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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I have been coding solutions since like the dawn of time, at least that's how it feels, and I love it so now I want to help found a new start up or help an existing start up that needs a technical director or CTO.
I have the entrepreneurial spirit and I have the technical skills but I can't seem to locate any place on the web to hook up my skill sets with a business idea. Granted I just started looking but I was wondering if there was a brokering site that listed potential ideas or start up companies that I could peruse to see if there would be a fit. If I can't find one then maybe I should build it?
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4 Answers
Maybe you can try this site to find a co-founder http://www.founder2be.com
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Try focusing on what you want to do and what your role would be in a startup first, and let that guide your path. Are you an idea person full of great ideas? Start coding on one while you look for a partner. Are you a technological genius that just loves thrill of building something great? Find a startup that is just a couple guys and is in the idea stage.
Whatever the case try participating in groups on LinkedIn. Make yourself visible while seeking out opportunities and potential partners that share your vision.
share|improve this answer
I would also suggest looking offline. Use any existing networks you have (current colleagues, friends and family). You might be surprised how many people you know are also interesting in founding a startup. Plus search online for any local entrepreneur meetups.
Also try going to a Startup Weekend if there is one nearby to you. You'll get to meet loads of great people (developers, designers, business people and experienced entrepreneurs) and get a chance to see what it's actually like to work with them.
share|improve this answer
The problem here is, from a technical perspective, it's very rare than technical folks who are startup-oriented and generally so because they're created something useful and want to get it out there. They're not interested in your idea and will be looking for a business person who'll go along with their idea. i.e. people come to this position mostly with their idea for the first time.
I'd suggest looking at which startups have executed their exit strategy within the past 0-6 months and see whether the engineers in there are looking to exit at some point. If I get to exit on my current attempt, I can imagine I'd be happy to have go as not the key founder next time, but a member of a core 4-5 team working on someone else's idea.
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/18735/banking-corporatism-in-1912/
Banking Corporatism in 1912
October 16, 2011 by
A friend of mine on Facebook alerted me to this political cartoon dealing with the 1912 Aldrich Plan to bring central banking to the United States,
H/T: Plasmaquatic Technolithic Mist blog
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Email this article to a friend
Experimental stress in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a review of psychophysiological stress responses
Sabine JM de Brouwer*, Floris W Kraaimaat, Fred CGJ Sweep, Marjonne CW Creemers, Timothy RDJ Radstake, Antoinette IM van Laarhoven, Piet LCM van Riel and Andrea WM Evers
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2010, 12:R89 doi:10.1186/ar3016
See related editorial by Hassett and Clauw, http://arthritis-research.com/content/12/3/123
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Wikia
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Revision as of 06:01, October 6, 2010 by 75.85.56.24 (Talk)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This material is published under the OGL
Silent Moves: This armor is well oiled and magically constructed so that it not only makes little sound, but it dampens sound around it. It provides a +5 competence bonus on its wearer’s Move Silently checks. (The armor’s armor check penalty still applies normally.)
Faint illusion; CL 5th; Craft Magic Arms and Armor, silence; Price +3,750 gp.
Silent Moves, Improved: As silent moves, except it grants a +10 competence bonus on Move Silently checks.
Moderate illusion; CL 10th; Craft Magic Arms and Armor, silence; Price +15,000 gp.
Silent Moves, Greater: As silent moves, except it grants a +15 competence bonus on Move Silently checks.
Moderate illusion; CL 15th; Craft Magic Arms and Armor, silence; Price +33,750 gp.
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From the Edmonds Vet: An adventurous honeymoon
By Dr. David Gross
Rosalie and I married on April 23, 1960. I graduated from veterinary school the first week of June and we embarked on a road trip from Fort Collins, Colorado to my first position in Sidney, Montana, camping out along the way, the only honeymoon we ever had.
After a night in the Medicine Bow range in Wyoming, and a second night at the Coulter campground in Jackson Hole, we arrived in Yellowstone Park. That evening, after using the outhouse, I stood at the water pump, brushing my teeth. There was a loud metallic clang, as a garbage pit lid ripped open. Rosalie screamed, and our German Shepherd Mister erupted into furious, angry barking. I grabbed the ax I had brought along to gather firewood, and ran down the gravel road, toothbrush clenched between my teeth, toothpaste foaming out of my mouth. My towel flew off my shoulder. My toes grabbed frantically, struggling to keep my unlaced boots on my feet as I ran. I saw Mister’s silhouette, clawing at the tent flap.
A small black bear was standing over the garbage pit at our campsite. Through the fabric of the tent, back lit by the lantern, I saw Rosalie. She was screaming while trying to hold Mister back. The bear looked over its shoulder as it reached down into the garbage bin for more of my famous chili. I spat out the toothbrush and started shouting.
“GET OUT! TAKE OFF! …YEEOUH!”
I squatted down and unzipped the tent flap that was starting to tear from Mister’s attack
“Let him loose honey. It’s just a small bear.”
I grabbed the dog’s collar as he lunged through the opening. The two of us now faced the bear, the dog growling, me waving the ax.
“GO ON, GET OUT …SCRAM!”
The bear moved to face us. He was nonchalant, now able to watch us directly instead of over his shoulder. He continued to fish out and eat the chili. When finished he turned, glanced over his shoulder, then strolled away, unconcerned by antics of man or dog.
Rosalie came out of the tent and stood next to me hugging me around the waist with her left arm and patting Mister with her right hand.
“My hero, and my hero,” she murmured.
Dr. David Gross of Edmonds graduated from Colorado State University’s veterinary school in 1960 and was in private practice for 10 years. He retired in 2006 as Professor and Head of Veterinary Biosciences, at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. This story is excerpted from his book, “Animals Don’t Blush,” which describes the unique patients and even more unique clients of a veterinary practice in Sidney, Montana in the early 1960s.
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Quotation added by JamesJDye
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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If history repeats itself, and the unexpected always happens, how incapable must Man be of learning from experience! Shaw, George Bernard
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Quotes about security
These are quotes tagged with "security". You can also search for quotes containing the word security.
"Security... it's simply the recognition that changes will take place and the knowledge that you're willing to deal with whatever happens."
Browne, Harry on security
4 fans of this quote
"When you know that you're capable of dealing with whatever comes, you have the only security the world has to offer."
Browne, Harry on security
"Too many people are thinking of security instead of opportunity. They seem more afraid of life than death."
Byrnes, James F. on security
3 fans of this quote
"Without a measureless and perpetual uncertainty, the drama of human life would be destroyed."
Churchill, Winston on security
5 fans of this quote
"Security represents your sense of worth, your identity, your emotional anchorage, your self-esteem, your basic personal strength or lack of it."
Covey, Stephen R. on security
4 fans of this quote
"I don't want expensive gifts; I don't want to be bought. I have everything I want. I just want someone to be there for me, to make me feel safe and secure."
Diana, Princess of Wales on security
5 fans of this quote
"It's an old adage that the way to be safe is never to be secure. Each one of us requires the spur of insecurity to force us to do our best."
Dodds, Harold W. on security
"Only the insecure strive for security."
Dyer, Wayne on security
6 fans of this quote
"No one has a prosperity so high and firm that two or three words can't dishearten it."
Emerson, Ralph Waldo on security
"Nothing is secure but life, transition, the energizing spirit."
Emerson, Ralph Waldo on security
"Many people think that by hoarding money they are gaining safety for themselves. if money is your ONLY hope for independence, you will never have it. The only real security that a person can have in this world is a reserve of knowledge, experience, and ability. Without these qualities, money is practically useless."
Ford, Henry on security
"There can be no security where there is fear."
Frankfurter, Felix on security
"The task we must set for ourselves is not to feel secure, but to be able to tolerate insecurity."
Fromm, Erich on security
7 fans of this quote
"Security is when everything is settled. When nothing can happen to you. Security is the denial of life."
Greer, Germaine on security
3 fans of this quote
"There is no such thing as security. There never has been."
Greer, Germaine on security
"There is nothing assured to mortals."
Horace on security
"Security is the priceless product of freedom. Only the strong can be secure, and only in freedom can men produce those material resources which can secure them from want at home and against aggression from abroad."
Hutchinson, B. E. on security
"Security will produce danger."
Johnson, Samuel on security
"The ultimate security is your understanding of reality."
Judd, H. Stanley on security
4 fans of this quote
"There is nothing stable in the world; uproar's your only music."
Keats, John on security
"God himself is not secure, having given man dominion over his work."
Keller, Helen on security
"Security depends not so much upon how much you have, as upon how much you can do without."
Krutch, Joseph Wood on security
5 fans of this quote
"Only in growth, reform, and change, paradoxically enough, is true security to be found."
Lindbergh, Anne Morrow on security
"There's no security on this earth, only opportunity."
Macarthur, Douglas on security
3 fans of this quote
"Man maintains his balance, poise, and sense of security only as he is moving forward."
Maltz, Maxwell on security
"Stability is not immobility."
Metternich, Klemens Von on security
"Shun security."
Miletos, Thales of on security
"The middle station is the most secure."
Motto on security
"Yet one thing secures us what ever betide, the scriptures assures us the Lord will provide."
Newton, Sir Isaac on security
"All things human hang by a slender thread; and that which seemed to stand strong suddenly falls and sinks in ruins."
Ovid on security
"I have come back again to where I belong; not an enchanted place, but the walls are strong."
Rath, Dorothy H. on security
"Whatever has overstepped its due bounds is always in a state of instability."
Seneca on security
"Security is the chief enemy of mortals."
Shakespeare, William on security
"Happiness has many roots, but none more important than security."
Stettinius, E. R. on security
"Security in human systems we're told will always, always last. Emotions are the sail, and blind faith is the mast. Without the breath of real freedom we're getting nowhere fast."
Sumner, Gordon on security
"The desire for safety stands against every great and noble enterprise."
Tacitus, Publius Cornelius on security
"The more you seek security, the less of it you have. But the more you seek opportunity, the more likely it is that you will achieve the security that you desire."
Tracy, Brian on security
3 fans of this quote
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Category:Criticism of Islam
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Category for topics and subjects related to legitimate criticism of Islam. See related category Category:Islamophobia for criticism of Islam that is not valid.
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What is Pharmacogenomics?
My good friend, Chavonne Jones at HumanGeneticsDisorders.com shared a great video with us that focuses on describing the main concept of pharmacogenomics. Read more about this interesting field here.
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Talk:How to haggle
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I'm interested in haggling. One thing I wonder about is where it's actually a local practice, and where it's been introduced because tourists expect to bargain for everything. --Evan 07:07, 4 Apr 2005 (EDT)
Bargaining is or was the default mode everywhere -- fixed prices were regarded as a wild and dangerous innovation when first introduced. Tourists are mostly responsible for opportunistic price-gouging, like tuk-tuk drivers in Thailand asking for silly prices when they see a farang climb on board when they'd never get away with this if it was a local. Jpatokal 07:29, 4 Apr 2005 (EDT)
I find that hard to swallow; I'd be interested to see some backup documentation on that. I mean, in a world with so much sexual, linguistic, religious, cultural, and artistic variation, doesn't it seem to stretch credulity that the retail experience is identical from Timbuktu to Tibet? It seems more likely to me that Westerners have brought their expectation of haggling everywhere they visit. "We" all know that "they" haggle over prices, so we carry this model around with us everywhere we travel, and we fall into the bargaining behavior everywhere we go.
Haggling is something I see a lot more often between tourists and locals than between locals themselves. I don't think it makes a lot of sense for everyday purchases, really -- who has the time to bargain over a loaf of bread and an apple every day of the year?
Yes, commodities like bread and apples will usually have a standard 'local price'. However, access to this depends on your relationship with the merchant, and if it's your first visit to the apple merchant and you have bulging stacks of zorkmids falling from your pockets then of course you will be charged what the merchant figures you can bear. Note that this is not a question of local vs foreigner, but known local vs unknown stranger; a rich local guy pulling up in his Rolls will also be charged a higher price. Jpatokal 21:26, 5 Apr 2005 (EDT)
I guess the main thing I want to see is that we're not making excessive assumptions in this article. The "they're not like us" mentality is really worrisome to me, and I'd like to make sure we're not perpetuating myths. --Evan 16:48, 5 Apr 2005 (EDT)
Haggling is often the only way to do things. In England we have shops that sell stuff to us, so there's only a few sellers, and a lot of buyers, so fixed prices make sense. In many countries, most people sell stuff, or a far greater proportion do than in England. This means there can't be easily fixed prices, as each sale is more of a one-off. This mainly only applies for expensive things though. "we fall into the bargaining behavior everywhere we go" this doesn't make sense: Either you accept the first price they say, or you offer a lower one. If they don't budge then you can't haggle, if they do then you can. It's not being imposed on them.
Also on your User page it says you travel around North America (where the average person in the street rarely sells anything), have you been to Timbuktu or Tibet? Lionfish 22:38, 5 Apr 2005 (BST)
Yes, I've been to lots of places where tourists haggle with locals (Mexico, Turkey, Southeast Asia), and I'm well aware that it's a common tourist practice. But I've been to very few places where I've seen locals haggle with other locals. I think the "you have to bargain there" myth is self-perpetuating -- if tourists want to bargain, local merchants will learn to do so to deal with their customers. --Evan 00:26, 6 Apr 2005 (EDT)
Heh, sorry I ranted last time :P I guess I see your point. It's difficult, when a town has been flooded by tourists for years, to buy things 'normally'.
Just agreeing with Jpatokal, bargaining is the 'norm' across the world, it is only a few Western countries that have adopted fixed prices. I'd like to point out that in countries worse of than your own, you will usually end up paying slightly higher than a local, however hard you haggle. This might seem unfair, but remember that you can earn considerably more than them: In Morocco the average wage is $2/day.
Embarrasing story: On the way out of Morocco, at Tangier, we were trying to get a taxi from the train station to the town centre. None of the taxi drivers were using the meter, and they were offering way over-the-odds for the ride (I think about 30 dh = £2). We decided to walk, as it was only a couple of miles... >_< Moral: You have to know when to stop haggling and say 'ok' - especially when it's over tiny things. (To recover a bit of my dignity: In other cases saying 'no' and finding an alternative solution, even if you're just bluffing, will usually make the price drop like a stone: The hotel we stayed in in Fez ended up being considerably cheaper than our guide book said it was after a bit of bluffing). Lionfish 16:00, 5 Apr 2005 (BST)
Its more that they will bargain more and in more deals with non locals. In all countries you bargain over some things: used cars, insurance, houses, horses, stuff on ebay. Even airline tickets are not sold at a fixed price, I bought a Lufthansa ticket at an online agent for half of what Lufthansa asked on their homepage. At E.g. the Cairo bazaar most vendors expect some bargaining, but not all, a few actually have pricelist in arabic numbers and you cannot get a better deal unless you buy a lot. Gold jewelry are sold for a fixed price per gram.
You will see tourists sitting for half an hour drinking tea bargaining over a scarf. Locals do not do that (for cheap things). Its just a couple of offers each way and a deal is done in seconds. -- elgaard 15:47, 5 Apr 2005 (EDT)
Agreed. In Morocco we never haggled for food or water, and in general we didn't for taxis (pestering the driver to turn the metre on, or agreeing in advance a price IS a good idea though!!!!!). But for an expensive (ish) rug my gf bought we spent quite a while haggling.Lionfish 22:38, 5 Apr 2005 (BST)
Yes rugs are individual and it is hard to know what it is worth. And if you have the time it can be fun to spend some time haggling, drinking tea and discussing. I once spend a whole afternoon in Kayseri buying a carpet. At some point I had to wait for something and the owner had a nephew show me town. -- elgaard 18:29, 5 Apr 2005 (EDT)
[edit] Arabic numbers
"If you are in a country that use arabic numbers then learn them."
I thought that the arabic numbers were 1,2,3,... What is meant by this? -- Kurkoski 02:19, 2 Jun 2005 (EDT)
See [1]. Basically, the familiar 123 is Western Arabic, but most modern-day Arab countries use Eastern Arabic numbers. 203.117.95.42 02:23, 2 Jun 2005 (EDT)
Thanks for the clarification, and the link. Kurkoski 12:22, 3 Jun 2005 (EDT)
[edit] Marrakech edition should be merged here?
I found a dedicated Bargaining section under Marrakech--and believe most part of it should be merged in here. I am not strong enough in the subject to perform educated merge--hopefully someone will plunge forward with it. --DenisYurkin 17:38, 10 November 2006 (EST)
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Difference between revisions of "Seattle/North"
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(Drink)
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==Sleep==
==Sleep==
There are no lodgings worth considering in North Seattle. Stay with friends, or look for more plentiful options [[Seattle/Downtown#Sleep|downtown]] or in the [[Seattle/University District#Sleep|U-District]].
+
North Seattle is home to many mid-level hotels and motelsThe views usually aren't great, but the prices can be. Lodging is mainly near 1-5.
==Contact==
==Contact==
Revision as of 04:48, 19 August 2010
North Seattle is a loosely-defined area, often including anywhere north of the Ship Canal that bisects the city. This article covers only the area between 85th St. and the city limits at 145th St. The neighborhoods to the south are collected in Ballard and the University District; to the north is the suburban city of Shoreline.
Contents
Understand
From west to east, the neighborhoods in North Seattle include Broadview, Bitter Lake, North Park, Haller Lake, Northgate, Maple Leaf, Pinehurst, and Lake City. The area is almost entirely residential, with the exceptions of the sprawling Northgate Mall, the gritty (albeit slowly gentrifying) commercial strip along Lake City Way, and the grittier (and staying that way) Aurora Avenue. There are few attractions of general interest,
Lake City's main drag, Lake City Way, while still the host of some creepy dive bars, thrift/pawn stores, and used car dealerships, is the focus of most urban development. New restaurants offering international cuisine are opening, and a 24 hour Starbucks is a sign that yuppie culture has arrived in Lake City.
Get in
By car
Major streets running north-south include Greenwood Ave., Aurora Ave., I-5, and Lake City Way (SR-522). For best results, go as far as you can on one of those streets before turning off. East-west streets are often interrupted by terrain and other obstructions - try using 130th St. and 105th St. west of the interstate, 125th St. and Northgate Way (effectively 110th St.) east of it. At the city line, 145th St. is unbroken all the way across.
By bus
The Northgate Transit Center, immediately south of the mall, is the hub for local service, as well as the Route 41 express bus to downtown and the 66/67 to the University District. The park-and-ride lots on all sides are free. Although the 41 runs frequently, neighborhood routes often drop down to hourly or half-hourly service. Using Metro Transit's trip planner [1] in advance is recommended.
Most runs on the 41 continue to Lake City Way, also served by the 72 (local service to the U-District) and 522 (express to downtown, no stops south of 125th St).
See
Sorry folks, there's still nothing you'd really want to go out of your way to see up here.
Do
• Carkeek Park, 950 NW Carkeek Park Rd. (far northwest corner of the city, enter from NW 110th St. or 117th St.), (206) 684-0877, [2]. 6AM-10PM daily. The century-old trees and surprisingly hilly terrain surrounding a small valley give the impression that you're far from the city. Excellent for a walk in the woods. Free.
• Lake City has a really great street fair in late August for Pioneer Days, complete with street vendors, food, music and a parade with local kids and performers on up to the SeaFair Pirates. It has a great small-town feel while the streets are lined with all sorts of families and crazies from the neighborhood. The kid's parade usually starts at 6, then the main parade starts at 7. Fun for all. Not for those who need irony to be entertained, or for those who can't stand a city crowd. [3]
Buy
• Northgate Mall, though it may be the commercial center and focus of extensive new development, offers nothing unique beyond the standard large shopping mall experience. However, it is well-equipped to satisfy all your chain store and food court needs.
• Lake City's pawn and thrift stores may present you with some good bargains. Value Village in particular has great deals on decent clothing items that foolish people rid themselves of.
• No trip to Lake City would be complete without buying a used car from the reputable salespeople.
Eat
This article or section does not match our manual of style or needs other editing. Please plunge forward, give it your attention and help it improve! Suggested fixes: None specified. Please use the article's talk page to ask questions if you are not sure why this tag was added and whether it is safe to remove it.
If there is one reason to come to this area of Seattle, it is the Persian bakery, Minoo. Boasting a wide array of fried honey pastries and some nut-based cookies, other Middle Eastern eateries could only envy their quality and selection.
There are also, in the grand Seattle tradition, two Thai places right across the street from each other on Lake City Way: Chang's Thai and Thai One On (the latter being the better), as well as Toyoda Sushi and, a little west of downtown Lake City, the Enat Ethiopian restaurant.
Further south on Lake City Way, new development is taking place where Lake City meets the considerably nicer Maple Leaf.
For authentic Mexican food a world removed from the cliched, Americanized fodder served by chains, there is Mr. Villa near the intersection with 15th Ave. The tacos al carbon, homemade tortillas, and green salsa are not to be missed.
On 15th less than a block away is Anita's Indian Bistro which was voted 2nd best Indian food in Seattle, with rich and flavorful curries also available as sides for dipping naan.
Dick's Drive-In - Best food in Lake City (4 other around Seattle)
The Sugar Shack, a newly opened bakery near the intersection of Lake City Way and 15th, supplies an ever changing selection of cholesterol-boosting treats sure to please the palate and necessitate some cardiovascular exercise.
The Pho Binh on Lake City way offers fantastic Pho and Vietnamese sandwiches.
• Masala of India offers surprisingly decent Indian cuisine, on Northgate Way east of the mall.
• Santorini Pizza & Pasta, [4], 11001 35th Avenue NE, 206.440.8499. Neighborhood Italian (with some Greek tones) restaurant known for good food and house wine. A favorite with many locals, the cooks have a tendency to use ample amounts of cheese. Extremely large dessert portions, particularly the Baklava.
Drink
True to Seattle form, Starbucks are everywhere as are drive through coffee huts. If you are looking for alcoholic refreshments, there are numerous neighborhood pubs, just ask around. In general, the further north you get, the fewer options you have. There is a DRIVE-THRU liquor store near the THRIFT STORE on Bothell Way! I couldn't believe it, but there is such a thing.
Sleep
North Seattle is home to many mid-level hotels and motels. The views usually aren't great, but the prices can be. Lodging is mainly near 1-5.
Contact
All branches of the Seattle Public Library offer free wireless access. Use of public, Internet-connected computers for up to an hour at a time is also free, though if you don't have a SPL library card, you must request a temporary login from the circulation desk.
Wi-fi is de rigeur in any self-respecting coffee shop.
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PRICE INDEXES AND CONTRACT PRICE INDEXATION
TAKE CARE in using seasonally adjusted and trend estimates. See Explanatory Notes paragraphs 37 to 45.
DECEMBER KEY FIGURES
Sep Qtr 2006 to Dec Qtr 2006
Dec Qtr 2005 to Dec Qtr 2006
% change
% change
Wage Price Index (WPI)
Total hourly rates of pay excluding bonuses
Seasonally Adjusted(a)
Australia
1.1
4.0
Sector
Private
1.0
3.8
Public
1.3
4.5
Original
Australia
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4.0
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0.9
3.7
Public
1.2
4.5
(a) See Explanatory Notes paragraphs 37-45
WPI-Quarterly changes,
Total hourly rates of pay excluding bonuses
WPI-Annual change: original,
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DECEMBER KEY POINTS
TOTAL HOURLY RATES OF PAY EXCLUDING BONUSES
QUARTERLY CHANGE (SEP QTR 2006 TO DEC QTR 2006)
• The index for all employee jobs in Australia increased by 1.1%, seasonally adjusted.
• The increases in indexes (in original terms) at the industry level ranged from 0.5% for Cultural and recreational services to 1.6% for Communication services.
• Increases in the indexes (in original terms) at the occupation level ranged from 0.5% for Tradespersons and related workers to 1.2% for Associate professionals.
ANNUAL CHANGE (DEC QTR 2005 TO DEC QTR 2006)
• The increase in the seasonally adjusted index through the year to December 2006 for all employee jobs in Australia was 4.0%.
• Increases in the original indexes through the year to December 2006 at the industry level ranged from 2.0% for Accommodation, cafes and restaurants to 6.5% for Mining, compared with 4.0% for all industries.
NOTES
FORTHCOMING ISSUES
ISSUE (QUARTER) Release Date
March 2007 16 May 2007
June 2007 15 August 2007
September 2007 14 November 2007
ABS DATA AVAILABLE ON REQUEST
Original indexes are compiled for various combinations of state/territory, sector, broad industry group and broad occupation group. Seasonally adjusted and trend indexes are compiled only for total hourly rates of pay excluding bonuses for each of the private sector, public sector and all sectors. Indexes not included in this publication may be made available on request by telephoning David Taylor on Perth (08) 9360 5151.
FURTHER INFORMATION
More detailed information on the Labour Price Index (LPI) is available in Labour Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, Australia (cat. no. 6351.0.55.001).
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COMMENTARY
NATIONAL MINIMUM AWARD WAGE INCREASES
The Australian Fair Pay Commission (AFPC) has had responsibility for setting federal minimum award rates since early 2006. The AFPC's first ruling had a date of effect of 1 December 2006 which was after the quarterly survey reference date for the Labour Price Index(Footnote: The reference date for this survey is the last pay period ending on or before the third Friday of the middle month of the quarter, except for bonuses which are collected in respect to those paid during the three month period ending on the third Friday of the middle month of the quarter. For December quarter 2006, the reference date was 17 November 2006.). It is expected that pay changes associated with the AFPC ruling will start to flow through to the wage price index in the March quarter 2007.
The recent changes in industrial relations including the AFPC ruling have affected the seasonally adjusted and trend estimates for the WPI. The impact of these changes affected the size of the seasonal factor for the September quarter 2006. However, the impact has been negligible this quarter. Further impacts are expected on the seasonal factors in upcoming quarters. For further details see paragraphs 37-45 of the Explanatory Notes.
SECTOR
The through the year increase in the seasonally adjusted index for All sectors is 4.0%. The through the year increase for the Private sector (seasonally adjusted) is 3.8%, unchanged from the September quarter 2006 result. The Public sector shows an increase of 4.5% for the same period, compared with a 4.2% change for the year through to September quarter 2006.
INDUSTRY
In original terms, the industries with the highest rate of increase through the year to December quarter 2006 were Mining (6.5%), Electricity, gas and water (6.0%), and Construction (5.1%). The lowest rates of increase were reported in Accommodation, cafes and restaurants (2.0%) and Retail (2.4%).
STATE
In original terms, the states with the highest rate of increase through the year to December quarter 2006 were the All sector and Private sector for Western Australia (4.6% and 4.5% respectively) and the Public sector for Queensland (5.1%).
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1345.4 - SA Stats, July 2010
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/07/2010
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
CONTENTS
Feature Articles
NEW THIS MONTH - Children's Use of the Internet and Mobile Phones in South Australia
In our technology driven and communication rich world, 79% of South Australian children have access to the internet either at home or school, and nearly a third own a mobile phone.
Demography
Includes: Estimated resident population, Components of population change
South Australia's population increased by 21,200 during the year ending 31 December 2009.
Labour Force
Includes: Contents, Employed persons, Unemployment, Participation rate
South Australia's trend unemployment rate rises for fifth consecutive month.
Incomes
Includes: Average weekly earnings
In the year to February 2010 average weekly full time earnings in SA rose by 2.1% compared to 5.9% nationally.
State Accounts
Includes: State accounts, Household final consumption expenditure (HFCE)
'Purchase of vehicles' main contributor to growth in SA's Household final consumption expenditure in March quarter 2010.
Consumption
Includes: Retail trade, New motor vehicle sales
Retail turnover in SA falls 0.9% in May 2010.
Investment
Includes: Private new capital expenditure, Mineral and petroleum exploration expenditure
Expenditure on mineral and petroleum exploration in SA falls to new low in March quarter 2010.
Construction
Includes: Building approvals, Construction work done
Number of SA dwelling unit approvals for May 2010 exceeds previous high.
Price Indexes
Includes: Contents, Consumer price index, Wage price index, House price index
SA's housing price index rises 2.7% in March quarter 2010.
Housing Finance
Includes: Housing finance commitments
SA's average loan commitment for first home buyers rose to $246,000 in May 2010.
International Merchandise Trade
Includes: Exports and Imports
South Australian exports up 20% in May 2010.
Water
Includes: Rainfall, Reservoir levels
Total water storage in Adelaide's reservoirs falls to 55% of capacity at the end of June 2010.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1350.0 - Australian Economic Indicators, Dec 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/11/2005
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Feature Article - The International Comparison Program and Purchasing Power Parities
(This article was published in the December 2005 issue of Australian Economic Indicators, Australia (ABS Catalogue Number 1350.0))
INTRODUCTION
Economists and policy makers are increasingly interested in analysing living standards across countries and changes in their relative rankings over time. The different social and institutional arrangements that exist in countries around the world create difficulties for such international comparisons. Comparisons of economic data are further complicated because economic variables are expressed in different currencies. One method of converting economic data from a national currency to a common currency such as the $US is to use exchange rates. It is appropriate to use exchange rates only in a few specific, limited circumstances, such as in calculating the value of imports able to be purchased from a given level of export receipts or in working out how many $A are required to purchase a particular sum in a foreign currency. However, for international comparisons of levels of output and consumption and for other similar comparisons, using exchange rates as the means of converting values into a common currency can lead to quite misleading conclusions. For comparisons of this nature a more robust and appropriate method is to use “purchasing power parities” (or PPPs), which directly reflect differences in the prices of goods and services in different countries.
The International Comparison Program (ICP) is a world-wide statistical initiative to collect the data required to calculate PPPs. The ICP was first established in the 1960s. Its main aim is to enable comparisons to be made of the real levels of gross domestic product (GDP) and its major components, such as household final consumption expenditure, in countries around the world using PPPs rather than exchange rates to convert to a common currency.
The 2005 ICP round is being coordinated by the World Bank and it is by far the most comprehensive round in the 40 years or so since the inception of the ICP. Around 160 countries are participating in the 2005 ICP, which is being run on a regional basis with coordinators located in five regional organisations (the Asian Development Bank in the case of the Asia/Pacific region).
This article:
• explains what PPPs are designed to do and how they are calculated,
• provides some real-life examples which demonstrate why PPPs are preferred to exchange rates for most international
comparisons, and
• describes the efforts that are going into making the 2005 ICP the most comprehensive and firmly-based ICP round to date.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
Much economic analysis concentrates on what is happening within an individual country. Economic statistics produced by each national statistical agency are expressed in the domestic currency, so comparisons can be made easily between different sets of domestic data. However, from time to time, economists are interested in comparing economic data from different countries. In some cases, it is fairly easy to do so (e.g. such as comparing the recent growth rate of GDP in Australia with that in the USA). In this case, the monetary units in which the underlying data are expressed are not important because it is the rate of growth rather than the level of activity that is being compared. Other types of comparisons are less straightforward. For example, there is often interest in the relative levels of activity between countries or in obtaining an overall total measure of activity for a group of countries such as those in the OECD. It is common to see figures quoted for the level of GDP per capita in countries as a measure of relative economic well-being, or an overall growth rate for, say, the whole of the 30 OECD countries. In the former case, the main problem in making the comparison is in adjusting the data expressed in national currency units to a common currency such as the $US. In the latter case, it is necessary to aggregate across different currencies ($A, euro, British pound etc).
One method of converting economic data from a national currency to a common currency such as the $US is to simply use exchange rates. An exchange rate represents the “price” of a foreign currency (i.e. the number of units of the domestic currency required to purchase one unit of a foreign currency). As such, it is clear that it is appropriate to use exchange rates for applications such as calculating the volume of goods and services that could be imported with the proceeds of a particular level of exports or calculating the domestic currency costs of purchasing foreign goods and services abroad. However, in assessing relative standards of living, it is necessary to have a means of comparing the volumes of goods and services actually available to residents of different countries in their own countries. Using exchange rates to convert the national currency values can be misleading because exchange rates are influenced by factors other than relative domestic price levels (e.g. financial flows and interest rate differentials can have a significant effect on exchange rates) and are often quite volatile, particularly in the short term. At times, the size of changes in the $A exchange rate could alter Australia’s world ranking based on per capita volumes of GDP even though nothing fundamental has changed in the underlying economic circumstances of either Australia or the countries with which it is being compared. PPPs are specifically designed to provide the rates of currency conversion that equalise the internal purchasing power of different currencies. Converting national currencies using PPPs eliminates the effects of different price levels between countries.
The simplest example of a PPP is regularly presented by The Economist magazine, which shows the relative levels of the prices of Big Mac hamburgers between various countries. This form of presentation provides an indication of which countries are“expensive” (i.e. those whose PPP for a Big Mac is higher than the equivalent price based on exchange rates) and those that are cheap”. For example, if a big Mac costs $3.50 in Australia and €3.10 in France then, given the current exchange rate of $A1.00 = €0.62, it would be necessary to exchange $5.00 in Australian currency to obtain sufficient euros to buy a Big Mac in France. In other words, based on the “Big Mac Index” France is an expensive country compared with Australia. Of course, Big Macs are only a very small part of expenditures in both countries. The reason The Economist uses Big Macs as the basis of its comparisons is that they are comparable across countries. In practice, more sophisticated PPPs are constructed by calculating the relative prices of a much broader range of goods and services covering all the major components of the national accounts estimates of expenditures on GDP.
To calculate PPPs, it is necessary to identify goods and services that are identical in all the countries involved in the comparison and for which prices can be collected. The goods and services concerned need to be representative of the expenditures in each country as well as being comparable between the countries. Tensions arise in identifying products that meet these two criteria, so compromises have to be made in the process.
NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND PPPS
The framework underlying the national accounts, which influences standards for most economic statistics (including PPPs) is the System of National Accounts, 1993 (commonly referred to as “SNA93”). It was produced jointly by the United Nations Statistics Division, the OECD, the IMF, the World Bank and Eurostat (the European Union statistical office). The adoption of the SNA by the majority of national statistical agencies means an internationally comparable set of national accounts data with accepted and well-understood aggregates is available.
SNA93 strongly recommends using PPPs in international comparisons of real production and consumption. Paragraph 1.38 states:
“….. When the objective is to compare the volumes of goods or services produced or consumed per head, data in national currencies must be converted into a common currency by means of purchasing power parities and not exchange rates. It is well known that, in general, neither market nor fixed exchange rates reflect the relative internal purchasing powers of different currencies. When exchange rates are used to convert GDP, or other statistics, into a common currency the prices at which goods and services in high-income countries are valued tend to be higher than in low-income countries, thus exaggerating the differences in real incomes between them. Exchange rate converted data must not, therefore, be interpreted as measures of the relative volumes of goods and services concerned. …..”.
Paragraphs 16.82 to 16.104 of SNA93 provide a detailed description of PPPs and the methods of calculating them.
CALCULATING PPPS
Calculating high quality PPP statistics requires high quality national accounts and price data for each of the countries for which PPPs are being calculated. Price data are weighted using national accounts data to form PPPs which are then divided into national accounts aggregates to convert them to a common currency.
As mentioned previously, most countries prepare national accounts statistics. However the quality varies across countries, with less developed countries tending to have poorer quality national accounts than the more developed countries. Most countries collect price information of some sort, typically for the purpose of compiling a consumer price index. Again the quality varies from country to country. However, because the national accounts aggregates for which PPPs are to be constructed are generally broad in coverage, a comprehensive suite of PPPs requires a broader range of prices than those collected for the CPI. Furthermore, in order to make international comparisons, the prices collected must be consistent with the methods of valuation used to compile the national accounts (usually expressed as being “representative”) as well as being comparable between countries. For these reasons, collecting prices for PPP statistics typically involves additional effort for the countries involved.
PPPs for an individual product group (e.g. rice) are derived using the price ratios of all the products within the product group which can be matched between each pair of countries. The product groups are referred to as “basic headings”. They are derived from national accounts data, which are split into about 220 categories in the OECD/Eurostat PPP Program. These have been collapsed into 155 basic headings for the ICP. The aim is to provide consistent expenditures that can be used to weight together the PPPs that have been derived at these detailed levels to obtain PPPs for GDP and its major aggregates (e.g. household final consumption expenditure).
