city.
The 18th century was the golden age of Bordeaux. Many downtown buildings (about 5,000), including those on the quays, are from this period. Victor Hugo found the town so beautiful he once said: "take Versailles, add Antwerp, and you have Bordeaux". Baron Haussmann, a long-time prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th century big-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform a then still quasi-medieval Paris into a "modern" capital that would make France proud.
In 1870, at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war against Prussia, the French government relocated to Bordeaux from Paris. This happened again during the First World War and again very briefly during the Second World War, when it became clear that Paris would soon fall into German hands. However, on the last of these occasions the French capital was soon moved again to Vichy.
From 1940 to 1943, the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina Italiana) established BETASOM, a submarine base at Bordeaux. Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic from this base which was also a major base for German U-boats as headquarters of 12th U-boat Flotilla. The massive, reinforced concrete U-boat pens have proved impractical to demolish and are now partly used as a cultural centre for exhibitions.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Bordeaux. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6411.0 - Price Indexes of Materials Used in Manufacturing Industries, Australia, Dec 1995
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 19/02/1996
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• About this Release
These indexes measure price movements of materials and fuels used by establishments classified to each defined ASIC manufacturing 'sector' which has sources from establishments outside that 'sector' or from overseas. Index numbers are published for the Manufacturing Division (ASIC Division C); for 14 manufacturing 'sectors' that are defined in terms of ASIC Subdivisions, ASIC Groups or combinations of ASIC Groups; for 20 selected categories of materials and for selected metallic materials used in the fabricated metal products industry (ASIC Subdivision 31).
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
What are some good ways to do low level idea validation before you get into the thick of developing a business concept? In other words, I am trying to find a system to prevent my habit of chasing all these great ideas, spending time, energy and money on so many duds. I know about test landing pages, but i tend to really strive to create beautiful design so that to me is already a step too far
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5 Answers
Group your ideas into increasing levels of technical and business savvy. (a 2D chart where the horizontal is increasing tech, vertical is increasing business)
Talking to typical family & friends is a good use of time mostly for those ideas low in technical and business jargon. Anything else, speak to audience with relevant experience.
If you are such an idea factory churning out mostly equally appealing ideas (thus your lack of focus), choose to execute ideas most suitable with your level of expertise. In fact, execute those few notches below your level for faster time to market.
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Try to discredit your ideas and consider developing the least discredited one.
• Be more ruthless than Air-Force when it comes to new candidates and if anything not desirable is found it should be treated as a tip of an iceberg
• Do not be overly protective about your idea and talk about it to as many people as you can. Public members and your peers. Not understanding your concept or not being enthusiastic about it is a typical ‘iceberg’ indicator.
• Make sure you have and are able to communicate your unique selling point. Shouting match is not a very effective marketing method, unless you have loads of money to burn.
• Lack of serious income streams embedded in the concept can kill your application in no time as there will be bills to pay and mouths to feed.
• Not analyzing idea from a lifestyle perspective can put you in a very uncomfortable situation when site will require lots of attention you never accounted for.
• Rule of thumb is: Simple is complicated and complicated is too complicated. Try to think “small and simple” as all things and all features have a huge amount of unintended consequences which are not immediately visible.
Even if after taking all the above into consideration your idea is still ‘iceberg-less’ it’s always a good policy to ask an online strategy experts to have a quick look into it.
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The best way to validate ideas BEFORE posting a landing page is to talk to people that would buy your idea. This is really difficult both psychologically and because it means you have to have to find people to talk to... But you will create a much better product because of it. When you talk to people, ask them what their challenges are in the area you are trying to create a product in. You want to be patient and go deep. Another great question is, "If you had a million dollars to make this problem go away, how would you solve it?" See if they tell you your solution; then you know you have a great idea. But if not then you'll have ideas of how to make it better!
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I know you say "except for landing pages"... but the answer is landing pages.
If you can't control yourself to put a basic landing page up without going too far, I suspect you are in for trouble when you actually try to make a profitable startup.
It is very important to know where to best spend your time, as time is often your most limiting factor. If you can't do it now, it only gets harder later.
Make some landing pages...
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Pick one of your ideas that you have as many friends, family and contacts that would be willing hear a quick pitch and see a demonstration.
You've recognized you have a problem in spending too much time making your landing page look too beautiful. My recommendation would be to sketch a wireframe of the site. This may help you avoid this temptation.
I think @Joel is right about going with a landing page, but maybe you just need this intermediate step to get you going.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I am developing Twitter Based CRM system. I am in very early stage of development ( http://www.tweetalley.com ) and looking for some feedback. It is hard to get feedback from person who never used Twitter. How to find twitter user data so that I can contact them to get some feedback? Please help!
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1 Answer
Since this is CRM, the user data you need are for companies who heavily interact with customers via Twitter. That's a different perspective of the usage of Twitter than what individuals may be doing.
Interesting article on the subject
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Letter
Is non-invasive ventilation the best ventilatory support for 'do not intubate' patients?
Guillaume Lacroix1*, Julien Legodec2, Erwan D'Aranda1, Pierre Esnault1, Pierre-Emmanuel Romanat1 and Philippe Goutorbe1
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Teaching Military Hospital Sainte Anne, Boulevard Sainte Anne, BP 20545, 83041 Cedex 09 Toulon, France
2 Pneumology Department, Teaching Military Hospital Sainte Anne, Boulevard Sainte Anne, BP 20545, 83041 Cedex 09 Toulon, France
For all author emails, please log on.
Critical Care 2012, 16:442 doi:10.1186/cc11435
See related letter by Scala and Esquinas, http://ccforum.com/content/16/3/429
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://ccforum.com/content/16/4/442
Published:8 August 2012
© 2012 BioMed Central Ltd
Letter
We agree with the letter from Scala and Esquinas [1] in response to the article by Schortgen and colleagues [2], who emphasised the use of non-invasive ventilation in the ICU as the best ventilatory treatment for 'do not intubate' octogenarian patients. Scala and Esquinas argued that ICU beds are scarce and that the ICU environment alters contact between the patient and family.
We do not, however, entirely accept the views of Schortgen and colleagues. Use of the non-invasive ventilation mask for palliative care patients with acute respiratory distress prevents the patient from eating and talking, and the patient's experience can be that of being smothered. When the major indication is hypoxemia, a treatment option is the administration of high-flow oxygen using up to 60 l/minute heated and humidified oxygen through a nasal cannula [3]. The mouth is thus freed and the patient is able to eat and talk with his family. The cost to efficiency ratio is favourable because the Optiflow® oxygenation system (Fischer and Paykel™, Auckland, New Zealand) costs €4,000 versus €15,600 for the V60® ventilation system (Philips™, Amsterdam, New Netherlands). Non-invasive ventilation appears preferable in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with hypercapnia.
We tested high-flow oxygen administration in 10 'do not intubate' patients receiving palliative cancer care in whom a high oxygen concentration mask failed to relieve dyspnoea (abstract accepted for the Société Française d'Anesthésie Réanimation National Congress, September 2012). The mean respiratory rate fell from 29 to 22 breaths/minute (P <0.01) and the ability to communicate (visual analogue scale) increased from 2 to 7 (P <0.01).
To conclude, high-flow oxygen is an easy and cheap way to relieve dyspnoea in 'do not intubate' patients.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
References
1. Scala R, Esquinas A: Noninvasive mechanical ventilation for very old patients with limitations of care: is the ICU the most appropriate setting?
Crit Care 2012, 16:429. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text
2. Schortgen F, Follin A, Piccari L, Roche-Campo F, Carteaux G, Taillandier- Heriche E, Krypciak S, Thille AW, Paillaud E, Brochard L: Results of noninvasive ventilation in very old patients.
