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Campaign Rumpo
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Vehicle
Campaign Rumpo
(Rear quarter view)
A Campaign Rumpo in GTA Liberty City Stories.
Appearance(s) GTA Liberty City Stories
Vehicle type Commercial van
Body style Full-size van
Capacity 4 (driver and 3 passengers)
The Campaign Rumpo, also known as the "Campaign Van", is a van in Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories.
Description
The Campaign Rumpo is simply a Rumpo outfitted with a pair of roof-mounted loudspeakers from which street announcements can be made; as its name implies, the van is specifically intended for use in campaigning during an election. Unlike the Rumpo, the Campaign Rumpo may feature a two-tone dark gray-and-white paint job, but only after it is taken to a Pay 'n' Spray; otherwise the vehicle comes either in red or blue. The vehicle's performance is otherwise identical to that of the Rumpo in GTA Liberty City Stories.
The van plays a specific role during "Steering the Vote", when the game's protagonist, Toni Cipriani helps campaign for businessman Donald Love in the election to replace the late Roger C. Hole as Mayor of Liberty City.
Locations
The vehicle is only available from these locations during the mayoral election, between "Making Toni" and "Love on the Rocks"
See also
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 481280, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/481280
Research Article
Slip Flow in Elliptic Microducts with Constant Heat Flux
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
Received 28 April 2012; Revised 6 September 2012; Accepted 10 September 2012
Academic Editor: C. T. Nguyen
Copyright © 2012 Marco Spiga and Pamela Vocale. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
This paper outlines a numerical model for determining the dynamic and thermal performances of a rarefied fluid flowing in a microduct with elliptical cross-section. A slip flow is considered, in laminar steady state condition, in fully developed forced convection, with Knudsen number in the range 0.001−0.1, in H1 boundary conditions. The velocity and temperature distributions are determined in the elliptic cross-section, for different values of both aspect ratio γ and Knudsen number, resorting to the Comsol Multiphysics software, to solve the momentum and energy equations. The friction factors (or Poiseuille numbers) and the convective heat transfer coefficients (or Nusselt numbers) are calculated and presented in graphs and tables. The numerical solution is validated resorting to data available in literature for continuum flow in elliptic cross-sections (Kn = 0) and for slip flow in circular ducts (). A further benchmark is carried out for the velocity profile for slip flow in elliptical cross-sections, thanks to a recent analytical solution obtained using elliptic cylinder coordinates and the separation of variables method. The Poiseuille and Nusselt numbers for elliptic cross-sections are discussed. The results may be used to predict pressure drop and heat transfer performance in metallic microducts with elliptic cross-section, produced by microfabrication for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
1. Introduction
Fluid flow in microchannels has emerged as an important research area. This has been motivated by their various applications such as medical and biomedical use, computer chips, and chemical separations. The advent of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has opened up a new research area where noncontinuum behavior is significant.
An important effect associated with gas flows in microchannels, where the typical length scales are measured in microns, is the rarefaction effect. The Knudsen number is a measure of the degree of rarefaction, which is defined as the ratio of the mean free path to the appropriate length scale of the flow. For Knudsen numbers in the range 10−3 ≤ Kn ≤ 10−1, deviations from continuum behavior arise near the walls where, in a thin layer, molecular collisions with the walls dominate over intermolecular collisions. This is proved by many experimental works published in the last decades [14]. Liu et al. [5] proved that the solution to the Navier Stokes equation, linked to slip flow boundary conditions, shows good agreement with the experimental data.
In the literature, there are several analytical, numerical, and experimental works that deal with the slip flow through microchannels characterized by different geometrical cross-sections as reported in the recent edition of Handbook of Microfluidic and Nanofluidics [6].
Kennard [7] studied internal flows with slip in the circular tube and parallel-plate channel. Sreekanth [8] experimentally investigated slip flow through long circular microtubes and proposed a second-order slip boundary condition according to the pressure distribution along the microtube. The effects of the Reynolds number and the Knudsen number on the hydrodynamic development lengths in circular and parallel plate ducts was investigated by Barber and Emerson [9].
Ebert and Sparrow [10] performed an analysis to determine the velocity and pressure drop characteristics of slip flow in rectangular and annular ducts. They found that the effect of slip is to flatten the velocity distribution relative to that of a continuum flow and that the compressibility increases the pressure drop through an increase in the viscous shear rather than through an increase in the momentum flux. Recently, their solution has been re-examined by Duan and Muzychka [11] in order to investigate slip flow in noncircular microchannels. They developed a simple model for predicting the friction factor-Reynolds product in noncircular microchannels for slip flow. The proposed model took advantage of the selection of a more appropriate characteristic length scale (square root of flow area) to develop a simple model. The accuracy of the developed model was found to be within 10%, with most data for practical configurations within 5%.
Slip flow in rectangular microchannel was also investigated by Morini et al. [1214]. They presented the 2D velocity distribution of steady-state, hydrodynamically developed, laminar slip flow, for Newtonian fluids in rectangular ducts [12]. They also pointed out the roles of the Knudsen number and the cross-section aspect ratio in the friction factor reduction due to the rarefaction [13]. They found that for rectangular microchannels with a small aspect ratio the decrease of the friction factor with the Knudsen number is larger. In other words, the rarefaction effects appear to be higher in microchannels with smaller aspect ratios.
Yu and Ameel [15] studied slip flow heat transfer in microchannels and found that heat transfer increases, decreases, or remains unchanged, compared to nonslip flow conditions, depending on two dimensionless variables that include effects of rarefaction and fluid/wall interaction.
Aubert and Colin [16] studied slip flow in rectangular microchannels using the second-order boundary conditions proposed by Deissler. In a later study, Colin et al. [17] presented experimental results for nitrogen and helium flows in a series of silicon rectangular microchannels. The authors proposed that the second-order slip flow model is valid for Knudsen numbers up to about 0.25.
Applying the integral transform method, Ghodoossi and Eǧrican [18] studied convective heat transfer in a rectangular microchannel under slip flow and H1 boundary condition. They found that rarefaction has a decreasing effect on heat transfer for most engineering microchannel applications, with any aspect ratios.
Renksizbulut et al. [19] examined the effects of rarefaction for simultaneously developing 3D laminar, constant-property flows in rectangular microchannels and for Kn ≤ 0.1. They found that slip velocities are significantly reduced in the corner regions as the flow develops along the channel due to weaker velocity gradients. For the range of Reynolds numbers considered in their study, entrance lengths are only marginally influenced by rarefaction effects, but they display a highly nonlinear dependence on the channel aspect ratios.
The effects of rarefaction and aspect ratio on thermal character of flow in rectangular microchannels were also investigated by Kuddusi et al. [20, 21]. They analyzed eight different thermal boundary conditions. Their results show that the highest heat transfer is achieved in the microchannel with two heated long walls and two adiabatic short walls (2L version). The decreasing effect of rarefaction on heat transfer in microchannels, for all the thermal versions, is established. The higher the rarefaction, the lower the heat transfer. Their numerical results also show that heat transfer for the eight thermal versions may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged with aspect ratio. In particular, heat transfer decreases for 1L, 2L, and 3L versions, increases for 1S, 2S, and 3S versions, and it remains approximately unchanged for 4 and 2C versions with increasing aspect ratio.
Slip flow in trapezoidal duct was deeply investigated by Morini et al. [13] and by Kuddusi et al. [22, 23]. Morini carried out a work that deals with the analysis of fully developed laminar liquid flow through silicon microchannels with trapezoidal and double-trapezoidal cross-sections. He found that for the trapezoidal and double-trapezoidal microchannels, the influence of the aspect ratio on the friction factor is strong only if the aspect ratio is less than 0.5.
Kuddusi and Çetegen [22] found that the friction factor decreases if rarefaction and/or aspect ratio increase. He also found that at low rarefactions the very high heat transfer rate at the entrance diminishes rapidly as the thermally developing flow approaches fully developed flow. At high rarefactions, heat transfer rate does not exhibit considerable changes along the microchannel, no matter the flow is thermally developing or not. They also explored the effects of viscous dissipation. They found that heat transfer decreases with rarefaction for common applications (Br < 0.005), while increases with rarefaction at high Brinkman numbers (Br > 0.005). They also observed a decreasing effect of viscous dissipation on heat transfer (up to 60% at high Brinkman numbers).
Only recently a new interest has been devoted to the elliptical cross-section, produced by mechanical fabrication in metallic microducts for practical applications in MEMS (Mechanical Electro Mechanical Systems). An analytical approach, concerning only the dynamic problem and the friction factor for slip flow in elliptical cross-sections, has been presented by Duan and Muzychka [24], using elliptic cylinder coordinates and the separation of variable method. The velocity distribution is given as a series of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions of the spatial coordinates, with coefficients obtained by means of a Fourier expansion. The accuracy of the proposed simple model was found to be within 3 percent of exact values.
In order to analyze flow behavior through microchannel characterized by different cross-section, compact models have been proposed more recently [2528]. These models use principles of scaling analysis, appropriate selection of characteristic length scales, asymptotic analysis, and nonlinear superposition of asymptotes. A benefit of this new approach is that a significant reduction in the use of graphical and tabulated data arises. Further, because many complex shapes have no analytical solution or numerical data, the models presented in the Handbook of Microfluidic and Nanofluidics [6] act to fill this void and will yield good results in these cases.
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the thermal analysis of slip flow in microchannels of elliptic cross-section is not yet tackled in literature.
The present work is aimed at giving a contribution to the analysis of slip flow through elliptic microchannel, presenting a comprehensive numerical analysis of fully developed flow, in steady state laminar condition under H1 boundary condition. The influence of the aspect ratio and the rarefaction effects on the friction factors (or Poiseuille numbers) and heat transfer coefficients (or Nusselt numbers) is investigated.
2. Mathematical Model
Let us consider a gas flowing in a duct with elliptical cross-section, with aspect ratio γ ≤ 1 defined as the ratio between minor and major semiaxis.
A Cartesian coordinate system , , is introduced; the origin is at the centre of the ellipse, and is horizontal and perpendicular to the channel cross section. The following hypotheses are assumed:(i)the gas is Newtonian with constant physical properties,(ii)the walls are rigid and nonporous,(iii)the flow is forced, in slip flow condition, laminar, hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed,(iv)the Mach number is low and compressibility effects are negligible,(v)viscous dissipation, radiative heat transfer, electrostatic interactions, internal heat generation are absent,(vi)an axial uniform linear heat flux is transferred by the wall at the gas, with isothermal perimeter of the cross-section (H1 boundary condition).
This last hypothesis implies the following balance energy equation between two sections at and of the microduct:
The hypothesis of fully developed flow implies
Hence, the fluid and wall temperatures present a linear variation along the axis . According to the proposed hypotheses, the classical Navier Stoke and energy equations are
The following dimensionless independent variables are introduced together with the dimensionless dependent functions:
Introducing the dimensionless variables and functions in (3), the dimensionless Navier Stokes and energy equations are
The first-order slip flow boundary conditions for the dimensionless velocity and temperature at the wall (perimeter of the ellipse) are
The Equations (6), linked to the boundary condition (7) and (8), can be solved resorting to the software Comsol Multiphysics 4.2a, a package for engineering applications solving coupled systems of partial differential equations with a finite element analysis. The software package solves the problem in the elliptic domain, with −1 < < 1 and < < .
If the velocity distribution and temperature are known, the main physical parameters can be deduced. As usual [29], the Poiseuille number is defined as
The bulk temperature and the Nusselt number are
A benchmark can be offered by the analytical solution of the same problem in circular geometry. The well-known solution for slip flow in circular channel under H1 boundary condition, for the velocity distribution, the radial component of temperature and Nusselt number are, respectively: where denotes .
3. Results and Discussion
The governing equations, together with their boundary conditions, were implemented in Comsol MultiphysicsTM, and they were solved resorting to the parallel sparse direct linear solver MUMPS (multifrontal massively parallel sparse direct Solver), with a relative tolerance set to 1e − 06.
In order to validate the numerical model, the analytical solution proposed by Duan and Muzychka [24] is used as a benchmark. Figure 1 shows the excellent agreement between the numerical results and the analytical ones for aspect ratio set to 0.5; the RMS difference is about 2%. Table 1 shows the comparison between the numerical values of the Poiseuille number and the analytical ones. The numerical results are obtained assuming, for sake of simplicity, , so that there is no difference between the Knudsen number and the modified Knudsen number , used in literature by many authors. Moreover the following physical parameters for the gas are chosen, as usual, and .
Table 1: Poiseuille numbers for elliptical ducts.
Figure 1: Velocity profiles in elliptic channel for .
To analyze the sensitivity of the numerical results to the mesh size, five different types of grid configurations are tested. The first four featured a uniform mesh, while the last one was nonuniform, with an enhanced refinement near the wall. The maximum discrepancy, observed in the maximum velocity (calculated in the five different configurations), is less than 2%.
As expected, the nonuniform mesh has the best performance in terms of accuracy. Taking this into account, and considering the small computational effort to run each simulation regardless of the mesh type, the nonuniform configuration is chosen. The adopted mesh is characterized by 13552 triangular elements.
For aspect ratio value set to 1, the numerical results are also compared with analytical values for circular microchannels obtained by (11). Both for velocity field and temperature field, numerical values are in perfect agreement with the analytical ones, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. The RMS differences are less than 0.001% for the velocity profiles and about 0.001% for the temperature distributions.
Figure 2: Velocity profiles in circular channel .
Figure 3: Temperature profiles in circular channel .
Table 2 shows the comparison between the numerical values of the Nusselt number and the analytical ones, emphasizing a high accuracy of the numerical solution, with a discrepancy never greater than 0.21%.
Table 2: Nusselt numbers for circular ducts ().
After having tested the reliability and accuracy of the results obtained by the numerical procedure, a general analysis can be proposed and discussed. To cover the most common situations in which elliptical microducts are used, the investigation is carried out assuming the aspect ratio , 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00, and Knudsen number , 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1.
Figure 4 presents the spatial distribution of the dimensionless velocity, for and , in a quarter of the ellipse (for symmetry reasons); it can be seen that never goes to 0 because of the slip at the boundary.
Figure 4: Dimensionless velocity in the cross-section.
The dimensionless velocity profiles are shown in Figure 5, versus the shorter axis of the ellipse, for different values of the aspect ratio.
Figure 5: Velocity profiles for .
The numerical results let to state that the continuum flow results () are extremely close to the results referred to . The dimensionless maximum velocity at the centre of the ellipse is determined by the correlation , it does not depend on the aspect ratio of the elliptical cross-section, and for continuum flow it assumes the well-known value of 2. The slip velocity at the wall increases with the Knudsen number; it is higher in , due to the higher velocity gradient, as stated in (7).
The Poiseuille number is depicted in Figure 6; it is a monotonically slightly decreasing function of γ, and decreases when the Knudsen number increases. These considerations confirm that the gas rarefaction reduces the friction between the gas and the walls, and microchannels with a small aspect ratio have higher friction factors. The reliability of the numerical solution is again proved by the fact that the Poiseuille numbers are almost identical to the analytical results obtained by the analytical solution available in [24].
Figure 6: Poiseuille number as a function of aspect ratio, for different Knudsen numbers.
The spatial distribution of the dimensionless fluid temperature is shown in Figure 7; the wall has the maximum temperature (being ), the minimum temperature is at the centre. Of course, in the more flattened region of the ellipse the temperature is higher.
Figure 7: Dimensionless temperature in the cross-section for .
The dimensionless fluid temperature as a function of the shorter axis is depicted in Figure 8, for and for different values of aspect ratio. As the eccentricity increases (i.e., decreases), the minimum temperature strongly increases, while the temperature jump slightly decrease.
Figure 8: Temperature profiles for .
Figure 9 shows the dimensionless temperature profile with along the shorter axis , the temperature jump significantly increases with the Knudsen number.
Figure 9: Temperature profiles for .
Figure 10 represents the dimensionless bulk temperature profile, it decreases with both aspect ratio and Knudsen number; the circular cross-section is characterized by the lower bulk temperature.
Figure 10: Dimensionless bulk temperature versus for different Knudsen number.
In Figure 11 the effect of both aspect ratio and Knudsen number on the Nusselt number is shown.
Figure 11: Nusselt numbers versus for different Knudsen numbers.
The Nusselt number has a curious and unexpected trend. While it strongly decreases monotonically with increasing Knudsen numbers, it shows a contradictory behaviour against the aspect ratio. For low Knudsen numbers, the Nusselt number slightly decreases with increasing of the aspect ratio, for around 0.05 it remains almost unchanged, for it increases very slightly with the aspect ratio. Thus the thermal performances are very sensitive to the Knudsen number in slip flow regime, while the aspect ratio plays a minor role in elliptical geometry. For high Knudsen numbers, the effect of the aspect ratio is almost negligible, while for small Knudsen number the eccentricity of the cross-section increases the thermal exchange.
A simple parabolic form can be proposed to represent Nusselt number as a function of Knudsen number and aspect ratio: where the values of the constants are listed in Table 3.
Table 3: Polynomial coefficients in (12).
In conclusion, the numerical solution presented in this paper allows obtaining fluid velocity and temperature distributions (consequently friction factors and heat transfer coefficients), for slip flow in elliptical microducts with Knudsen numbers in the range 0-0.1 and aspect ratios in the range 0.25–1, in H1 boundary conditions (constant axial flux and isothermal wetted perimeter in each cross-section). To reduce friction losses in microducts, it is convenient to have slip flow with high Knudsen numbers and cross-sections with high aspect ratios (tending to the circular cross-section); on the contrary, the thermal exchange is enhanced for small Knudsen numbers (with minor relevance of the aspect ratio).
Nomenclature
:Cross-section area,
:Semimajor axis of the ellipse, m
:Semiminor axis of the ellipse, m
:Specific heat at constant pressure, J/kg K
: Specific heat at constant volume, J/kg K
:Hydraulic diameter of the channel, m
:Convective heat transfer coefficient W/ K
:Ratio of specific heats,
Kn:Knudsen number,
:Modified Knudsen number, Kn
:Dimensionless normal coordinate at the internal walls of the ellipse
Nu:Nusselt number,
:Fluid pressure, Pa
:Dimensionless fluid pressure
:Perimeter of the elliptical cross-section, m
Po:Poiseuille number
Pr:Prandtl number
:Dimensionless radius
:Constant linear heat flux, W/m
:Fluid temperature, K
:Fluid velocity, m/s
:Dimensionless fluid velocity
:Average velocity, m/s
, , :Cartesian coordinates, m.
Greek Symbols
:Coefficient,
:Coefficient,
: Aspect ratio,
:Dimenpsionless fluid temperature
:Fluid thermal conductivity, W/(mK)
:Mean free path of the fluid particles, m
:Fluid dynamic viscosity, Pa s
, , :Dimensionless Cartesian coordinates
:Fluid density, kg/
:Thermal accomodation coefficient
:Momentum accomodation coefficient
:Average wall shear stress, Pa.
Subscripts
:Bulk
:Jump at the wall
:Slip at the wall
:Wall.
Acknowledgment
This work has been carried out thanks to the financial support of the PRIN2009TSYPM7_001 project “Single-phase and two-phase heat transfer for microtechnologies. Heat transfer and fluid flow in microscale.”
References
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cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Neural Plasticity
Volume 2007 (2007), Article ID 60803, 33 pages
doi:10.1155/2007/60803
Review Article
The Temporal Dynamics Model of Emotional Memory Processing: A Synthesis on the Neurobiological Basis of Stress-Induced Amnesia, Flashbulb and Traumatic Memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law
1Medical Research Service, VA Hospital, Tampa 33612, FL, USA
2Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa 33620, FL, USA
3Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612, FL, USA
Received 28 July 2006; Revised 18 December 2006; Accepted 20 December 2006
Academic Editor: Georges Chapouthier
Copyright © 2007 David M. Diamond et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We have reviewed research on the effects of stress on LTP in the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC) and present new findings which provide insight into how the attention and memory-related functions of these structures are influenced by strong emotionality. We have incorporated the stress-LTP findings into our “temporal dynamics” model, which provides a framework for understanding the neurobiological basis of flashbulb and traumatic memories, as well as stress-induced amnesia. An important feature of the model is the idea that endogenous mechanisms of plasticity in the hippocampus and amygdala are rapidly activated for a relatively short period of time by a strong emotional learning experience. Following this activational period, both structures undergo a state in which the induction of new plasticity is suppressed, which facilitates the memory consolidation process. We further propose that with the onset of strong emotionality, the hippocampus rapidly shifts from a “configural/cognitive map” mode to a “flashbulb memory” mode, which underlies the long-lasting, but fragmented, nature of traumatic memories. Finally, we have speculated on the significance of stress-LTP interactions in the context of the Yerkes-Dodson Law, a well-cited, but misunderstood, century-old principle which states that the relationship between arousal and behavioral performance can be linear or curvilinear, depending on the difficulty of the task.
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To provide relief to the power sector, which is reeling under a fuel crisis, the Planning Commission has circulated a paper on public-private partnership in electricity generation. In the paper, the commission pointed to the problems faced by power producers using domestic, as well as imported fuel. It has suggested bidding be carried out at capacity charge, while the variable charge (which comprises fuel charges) would be passed on to consumers.
Capacity charge is the billed amount that covers the difference between the power a customer expects to be available and the power the customer actually uses.
If the ministry has its way, rates will not be fixed by appropriate commissions, but by competition
In a bid to provide a much-needed relief to crisis-hit power companies, the power ministry has proposed changes in the Electricity Act to reform the tariff determination mechanism. If the ministry has its way, rates will not be fixed by appropriate commissions, but by competition. However, the Forum of Regulators (FoR), a representative body of regulatory commissions in the country, has taken strong objection to the power ministry’s ministry’s proposal to amend the Section 62 and 63 of the Act, citing the Indian power market was still evolving and there was no need for such amendments at this point in time.
Even as the Coalgate is likely to take a toll on power sector by leaving fate of a number of private power companies captive coal mines in limbo, Planning Commission is banking high on private sect
Shaken by the recent failure of the northern grid and subsequent collapse of the eastern and north-eastern grids, the Union Power Ministry has decided to take up the work of connecting the southern grid with the national grid on a war footing, a task likely to be achieved by 2014.
Ministry officials said that after having learnt a lesson from the two-day blackout in major parts of the country, the Ministry has stepped up the work of integrating the southern grid with the national grid that could not only help in efficient and effective transfer of electricity from various regions, but also provide a huge relief to the power starved South.
New Delhi Top executives of private power companies such as Tata Power, Reliance, Lanco and Torrent Power met Union power minister Veerappa Moily on Friday to seek his intervention to ensure a speedy resolution to pending fuel issues relating to the sector.
A huge generation capacity is facing the prospect of being stranded due to shortage of fuel — both coal and natural gas. Developers feel the resolution of fuel issues would help boost sagging investors' confidence in the sector.
With investment running into thousands of crores of rupees languishing due to fuel supply constraints for power plants, a mega delegation comprising heads of 24 private sector power companies will meet Power Minister M Veerappa Moily on Friday.
Private companies contributed 26 per cent — Rs 166,000 crore — of the total expenditure of Rs 618,000 crore in the power sector during the eleventh Plan period. The government wants private sector’s contribution to the overall funding in the sector to go up to more than a half over the next five years.
The Central Bureau of Investigation is finalising a report on its probe into the allocation of coal blocks and is understood to have unearthed discrepancies in the allocations, with the involvement of officials of State governments at various levels.
The CBI is preparing the ground for lodging of a first information report (FIR), which could well become the basis for cancellation of allocations. Sources in the government said the CBI scrutinised around 1,400 applications and found that a number of private players had either misrepresented facts to get allotment or were recommended by the respective State governments.
ITANAGAR: Arunachal Pradesh has urged the centre for speedy commissioning of the 2000 mw Lower Subansiri Hydro Electric Project at Gerukamukh on Assam -Arunachal border saying agitation in Assam by some organisations over the proposed dam resulted in huge loss to national exchequer.
A delegation led by MP Takam Sanjoy submitted a memorandum to Union Power Minister Veerappa Moily yesterday at New Delhi and demanded early settlement of the stalemate on the dam issue in the state, official sources informed here today.
To make the bid for the Sasan power better its rivals’, Reliance Power (RPL) included several innovative items as fixed assets.
GUWAHATI, Aug 27 – The National Hydro Electric Power Corporation (NHPC) which today had a discussion with the Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti (KMSS) and the Asom Jatiyatabadi Yuba Chatra Parishad (AJY
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Richard C. Hoagland - Summary Bibliography
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Bibliography: A Reasonable Proposition
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Title: A Reasonable Proposition
Author: Julie Alderson
Year: 1981
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: shortfiction
Language: English
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Tell The Truth: GO TO JAIL!
August 24, 2010
By
Continuing on with my “The State Is The Criminal” montage of police aggression against the innocent, I bring you this latest masterpiece of fascist power.
This man decided to video tape some cops harassing some young woman for no reason as they pulled her over and groped her breasts. Of course, videotaping Gods is equivalent to blasphemy, and calling them Nazi’s (which they obviously are) is grounds for execution, so the Stazi enforcers descended upon our innocent cameraman with the full violent fury of the State.
For simply stating the truth (that the cops are a bunch of fascist fat assed totalitarian scum sucking shitbags) to the officers faces, the man was arrested, locked in felony jail, was charged with a felony, had his property illegally confiscated, had his property illegally searched.
Of course, since 99.9% of the people that read this blog are fascist totalitarians, I eagerly await the comments that side with the cops for violating this guy’s constitutional rights and imprisoning him at tax payer expense for exercising his first amendment rights.
Read the full account here:
The lady was standing outside her car, looking quite distressed at the situation. Cops then begin to search her vehicle and then let her go. One of the officers asked if I was “enjoying myself” from the road. I told him “you are a Nazi”. He cupped an ear like he couldn’t hear me, so I said it louder, “you’re a Nazi”.
One officer then pointed at me and said, “Arrest him for interfering”. Even though their traffic stop was complete and the lady driver was back in her vehicle preparing to leave. The cops were also preparing to leave when I spoke this.
Then he and his cohorts came up my driveway and into my garage. I told them all to leave and that they were not welcome. I repeated it several ways such as, “you are trespassing”, “leave my property”, etc…
One of three officers asked for my ID and I stated that I was on my property and had committed no crime. He quickly became aggressive and intimidating… belligerently pointing “I am a cop. Here is my badge. Show me your ID, NOW!”