Calculating PPPs is dependent on being able to collect the prices for similar products across all the countries in the comparison. The problem of matching up economies that are significantly different (e.g. Germany and Thailand) is handled by calculating PPPs for groups of like countries (handled by the “regionalisation” approach in the 2005 ICP) and then using countries that can price products common to more than one region as a “bridge” to link the regions together.
If the quality of a country’s national accounts and/or prices information is poor, then the quality of the PPP statistics for that country will also be poor. However, poor quality national accounts also directly affect an exchange-rate based comparison.
PPPS VERSUS EXCHANGE RATES IN MAKING INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
The United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) became concerned several years ago about the misleading international comparisons which were based on using exchange rates to adjust values expressed in national currencies into a common currency. The issue arose in the context of the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) annual “HumanDevelopment Report” (HDR). Some significant problems arose in interpreting the HDR because parts of the international comparisons were based on exchange rates rather than PPPs. In 2000, the chair of the UNSC appointed a small group to review the relative merits of PPPs versus exchange rates in international comparisons of the type included in the HDR.
The report of this review (footnote 1) was presented to the March 2001 UNSC meeting.
The report revealed a consensus that the statistical problems involved in using PPPs when making international comparisons are of a much smaller magnitude than those associated with using exchange rates in such analyses.
In particular, the review team reported that:
“…..[there are] two important shortcomings of PPP conversion use that require a response. The first is the question of quality of the measurement instruments of the basic data, the data collection and the calculation of PPPs. The second is the question of coverage for the countries of the world. We acknowledge ….. that these are both important issues but they are not in our view of sufficient weight to justify the use of US dollar exchange rate conversion rather than PPP conversion. …... the quality issue [of PPP data] cannot justify switching from the PPP estimate to a US dollar exchange rate, which can be more than three times smaller for least developed countries. Given such large differences between the two measures, using the wrong measure because it is more accurate does not satisfy a “fitness-for-purpose” criterion.”
The report also presented an analysis of comparisons using physical measures of output and the use of goods and services. It showed that, despite the data problems so often referred to when PPPs are mentioned, the PPP data at the level of GDP provide a much more plausible comparison between various pairs of countries than does a comparison based on exchange rates. The report reaffirmed SNA93 by recommending that PPPs rather than exchange rates should be used in international comparisons of real production and living standards because exchange rates produce distorted results. As a consequence, UNDP changed the HDR so that the international comparisons were based on PPPs rather than exchange rates.
In practice, exchange rate comparisons systematically understate per capita GDP in less economically developed countries compared with those with relatively high GDP per capita. The reason is based on the productivity differentials between high and low-income countries and is described as follows by the architects of the International Comparison Project (footnote 2):
“International trade tends to drive the prices of traded goods, mainly commodities, towards equality in different countries [based on exchange rates]. With equal or nearly equal prices, wages in the traded goods industries in each country will depend upon productivity. Wages established in the traded goods industries within each country will prevail in the country’s nontraded goods industries. In nontraded goods industries, however, international productivity differentials tend to be smaller. Consequently, in a high-productivity country high wages lead to high prices of services and other nontraded goods, whereas in a low-productivity country low wages produce low prices. The lower a country’s income, the lower will be the prices of its home goods and the greater will be the tendency for exchange-rate conversions to underestimate its real income relative to that of richer countries.”
OUTCOMES BASED ON PPPS VERSUS OUTCOMES BASED ON EXCHANGE RATES
Empirical results also show that exchange rates do not provide a suitable starting point for assessing changes over time because they are such a fundamentally flawed means of comparison. In its publication Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures – 2002 Benchmark Year (OECD, Paris, 2004), the OECD showed that PPP-converted GDPs make better economic sense than do exchange rate converted GDPs for tracking trends in real production or living standards. The following table is based on OECD PPP data. It shows the GDP for Japan as a percentage of that for the USA in 1985, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1999 and 2002.
JAPAN’S GDP TO USA’S GDP (%)
Converted using:
1985
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
Exchange rates
33
52
66
60
48
38
PPPs
35
38
39
39
35
34
AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH IN GDP VOLUMES (%)
1985-2002
1985-1990
1990-1993
1993-1996
1996-1999
1999-2002
Japan
2.2
4.8
1.5
2.2
2.0
0.8
USA
3.0
3.3
1.9
3.4
4.4
2.1
The average annual growth in GDP volumes between 1985 and 2002 was 2.2% in Japan and 3.0% in the USA so, in the absence of significant structural change, the Japanese economy would be expected to have become smaller relative to the USA over the whole period shown above. As can be seen from the above table, this is in fact the case when the comparisons are based on PPPs (a decline in the Japanese economy from 35% of the size of that of the USA to 34% after peaking at 39% around the mid 1990s) but not with the exchange rate based comparison, which shows the Japanese economy increasing its size relative to the USA economy (from 33% to 38%). More importantly, the PPP-converted data show consistently more plausible relationships between the GDP for the two countries for each benchmark year when the relative rates of GDP volume growth are taken into account. There is a fairly sharp rise between 1985 and 1993 in the size of the Japanese economy relative to the USA’s when Japan’s growth rates were significantly stronger than the USA’s, followed by a large fall from 1996 to 1999 when Japan’s growth rate was substantially lower than that of the USA. On the other hand, the exchange rate converted data show changes in the relationship of GDP between the two countries that are economically implausible, with the Japanese economy apparently doubling in size compared with the USA in only 8 years between 1985 and 1993, followed by a sharp reversal between then and 1999 and another large fall between 1999 and 2002.
The table above shows empirically that comparisons between countries over time based on exchange rates can differ significantly from those based on PPPs. This example demonstrates that the exchange rate comparisons produce results which are economically implausible, even when they are between two high-income countries.
In practice, the only certainty with exchange rate based comparisons is that, for any point in time, they will significantly overstate the difference in per capita GDP volumes between high and low-income countries. It is impossible to provide a definitive answer to the question of the extent of the change in this bias over time because it will depend on the countries being compared, the extent of the differences in the structure of their economies at each point in the time series under consideration and other factors which affect exchange rates (e.g. financial flows and interest rates).
THE 2005 ICP
The OECD and Eurostat are responsible for about 45 countries which currently participate in their Purchasing Power Parity Program. Countries in the OECD, Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States are included in this regular program which estimates PPP benchmarks, broadly on a 3-yearly cycle. However, the last time a PPP benchmark was established for a large number of the other countries in the world through a global ICP was in 1993. This round was not well run and it excluded a large number of countries, so making sense of the output in a global context was somewhat problematical.
The 2005 International Comparison Program (ICP) will provide the first PPP benchmark since the 1993 round for the majority of countries in the world. A lot of effort has been put into this round of the ICP to improve the quality of the PPPs and the per capita volumes of household final consumption expenditure and GDP derived using the PPPs. The 2005 ICP is more firmly based than earlier ICP rounds. Previous rounds suffered from a lack of dedicated resources, particularly funding and sufficient skilled staff to handle the work involved. The 2005 round is being coordinated by a team set up for the purpose in the World Bank in Washington. Funding has been provided by a number of international organisations and national statistical agencies, supplemented by in-kind assistance provided by these organisations. The project is monitored by an Executive Board which meets approximately 6 monthly. The UNSC strongly supports the ICP.
The ABS is strongly committed to the 2005 ICP. Senior ABS staff have played an active role in planning the 2005 round, and have supported the program by being representatives on key governing bodies and through the provision of technical assistance in the Asia/Pacific region.
CONCLUSIONS
PPPs provide the only valid means of making international comparisons in most situations although exchange rates should be used in certain, limited circumstances, such as in calculating the value of imports able to be purchased from a given level of export receipts or in working out how many $A are required to purchase a particular sum in a foreign currency.
International comparisons are crucial for shedding light on issues such as identifying the characteristics that distinguish successful economies from those that are less successful, the extent to which income varies around the world, the relative incidence of poverty between countries and whether incomes in different countries are becoming more or less equal over time. In particular, poverty and inequality are areas of interest where the available statistical data are somewhat imprecise, vary in quality from one country to another and also vary over time, and are open to different interpretations depending on the techniques used in their analysis. However, as a result of the review of the data and methods used in the UNDP HDR, the UNSC has reaffirmed the SNA93 recommendation that PPPs should be used for standardising data to a common currency to compare real levels of production and consumption or living standards.
In the past, widespread use of PPP data in such analyses has been held back by the lack of timeliness of the PPP benchmark data being released, misunderstandings on the part of many analysts concerning the ways in which PPP data can be used and misgivings (some real but many imagined) about the accuracy of the data which has often (misguidedly) led to exchange rates being used as a substitute in international comparisons. On the policy side, the outcome has been that much of the effort that should have gone into analysing various data sets has instead gone into debating the usefulness of PPPs versus exchange rates.
FURTHER INFORMATION
Further information on this article may be obtained by contacting Paul McCarthy on (02) 6252 6043 or by email at <paul.mccarthy@abs.gov.au>.
Footnotes
1. Report of the Friends of the Chair of the United Nations Statistical Commission – (Item 6(e) of the provisional agenda of the thirty-second session of the Statistical Commission, 6–9 March 2001) back
2. Page 9 – “International Comparisons of Real Product and Purchasing Power” (Irving B. Kravis; Alan Heston; Robert Summers) – John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1978 back
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6541.0.30.001 - Microdata: Income Distribution Survey, Basic CURF, Australia, 1986
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 26/11/1987
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Vol 1, No 3 (2007)
Modern Applied Science, Vol. 1, No. 3, September 2007
Table of Contents
Articles
Modern Applied Science, Vol. 1, No. 3, September 2007, all in one file PDF
Editor MAS P0
A Study of Document Management System Based on J2EE PDF
Jing Ni, Liangwei Zhong, Qingqiang Ma, Guangle Yan P2
Study on Combined shell Mechanics Analysis PDF
Xiangzhong Meng, Xiuhua Shi, Xiangdang Du P6
Modifying Mg/Al Composite Catalyst for Preparing Narrow-range Distribution Polyether PDF
Bing Pan, Xiujun Liu, Shuangheng Ma, Bin Wang P12
Smart Container Security: the E-seal with RFID Technology PDF
Jin Zhang, Cuifen Zhang P16
Strong Cconvergence Theorems for Strictly Pseudocontractive Mappings by Viscosity Approximation Methods PDF
Meijuan Shang, Guoyan Ye P19
A General Projection Method for the System of Relaxed Cocoercive Variational Inequalities in Hilbert Spaces PDF
Changqun Wu, Meijuan Shang, Xiaolong Qin P24
Research on the Method of Modular Design Based on Product Overall Lifecycle PDF
Jiangtao Li, Minghua Shi, Na Sun P27
Global Exponential Stability of a Class of Neural Networks with Finite Distributed Delays PDF
Jianzhi Sun, Huaiqin Wu P33
Generation of Attractors of Rossler Systems with Feedback PDF
Zhihua Huang, Yali Dong P42
Research of X-ray Nondestructive Detection System for High-speed running Conveyor Belt with Steel Wire Ropes PDF
Junfeng Wang, Changyun Miao, Yue Cui, Wei Wang, Lei Zhou P47
Intersectant Possibilities of Linguistics and cosmography PDF
Xiang Li P55
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Modern Applied Science ISSN 1913-1844 (Print) ISSN 1913-1852 (Online)
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Newbie!
Newbie Member
2Apr2010,15:42 #1
Hello,i am a "NEWBIE" on this page. I need some help getting along. As i don´t know how i comment or anything like that. And there are a bit more...If YOU can comment ("if that is possible"#)then i would like some advice to get me started
P.s.i SAW some emoticons and many are from Smiley Central..Hehe ------------------------>
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Bibliography: Demain le froid
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Title: Demain le froid
Authors: J. Le May and D. Le May
Year: 1969
Type: NOVEL
Select 2 publications to diff:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11(9), 3209-3225; doi:10.3390/ijms11093209
Review
Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer
1 The Tohkai Cytopathology Institute: Cancer Research and Prevention (TCI-CaRP), 5-1-2 Minami-Uzura, Gifu 500-8285, Japan 2 Department Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 daigaku, Uchinada Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan 3 Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University of Pharmacy, Moriyama-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan 4 Department of Physical Therapy, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Kumatori-Machi, Sennan-Gun, Osaka 590-0482, Japan 5 Cancer Prevention Basic Research Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 18 August 2010; in revised form: 2 September 2010 / Accepted: 3 September 2010 / Published: 13 September 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers)
Download PDF Full-Text [165 KB, uploaded 13 September 2010 14:18 CEST]
Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common epithelial malignancy in the world. Since CRC develops slowly from removable precancerous lesions, detection of the lesion at an early stage by regular health examinations can reduce the incidence and mortality of this malignancy. Colonoscopy significantly improves the detection rate of CRC, but the examination is expensive and inconvenient. Therefore, we need novel biomarkers that are non-invasive to enable us to detect CRC quite early. A number of validation studies have been conducted to evaluate genetic, epigenetic or protein markers for identification in the stool and/or serum. Currently, the fecal occult blood test is the most widely used method of screening for CRC. However, advances in genomics and proteomics will lead to the discovery of novel non-invasive biomarkers.
Keywords: biomarkers; colorectal cancer; fecal biomarkers; genomic and epigenetic biomarkers; serum biomarkers; microRNA
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Tanaka, T.; Tanaka, M.; Tanaka, T.; Ishigamori, R. Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 3209-3225.
AMA Style
Tanaka T, Tanaka M, Tanaka T, Ishigamori R. Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2010; 11(9):3209-3225.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Tanaka, Takuji; Tanaka, Mayu; Tanaka, Takahiro; Ishigamori, Rikako. 2010. "Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer." Int. J. Mol. Sci. 11, no. 9: 3209-3225.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. EISSN 1422-0067 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Minutes working group meeting 11/9/2011
Posted by & filed under .
Minutes Working Group Meeting 11/9/2011 12-2PM Charlotte’s Place
Present: Tom, Stephanie, Lauren
• Who is our spoke for tonight’s spokes council? Stephanie
• Spokes council minutes are we as a group taking on that responsibility?
• Yes.
• We need to get a sound recorder.
• Are we doing summary style or full transcripts for the SC?
• Full transcripts. Once we get a sound recorder we can record the SC and have someone transcribe it from the recording.
• It is a lot harder to do the full transcripts at the SC because there’s no People’s Mic.
• One SC is on Fridays, so we will need to find not only someone really good at typing, but several people really good who can rotate through Fridays.
• Do we have enough people to take minutes and also be a spoke at the SC?
• Yes
• Proposal: Tom will make a sound recording for every SC (for the time being) and post the sound file on our group docs. He will also post sound files as tasks on Amazon Mechanical Turk so that people can transcribe them. Carrie will take a full transcript at the meeting tonight.. Carrie is a professional minute taker, so if anyone can keep up she can. This will establish a baseline.
• Friendly amendment – to start with we will not use the Turk.
• Accepted
• Stephanie is leaving in six days and wants to find a replacement to transition her responsibilities to so that things don’t fall apart when she leaves.
• Lauren volunteers
• Tom will talk to Chen and see if he knows of anyone else so that we have at least three people (ideally) dedicated to organizing the group
• Lauren is going to work closely with Stephanie to transition the responsibilities over in the next six days, she will be added to gmail and nycga accounts.
• Calendar: right now it is a combination of minute-taker contact list and schedule, we need to make these two separate documents. A text document with a list of minute takers, their contact info, their availability, and a rating of their skills and reliability. Then a separate schedule that is visible to all members of the group.
• Lauren and Stephanie will work on these two documents
• Schedule:
• We want to have one person for each night, Monday – Thursday, and 5-6 people to rotate through for each night Friday – Sunday.
• Tom will work on the upcoming week’s schedule (Friday-Friday) and email all the minute-takers who are scheduled.
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17 Bible Verses about Animal Cruelty
Proverbs 12:10 ESV / 219 helpful votes
Whoever is righteous has regard for the life of his beast, but the mercy of the wicked is cruel.
Ecclesiastes 3:19 ESV / 117 helpful votes
For what happens to the children of man and what happens to the beasts is the same; as one dies, so dies the other. They all have the same breath, and man has no advantage over the beasts, for all is vanity.
Proverbs 27:23 ESV / 73 helpful votes
Know well the condition of your flocks, and give attention to your herds,
Exodus 23:5 ESV / 68 helpful votes
If you see the donkey of one who hates you lying down under its burden, you shall refrain from leaving him with it; you shall rescue it with him.
Genesis 1:28 ESV / 51 helpful votes
And God blessed them. And God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and subdue it and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over every living thing that moves on the earth.”
Isaiah 1:11 ESV / 40 helpful votes
“What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices? says the Lord; I have had enough of burnt offerings of rams and the fat of well-fed beasts; I do not delight in the blood of bulls, or of lambs, or of goats.
Genesis 1:30 ESV / 34 helpful votes
And to every beast of the earth and to every bird of the heavens and to everything that creeps on the earth, everything that has the breath of life, I have given every green plant for food.” And it was so.
Psalm 145:9 ESV / 33 helpful votes
The Lord is good to all, and his mercy is over all that he has made.
Deuteronomy 25:4 ESV / 27 helpful votes
“You shall not muzzle an ox when it is treading out the grain.
Luke 12:6 ESV / 24 helpful votes
Are not five sparrows sold for two pennies? And not one of them is forgotten before God.
Luke 15:4-7 ESV / 20 helpful votes
“What man of you, having a hundred sheep, if he has lost one of them, does not leave the ninety-nine in the open country, and go after the one that is lost, until he finds it? And when he has found it, he lays it on his shoulders, rejoicing. And when he comes home, he calls together his friends and his neighbors, saying to them, ‘Rejoice with me, for I have found my sheep that was lost.’ Just so, I tell you, there will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents than over ninety-nine righteous persons who need no repentance.
Genesis 9:1-6 ESV / 10 helpful votes
And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered. Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. And as I gave you the green plants, I give you everything. But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is, its blood. And for your lifeblood I will require a reckoning: from every beast I will require it and from man. From his fellow man I will require a reckoning for the life of man. ...
Isaiah 11:6 ESV / 9 helpful votes
The wolf shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the young goat, and the calf and the lion and the fattened calf together; and a little child shall lead them.
Psalm 36:6 ESV / 6 helpful votes
Your righteousness is like the mountains of God; your judgments are like the great deep; man and beast you save, O Lord.
Genesis 2:19 ESV / 6 helpful votes
Now out of the ground the Lord God had formed every beast of the field and every bird of the heavens and brought them to the man to see what he would call them. And whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name.
John 1:1-51 ESV / 5 helpful votes
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were made through him, and without him was not any thing made that was made. In him was life, and the life was the light of men. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it. ...
Genesis 9:2 ESV / 4 helpful votes
The fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every bird of the heavens, upon everything that creeps on the ground and all the fish of the sea. Into your hand they are delivered.
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155 Bible Verses about Penuel
Luke 2:1-24:53 ESV / 4 helpful votes
In those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be registered. This was the first registration when Quirinius was governor of Syria. And all went to be registered, each to his own town. And Joseph also went up from Galilee, from the town of Nazareth, to Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David, to be registered with Mary, his betrothed, who was with child. ...
Genesis 33:18 ESV / 4 helpful votes
And Jacob came safely to the city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan, on his way from Paddan-aram, and he camped before the city.
Genesis 33:17 ESV / 4 helpful votes
But Jacob journeyed to Succoth, and built himself a house and made booths for his livestock. Therefore the name of the place is called Succoth.
Genesis 32:28 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Then he said, “Your name shall no longer be called Jacob, but Israel, for you have striven with God and with men, and have prevailed.”
Genesis 32:2 ESV / 4 helpful votes
And when Jacob saw them he said, “This is God's camp!” So he called the name of that place Mahanaim.
Genesis 32:1-32 ESV / 4 helpful votes
Jacob went on his way, and the angels of God met him. And when Jacob saw them he said, “This is God's camp!” So he called the name of that place Mahanaim. And Jacob sent messengers before him to Esau his brother in the land of Seir, the country of Edom, instructing them, “Thus you shall say to my lord Esau: Thus says your servant Jacob, ‘I have sojourned with Laban and stayed until now. I have oxen, donkeys, flocks, male servants, and female servants. I have sent to tell my lord, in order that I may find favor in your sight.’” ...
Genesis 31:21 ESV / 4 helpful votes
He fled with all that he had and arose and crossed the Euphrates, and set his face toward the hill country of Gilead.
1 Corinthians 1:2 ESV / 3 helpful votes
To the church of God that is in Corinth, to those sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints together with all those who in every place call upon the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, both their Lord and ours:
Romans 5:18 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Therefore, as one trespass led to condemnation for all men, so one act of righteousness leads to justification and life for all men.
Isaiah 7:14 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.
2 Kings 2:23-24 ESV / 3 helpful votes
He went up from there to Bethel, and while he was going up on the way, some small boys came out of the city and jeered at him, saying, “Go up, you baldhead! Go up, you baldhead!” And he turned around, and when he saw them, he cursed them in the name of the Lord. And two she-bears came out of the woods and tore forty-two of the boys.
Judges 18:27 ESV / 3 helpful votes
But the people of Dan took what Micah had made, and the priest who belonged to him, and they came to Laish, to a people quiet and unsuspecting, and struck them with the edge of the sword and burned the city with fire.
Judges 14:19 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And the Spirit of the Lord rushed upon him, and he went down to Ashkelon and struck down thirty men of the town and took their spoil and gave the garments to those who had told the riddle. In hot anger he went back to his father's house.
Judges 4:21 ESV / 3 helpful votes
But Jael the wife of Heber took a tent peg, and took a hammer in her hand. Then she went softly to him and drove the peg into his temple until it went down into the ground while he was lying fast asleep from weariness. So he died.
Deuteronomy 7:2 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And when the Lord your God gives them over to you, and you defeat them, then you must devote them to complete destruction. You shall make no covenant with them and show no mercy to them.
Numbers 21:6 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Then the Lord sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people, so that many people of Israel died.
Numbers 15:32-36 ESV / 3 helpful votes
While the people of Israel were in the wilderness, they found a man gathering sticks on the Sabbath day. And those who found him gathering sticks brought him to Moses and Aaron and to all the congregation. They put him in custody, because it had not been made clear what should be done to him. And the Lord said to Moses, “The man shall be put to death; all the congregation shall stone him with stones outside the camp.” And all the congregation brought him outside the camp and stoned him to death with stones, as the Lord commanded Moses.
Genesis 33:20 ESV / 3 helpful votes
There he erected an altar and called it El-Elohe-Israel.
Genesis 33:19 ESV / 3 helpful votes
And from the sons of Hamor, Shechem's father, he bought for a hundred pieces of money the piece of land on which he had pitched his tent.
Genesis 32:31 ESV / 3 helpful votes
The sun rose upon him as he passed Penuel, limping because of his hip.
Genesis 32:30 ESV / 3 helpful votes
So Jacob called the name of the place Peniel, saying, “For I have seen God face to face, and yet my life has been delivered.”
Genesis 32:26 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Then he said, “Let me go, for the day has broken.” But Jacob said, “I will not let you go unless you bless me.”
Genesis 31:47 ESV / 3 helpful votes
Laban called it Jegar-sahadutha, but Jacob called it Galeed.
Revelation 21:20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The fifth onyx, the sixth carnelian, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth chrysoprase, the eleventh jacinth, the twelfth amethyst.
Revelation 21:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But as for the cowardly, the faithless, the detestable, as for murderers, the sexually immoral, sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars, their portion will be in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur, which is the second death.”
1 Peter 5:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Be sober-minded; be watchful. Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour.
1 Peter 2:16 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Live as people who are free, not using your freedom as a cover-up for evil, but living as servants of God.
James 4:2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
You desire and do not have, so you murder. You covet and cannot obtain, so you fight and quarrel. You do not have, because you do not ask.
Hebrews 11:32 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And what more shall I say? For time would fail me to tell of Gideon, Barak, Samson, Jephthah, of David and Samuel and the prophets—
Hebrews 11:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
By faith he kept the Passover and sprinkled the blood, so that the Destroyer of the firstborn might not touch them.
Hebrews 11:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And without faith it is impossible to please him, for whoever would draw near to God must believe that he exists and that he rewards those who seek him.
Hebrews 11:1-40 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen. For by it the people of old received their commendation. By faith we understand that the universe was created by the word of God, so that what is seen was not made out of things that are visible. By faith Abel offered to God a more acceptable sacrifice than Cain, through which he was commended as righteous, God commending him by accepting his gifts. And through his faith, though he died, he still speaks. By faith Enoch was taken up so that he should not see death, and he was not found, because God had taken him. Now before he was taken he was commended as having pleased God. ...
1 Timothy 2:1-2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
First of all, then, I urge that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all people, for kings and all who are in high positions, that we may lead a peaceful and quiet life, godly and dignified in every way.
Colossians 1:12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Giving thanks to the Father, who has qualified you to share in the inheritance of the saints in light.
Colossians 1:11 ESV / 2 helpful votes
May you be strengthened with all power, according to his glorious might, for all endurance and patience with joy,
Colossians 1:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And so, from the day we heard, we have not ceased to pray for you, asking that you may be filled with the knowledge of his will in all spiritual wisdom and understanding,
Philippians 4:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known to God.
Philippians 2:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Therefore God has highly exalted him and bestowed on him the name that is above every name,
Philippians 1:29 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For it has been granted to you that for the sake of Christ you should not only believe in him but also suffer for his sake,
Ephesians 6:12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the cosmic powers over this present darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places.
Romans 8:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not worth comparing with the glory that is to be revealed to us.
Romans 8:15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For you did not receive the spirit of slavery to fall back into fear, but you have received the Spirit of adoption as sons, by whom we cry, “Abba! Father!”
Romans 3:23 ESV / 2 helpful votes
For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God,
Romans 3:1-9:33 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then what advantage has the Jew? Or what is the value of circumcision? Much in every way. To begin with, the Jews were entrusted with the oracles of God. What if some were unfaithful? Does their faithlessness nullify the faithfulness of God? By no means! Let God be true though every one were a liar, as it is written, “That you may be justified in your words, and prevail when you are judged.” But if our unrighteousness serves to show the righteousness of God, what shall we say? That God is unrighteous to inflict wrath on us? (I speak in a human way.) ...
Acts 16:7 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And when they had come up to Mysia, they attempted to go into Bithynia, but the Spirit of Jesus did not allow them.
Acts 11:26 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And when he had found him, he brought him to Antioch. For a whole year they met with the church and taught a great many people. And in Antioch the disciples were first called Christians.
Acts 2:22 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“Men of Israel, hear these words: Jesus of Nazareth, a man attested to you by God with mighty works and wonders and signs that God did through him in your midst, as you yourselves know—
Acts 1:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And while staying with them he ordered them not to depart from Jerusalem, but to wait for the promise of the Father, which, he said, “you heard from me;
John 14:16 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Helper, to be with you forever,
John 5:24 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Truly, truly, I say to you, whoever hears my word and believes him who sent me has eternal life. He does not come into judgment, but has passed from death to life.
John 3:16-17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him.
John 1:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
Luke 24:13 ESV / 2 helpful votes
That very day two of them were going to a village named Emmaus, about seven miles from Jerusalem,
Luke 13:35 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Behold, your house is forsaken. And I tell you, you will not see me until you say, ‘Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!’”
Luke 13:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth, when you see Abraham and Isaac and Jacob and all the prophets in the kingdom of God but you yourselves cast out.
Luke 13:21 ESV / 2 helpful votes
It is like leaven that a woman took and hid in three measures of flour, until it was all leavened.”
Luke 13:1-35 ESV / 2 helpful votes
There were some present at that very time who told him about the Galileans whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. And he answered them, “Do you think that these Galileans were worse sinners than all the other Galileans, because they suffered in this way? No, I tell you; but unless you repent, you will all likewise perish. Or those eighteen on whom the tower in Siloam fell and killed them: do you think that they were worse offenders than all the others who lived in Jerusalem? No, I tell you; but unless you repent, you will all likewise perish.” ...
Matthew 1:20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But as he considered these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, “Joseph, son of David, do not fear to take Mary as your wife, for that which is conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit.
Matthew 1:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now the birth of Jesus Christ took place in this way. When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child from the Holy Spirit.
Matthew 1:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.
Micah 1:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Tell it not in Gath; weep not at all; in Beth-le-aphrah roll yourselves in the dust.
Hosea 13:16 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Samaria shall bear her guilt, because she has rebelled against her God; they shall fall by the sword; their little ones shall be dashed in pieces, and their pregnant women ripped open.
Daniel 3:1-30 ESV / 2 helpful votes
King Nebuchadnezzar made an image of gold, whose height was sixty cubits and its breadth six cubits. He set it up on the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon. Then King Nebuchadnezzar sent to gather the satraps, the prefects, and the governors, the counselors, the treasurers, the justices, the magistrates, and all the officials of the provinces to come to the dedication of the image that King Nebuchadnezzar had set up. Then the satraps, the prefects, and the governors, the counselors, the treasurers, the justices, the magistrates, and all the officials of the provinces gathered for the dedication of the image that King Nebuchadnezzar had set up. And they stood before the image that Nebuchadnezzar had set up. And the herald proclaimed aloud, “You are commanded, O peoples, nations, and languages, that when you hear the sound of the horn, pipe, lyre, trigon, harp, bagpipe, and every kind of music, you are to fall down and worship the golden image that King Nebuchadnezzar has set up. ...
Ezekiel 5:8-10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Therefore thus says the Lord God: Behold, I, even I, am against you. And I will execute judgments in your midst in the sight of the nations. And because of all your abominations I will do with you what I have never yet done, and the like of which I will never do again. Therefore fathers shall eat their sons in your midst, and sons shall eat their fathers. And I will execute judgments on you, and any of you who survive I will scatter to all the winds.
Jeremiah 21:2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“Inquire of the Lord for us, for Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon is making war against us. Perhaps the Lord will deal with us according to all his wonderful deeds and will make him withdraw from us.”
Isaiah 49:26 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I will make your oppressors eat their own flesh, and they shall be drunk with their own blood as with wine. Then all flesh shall know that I am the Lord your Savior, and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob.”
Isaiah 14:21-22 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Prepare slaughter for his sons because of the guilt of their fathers, lest they rise and possess the earth, and fill the face of the world with cities.” “I will rise up against them,” declares the Lord of hosts, “and will cut off from Babylon name and remnant, descendants and posterity,” declares the Lord.
Song of Solomon 1:1-17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The Song of Songs, which is Solomon's. Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth! For your love is better than wine; your anointing oils are fragrant; your name is oil poured out; therefore virgins love you. Draw me after you; let us run. The king has brought me into his chambers. We will exult and rejoice in you; we will extol your love more than wine; rightly do they love you. I am very dark, but lovely, O daughters of Jerusalem, like the tents of Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon. ...
Psalm 144:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Of David. Blessed be the Lord, my rock, who trains my hands for war, and my fingers for battle;
Psalm 118:26 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! We bless you from the house of the Lord.
Psalm 104:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
He makes his messengers winds, his ministers a flaming fire.
Psalm 88:1-18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
A Song. A Psalm of the Sons of Korah. To the choirmaster: according to Mahalath Leannoth. A Maskil of Heman the Ezrahite. O Lord, God of my salvation; I cry out day and night before you. Let my prayer come before you; incline your ear to my cry! For my soul is full of troubles, and my life draws near to Sheol. I am counted among those who go down to the pit; I am a man who has no strength, like one set loose among the dead, like the slain that lie in the grave, like those whom you remember no more, for they are cut off from your hand. ...
Psalm 88:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
A Song. A Psalm of the Sons of Korah. To the choirmaster: according to Mahalath Leannoth. A Maskil of Heman the Ezrahite. O Lord, God of my salvation; I cry out day and night before you.
Psalm 69:1-36 ESV / 2 helpful votes
To the choirmaster: according to Lilies. Of David. Save me, O God! For the waters have come up to my neck. I sink in deep mire, where there is no foothold; I have come into deep waters, and the flood sweeps over me. I am weary with my crying out; my throat is parched. My eyes grow dim with waiting for my God. More in number than the hairs of my head are those who hate me without cause; mighty are those who would destroy me, those who attack me with lies. What I did not steal must I now restore? O God, you know my folly; the wrongs I have done are not hidden from you. ...
Psalm 60:1-12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
To the choirmaster: according to Shushan Eduth. A Miktam of David; for instruction; when he strove with Aram-naharaim and with Aram-zobah, and when Joab on his return struck down twelve thousand of Edom in the Valley of Salt. O God, you have rejected us, broken our defenses; you have been angry; oh, restore us. You have made the land to quake; you have torn it open; repair its breaches, for it totters. You have made your people see hard things; you have given us wine to drink that made us stagger. You have set up a banner for those who fear you, that they may flee to it from the bow. Selah That your beloved ones may be delivered, give salvation by your right hand and answer us! ...
Psalm 50:1-23 ESV / 2 helpful votes
A Psalm of Asaph. The Mighty One, God the Lord, speaks and summons the earth from the rising of the sun to its setting. Out of Zion, the perfection of beauty, God shines forth. Our God comes; he does not keep silence; before him is a devouring fire, around him a mighty tempest. He calls to the heavens above and to the earth, that he may judge his people: “Gather to me my faithful ones, who made a covenant with me by sacrifice!” ...
Psalm 32:1-11 ESV / 2 helpful votes
A Maskil of David. Blessed is the one whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered. Blessed is the man against whom the Lord counts no iniquity, and in whose spirit there is no deceit. For when I kept silent, my bones wasted away through my groaning all day long. For day and night your hand was heavy upon me; my strength was dried up as by the heat of summer. Selah I acknowledged my sin to you, and I did not cover my iniquity; I said, “I will confess my transgressions to the Lord,” and you forgave the iniquity of my sin. Selah ...
Psalm 5:1-12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
To the choirmaster: for the flutes. A Psalm of David. Give ear to my words, O Lord; consider my groaning. Give attention to the sound of my cry, my King and my God, for to you do I pray. O Lord, in the morning you hear my voice; in the morning I prepare a sacrifice for you and watch. For you are not a God who delights in wickedness; evil may not dwell with you. The boastful shall not stand before your eyes; you hate all evildoers. ...
Psalm 3:2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Many are saying of my soul, there is no salvation for him in God. Selah
2 Chronicles 26:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And all the people of Judah took Uzziah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king instead of his father Amaziah.
2 Chronicles 21:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When Jehoram had ascended the throne of his father and was established, he killed all his brothers with the sword, and also some of the princes of Israel.
1 Chronicles 8:34 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And the son of Jonathan was Merib-baal; and Merib-baal was the father of Micah.
1 Chronicles 8:3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Bela had sons: Addar, Gera, Abihud,
1 Chronicles 6:60 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And from the tribe of Benjamin, Gibeon, Geba with its pasturelands, Alemeth with its pasturelands, and Anathoth with its pasturelands. All their cities throughout their clans were thirteen.
1 Chronicles 6:16 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The sons of Levi: Gershom, Kohath, and Merari.
1 Chronicles 4:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Jabez was more honorable than his brothers; and his mother called his name Jabez, saying, “Because I bore him in pain.”
1 Chronicles 4:1-43 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The sons of Judah: Perez, Hezron, Carmi, Hur, and Shobal. Reaiah the son of Shobal fathered Jahath, and Jahath fathered Ahumai and Lahad. These were the clans of the Zorathites. These were the sons of Etam: Jezreel, Ishma, and Idbash; and the name of their sister was Hazzelelponi, and Penuel fathered Gedor, and Ezer fathered Hushah. These were the sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah, the father of Bethlehem. Ashhur, the father of Tekoa, had two wives, Helah and Naarah; ...
1 Chronicles 2:55 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The clans also of the scribes who lived at Jabez: the Tirathites, the Shimeathites and the Sucathites. These are the Kenites who came from Hammath, the father of the house of Rechab.