Ann Intensive Care 2012, 2:5. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
3. Roca O, Riera J, Torres F, Masclans J: High-flow oxygen therapy in acute respiratory failure.
Respir Care 2010, 55:408-413. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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Sieglinde of Catarina
at the Duke's Archive
her face
Description
Sieglinde is the daughter of Siegmeyer of Catarina. She came to Lordran to look for her adventurous father. Some time before the events of the game, Sieglinde had been captured and imprisoned in a Golden Crystal Golem, presumably by Seath or his Channelers. She wore the same equipment as her father, the difference being she wields a Bastard Sword, while her father wields a Zweihander.
Stats
Playthrough HP Souls
First 938 1,000
NG+ 1,444 2,000
NG+7 - -
Drops
Sieglinde's Quest for Siegmeyer
Refer to Siegmeyer's page for the bulk of their storyline progression.
1. The Duke's Archives - After talking to Siegmeyer at the Firelink Shrine and causing him to leave for Blighttown.
Her Golden Crystal Golem is in the middle of the garden in front of Crystal Cave's entrance, the garden with lots of other Crystal Golems. Kill the Golden Crystal Golem to free her, and talk to her. Either answer will move her to Firelink Shrine.
2. Firelink Shrine - After you talk to her in The Duke's Archives.
She's standing near the bonfire. Speak with her. She will again ask if you have seen her father. If you reply 'Yes', she will move off again to find her father.
3. Firelink Shrine - After you help Siegmeyer to survive Lost Izalith.
Same location as before. She will tell you that she has found her father and that he went off to one last adventure.
4. Ash Lake - After you talk to her in Firelink Shrine the second time.
Final story event. She and Siegmeyer will be near the first bonfire. Talk to her to receive a Titanite Slab.
Dialogue
All dialogue text is © From Software Inc.
Voiced by: Charlie Cameron
Page tags: npc
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
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Error!
Success!
By tag: WinMobile
showing: of
0
kicks
30 Days of .NET [Windows Mobile Applications] - Week Four (Only One Da (Unpublished)
Wow, it’s hard to believe the month is almost over already. So far we have 29 applications done in 29 days! Thank you for all your encouragement.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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Preston County, West VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 17:44, 29 May 2012 by Jaburgess (Talk | contribs)
United States West Virginia Preston County
Preston County, West Virginia
Map
Location in the state of West Virginia
Location of West Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded January 19, 1818
County Seat Kingwood
Courthouse
Contents
County Courthouse
Preston County Courthouse
101 West Main Street #101
Kingwood, WV 26537
Phone: 304-329-0070
County Clerk had birth, marriage, deaths
Probate and land records from 1869
Clerk Circuit Court has divorce and court records <ref name="HBG">Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Preston County, West Virginia. Page 745 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.</ref>
History
Parent County
1818--Preston County was created 19 January 1818 from Monongalia County. County seat: Kingwood [1]
Boundary Changes
See an interactive map of Preston County boundary changes.
Record Loss
1869--The courthouse burned.
Places / Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Family Histories
General
• Genealogy of Some Early Families in Grant and Pleasants Districts, Preston County, West Virginia. Baltimore, Md., 1977.
Bibliography
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Map of 1850 Virginia and West Virginia
Naturalization
West Virginia, Naturalization Records, 1814-1991
Military Records
A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services: With their Names, Ages, and Places of Residence, as Returned by the Marshalls of the Several Judicial Districts, Under the Act for Taking the Sixth Census]. 1841. Digital versions at U.S. Census Bureau and Google Books et. al. 1967 reprint: FHL Collection 973 X2pc 1840. [See Virginia, Western District, Preston County on page 136.]
• Rejected or Suspended Applications for Revolutionary War Pensions. Washington, D.C., 1852. Reprinted by Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1969, and 1991. Reprints include "an Added Index to States." FHL Collection 973 M24ur; digital version at Ancestry ($). [Includes veterans from this county; Virginia section begins on page 238.]
War of 1812
Preston County, Virginia (now West Virginia ) War of 1812
Civil War
West Virginia, Civil War Service Records of Union Soldiers, 1861-1865
Newspapers
Probate
Preston County, West Virginia Will Books 1869-1970
West VirginiaWill Books
Taxation
Vital Records
West Virginia Vital Records - Birth - Death - Marriages
Societies and Libraries
Preston County Historical Society
PO Box 307
Rowlesburg, WV 26425
Family History Centers
Web Sites
Genealogy courses: Learn how to research from an expert in Fun Five Minute Genealogy Videos.
References
1. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Saturday, 28 February 2009
Kiwi Parliament puts controversial copyright law on hold
The IPKat's academic antipodean friend Louise Longdin has sent him this information concerning recent attempts at copyright reform in New Zealand:
"A highly controversial and heavy-handed amendment to New Zealand’s copyright law that greatly widens the responsibilities and liability of ISPs has been put on hold. It was poised to come into force today (28 February). The postponement of the new law (described in today’s New Zealand Herald Editorial as “sledgehammer like”) was sparked off by protestors demonstrating outside Parliament with mouths tapped shut and a week long nationwide, voluntary blacking out of internet sites by thousands of bloggers and social networkers. Stephen Fry, the well known actor, comedian and author also blacked out his Twitter profile in sympathy and an online petition was signed by 10,000 protesters. Section 92A of the Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2008 had been passed by the previous Government. The contentious provision, originally taken out at the Select Committee stage, was popped back in at the last minute by the Minister of Arts, Culture and Heritage when the Bill returned to the House for its final reading.
Section 92A mandates that ISPs adopt and “reasonably implement” a policy that provides for the termination “in appropriate circumstances” of the account of a “repeat infringer.” The amendment is considered to have overstepped the mark largely on two grounds. First, an ISP is very widely defined under the Act. It includes any person who offers the transmission, routing, or providing of connections for digital online communications, between or among points specified by a user, of material of the user's choosing or who hosts material on websites or other electronic retrieval systems that can be accessed by a user. Thus it easily subsumes, and turns into active gatekeepers, not only the traditional ISPs but also all other persons and organisations who provide access to the internet for their employees, clients, teenage family members, flatmates, tenants or the public. Thus turned into downstream ISPS are libraries, shops, cafes, bars, companies, universities, parents, landlords, head tenants, businesses, schools, banks, medical practices as well as airports and railway stations. This would have been a real sea change for New Zealand for, unlike some countries (such as France and Italy in the writer’s own recent experience), it has never been the custom in this country for libraries, internet cafes or the providers of WIFI hotspots to require photo identification before allowing members of the public access to the internet.
The second reason Section 92A is seen as unworkable and unfair is that Parliament has provided little guidance as to who might be identified as a repeat infringer other than to say in an unhelpfully circular fashion, under s 92A(2), that it means “a person who repeatedly infringes the copyright in a work by using one or more of the Internet services of the ISP to do a restricted act without the consent of the copyright owner.”
Internet users can be potentially disconnected on weak and flimsy evidence. There is no penalty attached to making an unjustified allegation of infringement. Absent too is any means for ISPs to have claims of infringement independent verified. ISPs are veritable piggies in the middle. Even if they act in good faith they are exposed in two directions: to those they disconnect unjustifiably and to copyright owners if they do not. Furthermore, even where a work exists and has clearly been infringed, pinpointing who the real infringer is will not always be easy when an internet account is used by several persons in a business or organisation.
While the government has deferred enforcement of the amendment (ostensibly until March 27) work is meant to be done not on drafting a better and clearer law but on hammering out a voluntary enforcement code acceptable to both copyright owners (particularly those with rights in movies, TV shows and music) and internet service providers. Should this not eventuate, the government has indicated that the amendment will be suspended".