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It happened, when Saul was returned from following the Philistines, that it was told him, saying, Behold, David is in the wilderness of En Gedi. [2] Then Saul took three thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and went to seek David and his men on the rocks of the wild goats. [3] He came to the sheep pens by the way, where was a cave; and Saul went in to cover his feet. Now David and his men were abiding in the innermost parts of the cave. [4] The men of David said to him, Behold, the day of which Yahweh said to you, Behold, I will deliver your enemy into your hand, and you shall do to him as it shall seem good to you. Then David arose, and cut off the skirt of Saul's robe secretly. [5] It happened afterward, that David's heart struck him, because he had cut off Saul's skirt. [6] He said to his men, Yahweh forbid that I should do this thing to my lord, Yahweh's anointed, to put forth my hand against him, seeing he is Yahweh's anointed. [7] So David checked his men with these words, and didn't allow them to rise against Saul. Saul rose up out of the cave, and went on his way. [8] David also arose afterward, and went out of the cave, and cried after Saul, saying, My lord the king. When Saul looked behind him, David bowed with his face to the earth, and did obeisance. [9] David said to Saul, Why listen you to men's words, saying, Behold, David seeks your hurt? [10] Behold, this day your eyes have seen how that Yahweh had delivered you today into my hand in the cave: and some bade me kill you; but [my eye] spared you; and I said, I will not put forth my hand against my lord; for he is Yahweh's anointed. [11] Moreover, my father, behold, yes, see the skirt of your robe in my hand; for in that I cut off the skirt of your robe, and didn't kill you, know you and see that there is neither evil nor disobedience in my hand, and I have not sinned against you, though you hunt after my life to take it. [12] Yahweh judge between me and you, and Yahweh avenge me of you; but my hand shall not be on you. [13] As says the proverb of the ancients, Out of the wicked comes forth wickedness; but my hand shall not be on you. [14] After whom is the king of Israel come out? after whom do you pursue? after a dead dog, after a flea. [15] Yahweh therefore be judge, and give sentence between me and you, and see, and plead my cause, and deliver me out of your hand. [16] It came to pass, when David had made an end of speaking these words to Saul, that Saul said, Is this your voice, my son David? Saul lifted up his voice, and wept. [17] He said to David, You are more righteous than I; for you have rendered to me good, whereas I have rendered to you evil. [18] You have declared this day how that you have dealt well with me, because when Yahweh had delivered me up into your hand, you didn't kill me. [19] For if a man finds his enemy, will he let him go away unharmed? Therefore may Yahweh reward you good for that which you have done to me this day. [20] Now, behold, I know that you shall surely be king, and that the kingdom of Israel shall be established in your hand. [21] Swear now therefore to me by Yahweh, that you will not cut off my seed after me, and that you will not destroy my name out of my father's house. [22] David swore to Saul. Saul went home; but David and his men got them up to the stronghold.
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Barco launches new 22-inch medical displays for healthcare IT at HIMSS
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Kortrijk, 06 March 2013 – Healthcare imaging expert Barco announces the launch of its brand-new Eonis clinical display family. Designed with clinical specialists in mind, the Eonis displays combine an innovative, built-in front sensor with Barco’s MediCal QAWeb cloud-based tool to ensure superior, controlled image quality. The Eonis 22” model is available in a black and a white version, with the latter offering a fully cleanable front glass panel to prevent infection – a first in the market.
“Today's hospitals rely on comprehensive EMR systems to deliver patient data and images to specialists across the hospital. To enable high-quality collaboration, we have now developed an entirely new range of displays ideally suited to the expectations of everyone in the hospital. It provides specialists with consistent image quality and healthcare IT with easy-to-use, yet powerful tools to control their assets. To comply with increasingly stringent disinfection guidelines, the white Eonis version can be easily cleaned with typical hospital products,” says Stephane Willaert, Director Strategic Marketing, Barco Healthcare.
Consistent image quality
The new Eonis display presents crisp, razor-sharp, high-contrast images. To guarantee image consistency at all times, it features a unique front sensor that automatically aligns image quality every time the display is turned on. This image consistency enhances collaboration: images always appear exactly like they are supposed to, on every display, which spurs confident clinical decisions. Furthermore, specialists looking at X-ray images will appreciate the built-in DICOM settings.
One-click quality assurance
Like Barco’s entire medical display range, the new Eonis line comes with Barco’s online MediCal QAWeb service for quality assurance and remote asset management. Proving its superior value in hospitals around the world, MediCal QAWeb provides automated quality assurance checks and detailed reports. It makes it easy for healthcare IT to centrally and remotely manage and configure displays across the healthcare organization.
Fully cleanable and smart design
The new Eonis display carries all safety certifications required in clinical environments. It comes in a smart design (VESA mount, integrated cable management system) to allow for flexible deployment in hospitals. Most unique, however, is the excellent cleanability of the white Eonis thanks to the toughened and scratch-proof glass. The display can be disinfected, both front and back, with typical alcohol-based cleaning agents (IP-x3 rating).
“We are confident hospital specialists will appreciate the crisp images and the versatile design of the new Eonis. The automatic quality assurance and remote management will help healthcare IT save precious time. All things considered, we believe the Eonis will help hospitals deliver the very best patient care,” Stephane Willaert concludes.
The new 22” Eonis displays will be launched during this week’s HIMSS show in New Orleans (Barco booth 7021) and will be commercially available beginning in June, in both black and white versions. Additional displays in the Eonis series will follow later this year.
About Barco
Barco, a global technology company, designs and develops visualization products for a variety of selected professional markets. Barco has its own facilities for Sales & Marketing, Customer Support, R&D and Manufacturing in Europe, North America and Asia Pacific. Barco (NYSE Euronext Brussels: BAR) is active in more than 90 countries with about 3,900 employees worldwide. Barco posted sales of 1.156 billion euro in 2012.
News Source : Barco launches new 22-inch medical displays for healthcare IT at HIMSS
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Place:Bady Bassitt, São Paulo, Brazil
Watchers
NameBady Bassitt
Alt namesBorboletasource: Family History Library Catalog
TypeCity
Located inSão Paulo, Brazil
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Bady Bassitt is a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population, measured in 2010 by the IBGE, is 14,603 inhabitants. The city is located 7 km from São José do Rio Preto and has an area of 108.5 km².
The city belongs to the Microregion of São José do Rio Preto.
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Place:West Alexander, Washington, Pennsylvania, United States
Watchers
NameWest Alexander
TypeBorough
Coordinates40.104°N 80.508°W
Located inWashington, Pennsylvania, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
West Alexander is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 320 at the 2000 census, at which time it was a borough. The borough was dissolved into surrounding Donegal Township, effective January 1, 2009.
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Source:Dorset, England. Online Parish Clerks (England)
Watchers
Source Online Parish Clerks (England)
Coverage
Place Dorset, England
Subject Church records
Publication information
Type Government / Church records
Citation
Dorset, England. Online Parish Clerks (England).
Repositories
http://www.opcdorset.com/index.htmFree website
"An Online Parish Clerk (OPC) researches all the available historical data they can find on a parish, records are transcribed, and in order to promote further private research, are made FREELY available to any researcher. An OPC is a volunteer and should not be confused with the civil Parish Clerk appointed by a Parish Council."
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm operating in a nice profitable niche right now. There are a lot of news and blog sites within the industry and a few very popular forums. My question is would either of the following services be legal / within ToS or would you need explicit permission from the site owners:
1. A site that datamines all the news and blogs, provides a blurb w/ up voting / commenting and direct link to the news site to read the full article (like google news).
2. The same sort of thing but the site datamines forums and posts trending threads and topics, exerpts and summaries w/ direct links to the actual forum posts.
share|improve this question
3 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
+50
It does not only depend on the terms of services of the website, it even depends on the law regulations of the different countries. For example Google News got big trouble in germany because they are aggregating the news of different newspapers. Usually one could say this is not a problem, because they are linking to the original articles. But it is.
Even when not disallowed by the terms of services (you are citing) you probably need to know about cite rights of the country.
I don't know what Google finally did, you might find that out with a bit of googling.
But you could try to build a service, were people are including their blogs themself. Usually this is called "planet" like this page: http://planet.apache.org/committers/
There is free software available to aggregate that content: http://intertwingly.net/code/venus/
You just need to make sure you have the allowance of the different bloggers who want their blog to be added.
share|improve this answer
(1) should be legal based on "fair use" copyright provisions. It's similar to Google News, Reddit, Digg, and several others.
(2) might be OK, depending on the ToS. Most sites would be happy for the referrals, but the lawyers are in charge at some companies and you might have to exclude those sites.
share|improve this answer
I think you really have to read the terms of the sites you were interested in.
Also, bear in mind that if Google does something, it doesn't necessarily mean you can too. They may have licensed the data, or have some other agreement with the source.
share|improve this answer
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:26744",
"uncompressed_offset": 14652742,
"url": "arthritis-research.com/content/14/3/216/abstract?fmt_view=mobile",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:25.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:252db505-1fe0-4cf0-b5c2-a75ea7a8e5b6>",
"warc_url": "http://arthritis-research.com/content/14/3/216/abstract?fmt_view=mobile"
}
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Review
Energy metabolism and rheumatic diseases: from cell to organism
Cornelia M Spies1*, Rainer H Straub2 and Frank Buttgereit1
Author affiliations
1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
2 Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2012, 14:216 doi:10.1186/ar3885
Published: 29 June 2012
Abstract
In rheumatic and other chronic inflammatory diseases, high amounts of energy for the activated immune system have to be provided and allocated by energy metabolism. In recent time many new insights have been gained into the control of the immune response through metabolic signals. Activation of immune cells as well as reduced nutrient supply and hypoxia in inflamed tissues cause stimulation of glycolysis and other cellular metabolic pathways. However, persistent cellular metabolic signals can promote ongoing chronic inflammation and loss of immune tolerance. On the organism level, the neuroendocrine immune response of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, which is meant to overcome a transient inflammatory episode, can lead to metabolic disease sequelae if chronically activated. We conclude that, on cellular and organism levels, a prolonged energy appeal reaction is an important factor of chronic inflammatory disease etiology.
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"url": "ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cis/article/view/15331",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:252db505-1fe0-4cf0-b5c2-a75ea7a8e5b6>",
"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cis/article/view/15331"
}
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An Empirical Analysis of Fitness Assignment and Diversity-Preserving in Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization
Youyun Ao
Abstract
Evolutionary algorithms have (EAs) been an alternative class of powerful search techniques. They have been widely applied to solve multi-objective optimization problems from scientific community and engineering fields. The aim of designing EAs for multi-objective optimization is to obtain a well-converged and well-distributed set involving multiple Pareto-optimal solutions in a single simulation run. Accordingly, improving the convergence speed and preserving the diversity of solutions are identically important during the search of EAs. In EAs, an effective fitness assignment approach is beneficial to improve the convergence speed and simultaneously guide the search of EAs towards optimal regions; an effective fitness sharing technique can improve the diversity of solutions in order to avoid the premature convergence. Additionally, the search capability of evolving operators themselves plays an important role in solving multi-objective optimization problems. This paper introduces two alternative fitness assignment approaches based on Pareto ranking to guide the search towards optimal regions, develops three alternative pruning techniques (i.e., specific fitness sharing techniques), and incorporates a dynamic mutation operator into EAs in order to enrich the diversity of solutions. Experimental results show that these approaches are effective. The purpose of this study is to gain a specific and important insight into well-established techniques and encourage their usage in further empirical studies.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/cis.v5n2p111
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Computer and Information Science ISSN 1913-8989 (Print) ISSN 1913-8997 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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{
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"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/view/1401"
}
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The Cultivation of Cluster’s Sustainable Competence Based on Knowledge Management
Tong Yang, Nengmin Wang
Abstract
The cluster has shown its powerful competitive advantages in global competition. However, as amounts of industrial clusters have displayed their competence, some have lost their competitive advantages in global competition. It is meaningful for clusters’ development to cultivate their sustainable competence. This paper analyzes the sources of cluster competence. According this paper, the important ways to make cluster competence sustainable include transferring and sharing knowledge, making innovation in the cluster, absorbing knowledge from other outer sources, and cultivating unique and exclusive knowledge innovation capability that is differing from other clusters. This paper advances two ways for clusters achieving the transformation from closed knowledge system to open one: firstly, cultivate the capability of absorbing new knowledge from other local knowledge sources; secondly, improve the capability of knowledge share and innovation in the cluster.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:26787",
"uncompressed_offset": 77672784,
"url": "dungeons.wikia.com/wiki/SRD:Berserking_Sword?oldid=8456",
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"warc_url": "http://dungeons.wikia.com/wiki/SRD:Berserking_Sword?oldid=8456"
}
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Wikia
SRD:Berserking Sword
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 06:36, August 11, 2009 by Surgo (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This material is published under the OGL
Sword, Berserking: This item appears to have the characteristics of a +2 greatsword. However, whenever the sword is used in battle, its wielder goes berserk (gaining all the benefits and drawbacks of the barbarian’s rage ability). He attacks the nearest creature and continues to fight until unconscious or dead or until no living thing remains within 30 feet. Although many see this sword as a cursed object, others see it as a boon.
Moderate evocation; CL 8th; Craft Magical Arms and Armor, rage, bestow curse; Price 17,500 gp.
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"url": "elinux.org/index.php?action=info&title=A10_boards",
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"warc_url": "http://elinux.org/index.php?title=A10_boards&action=info"
}
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Information for "A10 boards"
Jump to: navigation, search
Basic information
Display titleA10 boards
Redirects toA10 boards and minipc (info)
Default sort keyA10 boards
Page length (in bytes)35
Page ID32954
Page content languageEnglish (en)
Search engine statusIndexable
Number of views88
Redirects to this page0
Page protection
EditAllow all users
MoveAllow all users
Edit history
Page creatorFlorixc (Talk | contribs)
Date of page creation23:36, 9 December 2012
Latest editorFlorixc (Talk | contribs)
Date of latest edit02:06, 20 March 2013
Total number of edits2
Total number of distinct authors1
Recent number of edits (within past 91 days)1
Recent number of distinct authors1
Retrieved from "http://elinux.org/A10_boards"
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"url": "elinux.org/index.php?diff=20125&oldid=16934&title=DLNA_Open_Source_Projects",
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Difference between revisions of "DLNA Open Source Projects"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
(DLNA and UPnP libraries and middleware)
(UPnP media servers)
Line 8: Line 8:
* [http://www.cybergarage.org/net/cmgate/cc/index.html CyberMediaGate] (C++) - UPnP A/V Media Server, using cyberlink
* [http://www.cybergarage.org/net/cmgate/cc/index.html CyberMediaGate] (C++) - UPnP A/V Media Server, using cyberlink
* [http://geexbox.org/en/index.html Geexbox] (Linux) - LiveCD-based distribution for a stand along media server
+
* [http://ushare.geexbox.org/] (Linux) - UPnP A/V and DLNA Media Server, using libupnp
* [http://www.gnu.org/software/gmediaserver/ GMediaServer] (Linux) -
* [http://www.gnu.org/software/gmediaserver/ GMediaServer] (Linux) -
* [http://mediatomb.cc/ MediaTomb] (Linux, port to NAS has been reported)
* [http://mediatomb.cc/ MediaTomb] (Linux, port to NAS has been reported)
Revision as of 21:04, 29 April 2010
Here is some random information about DLNA open source projects:
Contents
UPnP media servers
Here is a list of UPnP media servers for Windows, Linux, MAC and Python: (some links obtained from http://ps3mods.blogspot.com/2007/05/upnp-media-servers-for-windows-mac.html)
I only list the open source ones.
• CyberMediaGate (C++) - UPnP A/V Media Server, using cyberlink
• [1] (Linux) - UPnP A/V and DLNA Media Server, using libupnp
• GMediaServer (Linux) -
• MediaTomb (Linux, port to NAS has been reported)
• MythTV - MythTV UPnP A/V Media Server support
• Cidero Internet Radio Server (Java)
• Fuppes (Windows, Linux) - FUPPES is a free multiplatform UPnP (TM) A/V Media Server.
• PyMedS (Python) - Python UPnP Media Server
• OpenPFC - Media device engine
• John Gildred of Pioneer stated: Pioneer published an LGPL implementation of an HD DVR called Digital Library with support for DMS and DMP features. It uses the OpenPFC DTV middleware. It was never put through certification, and it's a bit outdated now.
DLNA media servers
• uShare (Linux) - Free UPnP and DLNA Media Server for Linux
• Rygel - GNOME UPnP/DLNA Media Server
• minidlna (Linux) DLNA server working whit Sony Bravia 46W4500
UPnP libraries and middleware
• libupnp - Linux SDK for UPnP Devices
• Originally donated by Intel, this library serves as the foundation for some other projects
• pupnp - A Portable Open Source UPnP Development Kit
• This looks like the successor to libupnp??
• Cyberlink for Java (Java) - Development package for UPnP applications
• Cyberlink for C (C) - Development package for C UPnP applications
• Cyberlink for C++ (C++) - Development package for C++ UPnP applications
• Net::UPnP (Perl) - Development package for Perl UPnP applications
• Cidero - Cidero UPnP Control Point and Bridge Software
DLNA and UPnP libraries and middleware
• libdlna (C) - Reference DLNA open-source implementation for Linux
• coherence (Python) - DLNA/UPnP framework for existing applications
• Building bridges - coherence, a DLNA/UPnP framework talk, by Frank Scholz at ELCE 2008. Video available.
• GUPnP (C) - GObject/GLib based UPnP framework
Other lists
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ECE497 Project: PS EYE QT
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 19:06, 27 January 2012 by Yoder (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Team members: Mona Yan, Greg Harrison
Contents
Executive Summary
For our Final Project we would like to capture audio from the Playstation Eye microphone array and be able to display it in Qt using plots from Qwt. We would also like to include an option to select different effects for the captured audio on our Qt GUI.
Currently we are working on setting up the Qt framework for the PS Eye and the effects for the audio.
We currently have nothing working but it is in progress.
End with a two sentence conclusion.
The sentence count is approximate and only to give an idea of the expected length.
Installation Instructions
Give step by step instructions on how to install your project on the SPEd2 image.
• Include your github path as a link like this: https://github.com/MarkAYoder/gitLearn.
• Include any additional packages installed via opkg.
• Include kernel mods.
• If there is extra hardware needed, include links to where it can be obtained.
User Instructions
Once everything is installed, how do you use the program? Give details here, so if you have a long user manual, link to it here.
Highlights
Here is where you brag about what your project can do.
Consider including a YouTube demo.
Theory of Operation
Give a high level overview of the structure of your software. Are you using GStreamer? Show a diagram of the pipeline. Are you running multiple tasks? Show what they do and how they interact.
Work Breakdown
List the major tasks in your project and who did what.
Also list here what doesn't work yet and when you think it will be finished and who is finishing it.
Conclusions
Give some concluding thoughts about the project. Suggest some future additions that could make it even more interesting.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Rami Alhames
Contributor profile · 18 posts · joined 2 February 2012
RSS feed for Rami Alhames
View all contributors »
Syrian In Brazil, 35 years, Mechanical Engineer, MBA, author & translator @GlobalVoices in Portuguese, Arabic and English. My posts roam around Brazil, Syria, and globe's cultures. You can find me on: my blog on WordPress: RAMI ALHAMES-Syrian in Brazil, Facebook, Twitter: @r_alhames and Linkedin.
Email Rami Alhames
Latest posts by Rami Alhames
31 January 2013
Children Crisis in Syria: How You Can Help
An estimated 4,355 Syrian children have been killed so far in the on-going conflict in Syria. Earlier this week, we reported on the steep price Syrian children are paying in this war tearing their country apart. Today, we look at ways in which individuals could help alleviate some of their suffering.
Syrian photographer wins first place in a competition in Germany
The photo that won the first place in Journalism in Arab European photographers ninth festival 10-10-2012. Source: Yazan Homsi Facebook page
More »
27 January 2013
Syrian Children Pay the Steep Price of War
Syrian children are the forgotten victims for the last 22 months of conflict. An estimated 4,000 Syrian children have lost their lives while hundreds of thousands are refugees without homes. International humanitarian communities and Syrian activists have no choice but to report the bad news to the world.
13 January 2013
Graffiti War on Syrian Walls
Graffiti is an art that can be labelled under civil disobedience and peaceful expression. Although the Syrian Revolution has intrinsic humanitarian values; it is a revolution with artistic aspects. Painting is one of the most important methods a human being uses to express ideas; it is the fastest way to illustrate an idea or to make people interact with this idea. See how Syrians are using their creativeness on Syria's walls
30 November 2012
40,000 Syrian Lives Lost in 20 Months
According to human rights organizations, more than 40,000 Syrians have been killed during the 20 months conflict in Syria. The violence in Syria has caused rapid deterioration of the humanitarian situation, where 4 million people expected to require assistance in Syria by early 2013, writes Rami Alhames
27 November 2012
Homs: A Revolutionary Syrian City in Ruins
Homs is a Syrian city that is 4,300 years old and is the home of three Syrian presidents. Homsi protesters were among the first Syrians to take streets in thousands to protest against the Syrian regime. The colossal damage months of shelling has done can be seen in the destruction of historic buildings and architecture, hundreds of thousands of refugees and thousands of martyrs.
31 October 2012
Syria Destruction in Photos
Syrian photographers are using social media to share images of destroyed neighborhoods and streets. Despite the limited media resources, what comes out shows the horrific reality that Syria is under destruction.
24 October 2012
Brazil: Rethinking Drug Policy
Rio Real blog wrote about the launch of Pense Livre (Think Free) [pt] in September 2012, a network to urge a rethink of Brazil’s drug policy. The author stresses that drug decriminalization would remap Rio de Janeiro, and links to an interview [pt] to Pedro Abramovay, a lawyer and law professor who advocates for changes in the Brazilian anti-drug policy.
23 October 2012
Syria: Cartoonist Detained for Criticizing Assad
Syrian cartoonists who dare to critique Bashar Al-Assad are paying a heavy price. Akram Rslan is the latest victim in a long list of oppressed voices and dissident artists.
29 September 2012
35 Million Escape Poverty – But Can Brazil Overcome Inequality?
The United Nations campaign to end poverty in 2015 is finding results in Brazil, home to 194 million people. Some 35 million Brazilians have escaped poverty over the last decade, but questions are nevertheless being raised concerning the government's effort to overcome inequality.
World regions
Countries
Languages
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"url": "googlesystem.blogspot.com/2012/10/unified-google-search.html?showComment=1350660131117",
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
October 19, 2012
Unified Google Search
A few months ago, Google launched an experimental feature that allowed to find your Gmail messages and contacts in Google Search. Now there's a new version of the experiment that also includes results from Google Drive.
The experiment also improves Gmail's search results: while you type your query, Gmail shows relevant messages, Google+ posts, Google Calendar events and Google Drive documents.
It's interesting to notice that sometimes the results from Google Search are hidden by default and you need click "show results" to see them. If the results are really relevant, Google expands them automatically. It's also worth mentioning that Google only indexes GDrive filenames and Google Calendar event names, while including both Gmail subject lines and the body content.
Probably Google will also include personal results from other services like Google Maps, Google Play, YouTube, Google Reader, so you can quickly find the maps you've created, the videos you've added to favorites or "liked", the apps you've installed or the books you've recently read. The trouble with including so many different services is that it's hard to determine if the results are actually relevant and to rank them.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:26836",
"uncompressed_offset": 129227715,
"url": "itismymind.blogspot.com/2007/01/will-african-americans-vote-for-sen.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:25.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:252db505-1fe0-4cf0-b5c2-a75ea7a8e5b6>",
"warc_url": "http://itismymind.blogspot.com/2007/01/will-african-americans-vote-for-sen.html"
}
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Thursday, January 25, 2007
Will African-Americans vote for Sen. Obama for President
Check out this video from CBS2Chicago about how Sen. Obama isn't polling well among blacks against his fellow Senator & Presidential contender Hillary Rodham Clinton is leading him as you can see in these two graphics that are derived from the video.
I attempted to address this issue of how Sen. Obama is seen in the black community. I wonder why blacks aren't flocking to him in the polls. Then there's this quote by historian Timuel Black in this piece and it does make sense...
Saying he's not black enough, is an attempt to discredit him among blacks because that may be the base that they want.
Well this is another issue and it does happen and it's unfortunate that it does. As you will see in this video, however, Emil Jones (President of the Illinois Senate) attempted to explain why blacks aren't connecting with Sen. Obama and attempted to play up that Obama's candidacy will do "more for our children and grand-children than those other individuals combined."
Well I don't know about all that. But I do agree with what Sen. Emil Jones also stated in this piece, that it doesn't mean you should be on welfare to represent the black community. So I think I'll just leave it at that.
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{
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"warc_url": "http://openwetware.org/wiki/Aseptic_Technique"
}
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Aseptic Technique
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Aseptic Technique
• Protect eyes, mucous membranes, open cuts and wounds from contact with biohazard material
• Use gloves, goggles, mask, and protective clothing as necessary.
• Carry out all culturing operation in a laminar flow hood.
• Disinfect all surfaces prior to use with a disinfectant solution.
• Swab down the working surface liberally with 70% ethanol.
• Periodically spread a solution of 70% ethanol over the exterior of gloves to minimize contamination. Replace them if torn.
• In case of any spill, spread a solution of 70% alcohol and swab immediately with non-linting wipes.
• Discard gloves after use and do not wear them when entering any other lab area. Bring into the work area only those items needed for a particular procedure.
• Leave a wide clear space in the center of the hood (not just the front edge) to work on. Do not clutter the area to prevent blockage of proper air flow and to minimize turbulence.
• Swab with 70% alcohol all glassware(medium bottles, beakers, etc.)before placing them inside the hood.
• Arrange the work area to have easy access to all of it without having to reach over one item to get at another (especially over an open bottle or flask).
• Use sterile wrapped pipettes and discard them after use into a biohazard waste container.
• Check that the wrapping of the sterile pipette is not broken or damaged.
• Inspect the vessels to be used:
a. T-flask – Must be free from visible contamination or breakage, or lack container
identification. The plastic covering the flask must be intact.
b. Bottles – Check for cracks, expiration dates.
c. Spinners flasks – Check for cracks, expiration dates, and proper assembly.
• Discard any biohazard or contaminated material immediately.
• Never perform mouth pipetting. Pipettor must be used.
• When handling sterile containers with caps or lids, place the cap on its side if it must be laid on the work surface.
• Make sure not to touch the tip of the pipette to the rim of any flask or sterile bottle.
• Clean the work area when finished by wiping with 70% alcohol.
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User:JCAnderson
From OpenWetWare
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J. Christopher Anderson, Assistant Professor, UC Berkeley
John Christopher Anderson
Assistant Professor
Department of Bioengineering, UC Berkeley
JCAnderson at berkeley dot edu
Anderson Lab Home Page
My Blog
Affiliations
SynBERC
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
Clotho Core Development Team
Anderson Lab
My research interests are broad but all fit under the umbrella of Synthetic Biology. We have a particular interest in foundational technology including automated DNA fabrication and functional analysis, BioCAD tools, and new approaches to protein and promoter engineering. Additionally, we investigate new applications for synthetic biology including a primary focus on therapeutic bacteria for the treatment of cancer. We also have interests in diagnostics, new frontiers in small molecule biosynthesis, material production, and anything that expands the scope of synthetic biology to create new products and improve the human condition. Though we have done extensive work in software development, we are primarily a wetlab housed in Stanley Hall on the main campus of UC Berkeley. JC Anderson has mentored the Berkeley iGEM team for the past 6 years, and we accept students at the undergraduate, graduate, postdoc, and technician levels for independent projects.