1 Chronicles 1:22 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Obal, Abimael, Sheba,
1 Chronicles 1:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Cush fathered Nimrod. He was the first on earth to be a mighty man.
1 Chronicles 1:5 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.
2 Kings 19:35 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And that night the angel of the Lord went out and struck down 185,000 in the camp of the Assyrians. And when people arose early in the morning, behold, these were all dead bodies.
2 Kings 10:17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And when he came to Samaria, he struck down all who remained to Ahab in Samaria, till he had wiped them out, according to the word of the Lord that he spoke to Elijah.
2 Kings 9:30-37 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When Jehu came to Jezreel, Jezebel heard of it. And she painted her eyes and adorned her head and looked out of the window. And as Jehu entered the gate, she said, “Is it peace, you Zimri, murderer of your master?” And he lifted up his face to the window and said, “Who is on my side? Who?” Two or three eunuchs looked out at him. He said, “Throw her down.” So they threw her down. And some of her blood spattered on the wall and on the horses, and they trampled on her. Then he went in and ate and drank. And he said, “See now to this cursed woman and bury her, for she is a king's daughter.” ...
2 Kings 9:27 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When Ahaziah the king of Judah saw this, he fled in the direction of Beth-haggan. And Jehu pursued him and said, “Shoot him also.” And they shot him in the chariot at the ascent of Gur, which is by Ibleam. And he fled to Megiddo and died there.
2 Kings 9:24 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Jehu drew his bow with his full strength, and shot Joram between the shoulders, so that the arrow pierced his heart, and he sank in his chariot.
2 Kings 5:27 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Therefore the leprosy of Naaman shall cling to you and to your descendants forever.” So he went out from his presence a leper, like snow.
2 Samuel 11:3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And David sent and inquired about the woman. And one said, “Is not this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah the Hittite?”
2 Samuel 10:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And the Syrians fled before Israel, and David killed of the Syrians the men of 700 chariots, and 40,000 horsemen, and wounded Shobach the commander of their army, so that he died there.
2 Samuel 8:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And David took from him 1,700 horsemen, and 20,000 foot soldiers. And David hamstrung all the chariot horses but left enough for 100 chariots.
2 Samuel 8:1-18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
After this David defeated the Philistines and subdued them, and David took Metheg-ammah out of the hand of the Philistines. And he defeated Moab and he measured them with a line, making them lie down on the ground. Two lines he measured to be put to death, and one full line to be spared. And the Moabites became servants to David and brought tribute. David also defeated Hadadezer the son of Rehob, king of Zobah, as he went to restore his power at the river Euphrates. And David took from him 1,700 horsemen, and 20,000 foot soldiers. And David hamstrung all the chariot horses but left enough for 100 chariots. And when the Syrians of Damascus came to help Hadadezer king of Zobah, David struck down 22,000 men of the Syrians. ...
2 Samuel 5:25 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And David did as the Lord commanded him, and struck down the Philistines from Geba to Gezer.
2 Samuel 5:20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And David came to Baal-perazim, and David defeated them there. And he said, “The Lord has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting flood.” Therefore the name of that place is called Baal-perazim.
1 Samuel 18:7 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And the women sang to one another as they celebrated, “Saul has struck down his thousands, and David his ten thousands.”
1 Samuel 6:19 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And he struck some of the men of Beth-shemesh, because they looked upon the ark of the Lord. He struck seventy men of them, and the people mourned because the Lord had struck the people with a great blow.
1 Samuel 1:20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And in due time Hannah conceived and bore a son, and she called his name Samuel, for she said, “I have asked for him from the Lord.”
Judges 11:29-40 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then the Spirit of the Lord was upon Jephthah, and he passed through Gilead and Manasseh and passed on to Mizpah of Gilead, and from Mizpah of Gilead he passed on to the Ammonites. And Jephthah made a vow to the Lord and said, “If you will give the Ammonites into my hand, then whatever comes out from the doors of my house to meet me when I return in peace from the Ammonites shall be the Lord's, and I will offer it up for a burnt offering.” So Jephthah crossed over to the Ammonites to fight against them, and the Lord gave them into his hand. And he struck them from Aroer to the neighborhood of Minnith, twenty cities, and as far as Abel-keramim, with a great blow. So the Ammonites were subdued before the people of Israel. ...
Judges 3:31 ESV / 2 helpful votes
After him was Shamgar the son of Anath, who killed 600 of the Philistines with an oxgoad, and he also saved Israel.
Joshua 21:17 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then out of the tribe of Benjamin, Gibeon with its pasturelands, Geba with its pasturelands,
Joshua 19:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Together with all the villages around these cities as far as Baalath-beer, Ramah of the Negeb. This was the inheritance of the tribe of the people of Simeon according to their clans.
Deuteronomy 20:16 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But in the cities of these peoples that the Lord your God is giving you for an inheritance, you shall save alive nothing that breathes,
Deuteronomy 6:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one.
Deuteronomy 1:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
These are the words that Moses spoke to all Israel beyond the Jordan in the wilderness, in the Arabah opposite Suph, between Paran and Tophel, Laban, Hazeroth, and Dizahab.
Numbers 31:17-18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now therefore, kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman who has known man by lying with him. But all the young girls who have not known man by lying with him keep alive for yourselves.
Numbers 25:9 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Nevertheless, those who died by the plague were twenty-four thousand.
Numbers 25:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And went after the man of Israel into the chamber and pierced both of them, the man of Israel and the woman through her belly. Thus the plague on the people of Israel was stopped.
Numbers 16:49 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now those who died in the plague were 14,700, besides those who died in the affair of Korah.
Numbers 11:33 ESV / 2 helpful votes
While the meat was yet between their teeth, before it was consumed, the anger of the Lord was kindled against the people, and the Lord struck down the people with a very great plague.
Leviticus 27:29 ESV / 2 helpful votes
No one devoted, who is to be devoted for destruction from mankind, shall be ransomed; he shall surely be put to death.
Leviticus 26:7-8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
You shall chase your enemies, and they shall fall before you by the sword. Five of you shall chase a hundred, and a hundred of you shall chase ten thousand, and your enemies shall fall before you by the sword.
Exodus 34:28 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So he was there with the Lord forty days and forty nights. He neither ate bread nor drank water. And he wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant, the Ten Commandments.
Exodus 32:27 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And he said to them, “Thus says the Lord God of Israel, ‘Put your sword on your side each of you, and go to and fro from gate to gate throughout the camp, and each of you kill his brother and his companion and his neighbor.’”
Exodus 21:20-21 ESV / 2 helpful votes
“When a man strikes his slave, male or female, with a rod and the slave dies under his hand, he shall be avenged. But if the slave survives a day or two, he is not to be avenged, for the slave is his money.
Exodus 17:13 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Joshua overwhelmed Amalek and his people with the sword.
Exodus 12:29 ESV / 2 helpful votes
At midnight the Lord struck down all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat on his throne to the firstborn of the captive who was in the dungeon, and all the firstborn of the livestock.
Exodus 6:3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, as God Almighty, but by my name the Lord I did not make myself known to them.
Exodus 3:15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
God also said to Moses, “Say this to the people of Israel, ‘The Lord, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you.’ This is my name forever, and thus I am to be remembered throughout all generations.
Exodus 2:10 ESV / 2 helpful votes
When the child grew up, she brought him to Pharaoh's daughter, and he became her son. She named him Moses, “Because,” she said, “I drew him out of the water.”
Genesis 36:12 ESV / 2 helpful votes
(Timna was a concubine of Eliphaz, Esau's son; she bore Amalek to Eliphaz.) These are the sons of Adah, Esau's wife.
Genesis 35:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And as her soul was departing (for she was dying), she called his name Ben-oni; but his father called him Benjamin.
Genesis 35:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Deborah, Rebekah's nurse, died, and she was buried under an oak below Bethel. So he called its name Allon-bacuth.
Genesis 33:18-20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Jacob came safely to the city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan, on his way from Paddan-aram, and he camped before the city. And from the sons of Hamor, Shechem's father, he bought for a hundred pieces of money the piece of land on which he had pitched his tent. There he erected an altar and called it El-Elohe-Israel.
Genesis 33:4 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But Esau ran to meet him and embraced him and fell on his neck and kissed him, and they wept.
Genesis 33:1-20 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Jacob lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, Esau was coming, and four hundred men with him. So he divided the children among Leah and Rachel and the two female servants. And he put the servants with their children in front, then Leah with her children, and Rachel and Joseph last of all. He himself went on before them, bowing himself to the ground seven times, until he came near to his brother. But Esau ran to meet him and embraced him and fell on his neck and kissed him, and they wept. And when Esau lifted up his eyes and saw the women and children, he said, “Who are these with you?” Jacob said, “The children whom God has graciously given your servant.” ...
Genesis 33:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Jacob lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, Esau was coming, and four hundred men with him. So he divided the children among Leah and Rachel and the two female servants.
Genesis 32:22 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The same night he arose and took his two wives, his two female servants, and his eleven children, and crossed the ford of the Jabbok.
Genesis 32:8 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Thinking, “If Esau comes to the one camp and attacks it, then the camp that is left will escape.”
Genesis 32:7 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Then Jacob was greatly afraid and distressed. He divided the people who were with him, and the flocks and herds and camels, into two camps,
Genesis 31:49 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Mizpah, for he said, “The Lord watch between you and me, when we are out of one another's sight.
Genesis 31:18 ESV / 2 helpful votes
He drove away all his livestock, all his property that he had gained, the livestock in his possession that he had acquired in Paddan-aram, to go to the land of Canaan to his father Isaac.
Genesis 31:1-55 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now Jacob heard that the sons of Laban were saying, “Jacob has taken all that was our father's, and from what was our father's he has gained all this wealth.” And Jacob saw that Laban did not regard him with favor as before. Then the Lord said to Jacob, “Return to the land of your fathers and to your kindred, and I will be with you.” So Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah into the field where his flock was and said to them, “I see that your father does not regard me with favor as he did before. But the God of my father has been with me. ...
Genesis 23:2 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Sarah died at Kiriath-arba (that is, Hebron) in the land of Canaan, and Abraham went in to mourn for Sarah and to weep for her.
Genesis 22:14 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So Abraham called the name of that place, “The Lord will provide”; as it is said to this day, “On the mount of the Lord it shall be provided.”
Genesis 19:26 ESV / 2 helpful votes
But Lot's wife, behind him, looked back, and she became a pillar of salt.
Genesis 18:24 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Suppose there are fifty righteous within the city. Will you then sweep away the place and not spare it for the fifty righteous who are in it?
Genesis 18:1-33 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And the Lord appeared to him by the oaks of Mamre, as he sat at the door of his tent in the heat of the day. He lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, three men were standing in front of him. When he saw them, he ran from the tent door to meet them and bowed himself to the earth and said, “O Lord, if I have found favor in your sight, do not pass by your servant. Let a little water be brought, and wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree, while I bring a morsel of bread, that you may refresh yourselves, and after that you may pass on—since you have come to your servant.” So they said, “Do as you have said.” ...
Genesis 16:7 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The angel of the Lord found her by a spring of water in the wilderness, the spring on the way to Shur.
Genesis 16:5 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And Sarai said to Abram, “May the wrong done to me be on you! I gave my servant to your embrace, and when she saw that she had conceived, she looked on me with contempt. May the Lord judge between you and me!”
Genesis 12:6 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Abram passed through the land to the place at Shechem, to the oak of Moreh. At that time the Canaanites were in the land.
Genesis 12:2-3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
And I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and him who dishonors you I will curse, and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed.”
Genesis 12:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
Now the Lord said to Abram, “Go from your country and your kindred and your father's house to the land that I will show you.
Genesis 10:3 ESV / 2 helpful votes
The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
Genesis 3:15 ESV / 2 helpful votes
I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring; he shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise his heel.”
Genesis 1:27 ESV / 2 helpful votes
So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.
Genesis 1:1 ESV / 2 helpful votes
In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.
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Chan:Publications
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 18:42, 14 March 2012 by Chan (Talk | contribs)
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Chan Lab
Department of Plant Biology, UC Davis and HHMI
Links for UC Davis papers lead to the pdf file.
• Wijnker, E.*, van Dun, K*, de Snoo, C.B., Lelivelt, C.L., Keurentjes, J.J., Naharudin, N.S., Ravi, M., Chan, S.W., de Jong, H. and Dirks, R.
Reverse breeding in Arabidopsis generates homozygous parental lines from a heterozygous plant
Nature Genetics, Advance Online Publication (2012) (* equal contribution)
• Seymour, D.K.*, Filiault, D.*, Henry, I.M., Monson-Miller, J., Ravi, M., Pang, A., Comai, L., Chan, S.W. and Maloof, J.N.
Rapid creation of Arabidopsis doubled haploid lines for quantitative trait locus mapping
PNAS, 109, 4227-4232 (2012) (* equal contribution)
• Chan, S.W.L.
In a battle between parental chromosomes, a failure to reload
PNAS, 108, 13361-13362 (2011) [news and views article]
• Ravi, M., Shibata, F., Ramahi, J.S., Nagaki, K., Chen, C., Murata, M. and Chan, S.W.L.
Meiosis-specific loading of the centromere-specific histone CENH3 in Arabidopsis thaliana
PLoS Genetics, 7, e1002121 (2011)
• Marimuthu, M.P.A.*, Jolivet, S.*, Ravi, M.*, Pereira, L., Davda, J.N., Cromer, L., Wang, L., Nogué, F., Chan, S.W.L.#, Siddiqi, I.# and Mercier, R.#
Synthetic clonal reproduction through seeds
Science, 331, 876 (2011), also see the Supplementary Online Material (* equal contribution, # corresponding authors)
• Chan, S.W.L.
Chromosome engineering: power tools for plant genetics
Trends in Biotechnology, 12, 605-10 (2010) [review article]
• Ravi, M., Kwong, P.N., Menorca, R.M.G., Valencia, J.T., Ramahi, J.S., Stewart, J.L., Tran, R.K., Sundaresan, V., Comai, L. and Chan, S.W.L.
The rapidly evolving centromere-specific histone has stringent functional requirements in Arabidopsis thaliana
Genetics, 186, 461–471 (2010)
• Ravi, M. and Chan, S.W.L.
Haploid plants produced by centromere-mediated genome elimination
Nature, 464, 615-618 (2010)
• Chan, S.W.L.
Inputs and outputs for chromatin-targeted RNAi
Trends in Plant Sciences, 13, 383-9 (2008) [review article]
Before UC Davis:
• Greenberg, M.V.C., Ausin, I., Chan, S.W.L, Cokus, S.J., Cuperus, J.T., Feng, S., Law, J.A., Chu, C., Pellegrini, M., Carrington, J.C. and Jacobsen, S.E.
Identification of genes required for de novo DNA methylation in Arabidopsis
Epigenetics, 6, 344-355 (2011)
• Henderson, I.R., Chan, S.R., Cao, X., Johnson, L. and Jacobsen, S.E.
Accurate sodium bisulfite sequencing in plants
Epigenetics, 5, 47-49 (2010)
• Chan, S.W.L., Zhang, X.Y., Bernatavichute, Y.V. and Jacobsen, S.E.
Two-step recruitment of RNA-directed DNA methylation to tandem repeats.
PLoS Biology 4 No. 11 e363 (2006)
• Peng P., Chan, S.W.L., Shah, G.A. and Jacobsen, S.E.
Increased outcrossing in hothead mutants.
Nature 443, E8 (2006)
• Zhang, X.*, Yazaki, J.*, Sundaresan, A.*, Cokus, S.*, Chan, S.W.L., Chen, H., Henderson, I.R., Shinn, P., Pellegrini, M., Jacobsen, S.E., and Ecker, J.R.
Genome-wide High-Resolution Mapping and Functional Analysis of DNA Methylation in Arabidopsis.
Cell 126, 1189-1201 (2006) (* equal contribution)
• Li, C.F., Pontes, O., El-Shami, M., Henderson, I.R., Bernatavichute, Y.V., Chan, S.W.L., Lagrange, T., Pikaard, C.S. and Jacobsen, S.E.
An ARGONAUTE4-containing nuclear processing center co-localized with Cajal bodies in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Cell 126, 93-106 (2006)
• Chan, S.W.L., Henderson, I.R., Zhang, X.Y., Chien, J.S.C., Shah, G. and Jacobsen, S.E.
RNAi, DRD1 and Histone Methylation Actively Target Developmentally Important Non-CG DNA Methylation in Arabidopsis.
PLoS Genetics 2, No. 6 e83 (2006)
• Chan, S.W.L.*, Henderson, I.R.* and Jacobsen, S.E.
Gardening the genome: DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Nature Reviews Genetics 6, 351-360 (2005) [review article] (* = equal contribution)
• Mockler, T.C., Chan, S., Sundaresan A., Chen, H., Jacobsen S.E. and Ecker, J.R.
Applications of DNA tiling arrays for whole-genome analysis.
Genomics 85, 1-15 (2005) [review article]
• Morris, K.V., Chan, S.W.L., Jacobsen, S.E. and Looney, D.J.
siRNA-induced transcriptional gene silencing in human cells.
Science 305, 1289-1292 (2004)
• Chan, S.W.L., Zilberman D., Xie, Z., Johansen, L.K., Carrington, J.C. and Jacobsen, S.E.
RNA silencing genes control de novo DNA methylation.
Science 303, 1336 (2004)
• Chan, S.R.W.L. and Blackburn, E.H.
Telomeres and telomerase.
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 359, 109-121 (2004)
• Chan, S.W.L. and Blackburn, E.H.
Telomerase and ATM/Tel1p protect telomeres from non-homologous end-joining.
Molecular Cell 11, 1379-1387 (2003)
• Chan, S.W.L. and Blackburn, E.H.
New ways not to make ends meet: telomerase, DNA damage proteins and heterochromatin.
Oncogene 21, 553-563 (2002) [review article]
• Chan, S.W.L., Chang, J., Prescott, J. and Blackburn, E.H.
Altering telomere structure allows telomerase to act in yeast lacking ATM kinases.
Current Biology 11, 1240-1250 (2001)
• Blackburn, E.H., Chan, S., Chang, J., Fulton, T.B., Krauskopf, A., McEachern, M., Prescott, J., Roy, J., Smith, C. and Wang, H.
Molecular manifestations and molecular determinants of telomere capping.
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 65, 253-263 (2000)
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French, Italian, Spanish leaders to meet in Malta
PanARMENIAN.Net - Officials say the leaders of France, Italy and Spain will hold a meeting in Malta that is likely to be dominated by economic issues related to Europe's debt crisis, The Associated Press reported.
The three will meet Friday, Oct 5 while attending a Mediterranean summit of southern European and North African countries.
A schedule released Thursday by the office of French President Francois Hollande said he, Italian Premier Mario Monti and Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy will hold a three-way meeting at 1800 (1600 GMT).
No further details were provided.
The Malta summit of five European and five African nations is expected to focus on fighting terrorism and lawlessness in North African as well as France's push for a military intervention in Mali, where Islamist rebels have taken control in the north.
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Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
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Person:William Hardin (10)
Watchers
Facts and Events
Name William H. Hardin
Gender Male
Birth[1] abt 1846
Burial[3] Greenlawn Cemetery, Columbus, Franklin, Ohio, United States
Photo of William's tombstone on FindAGrave.com
Civil War Service
Source: S1
Pension
Source: S2
• None found
References
1. Foraker, J.B; H.A. Axline; and J.S. Robinson. Official roster of the soldiers of the state of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1866. (Akron [Ohio]: Werner Co., 1886-1895).
2. United States. Veterans Administration. Organization index to pension files of veterans who served between 1861 and 1900- [1917]. (Washington, District of Columbia: The National Archives, 1949).
3. Find A Grave.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I have created a social media website - it's a place for men who have questions about relationships. The main goal is to make users proud of their own achievements. For example, your son has graduated university and you would like to be proud of it.
The main problem: when people come to my website, they think: "another website for losers" and go away. How can I change their mind? How to explain the mission of the site?
I work on the project with my older brother, so we don't have enough money to promote it via Google or Facebook or other systems.
share|improve this question
1 Answer
If most people are leaving then the chances are that they are outside of your core niche.
Try this:
Take a sheet of paper (old school I know) and write down a name, let's assume you call this person George Jones.
How old is Mr Jones? I'd say he has to be at least 35 to 45 if he has a son at Uni so lets be geeky and say George is 42.
42 Year old George is interested in...?
Is Mr Jones married or divorced?
What are his three biggest questions he needs answers to?
What sort of website would he feel most comfortable using?
What is George doing at the moment?
How can we get George Jones to want to tell his friends?
Once you have gotten to know Mr G. Jones by inventing likely sounding details you have a profile of what an average site user might be like.
Write everything you do, design everything you do for George. Your mind will be focused on your core demographic as typified by Mr Jones and you will see greater success.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
discard
By posting your answer, you agree to the privacy policy and terms of service.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
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Eduard Florinescu
less info
101 reputation
2
bio website ro.linkedin.com/pub/…
location Bucharest, Romania
age 32
visits member for 8 months
seen Dec 1 '12 at 20:57
stats profile views 0
Coding my way out of boredom.
“If the fool would persist in his folly he would become wise.” (William Blake)
0 Answers
This user has not answered any questions
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Optimal Monetary Policy during Boom-Bust Cycles: The Impact of Globalization
Rolf Knütter, Helmut Wagner
Abstract
During boom-bust cycles in asset prices, monetary policy has the choice between two strategies: the proactive strategy of curbing asset price inflation and preventing a bust-induced credit crunch and the reactive strategy of loosening monetary policy conditions during the boom phase. We show that globalization makes the reactive strategy the favorable option in all situations, relatively to the proactive strategy. However, when employing an absolute comparison of calculating both strategies’ losses, the proactive strategy is the optimal choice in exceptional circumstances.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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Christine Chao OD
Info Map
Search:
Location
1970 Lake Blvd Suite 7 (opposite Planet Wash
Hours
Mon, Tues, Thur, Fri 12:00 - 5:00 PM
Phone
(530) 756-9393
Fax
(530) 756-9398
Website
http://www.doctorchao.org
Dr. Christine Chao is an optometrist offering eyecare, glasses (including sunglasses) and contact lenses.
Dr. Chao has been a resident of Davis since 1986. She received her undergraduate degree from the University of CA, Davis. Later she attended the University of CA, Berkeley for her doctorate. Upon graduation, she volunteered for active duty with the United States Air Force for 5 years. In addition to her own practice, Dr. Chao continues in the Air Force as a reservist with the 349 Air Mobility Wing at Travis AFB and works for the Veterans Administration providing eyecare to military veterans.
They carry many designer frames. A large selection of sunglasses is also available. Value packages also available.
Cash, personal checks, ATM, MasterCard®, and Visa® are accepted. They participate with UCD SHIP/GSHIP and UCD Post Doc Vision Insurance Plans, VSP , Medicare, Medical Eye Services, EyeMed, Spectera (exam only), Tricare, United Healthcare, and various PPO plans. Please inquire about other insurance companies that may be accepted.
Military, student, and senior discounts available.
Medical Professionals are limited by HIPAA as to what information they can make public about their patients, including who their patients are. As such it is very hard for Doctors, Dentists, and Psychiatrists to respond to negative comments on the wiki. Please keep this in mind while reading any comments.
Comments:
Note: You must be logged in to add comments
2005-11-06 20:25:18 At a different optometrist office in Davis, the appointment took all of ten minutes, which didn't particularly inspire confidence. However, Dr. Chao is very thorough with her eye exams. When she asks you "is this better, or is this?", she doesn't mind going back and forth until you finally make up your mind. In addition, they sell a lot of stylish frames (such as Burberry), so you don't have to drive to San Francisco to find something decent. —TheoPaaske
2007-03-07 09:18:41 I just had a great experience there. The office is comfortable and both Dr. Chao and the staff are very helpful and they were really nice. Not fake-nice like in other offices, but genuinely nice. The exam was thorough and comfortable, and there is a great selection of frames. If I weren't moving out of Davis next year, I'd definitely go back. —JessicaTrue
2007-08-27 14:14:05 I found this optometrist through this website, having relocated to Davis from the San Francisco Bay Area and in much need of an optometrist. The comments I have found were more than helpful. Dr. Chao and her staff have been extremely helpful than any other medical professional that I have had the privilege of seeing (no pun intended). When it came time to return to the Bay area after graduating from Davis, Dr. Chao was still at my disposal to provide any information requested. I was interested in Lasik and she went out of her way to provide me information and referrals, despite our professional termination of patient-doctor. She has been more than accomodating with whatever requests, especially in accomodating various insurance coverages. I would highly recommend her to any person looking for OD. I even signed on to Davis Wiki with the explicit purpose of making this comment. Goes to show, appreciation goes a long way. —manny
2008-02-01 17:46:15 I am still astounded by the service at Dr. Chao's office. I truly wish every visit to a doctor's office went this well. I decided to try contacts after wearing glasses for 5 years and Dr. Chao and her assistant were very nice and helpful in teaching me how to put them in and remove them. The eye exam was very thorough, and their machines are all nice and new. Highly recommended! —VinceBuffalo
2008-04-15 23:44:36 Dr. Chao was so nice and professional. She really seemed to care about my eyes! She even faxed my old doctor to find out what kind of contacts I've used in the past. Tons of glasses to choose from, friendly staff, clean office. A+ —AynReyes
2008-09-18 14:58:43 Should have came here earlier. Very nice stuff and very professional. Highly recommend to Davis students since they give discounts and very good with SHIP. You don't have to go all the way back home. —BessieChu
2009-01-16 09:54:08 After having a bad experience at "the large recently remodeled downtown optometry office," where my prescription for progressive lenses was botched due a very rushed exam, I tried Dr. Chao and will always see her from now on. She spent much more time on my exam and fit me with better contact lenses for my particular eye problem, and she and her staff are extremely pleasant and friendly. —NotSure
2009-01-16 11:43:49 Dr. Chao is so helpful and really takes her time with you and keeps you at ease. I left knowing that my new prescriptions will be correct (in the past other optometrists get frustrated when you don't know "which is better" and she doesn't try to sell you really expensive lenses. She even worked with my insurance to make sure that i got the most coverage possible to pay the least out of pocket. I definitely recommend her to anyone! —LeaShell
2009-06-28 19:25:26 Dr. Chao and all in her office are really great and helpful. I went to this place on the advice of a friend, and would definitely recommend it to others. As mentioned by others, I felt the exam and attention to detail was very thorough, something I did not experience with my old eye doctor. I recommend it highly. —DavidBenjamin
2009-07-27 16:38:10 I created a wiki account to sing the praises of Dr. Chao's office. Don't be concerned that it's easy to get an appointment here: Dr. Chao really gives the sense that she is being thorough with the exam. For example, she tries about twenty different prescriptions ("is this one better? Or this one?") before settling on one, and she dilates my eyes every time, because I have very weak eyes. No doctor has ever done that before, and I've been to lots! Stephanie, who works at the front desk, is also amazing, especially when it comes to eking as much as possible out of insurance plans. Thank you! —Sylk
2009-08-13 17:27:55 She was very nice and really spent time to ensure first-class eye exam and services (very thorough and patient). The staff were also very nice. I was there for contact lenses and exam, but there were also lots of cool glasses to choose from. Highly recommended! also very good with SHIP/VSP. —superdavis
2009-10-28 17:49:46 Dr. Chao's office is calming and friendly, and filled with positive energy. Until my first appointment with her, I'd never enjoyed going to the eye doctor before - but every single person in her office has great vibes and is just very genuine. Dr. Chao is incredibly thorough and made me feel like she was really thinking about my whole eye health picture - not just this single visit. I went to see her very spontaneously after a minor eye injury (I needed a new prescription anyway) based on the praises others had sung about her here on the wiki, and I'd encourage anyone who's here fishing around for recommendations to give her a try. —calvin2
2010-02-27 13:40:57 Actually went there a year ago. Very satisfied. Recommended. —izminko
2010-06-25 14:09:42 My husband and I have been going to Dr. Chao's for five years now. She and her staff have always been wonderful and have always provided a kid-friendly office. They are the best in town. —2umma
2010-08-20 14:23:44 Dr. Chao's office is the best in Davis. She takes VSP for students and everyone in the office is really nice and helpful. The eye exams are very thorough and she makes sure that your eyes stay healthy. They have stylish frames for everyone and cheap frames for those on a budget. Great place for your eyes. —seecue
2010-10-04 20:02:29 Dr. Chao runs a practice where the patient gets the full, undivided attention of the expert. Dr. Chao gives thoughtful explanations to questions about the exam and eye health. Stephanie takes her time in explaining how to use contact lenses for the first-timer, and gives very insightful suggestions on how best to choose frames—from the aesthetic to the practical. This practice is undoubtedly among the best I have experienced and I have been in many, many doctor's offices as a former pharmaceutical sales rep. —PaulHagerty
2010-10-25 23:24:57 Dr. Chao is super friendly and helpful! I'd definitely recommend this place to others. —JenniferGiang
2011-01-25 17:26:01 I went in today. Very friendly and fast service. I was out in less than an hour, which if you include 2 eye test, 1 eye exam, choosing frames, and then buying them. this is incredibly fast. —AlexanderYi
2011-03-28 20:54:06 I was very impressed with my first visit with Dr. Chao. Everyone was super nice, professional and I really felt comfortable in the office. I won't be going anywhere else!
2011-06-25 10:45:43 Not very impressed with Dr. Chao's office. I came onto Daviswiki to read the comments before going for a checkup. Seeing how every comment on here was very positive, I had a high expectation. I feel that majority of the comments are exaggerated. I been wearing glasses for 11+ years now and felt that the service was subpar. I felt rushed during the eye exam and they were not busy at all. Very limited selection of eyeglasses frame and restrictive office hours. Bought glasses that did not come with a courtesy micro fiber cloth for cleaning (stingy).
On a positive note- All the equipments are very new.They have much better equipment than any other places that I have ever gone to. —kkha91
2013-01-18 20:36:05 Dr Chao and her staff are very helpful and goes the extra mile. I was looking for a pair of cycling glasses and did not find anything fitting my needs at her office. I found something I liked online at the Nike prescription site and asked if I could order them. Her staff then made a few calls and not only made it possible but helped me determine which style will fit my face shape and prescription. They also researched how much is covered by insurance. Needless to say, a very satisfied customer.
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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Help – Somebody Robbed my Second Life Avatar!
James Elliott, S E Kruck
Abstract
Virtual worlds are fantastic places for people all over the world to come together and collaborate, socialize, as well as buy and sell goods. Unfortunately, criminals have discovered that virtual worlds can be used to commit crimes and violence against the citizens of the virtual worlds. This paper reviews many of those crimes and steps users must take to protect themselves from becoming a victim of fraud or other crimes that occur in Second Life.
Keywords
second life, virtual crimes, griefing, phishing
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
The full website for the Journal of Virtual Worlds Research can be found at: http://jvwresearch.org
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[maemo-developers] [ANNOUNCE] Hildon development mailinglist
From: luc.pionchon at nokia.com luc.pionchon at nokia.com
Date: Tue Aug 7 11:43:59 EEST 2007
Hi,
I cannot recall there were a formal announcement here,
we opened a new mailinglist dedicated to hildon development discussions.
NOTE: this is not for hildon applications development, but hildon itself
(hildon-1, hildon-desktop, etc.)
Subscribe at: http://mail.gnome.org/mailman/listinfo/hildon-list
Welcome!
luc
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[maemo-developers] Considering /opt and MyDocs in your packages
From: Murray Cumming murrayc at murrayc.com
Date: Thu Sep 10 14:24:42 EEST 2009
On Wed, 2009-09-09 at 14:25 +0300, Quim Gil wrote:
> The maemo-optify tool helps developers to prepare Debian packages that
> use /opt. This tool moves selected files inside the package to
> locations
> under /opt, and will symbolically link from the original location to
> the
> new place of the file. An early version of the tool can be found at
> http://gitorious.org/maemo-af/maemo-optify - see the README file for
> details.
So we can just run maemo-optify-deb on our package's debian/ directory,
reupload and not worry about it again? (Assuming that maemo-optify-deb
worked OK.)
--
murrayc at murrayc.com
www.murrayc.com
www.openismus.com
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Posts Tagged ‘ca bar association’
Attorney Files Suit Alleges California Bar Violated American With Disabilities Act
“A loan modification is the result of a renegotiation of the terms of an existing legally binding contract, which results in the revision of some of the material terms of that contract. To think that every consumer is going... (Continue reading)
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bgonzalez's bookmarks
"Where there is no extravagance there is no love, and where there is no love there is no understanding."
Wilde, Oscar on extravagance
14 fans of this quote
"We can have in life but one great experience at best, and the secret of life is to reproduce that experience as often as possible."
Wilde, Oscar on experience
10 fans of this quote
"Experience is one thing you can't get for nothing."
Wilde, Oscar on experience
32 fans of this quote
"I have the simplest tastes. I am always satisfied with the best."
Wilde, Oscar on excellence
34 fans of this quote
"The great events of life often leave one unmoved; they pass out of consciousness, and, when one thinks of them, become unreal. Even the scarlet flowers of passion seem to grow in the same meadow as the poppies of oblivion."
Wilde, Oscar on events
5 fans of this quote
"Nothing makes one so vain as being told that one is a sinner."
Wilde, Oscar on evangelism
13 fans of this quote
"No artist has ethical sympathies. An ethical sympathy in an artist is an unpardonable mannerism of style."
Wilde, Oscar on ethics
8 fans of this quote
"A man cannot be too careful in the choice of his enemies."
Wilde, Oscar on enemies
15 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"The advantage of the emotions is that they lead us astray."
Wilde, Oscar on emotions
26 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught."
Wilde, Oscar on education
39 fans of this quote
"Oh, duty is what one expects from others, it is not what one does oneself."
Wilde, Oscar on duty
12 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"It is from the womb of art that criticism was born."
Baudelaire, Charles on criticism
"Journeys, like artists, are born and not made. A thousand differing circumstances contribute to them, few of them willed or determined by the will --whatever we may think."
Durrell, Lawrence on travel
4 fans of this quote
"Like all great travelers, I have seen more than I remember and remember more than I have seen."
Disraeli, Benjamin on travel
"The passion of hatred is so long lived and so obstinate a malady that the surest sign of death in a sick person is their desire for reconciliation."
La Bruyere, Jean De on hatred
"A false enchantment can all too easily last a lifetime."
Auden, W. H. on love
29 fans of this quote
"What I needed most was to love and to be loved, eager to be caught. Happily I wrapped those painful bonds around me; and sure enough, I would be lashed with the red-hot pokers or jealousy, by suspicions and fear, by burst of anger and quarrels."
Augustine, St. on love
38 fans of this quote
"What does love look like? It has the hands to help others. It has the feet to hasten to the poor and needy. It has eyes to see misery and want. It has the ears to hear the sighs and sorrows of men. That is what love looks like."
Augustine, St. on love
53 fans of this quote
"God loves each of us as if there were only one of us."
Augustine, St. on love
53 fans of this quote
"Love is the beauty of the soul."
Augustine, St. on love
61 fans of this quote
"Accept the things to which fate binds you, and love the people with whom fate brings you together, but do so with all your heart."
Aurelius, Marcus on love
92 fans of this quote
"Not all of us have to possess earthshaking talent. Just common sense and love will do."
Auvil, Myrtle on love
37 fans of this quote
"Real love stories never have endings."
Bach, Richard on love
107 fans of this quote
"For a crowd is not company; and faces are but a gallery of pictures; and talk but a tinkling cymbal, where there is no love."
Bacon, Francis on love
16 fans of this quote
"Nuptial love makes mankind; friendly love perfects it; but wanton love corrupts and debases it."
Bacon, Francis on love
24 fans of this quote
"The motto of chivalry is also the motto of wisdom; to serve all, but love only one."
Balzac, Honore De on love
38 fans of this quote
"Love is just a system for getting someone to call you darling after sex."
Barnes, Julian on love
28 fans of this quote
"To an ordinary human being, love means nothing if it does not mean loving some people more than others."