The IPKat is most impressed at the degree of concern that has been expressed and very much hopes that a fair and workable settlement which is agreeable to both sides can be found. Merpel however wonders whether the blacking out of a Twitter profile by a celebrity isn't the ultimate act of pathetic gesture politics.
Things you never knew about the kiwi here
Recipes for kiwis here
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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PERMEABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF RUBBLE MATERIAL - NEW FORMULAE
Robert W.K. Smith
Abstract
Rubble mould structures have been used extensively to protect coastal areas of human interest. These include breakwaters, seawalls and related structures. To be successful, a rubble mould structure should absorb most of the energy from the incident waves and be able to withstand the pore pressures generated during the process. These are determined by the geometry of the structure and the hydraulic properties of rubble. Advances in computer resources enable the interaction between waves and rubble structures to be simulated numerically (Ref 1, 2 and 7). The general approach is to describe the porous medium as a continuum, having properties of dimension, porosity and permeability. The flow of water into and through such a porous continuum may then be described, depending upon the velocities and pore pressures induced. In physical hydraulic modelling of coastal structures various researchers (Ref 5) have considered the importance of permeability characteristics on the scaling of porous rubble core material. Similitude is usually achieved by selecting a model material, of prototype porosity, which yields a comparable hydraulic gradient to the prototype when subjected to an equivalent Froude scaled flow velocity. Both the numerical and physical methods of modelling, however, require a good description of the energy dissipation process which is related to the permeability of the structure. At present, most modellers use formulae which were originally developed for flows in sand. That proposed by Engelund (Ref 4) has been most widely used.
Keywords
rubble material; rubble permeability
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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[maemo-community] Tagging pages in new wiki for auto-linking to downloads.maemo.org
From: Andrew Flegg andrew at bleb.org
Date: Fri Jul 18 14:29:44 EEST 2008
On Fri, Jul 18, 2008 at 12:17 PM, Ferenc Szekely <ferenc at maemo.org> wrote:
> Andrew Flegg wrote:
>>
>> Exactly *how* do we do that tagging in the new mediawiki? For example,
>> I'd like to tag [[Video encoding]] as it seems to be a pertinent link.
>> Or is this text left over from the midgard wiki and the feature not
>> implemented for the new wiki?
>
> We have not implemented anything to support this using mediawiki.
> Perhaps we could remove that sentence until we figure something out, or
> just drop this idea. I am for the "figuring out something" ;)
Agreed, would be nice to support. Especially with the Action Group and
the effort that's going into the new wiki, cross-pollinating other
features and pushing them both forward would be good.
Cheers,
Andrew
--
Andrew Flegg -- mailto:andrew at bleb.org | http://www.bleb.org/
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18 October 2008
Why Stella is a Star
That's Stella Rimington, former head of MI5. Her Guardian interview is so packed with good sense that I'll have to quote it at length:
A former head of MI5 today describes the response to the September 11 2001 attacks on the US as a "huge overreaction" and says the invasion of Iraq influenced young men in Britain who turned to terrorism.
In an interview with the Guardian, Stella Rimington calls al-Qaida's attack on the US "another terrorist incident" but not qualitatively different from any others.
"That's not how it struck me. I suppose I'd lived with terrorist events for a good part of my working life and this was as far as I was concerned another one," she says.
In common with Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller, who retired as MI5's director general last year, Rimington, who left 12 years ago, has already made it clear she abhorred "war on terror" rhetoric and the government's abandoned plans to hold terrorism suspects for 42 days without charge.
Today, she goes further by criticising politicians including Jacqui Smith, the home secretary, for trying to outbid each other in their opposition to terrorism and making national security a partisan issue.
It all began, she suggests, with September 11. "National security has become much more of a political issue than it ever was in my day," she says. "Parties are tending to use it as a way of trying to get at the other side. You know, 'We're more tough on terrorism than you are.' I think that's a bad move, quite frankly."
Rimington mentions Guantánamo Bay, the practice of extraordinary rendition, and the invasion of Iraq - three issues which the majority in Britain's security and intelligence establishment opposed privately at the time.
She challenges claims, notably made by Tony Blair, that the war in Iraq was not related to the radicalisation of Muslim youth in Britain.
Read it and weep.
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Quotation added by staff
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It really costs me a lot emotionally to watch myself on-screen. I think of myself, and feel like I'm quite young, and then I look at this old man with the baggy chins and the tired eyes and the receding hairline and all that. Hackman, Gene
This quote is about age and aging · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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Increase of material comforts, it may be generally laid down, does not in any way whatsoever conduce to moral growth. Gandhi, Mahatma
This quote is about materialism · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Gandhi, Mahatma ...
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (October 2, 1869 - January 30, 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer and perfector of Satyagraha - resistance through mass civil disobedience strongly founded upon ahimsa (total non-violence). Gandhi is commonly known and addressed in India and across the world as Mahatma Gandhi (from Sanskrit, Mahatma: Great Soul) and as Bapu (in many Indian languages, Father).
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Water for oxen, wine for kings. Proverb, Spanish
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Creativity comes from awakening and directing men's higher natures, which originate in the primal depths of the uni- verse and are appointed by Heaven. I Ching
This quote is about creativity · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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Alternative meaning: I Ching (monk)
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Lester No Hits Royals
RedsArmyAdmin May 20, 2008 Uncategorized 1 Comment
We take a break from the C's coverage to congratulate Jon Lester… who no hit the Royals tonight. Great story for the kid who beat cancer. Congrats.
By the way… Jason Varitek became the first catcher to ever catch 4 no hitters. Not bad.
Like this Article? Share it!
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Tuesday, March 29, 2005
Pakistani centrifuges being sent to IAEA at Iran’s request, says Kasuri
Pakistan's Daily Times reported today the Pakistan is sending "old and useless parts of outdated centrifuges" to the IAEA at the request of the Iranians to resolve the issue of highly enriched uranium that was found in Iran, according to Pakistan's foreign minister Mehmood Kasuri.
Iran had at one time denied that they ever purchased any centrifuges from Pakistan but when the IAEA found highly enriched uranium in Iran, they changed their story and claimed it must have been contaminated since the centrifuge originated from Pakistan. The IAEA is set to test the equipment in order to resolve the issue.
In a seperate development, Pakistan's foreign minister denied that Pakistan would ever permit a third country to use their territory to launch an attack on Iran, saying they have good relations with Iran.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Difference between revisions of "Viseu"
From Wikitravel
Beira Alta : Viseu
Jump to: navigation, search
(Sleep)
(Do)
Line 53: Line 53:
==Do==
==Do==
*Visit the Tourist Information Centre (Av. Calouste Gulbenkian [http://www.turismodaolafoes.com]) where friendly and helpful staff offer free city walks in several languages.
+
*Visit the Tourist Information Centre (Adro da Se [http://www.turismodaolafoes.com]) where friendly and helpful staff offer maps with free city walks in several languages.
*Walk the streets and soak up the atmosphere in this unspoilt Portuguese city. Eat and drink in one of the many cafés,restaurants or cervejarias.
*Walk the streets and soak up the atmosphere in this unspoilt Portuguese city. Eat and drink in one of the many cafés,restaurants or cervejarias.
Revision as of 22:37, 11 December 2011
Viseu[1], is a charming hilltop city and district capital (around 50,000 inhabitants) in central Portugal. It is situated in the Beira Alta between the mountain ranges of the Serra da Estrela and Serra do Caramulo, about halfway between Aveiro and Guarda off the new A25 Motorway right in the middle of the famous Dao wine region.