Education
• 2007 Assistant Professor, UC Berkeley, Department of Bioengineering
• 2003-2007, Postdoctoral Fellow with Adam Arkin (UC Berkeley) and Christopher Voigt (UCSF)
• 2003, PhD, The Scripps Research Institute, Advisor Peter Schultz
• 1998, BS, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Honors and Awards
• 2011 The International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition (Instructor):
• Best Poster, Americas
Best Poster, Americas
• 2009 The International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition (Instructor):
• Best software award for tools team
• 2008 The International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition (Instructor):
• Finalist for wet team
• Best software award for tools team
• 2007 The International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition (Instructor):
• Finalist
• Best Poster Award
• 2007 Technology Review TR35 Award
• 2006 The International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competition (Instructor):
• 1st Place Best Part
• 3rd Place Best Measurement and Part Characterization
• 2006 Synthetic Biology 2.0: Best Application Award
• 2003 Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship
• 1998-2001 NSF Graduate Research Fellowship
• 1998 Venable Medal
• 1996 Phi Beta Kappa
• 1995 Phi Eta Sigma
• 1995 Freshman Honors Program
• 1994-1998 Dean’s List
Publications and Conference Papers
1. Huh, J., Kittleson, J. T., Arkin, A. P., Anderson, J. C. "Modular Design of a Synthetic Payload Delivery Device" ACS Syn. Biol. (in press)
2. Leguia, M., Brophy, J., Densmore, D., Asante, A., Anderson, J. C. "2ab assembly: a methodology for automatable, high-throughput assembly of standard biological parts" J. Biol. Eng. 7(1):2, 2013.
3. Kittleson, J. T., DeLoache, W., Cheng, H-Y. "Scalable Plasmid Transfer using Engineered P1-based Phagemids," ACS Syn. Biol. (in press)
4. Srivastava, S., Kotker, J., Hamilton, S., Ruan, P., Tsui, J., Anderson, J. C., Bodik, R., Seshia, S. A. "Pathway Synthesis using the Act Ontology", Fourth International Workshop on Bio-Design Automation (IWBDA) 2012, San Francisco, June 2012.
5. Kittleson, J. T., Wu, G. C., Anderson, J. C. "Successes and failures in modular genetic engineering," Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 16(3-4):329-36, 2012.
6. Kittleson, J. T., Cheung, S., Anderson, J. C. "Rapid optimization of gene dosage in E. coli using DIAL strains," J. Biol. Eng. 5(1):10, 2011
7. Leguia M, Brophy J, Densmore D, Anderson JC. "Automated assembly of standard biological parts," Methods Enzymol. 498:363-97, 2011.
8. Xia B, Bhatia S, Bubenheim B, Dadgar M, Densmore D, Anderson JC. "Developer's and User's Guide to Clotho v2.0 A Software Platform for the Creation of Synthetic Biological Systems," Methods Enzymol. 498:97-135, 2011.
9. Bilitchenko, L, Liu, A., Cheung, S., Weeding, E., Xia, B., Leguia, M., Anderson, J. C., Densmore, D. "Eugene – A Domain Specific Language for Specifying and Constraining Synthetic Biological Parts, Devices, and Systems" PLoS One, 2011.
10. Peccoud, J., Anderson, J. C., Chandran, D., Densmore, D., Galdzicki, M., Lux, M. W., Rodriguez, C. A., Stan, G. B., Sauro, H. M. "Essential information for synthetic DNA sequences," Nat Biotechnol., 29(1):22, 2011
11. Densmore, D., Kittleson, J. T., Bilitchennko, L., Liu, A., Anderson, J. C. "Rule Based Constraints for the Construction of Genetic Devices," IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) 2010, Paris France, May 2010.
12. Densmore, D., Hsiau T., Batten, C., Kittleson, J. T., DeLoache, W., Anderson, J. C. "Algorithms for Automated DNA Assembly" Nucleic Acids Res.38(8):2607-16, 2010 available online.
13. Anderson, J. C., Dueber, J. E., Leguia, M., Wu, G. C., Goler, J. A., Arkin, A. P., Keasling, J. D. "BglBricks: A flexible standard for biological part assembly" J. Biol. Eng., 4:1, 2010 available online.
14. Densmore, D., Anderson J. C., Combinational Logic Design in Synthetic Biology, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) 2009, Taipei Taiwan, May 2009.
15. Czar, M. J., Anderson, J. C., Bader, J. S., Peccoud, J. "Gene synthesis demystified" Trends in Biotechnology, 27(2):63-72, 2009.
16. Anderson, J. C. "Cells By Design" Technology Review, 2007.
17. Guo, J., Wang, J., Anderson, J. C., Schultz, P. G. "Addition of an Alpha Hydroxy Acid to the Genetic Code of Bacteria" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 47(4) 722-725, 2007.
18. Cropp, T. A., Anderson, J. C., Chin, J. W. "Reprogramming the amino acid substrate specificity of orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases to expand the genetic code of eukaryotic cells" Nat Protoc. 2(10):2590-600, 2007.
19. Anderson, J. C., Voigt, C. A., Arkin, A. P.“Environmental signal integration by a modular AND gate” Mol. Sys. Biol., 3(133), Published online: 14 August 2007.
20. Anderson, J. C., Clarke, E. J., Arkin, A. P., Voigt, C. A. “Environmentally controlled invasion of cancer cells by engineered bacteria” J. Mol Biol., 355(4), 619-27, 2005.
21. Anderson, J. C., Wu, N., Santoro, S. W., Lakshman, V, King, D. S., Schultz, P.G. “An expanded genetic code with a functional quadruplet codon” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 101(20), 7566-71, 2004
22. Santoro, S. W., Anderson, J. C., Lakshman, V., Schultz, P. G. “An archaebacteria-derived glutamyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNA pair for unnatural amino acid mutagenesis in Escherichia coli” Nucleic Acids Res., 31(23), 6700-9, 2003.
23. Deiters, A., Cropp, T. A., Mukherji, M., Chin, J. W., Anderson, J. C., Schultz, P. G. “Adding amino acids with novel reactivity to the genetic code of Saccharomyces cerevisiae” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125(39), 11782-3, 2003.
24. Chin, J. W., Cropp, T. A., Anderson, J. C., Mukherji, M., Zhang, Z., Schultz, P. G. “An expanded eukaryotic genetic code” Science, 301(5635), 964-7, 2003.
25. Anderson, J. C., Schultz, P. G. “Adaptation of an orthogonal archaeal leucyl-tRNA and synthetase pair for four-base, amber, and opal suppression” Biochemistry, 42(32), 9598-9608, 2003.
26. Mehl, R. A., Anderson, J. C., Santoro, S. W., Wang, L., Martin, A. B., King, D. S., Horn, D. M., Schultz, P. G. “Generation of a bacterium with a 21 amino acid genetic code” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125(4), 935-939, 2003.
27. Anderson, J. C., Magliery, T. J., Schultz, P. G. “Exploring the limits of codon and anticodon size” Chem. Biol., 9(2), 237-244, 2002.
28. Magliery, T. J., Pastrnak, M., Anderson, J. C., Santoro, S. W., Herberich, B., Meggers, E. L., Wang, L. & Schultz, P. G. “In vitro tools and in vivo engineering: incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins” In Translation Mechanisms (ed. J. Lapointe and L. Brakier-Gingras), in press, 2001.
29. Magliery, T. J., Anderson, J. C., Schultz, P. G. “Expanding the genetic code: selection of efficient suppressors of four-base codons and identification of "shifty" four-base codons with a library approach in Escherichia coli” J. Mol. Biol., 307(3), 755-69, 2001.
30. Betts, D., Johnson, T., Anderson, J. C., DeSimone, J. M. “Controlled radical polymerization methods for the synthesis of non-ionic surfactants for CO2” Polym. Prepr., 38(1), 760-761, 1997.
Patents
1. Schultz, P. G., Wang, L., Anderson, J. C., Chin, J. W., Liu, D. R., Magliery, T. J., Meggers, E. L., Mehl, R. A., Pastrnak, M., Santoro, S. W., Zhang, Z. “Methods and compositions for the production of orthogonal tRNA-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase pairs” US Patent 7,083,970, 2006.
2. Schultz, P. G., Wang, L., Anderson, J. C., Chin, J. W., Liu, D. R., Magliery, T. J., Meggers, E. L., Mehl, R. A., Pastrnak, M., Santoro, S. W., Zhang, Z. “In vivo incorporation of unnatural amino acids” US Patent 7,045,337, 2006.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
The quality of your life is dependent upon the quality of the life of your cells. If the bloodstream is filled with waste products, the resulting environment does not promote a strong, vibrant, healthy cell life-nor a biochemistry capable of creating a balanced emotional life for an individual. Robbins, Anthony
This quote is about health · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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Tony (Anthony) Robbins (born 29 February 1960, Glendora, California) is an American life coach, motivational speaker and bestselling writer.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Let us remember, when we are inclined to be disheartened, that the private soldier is a poor judge of the fortunes of a great battle. Inge, Dean William R.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
List of country calling codes
From Wikitravel
Revision as of 21:07, 3 August 2011 by Dguillaime (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is a travel topic
When calling a phone number in another country, there is usually a prefix you have to dial to indicate that you're placing an international call; this varies by country. After that international dialling prefix, you must dial the international country code for the country you are calling, followed by the local number. This is a list of those country codes.
Note: The United States, Canada, and several Caribbean nations technically share the international calling code 1, with each state (or parts of states), province, territory, or island nation given its own three-digit "area code". The following list includes the area codes for such nations outside the US and Canada.
This article is still a stub and needs your attention. It does not have a template. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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"url": "www.bizsugar.com/Global/globalpreneur-export-vulnerable-to/",
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Business Standard published a small business news about global business exporting vulnerabilities.
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Susan Oakes Takes the Small Business Path @m4bmarketing
After a career in big business, Susan Oakes has taken the small business path. This week's BizSugar Contributor of the … More
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"url": "www.bizsugar.com/OnlineMarketing/email-marketing-success-by-testing-with-email-on-acid/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:25.000Z",
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"warc_url": "http://www.bizsugar.com/OnlineMarketing/email-marketing-success-by-testing-with-email-on-acid/"
}
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If you market via email, and send out more than 500 emails with various services (Constant Contact, Emma, etc), then you'll want to use this tool. Read the review.
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Benjy Portnoy @SmallBizElevatr Shares Sweet Solutions
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The Association between Selected Body Impairments and Self Assessed Health among the Elderly Population
Braja Mohan Otta
Abstract
Impairment is a medical condition in the disablement process. ‘Self Assessed Health’ (SAH) is an individual’s comprehensive assessment of own general health status. Several studies suggest a fairly good relationship between SAH and objective assessment of health. However, it is not known if such a relationship holds good in the Indian context. The objectives of the present study are to examine the levels of selected body impairment among the elderly population and to study the association between impairment and SAH. Data for the study were collected from 2028 aged respondents of both the sex from Cuttack city of Odisha state under the Indian Union.
Logistic regression of SAH on different levels of impairments suggests that near-vision, hearing, speaking, and biting-chewing food are not significant predictors of self assessed good health. On the other hand, distance vision, distance hearing, climbing a flight of stairs, bending-kneeling on the floor and lifting-carrying a shopping bag are significant predictors of self assessed good health.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ass.v8n6p240
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Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
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Please disable AdBlock. CAN is an ad-supported site that takes hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars to sustain.
The One-Way Ticket – Voyage into deep space with no return – DI RCA 2012
First in the series of projects to be featured on CAN from the current Royal College of Art exhibition is “The One-Way Ticket” by Joseph Popper. The project examines notions and consequences of sending one person on a voyage into deep space from where they will not return. The idea of not coming back opens up an exceptional scenario, so far unprecedented in the history of human space travel.
Focusing on the experience of the lone astronaut, the exhibited works are a response to research into a range of human factors particular to the mission that also underline its extraordinary nature. Running parallel with this research was a production of film-making props, contraptions and sets, with the aim of presenting the scenario as a cinematic spectacle.
The final short film comprises a collection of episodes transmitted from the spacecraft constructed out of plywood, polystyrene, card and cup lids by Joseph. Based along the path of the mission trajectory, the images simulate the experience of being in space and also infer some of the unique psychological phenomena that could occur on a one-way trip.
josephpopper.com
Royal College of Art - Design Interactions 2012 – Exhibition opens tomorrow in Battersea. This year, the Royal College of Art’s annual summer show will include work by the greatest number of graduating students in the College’s 175-year history. Show RCA 2012 is to take place simultaneously in six buildings across the College’s two campuses in Battersea and Kensington. Design Interactions is located in Battersea. Click here for directions.
di12.rca.ac.uk
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"url": "www.crummy.com/1999/07/20",
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
: !!!!! The movie First Spaceship on Venus, as seen on MST3K, is based on a book called The Astronauts by Stanislaw Lem! "Lem is said to have disowned the film."
Lem was alive as of 1996. That's the date of an interview with him I found. At any rate, he no longer writes.
I'm getting all this stuff at pages like this one.
: There is a security seminar called "Deciduous: Decentralized Identification of Network-Based Intrusion Source" today, which I plan to attend, if only for the free food.
: Woo! Warner Brothers cartoon pop culture references explained!
: With this entry, the July 1999 NYCB will become the largest NYCB to date, the previous record holder being the March 1998 NYCB.
95% on the math midterm. I did make the one mistake I thought I had made. English midterm in 20 minutes. I went through Franklin yesterday, marking everything that might be of use, and am trying to force my way through Higher Laws, as my prof believes that to be one of the focal points of Walden.
: My midterm essay was long-winded and scattershot, but such is the manner of midterm essays.
[Main]
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under a Creative Commons License.
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Flyswatter2
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 17:32, 19 April 2012 by Prpplague (Talk | contribs)
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Contents
Introduction
The TinCanTools Flyswatter2 is an high performance USB to JTAG in-circuit debugger and programmer designed for use with ARM and MIPS target devices. It uses the open source OpenOCD (Open On-Chip Debugger) software to provide debugging and in-system programming of embedded target devices.
Purchase
The Flyswatter2 is available for purchase directly from TinCanTools or from one of several Distributors
Features
• USB 2.0 Hi-speed device interface (480 Mbits/sec)
• Can be used to debug and program all ARM and MIPS processors supported by OpenOCD
• Provides a standard ARM 20-pin JTAG interface connector (Male shrouded header, 2 rows x 10 pins)
• Adds a virtual RS232 serial port to your computer or laptop with full modem signals: TXD, RXD, RTS, CTS, DTR, DSR, DCD, RI
• Supports target voltages of: 5.0V, 3.3V, 2.5V, 1.8V, 1.6V (voltage range: 1.6V to 5.0V)
• No external power supply required – the Flyswatter2 gets its power from the computer's USB port
• Uses open source software: OpenOCD - Open On-Chip Debugger debugger software
• Package Includes: Flyswatter2, USB Cable, 12 inch serial cable, and 8 inch 20-pin JTAG ribbon cable
• Compact Size: 3.15 inches (width) x 2.7 inches (length) x 0.8 inches (height)
Supported Devices
OpenOCD supports the following ARM cores:
ARM CORE EXAMPLE PROCESSORS
ARM7TDMI LPC2148, AT91SAM7
ARM720T LH79520, EP7312
ARM9TDMI
ARM920T S3C2410, S3C2440
ARM922T
ARM926EJS S3C2412, STN8811, STN8815
ARM966E STR91XF
ARM11 S3C6400, OMAP2420, MSM7200
ARM1136
ARM1156
ARM1176
CORTEX-M3 LM3S series, STM32 series
CORTEX-A8 OMAP3530 BeagleBoard
CORTEX-A8 DM3730 BeagleBoard-xM
CORTEX-A9 OMAP4430 PandaBoard
XSCALE PXA255, PXA270, IXP42X
MARVEL FEROCEON CPU CORE
OpenOCD also supports the following MIPS cores (requires a ARM20MIPS14 MIPS JTAG Adapter):
MIPS CORE EXAMPLE PROCESSORS
MIPS M4K, MIPS32
JTAG Interface
The Flyswatter provides a standard ARM-compatible 20-pin JTAG interface. The JTAG interface connects to the target device with a 20-pin ribbon cable. This connection enables access to the on-chip debug module which is integrated into the ARM CPU. The debug module enables a programmer to debug the software on an embedded target system.
The second purpose of the JTAG interface is to allow the programming of NOR and NAND FLASH memory devices that are connected to or embedded within the target CPU.
JTAG Connector Pinout
Serial Port Interface
The Flyswatter2's serial port provides you with an independent functional "USB to RS-232" serial device. The serial port is completely independent from OpenOCD on both Linux and Windows. You can use the Flyswatter2's serial port without having to use OpenOCD or JTAG, or you can use it together with OpenOCD and have both a serial port and JTAG interface operating at the same time for debugging and communicating with your target device.
For Linux, the RS232 driver for the FT2232 is part of the main kernel tree and is provided in most standard Linux distributions. In Windows, you have to load the Windows driver for the FT2232. Once the driver is loaded, Windows will assign a virtual COM port to the Flyswatter2's serial port. It operates just like a standard COM port. You can use the Flyswatter2's serial port on laptops or PC's that do not have a 9-pin legacy serial connector.
Supports all standard baud rates: 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200
You can use Minicom to communicate with the Flyswatter2's serial port on Linux. See the Minicom page for setup instructions.
Flyswatter2 How To Guides
Olimex LPC-P2148 - Linux
Olimex LPC-P2148 - Windows
These guides walk a first time user through connecting the Flyswatter2 to the Olimex LPC-P2148 Prototype Board, and installing and running OpenOCD and GDB Debugger.
Olimex PIC-P32MX - Linux
Olimex PIC-P32MX - Windows
These guides walk a first time user through connecting the Flyswatter2 to the Olimex PIC-P32MX board, and installing and running OpenOCD and GDB Debugger.
Beagleboard - Linux
Beagleboard - Windows
These guides provide a first time user with instructions for the Beagleboard, and installing and running OpenOCD and GDB Debugger.
Beagleboard XM - Linux
Beagleboard XM - Windows
These guides provide a first time user with instructions for the TI Beagleboard XM, and installing and running OpenOCD and GDB Debugger.
Pandaboard - Linux
Pandaboard - Windows
These guides provide a first time user with instructions for the TI Pandaboard, and installing and running OpenOCD and GDB Debugger.
RouterStation Pro - Linux
RouterStation Pro - Windows
These guides walk a first time user through connecting the Flyswatter2 to the Ubiquiti RouterStation Pro, and installing and running OpenOCD and GDB Debugger.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:26965",
"uncompressed_offset": 459510254,
"url": "www.forensicswiki.org/w/index.php?redirect=no&title=SIM_Explorer",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:25.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:252db505-1fe0-4cf0-b5c2-a75ea7a8e5b6>",
"warc_url": "http://www.forensicswiki.org/w/index.php?title=SIM_Explorer&redirect=no"
}
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SIM Explorer
From Forensics Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
SIM Explorer
Maintainer: Dekart
OS: Windows
Genre:
License: Commercial
Website: dekart.com
SIM Explorer is an advanced SIM card analysis tool designed for reverse engineers, forensic detectives, or those who are learning about SIM cards.
SIM Explorer's primary advantage is that it can work with any type of SIM card and show all the files on that card; this includes new card types that will be released in the future. The software is specifically compatible with SIM, USIM, RUIM and Nextel iDEN cards and it will be able to interpret their standard files and show them in a human-readable form.
Contents
Feature highlights
• A scan mode that can reveal all the files on the SIM card, including files that are not present on standard cards.
• Displays the raw data of each file and record on the SIM, as well as the high-level (i.e. human readable) interpretation of the raw data.
• Edit the raw data and upload it to the card.
• Provides an offline analysis capability that enables you to save a SIM card to a file and use that file as if it were the card itself. This way SIM card images can be archived or exchanged with colleagues.
• Can backup and restore individual files on the SIM as well as the entire SIM card.
• Interpret and display a SIM Toolkit Application.
• Interpret the ATR of a SIM card.
• Side-by-side SIM card comparison.
• Generate a printable SIM card report.
• Compute the hash of a SIM card (by hashing file contents and file properties).
• Supports Unicode SMS
Requirements
Screenshots
SIM Explorer's main window
SIM Explorer's side by side SIM card comparison feature
External Links
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation:
About forensicswiki.org:
Toolbox
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{
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"uncompressed_offset": 459535328,
"url": "www.forensicswiki.org/w/index.php?diff=13865&oldid=13476&title=Upcoming_events",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:25.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:252db505-1fe0-4cf0-b5c2-a75ea7a8e5b6>",
"warc_url": "http://www.forensicswiki.org/w/index.php?title=Upcoming_events&diff=13865&oldid=13476"
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Error
Jump to: navigation, search
2 revisions of this difference (13476 and 13865) were not found.
This is usually caused by following an outdated diff link to a page that has been deleted. Details can be found in the deletion log.
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation:
About forensicswiki.org:
Toolbox
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:26979",
"uncompressed_offset": 478170343,
"url": "www.go4expert.com/forums/help-code-t17527/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:25.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:252db505-1fe0-4cf0-b5c2-a75ea7a8e5b6>",
"warc_url": "http://www.go4expert.com/forums/help-code-t17527/"
}
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Need help with code
Newbie Member
15May2009,01:33 #1
I am currently using a program called Speedy Schedule that allows us to book and keep track of patients in the office. Currently, the form requires the patients full SSN, we want it to only require the last 4 digits of the SSN and then be able to provide a list of patients that match those digits when doing a search. I would need to know what the correct syntax for that code might be. Currently our coding is as follows: Private Sub txtSSN_LostFocus() X = Right(txtSSN.Text, 5) v = Left(X, 1) If v "-" Then Dim sTemp As String sTemp = "" sStrIn = txtSSN.Text sStrIn = sStrIn & String$(9, "0") If sStrIn String$(9, "0") Then sStrIn = Left$(sStrIn, 9) sTemp = Left$(sStrIn, 3) & "-" & Mid$(sStrIn, 4, 2) & "-" & Right$(sStrIn, 4) End If txtSSN.Text = sTemp End If End Sub please Help!!!!!!
~ Б0ЯИ Τ0 С0δЭ ~
15May2009,07:18 #2
Don't you get this : PLEASE POST YOUR CODE INSIDE CODE-BLOCKS.
Go4Expert Founder
15May2009,09:57 #3
Duplicate of Need Help With VB,. Thread closed.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:26980",
"uncompressed_offset": 478177986,
"url": "www.go4expert.com/forums/printing-cookies-session-cookie-t1106/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:25.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:252db505-1fe0-4cf0-b5c2-a75ea7a8e5b6>",
"warc_url": "http://www.go4expert.com/forums/printing-cookies-session-cookie-t1106/"
}
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printing other cookies along with the session cookie
Go4Expert Member
1Aug2006,22:48 #1
Hi all,
I want to send other cookies along with the session;
Right now i am printing the session cookie in header by:
Quote:
print $session->header();
but if i print another cookie like
Quote:
print $session->header();
print header(-cookie=>[$cookie13]);
it doesnt create the cookie $cookie13
please let me know how to do it
Thankyou...
Rakesh
Team Leader
2Aug2006,12:01 #2
Hi Rakish,
Unfortunately we can't send mutiple cookies using CGI::Session's header method, for sending multiple cookies we need a different approach. Checkout the code snippet below.
Code: Perl
$session = new CGI::Session();
$sessionCookie = $q->cookie(-name=>$session->name,-value=>$session->id); #session cookie
$cookie1 = $q->cookie(-name=>'deepz',-value=>'deepx_cookie'); #cookie 1
$cookie2 = $q->cookie(-name=>'cookie2',-value=>'deepx_cookie2'); #cookie 2
print $q->header(-location=>'index.pl',-cookie=>[$cookie1,$sessionCookie,$cookie2]); #send as many cookies as you like this way
I hope this solves your problem.
Go4Expert Member
2Aug2006,20:28 #3
Pradeep,
It did solve my problem.
you are a PERL champ,
Thankyou so much,
Rakesh
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:26981",
"uncompressed_offset": 478185981,
"url": "www.go4expert.com/forums/solve-removable-drive-virus-cleaning-t16839/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:25.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:252db505-1fe0-4cf0-b5c2-a75ea7a8e5b6>",
"warc_url": "http://www.go4expert.com/forums/solve-removable-drive-virus-cleaning-t16839/"
}
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Solve Of The Problem Opening Removable Drive After Virus Cleaning!
Pro contributor
8Apr2009,08:44 #1
Hey,
I've faced this problem many times that is why I'm sharing it with you!
The problem is that many time after removing virus from a removable drive (such a pen drive) we are unable to open it! i.e, explorer is prompting "OPEN WITH"! Here is the solution of this problem!
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->
Simply go to DOS and then type the drive letter i.e, the drive path [If it it Removable disk (j: ) then type j: - Follow the total instruction below.
c:\>j: <enter>
j:\>attrib -s -h <enter>
------------
Now go to My Computer and right click on your removable drive and explore. There you will find a file named <autorun.inf> simply shift delete it! Then exit dos by EXIT command, Remove your drive and reinsert it, Now it is usable again!
Thank You!
Pankaj!
Go4Expert Founder
8Apr2009,08:59 #2
You submitted this as article and I moved it to forum.
Team Leader
22May2009,14:05 #3
remove readonly attribute too.
Code:
j:\>attrib -s -h -r * <enter>
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:26982",
"uncompressed_offset": 483668058,
"url": "www.grandtheftwiki.com/Prickle_Pine",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:25.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:252db505-1fe0-4cf0-b5c2-a75ea7a8e5b6>",
"warc_url": "http://www.grandtheftwiki.com/Prickle_Pine"
}
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Prickle Pine
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
The eastern end of Prickle Pine, as seen to the west in GTA San Andreas.
Prickle Pine location
Prickle Pine is a mostly residential district of Las Venturas, San Andreas that is located on the north end of the city. To the south is Julius Thruway North. There is a Brown Streak Railroad that goes south of the district. The Yellow Bell Station is located there, to serve the people living there. To the west, there is a golf course, called the Yellow Bell Golf Course. To the east is the Spinybed district.
Prickle Pine is the most, if not only, affluent residential district in Las Venturas. Residents are quite wealthy, which explains the many luxury vehicles that are parked in front of houses, as well as those that roam the streets. Prickle Pine also contains the second largest safehouse in the game; the first being Madd Dogg's Crib.
Prickle Pine is based off Spring Valley, a suburb of Las Vegas.
Contents
Events of GTA San Andreas
Prickle Pine is the place where Carl Johnson tracked Millie Perkins to in the mission Key to Her Heart, to start dating with her and get the key card for Caligula's Palace for it to be robbed by Wu Zi Mu and the San Fierro Triads. Carl can visit Millie and go to dates even after she gives you the card, anyway, she will become useless later, because she will not give Carl a special ability like the other girlfriends.