Orwell, George on love
7 fans of this quote
"We must love one another or die."
Auden, W. H. on love
37 fans of this quote
"In a great romance, each person plays a part the other really likes."
Ashley, Elizabeth on love
36 fans of this quote
"Love is composed of a single soul inhabiting two bodies."
Aristotle on love
89 fans of this quote
"The Impossible Generalized Man today is the critic who believes in loving those unworthy of love as well as those worthy --yet believes this only insofar as no personal risk is entailed. Meaning he loves no one, worthy or no. This is what makes him impossible."
Algren, Nelson on love
16 fans of this quote
"Love is a great beautifier."
Alcott, Louisa May on love
45 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"There is a law that man should love his neighbor as himself. In a few hundred years it should be as natural to mankind as breathing or the upright gait; but if he does not learn it he must perish."
Adler, Alfred on love
18 fans of this quote
"Everyone admits that love is wonderful and necessary, yet no one agrees on just what it is."
Ackerman, Diane on love
74 fans of this quote
"Teach only love for that is what you are."
A Course In Miracles on love
72 fans of this quote
"Only when the last tree has been cut down; Only when the last river has been poisoned; Only when the last fish has been caught; Only then will you find that money cannot be eaten."
Proverb, American Indian on money
62 fans of this quote
"Clouds come floating into my life, no longer to carry rain or usher storm, but to add color to my sunset sky."
Tagore, Rabindranath on adversity
162 fans of this quote
"In three words I can sum up everything I've learned about life. It goes on."
Frost, Robert on life
15 fans of this quote
But wait... my book has more: prev 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 next
Brenda's quote collection
I'm female and made my book on 16th March 2010.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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trivedipti's bookmarks
"The best kind of friend is the one you could sit on a porch with, never saying a word, and walk away feeling like that was the best conversation you've had. "
Unknown on friendship
139 fans of this quote
Dipti Trivedi's quote collection
I'm female and made my book on 1st February 2012.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
I awoke one morning and found myself famous. Byron, Lord
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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bcmw73cknrhngbbbxozoptred5dowg3e
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{
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
You can observe a lot by just watching. Berra, Yogi
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
Click the banner below to pick the kind of jewellery you'd like ...
Choose something popular ...
Make a custom wrapped canvas ...
Make custom holiday cards ...
Make custom t-shirts ...
Make custom holiday gifts for boys ...
Make custom holiday gifts for girls ...
Make custom holiday gifts for men ...
A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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q75uw5huh77mxi2mxsmyjrks3thaxye2
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Crash Bash
From StrategyWiki, the video game walkthrough and strategy guide wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
This page is a stub. Help us expand it, and you get a cookie.
Crash Bash
Developer(s) Eurocom, Cerny Games
Publisher(s) Universal Interactive Studios
Distributor(s) PlayStation Network
Release date(s)
PlayStation
PlayStation Network
Genre(s) Party
System(s) PlayStation, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Xbox 360
Mode(s) Single player, multiplayer
Rating(s)
ESRB: Everyone
ELSPA: Ages 3+
OFLC: General
Series Crash Bandicoot
Neoseeker Related Pages
Crash Bash is a game released for the PlayStation, primarily intended as a multiplayer game. It was the first in the Crash series not to be produced by Naughty Dog. Instead, it was created and developed by Eurocom. It is compatible with a Multitap.
Table of Contents
Crash Bash/Table of Contents
Social networking
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Views
Actions
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3307.0 - Social Statistics, Australia: Divorce, Sep 1966
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/03/1967
Page tools: RSS Search this Product
Help for : Adobe PDF.
Publications
3307.0 - Divorces, Australia
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1304.6 - Tasmanian Key Indicators, Jan 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 17/02/2009
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
TOURISM
Source
Value
% Change corresponding quarter previous year
Sep Qtr 2008
No. of hotels, motels and serviced apartments with 15 or more rooms
155
0.6
Takings from accommodation: Hotels, motels and serviced apartments with 15 or more rooms
$35.5m
1.6
.. not applicable
More Detailed Source Information
Tourist Accommodation, Australia (cat. no. 8635.0)
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6278.0 - Education and Training Experience, Australia, 1997
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 05/11/1998
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
November 5, 1998
Embargoed 11:30am (AEST)
117/98
Education and training important to WA people - ABS figures
New survey figures published today by the Australian Bureau of Statistics show that, in Western Australia, 410,700 people aged 15 to 64 had completed at least one training course in the 12 month period prior to the conduct of the survey (March to May 1997).
The figures in Education and Training Experience, Australia 1997 present a wide range of information about key aspects of education and training. This survey was partly funded by the Australian National Training Authority and the Department of Employment, Education, Training & Youth Affairs.
Key findings about education in Western Australia are that:
• 53 per cent of men and 45 per cent of women held at least one post-school qualification;
• 11 per cent started, but did not complete, an educational qualification in the last 5 years;
• 82 per cent of wage and salary earners undertook some form of training in the 12 month period;
• "No need" was the most commonly given reason by 39 per cent of those not undertaking study and by 45 per cent of those not undertaking training courses; and,
• 27 per cent intended to study for an educational qualification in the next three years.
Key findings about training courses completed in Western Australia in the 12 months prior to the survey include that:
• the average time spent on training courses was 26 hours;
• only 14 per cent incurred a cost to the participant, with the average cost being $271; and,
• 86 per cent of training courses undertaken while working were considered to have improved job performance.
The Survey also found that 126,100 people in Western Australia enrolled to study for a post-school qualification in 1997 (excluding those aged 15 to 20 and still at secondary school). Of these;
• 14 per cent received financial support for that study from their employer, and 39 per cent received financial support from other sources; and,
• more students enrolled full-time (58,400) than part-time (47,800).
Of the 54,300 people aged 15 to 20 and still at secondary school in Western Australia at the time of the survey:
• 22 per cent were undertaking TAFE accredited subjects; and,
• 92 per cent said that they intended to complete their schooling.
Education and Training Experience, Australia 1997 (cat. no. 6278.0) is available from ABS Bookshops. The summary of findings from the publication is available from this site.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Knowledge-based biomedical word sense disambiguation: comparison of approaches
Antonio J Jimeno-Yepes* and Alan R Aronson
Author Affiliations
National Library of Medicine, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Bioinformatics 2010, 11:569 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-569
Published: 22 November 2010
Abstract
Background
Word sense disambiguation (WSD) algorithms attempt to select the proper sense of ambiguous terms in text. Resources like the UMLS provide a reference thesaurus to be used to annotate the biomedical literature. Statistical learning approaches have produced good results, but the size of the UMLS makes the production of training data infeasible to cover all the domain.
Methods
We present research on existing WSD approaches based on knowledge bases, which complement the studies performed on statistical learning. We compare four approaches which rely on the UMLS Metathesaurus as the source of knowledge. The first approach compares the overlap of the context of the ambiguous word to the candidate senses based on a representation built out of the definitions, synonyms and related terms. The second approach collects training data for each of the candidate senses to perform WSD based on queries built using monosemous synonyms and related terms. These queries are used to retrieve MEDLINE citations. Then, a machine learning approach is trained on this corpus. The third approach is a graph-based method which exploits the structure of the Metathesaurus network of relations to perform unsupervised WSD. This approach ranks nodes in the graph according to their relative structural importance. The last approach uses the semantic types assigned to the concepts in the Metathesaurus to perform WSD. The context of the ambiguous word and semantic types of the candidate concepts are mapped to Journal Descriptors. These mappings are compared to decide among the candidate concepts. Results are provided estimating accuracy of the different methods on the WSD test collection available from the NLM.
Conclusions
We have found that the last approach achieves better results compared to the other methods. The graph-based approach, using the structure of the Metathesaurus network to estimate the relevance of the Metathesaurus concepts, does not perform well compared to the first two methods. In addition, the combination of methods improves the performance over the individual approaches. On the other hand, the performance is still below statistical learning trained on manually produced data and below the maximum frequency sense baseline. Finally, we propose several directions to improve the existing methods and to improve the Metathesaurus to be more effective in WSD.
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Novel Program to Promote Critical Thinking among Higher Education Students: Empirical Study from Saudi Arabia
Huda Umar Alwehaibi
Abstract
Critical thinking is important for shaping the way students learn and think. However, there is a need for a systematic direct instruction aimed at developing effective critical thinking skills.This study aims to investigate the effect of a proposed critical thinking program on developing the critical thinking skills of college students. During a 5-week intervention, 80 second-year female students of the English Department of Princess Noura Bint Abdulrahman Univetsity (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) underwent this program during the thinking skills course. The effectiveness of the program was examined using a critical thinking assessment instrument that evaluated five critical thinking skills: causal explanation, determining the reliability of sources, argument, prediction, and determining parts-whole relationships. The data demonstrated statistically significant gains in the five critical thinking skills tested.Thus, this study provides a framework for creating teaching methods that provide effective direct instruction for the development of critical thinking skills of college students.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ass.v8n11p193
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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< Usability Fun
Antislavery Song Misses The Point >
: Attention Tonight's Episode fans: Monday kicks off Tonight's Episode Sweeps Week, five days of sensationalist TEs designed to boost flagging ratings, courtesy of Jason Robbins. Jason also sent me an email titled "off the hook for spam":
Today I got the following spam:
Subject: Unless you have a PhD, READ THIS E-MAIL h zt b
Oh Kay.
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Power Management
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 17:53, 3 August 2009 by Wmat (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This page has information about Power Management for Linux. Power Management exists because many products are handheld or mobile, and consumers are interested in using their products for as long as possible on a single battery charge.
Contents
Power Management Technology/Project pages
• http://www.lesswatts.org/index.php - LessWatts.org
• LessWatts.org is about how you can save real watts, however you use Linux on your computer or computers.
• LessWatts is about creating a community around saving power on Linux, bringing developers, users, and sysadmins together to share software, optimizations, and tips and tricks.
Linux Power Management Mini-Summit
Mini-Summit Notes
CE Linux Forum Standards
See here CELF PM Requirements 2006
Documents
For some good overviews of different PM features relevant to embedded, you may want to look at the following papers:
• Every Microamp is Sacred - A Dynamic Voltage and Current Control Interface for the Linux Kernel - Liam Girdwood Slides and video
• Power Management Quality of Service and How You Could Use it in Your Embedded Application - Mark Gross Slides and video
• Building Blocks for Embedded Power Management - Kevin Hilman Slides and video
• Linux Suspend-to-Disk Objectives for Consumer Electronic Devices - Vitaly Wool Slides.
• Linux Clock Management Framework - Siarhei Yermalayeu slides
• Advanced Power Management for OMAP3, Peter de Schrijver, FOSDEM 2009 Video
• Taking Linux power management to production quality, Eugeny Mints, ELCE 2008 Video.
• Power Management on ARM11, Mischa Jonker, ELCE 2008 Slides and video.
Open Source Projects/Mailing Lists
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Russia
Geography:
Russia
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editors: Peter Saundry, C Michael Hogan
Russia (more formally the Russian Federation) is a nation of one hundred and twenty-eight million people in eastern Europe (west of the Ural mountains) and northern Asia (east of the Urals), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean.
Russia has an area of about 17 million square kilometers (6.5 million square miles); in geographic terms, this makes Russia the largest country in the world by more than 2.5 million square miles. But with a population density of about 22 persons per square mile (nine per square kilometre), it is sparsely populated, and most of its residents live in urban areas.
Russia borders fourteen other countries. However, it is unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world. Despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture. Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak.
Its major environmental issues include:
• Air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities;
• Industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts;
• Deforestation;
• Soil erosion;
• Soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals;
• Localised areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination;
• Groundwater contamination from toxic waste;
• Urban solid waste management; and,
• Abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides and herbicides
Permafrost cover over much of Siberia and is a major impediment to development.
Spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia
Russia experiences significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands.
Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities.
In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under Peter I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire.
During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia.
Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms.
Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household.
The Communists under Vladimir Lenin seized power soon after and formed the USSR.
The brutal rule of Iosif Stalin (1928-53) strengthened Communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives.
The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics.
Since then, Russia has shifted its post-Soviet democratic ambitions in favor of a centralized semi-authoritarian state in which the leadership seeks to legitimize its rule through managed national elections, populist appeals by former President Putin, and continued economic growth.
Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Geography
Location: Northern Asia (the area west of the Urals is considered part of Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean
Geographic Coordinates: 60 00 N, 100 00 E
Area: 17,098,242 sq km (land: 16,377,742 sq km; water: 720,500 sq km)
Land Boundaries: 20,241.5 km (Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 17.5 km, Latvia 292 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km)
Coastline: 37,653 km
Maritime Claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Natural Hazards: permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia.
Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions. The highest point is Gora El'brus (Mount Erebus, 5,633 m) and the lowest point, the Caspian Sea (-28 m).
Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along the Arctic coast.
Topology of Russia. Source: Lencer/Wikimedia Commons.
Volcanism
Russia experiences significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands. Kliuchevskoi (elev. 4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano. Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, have been deemed "Decade Volcanoes" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations. Other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky.
Russia's eastern Kamchatka Peninsula is home to 160 volcanoes, 29 of which are active. The Volcanoes of Kamchatka together form a UNESCO World Heritage Site. While most are not actively erupting, many are considered dangerous due to their eruptive history and proximity to population centers and air travel corridors. This astronaut photo highlights the summit crater and snow-covered slopes of Avachinshy stratovolcano (2,741 m; 8,993 ft) as it pokes above a surrounding cloud deck. The volcano has an extensive historic and geological record of eruptions, the latest activity ocurring in 2008. To the southeast (image right), the large breached crater of Kozelsky volcano also appears above the clouds. Kozelsky is a parasitic cone, formed by the eruption of material from vents along the flank of Avachinsky. Photo courtesy of NASA.
The Kuril Island chain is built from a line of volcanoes, an island arc, that extends from Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula to northern Japan. Island arcs form along an active boundary between two tectonic plates, with one being driven beneath the other (subduction). Magma generated by subduction feeds volcanoes - and eventually volcanic islands - over the subduction boundary. Paramushir Island in the northern Kurils is an example of a large island built by several volcanoes over geologic time. This astronaut photograph shows the southern end of Paramushir Island after a snowfall. The western slopes of the mountains are brightly illuminated, while the eastern slopes are in shadow. Four major volcanic centers create this part of the island. Fuss Peak (image center left) is an isolated stratovolcano connected to the main island via an isthmus. Fuss Peak last erupted in 1854. The southern tip of the island is occupied by the Karpinsky Group of three volcanic centers. A minor eruption of ash following an earthquake occurred on this part of the island in 1952. The Lomonosov Group to the northeast (image center) includes four cinder cones and a lava dome. The most recent volcanic activity on Paramushir Island occurred in 2008 at the Chikurachki cone located along the northern coastline of the island at image top center. The summit of this volcano, 1,816 m (5,958 ft) above sea level, is the highest on Paramushir Island. Much of the Sea of Okhotsk visible in the image is covered with low clouds that often form around the islands in the Kuril chain. The clouds are generated by moisture-laden air passing over the cool sea/ocean water, and they typically wrap around the volcanic islands. Image courtesy of NASA.
Ecology and Biodiversity
The following ecoregions (as defined by the World Wildlife Fund) occur in Russia:
1. Central European mixed forests
2. Sarmatic mixed forests
3. Scandinavian and Russian taiga
4. Kola Peninsula tundra
5. Northwest Russian-Noraya Zelma Tundra
6. Arctic Desert (Polar desert)
7. Yamal-Gydan tundra
8. East European Forest Steppe
9. Pontic Steppe
10. Crimean submediterranean forest complex
11. Caucasus mixed forests
12. Caspian lowland desert
13. -
14. Kazakh semi-desert
15. Kazakh steppe
16. Kazahk upland
17. Kazakh forest steppe
18. Ural montane forests and tundra
19. Western Siberian hemiboreal forests
20. West Siberian taiga/West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests
21. Altai montane forest and forest steppe
22. Altai alpine meadow and tundra
23. Sayan Alpine meadows and tundra
24. Sayan intermontane steppe
24a. Sayan montane conifer forests
25. South Siberian forest steppe
26. Great Lakes Basin desert steppe
27. Salenge-Orkhon forest steppe
28. Trans-Baikal conifer forests
29. Daurian forest steppe
30. Trans-Baikal Bald Mountain tundra
31. East Siberian taiga
32. Taimyr-Central Siberian tundra
33. Novosibirsk Islands arctic desert
34. Northeast Siberian coastal tundra
35. Cherskij-Kolyma mountain tundra
36. Northeast Siberian taiga
37. Chukchi Peninsula tundra
38. Wrangel Island arctic desert
39. Bering tundra
40. Kamchatka Mountain tundra and forest tundra
41. Kamchatka-Kurile meadows and sparse forests
42. Kamchatka-Kurile taiga
43. Sakhalin Island taiga
44. South Sakhalin-Kurile mixed forests
45. Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga
46. Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forest/Ussuri-Wusuli meadow and forest meadow
47. Suiphun-Khanka meadows and forest meadows
48. Manchurian mixed forests
49. Amur meadow steppe
50. Da Hinggan-Dzhagdy mountains conifer forests
See also:
World Heritage Sites:
The Lena River, some 4,500 km (2,800 mi) long, is one of the longest rivers in the world. The Lena Delta Reserve, shown in this enhanced satellite photo, is the most extensive protected wilderness area in Russia; it serves as an important refuge and breeding ground for many species of Siberian wildlife. The wave-dominated delta of the Lena River is 30,000 sq km (11,580 sq mi) making it one of the largest of its kind in the world. Image courtesy of USGS.
People and Society
Population: 138,082,178 (July 2012 est.)
Russia’s citizens descend from more than 100 ethnic groups. Russian is the official language of Russia and is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the language of such giants of world literature as Pushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Pasternak, and Solzhenitsyn.
The unraveling of the Soviet state in its last decades and the physical and psychological traumas of transition during the 1990s resulted in a steady decline in the health of the Russian people. Currently Russia faces a demographic crisis as births lag far behind deaths. While its population is aging, the high number of deaths of working-age males due to cardiovascular disease is a major cause of Russia's demographic woes. A rapid increase in HIV/AIDS infections and tuberculosis, added to rising deaths from cancer, compounds the problem. In 2011, life expectancy at birth was estimated at 63.03 years for men and 74.87 years for women. The large annual excess of deaths over births, if unabated, could cut Russia's population by 30% over the next 50 years, though inward migration could change this picture.
Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, traffic accidents, and violence continue to be major causes of death among working age men. Many premature deaths are attributed to excessive alcohol consumption and smoking. A truly healthy Russia will require serious improvements in the health sector and some major changes in current cultural norms. To combat the looming demographic crisis, in October 2007 then-President Putin approved the concept of demographic policy for the years 2008-2025. The program aims to increase life expectancy, reduce mortality, increase the birth rate, improve the population's health, and develop a sound migration policy. The government instituted the National Priority Health Project and "mother's capital" in order to slow the population decline. These programs had short-term success; Russia's natural population decline, the absolute difference between births and deaths, diminished from more than 800,000 in 2005 to roughly 200.000 in 2010, as the birthrate grew from 10.2 to 12.5 per 1,000 in the same period. In April 2008, the government signed the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, then approved a tobacco control policy in September 2010 designed to reduce extremely high smoking rates. Results of the 2010 Global Adult Tobacco Survey showed tobacco is the third-leading cause of premature death in Russia, amounting to 17% of all deaths. Nearly 40% of Russia's adult population, or nearly 44 million people, are smokers, more than any other country surveyed on a per capita basis.
Russia's educational system has produced nearly 100% literacy. About 8.1 million students attended Russia's 1,108 institutions of higher education in 2008, but continued reform is critical to producing students with skills to adapt to a market economy. Because great emphasis is placed on science and technology in education, Russian mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is still generally of a high order. The number of doctors in relation to the population is high by American standards, although medical care in Russia, even in major cities, is generally far below Western standards.
The Russian labor force, amounting to nearly 76 million workers in 2010, is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. Official unemployment dropped to its lowest rate of 5.4% in May 2008, and labor shortages appeared in some high-skilled job markets. The economic crisis that began in late 2008, however, quickly reversed this trend and the ranks of unemployed swelled to an International Labor Organization (ILO)-estimated 8.2% in 2009; 1.8 million Russians lost their jobs in the first quarter of 2009 alone. By the end of 2010, the Russian economy showed signs of recovery, with the unemployment rate falling to 7.4% by the end of the second quarter, according to the Russian Government statistics agency, Rosstat.
Following the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. Real disposable incomes then doubled between 1999 and 2009, and experts estimate that the middle class constitutes approximately one-fourth of the population. The economic crisis, however, interrupted this trend, as real disposable incomes grew by only 1.9% in 2009 and wages fell by 2.8% during the same period. The stock of wage arrears, which peaked during the crisis at almost 9 billion rubles, had fallen by almost half by February 2010. Government anti-crisis measures to bolster wages, pensions, and other benefits helped reduce the poverty rate in 2009 to an estimated 14%, bringing the number of people living below the subsistence minimum (equivalent to about $169 per month) to below 20 million. The official poverty rate was estimated as 13.1% by the World Bank at the end of 2010. According to Russian statistics, the poverty level increased to 14.9% of the population in the first half of 2011 because of an increase in the official poverty threshold and because average real income fell slightly in 2011.
At the end of 2010, there were 60 million Internet users in Russia, with the number growing by 15% a year. Industry watchers forecast that Russia will be Europe’s largest Internet market within the next 2 years.
Ethnic Groups: Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)
Age Structure:
0-14 years: 15.2% (male 10,818,203/female 10,256,611)
15-64 years: 71.8% (male 47,480,851/female 52,113,279)
65 years and over: 13% (male 5,456,639/female 12,614,309) (2011 est.)
Population Growth Rate: -0.48% (2012 est.)
Birthrate: 10.94 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Death Rate: 16.03 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)
Net Migration Rate: 0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
Life Expectancy at Birth: 66.46 years
male: 60.11 years
female: 73.18 years (2012 est.)
Total Fertility Rate: 1.43 children born/woman (2012 est.)
Languages: Russian (official), many minority languages
Literacy (age 15 and over can read and write)99.4% (2002 census)
Urbanization: 73% of total population (2010) declining at an annual rate of change of 0.2% (2010-15 est.)
History
Although human experience on the territory of present-day Russia dates back to Paleolithic times, the first lineal predecessor of the modern Russian state was founded in 862. The political entity known as Kievan Rus was established in Kiev in 962 and lasted until the 12th century. In the 10th century, Christianity became the state religion under Vladimir, who adopted Greek Orthodox rites. Consequently, Byzantine culture predominated, as is evident in much of Russia's architectural, musical, and artistic heritage. Over the next centuries, various invaders assaulted the Kievan state and, finally, Mongols under Batu Khan destroyed the main population centers except for Novgorod and Pskov in the 13th century and prevailed over the region until 1480. Some historians believe that the Mongol period had a lasting impact on Russian political culture.
In the post-Mongol period, Muscovy gradually became the dominant principality and was able, through diplomacy and conquest, to establish suzerainty over European Russia. Ivan III (1462-1505) referred to his empire as "the Third Rome" and considered it heir to the Byzantine tradition. Ivan IV (the Terrible) (1530-1584) was the first Russian ruler to call himself tsar, a word derived from the Old Russian term for Caesar. He pushed Russia eastward with his conquests but his later reign was marked by the cruelty that earned him his familiar epithet. He was succeeded by Boris Godunov, whose reign commenced the so-called Time of Troubles. Relative stability was achieved when Mikhail Romanov established the dynasty that bore his name in 1613.
During the reign of Peter the Great (1689-1725), modernization and European influences spread in Russia. Peter created Western-style military forces, subordinated the Russian Orthodox Church hierarchy to the tsar, reformed the entire governmental structure, and established the beginnings of a Western-style education system. He moved the capital westward from Moscow to St. Petersburg, his newly-established city on the Baltic. His introduction of European customs generated nationalistic resentments in society and spawned the philosophical rivalry between "Westernizers" and "Slavophiles" that remains a key dynamic of current Russian social and political thought.
Catherine the Great continued Peter's expansionist policies and established Russia as a European power. During her reign (1762-96), power was centralized in the monarchy, and administrative reforms concentrated great wealth and privilege in the hands of the Russian nobility. Catherine was also known as an enthusiastic patron of art, literature and education and for her correspondence with Voltaire and other Enlightenment figures. Catherine segregated the large Jewish population Russia inherited during the partitions of Poland (1772-95) into an area known as "The Pale of Settlement," where great numbers of Jews were concentrated and later subject to vicious attacks known as pogroms.
Alexander I (1801-1825) began his reign as a reformer, but after defeating Napoleon's 1812 attempt to conquer Russia, he became much more conservative and rolled back many of his early reforms. During this era, Russia gained control of Georgia and much of the Caucasus. Throughout the 19th century, the Russian Government sought to suppress repeated attempts at reform and attempts at liberation by various national movements, particularly under the reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855). Its economy failed to compete with those of Western countries. Russian cities were growing without an industrial base to generate employment, although emancipation of the serfs in 1861 foreshadowed urbanization and rapid industrialization late in the century. At the same time, Russia expanded into the rest of the Caucasus, Central Asia and across Siberia. The port of Vladivostok was opened on the Pacific coast in 1860. The Trans-Siberian Railroad opened vast frontiers to development late in the century. In the 19th century, Russian culture flourished as Russian artists made significant contributions to world literature, visual arts, dance, and music. The names of Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Gogol, Repin, and Tchaikovsky became known to the world.
Alexander II (1855-1881), a relatively liberal tsar, emancipated the serfs, reformed the judiciary, and established elected local councils (zemstvos). His 1881 assassination, however, prompted the reactionary rule of Alexander III (1881-1894). At the turn of the century, imperial decline became evident. Russia was defeated in the unpopular Russo-Japanese war in 1905. The Russian Revolution of 1905 forced Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917) to grant a constitution and introduce limited democratic reforms. The government suppressed opposition and abetted anti-Semitic pogroms. Attempts at economic change, such as land reform, were incomplete.
1917 Revolution and the U.S.S.R.
The ruinous effects of World War I, combined with internal pressures, sparked the March 1917 uprising that led Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate the throne. A provisional government came to power, headed by Aleksandr Kerenskiy. On November 7, 1917, the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized control and established the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. Civil war broke out in 1918 between Lenin's "Red" army and various "White" forces and lasted until 1920, when, despite foreign interventions and a war with Poland, the Bolsheviks triumphed. After the Red army conquered Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia, a new nation, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), was formed in 1922.
First among its political figures was Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Party and head of the first Soviet Government, who died in 1924. In the late 1920s, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Josef Stalin emerged as the dominant figure in the aftermath of intra-party rivalries; he maintained complete control over Soviet domestic and international policy until his death in 1953. In the 1930s, Stalin oversaw the forced collectivization of tens of millions of its citizens in state agricultural and industrial enterprises. Millions died in the process from state-created famines. Millions more were executed or died in the vast penal and labor system known as the Gulag. Initially allied to Nazi Germany, which resulted in significant territorial additions on its western border, the U.S.S.R. was attacked by the Axis on June 22, 1941. More than twenty million Soviet citizens died during World War II in the successful effort to defeat the Axis, in addition to over two million Soviet Jews who perished in the Holocaust. After the war, the U.S.S.R. became one of the Permanent Members of the UN Security Council. In 1949, the U.S.S.R. developed its own nuclear arsenal.
Stalin's successor, Nikita Khrushchev, served as Communist Party leader until he was ousted in 1964, and presided over an era of cautious liberalization known as the Thaw. Aleksey Kosygin became Chairman of the Council of Ministers, and Leonid Brezhnev was made First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in 1964. In 1971, Brezhnev rose to become "first among equals" in a collective leadership. During this period, the Soviet economy entered a period of stagnation from which it never recovered. Brezhnev died in 1982 and was succeeded by Yuriy Andropov (1982-84) and Konstantin Chernenko (1984-85). In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the next (and last) General Secretary of the CPSU. Gorbachev introduced policies of perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness). But his efforts to reform the creaky Communist system from within failed. The people of the Soviet Union were not content with half-freedoms granted by Moscow; they demanded more and the system collapsed. Boris Yeltsin was elected the first president of the Russian Federation in 1991. Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus formed the Commonwealth of Independent States in December 1991. Gorbachev resigned as Soviet President on December 25, 1991.
The Russian Federation
After the December 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation became its successor state, inheriting its permanent seat on the UN Security Council, most of its military assets, as well as the bulk of its foreign assets and debt. By the fall of 1993, politics in Russia reached a stalemate between President Yeltsin and the parliament elected in the waning days of the Soviet Union. The parliament had succeeded in blocking, overturning, or ignoring the President's initiatives on drafting a new constitution, conducting new elections, and making further progress on democratic and economic reforms.
In a dramatic speech in September 1993, President Yeltsin dissolved the Russian parliament in contravention of the existing constitution, and called for new national elections and a new constitution. In response, the parliament sought to depose Yeltsin and instigate an armed insurrection. Yeltsin ordered the army to respond with force to capture the parliament building and crush the insurrection. In December 1993, voters elected a new parliament and approved a new constitution that had been drafted by the Yeltsin government. Yeltsin remained the dominant political figure, although a broad array of parties, including ultra-nationalists, liberals, agrarians, and communists, had substantial representation in the parliament and competed actively in elections at all levels of government.
In late 1994, the Russian security forces launched a brutal operation in the Republic of Chechnya against rebels who were intent on separation from Russia. The protracted conflict, which received close scrutiny in the Russian media, raised serious human rights and humanitarian concerns abroad as well as within Russia, with violations committed on both sides of the fighting. After numerous unsuccessful attempts to institute a cease-fire, in August 1996 the Russian and Chechen authorities negotiated a settlement that resulted in a complete withdrawal of Russian troops and the holding of elections in January 1997. A peace treaty was concluded in May 1997. Following a number of terrorist incidents blamed on Chechen separatists, the Russian Government launched a new military campaign into Chechnya in 1999. By spring 2000, federal forces claimed control over Chechen territory, but fighting continued as rebel fighters regularly ambushed Russian forces in the region. Throughout 2002 and 2003, the ability of Chechen separatists to battle the Russian forces waned but they claimed responsibility for numerous terrorist acts. In 2005 and 2006, key separatist leaders were killed by Russian forces. Large-scale violence was quelled after Ramzan Kadyrov was confirmed as Chechen President in 2007, though many human rights groups accused him of committing serious human rights violations. In April 2009, the Russian Government announced the end of counterterrorism operations in Chechnya; however, the specter of potential conflict in the North Caucasus was raised again by the March 2010 bombing of the Moscow Metro, the January 2011 explosion in Moscow’s Domodedovo airport, and the continuing violence in the republic of Dagestan.
On December 31, 1999 Boris Yeltsin resigned, and Vladimir Putin was named Acting President. In March 2000, he won election in his own right as Russia's second president with 53% of the vote. Putin moved quickly to reassert Moscow's control over the regions, whose governors had confidently ignored edicts from Boris Yeltsin. He ended direct elections for regional leaders and sent his own "plenipotentiary representatives" (commonly called 'polpred' in Russian) to ensure that Moscow's policies were followed in recalcitrant regions and republics. He won enactment of liberal economic reforms that rescued a faltering economy and stopped a spiral of hyperinflation. Putin achieved wide popularity by stabilizing the government, especially in marked contrast to what many Russians saw as the chaos of the latter Yeltsin years. The economy grew both because of rising oil prices and, in part, because Putin was able to achieve reforms in banking, labor, and private property. During this time, Russia also moved closer to the U.S., especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In 2002, the NATO-Russia Council was established, giving Russia a voice in NATO discussions.
U.S.-Russian relations cooled over the ensuing years given concerns over domestic developments in Russia, including political freedoms and human rights, as well as over foreign policy differences. Dmitriy Medvedev was elected President in March 2008 and inaugurated in May. Relations during the first few months of his presidency were affected by the August 2008 Russia-Georgia war and subsequent decision by Russia to recognize the territories of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. As a result, U.S.-Russian contact decreased significantly and the NATO-Russia Council was suspended temporarily.
With the change of U.S. administration in January 2009, U.S.-Russian relations have markedly improved as both sides sought to change the tone of the relationship and to cooperate in areas of mutual interest. At a July 2009 summit in Moscow, Presidents Barack Obama and Medvedev created the U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission to pursue joint projects and improve cooperation between the two countries. Recent years have also seen increased cooperation with U.S. and NATO, leading to a new strategic concept proposed at the November 2010 Lisbon Summit that strives to develop a “true strategic partnership between NATO and Russia.” In February 2011, the New START Treaty, which significantly reduced each country’s deployable nuclear weapons, came into effect. The new 123 Agreement between the U.S. and Russia establishes a legal framework for advancing joint work on peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The U.S., NATO, and Russia have also worked closely together to bring stability to Afghanistan. To address Iran’s failure to abide by its international commitments regarding its nuclear program, the U.S. and Russia coordinated multilateral approaches to demonstrate to Iran the consequences of its intransigence.
On September 24, 2011 Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced his intention to seek a new term as Russia’s president. Putin was elected to a third term – he served the constitutional maximum two consecutive terms from 2000-2008 – as Russia’s president on March 4, 2012. He officially garnered 63.4 percent of the vote against four rivals, including leaders of the minority parties in the Duma and a self-nominated candidate, Mikhail Prokhorov. The OSCE/ODIHR observed the election and noted similar shortcomings to those noted in the Duma elections, including the lack of genuine competition and biased media coverage affecting the fairness of the election. The December 2008 law that extended the Duma’s mandate also lengthened the term of Russia’s president, beginning with the 2012 election, to six years, so the next presidential election is scheduled for 2018.
Government
Government Type: Federation
In the political system established by the 1993 constitution, the president wields considerable executive power. There is no vice president, and the legislative branch is far weaker than the executive. The bicameral legislature consists of the lower house (State Duma) and the upper house (the Federation Council). The president nominates the highest state officials, including the prime minister, who must be approved by the Duma. The president can pass decrees without consent from the Duma. He also is head of the armed forces and of the Security Council.
Elections to the Duma, the 450-seat lower house of parliament, were held most recently on December 4, 2011, and presidential elections on March 4, 2012. The pro-government party, United Russia, polled 49 percent of the Duma vote, which translated to 53 percent of seats under Russia’s proportional representation system. This was a much weaker result than in 2007, when the party won more than two thirds of seats, enabling it to change the Constitution at will. The three minority parties elected to the Duma in 2007- the Communists, Just Russia and the Liberal Democratic Party – all increased their representation in the 2011 election. Three other parties – Yabloko, Right Cause, and Patriots of Russia – contested the elections but did not meet the 7 percent threshold for representation. The Party of People’s Freedom, a liberal opposition party, had its party registration invalidated and could not participate in the elections. In contrast to 2007, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe's (OSCE) Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) sent a mission to observe the Duma elections. The ODIHR mission’s post-election statement identified discrepancies in voting, counting, and tabulation procedures, and noted that the elections took place in an atmosphere which seriously limited political competition. Frequent abuses of administrative resources and media coverage strongly in favor of United Russia combined to hinder political pluralism. The next Duma election must occur before December 2016, as a December 2008 law extended the mandate of the Duma, beginning with the 2011 elections, to five years from four.
Capital: Moscow - 10.523 million (2009)
Moscow is Russia's capital and largest city. Moscow is also increasingly important as an economic and business center; it has become Russia's principal magnet for foreign investment and business presence. Its cultural tradition is rich, and there are many museums devoted to art, literature, music, dance, history, and science, as well as hundreds of churches and dozens of notable cathedrals.
Other Major Cities: Saint Petersburg 4.575 million; Novosibirsk 1.397 million; Yekaterinburg 1.344 million; Nizhniy Novgorod 1.267 million (2009)
The second-largest city in Russia is St. Petersburg, which was established by Peter the Great in 1703 to be the capital of the Russian Empire as part of his Western-looking reforms. The city was called Petrograd during World War I and Leningrad after 1924. In 1991, as the result of a city referendum, it was renamed St. Petersburg. Under the tsars, the city was Russia's cultural, intellectual, commercial, financial, and industrial center. After Lenin moved the capital back to Moscow in 1918, the city's political significance declined, but it remained a cultural, scientific, and military-industrial center. The Hermitage, formerly the Winter Palace of the tsars, is one of the world's great fine arts museums.