The city, a regional center for agriculture and education, has many schools, a modern polytechnic and 2 universities (the Catholic University and the Piaget Institute). There is no heavy industry.
Contents
Get in
Viseu has excellent motorway links with other major cities, the coast and Spain via the junction of the A25 (east/west) and A24/IP3 (north/south) motorways. There is an outer ringroad consisting of part A25 and IP5.
Porto airport is the nearest international airport, about 1 3/4 hours away by car.
Viseu has its own municipal airport for light private aircraft.
There are frequent long distance coach services operated by Rede/Expressos to other major cities.
There is no train service. The closest railway stations are in Nelas or Mangualde, both on the Linha da Beira Alta. This makes Viseu the largest city on the Iberian peninsula without a railway station.
Visit:Portal Cidade Viseu
Get around
By car: sign-posting for the city centre is good. There is an inner ring road with 12 roundabouts giving access to the inner city at frequent intervals.
The old town itself can easily be explored on foot. There is also a recently (2009) installed funicular connecting the lower city (The Forum) with the upper city (Adro da Se).
See
The well-kept, clean and prosperous city has a fine historic quarter (Centro Historico) with cobbled streets, hidden alleys, flights of steps and intriguing corners. There are numerous Renaissance and Baroque mansions and palaces as well as some remaining city gates like the 15th C. Porta do Soar de Cima. The crowning glory is the Romanesque and Gothic Sé (Cathedral), one of the finest in Portugal and partly built directly on granite boulders which is particularly evident at the back. It is located on the Adro da Sé, an impressive square, which is also the location of the striking Misericordia Church with its broad white Rococo facade. Since it is the highest point in town, the square provides extensive views to the surrounding countryside.
However, striking modern architecture is evident too. The Forum shopping, food and cinema centre (2005), bordering the river Pavia, is a good example as is the enormous Palacio do Gelo shopping & restaurant mall (2008) with its indoor ice rink and other sports facilities, easily accessible on the ring road. Also of note is the converted Old Market on the Rua Formosa with cafés and boutiques, and now a venue for exhibitions and open air concerts. The city has ample municipal facilities for visitors such as free internet locations, a modern public library, a new large district hospital, a youth hostel (Pousada de Juventude), a brand new swimming pool complex and other modern sports facilities.
• Old Quarter (Centro Historico) with Rua Direita, Rua Augusta Hilario, Rua D. Duarte, Praca D. Duarte, Rua Escura, Rua das Quintas.
• Sé (Cathedral) Romanesque/Gothic with Cloister, built on granite rocks. Walk around the Sé to fully appreciate this.
• Museum Grao Vasco (former Bishop's Palace, 1563)
• Museum Casa Almeida Moreira
• Misericordia Church 18th C.
• Rossio (Praca da Republica) with fountains, azulejos, Town Hall (19th C.) and Igreja dos Terceiros de Sao Francisco
• Porta do Soar de Cima
• Porta dos Cavaleiros
• Fontelo Park with Solar do Vinho do Dao (Dao wine institute)
• Nerys Convent (seminary with suspended staircase) and Igreja do Carmo on Largo Santa Cristina
• Cava de Viriato. Remains of a very large Lusitanian-Roman camp surrounded by an pentagonal earthen wall.
• Old Market on Rua Formosa
Do
• Visit the Tourist Information Centre (Adro da Se [2]) where friendly and helpful staff offer maps with free city walks in several languages.
• Walk the streets and soak up the atmosphere in this unspoilt Portuguese city. Eat and drink in one of the many cafés,restaurants or cervejarias.
• Visit the Municipal Theatre where there is usually an exhibition.
• Visit the Cathedral, churches and chapels, all free during opening hours.
• See works by the famous painter Vasco Fernandes in the Grao Vasco Museum. Free on Sunday mornings!
• Walk the newly constructed riverside walkway along the Rio Pavia which runs straight through the lower city.
• Visit the modern sports facilities in Fontelo Park
• Shop in the Rua Direita, Rua Formosa, The Forum and Palacio do Gelo
• See the Cava de Viriato with Viriato's statue in front.
Buy
• Dao Wine, Serra da Estrela cheese, handicrafts.
Eat
The numerous restaurants, cafés, pastelarias, bars and cervejarias provide excellent freshly prepared food for all budgets.
Try the traditional pastry of the region, the Viriato, for sale in good pastelarias.
Drink
The excellent local Dao wines from the co-operatives like UDACA (Union of the Dao Co-operatives) and private wineries such as: Casa de Santar, Quinta da Fata, Quinta de Cabriz, Casa da Insua, Duque de Viseu, Grao Vasco and many more.
Sleep
There are many hotels in Viseu ranging from 1 to 5 stars. All have their own websites and may be booked directly or via various on-line booking agencies. A selection:
• Hotel Avenida,
• Hotel Grao Vasco,
• Hotel Moinho de Vento,
• Hotel Onix,
• Hotel Montebelo,
• Hotel Palacio dos Melos,
• Albergaria Jose Alberto,
• Hotel Principe Perfeito,
• Pensao Rossio Parque,
• Viseu Garden Hotel,
• Youth Hostel (Pousada de Juventude),
• Pousada de Viseu,
• And quite a few more.
Get out
• Alcafache (spa), Almeida, Caramulo, Celorico, Guarda, Penedono, Pinhel, Sabugal, Santa Comba Dao (rivers Mondego and Dao), Santar, Sao Pedro do Sul (spa), Seia, Sernancelhe, Serra da Estrela (highest Portuguese mountain range), Vouzela.
• The road from Viseu to Nelas is very picturesque offering views of many vineyards.
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:1ea2e72e-2031-4ff0-84b1-32fd24f50a89>",
"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/842/abstract"
}
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Research article
Patterns and socioeconomic influences of tobacco exposure in tobacco cultivating rural areas of Yunnan Province, China
Le Cai1*, Xinan Wu1, Abhinav Goyal2, Yuntao Han1, Wenlong Cui1, Xia Xiao1, Jianhui He1, Keying Zhao1, Ying Song1 and Feng Jiao1
Author Affiliations
1 Cheng Gong New City, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, 1168 Yu Hua Street Chun Rong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
2 Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Public Health 2012, 12:842 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-842
Published: 4 October 2012
Abstract
Background
This study describes the patterns and socioeconomic influences of tobacco use among adults in tobacco-cultivating regions of rural southwest China.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 8681 adults aged ≥18 years in rural areas of Yunnan Province, China from 2010 to 2011. A standardized questionnaire was administered to obtain data about participants’ demographic characteristics, individual socioeconomic status, ethnicity, self-reported smoking habits, and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). The socioeconomic predictors of current smoking, nicotine addiction, and SHS exposure were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression.
Results
The prevalence rates of tobacco use were much higher in men compared with women (current smoking 68.5% vs. 1.3%; and nicotine dependence 85.2% vs. 72.7%). However, the rate of SHS exposure was higher in women compared with men (76.6% vs. 70.5%). Tobacco farmers had higher prevalence rates of current smoking, nicotine dependence, and SHS exposure compared with participants not engaged in tobacco farming (P<0.01). Most tobacco users (84.5%) reported initiating smoking during adolescence. A total of 81.1% of smokers smoked in public places, and 77.6% smoked in workplaces. Individuals belonging to an ethnic minority had a lower probability of SHS exposure and nicotine dependence. Individual educational level was found to be inversely associated with the prevalence of current smoking, exposure to SHS, and nicotine dependence. Higher annual household income was associated with a greater risk of nicotine dependence.