Residents
Places
Yellow Bell Station
Collectibles
Stationary Vehicles
Weapons
Neighborhoods, districts and areas in Las Venturas, San Andreas
BlackfieldCreekLas Venturas AirportLinden SideLVA Freight DepotOld Venturas StripPilgrimPrickle PineRandolph Industrial Estate
Redsands EastRedsands WestRoca EscalanteRockshore EastRockshore WestSpinybedWhitewood EstatesYellow Bell Golf Course
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}
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
ISRN Chemical Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 240297, 6 pages
doi:10.5402/2012/240297
Research Article
Analysis of Entropy Generation Minimization in Circular Porous Fins
1Science and Research Branch, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 35131-3711, Semnan, Iran
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad university, Semnan Branch, P.O. Box 35131-3711, Semnan, Iran
Received 27 July 2012; Accepted 5 September 2012
Academic Editors: A. Gil and A. M. Seayad
Copyright © 2012 Seyfolah Saedodin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
1. D. A. Nield and A. Bejan, Convection in Porous Media, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1999.
2. A. E. Bergles, R. L. Webb, G. H. Junkhan, and Jensen, “Bibliography on augmentation of convective heat and mass transfer,” Report HTL-19 ISU–ERI–AMES–79206, lowa State University, 1979.
3. G. H. Junkhan, A. E. Bergles, and R. L. Webb, “Research workshop on energy conservation through enhanced heat transfer,” Report HTL-21 ISU-ERI-AMES-80063, lowa State University, 1979.
4. R. J. Duffin, “A variational problem relating to cooling fins,” Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 8, pp. 47–56, 1959.
5. D. Poulikakos and A. Bejan, “Fin geometry for minimum entropy generation in forced convection,” Transactions of the ASME, vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 616–623, 1982. View at Scopus
6. C. J. Maday, “The minimum weight one-dimensional straight fin,” ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 161–165, 1974. View at Scopus
7. S. Guceri and C. J. Maday, “A least weight circular cooling fin,” ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry, vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 1190–1193, 1975. View at Scopus
8. P. Razeols and K. Imre, “The optimum dimensions of circular fins with variable thermal parameters,” ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 102, pp. 420–425, 1980.
9. D. Q. Kern and A. D. Kraus, Extended Surface Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 1980.
10. A. D. Kraus and A. D. Snider, “New parameterizations for heat transfer in fins and spines,” ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 415–419, 1980. View at Scopus
11. J. Szargut, “International progress in second law analysis,” Energy, vol. 5, no. 8-9, pp. 709–718, 1980. View at Scopus
12. J. Kestin, “Availability: the concept and associated terminology,” Energy, vol. 5, no. 8-9, pp. 679–692, 1980. View at Scopus
13. B. N. Taufiq, H. H. Masjuki, T. M. I. Mahlia, R. Saidur, M. S. Faizul, and E. Niza Mohamad, “Second law analysis for optimal thermal design of radial fin geometry by convection,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 27, no. 8-9, pp. 1363–1370, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
14. M. Bidi, M. R. H. Nobari, and M. S. Avval, “A numerical evaluation of combustion in porous media by EGM (Entropy Generation Minimization),” Energy, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 3483–3500, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
15. R. S. Kaluri and T. Basak, “Entropy generation due to natural convection in discretely heated porous square cavities,” Energy, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 5065–5080, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. A. Bejan, Entropy Generation Minimization, CRC Press, New York, NY, USA, 1996.
17. A. Žukauskas, “Heat transfer from tubes in crossflow,” Advances in Heat Transfer, vol. 8, pp. 93–160, 1972. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. B. Gebhart, Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 1971.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Applied Mathematics
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 647313, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/647313
Research Article
Exact Solutions and Conservation Laws of a Two-Dimensional Integrable Generalization of the Kaup-Kupershmidt Equation
International Institute for Symmetry Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Department of Mathematical Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
Received 14 November 2012; Accepted 25 November 2012
Academic Editor: Fazal M. Mahomed
Copyright © 2013 Abdullahi Rashid Adem and Chaudry Masood Khalique. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We study a two-dimensional integrable generalization of the Kaup-Kupershmidt equation, which arises in various problems in mathematical physics. Exact solutions are obtained using the Lie symmetry method in conjunction with the extended tanh method and the extended Jacobi elliptic function method. In addition to exact solutions we also present conservation laws which are derived using the multiplier approach.
1. Introduction
The theory of nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) has made a substantial progress in the last few decades. Aspects of integrability of these equations have been studied in detail as it is evident from many research papers published in the literature. In many cases, exact solutions are required as numerical methods are not appropriate. Exact solutions of NLEEs arising in fluid dynamics, continuum mechanics, and general relativity are of considerable importance for the light they shed into extreme cases which are not susceptible to numerical treatments. However, finding exact solutions of NLEEs is a difficult task. In spite of this, many new methods have been developed recently that are being used to integrate the NLEEs. Among them are the inverse scattering transform [1], the Hirota’s bilinear method [2], the homogeneous balance method [3], the auxiliary ordinary differential equation method [4], the He’s variational iteration method [5], the sine-cosine method [6], the extended tanh method [7], the Lie symmetry method [8], and so forth.
In this paper we study a two-dimensional integrable generalization of the Kaup-Kupershmidt equation [9, 10] which arises in various problems in many areas of theoretical physics. The above equation arises as special reduction of integrable nonlinear systems [11, 12]. It should be noted that the Zakharov-Manakov delta dressing method was used to obtain soliton and periodic solutions of (1) [11, 12]. The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we will use Lie symmetry method along with the extended tanh method and the extended Jacobi elliptic function method to obtain new exact solutions of (1). Secondly, conservation laws will be derived for the two-dimensional integrable generalization of the Kaup-Kupershmidt equation (1).
In the past few decades, the Lie symmetry method has proved to be a versatile tool for solving nonlinear problems described by the differential equations arising in mathematics, physics, and in many other scientific fields of study. For the theory and application of the Lie symmetry method see, for example, [8, 13, 14].
In the study of the solution process of differential equations (DEs), conservation laws play a central role. It is a well known fact that finding the conservation laws of DEs is often the first step towards finding the solution [14] of the DEs. Extensive use of conservation laws has appeared in the literature, for example, in studying the existence, uniqueness, and stability of solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations [1517], the use of numerical methods [18, 19], and finding exact solutions of some nonlinear partial differential equations [2022].
To study the two-dimensional integrable generalization of the Kaup-Kupershmidt equation (1) we first introduce a new dependent variable and set . This allows us to remove the integral terms from the equation and replace (1) by a system
The outline of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, we first find the Lie point symmetries of the system (2a) and (2b) using the Lie algorithm. These Lie point symmetries are then used to transform the system (2a) and (2b) to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The extended tanh method and extended Jacobi elliptic function method are applied to the system of ordinary differential equations and as a result we obtain the exact explicit solutions of our two-dimensional integrable generalization of the Kaup-Kupershmidt equation (1). In Section 3, we construct conservation laws for (1) using the multiplier method [23]. Finally, concluding remarks are presented in Section 4.
2. Exact Solutions of (2a) and (2b)
The symmetry group of the system (2a) and (2b) will be generated by the vector field of the form
Applying the fifth prolongation, pr, [8] to (2a) and (2b) results in an overdetermined system of linear partial differential equations. The general solution of the overdetermined system of linear partial differential equations is given by where , , and are arbitrary functions of . We confine the arbitrary functions to be of the form , where are arbitrary constants. Consequently, we have the six-dimensional Lie algebra spanned by the following linearly independent operators:
2.1. Symmetry Reduction of (2a) and (2b)
One of the main reasons for calculating symmetries of a differential equation is to use them for obtaining symmetry reductions and finding exact solutions. This can be achieved with the use of Lie point symmetries admitted by (2a) and (2b). It is well known fact that the reduction of a partial differential equation with respect to -dimensional (solvable) subalgebra of its Lie symmetry algebra leads to reducing the number of independent variables by .
Consider the first three translation symmetries and let . We use to reduce (2a) and (2b) to a system of partial differential equations (PDEs) in two independent variables. The symmetry yields the following invariants: Considering , as the new dependent variables and and as new independent variables, (2a) and (2b) transforms to which is a system of nonlinear PDEs in two independent variables and . We now further reduce this system using its symmetries. This system has the two translation symmetries, namely, By taking a linear combination of the above symmetries, we see that it yields the invariants Now treating and as new dependent variables and as the new independent variable the above system transforms to the following system of nonlinear coupled ODEs:
2.2. Exact Solutions Using the Extended tanh Method
In this section we use the extended tanh function method which was introduced by Wazwaz [7]. The basic idea in this method is to assume that the solution of (10a) and (10b) can be written in the form where satisfies an auxiliary equation, say for example the Riccati equation whose solution is given by The positive integer will be determined by the homogeneous balance method between the highest order derivative and highest order nonlinear term appearing in (10a) and (10b). , are parameters to be determined.
In our case, the balancing procedure gives and so the solutions of (10a) and (10b) are of the form Substituting (13a) and (13b) into (10a) and (10b) and making use of the Riccati equation (11) and then equating the coefficients of the functions to zero, we obtain an algebraic system of equations in terms of and .
Solving the resultant system of algebraic equations, with the aid of Mathematica, one possible set of values of and is where is any root of . As a result, a solution of (1) is where .
A profile of the solution (14) is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Evolution of travelling wave solution (14) with parameters .
2.3. Exact Solutions Using Extended Jacobi Elliptic Function Method
In this subsection we obtain exact solutions of (1) in terms of the Jacobi elliptic functions. We note that the cosine-amplitude function, , and the sine-amplitude function, are solutions of the first-order differential equations respectively [24]. We recall the following facts.(i)When , the Jacobi elliptic functions degenerate to the hyperbolic functions, . (ii)When , the Jacobi elliptic functions degenerate to the trigonometric functions, . (iii).
We now treat the above ODEs as our auxillary equations and apply the procedure of the previous subsection to system (10a) and (10b). Leaving out the details, we obtain two solutions, the cnoidal and snoidal wave solutions, corresponding to the two equations (15) and (16) given by, respectively, where with as any root of and with where is any root of and .
A profile of solutions (17), (19) is given in Figures 2 and 3.
Figure 2: Evolution of travelling wave solution (17) with parameters .
Figure 3: Evolution of travelling wave solution (19) with parameters .
3. Conservation Laws
In this section we construct conservation laws for (2a) and (2b). The multiplier method will be used [23]. We first recall some basic results that will be used later in this section.
Consider a th-order system of PDEs of independent variables and dependent variables , namely, where denote the collections of all first, second,, th-order partial derivatives, that is, , respectively, with the total derivative operator with respect to given by where the summation convention is used whenever appropriate [13]. We recall that the Euler-Lagrange operator, for each , is given by The -tuple vector , (space of differential functions) , is a conserved vector of (21) if satisfies A multiplier has the property that hold identically. Here we will consider multipliers of the zeroth order, that is, . The right hand side of (25) is a divergence expression. The determining equation for the multiplier is given by After calculating the multipliers one can obtain the conserved vectors via a homotopy formula [23].
3.1. Conservation Laws of (1)
We now construct conservation laws for the two-dimensional integrable generalization of the Kaup-Kupershmidt equation (1) using the multiplier approach. For the coupled system (2a) and (2b), we obtain multipliers of the form, and that are given by where , are arbitrary functions of . Corresponding to the above multipliers we obtain the following nonlocal conserved vector of (1):
Remark 1. Due to the presence of the arbitrary functions, , , in the multipliers, one can obtain an infinitely many nonlocal conservation laws.
4. Concluding Remarks
In this paper we studied the two-dimensional generalization of the Kaup-Kupershmidt equation (1). Lie point symmetries of this equation were obtained and the three translation symmetries were used to transform the equation into a system of ODEs. Then the extended tanh method and the extended Jacobi elliptic function method were employed to solve this ODEs system to obtain exact solutions of (1). Furthermore, conservation laws of (1) were also computed using the multiplier approach. The conservation laws consisted of an infinite number of nonlocal conserved vectors.
Acknowledgments
A. R. Adem and C. M. Khalique would like to thank the Organizing Committee of “Symmetries, Differential Equations, and Applications: Galois Bicentenary” (SDEA2012) Conference for their kind hospitality during the conference.
References
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6. A. M. Wazwaz, “The tanh and the sine-cosine methods for compact and noncompact solutions of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 167, no. 2, pp. 1179–1195, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at MathSciNet
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12. V. G. Dubrovsky, A. V. Topovsky, and M. Y. Basalaev, “New exact solutions of two-dimensional integrable equations using the -dressing method,” Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, vol. 167, no. 3, pp. 725–739, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
13. N. H. Ibragimov, CRC Handbook of Lie Group Analysis of Differential Equations, vol. 1–3, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla,USA, 1994–1996.
14. G. W. Bluman and S. Kumei, Symmetries and Differential Equations, vol. 81 of Applied Mathematical Sciences, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 1989. View at MathSciNet
15. P. D. Lax, “Integrals of nonlinear equations of evolution and solitary waves,” Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 21, pp. 467–490, 1968. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at MathSciNet
16. T. B. Benjamin, “The stability of solitary waves,” Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. 328, no. 1573, pp. 153–183, 1972. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at MathSciNet
17. R. J. Knops and C. A. Stuart, “Quasiconvexity and uniqueness of equilibrium solutions in nonlinear elasticity,” Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 233–249, 1984. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at MathSciNet
18. R. J. LeVeque, Numerical Methods for Conservation Laws, Birkhäuser, Basel, Switzerland, 1992. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at MathSciNet
19. E. Godlewski and P. A. Raviart, Numerical Approximation of Hyperbolic Systems of Conservation Laws, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1996. View at MathSciNet
20. A. Sjöberg, “Double reduction of PDEs from the association of symmetries with conservation laws with applications,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 184, no. 2, pp. 608–616, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at MathSciNet
21. A. H. Bokhari, A. Y. Al-Dweik, A. H. Kara, F. M. Mahomed, and F. D. Zaman, “Double reduction of a nonlinear (2+1) wave equation via conservation laws,” Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1244–1253, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at MathSciNet
22. G. L. Caraffini and M. Galvani, “Symmetries and exact solutions via conservation laws for some partial differential equations of mathematical physics,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 219, no. 4, pp. 1474–1484, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at MathSciNet
23. S. C. Anco and G. W. Bluman, “Direct construction method for conservation laws of partial differential equations. Part I: examples of conservation law classifications,” European Journal of Applied Mathematics, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 545–566, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Zentralblatt MATH · View at MathSciNet
24. I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik, Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 7th edition, 2007. View at MathSciNet
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Central Avian Research Institute (CARI) was established on 2nd November, 1979 as a commodity institute of Indian Council of Agricultural Research to provide the necessary training and extension support in all disciplines of Poultry Science for promoting productivity and profitability of Indian Poultry Industry. The institute also has played a pioneering role in transforming backyard poultry farming into several billion rupee ago-industry.
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Publication Listing
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Bibliography: Cover: The Sunborn
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Title: Cover: The Sunborn
Author: Don Dixon
Year: 2005
Type: COVERART
Language: English
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Nano Review
Numerical study of instability of nanofluids: the coagulation effect and sedimentation effect
Yu Ni, JianRen Fan* and YaCai Hu
Author affiliations
State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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Citation and License
Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:183 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-183
Published: 28 February 2011
Abstract
This study is a numerical study on the coagulation as well as the sedimentation effect of nanofluids using the Brownian dynamics method. Three cases are simulated, focusing on the effects of the sizes, volume fraction, and ζ potentials of nano-particles on the formation of coagulation and sedimentation of nanofluids. The rms fluctuation of the particle number concentration, as well as the flatness factor of it, is employed to study the formation and variation of the coagulation process. The results indicate a superposition of coagulation and sedimentation effect of small nano-particles. Moreover, it is stable of nanofluids with the volume fraction of particles below the limit of "resolution" of the fluids. In addition, the effect of ζ potentials is against the formation of coagulation and positive to the stability of nanofluids.
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Compare Projects
General
Project Activity Very High
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Questions and Answers
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 17:13, 23 June 2005 by Reshma P. Shetty (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Thought this might be a good thing to add as a general forum for questions people may have. Wiki folk could check it out periodically and offer help if they can. Answers could be posted here, or refer to appropriate sections of the wiki. Additionally, it could put people in touch with others that they can talk to for help, wiki folk or outside references. Questions should be as specific as possible, as it is easy to give bad/incorrect advice if the advisor does not have all the necessary information. Not sure if this is the right place to put this page... Kathleen McGinness
Homologous recombination in E. coli
If anyone has experience with homologous recombination in E. coli please check out the Standard E. coli Strain for BioBricks project and annotate the page with your feedback and comments. Please include any protocols or materials information you might have on the appropriate pages and link to them from the standard strain project page as well. Any and all advice is appreciated.
Personal tools
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User:Jan Willem Broekema
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 10:43, 13 June 2008 by Jan Willem Broekema (Talk | contribs)
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I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Jan Willem Broekema (an artistic interpretation)
• Jan Willem Broekema
• European Cetacean Society
• Web editor ECS
• Brikkenwal 20
• NL-2317 GT Leiden, The Neterhlands
• E jw at broekemaweb dot nl
• M =31-(0)6-1828.9742
When the European Cetacean Society was founded in 1987 I added a Computer Support Group. In 1992 this became the Internet Support Group and in 1993 I designed the first ECS website [1]. In 2008 I handed the editing and maintenance over to the Council of the ECS and opened this interactive community for the ECS.
Education
• 1982, drs. in mathematics and science (biology), University of Leiden
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Personal tools
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User:Wayne G. Shreffler
From OpenWetWare
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==Useful links==
==Useful links==
Current revision
Contents
Contact Info
Wayne G. Shreffler
Wayne G. Shreffler, MD, PhD
MassGeneral Hospital for Children &
MGH, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases
Bldg. 149-13th St. Rm. 8312
Charlestown MA 02129
Links:
Education
• 1998, MD, New York University
• 1997, PhD, New York University
• 1996, MS, New York University
• 1991, BS, University of Washington
Research interests
1. Mechanisms of Allergenicity
2. Immune Tolerance and Food Allergy
3. Mechanisms of Immediate Hypersensitivity and its Regulation
Publications
PubMed Link
Selected Research Articles
1. Wanich N, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson HA, and Shreffler WG. . pmid:19348919. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. Shreffler WG, Wanich N, Moloney M, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, and Sampson HA. . pmid:19130927. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
3. Flinterman AE, Knol EF, Lencer DA, Bardina L, den Hartog Jager CF, Lin J, Pasmans SG, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Sampson HA, van Hoffen E, and Shreffler WG. . pmid:18234310. PubMed HubMed [Paper3]
4. Shreffler WG, Castro RR, Kucuk ZY, Charlop-Powers Z, Grishina G, Yoo S, Burks AW, and Sampson HA. . pmid:16951327. PubMed HubMed [Paper4]
5. Shreffler WG, Lencer DA, Bardina L, and Sampson HA. . pmid:16210066. PubMed HubMed [Paper5]
6. Shreffler WG, Beyer K, Chu TH, Burks AW, and Sampson HA. . pmid:15100687. PubMed HubMed [Paper6]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Selected Review Articles
1. Lin J, Bardina L, and Shreffler WG. . pmid:19377951. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. Shreffler WG. . pmid:19203659. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
3. Moloney M and Shreffler WG. . pmid:19055210. PubMed HubMed [Paper3]
4. Berin MC and Shreffler WG. . pmid:18539190. PubMed HubMed [Paper4]
5. Shreffler WG. . pmid:16670519. PubMed HubMed [Paper5]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Shreffler
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Fake News Makes Its Way To Google News Via Ads
Feb 16, 2009 • 8:34 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google AdWords
A search in Google News for santa cruz storm brough up a fake Google News item via the Google AdWords ads for some searchers. Here is a picture sent to me by a reader:
Google started showing ads in news results a while back. One advertiser tried to use this as a way to scare people around the world, by saying the new United States President, Barack Obama, was killed. Clearly, that is not true. Here is the ad copy, if you cannot make it out from the image above:
Latest NEWS President OBAMA was KILLED Potential killer is Russian Spy www.lolnews.usnewnews.com
I personally did not see this ad and I am glad it was removed. But clearly, this leaves Google open to a whole new level of spam and hate ads.
Why now? Maybe because it is President's Day?
Forum discussion at DigitalPoint Forums.
Previous story: Advertisers Complaining Yahoo Search Ads Not Sending Enough Traffic
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Daily Search Forum Recap: January 10, 2013
Jan 10, 2013 • 4:00 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
• Google's Internal Linking Penalty?
A WebmasterWorld thread has one webmaster who runs about 150 web sites. Three of those web sites noticed a ranking decline in Google around the same time. He said, the only common factor amongst...
• Google's Database Tiers - Searching Deeper
Ever wonder why when you search for something in Google with and then without quotation marks, the number of results increase. Specifically, when you search...
• Twitter Search With A Dash Of Human
Twitter announced on their engineering blog explained how they handle search queries that are related to events and things spiking at the time. In short, they supplement their algorithms...
• Googler Complains: Google Maps On Android A Drain
Googlers are users of Google products, more so than the average person. But Googlers who have been at Google for 6 or so years often...
• Panda, Penguin & Android Speakers
Danny Sullivan was at CES the other day and he snapped a picture of these GOgroove speakers and posted them on Facebook. You see, these speakers are Pandas, Penguins and Androids. How crazy!
Other Great Search Forum Threads:
Previous story: Google's Internal Linking Penalty?
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Daily Search Forum Recap: April 4, 2012
Apr 4, 2012 • 4:00 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
Other Great Search Forum Threads:
Previous story: 50 Google Search Quality Updates
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Place:Carmen, Alfalfa, Oklahoma, United States
Watchers
NameCarmen
TypeTown
Coordinates36.579°N 98.459°W
Located inAlfalfa, Oklahoma, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Carmen is a town in Alfalfa County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 411 at the 2000 census.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Carmen, Oklahoma. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Place:Norwalk, Huron, Ohio, United States
Watchers
NameNorwalk
TypeCity
Coordinates41.243°N 82.611°W
Located inHuron, Ohio, United States
Contained Places
Cemetery
Woodlawn Cemetery
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Norwalk is a city in Huron County, Ohio, United States. The population was 17,012 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Huron County. The city is the center of the Norwalk Micropolitan Statistical Area. Norwalk is located approximately south of Lake Erie, west/southwest of Cleveland, southeast of Toledo, and north/northeast of Columbus.
Norwalk is at the center of the Firelands, a subregion of the Connecticut Western Reserve. The subregion's name recalls the founding of the area as one for settlers from cities in Connecticut that were burned during the Revolutionary War. Several locations in the Firelands were named in honor of those cities, including Danbury, Greenwich, Groton, New Haven, New London, Norwalk, Norwich, and Ridgefield. Other locations were named for the settlers, including Clarksfield, Perkins, and Sherman.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Norwalk, Ohio. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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OR10W1
Jump to: navigation, search
Olfactory receptor, family 10, subfamily W, member 1
Identifiers
Symbol(s) OR10W1; OR10W1P; OR10W1Q; OR11-236; UNQ6469
External IDs MGI3031324 Homologene79418
RNA expression pattern
250px
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 81341 258098
Ensembl ENSG00000172772 ENSMUSG00000061387
Uniprot Q8NGF6 na
Refseq NM_207374 (mRNA)
NP_997257 (protein)
NM_001011832 (mRNA)
NP_001011832 (protein)
Location Chr 11: 57.79 - 57.79 Mb Chr 19: 13.72 - 13.72 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]
Olfactory receptor, family 10, subfamily W, member 1, also known as OR10W1, is a human gene.[1]
Olfactory receptors interact with odorant molecules in the nose, to initiate a neuronal response that triggers the perception of a smell. The olfactory receptor proteins are members of a large family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) arising from single coding-exon genes. Olfactory receptors share a 7-transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The olfactory receptor gene family is the largest in the genome. The nomenclature assigned to the olfactory receptor genes and proteins for this organism is independent of other organisms.[1]
See also
References
Further reading
• Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, et al. (2003). "The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment.". Genome Res. 13 (10): 2265-70. doi:10.1101/gr.1293003. PMID 12975309.
• Malnic B, Godfrey PA, Buck LB (2004). "The human olfactory receptor gene family.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (8): 2584-9. PMID 14983052.
External links
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. Template:Membrane-protein-stub
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
It would seem to me that users would more likely frequent a site that is well marketed (SEO, etc.) rather than one that is technically superior but has less exposure on the web. Going by this it would also seem that the uniqueness of the web app would be less important, or? Since those that are marketed the best would receive the most users. Am I correct in this?
share|improve this question
6 Answers
When it comes down to making revenue, all the uniqueness in the world won't help if your marketing is bad, so it really depends what you goal is: make a cool flashy project which no one heard of, or... make revenue.
There are alot of ideas out there that weren't unique at all, they just outperformed their predecessors, take for example:
Google - they weren't the 1st search engine, simply the best.
Facebook - they weren't the 1st social networking site, simply the most viral (marketable).
Apple's iPhone - wasn't the 1st phone obviously, just outperformed the rest.
So when it comes down to making a product or service which EARNS money, I believe it boils down to marketing & doing it better than the people who were before you. And as people state here over & over - ideas worth no money, it's the level of execution of the ideas which earns the money.
share|improve this answer
Marketing is undoubtedly at the top here. Even if the idea is better than the competitors and good for the customer, they are not going to be able to buy it if they don't hear of it. To reach the customers you need marketing and specifically advertising.
share|improve this answer
Neither marketing nor uniqueness is a guarantee for a successful business (or web app).
You can easily build something completely unique and put a ton of marketing behind it without it ever succeeding.
What I'm saying is that if there is no customer interest in what you build (even if it is unique - and even if they find out about it) it will not be successful.
So your first priority should be to find out if what you are trying to build is actually needed in the first place.
Best of luck!
share|improve this answer
You need a combination of both, marketing AND creativity skills. Just trying to make the thousand's knock-off won't help you much.
If your product doesn't really excel the competition, your marketing will also help your competitor as your marketing efforts will start making many users look for alternatives before making the purchase and will find that the original is just better than your clone.
In the end, you spend marketing money for your competitor.
As a conclusion: It never hurts to use your brain unless you experience that your head starts hurting if you try to make good use of it. In such case, there are probably other jobs available for you that require less creativity but strengths in other areas, e.g. at Walmart or Mc Donalds.
No offense intented. I have highest respect for people working there (instead of going the eays way of collecting social security money)!
You should always know your limit. If thinking and having ideas causes dizzyness in your head, you should seriously consider to stay clear of any job in the IT industry.
Ah, another one. The problem with the idea-having-challenged copycats is that they are often engaged in opensource communities. This means, that if you reach out to carbon copy any existing successfull product to exploit it commercially, you will compete with dozens open-source developers with the same lack of creativy that will also grab the low-hanging fruit.
Now, try to compete to a zero dollar price tag, wunderkind.
There is an exception to this. If you have a very very big advertisement pocket, of course you can squash down a better product but we speak about solid 6 digit figures here.
share|improve this answer
Practically both segments are important but they should be practiced on due times. Like; building an idea, investing development resources and finishing an application comes under phase 1. Marketing a product/service is a continuous process that never ends until you are in business. But it is always preferred to invest money and time in marketing campaigns once your products are mature enough and ready to go live.
share|improve this answer
To all intents and purposes, there's no such thing as 'unique' on the web. Or, to put the point another way, every site may be unique, but successful new ideas get copied, adapted and improved on at an amazing rate.