Administrative divisions: Russia is a federation, but the precise distribution of powers between the central government and the regional and local authorities is still evolving. The Russian Federation consists of 83 administrative units, including two federal cities, Moscow and St. Petersburg. The constitution explicitly defines the federal government's exclusive powers, but it also describes most key regional issues as the joint responsibility of the federal government and the regional administrative units. In 2000, President Putin grouped the regions into seven federal districts, with presidential appointees established in Moscow and six provincial capitals. In March 2004, the constitution was amended to permit the merger of some regional administrative units. A law enacted in December 2004 eliminated the direct election of the country's regional leaders. Governors are now nominated by the president and subject to confirmation by regional legislatures.
46 provinces (oblastey, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respublik, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnykh okrugov, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (krayev, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')
oblasts:
1. Amur (Blagoveshchensk)
2. Arkhangel'sk
3. Astrakhan'
4. Belgorod
5. Bryansk
6. Chelyabinsk
7.
8. Irkutsk
9. Ivanovo
10. Kaliningrad
11. Kaluga
12. Kemerovo
1. Kirov
2. Kostroma
3. Kurgan
4. Kursk
5. Leningrad
6. Lipetsk
7. Magadan
8. Moscow
9. Murmansk
10. Nizhniy Novgorod
11. Novgorod
12. Novosibirsk
1. Omsk
2. Orenburg
3. Orel
4. Penza
5. Pskov
6. Rostov
7. Ryazan'
8. Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)
9. Samara
10. Saratov
11. Smolensk
12. Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg)
1. Tambov
2. Tomsk
3. Tula
4. Tver'
5. Tyumen'
6. Ul'yanovsk
7. Vladimir
8. Volgograd
9. Vologda
10. Voronezh
11. Yaroslavl'
Republics:
1. Adygeya (Maykop)
2. Altay (Gorno-Altaysk)
3. Bashkortostan (Ufa)
4. Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude)
5. Dagestan (Makhachkala)
6. Ingushetiya (Magas)
7. Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik)
8. Kalmykiya (Elista)
9. Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk)
10. Kareliya (Petrozavodsk)
11. Komi (Syktyvkar)
12. Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola)
13. Mordoviya (Saransk)
14. Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk)
15. North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz)
16. Tatarstan (Kazan')
17. Tyva (Kyzyl)
18. Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)
19. Khakasiya (Abakan)
20. Chechnya (Groznyy)
21. Chuvashiya (Cheboksary)
krays:
1. Altay (Barnaul)
2. Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy)
3. Khabarovsk
4. Krasnodar
5. Krasnoyarsk
6. Perm'
7. Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok)
8. Stavropol'
9. Zabaykal'sk (Chita)
autonomous okrugs:
1. Chukotka (Anadyr')
2. Khanty-Mansi (Khanty-Mansiysk)
3. Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar)
4. Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)
federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]
autonomous oblast: Yevrey [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)
Note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
Independence Date: 24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
Notable earlier dates:
• 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created);
• 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established);
• 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed);
• 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)
Legal System: The Russian judicial system consists of the Constitutional Court, courts of general jurisdiction, military courts, and arbitrage courts (which hear commercial disputes). The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is a court of limited subject matter jurisdiction. The 1993 constitution empowers the Constitutional Court to arbitrate disputes between the executive and legislative branches and between Moscow and the regional and local governments. The court also is authorized to rule on violations of constitutional rights, to examine appeals from various bodies, and to participate in impeachment proceedings against the president. The July 1994 Law on the Constitutional Court prohibits the court from examining cases on its own initiative and limits the scope of issues the court can hear. The system of general jurisdiction courts includes the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, regional level courts, district level courts and justices of the peace.
The Duma passed a Criminal Procedure Code and other judicial reforms during its 2001 session. These reforms help make the Russian judicial system more compatible with its Western counterparts. The reforms reintroduced jury trials in certain criminal cases and created a more adversarial system of criminal trials that protect the rights of defendants more adequately. Another significant advance in the Code is the transfer, from the Procuracy to the courts, of authority to issue search and arrest warrants. There are concerns, however, that prosecutors have selectively targeted individuals for political reasons, as in the prosecution of Yukos Oil CEO Mikhail Khodorkovskiy.
In spite of some efforts to increase judicial independence (for example, through a considerable salary increase for judges several years ago), many judges still see their role not as impartial and independent arbiters, but as government officials protecting state interests. See below for more information on the commercial court/business law.
Summary: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts. Russia has not submitted an International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction declaration; and it is a non-party state to the International criminal court (ICCt) jurisdiction.
International Environmental Agreements
Russia is party to international agreements on: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change (see Greenhouse Gas Control Policies in Russia), Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, and Whaling. Russia has signed, but not ratified an international agreement on Air Pollution-Sulfur 94.
Water
Total Renewable Water Resources: 4,498 cu km (1997)
Freshwater Withdrawal76.68 cu km/yr (19% domestic, 63% industrial, 18% agricultural)
Per Capita Freshwater Withdrawal: 535 cu m/yr (2000)
See: Water profile of Russian Federation
Agriculture
Although Russia has 9% of the world’s arable land and abundant fresh water, the relative lack of investment and modernization has made agriculture one of Russia’s lagging economic sectors. But significant change has occurred in recent years. Grain production for export is concentrated in the south of European Russia, with additional grain for domestic consumption grown throughout the rest of non-Arctic Russia west of the Urals as well as western Siberia. Over the past 5 years Russia has improved its competitive position and is now the world’s third-largest exporter of wheat. Livestock production was in decline from 1990 to 2006, when new government support policies were instituted to stimulate domestic meat production. Since the start of the National Priority Program in 2006 the Russian Government has invested to increase poultry, pork, beef, and milk production in Russia, primarily through subsidized loans (worth approximately $3 billion from 2006-2010) to large private enterprises. In January 2010, President Medvedev signed the Food Security Doctrine, which sets targets for domestic production of meat, dairy, oilseeds, grain, fruit, and vegetables and provides a justification for sustained government subsidies to agriculture. One of the main continuing constraints to both agricultural investment and productivity, however, is the absence of clearly defined agricultural property rights and the lack of private land ownership.
In 2011, agriculture priorities continued to be subsidizing livestock and poultry production.
Agricultural products: grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk
Irrigated Land: 43,460 sq km (2008)
Resources
The mineral-rich Ural Mountains and the vast oil, gas, coal, and timber reserves of Siberia and the Russian Far East make Russia rich in natural resources. However, most resources are located in remote and climatically unfavorable areas that are difficult to develop and far from Russian ports. Nevertheless, Russia is a leading producer and exporter of minerals, gold, and all major fuels. Natural resources, especially energy, dominate Russian exports. Over two-thirds of Russian exports to the United States are fuels, mineral oil, or metals.
Natural Resources: wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, reserves of rare earth elements, timber. Note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources.
Land Use:
arable land: 7.17%
permanent crops: 0.11%
other: 92.72% (2005)
Economy
The Russian economy underwent tremendous stress in the 1990s as it moved from a centrally planned economy to a free market system. Difficulties in implementing fiscal reforms aimed at raising government revenues and a dependence on short-term borrowing to finance budget deficits led to a serious financial crisis in 1998. Lower prices for Russia's major export earners (oil and minerals) and a loss of investor confidence due to the Asian financial crisis exacerbated financial problems. The result was a rapid and steep decline (60%) in the value of the ruble, flight of foreign investment, delayed payments on sovereign and private debts, a breakdown of commercial transactions through the banking system, and the threat of runaway inflation.
Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak and the private sector remains subject to heavy state interference.
The Russian economy bounced back quickly from the 1998 crisis and enjoyed over 9 years of sustained growth averaging about 7% due to a devalued ruble, implementation of key economic reforms (tax, banking, labor and land codes), tight fiscal policy, and favorable commodities prices. Household consumption and fixed capital investments both grew by about 10% per year during this period and replaced net exports as the main drivers of demand. Inflation and exchange rates stabilized due to a prudent fiscal policy (Russia ran a budget surplus from 2001-2008). Foreign exchange reserves grew to almost $600 billion by mid-2008, the third-largest in the world, of which more than $200 billion were classified as stabilization funds designed to shelter the budget from commodity price shocks. The balance of payments experienced twin surpluses until mid-2008 in the current and capital accounts, which accounted for the phenomenal growth of reserves. As of July 1, 2006, the ruble became convertible for both current and capital transactions. Russia repaid its entire Soviet-era Paris Club debt of $22 billion in late 2006, but by October 2008 foreign external debt totaled $540 billion, of which $500 billion was owed by banks and corporations, including state-owned enterprises.
The global economic crisis hit Russia hard, starting with heavy capital flight in September 2008, which caused a crisis in its stock market. Several high-profile business disputes earlier in 2008, such as TNK-BP and Mechel, as well as the Georgian war helped drive capital out of Russia. By mid-September, Russia’s stock market had collapsed, as businesses sold shares to raise collateral for margin calls required by international lending institutions. As the global financial crisis gathered steam in the fall of 2008, the accompanying steep fall in global demand, commodity prices, and tightening of credit served to almost bring Russia’s economic growth to a halt in the fourth quarter of 2008, to 1.1% down from 9.5% during the same period in 2007. The Central Bank of Russia responded by pumping liquidity into Russian banks, which helped avert a banking crisis. At the same time, the government attempted a managed devaluation, which successfully avoided a run on the ruble and bank deposits but at the cost of a steep decline in foreign exchange reserves to $387 billion by mid-February 2009. This in turn prompted the S&P and Fitch rating agencies to downgrade Russia’s sovereign debt to the lowest investment grade. By 2010, however, the Russian economy had begun a modest recovery, bolstered by government anti-crisis policies, the global rebound, and a rise in oil prices. Russia’s leaders put renewed emphasis on promoting innovation as key to economic modernization as well as on the need to diversify the economy away from oil and gas.
See: Energy profile of Russia, Energy profile of Sakhalin Island, and Energy profile of the Caspian Sea region
Gross Domestic Product
Tighter credit, collapsing global demand, global uncertainty, and rising unemployment hurt investment and consumption, and led Russia to have -7.9% GDP growth in 2009--a sharp contrast to the pre-crisis performance of 8.1% in 2007. However, 2010 saw Russia’s economy return to growth with a 3.8% increase in GDP. Russia’s Economic Development Ministry predicted that the nation’s GDP would grow 4.0% in 2011.
Monetary Policy
For most of the past decade, Russia experienced persistent inflation, gradually declining from 85% in late 1998 to 9% by end-2006. However, a combination of surging international food and energy prices and looser monetary and fiscal policy pushed the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to 11.9% by the end of 2007, and up to 15% in early 2008. The Central Bank of Russia (CBR) monetary policy tended to be limited to managing the ruble’s exchange rate against a bi-currency basket of dollars and euros. The CBR intervened to keep the ruble stable during times of volatile international commodity prices and to manage inflation. In years of record high oil prices, the Central Bank typically purchased dollars to prevent real appreciation of the ruble. These interventions initially had limited effect on inflation, as they were mostly sterilized by budget surpluses and demand for rubles grew in a robust era of economic growth. By 2007, fiscal policy and the balance of payments were the actual drivers of monetary policy, particularly as large capital inflows due to increased borrowing by Russian banks and corporations caused the money supply to swell and added to inflationary pressures. Inflationary pressures eased in late 2008 as energy and commodity prices collapsed and international credit flows virtually stopped, causing money supply growth to halt. Inflation decelerated in 2009 to about 8.8% compared with 13.3% the previous year, owing to residual effects of the economic downturn, and remained stable at 8.8% in 2010. Inflation rose again in 2011, hitting 9.5% in June, but since then has started a downward trend and was 8.2% at the end of August 2011. While the CBR continues to intervene in the exchange rate, it allows the ruble more flexibility and volatility than previously.
Government Spending/Taxation
The Russian federal budget ran growing surpluses from 2001-2007, as the government taxed and saved much of the rapidly increasing oil revenues. The government overhauled its tax system for both corporations and individuals in 2000-2001, introducing a 13% flat tax for individuals and a unified tax for corporations, which improved overall collection. Responding to demands from the oil sector, the government reduced the tax burden on oil production and exports, but only marginally. Tax enforcement of disputes continues to be uneven and unpredictable. In 2007 the federal budget surplus was 5.5% of GDP, and in 2008 the government ended the year with a surplus of 4.1% of GDP. Although the government revised its budget projections during 2009 to reflect lower oil prices and the effects of the economic crisis, it ended the year with a budget deficit amounting to 7.9% of GDP, which it financed from the Reserve Fund, one of the government’s two stabilization funds. The government’s anti-crisis package in 2008 and 2009 amounted to about 6.7% of GDP, according to World Bank estimates. The package provided support to the financial sector and enterprises--through liquidity injections to banks and tax cuts/fiscal support to enterprises--as well as modest support for households and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and increased unemployment benefits. By the end of 2010, due to improving economic conditions, Russia had lowered its budget deficit to 3.9% of GDP. Due to relatively high oil prices through the first half of the year, many officials believed there would not be a budget deficit for 2011.
Russia's long-term challenges include a shrinking workforce, a high level of corruption, difficulty in accessing capital for smaller, non-energy companies, and poor infrastructure in need of large investments.
GDP: (Purchasing Power Parity): $2.38 trillion (2011 est.)
GDP: (Official Exchange Rate): $1.791 trillion (2011 est.)
GDP- per capita (PPP): $16,700 (2011 est.)
GDP- composition by sector:
agriculture: 4.2%
industry: 37%
services: 58.9% (2011 est.)
Industries:
Russia is one of the most industrialized of the former Soviet republics. However, years of very low investment have left much of Russian industry antiquated and highly inefficient. Besides its resource-based industries, it has developed large manufacturing capacities, notably in metals, food products, and transport equipment. Russia is now the world's third-largest exporter of steel and primary aluminum. Russia inherited most of the defense industrial base of the Soviet Union, so armaments remain an important export category for Russia. Efforts have been made with varying success over the past few years to convert defense industries to civilian use, and the Russian Government is engaged in an ongoing process to privatize many of the state-owned enterprises.
Summary: complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries including radar, missile production, and advanced electronic components, shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts.
Currency: Russian rubles (RUB)
Investment/Banking
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2009 fell to less than $40 billion after reaching an all-time high of $75 billion in 2008. Much of the FDI in recent years was Russian capital “returning home,” from havens like Cyprus and Gibraltar, and these flows reversed during the economic downturn. Moreover, although the annual flow of FDI into Russia was in line with those of China, India, and Brazil, Russia's per capita cumulative FDI lagged far behind such countries as Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic. In 2010, net FDI inflow rose to $43 billion, still well below the levels seen in 2008. In the first quarter of 2011, it amounted to $12.8 billion, the CBR reported.
Although still small by international standards, the Russian banking sector before the crisis was growing fast and becoming a larger source of investment funds. To meet a growing demand for loans, which they were unable to cover with domestic deposits, Russian banks borrowed heavily abroad in 2007-2008, accounting for 57% of the private-sector capital inflows in 2007. Ruble lending has increased since the October 1998 financial crisis, and in 2007 loans were 66% of total bank assets, with consumer loans posting the fastest growth at 57% that same year. In 2004, Russia enacted a deposit insurance law to protect deposits up to 100,000 rubles (about $3,700) per depositor. Amendments to the law in the fall of 2008 increased the Deposit Insurance Agency's 100%-coverage for deposits up to 700,000 rubles. The vast majority of Russians keep their money in the banking sector. The combination of liberalized capital controls and ruble appreciation against the dollar in 2005-2008 persuaded many Russians to keep their money in ruble- or other currency-denominated bank deposits. In 2010 private deposits grew by 31.2% and corporate deposits and accounts by 16.4%. In 2011 private deposit growth slowed down such that over the first 8 months of the year, private deposits went up 9.2% (versus 16.5% in the first 8 months of 2010) while corporate deposits and accounts were up by 9.1% (versus 5.0%).
Even with the banking sector’s recent growth, financial intermediation in the overall economy remains underdeveloped. Contradictory regulations across the banking and securities markets have hindered efforts to transfer resources from capital-rich sectors, such as energy, to capital-poor sectors, such as agriculture and manufacturing. The sector is dominated by large state banks, and concentrated geographically in Moscow and the Moscow region. Thus financial service providers face little competition for resources and charge relatively high interest rates for favored, large corporate borrowers.
This state of affairs makes it difficult for entrepreneurs to raise capital, and banks generally perceive small and medium commercial lending as risky. Most of the country’s financial institutions are inexperienced with assessing credit risk, though the situation is improving. The low level of trust, both between the general public and banks as well as among banks, makes the system highly susceptible to crises. After an uncertain year in 2009, by spring 2010 Russian officials announced an end to anti-crisis bank support, and a World Bank report said that “a systemic banking crisis had been averted, the liquidity crunch eased and depositor confidence reestablished.” The report cautioned, however, that systemic weaknesses exposed during the crisis--especially excessive dependence on foreign borrowing and non-performing loans--still needed to be addressed.
Trade
After hitting lows in 2009, trade between the U.S. and Russia grew to $31.7 billion in 2010, an increase of 35% from 2009. U.S. imports from Russia grew 41% year over year to $25.7 billion while exports to Russia increased just 13% to $6.0 billion. The rapid increase in U.S. imports from Russia from 2009 to 2010 can be attributed to the low base year and nascent economic recovery in the United States, but also to the rising price of oil and other commodities. Oil and oil products represent over two-thirds of the value of all U.S. imports from Russia. Russia is currently the 37th-largest export market for U.S. goods. Russian exports to the U.S. were fuel oil, inorganic chemicals, aluminum, and precious stones. U.S. exports to Russia were machinery, vehicles, meat (mostly poultry), aircraft, electrical equipment, and high-tech products.
Russia's overall trade surplus in 2009 was $112 billion--compared with $180 billion in 2008 and $129 billion in 2007. In 2010 the trade surplus increased to $152 billion and continued to grow in 2011 to reach $118 billion by July 2011 (versus $96.4 billion at the same time in 2010), although import growth was beginning to outpace export growth. World prices continue to have a major effect on export performance, since commodities--particularly oil, natural gas, metals, and timber--comprise nearly 90% of Russian exports. Russian GDP growth and the surplus/deficit in the Russian Federation state budget are closely linked to world oil prices.
Russia is in the process of negotiating terms of accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The U.S. and Russia concluded a bilateral WTO accession agreement in late 2006, and negotiations continue on meeting WTO requirements for accession. Both Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and the General Director of the WTO, Pascal Lamy, stated in early 2011 that they felt Russia would join within the year.
According to the 2010 U.S. Trade Representative's National Trade Estimate, Russia continues to maintain a number of barriers with respect to imports, including tariffs and tariff-rate quotas; discriminatory and prohibitive charges and fees; and discriminatory licensing, registration, and certification regimes. Discussions continue within the context of Russia's WTO accession to eliminate these measures or modify them to be consistent with internationally accepted trade policy practices. Non-tariff barriers are frequently used to restrict foreign access to the market and are also a significant topic in Russia's WTO negotiations. In addition, Russia’s lax enforcement of intellectual property rights had led to large losses for U.S. audiovisual and other companies and is an ongoing irritant in U.S.-Russia trade relations. Russia continues to work to bring its technical regulations, including those related to product and food safety, into conformity with international standards.
Foreign Relations
In the years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia took important steps to become a full partner in the world's principal political groupings. On December 27, 1991, Russia assumed the permanent UN Security Council seat formerly held by the Soviet Union. Russia also is a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). Russia and the European Union (EU) signed a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement in 1994. Russia also joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Partnership for Peace initiative in 1994. The NATO-Russia Founding Act established the Permanent Joint Council (PJC) in 1997, with the NATO-Russia Council superseding the PJC in 2002. Russia, despite misgivings, did not actively oppose enlargement of NATO by members of the former Warsaw Pact and the Baltic states, which had been forcibly integrated into the Soviet Union. However, Russia has stressed its strong opposition to the membership aspirations of Ukraine and Georgia.
Over the past several years Russia has increased its international profile, played an increasing role in regional issues, and been more assertive in dealing with its neighbors. In recent years, Russia has not shied from using its significant oil and gas exports as sources of political influence. The August 2008 conflict between Russia and Georgia marked a new low point in relations between the two countries, with Russia unilaterally recognizing the Georgian breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent countries. Russia continues to support separatist regimes in Georgia and Moldova.
International Disputes:
• Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries
• China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes
• Tthe sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities.
• Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia.
• Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the lake.
• Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010.
• Various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands.
• In May 2005, Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements with Estonia (1996) and Latvia (1997), when the two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses.Russia demands better treatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia. Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia.
• Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999.
• Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply.
• Preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced.
• Tthe dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-level discussions.
• Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007.
• The Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US.
• Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission
Citation
Central Intelligence Agency, World Wildlife Fund, US State Department (Lead Author);CIA World Factbook (Content Source);Peter Saundry, C Michael Hogan (Topic Editor) "Russia". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth January 9, 2012; Last revised Date April 22, 2013; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/articles/view/172699/Estonia/?topic=49460>
The Authors
The Central Intelligence Agency was created in 1947 with the signing of the National Security Act by President Harry S. Truman. The act also created a Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) to serve as head of the United States intelligence community; act as the principal adviser to the President for intelligence matters related to the national security; and serve as head of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 amended the National Securit ... (Full Bio)
Known worldwide by its panda logo, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) leads international efforts to protect endangered species and their habitats. Now in its fifth decade, WWF works in more than 100 countries around the globe to conserve the diversity of life on Earth. With nearly 1.2 million members in the U.S. and another 4 million worldwide, WWF is the world's largest privately financed conservation organization. WWF directs its conservation efforts toward three global goals: 1) saving endangered ... (Full Bio)
Department Mission Statement Shape and sustain a peaceful, prosperous, just, and democratic world and foster conditions for stability and progress for the benefit of the American people and people everywhere. --From the FY 2011 Agency Financial Report, released November 2011 Alphabetical List of Bureaus and Offices Links in the f ... (Full Bio)
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Go4Expert Founder
22Apr2010,23:02 #11
The issue with PayPal has not allowed me to go for any small competition but yes there are few other things going nicely and one of them is newsletter.
Invasive contributor
12May2010,10:13 #12
I miss 1$ competitions....
~ Б0ЯИ Τ0 С0δЭ ~
12May2010,17:21 #13
Ya, me too ...
Go4Expert Founder
12May2010,17:57 #14
I am open for suggestions and if you have some payment option acceptable to many I can go for it.
Mentor
13May2010,15:14 #15
Does there have to be a payment? How about alternative awards, such as geek recognition? That's far more important (to me anyway) than the odd $ here and there.
Invasive contributor
17May2010,07:55 #16
^ I agree, beside it keeps the fun going and keeps people coming back together everyday. I never came for the $, infact whenever i won i gave it to g4e, so it shows that its more then about the money. We can try it for a month with some alternative award as xp said....Lets see how it goes...?
Go4Expert Founder
17May2010,09:16 #17
I would not mind that. What type of recognition can you elaborate.
I can think of is a reputation.
Skilled contributor
1Jun2010,07:14 #18
i am a new member and i dont have the luck in 1$ participation plz tell me where the questions where i want to knw what questions where they
Mentor
1Jun2010,20:44 #19
Quote:
Originally Posted by unni krishnan.r
i am a new member and i dont have the luck in 1$ participation plz tell me where the questions where i want to knw what questions where they
Try reading the whole thread, you'll get some clues as to why you can't find the questions.
You're new here, so I won't yell at you, but please read threads in full before posting. Then you can post *relevant* questions/comments.
Go4Expert Member
7Jan2011,00:25 #20
a small suggestion might be that for awards we can add reputation to people that are most active.
Another suggestion (addressed to shabbir): if you go to the wiki answers website, you will see that they have groups that focus on specific jobs. I think this website could definitly profit from this idea. If would get more people to participate, and it might even draw some people in. I for one would love to participate in any jobs you have here, for example, we can have categorizers (people who would go through the topics and start spacific category topics like the meet and greet category.)
Just some friendly suggestions to all who need them...
White_Hat
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 483170, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/483170
Research Article
Inhibited Production of iNOS by Murine J774 Macrophages Occurs via a phoP-Regulated Differential Expression of NFκB and AP-1
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, Nottingham NG7 2NR, UK
Received 15 February 2012; Revised 10 May 2012; Accepted 21 May 2012
Academic Editor: Decio Diament
Copyright © 2012 Scott D. Hulme et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background. There are no reported data to explain how Salmonella suppress nitrite ion production in macrophages or whether this phenomenon is unique to typhoidal or non-typhoidal serovars. The aims of this study were, therefore, to investigate these phenomena. Methods. We measured survival of S. typhimurium 14028 and its phoP mutant in murine J774 macrophages, cultured with or without interferon gamma. We compared expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein, and nitrite ion production and also examined binding of nuclear factor B (NFB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) to macrophage DNA. Results. S. typhimurium 14028 inhibited binding of NFB and AP-1 to DNA in murine J774. A macrophages via an intact phoP regulon. This correlated with increased survival and reduced iNOS expression. Suppression of NFB activity was ameliorated in macrophages cultured with IFN-γ and this correlated with increased expression of iNOS mRNA and nitrite ion production, although IFN-γ had no effect on AP-1/DNA interaction. We show, that with one exception, suppression of iNOS is unique to typhoidal serovars. Conclusion. S. typhimurium inhibit NFB and AP-1 interaction with macrophage DNA via the PhoP regulon, this reduces nitrite ion production and is principally associated with typhoidal serovars.
1. Introduction
S. typhimurium infection in mice is a standard laboratory model for human typhoid, and previous studies have shown that S. typhimurium mutants which are unable to survive in murine macrophages are avirulent [1]. Thus, survival of Salmonella in macrophages appears to be a critical step in the induction of typhoid. The Salmonella phoP/phoQ regulon regulates genes located on Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI-2) which encode proteins needed for survival of Salmonella inside of macrophages [2] and Salmonellae which have mutations in their phoP/phoQ regulon are avirulent in mice [3]. The affect of phoP on salmonella survival is multifaceted but studies by Svensson et al. [4] have shown that phoP mutation induces increased nitrite ion production by macrophages compared with nitrite ion production induced by the parent strain but this study did not investigate the mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Studies using and mice indicate that reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are important in controlling Salmonella later in the infection and this is preceded by a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent control phase [5, 6] and it is also known that nitric oxide increases the sensitivity to cellular acid by phoP mutants [7]. Taken together these studies indicate that the ability of Salmonella to down-regulate nitrite ion production by host macrophages may be due to the effect of SPI-2 proteins under the control of phoP and that this confers survival advantage to the Salmonella at some point in the infection, but the underlying inductive mechanism has not been reported.
For example, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) are both known to transcribe the iNOS gene [8, 9] but nothing has been reported regarding the activity of these transcription factors in relation to iNOS and in the context of wild type or phoP mutant Salmonella. Furthermore, there are no reported comparisons between typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars with regard to iNOS suppression.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wild type Salmonella and phoP mutants on NFκB and AP-1 activity and their subsequent downstream effect using iNOS as a biological readout. We also compared the effect of serovars which cause typhoid in mice with those which do not.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Culture and Strains
Bacteria were grown in Luria Bertani (LB) broth (Life Technologies Ltd, Paisley, UK) for 18 h at 37°C under agitation. The bacteria were then subcultured in fresh LB for 4 h to late log phase (established by conventional counts of cfu/mL). Prior to incubation with J774.2 cells, bacteria were adjusted to the multiplicity of infection (moi) of 10. During this study, the following strains/mutants were used: S. typhimurium 14028 (ATCC strain), S. typhimurium CS022 (phoP mutant of 14028, a gift from Dr S. I. Miller, University of Washington, USA), which does not survive in macrophages [10]. In a separate study, the effect of other murine typhoid-inducing (S. typhimurium 4/74, S. enteritidis KMS1977, S. dublin 2229, and S. choleraesuis A50) and nontyphoid inducing strains (S. gallinarum 9, S. kedougou GP, and S. montevideo KMS) was analysed. Growth curves for each serovar were obtained as previously stated.
2.2. Cell Culture
J774.2 cells were grown to confluence in 96 well plates (Nunc, Naperville, IL, USA) containing RPMI 1640 media at 37°C in CO2 (5% v/v). The cells were then washed 3 times in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), to remove media and nonadherent cells, and incubated in PBS at 22°C for 15 min prior to infection. Cell passages, between 4–16, were used throughout this study.
2.3. Measurement of Nitrite Ion Concentration
Nitrite ion concentration in J774.2 supernatants were measured by Griess reagent kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) as per manufacturer instructions. Briefly, 50 μL of supernatant were mixed with 50 μL of sulfanilic solution and incubated at 22°C in darkness for 10 min. 50 μL of napthyl ethylenediamine solution was added and incubated for a further 10 min and the reaction was read on a plate reader (Anthos Labtech Instruments, Hamburg, Germany) at 550 nm. The nitrite ion concentration was determined by comparison with a nitrite ion standard curve with a limit of 1000–5 μM.
2.4. Immunocytochemical Analysis of iNOS Expression
The activity of iNOS in infected and uninfected J774.2 cells was determined by standard immunocytochemical methods. Salmonella-infected cells, which had or had not been incubated with 100 U/mL IFN-γ, were washed free of media and permeabilised for 10 min at ambient temperature in 0.05% v/v Triton X-100 after 2, 7, 12, and 24 h postinfection. The cells were then fixed for 15 min in 5% v/v paraformaldehyde at ambient temperature and washed in PBS. Fixed cells were then incubated in the dark on an end-to-end shaker for 60 min at 4°C with mouse anti-iNOS IgG (Autogen Bioclear, UK) PBS-Tween 20 (0.02% v/v Tween, PBS-T) to give a final antibody concentration of 1/100. The cells were then washed three times in PBS-T and incubated in identical conditions but with secondary anti-mouse antibody conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC, Sigma). Samples were viewed on a TCS NT confocal laser scanning microscope equipped with an argon laser (Leica, Cambridgeshire, UK). Controls included J774.2 cells which had not been infected or incubated with IFN-γ and also uninfected cells which were incubated with 100 U/mL IFN-γ.
2.5. Western Blotting
Expression of iNOS protein in Salmonella-infected J774.2 cells was assessed by western blotting. J774 cells were lysed in cold water containing protease inhibitors (pepstatin 1 μg/mL; phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride 1 mM and leupeptin 10 μM) (Sigma) and protein concentration was determined using a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay (Pierce, Cheshire, UK). 10 μg/mL J774.2 protein was electrophoresed by standard methods on two 10% acrylamide gels ran back-to-back. To test for parity in protein loading, one gel was stained with Coomassie blue whilst proteins on the second gel were transferred to Hybond-C nitrocellulose paper (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK) by a Trans-blot SD, semi-dry transfer cell (Bio-Rad, Hertfordshire, UK). The nitrocellulose was blocked at room temperature for 60 min in PBS-T containing bovine serum albumin (5% w/v, Sigma). After blocking, the nitrocellulose was washed 3 times for five min in PBS-T on an end-to-end shaker at room temperature. The nitrocellulose was then incubated for 60 min in PBS-T containing 1/200 dilution of anti-mouse iNOS (Autogenbioclear, UK), washed three times as before and incubated for 60 min at room temperature in PBS-T containing Rabbit anti-mouse IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Sigma, 1/12000 dilution). The nitrocellulose was then washed and developed using an enhanced 3′, 3′ diaminobenzidine (DAB) kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA).
2.6. iNOS mRNA Expression
iNOS expression in J774.2 cells infected with Salmonella was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a previously reported method [11]. Briefly, J774 cells were suspended in 3 mL TRI reagent (Sigma) and stored at –70°C until required (used within 14 days). Samples were centrifuged at 12,000 g for 10 min in a bench top centrifuge at 4°C. The supernatants were transferred to separate tubes, and 200 mL chloroform was added per mL TRI reagent prior to incubation for 10 min at 22°C. The sample was then centrifuged at 12,000 g and 4°C for 15 min, the aqueous phase was removed, and an equal volume of propan-2-ol was added. The sample was centrifuged at 12,000 g for 10 min, and the RNA pellet was washed in a mixture of 1 vol 75% ethanol : 1 vol sterile water. The mixture was then centrifuged for 10 min at 7,500 g, and, after removal of the supernatant, the pellet was allowed to air dry for further 10 min. The pellet was then resuspended in diethyl pyrocarbonate treated water. RNA purity was measured using an Ultraspec III spectrophotometer (Pharmacia, Hertfordshire, UK) and was found to have a typical 260/280 nm ratio of 1.9 to give yields of around 100 μg/mL. RNA concentration was adjusted to 1 μg/μL prior to the RT reaction. RT reactions were performed on a thermal cycler (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) using the following previously reported [11] primer sequences: Forward: 5′-GTA AAC TGC AAG AGA ACG GAG AAC-3′. Reverse: 3′-GAG CTC CTC CAG AGG GGT AG-5′.As a loading control, the following glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPdh) primer sequences were used: Forward: 5′-GTT CAG CTC TTG GAT GAC CTT GCC-3′.Reverse: 3′-TCC TGC ACC ACC AAC TGC TTA GCC-5′.
2.6.1. Preparation of Nuclear Lysates
Nuclear lysates were prepared by scraping cells into 5 mL PBS and washing once with buffer I (HEPES 10 mM, KCl 10 mM, MgCl2 1.5 mM, pH 7.9). The cells were disrupted by freeze-thawing twice in 1 mL buffer I containing Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) (5%, Sigma). All subsequent procedures were carried out at 4°C. The lysate was centrifuged for 5 min at 2000 rpm in a bench-top microfuge. The pellet was then washed twice with buffer I and NP-40 before being centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 min to obtain the nuclear pellet. Nuclear proteins were extracted from the pellet for 10 min with 30–40 μL extraction buffer (HEPES 20 mM, NaCl 420 mM, MgCl2 1.5 mM, EDTA 0.2 mM, 25% glycerol, pH 7.9). After mixing, the suspension was centrifuged twice as stated above. The supernatant was then diluted in 40–60 μL dilution buffer (HEPES 20 mM, KCl 50 mM, EDTA 0.2 mM, glycerol 20%, pH 7.9). Protease inhibitors (pepstatin 1 μg/mL, phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride 1 mM, leupeptin 10 μM, Sigma) were added to the lysate which was then used immediately or stored at –70°C for up to 14 days.
2.6.2. Electromobility Shift Assay (EMSA)
EMSA was used to determine DNA binding of NFκB (p50) and activating protein (AP)-1 (c-Jun) to J774.2 DNA following infection by Salmonella and/or incubation with IFN-γ (100 U/mL). EMSA reactions were performed using a kit as per manufacturer instructions (Promega, USA) using the following oligonucleotide sequences:
AP-1 (c-Jun) 5′-CGC TTG ATG AGT CAG AAG GAA-3′3′-GCG AAC TAC TCA GTC GGC CTT-5′
NFκB (p50) 5′-AGT TGA GGG GAC TTT CCC AGG C-3′3′-TCA ACT CCC CTG AAA GGG TCC G-5′Kit controls included HeLa cell nuclear lysate with consensus oligo (positive control) and HeLa cell nuclear lysate without consensus oligo (negative control). As an additional negative control, J774.2 cells which had not been infected or incubated with IFN-γ were used.
Digital Image Analysis was performed using a Phoenix 1D analyser using a power scanner V.3 (Phoretix, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK).
2.7. Statistical Analysis
Mann-Whitney analysis (Minitab) was used to measure significant difference at the 95% confidence limit between different test groups and between the same test groups at different time points.