Conclusions
This study suggests that tobacco control efforts in rural southwest China must be tailored to address tobacco-cultivating status and socioeconomic factors.
Keywords:
Smoking; Exposure to secondhand smoke; Socioeconomic status; China
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A Forest Science Effective Research Supervision in the Faculty Of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Kamaruzaman Jusoff, Lebuh Silikon
Abstract
At least historically, undergraduate research supervision has predominantly been seen as part of the basic research function of academic staff. In many fields of study, success in research requires not only sophisticated experimental and analytical skills, but good mentoring and managerial skills as well. This paper presents an observational case study and perception based on the author’s true experiences exploring the most effective supervision of undergraduate students in the Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Due to the need of a highly calibre first class honours undergraduates for the future pool of postgraduates and top notch academia in the Faculty and in UPM, the aim of this paper is therefore to provide a good practice guideline for supervision of undergraduates final year project reports/theses to ensure consistency of approach for staff and students across the faculty and university. Key topics covered include building an effective undergraduate final year project/theses supervisory relationship, negotiating expectations, providing good communication and feedback and providing motivation and guidance to them. Personal interviews of undergraduates' perceptions of their supervision as they undertake their final year research projects were presented. Students reported that only a select few of their supervisors were supportive and sympathetic to their needs. Only a few of the Faculty supervisors adopted the role of resource person, directing undergraduates to references and contacts, discussing ideas and work undertaken. Only a few students had considerable freedom in the conduct of their final year project work. They were not able to choose their own research topic and supervisor but most determined the pace at which they worked. Some appeared to cope well with the autonomous role of a junior researcher while some commented on difficulties. Though the majority of students were given considerable freedom in their research the results of the observation indicated some differences amongst supervisors.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Education Studies ISSN 1913-9020 (Print), ISSN 1913-9039 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Beginners Grin and Dare It
From FamilySearch Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
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[[Image:Pottery Making.JPG|right|150x200px|Pottery Making.JPG]] = Welcome to Beginners Grin and Dare It =
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= Welcome to Beginners Grin and Dare It =
Sometimes Genealogical research can be intimidating to a beginner. The object of this page is to simplify the process as much as possible including links to assist you in your new adventure.
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Sometimes Genealogical research can be intimidating to a beginner. The object of this page is to simplify the process as much as possible including links to assist you in your new adventure. [[Image:Pottery Making.JPG|right|130x180px]]
== Gathering ==
== Gathering ==
Revision as of 14:11, 11 March 2013
Contents
Welcome to Beginners Grin and Dare It
Sometimes Genealogical research can be intimidating to a beginner. The object of this page is to simplify the process as much as possible including links to assist you in your new adventure.
Gathering
• Contact relatives for information. Begin the writing pyramid by starting with known relatives and, after gleaning the information they know, ask them for addresses or phone numbers of other relatives who might be helpful. If relatives say "I don't know anything", try the Rudyard Kipling approach "I keep six honest serving men (they taught me all I knew. Their names are What and Why and When and How and Where and Who." You might make your questions more specific such as: Who is oldest relative you can remember? Where did your family live? What funerals do you remember going to? How do you know this information? Do you have old letters or documents? Why do you think your family moved? What did your family do for a living? What religion do you think they were? Any war heroes?
• Make it fun for a family night. Have a scavenger hunt asking the family to scatter and find certificates, bible records, any other documents relating to family; immediate and ancestors
• Collect information from other sources, remembering that this information is only as correct as the sources used. You will always want to learn the sources used or double check in case the information has been passed down like the old telephone game we played as children where the last sentence is totally different than the first. You may wish to try some of the following websites.
rootsweb.com ancestry.com familysearch.org
KindredKonnections.com gencircles.com gedcomindex.com
Organizing
Getting organized can be likened to the creation of the world. In fact, the same verbs can be used in both processes. To avoid feeling overwhelmed this creation/organization process may be broken into six "days" of work.
DAY ONE - GATHER
Gather utensils. Four loose leaf binders, plastic sheet protectors, five file folders
DAY TWO - LABEL
Label each notebook and corresponding file folder with the surname of a grandparent respectively - that's four. These notebooks will be used for research and the file folders will be used for storing papers which may not be needed at the present time. Label the fifth file folder with the words "Book of Remembrance." There are many ways to organize your notebooks. One very simple way is to have alphabetical tabs where documents can be placed or new information as it is acquired.
DAY THREE and FOUR - GATHER and DIVIDE
1. Gather all your loose papers and documents.
2. Divide the papers into four file folders depending on the family to which it belongs. If you have a LOT of information, use boxes instead of file folders for gathering and dividing.
3. Gather information and papers from other relatives who have been working on genealogy.
4. Divide their papers by either "downloading" it into your computer or into one of your file folders.
DAY FIVE - ORDER
In each file folder place the papers in chronological order for ease of the thought process during the typing stage.
DAY SIX - CREATE
1. Choose a file folder and pick up the first paper.
a. Ask a question. Does this paper have information that needs to be typed into my genealogy program?
b. If the answer is "yes" type the information into your program and record the source. Then find a place for the piece of paper. "A place for everything and everything in its place."
c. The place for the paper could be in a plastic sheet protector and in the file folder for your future Book of Remembrance, or three hole punched and placed in your notebook for research, or paper clipped and put back in the file folder it came from (mark that it has been typed), OR in the circular file commonly called the trash can.
2. Repeat the creation process for each file folder.
DAY SEVEN - RELAX AND REVIEW
Enjoy the fruits of your labors.
Choosing
1. Choose a person or a family who may need further research.
2. Decide what information you would like to know. Record these goals on a research log.
3. Choose records to search which will help you achieve your goals. To help you do this, find a Record Selection Table for your state or country. See the United States Record Selection Table for an example.
• CENSUS: In the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, the census has proved to be a very useful tool in establishing a place of residence at a certain time for a family. In later years, the census is also valuable for locating entire families with accompanying birth years and other information. Generally speaking, the census began in the United States in 1790 and was taken every ten years. A fire destroyed most of the United States 1890 census, but the 1790 through 1930 censuses are now available for public perusal. In Canada the census began as early as 1851 and is available through 1911. The differing countries in Great Britain generally have the census from 1841 through 1901.
Places to access the census:
familysearch.org
ancestry.com(pay)
usgenweb.org census images project
Heritagequestonline.com (this website is often accessed for free by obtaining a username and password from local libraries)
• VITAL RECORDS: Vital records are records that deal with vital statistics, as in births, deaths, marriages, divorces or adoptions, and are important in establishing specific dates. The records also often contain other important family information such as parents names. The location of these records varies depending on the type of event and the year it occurred. Most birth and death records in the United States begin in the early 1900's with the exception of some states such as a few New England states, large cities and even other scattered counties throughout the United States.
Places to access vital records online:
familysearch.org
ancestry.com(pay)
usgenweb.com
deathindexes.com
Where to write for vital records:
National Center for Health Statistics maintains a current list of addresses, fees and websites for statewide birth,marriage, death and divorce records.
Copies of marriage records can usually be found at the county level from the county clerk. To determine the address for a county clerk, you may wish to "google" ________county clerk.
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Error
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2 revisions of this difference (7081 and 14141) were not found.
This is usually caused by following an outdated diff link to a page that has been deleted. Details can be found in the deletion log.
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}
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Changes related to "Department of Justice, Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section"
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"url": "www.ga.gov.au/products/servlet/controller?catno=63392&event=FILE_SELECTION",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:55:39.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:1ea2e72e-2031-4ff0-84b1-32fd24f50a89>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ga.gov.au/products/servlet/controller?event=FILE_SELECTION&catno=63392"
}
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You are here: Home > Free Data Downloads
Updated: 08 May 2013
File Selection
Use the checkboxes to select the files you would like to download, then click on the "Continue to File Download" button.