And, it's often noted, most of the huge success stories on the web respun rather than invented their category, and out-marketed everyone else.
But that doesn't mean I think that [product that sucks] + [massive marketing resource] = success. Far from it. There have been massive flops, both high and low profile.
For me, success is the product of determination to create value, intense and sustained connection to the market, fast cycle time to try improvements and abandon blind alleys, and patiently waiting for the moment that the wave rises and being the first, quickest and boldest to ride it. Oh, and it helps to have a jumbo-sized portion of luck.
share|improve this answer
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votes
3answers
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How to market and distribute an app targeted to small retailers
In the planning stage of building an app with a monthly subscription element targeted to small business merchants having 1 - 10 retail venues. Looking for any advice on a go to market strategy to ...
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Firefox Users Engage Congress: SOPA Strike Stats
Alex Fowler
73
Yesterday, we blacked out the default start page in Firefox and redirected visitors to the Mozilla sites to a special action page. We also sent direct messages to members of the Mozilla community through multiple online channels. All these steps were aimed at informing and mobilizing millions of people on the poorly drafted anti-piracy legislation – SOPA and PIPA – pending in Congress.
The result: Mozilla reached over 40 million people who, in turn, generated 360,000 emails sent to Senators and Representatives in Congress.
Here’s the breakdown of the stats from yesterday’s remarkable campaign:
• Approximately 30 million people in the US who use the default start page in Firefox received the blacked out page with our call to action
• We sent messages out to almost 9 million people via Facebook, Twitter and our Firefox + You newsletter
• Our messages were retweeted, shared and liked by over 20,000 people (not counting MC Hammer’s tweet to his 2.4 million followers!)
• 1.8 million people came to mozilla.org/sopa to learn more and take action on the issue
• 600,000 went on to visit the Strike Against Censorship page, hosted by the EFF
• Ultimately, 360,000 emails were sent by Mozillians to members of Congress, contributing a third of all the emails generated by EFF’s campaign site.
The debate is far from over. There’s a vote next week in the Senate. Keep the pressure on and make sure your elected officials understand the nuance of the issue and the importance of protecting the open Web.
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A Brief Talk on the Cultivation and Improvement of Moral Education Teachers’ Qualities
Guoyong Xie, Fengzhi Zhang
Abstract
In view of the current problems existing in the moral education teachers, this paper points out that success in moral education consists in the improvement of the quality of moral education teachers. Therefore, a qualified moral education teacher should be cultivated a noble mind, possess certain teaching artistic accomplishments and have some knowledge of scientific theory of education and management. Besides, he should participate in scientific research activities.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Promoting Teaching Excellence of Universities in Taiwan: Policy Analysis with a Special Reference to Educational Equality
Cheng-Cheng Yang, Yueh-Chun Huang
Abstract
As some comparative educators predict, educational policies will move toward similar paths when globalization becomes more powerful. The global higher education expansion in the past decades is one example. The quest of establishing world class universities in the world is another case. The Taiwan government experiences challenges from expansion of universities, the next step is to ensure the “quality” of higher education. In this context, “Program for Promoting Teaching Excellence of Universities, PPTEU” is one of the important policies in Taiwan. This research aims at exploring this policy and its possible effects by analyzing related literatures, policy document, and statistical data collected from the Ministry of Education in Taiwan. This research also highlights the relationship between the newly trend of establishing world-class universities, differentiation of universities, and teaching excellence in Taiwan. Statistical data of PPTEU collected by Ministry of Education in Taiwan was analyzed with a special reference to educational equality. Policy and research implications were discussed in the last section of this research.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ies.v5n5p129
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Education Studies ISSN 1913-9020 (Print), ISSN 1913-9039 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Wikia
SRD:Shield Bash
Talk0
9,503pages on
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This material is published under the OGL
Shield Bash Attacks: You can bash an opponent with a shield, using it as an off-hand weapon. See Table: Weapons for the damage dealt by a shield bash. Used this way, a shield is a martial bludgeoning weapon. For the purpose of penalties on attack rolls, treat a shield as a one-handed weapon. If you use your shield as a weapon, you lose its AC bonus until your next action (usually until the next round). An enhancement bonus on a shield does not improve the effectiveness of a shield bash made with it, but the shield can be made into a magic weapon in its own right.
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RPi Hub
From eLinux.org
(Redirected from HU:RPi Hub)
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Notice: The Raspberry Pi Wiki pages on this site is collaborative work - the Raspberry Pi Foundation is not responsible for content on these pages.
Contents
Raspberry Pi Wiki Hub eng | fra | pt-br
Now shipping to customers
Update on lead times as of 22nd March 2013: The lead time is around 2 weeks from Farnell and 4 weeks from RS. The Pi Hut have the Raspberry Pi available for immediate dispatch
See the Buying Guide on how to order one, or visit the Raspberry Pi Foundation Home Page
About
The Raspberry Pi production board (model B Rev 2.0)
The Raspberry Pi (short: RPi or RasPi) is an ultra-low-cost ($25-$35) credit-card sized Linux computer which was conceived with the primary goal of teaching computer programming to children. It was developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, which is a UK registered charity (Registration Number 1129409). The foundation exists to promote the study of computer science and related topics, especially at school level, and to put the fun back into learning computing. The device is expected to have many other applications both in the developed and the developing world (Read more).
Raspberry Pi is manufactured and sold in partnership with the worldwide industrial distributors Premier Farnell/Element 14 and RS Components, and the Chinese distributor Egoman Technology Corp[1].
• Products are RoHS, CE, FCC, CTick, CSA and WEEE compliant[2]. In common with all Electronic and Electrical products the Raspberry Pi should not be disposed of in household waste. Please contact the distributor from whom you purchased your Raspberry Pi device for details regarding WEEE in your country.
• Price: 25USD Model A, 35USD for Model B, excluding taxes, postage and packaging. For information about availability and shipping see the Buying Guide.
History
If you are interested in why the Raspberry Pi was created, and why it is what it is, check the General History page, which highlights relevant events in its history. It is not intended to be a detailed history, so it can be read quickly. You could also check the design changes page for how the Raspberry Pi has evolved, and the manufacturing differences page that may help if you are having problems with your board.
Getting Started
Buying Guide
Where can I get one and for how much?
• The Raspberry Pi can not only be purchased via their official distribution partners - detailed information can be found on the Buying Guide page.
• You can find out which peripherals and such are tested to work with the Pi in the Verified Peripherals section
Basic Setup
First little Raspberry Pi Steps...
• Ensure you have all the equipment you need to go with your Raspberry Pi.
• Become familiar with the board layout and connect it ready for power up.
• If you have not been provided with a pre-setup SD card you will need to prepare one with your chosen Operating System distribution
• If you are not using a HDMI monitor you may need to set up the correct video mode by editing the RPiconfig text file on the SD-card.
• Note: On the Debian OS after you log in you need to type startx at the prompt to get a graphic desktop.
• Particularly after first boot its important to do a clean shutdown with the command sudo halt
Beginners Guide
You've just got your new Raspberry Pi device - what now?
• Read a small book for the Raspberry Pi Beginner [1]
• Take a look through the Community section, which contains a range of beginner and advanced tutorials and guides, as well as groups to help you find like-minded developers.
Resources
Hardware & Peripherals
Software & OS Distributions
The Raspberry Pi will run a range of OS Distributions and run a variety of software.
Documentation
Datasheets
IC Datasheets and schematics links page.
Datasheets organised by category from the Frambozenier.org project.
Troubleshooting
Head over to the troubleshooting page for help fixing common problems.
Bugs
Head over to the bugs page for a list of known bugs.
RPi Model B 3D CAD files
Theses are various 3D CAD Versions in both RAR and ZIP.
Community
Projects, Guides & Tutorials
• An important source of information and guides is the Official Forum.
• Get started by following some of the many Tutorials.
• Common tasks and useful tips are available through the Guides page.
• Projects can be found, and added to, on the Projects page.
• Raspberry Pi Datasheets can be found on the DataSheets page.
• Knowledgeable users may want to review and help out with project wishlist items on the Tasks page.
Schools, Universities, Clubs & Groups
• The Raspberry Pi Foundation's aims include encouraging education. Several groups including Computing At School aim to bring Computing Science back into schools.
• Go to the Education Page to add your project and find helpful links.
• Raspberry Jams are a great way to meet other Raspberry Pi users, share ideas and tips and learn more. To find a Raspberry Jam near you, see the Raspberry Jam page.
Supporting Communities
The Raspberry Pi Community is steadily growing:
About the RPi Wiki
Do not be afraid to add your bit, content is vital for the wiki to function.
A 3D rendering of the Raspberry Pi logo
Translations
The wiki is being translated into several languages, some of which can be seen on the hub banner above. Current languages include:
Any help translating would be greatly appreciated. Thank you to those who have already contributed!
Admins/Contributors
The wiki is governed by the Raspberry Pi Wiki Council.
NOTE - This wiki is NOT governed by the Raspberry Pi Wiki Council. The whole of elinux.org is community driven. It always has been. If you have any questions, contact User:Wmat.
Please join the discussion on the newly reinstated talk page !
References
1. http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/3195
2. http://www.element14.com/community/docs/DOC-44828/l/raspberry-pi-safety-data-sheet
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[maemo-developers] [maemo-developers] Re: [maemo-users] Using osso_iap_cb example
From: Brad Burleson bradb667 at gmail.com
Date: Tue Aug 1 09:34:01 EEST 2006
On 7/31/06, Kalle Valo <Kalle.Valo at nokia.com> wrote:
>
> Alvis Koon writes:
>
> > If you don't run into gtk_main() or some event handling loop, you
> > won't be able to process events (callbacks), isn't it?
>
> You are correct. libosso-ic needs D-BUS dispatcher to work. For
> example, one can use dbus_connection_setup_with_g_main() with GLib
> main loop.
Ok, so I got my daemon to work just fine by calling gtk_main() (as well as
using status_changed). Thanks to all for the help, you guys were spot on.
My only problem is that gtk_main() transfers control away from my daemon.
Is it possible to attach to the GLib main loop and return back to my own
code from time to time (the project I'm working on has it's own internal
scheduler and I'm not up for a big rewrite now)?
For now, I've simply written a custom daemon that monitors "status_changed"
messages and executes the desired script.
While I think that a custom daemon is the wrong solution to this problem it
may be useful -
How about diaperd? (Dbus IAP Execute Uh..... something...
Despite the bad humor, it may be useful to finish.
Brad.
PS And sorry for misdirecting this to users - the danger of auto completion
and inattention.
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Wikiomics:RNA secondary structure prediction
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 00:00, 20 November 2007 by Bill Flanagan (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Single sequence structure prediction
A common problem for researchers working with RNA is to determine the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. However, in the case of RNA much of the final structure is determined by the secondary structure or intra-molecular base-pairing interactions of the molecule. This is shown by the high conservation of base-pair across diverse species.
One of the first attempts to predict RNA secondary structure was made by Ruth Nussinov and co-workers who used dynamic programming method for maximising the number of base-pairs [1]. However, there are several issues with this approach, most importantly the solution is not unique. Nussinov et al published an adaptation of their approach to use a simple nearest-neighbour energy model in 1980 [2]. Michael Zuker and Patrick Stiegler in 1981 proposed using a slightly refined dynamic programming approach that models nearest neighbour energy interactions that directly incorporates stacking into the prediction [3]. The energies that are minimized by the recursion are derived from empirical calorimetric experiments, the most up-to-date parameters were published in 1999 [4]. There has been recent progress in estimating "energy" parameters directly from known structures[5]. Another approach researchers are using is to sample structures from the Boltzmann ensemble [6, 7].
One of the issues when predicting RNA secondary structure is that the standard recursions (eg. Nussinov/Zuker-Stiegler) exclude pseudoknots. Elena Rivas and Sean Eddy published a dynamic programming algorithm that could handle pseudoknots [8]. However, the time and memory requirements of the method are prohibitive. This has prompted several researches to implement versions of the algorithm that restrict the classes of pseudoknots, resulting in gains in performance.
S. cerevisiae tRNA-PHE structure space: the energies and structures were calculated using RNAsubopt and the structure distances computed using RNAdistance.
References
1. Nussinov R, Piecznik G, Grigg JR and Kleitman DJ (1978) Algorithms for loop matchings. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics. [NUSS78]
2. Nussinov R and Jacobson AB. . pmid:6161375. PubMed HubMed [NUSS80]
3. Zuker M and Stiegler P. . pmid:6163133. PubMed HubMed [ZUKE81]
4. Mathews DH, Sabina J, Zuker M, and Turner DH. . pmid:10329189. PubMed HubMed [MATH99]
5. Do CB, Woods DA, and Batzoglou S. . pmid:16873527. PubMed HubMed [DO06]
6. McCaskill JS. . pmid:1695107. PubMed HubMed [MCCA90]
7. Ding Y and Lawrence CE. . pmid:14654704. PubMed HubMed [DING03]
8. Rivas E and Eddy SR. . pmid:9925784. PubMed HubMed [RIVA99]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
External links to RNA folding software
• Afold Analysis of internal loops within the RNA secondary structure in almost quadratic time
• alteRNA: RNA Density Fold. Minimizes a linear combination of energy density and the total free energy for a given RNA sequence.
• CONTRAfold a secondary structure prediction method based on conditional log-linear models (CLLMs), a flexible class of probabilistic models which generalize upon SCFGs by using discriminative training and feature-rich scoring.
• Kinfold Simulates the stochastic folding kinetics of RNA sequences into secondary structures. The algorithm operates on the basis of the formation, dissociation, and the shifting of individual base pairs.
• Mfold MFE RNA structure prediction algorithm.
• RDfolder RNA folding by energy weighted Monte Carlo simulation.
• RNAfold MFE RNA structure prediction algorithm.
• RNA Kinetics models the dynamics of RNA secondary structure by the means of kinetic analysis of folding transitions of a growing RNA molecule. The result of the modeling is a kinetic ensemble, i.e. a collection of RNA structures that are endowed with probabilities, which depend on time. This approach gives comprehensive probabilistic description of RNA folding pathways, revealing important kinetic details that are not captured by the traditional structure prediction methods.
• RNAstructure A Windows implementation of the Zuker algorithm for RNA secondary structure prediction based on free energy minimization. Includes a sequence editor, an integrated drawing tool, the OligoWalk program, OligoScreen, Dynalign, and can compute the partition function.
• SARNA-Predict A heuristic algorithm based on Simulated Annealing for RNA secondary structure prediction.
• Sfold Statistical sampling of all possible structures. The sampling is weighted by partition function probabilities.
• Vsfold4 folds single RNA sequences using an extended energy model.
with pseudoknots
• HotKnots A heuristic algorithm for the prediction of RNA secondary structures including pseudoknots.
• HPknotter A Heuristic Approach for Detecting RNA H-type Pseudoknots.
• KineFold Folding kinetics of RNA sequences including pseudoknots.
• McQFold MCMC-sampling secondary structures with pseudoknots for a given RNA sequence.
• NUPACK A dynamic programming algorithm based on the partition function for the prediction of a restricted class of RNA pseudoknots. Uses less resources than Pknots-SE.
• Pknots-RG A dynamic programming algorithm for the prediction of a restricted class of RNA pseudoknots. Uses the least resources to date, conversely infers the most restrictive class of knotted structures.
• Pknots-SE A dynamic programming algorithm for optimal RNA pseudoknot prediction using the nearest neighbour energy model.
• PLMM-DPSS High sensitivity RNA pseudoknot prediction using "Pseudoknot Local Motif Model and Dynamic Partner Sequence Stacking".
• SARNA-Predict-pk A heuristic algorithm based on Simulated Annealing for RNA secondary structure prediction including pseudoknots.
with suboptimal predictions
• RNAsubopt Reads RNA sequences from stdin and calculates all suboptimal secondary structures within a user defined energy range above the minimum free energy (mfe).
• Barriers Reads an energy sorted list of conformations of a landscape, and computes local minima and energy barriers of the landscape. For RNA secondary structures, suitable input is produced by RNAsubopt For each local minimum found it prints to stdout, the conformation of the minimum, its energy, the number of the "parent"-minimum it merges with, and the height of the energy barrier.
• MPGAfold A massively parallel genetic algorithm for predicting RNA secondary structures with pseudoknots.
• RNAshapes Unique suboptimal structures (shapes) are selected based on an abstract representation of RNA secondary structure which is inspired by the dot bracket representation known from the Vienna RNA package. The user can choose from 5 different types of shape resolution corresponding to different abstraction levels.
• RNALOSS locally optimal secondary structure computation. RNALOSS computes the number of k-locally optimal secondary structures for the input RNA, along with relative density of states and minimum free energy of a sample k-locally optimal secondary structure.
Comparative structure prediction
Frequently researchers have more than one RNA sequence which they suspect are homologous (or analogous) and therefore may share a common structure. There are three main approaches to this problem: 1. alignment folding. 2. simultaneous alignment and folding. 3. aligning secondary structures.
For the alignment folding approach the mutual information content is frequently used [9]. Generally the alignment is inferred using one of the standard multiple alignment tools (eg. [ClustalW,] [MAFFT,] [MUSCLE]). Recently some SCFG based alignment folding algorihms have been developed, such as PFold [10]. Alternatively, a sum of energy and covariation terms can be used, such as RNAalifold [11].
References
1. Chiu DK and Kolodziejczak T. . pmid:1913217. PubMed HubMed [CHIU91]
2. Knudsen B and Hein J. . pmid:12824339. PubMed HubMed [KNUD03]
3. Hofacker IL, Fekete M, and Stadler PF. . pmid:12079347. PubMed HubMed [HOFA02]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Structures from alignments
• BayesFold Finds, ranks, and draws the likeliest structures for a sequence alignment. Foldings are based on the predictions of the Bayesian statistical method. Your browser must be Internet Explorer 5+ for Windows with the Adobe Scalable Vector Graphics Viewer plugin installed.
• ConStruct A tool for thermodynamic controlled prediction of conserved secondary structure. Also allows iterative manual alignment refinement (new version).
• GArna Prediction of secondary structures of RNAs by genetic algorithm.
• GPRM finding common secondary structure elements, not a global alignment, in a sufficiently large family (e.g. more than 15 members) of unaligned RNA sequences.
• Genebee RNA alignment folding using a combination of free-energy and mutual information.
• Pfold Folds alignments using a SCFG trained on rRNA alignments. The alignment length limit is 500.
• RNAalifold Folds alignments using a combination of free-energy and a covariation measure. Ships with the Vienna package. Also a web-server.
• RNAlishapes is a tool for RNA structure analysis based on aligned RNAs.
• RNA-Decoder and CORSmodel Programmes for comparative predictions of RNA secondary structure in regions which are also protein coding.
• RNAGA Prediction of common secondary structures of RNAs by genetic algorithm.
• X2s An X windows program for analyzing and editing an alignment of RNA sequences and for predicting RNA secondary structure. The original server appears to be dead. Files provided c/o A. Wilm.
with pseudoknots
• Circles Circles is an experimental Windows 95/98/NT program for inferring RNA secondary structure using the comparative method. It provides a user-friendly interface to Jack Tabaska's maximum weight matching programs. The user can read in an alignment in FASTA, Clustal, or NEXUS format, compute a maximum weight matching, and export one or more secondary structures in standard formats.
• HXMATCH Hxmatch computes the consensus structure including pseudoknots based on an alignment of a few RNA sequences. The algorithm combines thermodynamic and covariation information to assign scores to all possible base pairs, the base pairs are chosen with the help of the maximum weighted matching algorithm.
• ILM Iterated Loop Matching. Evaluates stems in an alignment using a combination of free-energy and mutual information. Iteratively selects high scoring stems.
• KNetFold Computes a consensus RNA secondary structure from an RNA sequence alignment based on machine learning.
• MIfold Matlab package for investigating mutual information content of RNA alignments.
Simultaneous alignment and structure prediction (Sankoff-like methods)
• caRNAc Comparative analysis combined with MFE folding.
• Consan Pairwise RNA structural alignment, both unconstrained and constrained on alignment pins. Consans uses a constrained version of a pairSCFG structural alignment algorithm which assumes knowledge of a few confidently aligned positions (pins). Pins are selected based on the posterior probabilities of a probabilistic pairwise sequence alignment.
• CMfinder An RNA motif prediction tool. It is an expectation maximization algorithm using covariance models for motif description, carefully crafted heuristics for effective motif search, and a novel Bayesian framework for structure prediction combining folding energy and sequence covariation. This tool performs well on unaligned sequences with long extraneous flanking regions, and in cases when the motif is only present in a subset of sequences. CMfinder also integrates directly with genome-scale homology search, and can be used for automatic refinement and expansion of RNA families.
• COVE COVE is an implementation of stochastic context free grammar methods for RNA sequence/structure analysis.
• Dynalign Uses a "full energy model" and comparative information to align and fold 2 sequences. Restricts the 'span' of base-pairs to improve CPU time.
• PMmatch A variant of the Sankoff algorithm from the Vienna group.
• Foldalign1 Predicts conserved local sequence and hair-pin structures using CONSENSUS and CLUSTAL-like heuristics. Primarily used to infer cis-regulatory elements.
• Foldalign2 Structurally align two sequences using a light weight energy model in combination with RIBOSUM like score matrices.
• RNAcast RNA consensus abstract shapes technique: an alternative to the Sankoff algorithm for multiple RNA folding.
• RNAmine is a software tool to extract the structural motifs from a set of RNA sequences. The potential secondary structures of the RNA sequences are represented by directed graphs, and the common secondary structures are extracted by using graph mining technique.
• scaRNA Stem Candidate Aligner for RNA: aligns two RNA sequences and calculates similarities, based upon estimated common secondary structures. Scarna is a fast, convenient tool for clustering RNA sequences and for similarity search in long sequences. It works even for pseudoknotted secondary structures. Currently www.scarna.org Only works with Internet Explorer.
• SEED Suffix arrays are used enumerate complementary regions, possibly containing interior loops, as well for matching RNA secondary structure expressions.
• Slash A combination of COVE and Foldalign1.
• Stemloc Comparative RNA structure-finder using accelerated pairwise stochastic context-free grammars. Ships with the 'dart' package by Ian Holmes.
• T-LARA Produce a global fold and alignment of ncRNA families using integer linear programming and Lagrangian relaxation.
with pseudoknots
• comRNA comRNA predicts common RNA secondary structure motifs in a group of related sequences.
Aligning RNA structures
• LGSFAligner Local Gapped Subforest Aligner, aligns two RNA secondary structures locally.
• MARNA MARNA considers both primary sequence and the secondary structure to align RNAs. Based on pairwise comparisons using costs of edit operations. The edit operations can be divided into edit operations on arcs and edit operations on bases.
• MiGaL Compare RNA secondary structures and build phylogenetic trees.
• RNA_align Aligns two RNA structures using an edit distance model.
• RNAdistance reads RNA secondary structures from stdin and calculates one or more measures for their dissimilarity, based on tree or string editing (alignment). In addition it calculates a "base pair distance" given by the number of base pairs present in one structure, but not the other.
• RNAforester Compare and align RNA secondary structures via a "forest alignment" approach.
• RNAshapes the "consensus shapes" method independently enumerates the near-optimal abstract shape space, and predicts as the consensus an abstract shape common to all sequences.
• RSmatch provides a light-weight approach to compare RNA structures, thereby uncovering functional structure elements. Compared with other tools for RNA structure comparison, RSmatch is fast, requiring quadratic time determined by the sizes of two given structures.
with pseudoknots
• PSTAG Pair stochastic tree adjoining grammars (PSTAGs) for aligning and predicting RNA secondary structures including a simple type of pseudoknots which can represent most of known pseudoknot structures.
Miscellaneous
• StrAl is an alignment tool designed to provide multiple alignments of non-coding RNAs following a fast progressive strategy. It combines the thermodynamic base pairing information derived from RNAfold calculations in the form of base pairing probability vectors with the information of the primary sequence.Template:Paul P. Gardner
Personal tools
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
No vision and you perish; No Ideal, and you're lost; Your heart must ever cherish Some faith at any cost. Some hope, some dream to cling to, Some rainbow in the sky, Some melody to sing to, Some service that is high. Autermont, Harriet Du
This quote is about vision · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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The advice that is wanted is commonly not welcome and that which is not wanted, evidently an effrontery. Johnson, Samuel
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Click here to buy this »
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USB Finger
A Finnish programmer lost one of his fingers in a motor accident and the doctor offered him to build a prosthetic finger containing a USB drive. Check the Flickr photoset out.
Photo courtesy of Jerry Jalava (Flickr)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
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2914.0.55.002 - 2006 Census of Population and Housing: Media Releases and Fact Sheets, 2006
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MEDIA FACT SHEET
June 27, 2007
Embargoed 9.30 am (AEST)
70/2007
eCensus facts and figures
• 10.15% of all occupied private dwellings (771,130) submitted their information via eCensus.
• Between 6.00 pm and midnight Census night, 313,756 forms were submitted, or just over 40% of the total number of eforms submitted.
• Women aged 30–34 were the group with the highest rate of use of the eCensus (99,354 women or 13.76% of females in that category).
• 2,152,834 people (or 10.73% of the population) had their information included in the eCensus.
• Family households (11.64%) were more likely to be included in the eCensus than group households (9.61%) or lone-person households (8.07%).
• Families with children (12.30%) were more likely to participate in the eCensus than families without children (10.60%).
• The Australian Capital Territory had the highest take-up rate of all the states and territories, with 17.15% of occupied private dwellings, which equates to 17.32% of the population of the ACT. This was followed by Western Australia with 11.09% of occupied private dwellings submitting eCensus returns. This equates to 11.79% of the population of WA.
Source: ABS 2006 Census.
Table 1. 2006 Census: eCensus take up rate for occupied private dwellings by state/territory
eForm
State
%
NSW
10.23
Vic.
10.03
Qld
10.32
SA
8.13
WA
11.09
Tas.
8.06
NT
7.77
ACT
17.15
OT(a)
1.51
Aust.
10.15
(a) Other Territory
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1364.0.15.003 - Modellers' Database (Reissue), Mar 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/07/2005
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• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Related to: 1364.0.15.001
The Modellers' Database consists of over 500 quarterly times series constructed from the NIF and TRYM econometric models. They are useful to economists, econometricians, financial analysts and students. The database covers national accounts, banking and investment, price indexes, interest rates, world data, population and labour statistics and wage and tax rates. Some of the time series are published elsewhere by ABS while others are specifically constructed for the TRYM and NIF models. For most series the data span is between 20 and 25 years.
See 1364.0.15.001.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/01/2005
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Contents >> Transport
This section contains the following subsection :
Introduction
Economic contribution of the transport and storage industry
Structure and performance of the transport and storage industry
Transport activity
Accidents, injuries and fatalities
Transport infrastructure
Bibliography
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: I have recieved a Fab Four postcard from my sister Rachel, who is in England. I can now recreate the classic scene from The Beginning of the End in which giant grasshoppers launch an assault on the Beatles. "'Elp, John, they're attacking me." "Defend Ringo at all costs." Actually, I can't recreate that scene, since I have no grasshoppers.