3. Results
3.1. The Effect of Salmonella phoP on Survival and Nitrite Ion Production in Murine J774.2 Cells
Nitrite ion production by macrophages was significantly () lower when the cells were cultured with wild type S. typhimurium 14028 compared to nitrite ion production by macrophages cultured with 14028 phoP mutant. However addition of IFN-γ to culture media significantly increased () nitrite ion concentrations in supernatants recovered from both wild type and phoP-cultured macrophages (Figure 1(a)).
Figure 1: Wild type S. typhimurium 14028 suppresses macrophage nitrite ion production via the phoP regulon but is inhibited by IFN-γ. Histograms show nitrite ion concentrations measured in supernatants from macrophages cultured with 14028 wild type and phoP mutants and uninfected controls and with or without the addition of IFN-γ. *Significant increase (P < 0.05) in nitrite ion concentration in cell supernatants compared to uninfected controls at equivalent time points. Significant increase (P < 0.05) in nitrite ion concentrations recovered from macrophage supernatants cultured with 14028 phoP mutants compared to 14028 wild type is also shown. Each point (and standard deviations) is mean values calculated from triplicate cultures replicated on 5 separate occasions.
The numbers of wild type 14028 recovered from macrophages were also between 1-2 logs greater after 12–24 h culture compared with the numbers of 14028 phoP mutants recovered from cells over the same period (Figure 1(b)). When macrophages were cocultured with IFN-γ, the numbers of wild type 14028 recovered from cells decreased and were comparable to the numbers of 14028 phoP mutants recovered over the same time period (Figure 1(c)).
3.2. The Effect of Salmonella phoP on iNOS mRNA and iNOS Protein Expression by J774.2 Cells
Increased iNOS mRNA expression was detected in macrophages cultured with 14028 phoP mutants when compared with 14028 wild type Salmonella and in both cases the iNOS mRNA signal was increased by coculture with IFN-γ (100 U/mL) (Figure 2(a)). However, when adjusted for GADPH expression, iNOS mRNA expression, in J774 cells, induced by IFN-γ and 14028 wild type, was still slightly lower than was induced by IFN-γ alone.
Figure 2: S. typhimurium 14028 phoP regulon suppresses iNOS mRNA and protein expression in murine macrophages but fails to suppress iNOS when co-cultured with IFN-γ. (a) PCR showing iNOS mRNA expression is reduced in macrophages cultured with 14028 wild type compared to 14028 phoP mutants. The addition of IFN-γ to culture media increased iNOS mRNA expression in macrophages infected with either wild type or phoP mutant. (b) Intracellular iNOS protein cannot be detected by immunocytochemistry in uninfected (control) macrophages. (c) Suppression of intra-cellular iNOS protein observed in macrophages cultured with wild type 14028 compared to macrophages cultured with phoP mutants (d). Addition of IFN-γ to cell culture media also increased intra-cellular iNOS in macrophages cultured with wild type 14028 (e) or phoP mutants (f). Arrows show iNOS positive cells, scale bar bottom left: 20 μm. (g) Western blot of iNos protein in whole cell preparations stimulated with wild type 14028 or 14028 phoP with or without IFN-γ. Lane 1, molecular weight marker: 130 kDa. Lane 7: Unstimulated J774 cells (negative control). All analyses are representative of data obtained on 3 separate occasions.
Confocal microscopy data also clearly showed that a phoP mutation (Figure 2(d)) caused a more intense iNOS protein signal in the cytoplasm of J774.2 cells when compared to uninfected control macrophages (Figure 2(b)) or wild type 14028-infected cells (Figure 2(c)). The intensity of iNOS signal was increased by co-culture of macrophages with wild type 14028 and IFN-γ (Figure 2(e)) and was even more intense in macrophages which were co-cultured with 14028 phoP mutants and IFN-γ (Figure 2(f)). The results obtained by confocal were also repeated by Western blotting (Figure 2(g)) and in this case J774 cells co-cultured with 14028 wild type and IFN-γ produced a greater amount of iNOS protein when compared to J774 cells cultured only with IFN-γ.
3.3. The Effect of phoP Mutation on NFκB and AP-1 Binding to Macrophage DNA
Our results show that mutation in the Salmonella phoP regulon increased the amount of NFκB and AP-1 bound to macrophage DNA after 2 h, when compared to wild type 14028 (Figure 3(a)). When compared to a positive control, NFκB/DNA interaction following wild type 14028 infection was reduced by a mean of 68% but when infected macrophages were co-cultured with IFN-γ (100 U/mL), NFκB/DNA interaction was reduced by 42% (Figure 3(a)). In comparison, when macrophages were infected with 14028 phoP mutants, NFκB/DNA interaction was only reduced by a mean of 22% (relative to the positive control) and this remained constant following co-culture of infected cells with IFN-γ (Figure 3(a)). After macrophages were cultured with wild type 14028 for 12 h, NFκB/DNA interaction was reduced by a mean of 66% but when infected macrophages were co-cultured with IFN-γ, NFκB/DNA interaction was reduced by 76% (Figure 3(b)). when macrophages were infected for 12 h with 14028 phoP mutants, NFκB/DNA interaction was only reduced by 40% (relative to the positive control) and this also remained constant following co-culture of infected cells with IFN-γ (Figure 3(b)).
Figure 3: Wild type S. typhimurium suppress NFκB/DNA interaction in J774.2 cells 2 and 12 h afterculture via phoP. (a) 2 h postculture. (b) 12 h post-culture. Controls include, uninfected J774.2 cells, manufacturers kit positive control (HeLa cell nuclear lysate with oligonucleotide), and manufacturers kit negative control (HeLa cell nuclear lysate without oligonucleotide). Data is representative of EMSAa performed on 3 separate occasions.
In macrophages infected for 2 h with wild type 14028, results obtained for AP-1/DNA binding was equivalent to those obtained for a negative control which contained no oligonucleotide (92% reduction in DNA binding compared to the positive control) and this was altered very little by coculture with IFN-γ (88% reduction compared to the positive control) (Figure 4(a)). However, when macrophages were infected with 14028 phoP mutants for 2 h, AP-1/DNA binding was only reduced by 39% relative to the positive control and this level was maintained following co-culture with IFN-γ (Figure 4(a)).
Figure 4: Wild type S. typhimurium suppresses AP-1/DNA interaction in J774.2 cells 2 and 12 h afterculture via phoP. (a) 2 h postculture. (b) 12 h postculture. Controls include, uninfected J774.2 cells, manufacturers kit positive control (HeLa cell nuclear lysate with oligonucleotide), and manufacturers kit negative control (HeLa cell nuclear lysate without oligonucleotide). Data is representative of EMSAa performed on 3 separate occasions.
After macrophages were cultured with wild type 14028 for 12 h, AP-1/DNA interaction was increased with a reduction relative to the positive control of 62.9% and AP-1/DNA interaction was increased further following co-culture of infected macrophages with IFN-γ for 12 h, in which a mean reduction of 55% (relative to the positive control) was measured (Figure 4(b)). However, AP-1/DNA interaction in macrophages infected with 14028 phoP mutants for 12 h was reduced only by 53% compared to the positive control but, following co-culture with IFN-γ, AP-1/DNA interaction was increased with a mean reduction of only 21% relative to the positive control (Figure 4(b)).
3.4. Salmonella Serovars Which Induce Murine Typhoid Suppress Nitrite Ion Production
When macrophages were cultured with Salmonella serovars which are known to induce murine typhoid, nitrite ion concentrations were reduced in cell supernatants compared to supernatants isolated from macrophages cultured with nontyphoidal strains over the same time period (Figure 5). However S. Choleraesuis, which is known to induce murine typhoid, was an exception to this rule since it stimulated nitrite ion production by macrophages at similar levels to those measured in supernatants isolated from macrophages cultured with nontyphoidal serovars (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Nitrite ion production by J774 cells cultured with different typhoid-causing or non-typhoid-causing Salmonella serovars and co-cultured with IFN-γ. 1: S. typhimurium 14028; 2: S. typhimurium 4/74; 3: S. enteritidis KMS 1977; 4: S. dublin 2229; 5: S. choleraesuis A50; 6: S. kedougou GP; 7: S. montevideo KMS; 8: S. gallinarum; 9: uninfected cells. All experiments were replicated 3 times on at least 5 separate occasions. Statistical bars show significant different (P < 0.05) between nitrite ion production in macrophages infected with typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars.
4. Discussion
Eriksson et al. [12] have previously reported that hyper-survival mutants of S. typhimurium TT16729, obtained by multiple passage through J774 cells, induced lower nitrite ion concentrations than did the parent strains, although an attenuated Salmonella mutant was not studied for comparison. However, Svensson et al. [4] reported that wild type S. typhimurium 14028 induced lower nitrite ion production in murine bone marrow derived macrophages when compared with an S. typhimurium constitutive mutant but that the survival of the phoP was only marginally different (<0.5 Log) to the 14028 wild type. In contrast to this result, we show that there is a clear increase in survival rates of wild type 14028 compared to its phoP mutant in J774.2 macrophages. However, the differences we observe may conceivably be due to differences in cell type or moi, since our moi was constant at 10 : 1 whereas the previous study used 14028 at an moi of 15 : 1 and at an moi of 17 : 1 [4]. In contrast to these studies, a study by Das et al. [13] has shown that in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7, wild type Salmonella inhibit IFN-γ-induced NO production via the virulence gene nirC and that this correlates with increased cellular survival. However our study shows that iNOS mRNA, iNOS protein, and nitrite ion production are increased when wild type 14028-infected J774 cells are co-cultured with IFN-γ but overall wild type infected cells elicit much weaker responses than do 14028 phoP-infected macrophages, and this occurs in the presence or absence of IFN-γ. We have also found that 14028 wild type and 14028 phoP have comparable sensitivity to exogenous nitrite ions, as shown by bacterial growth curves obtained at different nitrite ion concentration (data not shown). It is possible that the inhibition of NO production via iNOS suppression may have relevance later in the infection as shown by Mastroeni et al. [5] or it is also possible that the inhibition of iNOS per se (rather than downstream NO) may have immediate impact on other factors. For example, iNOS-dependant induction of 8-nitroguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-nitro-cGMP) has been shown to induce heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) which has both cytoprotective and antimicrobial effects in murine Salmonellosis [14]. NO production may also enhance other antimicrobial pathways, for example, via interaction with reactive oxygen species [15].
Our study also attempted to relate changes in iNOS to the activity of two critical transcription factors (NFκB and AP-1) in infected J774 macrophages, with or without co-culture with IFN-γ. The iNOS gene has previously been shown to be transcribed by nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) (p50/65) [16] which may translocate to the cell nucleus following stimulation by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) [17, 18] and this may act synergistically with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), depending on relative concentrations [19].
As well as NFκB binding sites, promoter sequences on murine iNOS genes also contain binding sites for AP-1 and IFN-γ response elements (γ-IRE) ([8] reviewed [20]). However, AP-1 activation during Salmonella invasion of macrophages has not been comprehensively studied but temporal changes in the heterodimeric composition of AP-1 during culture of murine macrophages with S. typhimurium LPS or porins have been reported [21].
Our data was interesting for a number of reasons; firstly we show that wild type 14028 suppresses NFκB/DNA interaction within the first 2 h postinfection of J774 macrophages but this is not the case when phop mutation is induced. This suggests that the ability to suppress NFκB activity is, therefore, phoP-dependent. However, the inherent suppression of NFκB activity by wild type 14028 is overcome when the macrophages are co-cultured with IFN-γ, and this is consistent with one study which has shown that IFN-γ suppresses phoP transcription in wild type Salmonella [22]. Interaction of NFκB with macrophage DNA was also reduced further after 12 h culture with wild type 14028 and co-culture with IFN-γ had no effect, whereas phoP mutants maintained relatively strong NFκB/DNA interaction (although this was also reduced by about half when compared to NFκB/DNA interactions measured after 2 h). These results suggest that an intact phoP regulon promotes significant changes in the ability of NFκB to interact with DNA and this probably had a significant impact on the iNOS suppression we observed in wild type-infected cells. Saura et al. [23] have shown that IFN-γ induces nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) which then synergises with NFκB to transcribe iNOS. Therefore, it is possible that this is an additional mechanism by which IFN-γ increases iNOS transcription in our study, as well as the increased NFκB/DNA interaction we have shown.
However, our study also indicates that there is temporal separation between the induction of NFκB/DNA interaction and AP-1/DNA interaction in 14028 wild type infected macrophages but this was not observed in macrophages infected with 14028 phoP mutants. After 2 h postinfection with wild type 14028, no discernable interaction between AP-1 and macrophage DNA was measured but after 12 h post-infection AP-1/DNA interaction was measured and this was increased when the cells were co-cultured with IFN-γ, although this was on average 55–63% lower than that measured for the positive control. In contrast, when the macrophages were cultured with 14028 phoP mutants, AP-1/DNA interaction was only about 53% lower than the positive control but when the cells were co-cultured with IFN-γ, AP-1/DNA binding was only 21% lower than the positive control. These results also indicate that an intact phoP regulon prevents long-term interaction of AP-1 with DNA and IFN-γ-induced increase in AP-1/DNA interaction (as was the case with NFκB). We, therefore propose that the affect of the phoP regulon to prevent long-term and strong interaction of macrophage DNA with NFκB and AP-1 and IFN-γ-stimulated upregulation of this interaction will have a profound effect on iNOS expression and nitrite ion production via reduced exposure of iNOS promoter sequences within macrophage DNA to these essential transcription factors.
No previously published data exists which has compared iNOS activity and nitrite ion production in murine macrophages cultured with typhoidal and non-typhoid Salmonella serovars. However, Eisenstein et al. [24] have shown that S. typhimurium and S. dublin both inhibit nitrite ion production by murine splenocytes, and although this study at least considered different typhoid inducing serovars, a comparison between typhoid-inducing and non-inducing serovars was not reported. The one surprising exception in our study was S. choleraesuis which failed to down- regulate nitrite ion production by macrophages. S. choleraesuis causes typhoid-like systemic disease in a much wider range of mammalian hosts than do S. typhimurium, S. Dublin, or S. enteritidis [25] and we cannot, as yet, explain why this serovar does not down regulate iNOS. However, all other typhoid-inducing serovars were able to down-regulate nitrite ion production by murine macrophages whereas those which do not induce typhoid were unable to do so. This may suggest that the ability of typhoid-inducing Salmonella may allow dissemination to deeper tissues, via a phoP-induced suppression of NFκB and AP-1 and subsequent suppression of iNOS.
Our data may be relevant in the future treatment of Typhoid in humans, since it suggests a possible role for the adjunctive use of IFN-γ (and antibiotic) to overcome phoP-dependent iNOS suppression. Thus, increasing nuclear translocation of essential transcription factors needed for transcription of the iNOS gene and nitrite ion production.
Conflict of Interests
The authors have no conflict of interests.
Authors’ Contributions
S. Hulme performed EMSA analyses and participated in all other experimental procedures. P. Barrow coconceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the final paper. N. Foster performed all analyses (with the exception of EMSA), coconceived of the study, participated in its design and helped to draft the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Elaine Bennett for assistance with cell culture. This work was supported by a European Union grant (FAIR 98-4006) and the Department of Food, the Environment and Rural Affairs, UK.
References
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24. T. K. Eisenstein, J. J. Meissler, S. I. Miller, and B. A. Stocker, “Immunosuppression and nitric oxide production induced by parenteral live Salmonella vaccines do not correlate with protective capacity: a phoP::Tn10 mutant does not suppress but does protect,” Vaccine, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 24–32, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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• Title: Beware of the Cat
• Editors: Michel Parry
• Year: 1974-00-00
• ISBN-10: 0-09-909450-9
• ISBN-13: 978-0-09-909450-0
• Publisher: Arrow Books
• Price: £0.40
• Pages: 191
• Binding: pb
• Type: ANTHOLOGY
• Title Reference: Beware of the Cat
• ISFDB Record Number: 253038
• Notes: Assumed 1st printing. The story "The White Cat of Drumgunniol" appears here as "The White Cat" in the table of contents but correctly on the story's first page. Other prices: Australia $1.25; New Zealand 90c; Malta 45c; Canada $1.55. OCLC: 16288723
• Bibliographic Comments: View/edit existing Publication comment (BWRFTHCTXM1974)
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Google Won't Confirm Weekend Update But Says Panda Coming Soon
Nov 20, 2012 • 9:03 am | (50) by | Filed Under Google PageRank & Algorithm Updates
Over the weekend something happened at Google. Maybe speculated it was a Panda update but after reaching out to Google, Google told us there was no Panda update.
We then asked them if it was one of the other updates if it wasn't a Panda update? Maybe Penguin or EMD, page layout or something else. Google wouldn't say, they did say their standard comment:
We make over 500 improvements to Google Search each year so we can surface high-quality information for our users.
But Google did give us one nugget. Google told us a Panda refresh will likely happen within 7 to 10 days, if all goes on according to plan.
Forum discussion at Google+.
Previous story: Types Of Google Reconsideration Requests Responses
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Place:Pike, Illinois, United States
Watchers
NamePike
Alt namesPikesource: Getty Vocabulary Program
TypeCounty
Coordinates39.6°N 90.817°W
Located inIllinois, United States (1821 - )
See alsoMadison, Illinois, United StatesParent county (source: Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990)
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Pike County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 16,430, which is a decrease of 5.5% from 17,384 in 2000. Its county seat is Pittsfield.
Contents
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Pike County was formed on January 31, 1821 out of Madison County. It was named in honor of Zebulon Pike, leader of the Pike expedition in 1806 to map out the south and west portions of the Louisiana Purchase. Pike served at the Battle of Tippecanoe, and was killed in 1813 in the War of 1812.
Prior to the coming of the first European settler to Pike County, French traders, hunters, and travelers passed through the native forests and prairies. Originally Pike County began on the south junction of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. The east boundary was the Illinois River north to the Kankakee River to the Indiana State line on north to Wisconsin territorial line and then west to the Mississippi River to the original point at the south end. The first county seat was Cole's Grove, a post town, in what later became Calhoun County. The Gazetteer of Illinois and Missouri, published in 1822, mentioned Chicago as "a village of Pike County" containing 12 or 15 houses and about 60 or 70 inhabitants.
The New Philadelphia Town Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009. It was the first town founded by an African American before the American Civil War. Frank McWorter was an early free black settler in Pike County. He had invested in land there sight unseen after purchasing the first few members of his family out of slavery. In 1836 he founded the town of New Philadelphia, near Barry, Illinois. He was elected mayor and lived there the rest of his life. With the sale of land, he made enough money to purchase the freedom of his children. After the railroad bypassed the town, its growth slowed and it was eventually abandoned in the 20th century. The town site is now an archaeological dig.
In the early 21st century Pike County acquired notability as a center for the whitetail deer hunting industry, especially bowhunting.
Timeline
Date Event Source
1818 Land records recorded Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1819 Court records recorded Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1821 County formed Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1821 Probate records recorded Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1827 Marriage records recorded Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1830 First census Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
1830 No significant boundary changes after this year Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
1876 Birth records recorded Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
Population History
source: Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
Census Year Population
1830 2,396
1840 11,728
1850 18,819
1860 27,249
1870 30,768
1880 33,751
1890 31,000
1900 31,595
1910 28,622
1920 26,866
1930 24,357
1940 25,340
1950 22,155
1960 20,552
1970 19,185
1980 18,896
1990 17,577
Research Tips
External Links
• Outstanding guide to Pike County family history and genealogy resources (FamilySearch Research Wiki). Birth, marriage, and death records, censuses, wills, deeds, county histories, cemeteries, churches, naturalizations, newspapers, libraries, and genealogical societies.
• www.pikeil.org/
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Pike County, Illinois. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Source:Hardin, David S. List of Inhabitants (Virginia), 1782 - 1785
Watchers
Source List of inhabitants (Virginia), 1782 - 1785
Author Hardin, David S
Coverage
Place Virginia, United States
Year range 1785 - 1785
Subject Census records
Publication information
Type Miscellaneous
Publisher Genealogical Society of Utah
Date issued 1992?
Place issued Salt Lake City, Utah
Citation
Hardin, David S. List of inhabitants (Virginia), 1782 - 1785. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1992?).
Repositories
Family History Centerhttp://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatal..Family history center
Usage Tips
May be ordered through the nearest Family History Center.
FHL film numbers
• 1854091
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ARTICLE
JYJ – In Heaven//
posted Wednesday, September 14th, 2011
by | Comments (2)
The Korean trio is back with a new studio album, releasing the MV to their title track.
I must say that I really love the song. But then again, I haven’t listened to so much JYJ music. I had a really hard time with the English songs, but I did adore the OSTs they have done for some of their own and other television dramas.
I think that what made me listen and watch this MV was the fact that member Junsu stars in it. He is the one in JYJ that has the least acting experience on-screen — he has more experience on stage. It is mostly Jaejoong and Yoochun that star in dramas or movies. To get to see Junsu act was a refreshing experience.
Can’t wait to hear the entire album and perhaps see them live? It has been announced that JYJ are coming to Spain and Germany for concerts. I will not believe it until I have the ticket in my hand, I land in one of those countries, stand in line for the concert and see their face front and center.
Anyone of you guys thinking about going? Let me know if I can see you there!
UPCOMING EVENTS//
EVENTS//
ADS//
POLLS//
Who is your reigning Queen or Princess of Pop? [choose up to 5]
Total Voters: 252
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TWEETS//
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Looking for a Store/Retail Deal? Search here.
Loading...
Tuesday, August 9, 2011
Amazon Up to 50% off Toys Exp 8/14
Amazon has up to 50% off select toys and games this week (expires 8/14). I found this Kid Galaxy My 1st RC Big Wheelie Cycle Speedster for only $6.45 (Reg $24.99). Plus, it's eligible for FREE Super Saver Shipping on orders over $25.
Don’t want to miss a single deal? Go here to get Hot Deals sent directly to your Inbox! Thanks for joining Your Retail Helper.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3105.0.65.001 - Australian Historical Population Statistics, 2006
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/05/2006
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NOTES
ABOUT THIS PRODUCT
Australian Historical Population Statistics contains a wide range of demographic data in spreadsheet format, going back, where possible, to the beginning of European settlement (1788) of Australia. Statistics are included on population size and growth, population distribution, population age-sex structure, births, deaths, migration, marriages and divorces.
ABS sees this as an evolving product with new data sets being added in response to the need and the availability of data in electronic form. Comments on this product, including apparent anomalies and omissions as well as suggestions of existing data for inclusion, would be appreciated. If you wish to make comments or discuss any issues, please contact Alex Wahlin by telephone on (02) 6252 6762 or send an email to client.services@abs.gov.au marked to the attention of Demography Section, ABS Central Office.
LATEST AVAILABLE DATA
This product is updated periodically. The next release is envisioned for 2008 with the availability of final population estimates rebased to 2006 census results. More up-to-date information may be available from the source products stated at the bottom of each spreadsheet. A list of Related ABS and Other Products is also available in paragraph 52 of the Explanatory Notes.
Vital and migration statistics
At the time of the current update (23 May 2006) the latest available data were:
• Births 2004.
• Deaths 2004.
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The latest available ERP data are featured in population size and growth, population distribution and population age-sex structure tables, and are used to calculate the various rates found in births, deaths, migration and marriages and divorces tables.
ERP data undergoes changing status from preliminary, to revised and then final. The status of the latest available ERP data in the current update are:
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Indigenous population estimates
The latest available Indigenous population estimates are 2001 census based.
AMENDMENTS
The following revisions to previously published estimates have been made:
• Tables 17 and 18: ERP for 2002 and 2003 are now presented on Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) 2005 boundaries.
• Tables 39 and 40: Total fertility rates for 1975 onwards have been re-calculated using single year of age of mother. Previously they were calculated using age of mother aggregated into five year age groups.
• Table 41: Net reproduction rate for the Northern Territory for 2001.
• Table 48: Life expectancy at birth for 1992 to 1996.
• Tables 49 to 56: The periods 1993-1995 and 1994-1996 were added.
• Table 60: Queensland total short-term departures for 2001 and Australia short-term residents departing for 2002.
• Table 65: Net interstate and overseas migration rate for 1996 to 2003.
• Table 87: The classification of countries used in this table has changed from the Australian Standard Classification of Countries for Social Statistics (ASCCSS) to the Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC). Previously ERP by country of birth using the ASCCSS was available from 1991 onwards. Data using the SACC is only available from 1996 onwards.
INQUIRIES
For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm trying to come up with a rough formula to help decide if I should join a startup. I'd like to weigh my current pay vs joining a startup, taking into account opportunity costs and possible final payout, all weighed against the inherent risk of joining a startup. Here's what I'm thinking ATM:
curr(time) = time * CurrentPay
Startup(time) = time * (BaseSalary - OpportunityCost)
Investment(time) = curr(time) - startup(time) (e.g. the amount of pay cut you took)
Payout = (net?)SellPrice * EquityShare
TimeToSell := how long you were at the startup before it sold <= BreakEvenTime = curr - (startup + Payout)
SuccessProbability := odds that a company will be sold for the assumed price
Roi(time) = Equity - investment(time) / investment(time)
MakeMeMove(Investment, Payout, TimeToSell, SuccessProbability) = ???? = do it!/don't do it!
That last part is where I'm stuck... How do I turn Roi/risk into a "make me move" number? Given a statement such as "If the payout is a cool million then I'm willing to take a chance on a company that has a one in ten chance of succeeding.", what formula could I use to evaluate an offer?
Completely arbitrary Example:
Person joins company with 50% chance of selling for $10M in the next two years. Person gives up a job making $100k to make a base salary of $80K plus 1% equity. Given an equivalent amount of work, this person could make an additional $10K/yr in side work had they stayed at their old job. Company beats the odds and successfully sells for $10M after two years...
Curr = $200k
Startup = $140k (salary - opportunity cost)
Investment = $60k (curr - startup
Equity = $100k
Roi = 67% on an investment that had a 50% of returning nothing
Other Questions
• How much equity share is typical for a: founding engineer (at a software company)? A non founding engineer(e.g. Brought in, say 2 years later). Vague question I know, just looking for some general guidelines...
• What is the avg time taken to sell a startup? (again, looking for hard and fast guidelines)
• If the company does sell, is your equity payout based on the sale amount or net profit? Other mitigating factors?
• How is the payout taxed? Cap gains? Income tax?
• Are there any tax benefits/liabilities to being an equity holder?
Any advice would be greatly appreciated!
Edited title to highlight the financial focus of the question.
share|improve this question
show 2 more comments
2 Answers
There are at least four dimensions that you need to consider whether to join a startup as an employee (or from the flipside, getting other people to join your startup) - those are:
• Paycut (or opportunity cost) – as opposed to what you can earn if you take a job with a large corporation (like those in the Fortune 1000 list)
• The company's unfair advantage – as in what interesting factors in the job that the startup offers and more established companies cannot possibly provide.
• Work/Life balance – often startups are terribly resource-constrained, and you may have to work significantly longer hours due to this.
• Boss' (or founders') working attitude – It's pretty common for startup founders to be a bit arrogant and you might want to gauge this for the particular startup that you're interviewing with before signing the deal.
If you look closer at the four factors above, only two can be valued with money. Those are paycut and work/life balance (because working hours can easily be translated to dollars). Since the other two can't be easily (and objectively) mapped into dollar values, I suggest you seriously reconsider your approach of making this decision based on financial factors alone.
Note that these factors are only applicable when you join as an employee and not when you also given a large portion of equity that allows you to join as a member of the board.
I've written an article on how to entice experienced employees for your startup, and the materials are also applicable to see whether you want to work for a (particular) startup.
share|improve this answer
Regarding your equation, it seems you are going in a decent direction. I mentioned in my comment above that you could personalize this equation based on your preferences on things like risk-adversity, amount of savings in bank, etc.
riskAdverse = 0.9
daysSurvivalOffSavings = 90
estimatedDaysToFindNewJob = 30
curEligiblityUnemploymentMonths = 6
etc.
(daysSurvivalOffSavings - daysSurvivalOffSavings)*riskAdverse + ....
Getting lazy on calculations, but hopefully my point of personalizing gets across.
share|improve this answer
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1answer
114 views
Fresh startup and hard thing what to do next, no ideas
I have fresh software product startup (4 months after end of beta). I have a problem with making more money from that, i have from 4 last months almost constant income from that and this not satisfy ...
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101 reputation
2
bio website knowingandmaking.com
location London, United Kingdom
age 37
visits member for 1 year, 7 months
seen Dec 30 '11 at 14:17
stats profile views 0
Founder of a Java software house, Inon; focused more on business issues now but still get involved in a bit of programming. Recently I have been developing a CVM (Client Value Management) product for Inon and have had to get the programming gears oiled again.
I try to answer questions here with an eye on the commercial aspects, and on the dynamics of manager-developer relationships. As you can see I am not so much the pointy- as the floppy-haired boss.
Got here via regular use and misuse of Joel on Software, and the stackoverflow podcast.
0 Answers
This user has not answered any questions
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Research
Short term Candida albicans colonization reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa-related lung injury and bacterial burden in a murine model
Florence Ader1,2*, Samir Jawhara3, Saad Nseir4, Eric Kipnis5, Karine Faure5, Fanny Vuotto5, Chanez Chemani5, Boualem Sendid3, Daniel Poulain3 and Benoit Guery5
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Croix-Rousse Hospital, 104 Grande-Rue de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, F-69004, France
2 Inserm U851 Finovi Centre d'Infectiologie, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 321 avenue Jean Jaurès, Lyon, F-69007, France
3 Inserm U799 Physiopathologie des Candidoses IFR 114, Lille II University School of Medicine and Lille University Hospital, 1 place de Verdun, 59037 Lille cedex, France
4 Intensive Care Unit, Calmette Hospital, Lille University Hospital, boulevard du Pr Leclercq, 59037 Lille cedex, France
5 EA 2689 IFR 114, Lille II University School of Medicine and Lille University Hospital, 1 place de Verdun, 59037 Lille cedex, France
For all author emails, please log on.
Critical Care 2011, 15:R150 doi:10.1186/cc10276
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://ccforum.com/content/15/3/R150
Received:2 January 2011
Revisions received:21 April 2011
Accepted:20 June 2011
Published:20 June 2011
© 2011 Ader et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Introduction
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a frequent cause of ventilator-acquired pneumonia (VAP). Candida tracheobronchial colonization is associated with higher rates of VAP related to P. aeruginosa. This study was designed to investigate whether prior short term Candida albicans airway colonization modulates the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa in a murine model of pneumonia and to evaluate the effect of fungicidal drug caspofungin.
Methods
BALB/c mice received a single or a combined intratracheal administration of C. albicans (1 × 105 CFU/mouse) and P. aeruginosa (1 × 107 CFU/mouse) at time 0 (T0) upon C. albicans colonization, and Day 2. To evaluate the effect of antifungal therapy, mice received caspofungin intraperitoneally daily, either from T0 or from Day 1 post-colonization. After sacrifice at Day 4, lungs were analyzed for histological scoring, measurement of endothelial injury, and quantification of live P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Blood samples were cultured for dissemination.
Results
A significant decrease in lung endothelial permeability, the amount of P. aeruginosa, and bronchiole inflammation was observed in case of prior C. albicans colonization. Mortality rate and bacterial dissemination were unchanged by prior C. albicans colonization. Caspofungin treatment from T0 (not from Day 1) increased their levels of endothelial permeability and lung P. aeruginosa load similarly to mice receiving P. aeruginosa alone.
Conclusions
P. aeruginosa-induced lung injury is reduced when preceded by short term C. albicans airway colonization. Antifungal drug caspofungin reverses that effect when used from T0 and not from Day 1.
Introduction
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occurs in a considerable proportion of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation and is associated with substantial morbidity, a two-fold increase in mortality rate, and excess cost [1]. Tracheobronchial colonization (TBC) and duration of mechanical ventilation are the two most important risk factors for VAP [2,3]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most frequent causative microorganisms of VAP [2-4]. Several studies have reported the presence of Candida species in the airway specimens of immunocompetent ventilated patients [5,6]. Candida TBC occurs in 17% to 28% of ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours [7-9]. Although the relationship between tracheal biofilm and VAP is based on one small observational study, P. aeruginosa is the most common pathogen retrieved from endotracheal tube biofilm in patients with VAP [10]. P. aeruginosa and C. albicans coexist predominantly as biofilms rather than as free-floating (planktonic) cells on abiotic medical devices (catheters and prostheses) [11,12].
The question of their interplay has been addressed by several experimental and clinical studies. So far, in vitro studies suggest that the interaction between C. albicans and P. aeruginosa is likely to be antagonistic. When mixing in vitro cultures, P. aeruginosa is involved in killing C. albicans filaments associated with biofilm formation [13]. Additionally, quorum-sensing signaling molecules of P. aeruginosa impair C. albicans yeast-to-hyphae transition [14]. The relative C. albicans hyphal-binding affinity within biofilm is reported to be lower for P. aeruginosa than for Staphylococcus aureus [15]. In contrast, a synergistic relationship is described in vivo with a recent study showing that C. albicans TBC facilitates P. aeruginosa pneumonia occurrence in a rat model [16]. A recent clinical study suggested an interaction between C. albicans and P. aeruginosa [8]. The authors identified Candida spp. tracheobronchial colonization as an independent risk factor for P. aeruginosa pneumonia. No cause-and-effect relationship was demonstrated in that study. In addition, Candida spp. tracheobronchial colonization and P. aeruginosa pneumonia could both be a consequence of prior antibiotic treatment. Further, the median duration of mechanical ventilation in that study was 13 days. Therefore, the results could not be generalized to patients with shorter duration of mechanical ventilation. Another recent preliminary case-control study suggested that antifungal treatment might be associated with reduced risk for VAP or TBC related to P. aeruginosa [9], although no definite conclusion can be drawn from this observational retrospective single-center study including a small number of patients.
The study of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans interactions in the respiratory tract aims at more effectively understanding the balance between microbial ecology and bacteria-related pathogenesis. This issue has major environmental and medical consequences. The present study proposes to investigate P. aeruginosa-related lung injury in mice previously colonized with C. albicans and to evaluate the impact of caspofungin antifungal treatment.
Materials and methods
Animals
BALB/c mice (20 to 25 g) purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Domaine des Oncins, L'Arbresle, France) were housed in a pathogen-free unit of the Lille University Animal Care Facility and allowed food and water ad lib. All experiments were performed with the approval of the Lille Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Growth conditions for bacterial and yeast strains
The wild type strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was grown in Luria-Bertani medium at 37°C for 16 h and was centrifuged at 3,000 × g for 10 minutes. The bacterial pellets were washed twice and diluted in an isotonic saline solution to obtain an optical density of 0.63 to 0.65 nm determined by spectrophotometry [17].
The reference strain C. albicans SC5314 was maintained at 4°C on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) [18]. For the study, cell of broth test isolates were grown in SDA at 37°C in a shaking incubator for 18 h.
Mice infection
Mice were infected by direct intratracheal inoculation under short anaesthesia with inhaled sevoflurane (Servorane™, Abbott, Queenborough, UK) as previously described [17]. For each mouse, 50 μl of fungal or bacterial suspension containing 2 × 106 or 2 × 107 or 2 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml of yeasts or 2 × 108 CFU/ml of bacteria respectively, was instilled. Control mice received 50 μl of sterile saline solution.
Treatment with caspofungin
Caspofungin (Merck & Co. Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA) was injected intraperitoneally once daily either from T0 or from 24 h post-C. albicans challenge. The full recommended dose of 1 mg/kg was administered the first day of treatment and then 0.8 mg/kg was administrated on Days 2, 3, and 4.
Quantitative blood culture and pulmonary bacterial and fungal loads
For bacterial blood culture, 100 μl of blood was plated on bromocresol purple (BCP) agar plates for 24 h at 37°C to allow for P. aeruginosa growth. In co-infected groups, BCP agars were treated with 50 μg per plate of caspofungin. For fungal blood culture, the same amount was plated on yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) agar plates containing 1% yeast extract, 1% peptone, 2% D-glucose and 500 mg/l amikacin sulphate and incubated for 48 h at 37°C to allow for C. albicans growth.