Product Details Available Files
AUSGeoid98 v.1.0 data files: Meekatharra (sg50) Geodetic Data - AUSGeoid98
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"uncompressed_offset": 470379887,
"url": "www.go4expert.com/articles/zics-store-user-password-t26452/page2/",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:1ea2e72e-2031-4ff0-84b1-32fd24f50a89>",
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Skilled contributor
10Aug2011,11:00 #11
thankz a lot dude
and i just remembered, is there any desktop application module of this type?
becuase if not i would be happy to make one
Banned
11Aug2011,22:59 #12
i honestly haven't seen one as far as i know , i think yours will be the first
Go4Expert Member
23Aug2011,06:33 #13
Well done, I'm thinking of using this in my website, could run me through implementing it completely, you'll get complete credit.
Skilled contributor
23Aug2011,19:32 #14
thank alot dude
and yup im searching for a g00d security logic for the system these days
can you suggest any?
Newbie Member
24Aug2011,15:45 #15
Using Mysql and I was assuming it was better to separate out a users personal information and their login and password into two different tables and then just reference them between the two.
Banned
12Sep2011,17:42 #16
i DON'T KNOW THIS.............
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{
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"uncompressed_offset": 470388118,
"url": "www.go4expert.com/forums/thousand-marker-text-box-t15910/",
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How to make thousand marker in text box
Newbie Member
23Jan2009,02:23 #1
Hi, im wondering how to make a text box with thousand marker.
The textbox is numerical only.
So when people type 4000000 for example,
the textbox will automatically display 4,000,000
Is anyone know how to do that?
Thank you.
Newbie Member
31Jan2009,16:50 #2
Code:
<?php
$number = 50000000;
echo number_format($number,0,'.',',');
?>
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"url": "www.libreoffice.org/download/?lang=br&type=mac-ppc&version=3.6.2",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:55:39.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:1ea2e72e-2031-4ff0-84b1-32fd24f50a89>",
"warc_url": "http://www.libreoffice.org/download/?type=mac-ppc&lang=br&version=3.6.2"
}
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The free office suite
Download LibreOffice
LibreOffice Mac OS X (PPC), version 3.6.2, Breton. Not the version you wanted? Change System, Version or Language
You need to download and install these files in order:
• Source code
LibreOffice is an open source project and you can therefore download the source code to build your own installer.
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{
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:1ea2e72e-2031-4ff0-84b1-32fd24f50a89>",
"warc_url": "http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/5/12/1926/abstract"
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SPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE
Single InGaAs Quantum Dot Coupling to the Plasmon Resonance of a Metal Nanocrystal
A Urbańczyk*, GJ Hamhuis and R Nötzel
Author Affiliations
COBRA Research Institute on Communication Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2010, 5:1926-1929 doi:10.1007/s11671-010-9785-9
Published: 28 September 2010
Abstract
We report the observation of coupling of single InGaAs quantum dots with the surface plasmon resonance of a metal nanocrystal, which leads to clear enhancement of the photoluminescence in the spectral region of the surface plasmon resonance of the metal structures. Sharp emission lines, typical for single quantum dot emission, are observed, whereas for reference samples, only weak continuous background emission is visible. The composite metal–semiconductor structure is prepared by molecular beam epitaxy utilizing the principle of strain-driven adatom migration for the positioning of the metal nanocrystals with respect to the quantum dots without use of any additional processing steps.
Keywords:
Quantum dots; Surface plasmon resonance; InAs; Photoluminescence; In nanocrystals
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"warc_url": "http://www.ohloh.net/p/hippo-ecm-colleaguetracker/enlistments"
}
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20.20: Design features
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 17:47, 29 January 2008 by Nkuldell (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
[[20.20: Starter kit | Design Features: An animation project to teach synthetic biology
Here are some storyboards from our first animation about iGEM. The script was written by Rebecca Adams, Isadora Deese, Drew Endy and Natalie Kuldell. Storyboarding by the talented folks at Animated Storyboards. Ultimately this and other animations will appear as movies at BioBuilder.org [[1]]
]]
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Stephanopoulos:Equipment
From OpenWetWare
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= Main Lab (Building 56) =
= Main Lab (Building 56) =
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[[Image:Stephanopoulos_Lab_Map.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Stephanopoulos Main Lab ([Media:Stephanopoulos_Lab_Map.jpg jpg],[)]]
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[[Image:Stephanopoulos_Lab_Map.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Stephanopoulos Main Lab ([[Media:Stephanopoulos_Lab_Map.jpg|jpg]],[)]]
== Gel Electrophoresis Area ==
== Gel Electrophoresis Area ==
Revision as of 15:36, 15 May 2006
This page describes common-use equipment and laboratory areas in the Stephanopoulos Lab. If you are not a lab member and want to use this stuff, chances are that it's OK, but please check with a lab member first!
Contents
Main Lab (Building 56)
Stephanopoulos Main Lab (jpg,[)
Gel Electrophoresis Area
Gel Staining Area
• SYBR Gold is very dangerous. Please do not carry SYBR Gold contamination outside the area marked with absorbent paper.
HPLC (northwest corner of lab)
• We have a service contract with Waters on the main HPLC unit, the photodiode array (PDA), and the RI detector. If you have issues with the tool, please contact Waters. The service contract also pays for a yearly preventative maintenance (PM) on the tool. A sticker on the left side of the tool states the date when the next PM is due.
• P.O. number to use when contacting Waters for service: 4500775080 (Expires 4/6/2007)
• Our service rep is Bob Brennick 1-800-252-4752 Ext. 6225
• Our service sales rep is Linda Halloran 1-800-252-4752 Ext. 2108
GC-MS
• Before using the GC-MS, please make a reservation using our online calendar. Contact a group member for the account name and password.
Chemicals Storage Area
• When you receive a new container of chemicals, please write the date of receipt on the container label.
• When you open a new container of chemicals for the first time, please write the date of opening on the container label.
Fume Hoods
• Keep the fume hoods as clutter-free as possible by removing personal items and materials as soon as you are finished using them.
• Please do not use fume hoods to evaporate off hazardous chemicals from pipette tips, tubes, etc. Tips and tubes with trace amounts of hazardous chemicals should be placed in an appropriate, capped container and the name of the chemical should be added to the container's hazardous waste tag. Currently, we have one container for organic waste in the eastern fume hood. More containers for incompatible chemical types can be obtained from the VWR stockroom if necessary.
Sterile Hoods
• Sterile hoods are meant to be sterile. Please keep them clean.
• When biological sharps bins are full, please close the lid on the bins and zip tie them closed. Do not overfill them.
YSI 2700 Select Biochemistry Analyzer
• This device uses immobilized enzyme membrane electrodes to specifically measure glucose and lactic acid. Electrodes for other analytes, such as (glutamine, glutamate, others) are available. Analysis is rapid and convenient, but is limited to aqueous samples. A simple procedure for sample analysis can be found here.
Autoclave Room (Building 56)
• The autoclave on the 4th floor is managed by the chemical engineering department. Guests are welcome to use it, but please check with someone in a 4th-floor chemical engineering lab before using it.
• If autoclaving biowaste, sign up using the dedicated biowaste autolave log. Be sure to list the tag numbers for all bags of waste you are autoclaving.
• If autoclaving non-biowaste, sign up using the general sign up list.
• Do not leave your autoclave tray full of stinky, congealed agar after you take out your autoclaved waste. Take responsibility for your own messes!