Rachel says, "Leonard -- I thought you might like this postcard. Tomorrow we are all going to Abbey Road to take pictures! Love ya! [heart] Rachel". Abbey Road? Slowly I turned! Step by step! Inch by inch!
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South Malawi montane forest-grassland mosaic
South Malawi montane forest-grassland mosaic
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Mark McGinley
Introduction
Mount Mulanje, Malawi. (Source: Photograph by Judy Oglethorpe)
Dominating the surrounding countryside, Mount Mulanje is the highest point in South-Central Africa. The ecoregion forms part of the Afromontane archipelago-like regional center of endemism, and is extended here to include the biologically important Afroalpine and lowland forest areas. Floristically, the ecoregion shows low generic endemism and moderate levels of specific endemism, including 10 vertebrates and over 10 plants, including a species of cedar tree. The lowland forest has Guineo-Congolian (and eastern African coastal) affinities whereas the high-altitude forests of the ecoregion are largely Afromontane. This region is of great importance to human inhabitants: Mount Mulanje serves as an essential water catchment area for surrounding lowlands and tea and pine plantations that have replaced much of the original vegetation. Today, the remaining stands of Malawi cedar total less than 15 square kilometers (km2).
Location and General Description
The South Malawi Montane Forest-Grassland Mosaic is situated at the southern end of Malawi. It lies between 15° and 16° S latitude and is about 100 kilometers (km) south of Lake Malawi, to the southwest of the stagnant Lake Chilwa. The ecoregion is made up of Mount Mulanje and other mountains of lower altitude to the west and northwest of Mulanje. Mount Mulanje (35° 30’ E, 16° 00’ S) is the core area of the ecoregion and is the most prominent mountain feature in South-Central Africa. The ecoregion is surrounded by areas of low altitude, particularly to the south and to the east where an expansive, flat plain extends into Mozambique.
Mount Mulanje rises sharply and dramatically above the surrounding Phalombe Plain, which lies between 600 and 700 meters (m). The massif covers an area of 650 km2 and is comprised of high plateaus and basins lying about 2,000 m, incised by several deep ravines. The plateaus are surmounted by 20 rocky peaks, which generally reach about 2,500 m in altitude. One of these, Sapitwa Peak (3,200 m), is the highest point in South-Central Africa. To the north, Mchese Peak (2,289 m) is separated from the main mass of Mulanje by a broad saddle called the Fort Lister Gap, which is about 2 km wide and lies 340 m above the Phalombe Plain. To the west and north west of Mount Mulanje, across the Tuchila Plain, lies the Shire Highlands. The southern portion of these highlands is dominated by the Thyolo Mountain (1,462 m), which extends north and south in long ridges, and drops sharply to the Shire River in the west. The eastern slopes undulate gently down to the Tuchila and Ruo Rivers. Further north, in the vicinity of Blantyre and Limbe, there is a group of peaks including the Michuru and Chiradzulu Mountains. At the northern end of the Shire highlands, to the north west of Mulanje, lies the extensive Zomba Plateau. This Plateau lies at an average altitude of 1,600 m and has many peaks, such as Chagwa, Nawimbe and Mulunguzi, which range between 1,761 m and 2,018 m in elevation. While the Shire Highlands and its peaks are conspicuous, they only emphasize the magnitude of Mulanje, which dominates the landscape of the ecoregion.
Mount Mulanje, Malawi. (Source: Photograph by Judy Oglethorpe)
Mount Mulanje consists of a cluster of coalescing plutonic intrusions of syenite, quartz-syenite and granite, which are uplifted and faulted. The rock is approximately 130 million years old and has gradually been exposed as the softer rock around it has eroded away. Bauxite deposits occur on the western side of the mountain, more especially on the Lichenya Plateau. The soils of Mount Mulanje are similar to those found in the fynbos regions of the southern Cape. Chapman and White examined a soil profile from Mount Mulanje and classified the soils as humic ferrisols. They contain a high silt fraction, are acidic (pH 4.2 – 4.9) and have a low cation exchange capacity. Soil depth varies and is probably greatest in ravines and basins and shallowest on peaks, where sheets of granite lie near or at the surface. Information on the geology and soils of other mountains in this ecoregion is scarce.
The ecoregion has a moderate, tropical highland climate. It experiences a single, austral summer rainy season, extending from November to April. During this season rain can be expected most days, often in the form of short thunderstorms. The remainder of the year is drier, but is alleviated by maritime air from the Mozambique Channel which brings spells of mist, drizzle and rain to the areas facing southeast (termed Chiperone weather). Such weather can occur any time from May to August and lasts a week or more. The quantity of rainfall is variable throughout the ecoregion, particularly on Mount Mulanje, largely due to rain shadow effects. The average annual rainfall at the tea estates at the southern foot of Mount Mulanje (650 m) is 1,626 millimeters (mm), with 16 percent falling in the dry season. On the Mountain (on the Lichenya Plateau at 1875 m) the average increases to 2,859 mm, with 19 percent falling in winter. On the western side of the mountain the rainfall is considerably lower, with very small amounts falling during the dry winter months.
Average maximum temperatures within the ecoregion are 24 °C in summer and 12 °C in winter. At moderate altitudes, minimum temperatures are 15 °C and 9 °C in summer and winter respectively. At higher altitudes temperatures drop to –3 °C in winter and frosts are common. The period from September to the start of the rains is the hottest season, with temperatures regularly reaching above 30 °C. Humidity levels are low during this season. Temperatures during the austral winter months are cool to moderate and increase towards spring (September). During Chiperone weather, with a southeast wind and driving rain, temperatures drop dramatically and on rare occasions snow has been reported on Sapitwa Peak (Mount Mulanje). During the wet season the temperatures are warm and the air is humid.
Mists are prevalent on the heights of the mountains all year round, except during the driest period in September/October. Mists are essential to forest survival; they condense in the crowns of trees, which continue to drip after the sky has cleared, keeping the forest floors damp for weeks after the ground outside the forests has become dry.
The two major rivers flowing through this ecoregion are the Luchenza and Ruo. The Luchenza River has its source in the northern portion of the Shire Highlands and flows south, bisecting the ecoregion. The Ruo River has its source in the valley that divides Mulanje into unequal western and eastern lobes, and from there it flows south to the Shire River which joins the Zambezi River in Mozambique and flows into the Indian Ocean.
Mount Mulanje is a major catchment area and is the source of all rivers in the Mulanje District, which supply clean drinking water to the people and the tea estates. Most of the valleys on Mount Mulanje are abruptly truncated upon reaching the sides of the massif. The rivers draining these valleys descend in fine waterfalls, which are a conspicuous feature of the massif. The Ruo River is the most impressive as its large valley ends abruptly and the river descends in a spectacular waterfall. The Zomba Plateau in the north of the ecoregion is the catchment area for the Mulunguzi River, which flows over the Mandala Falls.
The Thyolo Mountain, to the south west of the ecoregion, is a major tea producing area, and tea plantations dominate its gently undulating eastern slopes. These slopes were once covered in lowland rainforest with mahogany (Khaya anthotheca), Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Prunus africana, Suregada procera and Xymalos monospora as dominant trees. Lowland rainforest is rare in Malawi, occurring only on Thyolo and on Mount Mulanje. The Chiradzulu Mountain, 15 km north east of Blantyre, supports a small remnant (200 hectares [ha]) of Afromontane forest above the 1500 meters (m) contour. Pine and eucalyptus plantations dominate the Zomba Plateau, whose indigenous vegetation is highly fragmented. Patches of Brachystegia woodland remain on the lower slopes of this Plateau, and at higher altitudes remnants of mid-altitude and Afromontane forests are found in ravines and gorges.
The vegetation of Mount Mulanje has been studied in greater detail than that of other mountains in the ecoregion. Five indigenous vegetation types occur on Mulanje, namely miombo woodland, lowland forest, Afromontane/Widdringtonia (endemic Malawi cedar) forest, plateau grassland and the high-altitude vegetation of the peaks.
The southern and southeastern slopes of Mulanje were, until recently, vegetated by lowland rainforest dominated by Newtonia buchananii and Khaya anthotheca. Remnants of this lowland rainforest occur along streams on the lower slopes and on the tea estates at the foot of the mountain. The plateaus of Mulanje are dominated by tussock grasslands. Small groups of trees including Ilex mitis, Philippa benguelensis and Syzygium cordatum are found on the grasslands clumped among large boulders. The endemic Helichrysum whyteanum, with its showy silver and pink bracts, becomes conspicuous during winter. Streams flowing through the grasslands are fringed with tree ferns (Cyathea dregei) and bamboo (Arundinaria sp.). At higher altitudes the vegetation becomes a heathland similar to those found on the Cape Mountains in South Africa. Mulanje is the only mountain in the ecoregion high enough to support heathland vegetation. Among the species that become prevalent at higher altitude are the endemic Erica milanjiana, Phylica tropica and Aloe arborescens (up to 5m tall). Grasses include large tussocks of Festuca costata and Danthonia davyi interspersed with cushions of Eragrostis volkensii and the extraordinary grass Alloeochaete oreogena, a Mulanje endemic up to 3 m tall with a tree trunk-like structure.
Between 900 m and 1,350 m mid-elevation forest is found. This forest has a low canopy and is hung with many lichens, mosses and epiphytes. Dominant canopy trees are Newtonia buchananni, associated with Albizia adianthifolia, Funtumia africana and Chrysophyllum gorungosanum. The largest remaining block of the mid-elevation forest is found at Chisongole, on the south east of the mountain.
At higher altitudes (over 1,600 m) Afromontane/Widdringtonia forests are found in gorges and ravines, where they are sheltered from dry winds and fire, particularly on the drier western and northern slopes. These forests are taller than the mid-elevation forests, and Olea capensis and the Mulanje cedar (Widdringtonia whytei) are the most common emergent trees. Pauw and Linder concluded that there are in fact two species of Mulanje cedar on Mount Mulanje, namely Widdringtonia nodiflora and Widdringtonia whytei. W. nodiflora is a multi-stemmed shrub with a swollen underground tuber that occurs on the edges of the forest and survives fires by resprouting. This species is widely distributed throughout South-Central Africa. On the other hand, W. whyteiis is restricted to the fire-protected valleys on Mount Mulanje. It grows up to 40 m tall and persists as a broad-crowned canopy tree for hundreds of years. It has been declared Malawi’s National Tree. Currently, the cedar forests occur as small fragments on the mountain with a total area of about 14.6 km2. Other important canopy trees present at high elevations include Podocarpus latifolius, Ekebergia capensis, Cassipourea malosana and Rapanea melanophloeos. The high-elevation forests have an abundance of epiphytic orchids and ferns, ground ferns and tree-growing club mosses. Much of the high-elevation forest is fragmented in widely distributed patches. The largest remaining block is on Lichenya (1,850 m) on the south west of Mulanje.
It is notable that many species reach their northernmost limit on Mount Mulanje, where they grow unusually large. Diospyros natalensis, for example, is at its northernmost limit on Mulanje, where it is a shapely tree up to 25 m tall. Further south it is a straggling, 4 m high shrub. Other examples of gigantism as adaptation to montane environment are Euclea divinorum (25 m) and Haplocoelum foliosum (27 m), both of which reach a greater height on Mulanje than elsewhere in their range.
Biodiversity Features
The ecoregion forms part of the Afromontane archipelago-like regional center of endemism of White. This center of endemism shows only moderate generic endemism and has only three endemic families, the unispecific Barbeyaceae and Cornaceae and the unigeneric Oliniaceae. In contrast, it has a high level of specific endemism with the majority of species in the region being endemic to it. Chorological analysis of the trees and shrubs of Mulanje showed that the proportion of Afromontane elements increases from 22 percent in lowland forest, to 44 percent in mid-elevation forest and to 76 percent in the Afromontane forest. The lowland forest has Guineo-Congolian affinities whereas the high-elevation forests of the ecoregion are largely Afromontane. The ecoregion itself has a relatively low level of specific endemism when compared to other Afromontane forest islands in the region, but has a high level of species richness.
Endemic aloe, Mount Mulanje, Malawi. (Source: Photograph by Judy Oglethorpe)
The highest rate of endemism in the fauna of the ecoregion is found in the reptiles and amphibians. Two dwarf chameleons, Chamaeleo mlanjensis and Rhampholeon platyceps, are strictly endemic to Mount Mulanje, as are two geckos (Lygodactylus bonsi and L. rex), one skink (Proscelotes mlangensis) and one lizard (Platysaurus michelli). A further nine species of reptile are regarded as near endemic to the ecoregion, including the Mozambique wolf snake (Lycophidion acutirostre) and the Angola dwarf gecko (Lygodactylus angularis). Amongst the amphibians, one frog subspecies (Rana johnstoni johnstoni), a squeaker frog (Arthroleptis francei) and a ridged frog (Ptychadena broadleyi) are strictly endemic to the ecoregion. The Rana sp, and the squeaker frog are restricted to Mount Mulanje, while the ridged frog is found on Mulanje and on the Zomba Plateau.
All of the forested mountains in this ecoregion are considered important areas for bird conservation, and support a number of threatened bird species. The endangered Thyolo alethe (Alethe choloensis, EN) is endemic to the forests of this ecoregion and is mainly found in the ground stratum of the mid-altitude forests. Other threatened forest bird species occurring are the spotted ground thrush (Zoothera guttata, EN) and the white-winged apalis (Apalis chariessa, VU). Less rare, but still notable bird species that occur are the olive-flanked robin-chat (Cossypha anomala macclounii), moustached green tinker bird (Pogoniulus leucomystax), and the green headed oriole (Oriolus chlorocephalus).
A subspecies of the olive-flanked robin-chat (Cossypha anomala macclouniei) is endemic to Mount Mulanje. The grasslands are less important ornithologically. The significant grassland birds are mainly raptors, such as the black and crowned eagles (Aquila verreauxii, Stephanoaetus coronatus) and the lanner and peregrine falcons (Falco biarmicus, F. peregrinus). The blue swallow (Hirundo atrocaerulea, VU)) and the scarce swift (Schoutedenapus myoptilus) are other notable grassland species, the first of which is globally threatened.
The only near-endemic mammal occurring in the lower elevations of the ecoregion is the greater hamster-rat (Beamys major), which is Locally Rare.
All larger mammals in the ecoregion are under continuous threat from hunting. The vast herds of large mammals, such as eland (Taurotragus oryx) and sable (Hippotragus niger), that once roamed the foothills of this ecoregion are long gone. The only antelopes to survive are species such as bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), red duiker (Cephalophus natalensis) and blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola), which live hidden in dense vegetation. Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) has also survived hunting pressure because it occupies inaccessible, high, rocky slopes. Rock hyraxes are also common on these rocky slopes. Two narrowly distributed subspecies of rock hyrax were first described from Mount Mulanje; these are Heterohyrax brucei manningi and Procavia capensis johnstoni.
Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) are common in the woodlands throughout the ecoregion and both the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis) and the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) occur in the forests. A subspecies of blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis nyasae) is near endemic to the ecoregion, with Mount Mulanje as its type locality.
These mammals are the main prey for the few leopards (Panthera pardus) that still survive in the mountains of the ecoregion. Besides leopard, other smaller predators include the small spotted genet (Genetta genetta), serval (Felis serval) and the African civet (Civettictis civetta). Spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) is also found in the ecoregion.
Current Status
The current status of conservation within the ecoregion is poor. The conservation areas, classified as forest reserves, have inadequate controls and are managed by the Department of Forestry. The reserves are generally dominated by pine and eucalyptus plantations, with remnant fragments of indigenous vegetation remaining in more inaccessible areas.
The Thyolo Forest Reserve, situated on the Thyolo Mountain to the southwest of the ecoregion, conserves the largest remaining patch of lowland rainforest. The mountain is otherwise dominated by tea plantations. The Michiru Mountain Conservation area is situated north west of Blantyre, covers 50 km2 of Michiru Mountain and serves as a center for environmental education, with areas set aside for forestry and agriculture. A small area contains indigenous woodland with patches of forest in the ravines. The Chiradzulu Forest Reserve, 15 kilometers (km) north of Blantyre, supports a small remnant of forest (200 hectares (ha)) above the 1,500 meters (m) contour. To the north lies the Zomba Plateau Forest Reserve. This is Malawi’s oldest forest reserve (gazetted in 1913), and is largely covered in plantations. Small fragmented patches of forest and miombo woodland remain. The Mount Mulanje forest reserve was formally gazetted a forest reserve in 1927, more to ensure the Forestry Department permanent exploitation rights for cedar than for conservation of the mountain. The reserve is under constant threat from the dense population surrounding it and its boundary has been adjusted a number of times due to encroachment by cultivators on the lower slopes. In November 2000 Mount Mulanje was approved as a new biosphere reserve. A biosphere reserve is an internationally recognized area promoting solutions to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity with sustainable use.
Types and Severity of Threats
Forestry and agriculture are the two major threats to the conservation of the ecoregion. Large areas throughout the ecoregion have been turned over to pine and eucalyptus plantations. Nearly all of the indigenous vegetation on the Zomba Plateau has been supplanted by Mexican pine. The Thyolo and Mulanje districts are major tea producing areas and the natural vegetation on the south eastern slopes of these mountains has been replaced by extensive tea plantations. Tea was first planted on the slopes of Mount Mulanje in 1891 and then on Mount Thyolo in 1933. Until the mid 1960’s this ecoregion was the most extensive area of tea under cultivation anywhere in Africa.
Annual food crops are also planted on the rain-facing southern and southeastern slopes. In the early 1980’s, hundreds of hectares (ha) of lowland rainforest were destroyed on the southern slopes of Mulanje to grow maize. Crop fields continue to extend up the slopes of Mulanje today (above the Forest Reserve boundary) and repeated efforts by the forestry department to evict the encroachers have failed. The extensive, forested slope below Manene peak (2,650 m) is constantly being encroached upon, the situation compounded by a fast expanding population, and in the past by an influx of Mozambican refugees. The drier western and northern slopes of Mount Mulanje have been impacted to a lesser degree, largely due to the absence of tea plantations. However, the vegetation is still somewhat degraded, mainly by woodcutters. Other plants such as bamboo, thatching grass and Raphia palm are also harvested from these lower slopes. The destruction of the indigenous vegetation of Mount Mulanje had serious implications in March 1991 when heavy rains caused an avalanche on Machete Mountain, killing 500 people. This avalanche could have been less horrific had the forests on the lower slopes of Machese been intact.
The Mulanje cedar, Widdringtonia whytei, is under serious threat from over exploitation. Exploitation of this tree began in about 1900, under the control of the Department of Forestry. In 1927 much of Mulanje was gazetted as a forest reserve, but cedar felling continued. Efforts were made to replant cedar stands, but these stands, which were developing well, succumbed to fire. No further attempt has been made to reestablish cedar on the mountain despite the economic incentive (cedar has become a high-priced wood) and the fact that Malawi has adopted the cedar as its national tree. A plan to replant cedar in the Chambe Basin in 1960 failed to materialize and the area has now become a pine plantation. High fire frequency on the mountain resulted in a large number of cedar trees being killed and as a result, the felling of living trees was made illegal. However, this has not stopped the felling and some of the finest cedar stands have been cut since this legislation was put into place. It has also been suggested that this legislation has encouraged arson to ensure supplies of exploitable (burnt dead) trees. Currently, the cedar forests are greatly diminished, occurring as small fragments with a total area of about 14,6 km2.
Another serious threat to the ecoregion is the uncontrolled invasion by the exotic Himalayan raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) and the Mexican pine (Pinus patula). These invaders have reached every corner of the ecoregion. A successful pine eradication program was carried out on Mount Mulanje between 1987 and 1988, leaving only two areas of the mountain to be cleared. This work was however not followed up and the pines have re-appeared, with Machese Peak the only area not invaded. The eradication effort was useful in that it proved the feasibility of controlling the pine invasion. The Himalayan raspberry, on the other hand, is firmly established and extremely difficult to eradicate. This vigorous bush, which grows up to 6 m high, was first recorded 60 years ago.
Hunting for food and skins is putting pressure on the wildlife of the ecoregion. Hunting parties set traps and wire snares throughout the mountains and the forests of Mount Mulanje are beset with snares. The poaching parties are largely responsible for the many fires that occur towards the end of the dry season. The hunting of small mammals is also indirectly threatening the survival of predators (e.g. leopard) through competition for food. Direct hunting of predators (for their skins) has also been reported.
Bauxite deposits discovered on Mount Mulanje in 1924 contain at least 20 million tons of bauxite. The possible exploitation of this resource remains a serious threat to the mountain.
Justification of Ecoregion Delineation
The ecoregion delineation follows the vegetation map of White that outlines Mount Mulanje, Thyolo, Shire and Chiradzulu mountains within the larger ‘undifferentiated montane vegetation’ and ‘altimontane vegetation’ units. The ecoregion ranges from c. 600 meters (m) to over 3000 m altitude to capture the transitions between lower and higher elevation fauna. The ecoregion is centered on Mount Mulanje, with a number of endemic species shared with other mountains within this ecoregion. It is distinguished as a Center of Plant Diversity and as part of a larger Endemic Bird Area.
Additional information on this ecoregion
Further Reading
• Boeder, R.B. 1982. Peasants and plantations in the Mulanje and Thyolo Districts of Southern Malawi. African Studies Seminar Paper, African Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
• Brass, L.J. 1953. Vegetation of Nyasaland. Report on the Vernay Nyasaland Expedition. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Vol. 8 no. 3.
• Briggs, P. 1996. Guide to Malawi. Bradt Publications, United Kingdom. ISBN: 156440952X
• Chapman, J.D. 1962. The vegetation of the Mlanje Mountains of Nyasaland.The Government Printer, Zomba, Malawi.
• Chapman, J.D. 1990. Mount Mulanje, Malawi: a plea for its future. A publication of the World Wildlife Fund.
• Chapman, J.D. 1991. Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation: Mount Mulanje. An IUCN – WWF report. ISBN: 283170197X
• Chapman, J.D. 1995. Notes on Mulanje Cedar, Malawi’s National Tree. The Wildlife Society of Malawi, Lilongwe.
• Chapman, J.D. and F. White. 1970. The Evergreen Forests of Malawi. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, University of Oxford. pp. 190. ISBN: 0850740088
• Collar, N.J. and S.N. Stuart. 1988. Key Forests for Threatened Birds in Africa. ICBP, Cambridge, UK. ISBN: 0946888159
• Dowsett-Lemaire, F. 1988. The forest vegetation of Mt. Mulanje (Malawi): a floristic and chorological study along an altitudinal gradient (650-1950 m).Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, 58:77-107.
• Dowsett-Lemaire, F. 1989. The flora and phytogeography of the evergreen forests of Malawi. I. Afromontane and mid-altitude forests. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, 59:3-131.
• Dowsett-Lemaire, F. 1989. Ecological and biogeographical aspects of forest bird communities in Malawi. Scopus, 13:1-80.
• Dowsett-Lemaire, F. 1990. The flora and phytogeography of the evergreen forests of Malawi. II. Lowland Forests. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, 60:9-71.
• Hilton-Taylor, C. 2000. 1998. The IUCN 2000 Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom. IUCN 2831705657.
• Keith, S., E.K. Urban, and C.H. Fry. 1982. The Birds of Africa. Vol. IV. Academic Press, London. pp.451. ISBN: 0121373010
• Pauw, C.A. and H.P. Linder, 1997. Tropical African cedars (Widdringtonia, Cupressaceae): systematics, ecology and conservation status. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 123:297-319.
• Pauw. C.A. 1998. Will a new name save Malawi's cedars? Sabonet News. Vol. 3 No.1. pp.33-34.
• Sakai, I. 1989. A report on the Mulanje Cedar resources and the present crisis. Forestry Research Record No. 65. F.R.I.M., Zomba.
• Stuart, C. and T. Stuart. 1992. Guide to the Southern African Game and Nature Reserves. Struik, Cape Town. ISBN: 0844289663
• Stattersfield, A. J., M. J. Crosby, A. J. Long, and D. C. Wege. 1998. Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 7. BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN: 1560985747
• Verboom, G.A. 1992. A Report on the Invasive Status of Pinus patula on Mount Mulanje, Malawi. Honours Thesis. University of Cape Town.
• Werger, M.J.A. 1978. Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. Junk, The Hague. ISBN: 9061930839
• White, F. 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. A Descriptive Memoir to Accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa (3 Plates, Northwestern Africa, Northeastern Africa, and Southern Africa, 1:5,000,000). UNESCO, Paris. ISBN: 9231019554
• WWF and IUCN, 1994. Centres of plant diversity. A guide and strategy for their conservation. Volume 1. Europe, Africa, South West Asia and the Middle East. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, U.K. ISBN: 283170197X
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the World Wildlife Fund. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the World Wildlife Fund should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
Citation
World Wildlife Fund (Lead Author);Mark McGinley (Topic Editor) "South Malawi montane forest-grassland mosaic". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth August 24, 2008; Last revised Date August 24, 2008; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/South_Malawi_montane_forest-grassland_mosaic>
The Author
Known worldwide by its panda logo, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) leads international efforts to protect endangered species and their habitats. Now in its fifth decade, WWF works in more than 100 countries around the globe to conserve the diversity of life on Earth. With nearly 1.2 million members in the U.S. and another 4 million worldwide, WWF is the world's largest privately financed conservation organization. WWF directs its conservation efforts toward three global goals: 1) saving endangered ... (Full Bio)
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Flathead IndiansEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
To ge started in American Indian Research
Indians of Montana > Flathead Indians
Alternate Names: Bitter Root Salish
Flathead
Population
1980 3,771
Regions with significant populations
Ancestral Homelands: Western Montana and parts of northern Idaho, British Columbia, and Wyoming
Descendants:
Flathead Reservation in Montana, formerly the Jocko Reservation
Status
Federally recognized
Linguistic Group
not yet researched
Cultural Group
not yet researched
Other Related Ethnic Groups
Kootenai
Contents
Tribal Headquarters
Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes
42487 Complex Blvd.
PO Box 278
Pablo, MT 59855
Ph. 1.406-675-2700
Toll free 1.888-835-8766
Fax 1.406-675-2806
Email - info@cskt.org
History
The first recorded contact between the Flathead or Salish Tribe and non-Indian explorers occurred in 1806 when the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through what was later to become Montana.
After several requests were made delegations from the tribe, the Catholics established a mission among the Flatheads in the Bitter Root Valley in the 1840s. That mission, called St. Mary's, closed in 1849, but another mission known as St. Ignatius was established in 1854.[1]
Although Victor, the head chief of the Flathead, signed the Hellgate Treaty in 1855, the Flathead Tribe was allowed to remain in Bitter Root Valley until further surveys were made to determine if there was a better place for a reservation for the tribe, rather than assigning them to the Jocko Reservation.[2]
In 1890, members of the Flathead Tribe were removed from the Bitter Root Valley to the Jocko Reservation, now known as the Flathead Reservation.[3]
The allotment of land to members of the Flathead Tribe was begun in 1904. Following that allotment, nearly 1/2 million acres passed out of tribal ownership as surplus land.