For quantification of lung bacterial loads, lungs were removed after exsanguination via intracardiac puncture and homogenized in 0.9 ml of sterile isotonic saline solution. Viable bacteria were counted after serial dilutions of 100 μL of lung homogenate on BCP agar plates for 24 h at 37°C to allow for P. aeruginosa growth. Similarly, another 100 μL of lung homogenate was plated on YPD plates for 48 h to allow for C. albicans growth. In co-infected groups, agar was treated with caspofungin or amikacin.
In vivo quantification of acute lung injury: alveolar-capillary barrier permeability
125I-albumin was injected as a vascular protein tracer and its leakage across the endothelial barrier and accumulation in the extravascular spaces of the lungs was measured using a previously described permeability index [19]. More details are provided in the Additional file 1.
Additional file 1. In vivo quantification of acute lung injury: alveolar-capillary barrier permeability. Method of measurement of alveolar-capillary barrier permeability.
Format: PDF Size: 82KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Determination of histological score
At Days 2 and 4, the lungs were removed and fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde-acid and embedded in paraffin for histologic analysis. Cross-sections (3 μm thick) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain (Sigma-Aldrich Europe, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France) and periodic acid Schiff. Two independent blinded investigators graded the inflammation score. The degree of peribronchial and perivascular inflammation was evaluated on a subjective scale of 0 to 3, as described elsewhere [20].
Fluorescence staining of C. albicans in situ
Paraffin-embedded lung sections were stained with either the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 5B2 or the galenthus nivalis lectin [21,22] and examined by immunofluorescence microscopy (Leica Microsystems AG, Heerbrugg, Switzerland).
Experimental groups
Animals were randomly assigned to the following groups: Ca: mice infected with 1 × 105 CFU of C. albicans at T0 and sacrificed at Day 2 or 4; Pa: mice infected with 1 × 107 CFU of P. aeruginosa at Day 2 and sacrificed at Day 4; CaPa: mice infected with 1 × 105 CFU of C. albicans at T0, infected with 1 × 107 CFU of P. aeruginosa at Day 2 after infection by C. albicans, and sacrificed at Day 4; CaPaCasp0 and CaPaCasp1: mice infected with 1 × 105 CFU of C. albicans at T0, treated with caspofungin from T0 or from Day 1 to Day 4, infected with 1 × 107 CFU of P. aeruginosa at Day 2 after infection by C. albicans, and sacrificed at Day 4. The experimental design is further detailed in Table 1. The sample size was four (microbial count assay), five (mortality assay), and eight animals (permeability index assay) per group. Each experiment was performed in duplicate.
Table 1. Experimental design of the study
Statistical analysis
Mortality rates were compared between groups by using the log rank test with Kaplan-Meier analysis. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance test using Dunn's method to compare differences between groups (GraphPad Prism, v5.0, La Jolla, California, USA). Data are expressed as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM). P-values below 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
C. albicans tracheobronchial colonization in mice and dose-dependent pathophysiological effects
To set up the model of tracheobronchial colonization, mice were challenged with three doses of C. albicans (1 × 105, 1 × 106, and 1 × 107 CFU per mouse). At Day 2, mortality rates were 0%, 20%, and 100% respectively, indicating a dose-dependent effect of C. albicans. At Day 2, after a dose of 1 × 105 and 1 × 106 CFU per mouse, the amount of live C. albicans in lungs was diminished by 2.5 logs for both doses (Figure 1A) and none of them induced positive fungal blood cultures (data not shown). At that time, the lung endothelial permeability was similar in the control saline solution groups and the 1 × 105 CFU group (Figure 1B). On the contrary, the efflux of the protein tracer was statistically greater for the 1 × 106 CFU group than for the control saline solution groups (P < 0.01). Regarding lung histopathology, an increase of inflammatory cell infiltration within bronchiole and in the surrounding lung parenchyma was observed at Day 2 in the lung of mice receiving 1 × 105 C. albicans cells on the photomicrographs in comparison to control mouse lungs followed by full recovery at Day 4. Immunostained lung sections from mice challenged with C. albicans showed the presence of C. albicans blastoconidia (absence of hyphae or pseudohyphae). Images of lung histopathology after C. albicans TBC in mice are provided in Additional file 2.
Figure 1. C. albicans tracheobronchial colonization in mice and dose-dependent pathophysiological effects. A. C. albicans clearance from lungs. C. albicans loads in lungs two days after the intratracheal instillation of 1 × 105 and 1 × 106 CFU/mouse. CFU were counted on YPD plates. The data are means ± standard error (SE) (indicated by error bars). n = 5 mice per group. B. Effect of C. albicans on alveolar-capillary barrier permeability. Evaluation of endothelial permeability (EP) of the alveolar-capillary barrier to 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin two days after the intratracheal instillation of 1 × 105 and 1 × 106 CFU/mouse of C. albicans. The data are means ± SE (indicated by error bars). n = 5 mice per group.
Additional file 2. Lung histopathology after C. albicans tracheobronchial colonization in mice. Supplemental figures of lung histopathology at Day 2 post-infection with C. albicans
Format: PDF Size: 1.3MB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Effect of prior C. albicans tracheobronchial colonization on P. aeruginosa pneumonia
We next addressed the issue whether prior C. albicans colonization in the lungs has an impact on the P. aeruginosa pathogenicity. When recording mortality over the course of four days post-infection, prior C. albicans airway colonization did not affect survival rate in case of subsequent P. aeruginosa infection (Figure 2A), although a trend toward an increased mortality was noted in the Pa group, but did not reach a statistical significance.
Figure 2. Effect of previous C. albicans tracheobronchial colonization on P. aeruginosa-related lung injury. A. BALB/c mice survival. Effect of C. albicans (Ca), P. aeruginosa (Pa), and P. aeruginosa after C. albicans (CaPa) on mouse survival during four days after intratracheal instillation of a dose of 1 × 105 CFU/mouse of C. albicans at T0 and of 1 × 107 CFU/mouse for P. aeruginosa administrated at Day 2 post-colonization. n = 8 mice per group. B. Effect of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa on alveolar-capillary barrier permeability. Evaluation of endothelial permeability (EP) of the alveolar-capillary barrier to 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin four days after the intratracheal instillation of a saline solution (Ctr) and in Ca, Pa, CaPa groups. The data are means ± SE (indicated by error bars). n = 8 mice per group.
Regarding lung endothelial permeability at Day 4, the efflux of the protein tracer in the CaPa-group was statistically greater than both the control- and Ca-groups (P < 0.01) but significantly lower than in the Pa-group (P < 0.001) (Figure 2B). In lung cultures at Day 4, the Pa-group showed a significant higher amount of live bacteria in lungs in comparison to the CaPa-group (P < 0.001) indicating that previous C. albicans airway colonization promoted the clearance of P. aeruginosa from the lungs (Figure 3). Also, in blood cultures at Day 4, P. aeruginosa detection was negative in the CaPa-group whereas they were still positive in 25% of the cases in the Pa-group (Table 2). No further C. albicans systemic dissemination was evidenced in the CaPa-group. The onset of P. aeruginosa pneumonia after C. albicans colonization did not affect lung C. albicans growth, which remained negative during the study period.
Figure 3. P. aeruginosa CFU count in lungs. Live P. aeruginosa count in lung homogenates (CFU/ml) at Day 4 in Ctr, Ca, Pa, CaPa groups and caspofungin-treated group at the dose of 1 mg/kg the first day and 0.8 mg/kg the following days until Day 4, from T0 (CaPaCasp0) or from Day 1 (CaPaCasp1). The data are means ± SE (indicated by error bars). n = 4 mice per group.
Table 2. Growth of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans strains in blood and effect of caspofungin
An important inflammatory cell infiltration within bronchiole and in the surrounding lung parenchyma was observed in mice receiving P. aeruginosa as evidenced by the histological score of lung sections (Figure 4A). Conversely, the CaPa-group had a significantly lower score of pathological lesions than the Pa-group on the histological score of lung sections (P < 0.05) (Figure 4A). Lung immunostaining at Day 4 showed the presence of C. albicans blastoconidia exclusively (Figure 4C-Images a and b). Together, our results suggest that C. albicans colonization prior to P. aeruginosa infection decreases the P. aeruginosa bacterial load and minimizes the lung lesions.
Figure 4. Lung histopathology after sequential infection with C. albicans and P. aeruginosa in mice. A. Histological score of lung sections from BALB/c mice on Day 4. Peribranchiol and perivascular lung inflammation in mice was measured by two independent blinded examiners. Data are expressed as mean ±SE for each group. P < 0.05 for CaPa vs Pa mice. B. Immunofluorescence and periodic acid Schiff staining for C. albicans localization in lungs of BALB/c mice on Day 4. (a) Representative section of lung from mice challenged with both C. albicans and P. aeruginosa stained with fluorescent galenthus nivalis lectin (GNL) specific for terminal α-D-mannosyl, preferentially α-1,3 residues of C. albicans. The scale bars represent 10 μm. (b) Lung section from mouse receiving C. albicans and P. aeruginosae stained with PAS (periodic acid Schiff). The scale bars represent 5 μm.
Effect of antifungal treatment on C. albicans interference with P. aeruginosa pneumonia
Antifungal caspofungin has been used to test whether it might reverse the effect of C. albicans airway colonization on subsequent P. aeruginosa pneumonia. The treatment was initiated upon infection at T0 or after a delay at Day 1 post-colonization. The fungicidal effect of caspofungin in mouse lungs was previously assessed at Day 2 and no positive fungal cultures were collected in both the CaCasp0- and the CaCasp1-groups (data not shown). Furthermore, the lack of impact of caspofungin on endothelial permeability was also confirmed at Day 1 after a single intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg/kg of caspofungin in control saline solution-instilled mice (data not shown). Caspofungin administration from T0 reversed the effect of previous airway colonization by C. albicans on P. aeruginosa-induced lung injury (Figure 5). Thus, when the antifungal is administered early the lung injury induced by P. aeruginosa persists and the endothelial permeability showed by means of protein tracer leak is enhanced to the level of the Pa-group. In contrast, caspofungin administration from Day 1 did not reverse the C. albicans effect as an equal amount of protein efflux tracer was observed in the Ca- and CaPa-groups and was still significantly different from the Pa-group (P < 0.001).
Figure 5. Effect of caspofungin on alveolar-capillary barrier permeability. Evaluation of endothelial permeability (EP) of the alveolar-capillary barrier to 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin at Day 4 in Ctr, Ca, Pa, CaPa groups and caspofungin-treated group at the dose of 1 mg/kg the first day and 0.8 mg/kg the following days until Day 4, from T0 (CaPaCasp0) or from Day 1 (CaPaCasp1). The data are means ± SE (indicated by error bars). n = 8 mice per group.
Regarding lung bacterial counts at Day 4, the effect of caspofungin was different depending on the time of administration (Figure 3). Administration from T0 (the CaPaCasp0-group) significantly abolished the decrease of positive specimens observed in the CaPa-group (P < 0.001). Conversely, delayed administration from day 1 (CaPaCasp1-group) resulted in collecting a roughly similar amount of live P. aeruginosa in lungs than in the CaPa-group creating a significant difference with the CaPaCasp0-group (P < 0.01).
Discussion
The present study was designed to determine the contribution of C. albicans airway colonization to P. aeruginosa pathogenicity in immunocompetent mice. Our results indicate that prior short-term C. albicans airway colonization reduced P. aeruginosa-induced lung injury and the amount of live P. aeruginosa in lungs. This effect is reversed by fungicidal drug caspofungin when initiated concomitantly to C. albicans infection.
The prerequisite to the study was the set-up of tracheobronchial colonization by C. albicans according to the definition of colonization, which is the presence of a pathogen that does not cause damages on the lung parenchyma. The dose of 1 × 105 CFU of C. albicans per mouse matched with this criterion as no invasive disease occurred. After P. aeruginosa infection, a trend toward a higher survival rate in the C. albicans-colonized mice was observed. This result is consistent with data comparing groups of mice instilled simultaneously with P. aeruginosa and C. albicans or with P. aeruginosa alone showing a significant difference of survival in favor of the C. albicans-colonized group at Day 7 [23]. Then, it was found that previous C. albicans airway colonization was associated with an increase in lung P. aeruginosa clearance compared to the non-colonized-group. These data differ from the previous study, which did not detect a significant decrease in quantitative bacterial burden in the group receiving simultaneous administration of C. albicans along with P. aeruginosa [23]. However, a major difference is that bacterial loads were recorded early after the co-infection between 3 and 20 h. Another study, which addressed the issue of prevalence of P. aeruginosa pneumonia in rats colonized by C. albicans, evaluated the quantitative bacterial cultures of P. aeruginosa in rat lungs at 48 h post-infection [16]. Subsequent to C. albicans colonization obtained by intratracheal instillation (2 × 106 CFU per rat three days in a row), a low dose of P. aeruginosa (1 × 104 CFU per rat) was delivered at Day 2 post-colonization. The bacterial burden was significantly higher at 48 h in rats instilled with C. albicans before P. aeruginosa compared to rats instilled with saline solution or ethanol-killed C. albicans before P. aeruginosa. Contrary, in our experimental model, P. aeruginosa dissemination in the bloodstream showed a trend toward a decrease in the case of prior C. albicans colonization. Although bacterial dissemination is multifactorial depending on the magnitude of alveolar-capillary barrier injury [24] as well as the strain virulence and the size of the inoculum [25], the decrease was most likely due to the decrease of alveolar-capillary barrier injury since the P. aeruginosa strain used and the size of the inoculum administrated were identical in both groups. Regarding histolopathologic results, the inflammation score decreased in the case of previous C. albicans airway colonization in comparison to P. aeruginosa infection alone suggesting that primary immune activation could reduce P. aeruginosa pathogenicity. This observation was consistent with a decrease in P. aeruginosa lung loads and a decrease in the lung permeability index in the CaPa group in comparison to the Pa group. These results differ from a study previously mentioned which concluded that previous C. albicans colonization lowered the threshold of P. aeruginosa load necessary to induce parenchymal injury since in rats given C. albicans, histologic aspect of P. aeruginosa pneumonia was significantly more frequent than in controls or ethanol-killed C. albicans rats [16]. Overall, the results may differ between mice and rats, and between different strains of P. aeruginosa owing to differential susceptibility to pneumonia.
In the second part of this study, the influence of fungicidal caspofungin was tested. The use of caspofungin aimed at detecting a difference between colonization with live or killed C. albicans. For that purpose, two target times for treatment initiation were chosen, from T0 or from Day 1. Regarding the alveolar-capillary barrier injury, the use of caspofungin resulted in distinct effects: reversal of the decrease in the protein tracer leakage when initiated at T0 or maintenance of the decrease in the protein tracer leakage when initiated at Day 1. The difference observed between the T0- and the Day 1-treated group suggests that the viability and/or the growth of C. albicans makes a difference in reducing the magnitude of alveolar-capillary barrier injury.
Overall, these results raise three hypotheses: first, a competitive effect regarding the adhesion of the pathogens to lung epithelial surface. Indeed, they both use ligands to recognize the glycoconjugates at the surface of epithelial cells [26,27]. Recently, it has been demonstrated that P. aeruginosa lectins LecA and LecB, which are involved in adhesion to epithelial cells, contribute to P. aeruginosa-induced lung injury [17]. The neutralization of these lectins by the administration of specific lectin inhibitors was remarkably effective in improving lung injury. C. albicans adherence to host tissue is controlled by the ALS (agglutinin-like sequence) gene family which encodes a group of glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-linked cell surface proteins that function as adhesins that bind to the cell surface [28]. The second hypothesis is a bactericidal effect mediated by higher-inducible lung mucosal innate response by live C. albicans. This hypothesis is supported by the decrease in inflammation score in case of previous C. albicans airway colonization in comparison to P. aeruginosa infection alone, and by the fact that T0 caspofungin treatment resulted in a higher rate of bacterial growth. Finally, C. albicans produces farnesol, a cell-to-cell signaling molecule that could act as a quorum-sensing antagonist of P. aeruginosa [14,29]. The addition of farnesol to cultures of P. aeruginosa leads to decreased production of the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) and the PQS-controlled downstream virulence factor, pyocyanin [30]. Furthermore, it has been shown that the C. albicans farnesol has also the ability to inhibit swarming motility in P. aeruginosa cystic fibrosis clinical isolates [31]. All together, the reduction in PQS-pyocyanin production and swarming mobility may also have implications for the interaction between P. aeruginosa and the host.
The present study has several limitations that prevent extrapolating the results to the chronically colonized and/or critically ill patients at risk for VAP. First, the short term C. albicans colonization in the model does not correctly reflect the situation of these patients. Indeed, the amount of C. albicans in lungs cannot be substantially sustained over time in immunocompetent BALB/c mice, as already described elsewhere [32]. Consequently, P. aeruginosa pneumonia had to be generated only 48 hours after the prior fungal colonization. The addition of a control experimental group testing the impact of killed C. albicans would have been of interest to assess the need of live C. albicans to produce the effects described. Concern can also be raised regarding some in vitro data indicating a decrease of P. aeruginosa growth following exposure to halogenated anesthetics [33], although it occurred after several hours of exposure and has not been investigated in vivo. The short duration of mutual contact and interaction of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa in the airways (48 h) represents another potential bias of the present study. Furthermore, a dose/effect study testing various doses of P. aeruginosa to generate pneumonia could better document the in vivo dynamics of bacterial-fungal interactions. Performing microbial CFU counts in spleen and liver could better assess microbial dissemination. Finally, this relationship is studied in normal lungs and in the absence of any airway prosthetic device, which largely promotes microbial community networking [12].
Conclusions
The present results demonstrate that P. aeruginosa-related lung injury is reduced when preceded by short term C. albicans airway colonization. Regarding the use of the antifungal drug caspofungin, reduced P. aeruginosa-related lung injury is reversed when the treatment is initiated at T0, and maintained when the treatment is started one day after the onset of C. albicans colonization. The study illustrates the complex relationships between fungi and bacteria consistently with a number of other works in which cross-kingdom interactions result in very different effects (from synergy to antagonism). Additionally, the impact of antifungal agents on the fungal-bacterial ecosystem is poorly understood. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required using cell wall C. albicans extracts such as glucans or mannans during P. aeruginosa infection in order to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved.
Key messages
• In this study, murine P. aeruginosa-induced lung injury measured at 48 h post-infection is reduced when preceded by short term C. albicans airway colonization.
• Additionally, short-term C. albicans colonization results in a reduction of the amount of P. aeruginosa in murine lungs at 48 h post-infection.
• Using the fungicidal drug caspofungin upon C. albicans colonization reverses these effects.
Abbreviations
ALS: agglutinin-like sequence; BCP: bromocresol purple; Ca: Candida albicans; CaPaCasp: Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Caspofungin; CFU: colony-forming units; GPI: glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol; Pa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; PQS: Pseudomonas quinolone signal; SDA: Sabouraud dextrose agar; TBC: Tracheobronchial colonization; VAP: ventilator-acquired pneumonia; YPD: yeast peptone dextrose.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
FA participated in the design of the study, carried out the in vivo experiments, performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. SJ carried out the histological and immunofluorescence assays and helped to draft the manuscript. SN, BS KF, FV, CC, DP and BG participated in the design and coordination of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Ana-Maria Dragoi who kindly provided useful comments.
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Perceptions towards Distributed Leadership in School Improvement
Firas Jalal Shakir, Jinan Hatem Issa, Paiman Omer Mustafa
Abstract
In spite of the sizable growth in the number of empirical studies tackledthe distributed form of leadership over
the past decade, the bulk of this research isa case study. Relatively few published studies have investigated the
impact of distributed leadership on school improvement; therefore, the current paper attempts to investigate
TESOL teachers’perceptions towards distributed leadership and school improvement. The theoretical framework
for this study is grounded on the multifactor transformational/transactional leadership model (Bass, 1985, 1990;
Bass & Avolio, 2000). Two TESOL teachers from two different schools, in Pulau Penang, were interviewed
regarding this phenomenon, which is still in its infancy stage. The study encourages a distributed leadership
perspectivethat assists in building the academic capacity of schools as a means of improvement. Besides, it
argues that the distributed perspective proposes an important theoretical lens through which leadership
practiceswithin a school can be reconfigured and reconceptualised.The findingsshow that there are two different
applied forms of leadership in the two schools. On the one hand, the first interviewee reveals her approving
perceptions towards the distributed form of leadership as she praises the principal’s characteristics, whilst the
second interviewee, on the other hand, expresses her disapproving perceptions towards the control form of
leadership through criticising the current principal’s characteristics. A further finding exposes that the
prevailingdistributed form of leadership does contribute to the school improvement. On the contrary, the current
control form of leadership in the other school produces school’s deterioration.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Zero-One Programming Model for Daily Operation Scheduling of Irrigation Canal
B. R. Ramesh, K. Venugopal, K. Karunakaran
Abstract
Irrigation scheduling is one of the important managerial activities that aim at effective and efficient utilization of water.
A number of scheduling techniques are available today. Despite this, irrigation scheduling is only at inception level in
most of developing countries. In India also there are many methods of irrigation scheduling to canals are available. The
drawback of this method of operation of laterals is highlighted in this paper. Further, operations of the laterals are to be
simple so that the system can be managed easily. In addition, the supply to laterals should match with the day supply in
the canal and total supply for the period. In this paper a Mixed Linear Integer Programming model is described, which
aims at daily scheduling of laterals from the canal considering the constraints of the system. It is proposed to run the
laterals, (except a lateral which is proposed to operate at variable discharge) either full/half or closed condition for
making the laterals operation simple. This Zero-One Mixed Linear Integer Programming model is applied to a field
problem to derive daily operation scheduling of laterals of the system.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN 1916-9752 (Print) ISSN 1916-9760 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Clay County, West VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
(Redirected from Clay, West Virginia)
United States West Virginia Clay County
Guide to Clay County West Virginia genealogy. Birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, and military records.
West Virginia
Online Records
Clay County, West Virginia
Map
Location in the state of West Virginia
Location of West Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded March 29, 1858
County Seat Clay
Courthouse
Address Clay County Courthouse
207 Main Street
Clay, WV 25043
Phone: 304-354-3661
Clay County Website
Contents
County Courthouse
County Clerk has Birth Death Marriage records from 1858[1]
History
Henry Clay.JPG
The county is named after U.S. Speaker of the House Henry Clay (1777-1852).[2]
Clay County History
Clay County, West Virginia enotes
Parent County
1858--Clay County was created 29 March 1858 from Braxton and Nicholas Counties.
County seat: Clay [3]
Boundary Changes
See an interactive map of Clay County boundary changes.
Record Loss
Places / Localities
Populated Places
Clay County Town Histories
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Wvclay.jpg
Cemeteries
Clay County Tombstone Transcription Project
Find A Grave Clay County, West Virginia
Clay County Cemetery Listings
Funeral Homes in Clay County, West Virginia
Census
For tips on accessing Clay County, West Virginia census records online, see: West Virginia Census.
Church
Clay County Churches
Court
Land
Local Histories
Maps
[[Map of 1850 Virginia and West Virginia| ]]
Clay County, West Virginia Map
Clay Country TrailsRus
Clay County, West Virginia
Military
Civil War
Union
- 8th Regiment, West Virginia Infantry.[4]
Records are available:
World War I
World War I Clay County
Clay County Soldiers Killed in Action
Naturalization
West Virginia, Naturalization Records, 1814-1991
Newspapers
Probate
Clay county, West Virginia Will Books 1865 - 1968
West Virginia Will Books
Taxation
Online West Virginia Tax site
West Virginia real and personal property tax records are managed by the County Assessor in each county. Land and land improvements are considered real property while mobile property is classified as personal property.
Many County Assessors offer an online searchable database, where assessment record searches can be performed by name, account number, year, or mp/parcel number. Where online records are not available, requests for records can be made to the Assessment Office in person, by phone, or in writing.
The search for tax information can start here
Vital Records
West Virginia Vital Records - Birth - Death - Marriages. Includes marriages 1858-1969 - free.
Clay County, West Virginia Marriages
Societies and Libraries
Clay County, West Virginia Historical Society
Clay County Public Library
Family History Centers
Web Sites
Genealogy courses: Learn how to research from an expert in Fun Five Minute Genealogy Videos.
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Clay County, West Virginia. Page 743 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. "Henry Clay," Wikipedia.
3. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
4. Ronald R. Turner, 7th West Virginia Cavalry (Manassas, Va.: R.R. Turner, 1989). Digital version at Raleigh County West Virginia GenWeb; FHL Book 975.4 M2t.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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• This page was last modified on 12 April 2013, at 00:26.
• This page has been accessed 2,855 times.
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Changes related to "Logan County, West Virginia"
From FamilySearch Wiki
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold.
Recent changes options Show last 50 | 100 | 250 | 500 changes in last 1 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 30 days
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NOTE: If you are a developer, please use a private wiki based on foswiki/trunk on a daily base ...or use trunk.foswiki.org to view this page for some minimal testing.
Use Item9693 for docu changes for 1.2 and 2.0.
Item10259: Renaming web may incorrectly modify links within topic starting with old web name
Priority: CurrentState: AppliesTo: Component: WaitingFor:
Urgent Closed Engine rename web
The example:
• I had a web named EdNet and I used the WebPreferences web rename link to rename it to Edu
• Within the web I had topic pages that had links in the form of EdNetSomeTopicName and EdNetSomeOtherTopic
• The links in the topic pages containing them were changed to EduSomeTopicName and EduSomeOtherTopic
• The actual topics were not renamed, so the links broke.
So it seems that the code that combs through topics to find links with the web specified in the link is not looking for the period after the web name. So in this example it seems that it should have been trying to match and fix links that matched (using psuedo regex for the situation) ^EdNet\..* but instead was matching all links with ^EdNet.* ignoring the fact that the leading EdNet was not actually specifying a WEB name.
The web wasn't too big, so I was able to find and fix the links for my users, so I'll mark this as Normal priority. I bet folks don't rename webs all that often. I think the bug might have been around for quite a while, because it seems to be jogging a faint and distant memory.
-- KiltBear - 14 Jan 2011
This breaks our user's data. Raised to urgent.
-- PaulHarvey - 14 Jan 2011
Confirmed - this is indeed broken. Added a unit test to show the issue.
-- GeorgeClark - 15 Jan 2011
Also noted that a Web containing the renamed web is incorrectly renamed. EdNetTwo.SomeTopic becomes EduTwo.SomeTopic
-- GeorgeClark - 15 Jan 2011
I think I've fixed this - committed additional unit tests and fix to both trunk and release 1.1. Leaving open because this needs some more review to see if there are other cases that should or should not be handled. Also, need to check out quoted references.
-- GeorgeClark - 15 Jan 2011
Quoted references worked okay. Added to unit test.
-- GeorgeClark - 15 Jan 2011
Excellent work George Looks good and seems to work. Set WaitingFor Kilt, could you try replacing your lib/Foswiki/Render.pm with this one?
-- PaulHarvey - 15 Jan 2011
Added a unit test to verify that the same topic / web references are updated when renaming a subweb. changing to waiting for release.
-- GeorgeClark - 19 Jan 2011
ItemTemplate edit
Summary Renaming web may incorrectly modify links within topic starting with old web name
ReportedBy KiltBear
Codebase 1.1.2, 1.1.1, 1.1.0, 1.1.0 beta1, trunk
SVN Range
AppliesTo Engine
Component rename web
Priority Urgent
CurrentState Closed
WaitingFor
Checkins Foswikirev:10543 Foswikirev:10546 Foswikirev:10547 Foswikirev:10548 Foswikirev:10551 Foswikirev:10552 Foswikirev:10553 Foswikirev:10554 Foswikirev:10566 Foswikirev:10567
TargetRelease patch
ReleasedIn 1.1.3
Topic revision: r22 - 16 Apr 2011, KennethLavrsen
The copyright of the content on this website is held by the contributing authors, except where stated elsewhere. see CopyrightStatement.
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
July 2, 2010
Google Buys ITA Software to Add Flight Search
Google announced the acquisition of ITA Software, a flight information software company from Massachusetts that develops software for airlines, travel agencies and technology companies. One of the many ITA customers is Microsoft, which used its technology to power Bing Travel:
"Bing, Microsoft's new decision search engine, combines innovative fare prediction technology (previously known as Farecast) with the industry's leading airfare pricing and shopping system by ITA Software to assist travelers to make faster and more informed choices."
The list of sites that use ITA's technology is impressive: Kayak, Orbitz, CheapTickets, Hotwire, FareCompare and more. Google intends to pay $700 million to acquire a long-established company that provides technology for some of the most popular flight search services.
Marissa Mayer says that Google will develop its own flight search service. "Once we've completed our acquisition of ITA, we'll work on creating new flight search tools that will make it easier for you to search for flights, compare flight options and prices and get you quickly to a site where you can buy your ticket."
Right now, Google shows an OneBox that links to popular services like Expedia, Orbitz and Kayak:
In the future, Google will probably use the OneBox to promote its own service. ITA software offers an online demo of its technology, which includes cool features like interactive calendar for finding the lowest fares, real-time filters and color-coded bars that let you compare flights:
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[maemo-developers] What's wrong with folder browsing?
From: Daniel Stone daniel.stone at nokia.com
Date: Sun May 20 23:12:02 EEST 2007
On Sun, May 20, 2007 at 09:03:31PM +0200, ext Laurent GUERBY wrote:
> On Sun, 2007-05-20 at 20:45 +0300, Daniel Stone wrote:
> > On Sun, May 20, 2007 at 04:25:04PM +0200, ext Laurent GUERBY wrote:
> > > Folder approach is intuitive, shared by all reasonable apps on all
> > > platforms
> >
> > Except for more or less every media player ever made (cf. iTunes).
>
> Amarok is frequently cited as a free software iTunes equivalent and it
> works *exactly* as I describe: if you want it to index you can choose
> what folder(s) to index
Canola also works this way.
> It's quite easy to find people complaining about iTunes being
> a ressource hog and taking forever to scan stuff.
Sure, but stop any random person on the street, and ask them about the
iTunes UI. See if you have the same reaction.
> And I still can't honestly believe that the developpers of media
> software want to tell their user: oh you have a 2GB card fully
> of media and you want to play it on your N800? No problem! Insert
> it then .... please wait two hours ... and no sorry you can't use your
> N800 because it's dog slow ... then there you go! How great and easy!
I use an N800 with two 4GB cards, both containing only media (and full
of same), with Canola. Works pretty okay for me.
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Talk:CH391L/S13/DirectedProteinEvolution
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
• Alvaro E. Rodriguez M. 21:45, 21 February 2013 (EST):It would be nice if you added literature examples of Directed Evolution of Proteins for each approach as done in the Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction or take a similar approach.
• Kevin Baldridge 16:43, 25 February 2013 (EST):Gotta give a plug for the technique my group likes secM ribosome display
• Kevin Baldridge 16:44, 25 February 2013 (EST):it would be nice to have a one or two sentence summary of the other techniques you list in the advanced/high-throughput section
• Gabriel Wu 16:55, 25 February 2013 (EST): For those of you who do this sort of thing, have you any thoughts on the contexts in which Directed evolution works well and, more importantly, where it doesn't work well? Since most papers are about successes, do you know of any examples (personal communication/experience) where it doesn't work and speculation on why?
• Evan Weaver 17:00, 26 February 2013 (EST): I remember you said what the genetics method was for high throughput and screening on monday, but what was it again? The list is very vague.
• Evan Weaver 17:03, 26 February 2013 (EST): What does improved codon usage mean in the context of synthetic GFP?
• Neil R Gottel 16:45, 28 February 2013 (EST): Different organisms will differ in the amount of each tRNA that corresponds to each codon. Certain codons are rare in some species, while common in others. So, if you're putting a jellyfish gene into E. coli, then the codon usage is likely not optimized. Then production of that gene's product will be slower/lower (because it takes longer to produce a peptide if the ribosome is waiting around for a rare tRNA to come by). However, according to this OWW page on Codon usage optimization, and specifically this paper, the most important factor to consider is which tRNAs are charged (that is, get amino acids attached to them) when the cell is starving, and to favor using the corresponding codons when optimizing your gene. I haven't actually done this sort of optimization though, so hopefully someone else more experienced can chime in.
• Neil R Gottel 17:23, 28 February 2013 (EST):So, when we make our awesome reconstructed ancestral sequence of [iGEM project], we may want to optimize it a bit before unleashing it on the world.
• Alvaro E. Rodriguez M. 19:58, 28 February 2013 (EST):Also would like to complement Neil's comment with the following paper that describes what are the limits to the genetic code
• Benjamin Gilman 17:55, 28 February 2013 (EST): Most people choose codons corresponding to the most abundant tRNAs when optimizing a gene for E. coli because they want maximum yield, but there are circumstances where you might want to tune down the expression of a protein to more closely match its level in a native organism. The 2011 University of Dundee iGEM team actually wrote a software tool (which I couldn't seem to download) that takes sequences from one organism and converts the codons to ones with the most similar frequency in a new organism. The Gene Synthesiser
• Alvaro E. Rodriguez M. 19:58, 28 February 2013 (EST):Check their web page and most of the tools that have been developed aren't innovative, as many companies such as IDT say they'll codon optimize specific genes and even databases exist for codon optimization in several organisms, for example this webpage lists several.
Fitness Landscapes
• Andre C Maranhao 04:13, 27 February 2013 (EST):I thought it'd be nice to have a section explaining fitness landscapes and moving through sequence space. Here are some good papers [1] [2]
Personal tools
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Quotation added by staff
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Freedom from effort in the present merely means that there has been effort stored up in the past. Roosevelt, Theodore
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To be always thinking about your manners is not the way to make them good; the very perfection of manners is not to think about yourself. Whately, Richard
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Richard Whately (February 1, 1787 - October 8, 1863), English logician and theological writer, archbishop of Dublin, was born in London.
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Reason can in general do more than blind force. Gallus, Gaius C.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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It may offend us to hear our own thoughts expressed by others: we are not sure enough of their souls. Rostand, Jean
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Quotes by Quayle, Dan
44th Vice President.
"It isn't pollution that's harming the environment. It's the impurities in our air and water that are doing it."
Quayle, Dan on environment
4 fans of this quote
"I believe we are on an irreversible trend toward more freedom and democracy -- but that could change."
Quayle, Dan on freedom
"What a waste it is to lose one's mind. Or not to have a mind is being very wasteful. How true that is."
Quayle, Dan on mind
"The peace dividend is peace."
Quayle, Dan on peace
"You do the policy, I'll do the politics."
Quayle, Dan on policy
"People that are really weird can get into sensitive positions and have a tremendous impact on history."
Quayle, Dan on politics
"Let me just tell you how thrilling it really is, and how, what a challenge it is, because in 1988 the question is whether we're going forward to tomorrow or whether we're going to go past to the back!"
Quayle, Dan on politics
"Republicans understand the importance of bondage between a mother and child."
Quayle, Dan on politics
"One word sums up probably the responsibility of any vice president, and that one word is to be prepared."
Quayle, Dan on responsibility
"Space is almost infinite. As a matter of fact, we think it is infinite."
Quayle, Dan on space
"If we do not succeed, then we run the risk of failure."
Quayle, Dan on success
"Verbosity leads to unclear, inarticulate things."
Quayle, Dan on words
Take a look at recent activity on QB!
Search Quotations Book
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Document Type
Article
Date
7-5-2007
Language
English
Disciplines
Physics
Description/Abstract
We present a detailed study of a linear sigma model containing one chiral nonet transforming under U(1)_A as a quark-antiquark composite and another chiral nonet transforming as a diquark-anti diquark composite (or, equivalently from a symmetry point of view, as a two meson molecule). The model provides an intuitive explanation of a current puzzle in low energy QCD: Recent work has suggested the existence of a lighter than 1 GeV nonet of scalar mesons which behave like four quark composites. On the other hand, the validity of a spontaneously broken chiral symmetric description would suggest that these states be chiral partners of the light pseudoscalar mesons, which are two quark composites. The model solves the problem by starting with the two chiral nonets mentioned and allowing them to mix with each other. The input of physical masses in the SU(3) invariant limit for two scalar octets and an "excited" pion octet results in a mixing pattern wherein the light scalars have a large four quark content while the light pseudoscalars have a large two quark content. One light isosinglet scalar is exceptionally light. In addition, the pion pion scattering is also studied and the current algebra theorem is verified for massless pions which contain some four quark admixture.