Dishwashing Staff
• We are lucky enough to enjoy the services of two paid dishwashing staff. They are Israel Molina and Tasha Thomas. Hal, Curt, or Keith usually signs their timecards, but any lab members should feel free to contact them if with special dishwashing requests.
Tissue Culture Lab (Building 56)
Return to Stephanopoulos Lab OWW Home Page
Personal tools
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User:FreeTim
From WebOS Internals
Revision as of 10:17, 9 April 2011 by FreeTim (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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Contents
Pages
Pages I contributed to the community are linked here. I'm not a developer I'm a systems engineer, so these won't be apps or patches, just things of interest regarding access to the underlying Linux operating system, install documents and other Systems things of interest.
Also having them linked here helps me to review/ maintain them
About Me
• FreeTim - Well my name is Tim, I'm 45 years old, I'm a computer Systems Engineer for a large Content Delivery Network.
• I'm a specialist in multiple disciplines such as SunOS, and MCSE+i, Linux, Apache, HPUX, cisco, etc.
• I work near MIT, with a view of the banks of the Charles River in Boston.
• I'm one of the founders of the WEBOSBOSTON community We have monthly meetings.
• I ride MOTORCROSS on the weekends (one of the two days, during the season.) Play DRUMS, GUITAR off season.
You'll find me in the IRC chat rooms all day, every day.
Things I think are Useful for me to have here
Sandbox
This is my sandbox that I use when initially preparing new wiki pages, before release.
Blocking WebOS updates
I don't want the updates to happen at some unplanned (for me) time, so here is the way to block webOS updates:
cd /usr/bin
mount -o remount,rw /
chmod 664 UpdateDaemon
mount -o remount,ro /
Then, reboot (ORN+ shift +R)
To reverse the process use this;
chmod 775 UpdateDaemon
This makes it executable again as it was before, and then reboot (required.)
Personal tools
Google AdSense
WebOS Internals is Hosted by
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Place:Sala, Västmanland, Sweden
Watchers
NameSala
Alt namesSala kommun
Salasource: Wikipedia
TypeMunicipality
Coordinates59.917°N 16.6°E
Located inVästmanland, Sweden
Contained Places
Inhabited place
Robertsholm
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Sala Municipality may refer to:
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Sala Municipality. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Conduction aphasia
Jump to: navigation, search
Conduction aphasia
Broca's area and Wernicke's area
MeSH D018886
WikiDoc Resources for
Conduction aphasia
Articles
Most recent articles on Conduction aphasia
Most cited articles on Conduction aphasia
Review articles on Conduction aphasia
Articles on Conduction aphasia in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Conduction aphasia
Images of Conduction aphasia
Photos of Conduction aphasia
Podcasts & MP3s on Conduction aphasia
Videos on Conduction aphasia
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Conduction aphasia
Bandolier on Conduction aphasia
TRIP on Conduction aphasia
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Conduction aphasia at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial results on Conduction aphasia
Clinical Trials on Conduction aphasia at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Conduction aphasia
NICE Guidance on Conduction aphasia
NHS PRODIGY Guidance
FDA on Conduction aphasia
CDC on Conduction aphasia
Books
Books on Conduction aphasia
News
Conduction aphasia in the news
Be alerted to news on Conduction aphasia
News trends on Conduction aphasia
Commentary
Blogs on Conduction aphasia
Definitions
Definitions of Conduction aphasia
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Conduction aphasia
Discussion groups on Conduction aphasia
Patient Handouts on Conduction aphasia
Directions to Hospitals Treating Conduction aphasia
Risk calculators and risk factors for Conduction aphasia
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Conduction aphasia
Causes & Risk Factors for Conduction aphasia
Diagnostic studies for Conduction aphasia
Treatment of Conduction aphasia
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Conduction aphasia
International
Conduction aphasia en Espanol
Conduction aphasia en Francais
Business
Conduction aphasia in the Marketplace
Patents on Conduction aphasia
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Conduction aphasia
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Conduction aphasia, also called associative aphasia, is a relatively rare form of aphasia, thought to be caused by a disruption in the fiber pathways connecting Wernicke's and Broca's areas. The arcuate fasciculus has previously been implicated as this fiber bundle,[1] however more recent evidence suggests that the extreme capsule connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas[2].
Presentation
Patients with conduction aphasia show the following characteristics:
• speech is fluent
• comprehension remains good
• oral reading is poor
• Major Impairment in repetition
• many phonemic paraphasias (phone substitution errors)
• transpositions of sounds within a word ("television" → "velitision") are common.
To understand the symptoms, recall that Broca's area is associated roughly with expression, Wernicke's area with comprehension.
With both areas intact but the neural connections between them broken, there is the curious condition where the patient can understand what is being said but cannot repeat it (or repeats it incorrectly). This patient will also end up saying something inappropriate or wrong, realize his/her mistake, but continue making further mistakes while trying to correct it.
References
1. Physiology at MCG 8/8ch15/s8c15_14
2. Schmahmann, J. and Pandya, D. "Fiber Pathways of the Brain". Oxford University Press 2006
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Top Ten IT Conversations Shows for May 2008
Here are the top ten IT Conversations shows for May 2008:
1. Michio Kaku - Physics of the Impossible (Rating: 3.89)
Dr. Moira Gunn speaks with Michio Kaku, theoretical physicist and author of "Physics of the Impossible" about the improbable, and the very likely in the near future: phasers, force fields and time travel.
2. Arthur Benjamin - Secrets of Mental Math (Rating: 3.62)
Mathematician, magician and lightening fast human calculator Arthur Benjamin delights and amazes the Etech crowd with some stunning numerical acrobatics. In an interactive, high energy performance, he demonstrates and explains the secrets of rapid mental calculation, providing a fascinating window into how the mind thinks. If you've been wondering how to square 73,542 in your head, be sure to listen through to the end of the show.
3. Susan Blackmore - Memes (No rating yet)
Memetics is an intellectually rich but controversial field which seeks to explain how our minds and cultures are designed by natural selection acting on replicating information, just as organisms evolve by natural selection acting on genes. Sue Blackmore, one of the field's leading thinkers, skillfully unfolds the major arguments for a meme's-eye view of the world, and explores the implications for humanity. Are our brains best seen as machines invented by and for propagation of selfish memes?
4. Changing Biotech - Bio-IT World Panel Session (Rating: 3.00)
Dr. Moira Gunn and David Ewing Duncan host a panel at the seventh annual Bio-IT World Conference on Changing Biotech.
5. Bill Janeway, Peter Bloom - Web 2.0 and Wall Street (Rating: 3.59)
Many of the current attributes of Web 2.0 were first exposed in work done on Wall Street. Bill Janeway and Peter Blook, two Wall Street veterans, discuss some of the changes that have taken place over the last three decades in the investment banking and trading industries, like the shift from sales to use of proprietary information, the reduction of latency, and collaboration of ideas. The ideas in this discussion should give insight to anyone looking to the future of Web 2.0.
6. Steve Cone - Power Lines: Words that Sell (Rating: 2.75)
Dr. Moira Gunn speaks with author Steve Cone about his new book "Power Lines," in which he writes about words that sell, grip fans and sometimes change history.
7. Adam Jacob, Jesse Robbins - Automated Infrastructure (Rating: 4.27)
In his recent presentation at the Web 2.0 Expo in San Francisco, Adam Jacob talked about why a start-up needs an automated infrastructure. He covered the components necessary for any automated infrastructure to be successful and also presented use-cases. Along with Jesse Robbins, Adam joins Phil and Scott to talk about the automated infrastructure process.