Brief Timeline
• 1806: Lewis and Clark Expedition made contact with the tribe
• 1840-1846: Jesuit missionary - Father Pierre Jean de Smet - lived in the area
• 1841: St. Mary's Mission established by Catholics in Bitter Root Valley
• 1853: United States terminated its relationship with the sovereign nations of Flathead by the U.S. Congress under House Concurrent Resolution 108.
• 1854: St. Ignatius Mission established on the Jocko River
• 1855October 17, Territory of Nebraska, Treaty with the Blackfeet
• 1855 July 16, at Hell Gate in Bitter Root Valley,Treaty with Flatheads Etc.,land in Montana and Idaho was ceded.
• 1864-80: The tribe was under the jurisdiction of the Montana Superintendency
• 1872: Ceded additional land
• 1890-1891: Removed from Bitter Root Valley to Jocko Reservation
Additional References to the History of the Tribe and/or Band
The Flathead Tribe was under the jurisdiction of agencies, reservations, and superintendencies
Reservations
Reservations are tracts of land set aside for occupation and use by American Indians.
The principle reservation occupied by the Flathead Indians is currently called the Flathead Reservation, formerly known as the Jocko Reservation, because of its location on the Jocko River in northern Montana.
The reservation includes land in Flathead, Lake, Missoula, and Sanders Counties in Montana
Superintendencies
Montana Superintendency
Oregon Superintendency
Washington Superintendency
Idaho Superintendency
Records
Agency Records
The following agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs had jurisdiction over the Flathead for the time periods indicated. BIA agencies were responsible to keep such records as census rolls, allotment (land) records, annuity rolls, school records, correspondence, and other records of individual Indians under their jurisdiction. For details, see the page for the respective agency.
Flathead Agency, 1854-1857, 1861-present
Washington East of the Cascades Agency, 1857-1861
Census Records
The Bureau of Indian Affairs compiled annual Indian Census Rolls on many of the reservations from 1885 to 1940. They list the names of individuals, their age, and other details about each person enumerated. For more information about these records, click here.
The following table lists the census rolls for the Flathead Indians:
Agency Location of Original Records
Post-1885 Census M595 RG 75
Roll Number
FHL
Film Number
Flathead Agency, 1886-1939 Seattle Rolls 107-16 FHL Film 575799-800, 576464-471
Church Records
Gregory Mengarind and Gloria Ricci Lothrop. Recollections of the Flathead Mission. Glendale, CA., Arthur H. Clark Co., 1977. FHL Book 970.3 Sa34m
Correspondence Records
There are several sets of correspondence between the supervising offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the local offices -- agencies, subagencies, etc. The correspondence is often historical in nature, including reports of the conditions among local groups of Indians, hostilities, plans for building facilities, activities of traders or missionaries, etc. Occasionally, there will be names of individuals but little detail about them. For more information about American Indian correspondence, click here.
The following table lists some correspondence relating to the Flathead Indians:
Agency Location of Original Records
Pre - 1880 Correspondence
M 234 RG 75 -- 962 Rolls
Roll Number
FHL
Film Number
Montana Superintendency, 1864-1880 Washington D. C. Rolls 488-518 -
Enrollment Records
In 1905, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs assigned Special Agent Thomas Downs to investigate the enrollment of the Indians of the Flathead Reservation. The National Archives has microfilmed the resulting documents as their Microcopy M1350, consisting of 3 rolls of microfilm. These records are available at the National Archives and their Regional Archives, and at other research institutions, including the Family History Library in Salt Lake City. The records include census rolls for 1903, 1905, and 1908, as well as applications for enrollment and Agent Downs' field notes. It includes members of all tribes then living on the Flathead Reservation, including the Flathead, Kootenai, Pend d'Oreille, Kalispel, and Spokane tribes.
Land Records
Flathead Allotment Records, 1889 -- List of those signing consents for land transfer.
Montana Flathead Land Patents, 1908 -- Abstracts of names beginning A-D
Those who signed consents to be removed from the Bitter Root Valley to the Jocko Reservation in 1890 are included in a list taken from the book entitled Flathead Indians of Bitter Root Valley. An abstract of the list is also available online.
Treaties
During the latter part of the 18th Century and most of the 19th Century, treaties were negotiated between the federal government and individual Indian tribes. The treaties provide helpful information about the history of the tribe, but usually only include the names of those persons who signed the treaty. For more information about treaties, click here.
Treaties to which the Flathead Indians were a part were:
• 1855October 17, Territory of Nebraska, Treaty with the Blackfeet
• 1855 July 16, at Hell Gate in Bitter Root Valley,Treaty with Flatheads Etc.,
Tribal Office Records
The Tribal Office is responsible for enrollment records, vital records, tribal police records, tribal court records, employment records and many others. They are an entirely different set of records from those kept by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Most of them remain in the Tribal Office. For details, contact that office at the address for the Tribal Headquarters listed above.
Vital Records
Prior to the Indian Reorganization Act, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, through their agencies, may have recorded some vital events. Some were recorded on health forms, such as the "Sanitary Record of Sick, Injured, Births, Deaths, etc." Others were recorded as supplements to the "Indian Census Rolls." Some were included in the unindexed reports and other correspondence of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Some vital records for the Flathead Indians include:
• Flathead Agency, M595, births and deaths, 1924-1934, FHL Film: 576469 and births and deaths, 1927-1937,FHL Film: 576471. FHL Film: 576468 also includes supplemental rolls of the Flathead (Montana) Agency
Important Web Sites
References
1. Catholic Encyclopedia
2. Treaty of Hellgate, Treaty of July 16, 1855, 12 Stat. 975, Ratified March 8, 1859.
3. Flathead Indians of Bitter Root Valley
Bibliography
Flathead
General
• Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
• Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 Available online.
• Klein, Barry T., ed. Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian. Nyack, New York: Todd Publications, 2009. 10th ed. WorldCat 317923332; FHL book 970.1 R259e.
• Malinowski, Sharon and Sheets, Anna, eds. The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1998. 4 volumes. Includes: Lists of Federally Recognized Tribes for U.S., Alaska, and Canada – pp. 513-529 Alphabetical Listing of Tribes, with reference to volume and page in this series Map of “Historic Locations of U.S. Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Canadian Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Mexican, Hawaiian and Caribbean Native Groups” Maps of “State and Federally Recognized U.S. Indian Reservations. WorldCat 37475188; FHL book 970.1 G131g.
Vol. 1 -- Northeast, Southeast, Caribbean
Vol. 2 -- Great Basin, Southwest, Middle America
Vol. 3 -- Arctic, Subarctic, Great Plains, Plateau
Vol. 4 -- California, Pacific Northwest, Pacific Islands
• Sturtevant, William C. Handbook of North American Indians. 20 vols., some not yet published. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978– .
Volume 1 -- Not yet published
Volume 2 -- Indians in Contemporary Society (pub. 2008) -- WorldCat 234303751
Volume 3 -- Environment, Origins, and Population (pub. 2006) -- WorldCat 255572371
Volume 4 -- History of Indian-White Relations (pub. 1988) -- WorldCat 19331914; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.4.
Volume 5 -- Arctic (pub. 1984) -- WorldCat 299653808; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.5.
Volume 6 -- Subarctic (pub. 1981) -- WorldCat 247493742; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.6.
Volume 7 -- Northwest Coast (pub. 1990) -- WorldCat 247493311
Volume 8 -- California (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 13240086; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.8.
Volume 9 -- Southwest (pub. 1979) -- WorldCat 26140053; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.9.
Volume 10 -- Southwest (pub. 1983) -- WorldCat 301504096; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.10.
Volume 11 -- Great Basin (pub. 1986) -- WorldCat 256516416; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.11.
Volume 12 -- Plateau (pub. 1998) -- WorldCat 39401371; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.12.
Volume 13 -- Plains, 2 vols. (pub. 2001) -- WorldCat 48209643
Volume 14 -- Southeast (pub. 2004) -- WorldCat 254277176
Volume 15 -- Northwest (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 356517503; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.15.
Volume 16 -- Not yet published
Volume 17 -- Languages (pub. 1996) -- WorldCat 43957746
Volume 18 -- Not yet published
Volume 19 -- Not yet published
Volume 20 -- Not yet published
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• This page was last modified on 24 May 2012, at 12:44.
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Sutter County, CaliforniaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 14:28, 6 October 2008 by Standingve (Talk | contribs)
United States > California > Sutter County
Contents
County Courthouse
History
Parent County
1850--Sutter County was created as an original county. County seat: Yuba City [1]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Church
Court
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Newspapers
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Societies and Libraries
Web Sites
• USGenWeb project. May have maps, name indexes, history or other information for this county. Select the state, then the county.
• Family History Library Catalog
References
Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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Need Finance & Law Related Link for Link Exchange
Newbie Member
7Jan2011,15:42 #1
Hi All,
I have finance and law related websites for link exchange. I have been searching for good on-line website partners for mutual website promotions and traffic development. I believe it would be beneficial for both of us if we refer each others' websites via link exchanges.
If any one interested to exchange link with law and finance related websites, please mail me on my email ID - elvinmoore2010[AT]gmail(DOT)com.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 685642, 13 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/685642
Research Article
Antidiabetic Effect and Mode of Action of Cytopiloyne
1Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 402 Taichung, Taiwan
2Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, 115 Taipei, Taiwan
3Research Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan
4Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
5Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 402 Taichung, Taiwan
Received 3 November 2012; Accepted 29 January 2013
Academic Editor: Srinivas Nammi
Copyright © 2013 Cicero Lee-Tian Chang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Cytopiloyne was identified as a novel polyacetylenic compound. However, its antidiabetic properties are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-diabetic effect and mode of action of cytopiloyne on type 2 diabetes (T2D). We first evaluated the therapeutic effect of cytopiloyne on T2D in db/db mice. We found that one dose of cytopiloyne reduced postprandial glucose levels while increasing blood insulin levels. Accordingly, long-term treatment with cytopiloyne reduced postprandial blood glucose levels, increased blood insulin, improved glucose tolerance, suppressed the level of glycosylated hemoglobin (), and protected pancreatic islets in db/db mice. Next, we studied the anti-diabetic mechanism of action of cytopiloyne. We showed that cytopiloyne failed to decrease blood glucose in streptozocin- (STZ-)treated mice whose β cells were already destroyed. Additionally, cytopiloyne dose dependently increased insulin secretion and expression in β cells. The increase of insulin secretion/expression of cytopiloyne was regulated by protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and its activators, calcium, and diacylglycerol (DAG). Overall, our data suggest that cytopiloyne treats T2D via regulation of insulin production involving the calcium/DAG/PKCα cascade in β cells. These data thus identify the molecular mechanism of action of cytopiloyne and prove its therapeutic potential in T2D.
1. Introduction
Insulin is indispensable for glucose homeostasis in mammals. Insulin biosynthesis at transcriptional and translational levels, and its secretion in β cells, is well regulated by blood glucose [1]. Calcium ions, potassium ions, phospholipase C, DAG, phosphatidylinositol triphosphate (IP3), PKC, and protein kinase A (PKA) are involved in insulin secretion and, likely, insulin biosynthesis in pancreatic β cells [2]. On binding to insulin, an insulin receptor initiates a signaling cascade and eventually causes glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Any defect in insulin synthesis/secretion or action, or both, may result in hyperglycemia, a major pathological feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) [3]. Such hyperglycemia is detrimental to β cells and insulin target tissues, and this glucotoxicity is clinically relevant as a cause of diabetes-related complications such as nephropathy, retinal blindness, neuropathy, peripheral gangrene, and cardiovascular disease [4]. Therefore, maintenance of glycemic homeostasis is the most common therapeutic aim for patients with T2D.
Diabetes is a life-threatening metabolic disease, afflicting around 5% of the world population. Over 90% of the diabetic population is diagnosed with T2D mellitus [5, 6]. Current antihyperglycemic drugs are insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, inhibitors of sugar cleavage, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), all of which control homeostasis of blood sugar by different mechanisms [7]. Common drawbacks of such drugs include significant side effects, decreased efficacy over time, low cost-effectiveness, and only partial anti-diabetic effect of each individual drug [8]. Of note, secretagogues with the ability to prevent adverse effects (e.g., weight gain and hypoglycemia), to stimulate insulin biosynthesis, or to protect β cells from death are rare [7, 9]. GLP-1, an injectable peptide drug, may be the only one reported to fit these criteria [10]. In view of patients’ welfare, there is still an obvious need for development of antidiabetics that protect against hypoglycemia, enhance insulin synthesis, or improve β-cell protection.
Plants are an extraordinary resource for anti-diabetic remedies [11, 12]. One outstanding example is metformin, a derivative of guanidine that was first isolated from French lilac and is a commonly prescribed insulin sensitizer for treatment of T2D [13]. Further, extracts prepared from the plant Bidens pilosa, a member of the Asteraceae family, were shown to have anti-diabetic properties in alloxan-treated mice [14] and have been used to treat patients with diabetes in America, Africa, and Asia [11, 15]. Two polyacetylenes isolated from B. pilosa have demonstrated anti-diabetic properties by two different laboratories [16, 17]. More recently, another polyacetylene, cytopiloyne, was identified in B. pilosa and shown to be highly potent in the prevention of type 1 diabetes via T-cell regulation [18]. B. pilosa and its three polyacetylenes showed glucose-lowering activities in diabetic mice [16, 19, 20]. However, the long-term therapy and mechanism of these three polyacetylenes for T2D are not known.
The db/db mice whose leptin receptor gene is mutated spontaneously develop diabetes because of insulin resistance [21]. STZ-treated mice represent a chemical-inducible model that exhibits insufficient insulin production [22]. Both models reflect main causes of T2D [23]. In this study, we studied the anti-diabetic potential and mechanism of cytopiloyne in db/db mice and STZ-treated C57BL mice and in pancreatic β cells.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
All animals were maintained and handled according to the institutional guidelines and the protocol was approved by the Academia Sinica Animal Care and Utilization Committee (protocol number: OMiIBAYW2010043).
2.2. Chemicals, Cells, and Animals
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), STZ, nimodipine, EGTA, metformin, glimepiride, brefeldin A, hematoxylin, eosin, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), glimepiride, 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol, cholesterol, and diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). Antiactin, anti-HA, and anti-insulin antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA). Insulin (Novo Nordisk, NJ, USA) and anti-PKCα (Abcam, MA, USA) and antiphospho-PKCα (Millipore, MA, USA) antibodies were purchased. Cytopiloyne was prepared to 98% purity from B. pilosa as previously described [17, 18]. Cytopiloyne dissolved in DMSO was stored in a light protected vial at −20°C. After one year storage, more than 90% of the isolated cytopiloyne was stable, as was confirmed by structural determination by NMR spectroscopy. RIN-m5F cells (CRL-11605), a rat β-cell line, were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Primary pancreatic islets were isolated from fasted Wistar rats obtained from the National Laboratory Animal Center (NLAC) in Taipei, Taiwan. C57BL and db/db mice [24] were obtained from the NLAC. All animals were maintained in the institutional animal facility and handled according to the guidelines of the Academia Sinica Institutional Animal Care and Utilization Committee.
2.3. Drug Administration in db/db Mice
For single-dose administration, diabetic db/db males aged 6 to 8 weeks, with free access to food, were grouped and tube fed with either 0.2 mL vehicle (1 μL DMSO per 1 mL of PBS), cytopiloyne (0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg/kg body weight (BW)), or glimepiride (2.5 mg/kg BW). After 0.5 h, the levels of postprandial blood sugar and insulin from the mice were monitored for an additional 4 h. For continuous administration, diabetic db/db males were grouped and tube-fed with vehicle, cytopiloyne (0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg/day), or glimepiride (2.5 mg/kg/day) for the indicated time, while levels of blood sugar, insulin, and glycosylated HbA1c and glucose tolerance in these mice were determined. Unless otherwise indicated, the mice were fasted for 16 h and then postprandial blood glucose and insulin in these mice were measured. A portion of mice were sacrificed for immunohistochemical staining. The rest were maintained to determine survival rates.
2.4. Drug Administration in STZ-Treated Mice
To deplete pancreatic β cells in mice, 6-week-old C57BL females were intraperitoneally injected with STZ at 200 mg/kg. STZ-treated females with postprandial blood sugar over 500 mg/dL were grouped. Each group was either tube-fed with vehicle (1 μL DMSO per 1 mL of PBS), cytopiloyne (0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg/kg), or glimepiride (2.5 mg/kg) or injected with insulin at 2.5 IU/kg BW. Blood glucose levels were monitored for 4 h. To distinguish sensitizer activity from releaser activity of cytopiloyne, STZ-treated C57BL mice were tube-fed with vehicle, glimepiride (2.5 mg/kg), metformin (60 mg/kg), and cytopiloyne (0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg) 1 h before insulin injection (2.5 IU/kg). Blood glucose levels in the mice were monitored from 0 to 4 h after insulin injection.
2.5. Measurement of Glucose, Insulin, and HbA1c
Glucose levels in mouse blood samples were measured using an Elite glucometer (Bayer, PA, USA). Insulin levels in blood samples or islet cell supernatants were determined by ELISA assays (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden). The levels of glycosylated HbA1c in blood samples were measured using a DCA 2000 analyzer (Bayer, PA, USA).
2.6. Insulin Secretion
Pancreatic islets (10 islets/mL) from fasted male Wistar rats were incubated with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) buffer [25] containing vehicle (1 μL DMSO per mL KRB buffer), glimepiride, or cytopiloyne in the absence or presence of glucose for 30 min. The KRB buffer was then collected for ELISA assays.
2.7. Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (IPGTT)
Male db/db mice were administered either vehicle, cytopiloyne at 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg/day, or glimepiride at 2.5 mg/kg/day for the indicated time. The mice were fasted for 16 h before the glucose tolerance test. On days 0 and 42, each group received an oral dose (0.2 mL) of vehicle (1 μL DMSO per 1 mL of PBS), glimepiride, or cytopiloyne (time 0) and one intraperitoneal injection with glucose (0.5 g/kg) 0.5 h later. The levels of blood sugar were monitored from −0.5 to 3 h after glucose administration.
2.8. Immunohistochemistry
Pancreata from db/db males with continuous drug administration were snap frozen in OCT compound and stained with hematoxylin and eosin or anti-insulin antibody, followed by diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride development as previously published [18]. Optimal cutting temperature compound (OCT) is an inert cryosection medium. Multiple parallel sections of each pancreas were analyzed by light microscopy.
2.9. Intracellular Staining for Insulin
Rat pancreatic islets were incubated with vehicle alone (1 μL DMSO per 1 mL of PBS), cytopiloyne, or glimepiride for 24 h. The islet cells were dissociated into single-cell suspension, stained with anti-insulin antibody and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).
2.10. Real-Time RT-PCR Analysis
Rat pancreatic islets were incubated with vehicle (1 μL DMSO per 1 mL of PBS), cytopiloyne, or glimepiride for 24 h. Total RNA isolated from these islets was extracted and converted to cDNA. Real-time RT-PCR was performed with the above cDNA using insulin primers (5′-TGCGGGTCCTCCACTTCAC-3′ and 5′-GCCCTGCTCGTCCTCTGG-3′) or L13 primers (5′-AGA TAC CAC ACC AAG GTC CG-3′ and 5′-GGA GCA GAA GGC TTC CTG-3′).
2.11. Transfection and Luciferase Assays
The phINS-Luc and pRL-TK plasmids contain the human insulin promoter (2347 bp) from the phINS-DCR3 vector [26] linked to the firefly luciferase gene and the thymidine kinase promoter linked to the Renilla luciferase reporter gene, respectively. RIN-m5F cells were transfected with pHACE-PKCα DN plasmid (a gift from Dr J.-W. Soh), pcDNA3 (a control plasmid), phINS-Luc, and/or pRL-TK by lipofectamine or electroporation. After a 24 h recovery, the cells were treated with vehicle (1 μL DMSO per 1 mL of medium), glucose, GF109203X (a PKC inhibitor), glimepiride, or cytopiloyne for an additional 24 h. Subsequently, dual luciferase assays were performed as described [18].
2.12. Detection of Intracellular Calcium
RIN-m5F cells were preloaded with Fura 2-AM (5 μM) in modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer for 30 min at 25°C for 1 h. After washing, the cells were stimulated with 16.7 mM glucose or cytopiloyne (7, 14, and 28 μM). Intracellular calcium was measured using a fluorescence spectrophotometer (CAF 110, Jasco, Tokyo, Japan) at the excitation wavelengths of 340 and 380 nm and emission wavelength of 500 nm. The ratio of fluorescence intensity at 340 nm to that at 380 nm represents the level of intracellular calcium.
2.13. Extraction and Measurement of DAG
RIN-m5F cells were treated with glucose, cytopiloyne, PMA, and glimepiride for 5 min. Total lipids were extracted with ethyl acetate as previously described [27]. The cells were separated on a silica thin layer plate with the first developer of ethyl acetate : acetic acid : trimethylpentane (9 : 2 : 5) and the second developer of hexane : diethylether : methanol : acetic acid (90 : 20 : 3 : 2). The spot of DAG and cholesterol in each sample was visualized with 15% sulfuric acid and identified by 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol and cholesterol.
2.14. Western Blot
RIN-m5F cells were starved in KRB buffer for 30 min. The cells were then treated with vehicle, PMA, 16.7 mM glucose, and cytopiloyne in the absence or presence of EGTA and nimodipine for the indicated time. After extensive washing, the cells were pelleted. The total lysate, cytosolic fraction, and membrane fraction were prepared, followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The membrane was blotted with anti-PKCα, anti-phospho-PKCα, and anti-actin antibodies. The expression level of HA-tagged PKCα-DN in RIN-m5F cells was confirmed using Western blot with anti-HA antibody. The effect of GF109203X on PKCα inactivation in β cells was confirmed by Western blot (see the species list in the Supplementary Material of Figure 1 available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/685642).
2.15. Statistical Analysis
Data from three independent experiments or more are presented as mean ± SEM. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of differences between groups, and (*) less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Beneficial Effect of Cytopiloyne on Glucose Lowering, Glucose Tolerance Test, Glycosylation of HbA1c, and Islet Preservation
We and others have previously identified three polyacetylenes present in B. pilosa that exhibit antihyperglycemic activities in different diabetic models [1620]. However, their long-term benefit and mode of action remained unclear. In the study, we investigated the therapeutic effect and mechanism of cytopiloyne, a polyacetylenic glucoside (Figure 1(A)), on T2D. Glimepiride, an anti-diabetic sulfonylurea drug, acts to enhance insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells and, in turn, reduces blood glucose. We first evaluated single-dose effects of cytopiloyne on diabetic db/db mice. We found that like glimepiride (2.5 mg/kg), cytopiloyne at doses of 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg/kg significantly reduced postprandial blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner in diabetic db/db mice (Table 1). We also compared blood insulin levels in the same mice. Both glimepiride and cytopiloyne significantly elevated the blood insulin levels in db/db mice compared to vehicle alone (Table 2). These data showed that a single dose of cytopiloyne had anti-hyperglycemic and insulin-releasing effects on db/db mice. Next, we investigated long-term therapeutic effects of cytopiloyne in diabetic db/db mice. We found that 0.5 mg/kg cytopiloyne had similar blood sugar-lowering effects on fed db/db mice as glimepiride at 2.5 mg/kg (Figure 1(B)). Additionally, cytopiloyne was slightly more efficacious at 2.5 mg/kg than glimepiride at 2.5 mg/kg. Consistently, cytopiloyne increased blood insulin levels to a greater extent than glimepiride and this increase was dose dependent (Figure 1(C)). We also evaluated the effect of cytopiloyne on glucose tolerance. IPGTT assays showed no difference in glucose tolerance in treated and control mice at week 0 (upper panel, Figure 1(D)). By contrast, cytopiloyne treatment for 6 weeks improved glucose tolerance in db/db mice to a greater extent than glimepiride at the same dose (2.5 mg/kg) (lower panel, Figure 1(D)). Glycosylated HbA1c is known to be an excellent indicator of long-term glycemic control. Therefore, we examined the percentage of glycosylated HbA1c in db/db mice following different treatments. In the blood from 6- to 8-week-old db/db mice, 4.8% HbA1c was glycosylated. However, by 12 to 14 weeks of age, this value had risen to 7.3% in untreated db/db mice. By contrast, 6.3%, 6%, and 5.6% of HbA1c were glycosylated in the blood of age-matched mice following treatment with 2.5 mg/kg glimepiride or with 0.5 mg/kg or 2.5 mg/kg cytopiloyne, respectively (Figure 1(E)). These data suggest that cytopiloyne, which reduced glycosylated HbA1c by 1.3% and 1.7% at concentrations of 0.5 mg/kg or 2.5 mg/kg, respectively, achieves relatively tighter glycemic control than glimepiride, which only decreased glycosylated HbA1c by 1%, in db/db mice. Diabetic db/db mice usually develop severe atrophy of pancreatic islets. We assessed the protective effect of cytopiloyne on islet destruction in db/db mice aged 8 and 16 weeks, which corresponded to early and chronic stages of diabetes, respectively [28]. There was no significant difference in pancreatic islets of treated and untreated db/db mice at 6 to 8 weeks of age. Twelve- to 14-week-old db/db mice, which had received a long-term treatment with vehicle control and glimepiride, had sporadic islets. In sharp contrast, the age-matched db/db mice with cytopiloyne treatment showed much greater preservation of islet structure (Figure 1(F)). Accordingly, cytopiloyne treatment resulted in a better survival rate as compared to treatment with glimepiride or vehicle in db/db mice (see the species list in the Supplementary Material of Table 1 available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/685642). We also confirmed the preventive effect of cytopiloyne on T2D in db/db mice aged 4 weeks that has been previously reported [29, 30]. Cytopiloyne failed to stop the development of T2D in db/db mice, but it significantly reduced hyperglycemia in these mice compared to the control cohort (see the species list in the Supplementary Material of Figure 2 available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/685642). It should be noted that the blood glucose levels of db/db mice in preventive experiments (see the species list in the Supplementary Material of Figure 2(a) available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/685642) and therapeutic experiments (Figure 1(B)) were dissimilar because the ages of the mice examined were different. Collectively, cytopiloyne treatment for diabetes was better than glimepiride in terms of both dosage and therapeutic effects.
Table 1: Blood glucose levels following a single oral dose of cytopiloyne in fed db/db mice. Diabetic db/db mice aged 6 to 8 weeks, with free access to food, were grouped and tube-fed with vehicle, glimepiride (GLM) at 2.5 mg/kg/day, and cytopiloyne (CP) at 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg/kg/day. A half-hour after tube feeding was set as time 0. Blood samples were collected from the mice at the indicated time intervals (0, 1, 2, and 4 h). The blood glucose levels were determined using a glucometer. The number of mice () tested is indicated in parentheses in the first column.