Source
Harvested from Arxiv.org
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Included in
Physics Commons
Share
COinS
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"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/54CE623FE34DF8CACA25709E000122F8",
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}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4905.0.55.001 - Mature Age Persons Statistical Profile: Education and Training, Mar 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 01/02/2005
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Mature age persons have been identified as a key population group in terms of policy development to address the challenges associated with the ageing of the Australian population. The Mature Age Persons Statistical Report draws on relevant ABS and non-ABS data sources to provide a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of mature age persons, ie persons aged 45-64 years. Topics will be released in seven monthly issues covering Population and Cultural Diversity in the October issue, Labour Force in the November issue, Health in the December issue, Housing in the January issue, Living Arrangements in the February issue, Education and Training in the March issue, and Community Life in the April issue. In each issue, data are presented in a tabular, graphic and textual form, mainly at a national level, with a limited number of tables and graphs at a more detailed geographic level.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:18861",
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"url": "www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/2/7/abstract?fmt_view=mobile",
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"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/2/7/abstract?fmt_view=mobile"
}
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Research article
The evolutionary position of nematodes
Jaime E Blair1, Kazuho Ikeo2, Takashi Gojobori2 and S Blair Hedges1*
Author affiliations
1 Astrobiology Research Center and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
2 Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka-ken 411-8540, Japan
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2002, 2:7 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-2-7
Published: 8 April 2002
Abstract
Background
The complete genomes of three animals have been sequenced by global research efforts: a nematode worm (Caenorhabditis elegans), an insect (Drosophila melanogaster), and a vertebrate (Homo sapiens). Remarkably, their relationships have yet to be clarified. The confusion concerns the enigmatic position of nematodes. Traditionally, nematodes have occupied a basal position, in part because they lack a true body cavity. However, the leading hypothesis now joins nematodes with arthropods in a molting clade, Ecdysozoa, based on data from several genes.
Results
We tested the Ecdysozoa hypothesis with analyses of more than 100 nuclear protein alignments, under conditions that would expose biases, and found that it was not supported. Instead, we found significant support for the traditional hypothesis, Coelomata. Our result is robust to different rates of sequence change among genes and lineages, different numbers of taxa, and different species of nematodes.
Conclusion
We conclude that insects (arthropods) are genetically and evolutionarily closer to humans than to nematode worms.
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"warc_url": "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6831/10/16/abstract"
}
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Research article
Quality of life evaluation of children with sleep bruxism
Paula M Castelo1*, Taís S Barbosa2 and Maria BD Gavião2
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Biological Sciences - Federal University of São Paulo, R. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema - SP, postal code 09972-270, Brazil
2 Department of Pediatric Dentistry - Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901, Piracicaba - SP, postal code 13414-903, Brazil
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Oral Health 2010, 10:16 doi:10.1186/1472-6831-10-16
Published: 14 June 2010
Abstract
Background
The study of potential factors associated with sleep bruxism (SB) may help in determining the etiology of such parafunction. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) of children with SB by means of a generic scale, in addition to the association of sociodemographic characteristics and other parafunctional habits.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included healthy children of both genders, aged 7.18 ± 0.59 years, with (n = 25) and without (n = 69) signs and symptoms of SB. Data were collected in caries-free children from public schools by applying a translated and validated version of the Autoquestionnaire Qualite de Vie Enfant Image (AUQUEI), clinical examination and interview with the parents. The psychometric properties evaluated for the scale referred to internal consistency (ceiling and floor effects, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, Items Correlation Matrix, and corrected Item-Total Correlation) and the discriminant validity (t-test). By means of logistic regression with stepwise backward elimination, associations were evaluated between SB and age, gender, body mass index, maternal use of alcohol/tobacco/medicine during pregnancy, maternal age at birth, parent's schooling, presence of sucking habit, nail biting, enuresis, number of children, child's order (first born), occurrence of divorce/parent's death, and AUQUEI scores.
Results
The results of the AUQUEI psychometric analysis showed homogeneity of items and a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.65; no negative correlations between the items were found. The mean AUQUEI scores for children with SB did not differ significantly from those of children without the parafunction. Only the independent variable "maternal age at birth" showed a significant negative association with SB.
Conclusions
In the studied sample, children with SB presented scores of QoL that were similar to those without the parafunction, and children from the youngest mothers were more likely to present SB.
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}
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As much as I love the Star Wars movies, George Lucas was and is a pretty unoriginal, some would say terrible, director and writer.
But it doesn't matter.
Like hundreds of millions of people all over the world, I'm in love with the way he presented old ideas in a different light. Something everyone in business should take care to consider every once in a while.
Read on to see how George Lucas's decisions as as a filmmaker and an entrepreneur continue to shape the world we live in!
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Susan Oakes Takes the Small Business Path @m4bmarketing
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Shazam! Meet Contributor of the Week Paul Cox...Congrats, Paul!
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"warc_url": "http://www.bizsugar.com/user/profile/sigbjorn"
}
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Personal Information
Username: sigbjorn
User: Sigbjorn
Public Email: siggi@businessandfaith.eu
Location: Budapest
Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/SigbjornHeier
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id220162511
Stumbleupon: http://www.stumbleupon.com/stumbler/Siggiboy
Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/user/BusinessAndFaith
Blog URL: http://www.businessandfaith.eu/
Interests: I like to read, write, play with my kids, watch movies
Latest Blog Entry: Business and ministry or full time ministry?
It can be a real challenge when working with church ministry and evangelism to decide whether you should work as a full time minister, or if you should do some business and have a ?secular? job next to your ?sacred? work. The reason why I type ?secular? and not secular, is that I do believe that there is no such thing as a sacred and a secular job, the question is only why you do it. If you work as [...]
The post Business and ministry or full time ministry? appeared first on Business and Faith.
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Jon-Mikel Bailey @woodstreetweb Creates Business By Design
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Vision Logic and Aesthetic Evolution
Feng Zhu
Abstract
Visual logic is the most basic logic principle that human beings’ aesthetic taste is based on. Through conducting search on aesthetic taste, we found out the common rule for aesthetic evolution, which is also an evolution process in a sense of meaning. Firstly, visual system apperceives aesthetic objects in a mode similar to computer searches. In the process of apperception, visual system is controlled by “collective unconsciousness” standard formed through the deposition of “collective” experience and by “individual unconsciousness” formed through the accumulation of “individual” experience. The brain clears up the messages through visual logic, and makes deduction, after which the brain could obtain accurate visual apperception. Under proper circumstances, aesthetic resonance is generated. Further, the aesthetic taste of the group could be sublimed, which in turn exerts impact on the “unconsciousness” aesthetic standard of individuals and collective groups. This is the basic way for the evolution of aesthetic taste and is the evolution logic which occurs momently.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
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(octobre 2012)
Panini France, 2012 Series
Price:
24.40 EUR
Pages:
240
On-sale date:
2012-10-10
Indicia Publisher:
Panini France S.A.
Brand:
Panini Comics; Marvel
ISBN:
978-2809426205
Barcode:
9782809426205
Editing:
Alain Guerrini (directeur de publication); Walter de Marchi (responsable éditorial)
Format:
Couleur; 17 cm x 26 cm; broché
Issue Notes
Parts of this issue are reprinted:
[no title indexed] (Table of Contents)
Omega The Unknown / cover / 1 page (report information)
Credits
Pencils:
Farel Dalrymple
Inks:
Farel Dalrymple
Colors:
?
Content Information
Genre:
superhero
Characters:
Omega The Unknown
Reprints:
Editing
Table of Contents
1. 0. [no title indexed]
Omega The Unknown
This issue was most recently modified by:
• Patrick Lemaire
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
: I can't get enough of the Super Golden Crisp that is Stanislaw Lem. Every time I think he's going to reuse an idea he's already used in a story, he turns on me and pounds me into the ground for my insolence. Metaphorically, I mean.
I read Eden, Memoirs of a Space Traveller, and Return from the Stars yesterday, picking up one as soon as I finished the other. Memoirs was consistently good, and very funny. Return started out excellent and then dragged along for a while. Eden started off great, was consistently great, and ended in a mind-numbing explosion of greatness that overwhelmed me to the extent that I never want to read the beginning or middle of the book again, just the end.
I have three more books of Lem to read, and there are at least five more books of his in English in the library, although a couple of the novels look like your standard Cold War-era Polish angst-filled novels. I've never actually read such a novel, but I can recognize the form.
Actually, I did read a novel of that form, though by a Russian expatriate, It Is Hard To Be A Russian Spy. I found it in Peter's office. I thought it would be a light-hearted romp through the world of espionage. Instead, it was just depressing. I do like saying "Is hard to be Russian spy" in my lame Russian broken-English accent, though.
Eden is copyright 1990. I wonder if Lem is still alive and writing.
I went to the library to get T.H. White's Arthurian novels. I came for the White, stayed for the Lem. I am starting The Sword In The Stone, which I now realize was where Disney got their The Sword In The Stone from. I thought that movie seemed a little lighthearted to be a Disneyisation from the original Arthurian mythos.
: Oh, one more thing about the library. Mark Twain has about three shelves of stuff. And on the shelf right next to Twain is most of a shelf dedicated to Fennimore Cooper (Clemens->Cooper), subject of Twain's riotous "Fennimore Cooper's Literary Offenses", in which Cooper was said to have, on one page alone, committed 114 sins against artistic style of a possible 115. Just a funny juxtaposition.
: A guy posted the Dada Pokey URL on a message board. I know because I got a visitor from there and logged it. Dada Pokey is probably more bookmarked than any other page on my site, judging from the number of hits it gets that aren't from other pages.
: I can't get enough of the Super Golden Crisp that is the phrase "I can't get enough of the Super Golden Crisp that is x". It should probably go in Leonardonics. By the way, there should be a cereal called Super Golem Crisp.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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Tools:Network Forensics
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 12:20, 4 June 2008 by .FUF (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Network Forensics Packages and Appliances
Burst
http://www.burstmedia.com/release/advertisers/geo_faq.htm
Expensive IP geo-location service.
chkrootkit
http://www.chkrootkit.org
cryptcat
http://farm9.org/Cryptcat/
Enterasys Dragon
http://www.enterasys.com/products/advanced-security-apps/index.aspx
Instrusion Detection System, includes session reconstruction.
MaxMind
http://www.maxmind.com
IP geolocation services and data provider for offline geotagging. Free GeoLite country database. Programmable APIs.
netcat
http://netcat.sourceforge.net/
netflow/flowtools
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/Tech/nmp/netflow/index.shtml
http://www.splintered.net/sw/flow-tools/
http://silktools.sourceforge.net/
http://www.vmware.com/vmtn/appliances/directory/293 Netflow Appliance (VMWare)
NetIntercept
http://www.sandstorm.net/products/netintercept
NetIntercept captures whole packets and reassembles up to 999,999 TCP connections at once, reconstructing files that were sent over your network and creating a database of its findings. It recognizes over 100 types of network protocols and file types, including web traffic, multimedia, email, and IM.
NetworkMiner
http://networkminer.wiki.sourceforge.net/NetworkMiner
NetworkMiner is a Network Forensic Analysis Tool (NFAT) for Windows. NetworkMiner can be used as a passive network sniffer/packet capturing tool or to parse PCAP files for off-line analysis.
rkhunter
http://rkhunter.sourceforge.net/
ngrep
http://ngrep.sourceforge.net/
nslookup
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nslookup
Name Server Lookup command line tool used to find IP address from domain name.
Sguil
http://sguil.sourceforge.net/
Snort
http://www.snort.org/
ssldump
http://ssldump.sourceforge.net/
tcpdump
http://www.tcpdump.org
tcpextract
http://tcpxtract.sourceforge.net/
tcpflow
http://www.circlemud.org/~jelson/software/tcpflow/
truewitness
http://www.nature-soft.com/forensic.html
Linux/open-source. Based in India.
etherpeek
http://www.wildpackets.com/products/etherpeek/overview
Whois
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS Web service and command line tool to look up registry information for internet domain.
http://www.arin.net/registration/agreements/bulkwhois.pdf Bulk WHOIS data request from ARIN
IP Regional Registries
http://www.arin.net/community/rirs.html
http://www.arin.net/index.shtml American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)
http://www.afrinic.net/ African Network Information Center (AfriNIC)
http://www.apnic.net/ Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC)
http://www.lacnic.net/en/ Latin American and Caribbean IP Address Regional Registry (LACNIC)
http://www.ripe.net/ RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)
Wireshark/Ethereal
http://www.wireshark.org/
Open Source protocol analyzer previously known as ethereal.
Xplico
http://www.xplico.org/
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Nursing Research and Practice
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 279431, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/279431
Research Article
Developing Targeted Health Service Interventions Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model: Two Australian Case Studies
1School of Nursing, The University of Notre Dame Australia, The Cunningham Centre for Palliative Care, St Vincent’s & Mater Health Sydney, 170 Darlinghurst Road, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
2Cardiac Investigation Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, P.O. Box 2900, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
3Cardiovascular Nursing Research, St Vincent’s Hospital and Centre for Cardiovascular and Chronic Care, Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Health, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
Received 20 February 2012; Accepted 10 April 2012
Academic Editor: Sheila Payne
Copyright © 2012 Jane L. Phillips et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Aims and Objectives. This paper provides an overview of the applicability of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model to the development of targeted nursing led chronic illness interventions. Background. Changing health care practice is a complex and dynamic process that requires consideration of social, political, economic, and organisational factors. An understanding of the characteristics of the target population, health professionals, and organizations plus identification of the determinants for change are also required. Synthesizing this data to guide the development of an effective intervention is a challenging process. The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model has been used in global health care settings to guide the identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation of various health improvement initiatives. Design. Using a reflective case study approach, this paper examines the applicability of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model to the development of targeted chronic care improvement interventions for two distinct Australian populations: a rapidly expanding and aging rural population with unmet palliative care needs and a disadvantaged urban community at higher risk of cardiovascular disease. Results. The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model approach demonstrated utility across diverse health settings in a systematic planning process. In environments characterized by increasing health care needs, limited resources, and growing community expectations, adopting planning tools such as PRECEDE-PROCEED Model at a local level can facilitate the development of the most effective interventions. Relevance to Clinical Practice. The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model is a strong theoretical model that guides the development of realistic nursing led interventions with the best chance of being successful in existing health care environments.
1. Introduction
Globally, over the past decade there has been increasing recognition of the need for effective management of chronic and complex conditions and less dependence on acute care services [1, 2]. Achieving this magnitude of reform has been difficult because it requires reorientation of health services, a greater focus on primary health care, and an enduring commitment to the delivery of best evidence-based practice. This increased emphasis on evidence-based practice dictates that a systematic and critical analysis of priorities and presumed causes be undertaken to guide health service planning [1, 3]. Yet, health professionals frequently rely solely on intuition or anecdotal information to identify or address a particular health problem at a population level as opposed to empirical research [4].
1.1. Needs Assessment
A Needs Assessment is a complex, multidimensional process which provides information and evidence to inform the objective and valid tailoring of health services or commissioning of new initiatives. The needs assessment process ensures due consideration is given to the quality of the evidence relevant to the risks and benefits of specific interventions [5]. Identifying the priority health problem and analysing the problem is often the catalyst that enables services to reorientate care delivery from being institutionally focused to addressing populations needs [6]. This systematic process facilitates appraisal of a population’s health needs, identifies service gaps, the services required and the degree to which the proposed service(s) will be used by those in greatest need [7]. All relevant information, concerning health-related needs, and possible solutions to enable the planning and delivery of cost-effective services or new initiatives are collated [8]. This data enables navigation of a pathway forward, while balancing the clinical, ethical, and economic consideration of “need” [9]. Identifying a number of worthy needs can make determining the health priority the most difficult stage of the needs assessment, particularly as limited resources necessitate prioritisation. Despite various criteria having been put forward to assist prioritising health problems, the absence of an evaluation formula requires decision makers to subjectively determine where to direct health-care resources [10]. The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model endeavors to addresses this limitation.
2. Aim
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the applicability of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model (“Model”) to the development of specific chronic care interventions for two distinct Australian populations: a rapidly growing and ageing rural population with unmet palliative care needs (R-PAC Project) and an urban community at higher risk of cardiovascular disease (APRICA 2 Project). The achievement of a comprehensive understanding of the health problem in each population, stakeholder engagement, and the development of tailored interventions signaled the completion of the PRECEDE phases of the process, which is the focus of this paper.
3. Methods
3.1. Applying the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
This conceptual model minimizes the risk of subjectivity by synthesizing disparate sources of data to ensure that initiatives with the greatest potential of achieving the best health outcomes are implemented [10]. The Model is based on the premise that the determinants of health and health risks are multi-factorial and that multifaceted and multisectoral efforts are required to effect behavioural, environmental, and social change [11].
The Model has evolved from a diagnostic tool developed in the 1980s, into a nine-phase model that integrates environmental health factors and evaluation into the process [10]. PRECEDE is an acronym that stands for predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling constructs in education, diagnosis, and evaluation, while PROCEED is the second part of the conceptual model and involves four phases that are focused on implementation and evaluation [10]. These processes work in unison with the PRECEDE phases facilitating the identification of priorities and the setting of objectives, while the PROCEDE phases assist in identifying the criteria for policy implementation and subsequent evaluation [10].
A major strength of this Model is its capacity to facilitate identification of the desired outcomes at the outset of the planning process, which determines the evaluation metrics [10]. This Model also aids systematic classification of factors by their relative importance and capacity for modification through the use of a ranking system [10]. A ranking system facilitates consideration of the determinants for change at individual, provider, and system levels and allows for the identification, development, and implementation of interventions with the greatest potential of achieving a positive impact. Over the past two decades, the Model has been used internationally by health care planners and researchers to design interventions that acknowledge a wide range of individual and environmental determinants of health [1215].
3.2. Setting
R-PAC Project
This initiative was undertaken as one component of a larger project, which aimed to strengthen partnerships to improve the coordination and delivery of local palliative care services [16]. This project was undertaken in a regional Australian coastal community, with a population of 67 0000. Over the past 20 years this community has experienced unprecedented population grown due to the internal migration of retirees [17]. It is anticipated that the areas popularity as a preferred retirement destination for baby boomers will continue, with 35% of population growth expected to be in the over 65 age group by 2031 [18]. By this time, estimates suggest that this area will have the highest proportion of over 65-year olds in the state [18].
APRICA 2 Project
This practice improvement intervention was undertaken in the Greater Western Sydney region, which is characterised by a diverse population who experience greater educational disadvantage, lower-levels of employment and employment capacity, and below-average annual income [19]. These determinants all impact adversely on how people perceive their risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) [20]. The area also has higher proportions of non-English speaking residents [21], with some culturally and linguistically diverse groups being at a potentially greater risk of CVD [22].
The geographical spread of this outer urban community combined with the higher prevalence of socioeconomic disadvantage also adversely impacts on the populations’ access to healthcare and appropriate transport [19].
3.3. Governance
The formation of critical reference groups comprising key stakeholders as part of the governance of the R-PAC and APRICA 2 Projects reflects the Models emphasis on assessing the social determinants of the population and engaging community stakeholders. Active stakeholder input ensured that the problems and priorities were defined by the community as opposed to being imposed by external parties.
3.4. Data Sources
Multiple sources of data were considered during the projects, including a comprehensive review of the literature and local policy documents and content emerging from key informant interviews. The Model facilitated the synthesis of the social assessment data which enabled a link between the priority health problems and the communities’ needs to be established and focused the planning process.
3.5. Deriving Outcomes
In each project the desired outcomes were identified and defined at the outset of the planning process, which facilitated the development of specific and measurable evaluation metrics at the process (Phase 7), impact (Phase 8), and outcome (Phase 9) evaluation levels. The Model aided systematic classification of factors by their relative importance and capacity for modification for both projects [10, 23]. This ranking system facilitated consideration of the determinants for change at individual, provider, and system levels and allowed for the identification, development, and implementation of tailored interventions with the greatest potential of achieving a positive impact. Evidence suggests that improvement strategies that attend to the highest ranked predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors are those most likely to be successful [10, 24, 25]. Adopting this Model to plan health service improvement helps to optimise the use of scarce health resources (time, personnel, services, finances) by developing interventions that are likely to have the most impact, based on importance and changeability [10].
4. Applying PRECEDE-PROCEED Model: Two Case Studies
The Model calls for a deductive approach to assessing populations unmet needs. The complexities associated with the impacts on quality of life, health, behavior, the environment, and factors associated with achieving a desired outcome (predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors) for the populations identified as having unmet needs in the two case studies presented in this paper; and how identified health priorities guided subsequent intervention development and evaluation. A summary of the Model’s phases as they relate of the R-PAC and APRICIA 2 Projects, are summarized consecutively in the sections below as case studies.
4.1. Phases 1 and 2: Social Assessment and Epidemiological Assessment
Addressing a population unmet needs and improving their quality of life is the Models’ aspiration goal. Identifying and evaluating the various social problem(s) which impact on the quality of life of the target populations made undertaking a “social and epidemiological assessment” an important first step towards achieving this goal.
R-PAC Project
To assist with the systematic identification of local palliative care priorities, a focussed needs’ assessment was undertaken at the outset of the project [17]. Synthesis of this data established a link between the priority health problems and the communities’ needs and identified that improving the delivery of evidence-based palliative care was a key community priority (Figure 1) [17].
Figure 1: Overview of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model as applied to the R-PAC Project.
APRICA 2 Project
Similarly, the APRICA 2 Projects’ needs assessment revealed a need to improve secondary CVD prevention after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) for a diverse urban population in the outer fringe of Western Sydney. The social determinates of educational disadvantage, underemployment, employment capacity, and below-average annual income have all been identified as impacting adversely on this populations perceived CVD risk [26]. The higher proportions of cultural groups at increased risk of CVD [20], combined with more limited transport and healthcare resources, made focusing on reducing this disadvantaged populations secondary CVD risks a priority for the APRICA 2 Project [21].
4.2. Phase 3: Behavioural and Environmental Assessment
The “behavioural and environmental assessment” facilitated identification of the specific health problems that may contribute to the target populations’ quality of life, social goals or problems [10]. This phase assisted in identifying risk factors that deserve priority based on their perceived importance and changeability [10].
R-PAC Project
The evidence that emerged from Phase 1 and 2 suggested that the inward migration of retirees to this regional community was projected to continue and the burden of progressive life limiting diseases would increase in line with population aging, impacting adversely on the capacity of the existing palliative care service to meet growing demand [17]. Many older people requiring palliative care are admitted to the acute or nursing home setting as a result of caregiver burden, living alone and/or their care needs exceed available community services [17]. End-of-life care in nursing homes is provided by nonspecialist providers, for whom care of the dying is not their primary focus making building workforce palliative care capacity a priority [27]. The behavioural issues impacting on the delivery of palliative care to older people exposed a need to increase palliative care access to people with a progressive nonmalignant life limiting illnesses and to enhance palliative care delivery in local nursing homes. Addressing the palliative care needs of older people in aged care was strongly aligned with a national agenda and the release of evidence-based guidelines [27]. Given the availability of funding to strengthen local palliative care partnerships [16], it was considered that positive changes could be achieved during the project period.
APRICA 2 Project
The Phases 1 and 2 data revealed that the area had a higher than state average acute coronary-related admission and readmission rates [22], with people born overseas, who are overweight or obese and smokers being overrepresented [19]. Factors such as smoking, obesity, inactivity, and low uptake and completion rates of secondary prevention programs such as cardiac rehabilitation are all known to contribute to short- and long-term CVD mortality and morbidity [28]. Health professional behaviours inadvertently increasing the population’s secondary CVD risks were identified during this process, including poor adherence to evidence-based guidelines and limited followup and promotion of cardiac rehabilitation programs to post, PCI patients. Compounding the populations’ secondary CVD risks were environmental factors such as limited access to appropriate secondary CVD resources, participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs, carer engagement in healthcare decision-making, and secondary prevention activities in the acute care setting.
At the completion of Phase 3, the health priorities for each project were evident, which allowed for the establishment of project objectives, with clearly defined target populations (WHO), desired outcomes (WHAT), and degree to which the target population will benefit (HOW MUCH) within a specific period (WHEN).
4.3. Phase 4: Educational and Ecological Assessment
An “educational and ecological assessment” facilitates categorising the predisposing, enabling or reinforcing factors contributing to the behaviours previously identified [10]. This phase facilitates systematic identification of health problems and associated risk factors that deserve priority based on their perceived importance and changeability, whilst considering the effective allocation of limited resources [10]. Importantly, this stage focuses on the development of the intervention to address the identified health problem. Having the critical reference groups assess and ranked the predisposing, reinforcing or enabling factors helps drive the change management processes [29, 30].
4.4. Predisposing Factors
R-PAC Project
Predisposing factors ranked highest as acting to either motivate or inhibit the delivery of a palliative approach in local nursing homes, included aged care personnels palliative care awareness, knowledge, competencies, and confidence; access to the specialist palliative care for residents with complex palliative care needs; the number of general practitioners (GPs) prepared to review residents in local nursing homes; residents’ and families’ awareness of a palliative approach and involvement in care planning [31].
APRICA 2 Project
The highest ranking predisposing factors for the APRIC 2 population were identified as being a pervading sense of being “cured” following PCI [32], inadequate understanding of the need for secondary prevention following PCI, wide diversity in PCI nursing care practices across institutions; inadequate communication between acute and primary care providers, low referral rates to secondary prevention programs, and poor uptake and completion of secondary CVD prevention programs by patients undergoing PCIs.
4.5. Reinforcing Factors
R-PAC Project
In the aged care setting, residents, family members, other health care providers, peers, and educators play a role in reinforcing positive and negative behaviours through rewards, feedback, and punishments [10]. The reinforcing factors considered most important and amenable to change included the need to increase age care personnel’s awareness of the specialist palliative care referral process, develop appropriate systems for GPs to be routinely engaged in resident’s end-of-life care planning, provide residents and families with information about a palliative approach, and increase the visibility and “normalisation” of a palliative approach in aged care [29].
APRICA 2 Project
The reinforcing factors ranked highest in terms of importance and changeability included the lack of national, state, or local PCI evidence-based nursing care guidelines; no linkage between PCI nursing care delivery in acute care and secondary CVD prevention programs; patients’ limited participation in secondary CVD prevention programs.
4.6. Enabling Factors
R-PAC Project
Whereas enabling factors such as: accessibility, availability and skills impacted on the aged care personnel’s ability to deliver a palliative approach were the most highly ranked factors. Further analysis revealed that these enabling factors included aged care personnel’s capacity to: effectively communicate clinical findings to external health professionals; effectively advocate on behalf of the residents; utilise a common palliative care language, both within aged care and with external health professionals; arrange timely access to palliative care equipment; refer the resident to a specialist palliative care team; acquire greater palliative care competencies and confidence; and access palliative care education opportunities locally [29]. A range of enabling factors were also acting to limit residents’ access to palliative care as a result of: a lower ratio of registered nurses as a proportion of the total aged care workforce; aged care personnels limited palliative care knowledge, skills and confidence; under utilisation of the specialist palliative care team; difficulty accessing timely and appropriate GP input, specialist support, medications and equipment; and residents’ and families’ limited awareness and understanding of a palliative approach [29, 30]. Acknowledging the availability and accessibility of resources along with the competencies required to implement the intervention ensures that the highest ranked factors, in terms of importance and changeability become the focus of the intervention [10].
APRICA 2 Project
Health professionals’ willingness to engage in and lead CVD quality improvement activities; the encouragement and support provided by families/carers to enable the patient to reduce their CVD risk; and capacity of the peak cardiovascular organisations to promote a national PCI quality improvement agenda, were identified as being critical enabling factors for change. Integrating relevant data into the Model enabled a comprehensive picture of the cardiovascular health needs of an urban population to be identified and guided identification of the action required, including: development national PCI evidence-based nursing guidelines integrating secondary prevention [32, 33]; increasing uptake of cardiac rehabilitation post PCIs; informing patients and carers of available social support(s), reinforcing the importance of secondary prevention and details on accessing local CVD secondary prevention information and programs. As risk modification is dependent upon the individual’s perception of risk, identifying and ranking these factors was critical to shaping the APRICA Project intervention, in Phase 4 [33].
4.7. Phase 5: Administrative and Policy Assessment
R-PAC Project
The data shaped the development of a multifaceted intervention development focused on increasing aged care personnel’s palliative care capacity [34]. The unique learning needs of the various categories of personnel delivering care in the aged care setting dictated the development of tailored learning strategies reflecting their scope of practice [34]. An assessment of the organisational and administrative capabilities allowed for identification of the resources required for the development and implementation of the proposed intervention and consideration of factors that may hinder the proposed change [10]. This process confirmed that the nine participating nursing homes’ organisational missions were compatible with the projects goals and the planned intervention objectives [10]. Administrative and policy issues that needed to be factored into the intervention development, including time constraints, change management and the need for a “clinical champion” in each nursing home. Consideration of other dynamics, such as staff shortages, accreditation schedules, commissioning of new beds, and the execution of other initiatives helped determine the extent and speed by which the proposed intervention could be implemented.
APRICA 2 Project
Acute care workforce shortages, frequent patient transfers across institutions, financial pressures, and the need for increased efficiency all had the potential to adversely impact on the implementation of any intervention developed to improve secondary CVD risk after PCI [35]. These complex administrative and policy conditions made the recruitment of local “change champions” to facilitate guideline and intervention implementation and actively engaging Australia and New Zealand’s peak cardiovascular nursing organisations in PCI guideline development, important strategies to address these barriers. This reality guided the developed of the subobjectives developed to address these priorities.
4.8. Phase 6: Implementation of the Intervention
Implementation of the intervention (Phase 6) marks the commencement of the PROCEED component of the Model.
R-PAC Project
The multifaceted intervention implemented sought to work with aged care personnel to increase resident’s access to palliative care by creating an enabling and empowering learning environment. The strategies employed included increasing access to specialists’ resources and evidence-based information through instituting: a clinical champion “link nurse” role, increasing learning and development opportunities for nurses, care assistants, and GPs, and promoting networking and multidisciplinary care planning processes [34].
APRICA 2 Project
The study has completed the development of a set of evidence-based guidelines for the care of people undergoing PCIs [32]. The implementation of these guidelines is pending. Other clinical interventions arising from this study are being refined for pilot testing in the near future.
4.9. Phases 7, 8, and 9: Evaluation
The completion of the implementation phase signals the transition into the Model’s evaluation phase. Process evaluation enables the change process by which the intervention is being implemented to be evaluated. During Phase 8 the “impact evaluation” measures the program effectiveness in terms of the intermediate objectives and changes in the predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. Outcome evaluation is the final evaluation phase of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model (Phase 9) and measures the overall program goal. Evaluation data from the two projects is reported elsewhere and are beyond the scope of this paper.
4.10. Summary
These case studies demonstrate the applicability of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model within two discrete population groups. In both settings, unmet needs could have been addressed through implementing existing knowledge; however, applying the Model enabled a focused approach to intervention development that considered a range of relevant factors. As narrowing the evidence-practice gap continues to be a major health reform challenge, it was critical for both projects to take into consideration the obstacles to change for each population in developing effective interventions [36]. As interventions that consider predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors have the most success in implementing best practice focusing on these determinants is critical to developing successful interventions, as was demonstrated in these case studies [24, 25]. In the R-PAC Project, focussing the intervention on increasing the competencies of aged care personnel was identified as likely to have the greatest impact on delivery of an evidence-based palliative approach to older people in aged care, while the APRICA 2 Project focussed on improving the outcomes for people undergoing PCI by improving postdischarge care and increasing access to CVD secondary prevention initiatives. This systematic approach to health planning allowed for the setting of priorities and guided the focus of the interventions whilst assisting with delineation of responsibility of those professionals and organisations involved in the process [10]. Applying the Model also ensured that a realistic and applicable evaluation framework was simultaneously developed.
5. Conclusion
As demand for health care resources continues to increase, there is a need to ensure the systematic and critical analysis of priorities and presumed causes is undertaken [3]. The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model takes into account the multiple factors that shape health status and assists health care planners and clinicians to develop programs that intervene on factors that are both important and changeable and encourages participatory research and practice [3, 37]. A key attribute of the Model is its focus on determining the desired outcomes at the outset of the planning process [10]. Applying the Model ensured that all of the relevant environmental and nonbehavioural factors that can act as barriers to health care innovations and practice change were considered, which is an important consideration as they are often overlooked during health intervention planning [10].
A needs assessment is an inexact science with several factors limiting its effectiveness [4, 8, 38]. The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model addresses many of these limitations. This model demands that an inclusive process as opposed to tokenism is utilised, which ensures the active involvement of local communities and consumers in identifying, prioritizing, and responding to these needs [4]. As such, the Model prevents the needs assessment process from being ritualistic and self-justifying, by ensuring that the process is focused on facilitating health care reform [8, 38]. Although, undertaking a needs assessment implies that a change is required, there is little evidence that documenting “need” alone actually leads to effective health system change [9]. In spite of a commitment, many health services have limited capacity to reorientate health priorities and funds into new programs without engaging in a range of far-reaching reforms [6]. In these circumstances, conducting a needs assessment without a commitment to implementing recommended solutions is a lost opportunity to address identified unmet need, resolve issues, and an unnecessary and wasteful strain on scarce resources [6]. The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model challenges health services to change practices and prevents reinforcing a potentially dysfunctional status quo in service or program delivery [4, 8]. This diagnostic method increases the utility of a needs assessment in the real world setting by providing a framework which encourages identification and consideration of the environmental, social, and behavioural factors that may impact on any planned intervention. It enhances the acceptability of interventions by enabling health professionals to develop improvements that act on factors that are not only important but also amenable to the change. These case studies demonstrate the relevance of this multidimensional planning Model in targeting health care improvement strategies in dynamic environments.
Acknowledgments
The authors have no conflict of interests to declare. This research was undertaken, in part, with funding support from the Cancer Institute New South Wales Academic Chairs Program.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
VLSI Design
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 398390, 2 pages
doi:10.1155/2011/398390
Editorial
CAD for Gigascale SoC Design and Verification Solutions
1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
2IBM Austin Research Laboratory, 11501 Burnet Road, MS 904-6G016, Austin, TX 78758-3493, USA
3Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Received 5 December 2011; Accepted 5 December 2011
Copyright © 2011 Shiyan Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
This article has no abstract.
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Nano Express
Crystal structure and electrical properties of bismuth sodium titanate zirconate ceramics
Ampika Rachakom1, Panupong Jaiban1, Sukanda Jiansirisomboon1,2 and Anucha Watcharapasorn1,2*
Author affiliations
1 Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
2 Materials Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:57 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-57
Published: 5 January 2012
Abstract
Lead-free bismuth sodium titanate zirconate (Bi0.5Na0.5Ti1-xZrxO3 where x = 0.20, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.80 mole fraction) [BNTZ] ceramics were successfully prepared using the conventional mixed-oxide method. The samples were sintered for 2 h at temperatures lower than 1,000°C. The density of the BNTZ samples was at least 95% of the theoretical values. The scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that small grains were embedded between large grains, causing a relatively wide grain size distribution. The density and grain size increased with increasing Zr concentration. A peak shift in X-ray diffraction patterns as well as the disappearance of several hkl reflections indicated some significant crystal-structure changes in these materials. Preliminary crystal-structure analysis indicated the existence of phase transition from a rhombohedral to an orthorhombic structure. The dielectric and ferroelectric properties were also found to correlate well with the observed phase transition.
Keywords:
ceramics; X-ray diffraction; dielectric properties; ferroelectricity
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