8. Lucas Gonze - Discovering, Sharing, and Experiencing Music (Rating: 3.18)
Lucas Gonze founded the playlist-sharing site webjay.org, and currently leads the development of the Yahoo! Media Player. He's also an amateur guitarist who records and performs 19th-century parlour music. In this wide-ranging conversation on Interviews with Innovators with Jon Udell, Gonze reflects on the ways we discover, share, and experience music in the digital age.
9. Mitchell Kapor - Open Source: The End is Not in Sight! (Rating: 3.50)
The first generation of Open Source has been a wild ride unimaginable at the time it began. But Mitch Kapor, President of the Open Source Applications Foundation and chair of the Mozilla Foundation, thinks the end is not in sight and that we can influence the future of Open Source by our actions and contributions. Open Source has some great virtues that deserve to be spread through all of society, not just the computing industry.
10. Wireless Innovation Panel - What will drive wireless innovation? (Rating: 3.20)
In this panel discussion from the Emerging Communications Conference, experts from wireless carriers, application developers, and entrepreneurs discuss the potential, and the obstacles to wireless innovation. They present a range of viewpoints on topics from open networks to software for handsets.
The Susan Blackmore talk from PopTech showing up is interesting given that it's three years old.
Since moving to the new ratings system and site design, we're getting a lot more ratings per show, so I'm more confident of them than I have been in the past. It's interesting that the most downloaded shows are not always the highest rated. I think that that shows the gap between expectation and satisfaction, to some extent.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4364.0 - National Health Survey: Summary of Results, 2004-05
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/02/2006
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contains a cross-section of survey results, including selected national statistics about long-term illnesses experienced; mental wellbeing; injuries; consultations with doctors and other health professionals; and health risk factors including alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise, body mass and dietary practices.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6202.0.30.004 - Microdata: Labour Force Survey and Labour Mobility, Australia, Feb 2012 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/12/2012
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
The following microdata products are available from the Labour Force Survey and Labour Mobility, Australia, Feb 2012:
- Basic CURF on CD-ROM
- Expanded CURF via the Remote Access Data Laboratory (RADL) and ABS Data Laboratory (ABSDL)
Apply online for access to these products at www.abs.gov.au/about/microdata.
These products contain data from both the monthly Labour Force Survey and the related Labour Mobility supplementary survey.
The Labour Mobility data is in relation to people aged 15 years and over who had worked at some time during the year ending February 2012. In addition to the standard labour force data items, the Labour Mobility data provides details on labour mobility over a twelve month period ending February 2012,
People who at February 2012, had worked with their current employer/business for less than 12 months, were asked whether they had changed their employer/business in the previous 12 months. Those who had changed employer/business were then asked if they
had changed their occupation, industry, usual hours worked or employment type between their last and current employer/business.
Employees (excluding owner managers of incorporated enterprises) who at February 2012, had worked for their current employer/business for one year or more were asked whether they had been promoted, transferred to a different position, changed occupation, or changed usual hours worked in the 12 months to February 2012. Employees (excluding owner managers of incorporated enterprises) who reported any of these changes were considered to have had some change in work in the 12 months to February 2012.
The microdata enables users to tabulate, manipulate and analyse data. Steps to confidentialise the dataset are taken to ensure the integrity of data and maintain confidentiality of respondents. This includes removing any information that might uniquely identify an individual, reducing the level of detail for some items and collapsing some categories.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
We'd like to offer 30 day trial for a subscription service.
Has anyone experimented with that?
We will probably do a bunch of testing with it but I'd really like to hear your experiences on:
1) Length - 15 or 30 days?
2) Do we get the customer's credit card info at signing up or after the trial, to reduce friction at signup?
3) Is the trial supposed to be free? Or do we charge for it if the customer doesn't cancel?
3) Do we charge when the trial starts or when it ends?
share|improve this question
5 Answers
up vote 8 down vote accepted
While BasicallyMoney.com offers a good consumer's perspective, keep in mind that you're in the business to make money. Everything single thing that you can possibly do (even, say, give away free $100 bills on the street) will turn people off.
Don't be afraid of turning people off. That's called qualifying, and it's a critical process to making sales. But the difficulty for you is that the answer to every single question you're asking is "who knows, it depends."
1) Length - 15 or 30 days?
How long will it take to evaluate the service? Hoover's offers a twenty-four hour trial. Microsoft Servers are often 120 days.
2) Do we get the customer's credit card info at signing up or after the trial, to reduce friction at signup?
Someone who gives their credit card number is a much more series prospect than someone who just fills out a form. Who do you want in your sales pipeline? What's the conversion rate difference?
3) Is the trial supposed to be free? Or do we charge for it if the customer doesn't cancel?
It doesn't have to be. For services that need longer commitments (6 - 12+ mos), it may make sense to allow people to try it out for just a single month at 1/12 the cost of a year subscription.
3) Do we charge when the trial starts or when it ends?
If you're going to charge for a trial, I'd charge at the start. If the service was a poor fit, it's better to have the payment for that service be as far away from the realization of the poor fit as possible.
Basically, there's no way of knowing the answers to these questions until you try them out.
share|improve this answer
If you ask for a credit card number up front, you will turn people off. I guarantee it.
If you charge if the customer doesn't cancel, i.e. "negative option billing" for your trial, you will turn people off. I guarantee it.
If you charge when the trial starts, it isn't really a trial then, is it? You will turn people off. I guarantee it.
Make it easy for your prospective customers to try your service. Bend over backwards to help them understand what your product is all about. If they get it, they will open their wallets, and spread the word. If you try and force their wallets open, you'll get nothing but bad press and chargebacks.
Last, go at least for 30 days. People are busy nowadays. It's easy to sign up for a trial and forget about it for two weeks.
share|improve this answer
We've gone a couple different ways with our apps. And it's really depended on who your target customer is. In one of our apps we offer a 45 day free pilot, no credit card upfront, etc. But this app's primary customers are large businesses whose employees don't have the authority at the "let's try this out" point to pay with a credit card.
With another app we've built, and sell (tgethr), those customers are small businesses and families. There we offer a totally free plan, and the other paid plans do ask for a credit card up front. This is a great way to protect yourself from people abusing your most resource expensive plan up front. With some luck you'll get some press soon when you launch, and if your application can get broken up into plans, you'll have a few more hosting headaches if you let anyone and everyone sign up for a plan that maxes out resources on your server(s). Resources like email. Asking for a credit card to make people more serious about trying your resource intensive plans helps reduce that headache.
share|improve this answer
Remember that the goal of a TRIAL should be to address a customer concern/objection.
Some folks erroneously think that a free trial is an actual marketing tool. A trial is seldom useful enough to cause someone to learn how to use the software. Reducing the cost of something (even to free) does not increase the demand for it, it merely removes one objection ("it costs more than I want to spend/than it's worth").
And often, a Money Back Guarantee is a better way (than a free trial) to address those concerns.
So... if you're offering a trial, what objection are you trying to overcome? How long a trial do you need to accomplish that. Some objections that a Trial can overcome:
• Will this run on my computer?
• Is it as easy-to-use as you say it is?
• Does it have feature XYZ?
• Will this work for my needs?
What a trial will not overcome:
• This costs more than I want to spend.
• I don't have time to figure out what I want to buy. ( A money back guarantee is often better in this case b/c a free trial adds an unnecessary step).
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I thought Seth Levine had a great discussion on how long a trial period should last. The author argues that 30 days is way too long for most startups. He argues:
1. You're probably doing something wrong if you can't show the product value within a couple of days
2. Customers who will pay you after 30 days are likely to pay you much faster, so you're leaving money on the table when you have a long trial period.
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