Table 2: Blood insulin levels following a single oral dose of cytopiloyne in fed db/db mice. Diabetic db/db mice aged 6 to 8 weeks received the same treatment as those in Table 1. Blood samples at the indicated time interval (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h) were collected from the mice and the insulin levels in each blood sample were determined using ELISA kits. The number of mice () is indicated in parentheses in the first column.
Figure 1: Anti-diabetic effects of cytopiloyne in db/db mice during long-term treatment. (A) Chemical structure of cytopiloyne. (B) Four groups of 6 to 8-week-old diabetic db/db mice were tube-fed with vehicle, cytopiloyne (CP, 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg/day), or glimepiride (GLM, 2.5 mg/kg/day) from 0 to 6 weeks. Postprandial blood glucose (BG) levels in these mice were measured. (C) Blood insulin levels from the above mice (B). (D) IPGTT was performed in the above db/db mice (B) on weeks 0 and 6 after-treatment, and blood glucose levels were monitored for 3.5 h. (E) The percentage of glycosylated HbA1c in whole blood from the above mice (B) was determined 0 and 6 weeks after-treatment. (F) Pancreata of 8- and 16-week-old db/db males, which had received the same treatment as described in (B) for 2 (images a–h) and 10 (images i–p) weeks, were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E, images (a), (c), (e), (g), (i), (k), (m), and (o)) or hematoxylin and an antibody against insulin (H&I, images (b), (d), (f), (h), (j), (l), (n), and (p)). Arrowheads indicate pancreatic islets. Scale bars, 200 μm. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM from 3 independent experiments, and (*) < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The number of mice (n) is indicated in parentheses.
3.2. Cytopiloyne Acts as an Insulin Secretagogue rather than a Sensitizer
The sugar-reducing and insulin-increasing effects of cytopiloyne raised the possibility that cytopiloyne controls blood sugar in db/db mice primarily through stimulating insulin production from β cells. Rat primary pancreatic islets are commonly used to test insulin secretion/synthesis because rats have more abundant pancreatic islets than mice and the islets of both species respond to glucose similarly [1]. To examine the role of cytopiloyne in insulin secretion, we treated rat islets with cytopiloyne in KRB buffer containing 16.7 mM glucose. We found that cytopiloyne effectively enhanced insulin secretion in high glucose medium (Figure 2(a)) as well as glucose-free and low-glucose media (see the species list in the Supplementary Material of Figure 3 available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/685642). To confirm that cytopiloyne reduced hyperglycemia by stimulating insulin production from pancreatic β cells in vivo, we tested its ability to reduce hyperglycemia and to augment insulin levels in STZ-treated C57BL mice whose β cells were already depleted. As expected, cytopiloyne lost its ability to regulate both responses in these mice (Figure 2(b)). In sharp contrast, insulin treatment still diminished blood glucose levels in β-cell-depleted mice (Figure 2(b)). To exclude the possibility that cytopiloyne is an insulin sensitizer, we administrated STZ-treated C57BL/6 mice with an oral dose of vehicle, glimepiride, metformin, or cytopiloyne 60 min before an insulin injection. Both cytopiloyne and glimepiride had little, if any, lowering effect on blood sugar in these mice. However, metformin, an anti-diabetic biguanide drug, acts to sensitize insulin signaling and, in turn, significantly reduced blood glucose levels compared to vehicle alone in these mice (Figure 2(c)). Overall, our results support an insulin-releasing role of cytopiloyne in β cells.
Figure 2: Cytopiloyne-mediated insulin secretion depends on pancreatic β cells. (a) Rat pancreatic islets were incubated with KRB buffer containing vehicle, glimepiride (GLM, 0 to 10 μM), or cytopiloyne (CP, 1.5 to 42 μM) in the absence or presence of 16.7 mM glucose (HG). The insulin levels were determined using an insulin ELISA kit. The data are presented as mean ± SEM of 3 independent experiments. (b) Fed C57BL mice, which had already received an injection of STZ, were administered an oral dose of vehicle, cytopiloyne (CP, 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 mg/kg), and an intraperitoneal injection of insulin (Ins, 2.5 IU/kg). Postprandial blood sugar levels in the STZ-treated mice were determined using a glucometer. (c) Fed C57BL mice, which had already received STZ, were orally administered a single dose of vehicle, cytopiloyne (CP, 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg), glimepiride (GLM, 2.5 mg/kg), or metformin (Met, 60 mg/kg), followed by an intraperitoneal injection with insulin (Ins). Postprandial blood sugar levels in the STZ-treated mice were determined using a glucometer. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM from 3 independent experiments, and was considered to be statistically significant (*). The number of mice () is indicated in parentheses.
3.3. Cytopiloyne Elevates the Level of Insulin mRNA and Protein in Pancreatic Islets
Glucose is known to modulate transcription, translation, and secretion of insulin in pancreatic β cells [1]. However, current secretagogues act to increase insulin secretion but not synthesis. We have shown that cytopiloyne increases insulin secretion from rat islets (Figure 2(a)). Therefore, we also evaluated the effect of cytopiloyne on insulin expression. We first used an insulin promoter-driven reporter construct to test the effect of different treatments on insulin transcription. Glimepiride had no significant effect on insulin transcription in RIN-m5F β cells, a rat β-cell line, compared to the low-glucose control (3.3 mM). By contrast, high glucose (16.7 mM) upregulated insulin transcription eleven times; 28 μM cytopiloyne augmented insulin transcription five times, and this increase was dose dependent (Figure 3(a)). Next, we examined the expression levels of insulin mRNA relative to those of L13, a house-keeping control gene, in rat islet cells pretreated with low glucose, high glucose, 10 μM glimepiride, or cytopiloyne at 7, 14, and 28 μM for 24 h. Glimepiride slightly decreased insulin transcription. By contrast, a high concentration of glucose up-regulated insulin transcription five times, while 28 μM cytopiloyne resulted in doubled insulin transcription (Figure 3(b)). Further, we examined the effect of cytopiloyne on insulin content inside pancreatic islet cells. FACS is a sensitive method to detect levels of an intracellular protein at the level of an individual cell. Therefore, we used FACS to monitor the content of intracellular insulin. Glucose treatment (16.7 mM) increased the intracellular insulin levels in these cells from 2.3% to 5.1% (Figure 3(c)). Consistent with the effect of cytopiloyne on insulin transcription, 28 μM cytopiloyne increased the intracellular insulin levels 5-fold compared to control treatment in these cells, and this effect on insulin content was dose dependent (Figure 3(c)). The overall data suggest that cytopiloyne stimulates insulin expression in pancreatic β cells.
Figure 3: Increase in insulin mRNA and protein content by cytopiloyne in pancreatic islets. (a) RIN-m5F β cells transfected with phINS-Luc and pRL-TK plasmids were incubated with medium containing 3.3 mM glucose in the presence of vehicle (LG), glimepiride (GLM, 10 μM), and cytopiloyne (7, 14, or 28 μM) or 16.7 mM glucose (HG). Insulin promoter activity expressed as fold change relative to vehicle-treated control was measured using dual luciferase assays. (b) The relative expression level (R.E.L.) of insulin relative to L13 in rat primary pancreatic islets, which were already treated with 3.3 mM glucose in the presence of vehicle (LG), glimepiride (GLM, 10 μM), or cytopiloyne (7, 14, or 28 μM) or 16.7 mM glucose (HG) for 24 h, was determined by real-time RT-PCR. (c) Rat pancreatic islets received the same treatments as the islets in (b) in the presence of brefeldin A for 24 h. After anti-insulin antibody staining, these cells underwent FACS analysis. The percentage of insulin-positive β cells is shown. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM from 3 independent experiments, and was considered to be statistically significant (*).
3.4. Cytopiloyne Increases Calcium Influx, DAG Generation, and PKCα Activation
Secondary messengers such as calcium and DAG are involved in a variety of signaling pathways in β cells [3135]. We wanted to understand the mechanism of cytopiloyne in the insulin expression and the release in β cells. Our data showed that RIN-m5F cells responded to glucose and cytopiloyne in a similar way to primary rat islet cells (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)). Therefore, we used RIN-m5F cells to test the effect of cytopiloyne on calcium mobilization. We found that 16.7 mM glucose significantly increased intracellular calcium in β cells (Figure 4(a)). Similarly, cytopiloyne increased the level of intracellular calcium in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 4(a)). Next, we determined the effect of cytopiloyne on the production of lipids, DAG, and cholesterol, in RIN-m5F cells. PMA, glimepiride, and 16.7 mM glucose significantly increased the level of DAG in comparison with the vehicle control (Figure 4(b)). Of note, cytopiloyne dose dependently increased the level of DAG but not cholesterol (Figure 4(b)). Because PKCα has been previously implicated in insulin secretion of β cells [31, 33], we next assessed the effect of cytopiloyne on PKCα activation by examining its translocation and phosphorylation. Like PMA and 16.7 mM glucose, cytopiloyne dose dependently increased the membrane portion of PKCα (Figure 4(c)). Besides, like PMA, cytopiloyne increased the phosphorylation of PKCα (Figure 4(d)). This increase was abolished by nimodipine, a calcium channel blocker, and EGTA, a calcium chelator (Figure 4(d)). The data suggest that cytopiloyne activates PKCα through an increase of its activators, calcium and DAG.
Figure 4: Effects of cytopiloyne on calcium mobilization, DAG generation, and PKCα activation. (a) After Fura 2-AM loading, RIN-m5F cells were stimulated with 16.7 mM glucose (HG) and cytopiloyne (CP) at 7, 14, and 28 μM. The level of intracellular calcium, as shown by the 340/380 nm ratio, was detected using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. (b) RIN-m5F cells were stimulated with glucose, cytopiloyne (CP), PMA, and glimepiride (GLM). Total cell lipids and their commercial standards, DAG and cholesterol (CHL), were resolved on a silica thin layer plate. The quantity of DAG and cholesterol in each sample is replotted into histograms. (c) RIN-m5F cells were incubated with vehicle (NS), cytopiloyne (CP, 7, 14, and 28 μM), PMA (1 μM), and 16.7 mM glucose (HG). Membrane proteins of each sample were subjected to Western blot with anti-PKCα and anti-actin antibodies. (d) RIN-m5F cells were incubated with vehicle, cytopiloyne (28 μM), and PMA (1 μM) in the absence or presence of EGTA (10 μM) and nimodipine (Nimo, 1 μM). Total proteins were subjected to Western blot with anti-PKCα (t-PKCα) and anti-phospho-PKCα (p-PKCα) antibodies.
3.5. Cytopiloyne Increases Insulin Secretion and Transcription via PKCα
Next, we tested whether PKCα regulated cytopiloyne-mediated insulin secretion in β cells. We found that cytopiloyne stimulated insulin secretion in β cells, similar to what was observed in positive controls, 16.7 mM glucose and PMA (Figure 5(a)). By contrast, GF109203X, a PKC inhibitor, inhibited cytopiloyne- and PMA-induced insulin secretion (Figure 5(a)). Accordingly, overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of PKCα decreased cytopiloyne- and PMA-mediated insulin secretion (Figure 5(b)). On the contrary, overexpression of this mutant only slightly, if at all, inhibited glucose-mediated insulin secretion (Figure 5(b)). These data showed that cytopiloyne increased insulin secretion in β cells in a PKCα-dependent manner. We also tested the involvement of PKCα in insulin transcription in β cells. We found that like 16.7 mM glucose and PMA, cytopiloyne stimulated insulin transcription in β cells (Figure 5(c)). GF109203X completely abolished cytopiloyne-, glucose-, and PMA-mediated insulin transcription (Figure 5(c)). Similarly, overexpression of a dominant-negative PKCα significantly inhibited insulin transcription (Figure 5(d)). These data revealed that cytopiloyne increased insulin transcription in β cells via PKCα. Furthermore, we tested whether calcium mobilization affected cytopiloyne-mediated insulin secretion. We found that calcium intervention inhibited the insulin secretion by cytopiloyne in RIN-m5F cells (Figure 5(e)) and rat β pancreatic islets (see the species list in the Supplementary Material of Figure 4 available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/685642).
Figure 5: Cytopiloyne-mediated insulin secretion and expression are abolished by a dominant-negative mutant and a PKCα inhibitor. (a) RIN-m5F cells were grown in medium with 16.7 mM glucose (HG) or 3.3 mM glucose (LG) in the presence of PMA (1 μM), GF109203X (GF, 3 μM), and cytopiloyne (CP, 28 μM). The insulin level in the supernatants was determined using an ELISA kit. (b) RIN-m5F cells were transfected with 5 μg of pHACE-PKCα DN (+) or pcDNA3 (−) plasmid and grown in medium supplemented with 16.7 mM (HG) or 3.3 mM glucose (LG) in the presence of PMA and cytopiloyne. The insulin level was determined as described in (a). The expression level of dominant-negative HA-tagged PKCα (DN) and an internal control, actin, in the transfected cells was determined by Western blot using anti-HA and anti-actin antibodies. (c) RIN-m5F cells were transfected with phINS-Luc and pRL-TK plasmids. The cells were grown in medium with 16.7 mM (HG) or 3.3 mM glucose (LG) in the absence and presence of PMA, GF109203X, and cytopiloyne. The activity of the insulin promoter (pINS) in fold was measured using dual luciferase assays. (d) RIN-m5F cells were transfected with phINS-Luc and pRL-TK plus 5 μg of pHACE-PKCα DN (+) or pcDNA3 (−) plasmids. The cells were grown in medium with 16.7 mM (HG) or 3.3 mM glucose (LG) in the absence or presence of PMA and cytopiloyne. Insulin promoter activity expressed as fold change relative to vehicle-treated control was measured using dual luciferase assays. The expression level of dominant-negative HA-tagged PKCα (DN) and actin in the transfected cells was determined using Western blot and anti-HA and anti-actin antibodies. (e) RIN-m5F cells were grown in medium with 3.3 mM glucose (LG) and/or cytopiloyne (CP, 28 μM) in the presence of EGTA (10 μM) or nimodipine (Nimo, 1 μM). The insulin level in the supernatants was determined.
In summary, our mechanistic data suggest that cytopiloyne enhances insulin secretion and expression in β cells via the regulation of PKCα by calcium and DAG. The increase of insulin production in β cells and islet protection is associated with the therapy of cytopiloyne for T2D (Figure 6).
Figure 6: Schematic diagram of the likely mechanism by which cytopiloyne treats T2D in diabetic mouse models. Cytopiloyne shows anti-diabetic effects in diabetic mice, as evidenced by a reduction in the levels of blood sugar and glycosylated HbA1c, improvement of glucose tolerance, and its regulation of β-cell functions (e.g., insulin secretion, insulin expression, and pancreatic islet protection). The regulation of insulin secretion/expression in β cells by cytopiloyne involves PKCα and its activators, calcium, and DAG.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Plants provide a promising source of anti-diabetic medicines. Cytopiloyne, a plant polyacetylene, represents a new class of anti-diabetic chemotherapeutics. This study not only demonstrates the anti-diabetic efficacy of cytopiloyne, but also reveals the mechanism of the anti-diabetic actions of cytopiloyne in cell and mouse models.
Cytopiloyne has several unique benefits over current secretagogues in the market, including enhancement of insulin expression and maintenance of islet architecture. First, nutrients such as glucose can stimulate insulin biosynthesis at transcriptional and translational levels and the secretion of insulin in β cells [1, 36]. However, current secretagogues for diabetes can stimulate insulin secretion but not insulin biosynthesis. Unexpectedly, cytopiloyne can increase the level of insulin mRNA and protein, and it may be functionally superior to sulfonylureas (Figure 3). Second, cytopiloyne improved islet protection and resulted in a higher survival rate of db/db mice than glimepiride or vehicle control (Figure 1(F) and see the species list in the Supplementary Material of Table 1 available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/685642). Similarly, cytopiloyne was reported to maintain pancreatic islet architecture in NOD mice, a type 1 diabetes model [18]. Whether cytopiloyne employs the same mechanism in prevention of β cell death in both types of diabetes needs to be further investigated.
Cytopiloyne has other advantages over glimepiride. First, cytopiloyne is a relatively potent anti-diabetic compound as compared to glimepiride. Cytopiloyne induced similar anti-diabetic effects as glimepiride at one-fifth of the dose and modestly better anti-diabetic effects at the same dose (Figure 1 and Tables 1 and 2). In comparison with low-potency insulin secretagogues, cytopiloyne may have other benefits such as increased efficacy or decreased toxicity. Second, cytopiloyne may have a different mechanism of action as that of glimepiride, based on the large differences in their chemical structures. In fact, cytopiloyne, but not glimepiride, is able to promote insulin transcription (Figure 3) and confer islet protection (Figure 1(F)). Cytopiloyne is structurally different from currently known secretagogues and thus may represent a new class of anti-diabetic agents. Thus, studying the anti-diabetic mechanism of cytopiloyne may elucidate novel pathways that participate in insulin synthesis/secretion and islet preservation and the development of anti-diabetic agents.
No drug is perfect, and cytopiloyne presents challenges like other therapies. Current secretagogues occasionally reduce blood sugar to a detrimental degree, a condition known as hypoglycemia. The development of blood glucose-dependent secretagogues would prevent this dangerous side effect. At a low dose (e.g., 3 μM), cytopiloyne stimulates insulin secretion in pancreatic islets in a glucose-dependent manner (see the species list in the Supplementary Material of Figure 3 available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/685642). However, a high dose of cytopiloyne can still stimulate insulin secretion to some extent even in the absence of glucose (Figure 2(a)). The data show that cytopiloyne-mediated insulin secretion is partially glucose dependent. Thus, at a high dose, cytopiloyne may pose a similar potential risk for hypoglycemia as sulfonylureas, particularly in patients with low blood glucose levels. However, this problem may be alleviated by decreased dosage or use in combination with a sensitizer such as metformin, which has no hypoglycemic effect. Additionally, it should be noted that insulin secretagogues have a low clinical incidence of hypoglycemia, because patients with T2D usually have higher insulin resistance than healthy subjects.
Cytopiloyne contains a glucose moiety and therefore it is conceivable that it acts at glucose receptors to mediate insulin expression and secretion. However, our data argue against this possibility. At 28 μM, the concentration of glucose in cytopiloyne is about 600 times lower than the glucose in our experiments (16.7 mM). However, upregulation of insulin transcription by cytopiloyne at the same concentration is 40% (not 0.17%) of the up-regulation by 16.7 mM glucose (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)). Notably, 28 μM cytopiloyne was less effective in inducing insulin mRNA production but more effective in increasing insulin protein levels than 16.7 mM glucose in islets (Figure 3). This discrepancy may be due to differences in the regulation of insulin at the mRNA and protein levels by cytopiloyne. Indeed, glucose and GLP-1 strongly stimulate insulin translation but only modestly stimulate insulin transcription in β cells [1, 37].
DAG and calcium are common secondary messengers in β cells [3135]. Both messengers activate PKCα. PKCα has been found to be involved in insulin secretion mediated by PMA and glucose [3135] although the authors of one study excluded the participation of PKCα in glucose-mediated insulin secretion [3135]. Consistent with the literature, our study shows that PMA activates PKCα in β cells to a greater extent than glucose (Figure 4(c)). In this study, cytopiloyne dose dependently activated PKCα (Figures 4(c) and 4(d)). PKCα activation of cytopiloyne was dependent on calcium (Figure 4(d)) and probably also DAG. Furthermore, interference with the PKC inhibitor, GF109203X, and the dominant-negative mutant of PKCα inhibited cytopiloyne-mediated insulin secretion/expression in β cells (Figures 5(a)5(d)). The insulin secretion/expression of cytopiloyne is calcium dependent (Figure 5(e)). Therefore, our data suggest that cytopiloyne increases insulin production via PKCα activation that involves secondary messengers (Figure 6).
In conclusion, we showed that cytopiloyne suppressed the progression of T2D in db/db mice as evidenced by the decrease in the levels of blood glucose and HbA1c, glucose tolerance, and islet atrophy in db/db mice. Insulin release/expression and protection of β cells contributed to this suppression. We also showed that cytopiloyne up-regulated insulin release/expression that involved PKCα activation and its activators, calcium and likely DAG. This study reveals the anti-diabetic mode of action of cytopiloyne and suggests its use as a new anti-diabetic agent.
Abbreviations
BW:Body weight
DAG:Diacylglycerol
DMSO:Dimethyl sulfoxide
FACS:Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
GLP-1:Glucagon-like peptide-1
:Hemoglobin
IPGTT:Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test
IP3:Phosphatidylinositol triphosphate
KRB:Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate
PBS:Phosphate-buffered saline
PKA:Protein kinase A
PKC:Protein kinase C
PMA:Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
STZ:Streptozocin
T2D:Type 2 diabetes.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Drs. H. Kuhn and A. Peña for paper editing and Dr. J. T. Cheng, Dr. J. R. Sheu, and the Yang lab members for constructive discussion and technical assistance.The authors also thank Dr. J.-W. Soh (Inha University, Korea) for his generous gift of plasmid pHACE-PKCα-DN. This work was supported by the National Science Council (NSC94-2320-B-001-028, NSC95-2320-B-001-012, and NSC97-2320-B-005-001-MY3) and Academia Sinica (99-CDA-L11).
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Haunting Emma - Series Bibliography
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ISFDB Record Number: 29091
Bibliographic Comments: Add new Series comment
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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The free office suite
Download LibreOffice
LibreOffice Linux - deb (x86), version 3.6.5, Sindhi. Not the version you wanted? Change System, Version or Language
You need to download and install these files in order:
• Source code
LibreOffice is an open source project and you can therefore download the source code to build your own installer.
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Low Activity
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Settings : Code Locations
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Joram 5.2.1 Released
Joram 5.2.1 Released
The Joram team is pleased to announce the release of JORAM 5.2.1
This version is available for download, and in Maven repository.
It introduces many improvements and some bug fixes, essentially:
• JAAS authentication,
• Supplies New destination allowing data collect.
It is tagged in SVN (JORAM_5_2_1), the complete list of changes can be viewed either in code updates or in SVN history.
Tags:
Created by olivier lizounat on 2011/09/14 18:58
Legal Notice
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Daily Search Forum Recap: July 21, 2011
Jul 21, 2011 • 4:00 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
• Google Issuing Malware Warnings To Searchers
Google is no longer just giving users search results when they conduct a search at Google. They are now looking for malware on your computer and if they find it...
• Link Building Via Surveys
A WebmasterWorld thread talks about a link building tactic that more often than not is very successful. The tactic is conducting surveys. Not only do you get valuable industry data from surveys, you also get "two waves," as the SEO wrote...
• Google Adwords Call Extensions Opens Up At $1 Per Call
The Google AdWords Blog announced they have released the call metrics, aka phone extensions to all US and Canada advertisers. It has been in beta since 2010 and has resulted in over 5 million calls...
• Goodbye Google Labs
Yesterday, Google announced they are shutting down Google Labs. Google Labs is where many of the neat Google services and products were first introduced, including Google Suggest, which grew into Google Instant. That being said...
• Google: We Recommend You Not Use Meta-Refresh
Googler, JohnMu said in a Google Webmaster Help thread that you are better off not using the meta refresh HTML tag. In response to why one webmaster was seeing unusual error reports in Google Webmaster Tools, John noticed the site was using the meta refresh tag...
• A Fresh Noogler Zurich
Here is a picture by Mark Jensen posted on Flickr of himself as a Noogler. A Noogler is the name of new Googlers, Google employees. They are normally introduced on Fridays at Google's 4pm TGIF meet.
Other Great Search Forum Threads:
Previous story: Google Issuing Malware Warnings To Searchers
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Some Major CS Conferences in Utah Coming Up
There are a number of major technical events coming up in Salt Lake City in February. It is not often that premier computer science research conferences come to Salt Lake City, as opposed to Boston, Austin, Seattle, or the Bay Area. John Carter am the General Chair of the HPCA conference and got the IEEE to locate it here. Also convinced PPoPP to co-locate their conference here. All of the events below, except the Organick Lectures, will be at the Marriott City Center in SLC (next to Gallivan Plaza downtown).
There are a number of interesting tutorials and workshops associated with HPCA or PPoPP:
There will be a joint luncheon of HPCA and PPoPP on Feb 20th at which Fran Allen will be speaking. At least for now, only people registered for the conference are invited.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > News & Media > Media Releases by Topic
Dubbo to be Census tested (Media Release), 2010
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
26 May, 2010
Embargo: 11.30 am (Canberra time)
57/2010
Dubbo to be Census tested
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is about to commence a major test of its processes and procedures in readiness for next year’s Census of Population and Housing on 9 August, 2011.
ABS NSW Regional Director Mr Chris Libreri and Mayor of Dubbo Councillor Alan Smith have announced the ABS will be conducting a Census test in several locations around Australia, including the city of Dubbo on 15 June, 2010.
Mr Libreri said that Dubbo had been chosen as one of the test areas, as it is an excellent representative of regional Australia and will allow the ABS to fine tune procedures for the national Census in 2011.
“Approximately 4,300 households will take part in the Census test within the Dubbo region, which will form part of wider test covering some 20,000 households in New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia,” Mr Libreri said.
“There will also be around 20 field staff employed for the Census test in Dubbo, and we expect more than 8,000 field staff will be employed in NSW for the Census itself in 2011.
“Dubbo residents taking part in the Census test will have the opportunity to fill in their form online via the eCensus, which is a fast secure and easy way to participate.
“All residents who participate will not only be helping the ABS, but your community and the nation, and the ABS thanks all participants and our local partners who have supported us so far.”
Mr Libreri said next year’s 2011 national Census will mark 100 years of Census taking in Australia, with the first national Census conducted in 1911.
Key dates for the Census test:
Form Delivery - will commence from 2 June, 2010
Census Test Night - 15 June, 2010
Collection of test forms - from 16 June, 2010
Facts and figures about Dubbo:
Population in 1911 was 4452 compared with that of approximately 37843 as reported in the 2006 Census
There were 2210 males and 2242 females in 1911 while there were 18324 males and 19519 females reported in 2006
Occupied Private Dwellings:
Municipality of Dubbo - 1911 - 845
City of Dubbo - 2006 - 13,993
Media note:
• Please ensure when reporting on ABS data that you attribute the Australian Bureau of Statistics (or the ABS) as the source.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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6 reputation
2
bio website nikomaster.com
location Mexico
age
visits member for 11 months
seen Jun 26 '12 at 20:43
stats profile views 3
Hi there,
My name is Daniel Rios and joined on startups to be part of the community. I am a software developer and musician.
Thanks.
This user has not answered any questions
0 Votes Cast
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Information/LSPROOverview
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 02:34, 11 September 2007 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Buffalo has released a new version of the LinkStation[1][2][3]. based on a Mediabolic Reference Design[4] similar to the Maxtor shared storage II[5] device:
LS-GL ARM9 (LSPRO)
CPU MARVELL 88F5182 Media Vault Processor
System on Chip(SOC)
CPU: ARM926EJ-Sid(wb) [41069260] revision 0 (ARMv5TEJ)
running @ 400Mhz
Orion 1 streaming disabled
SysClock = 200Mhz , TClock = 166Mhz
RAM 128MB total: Two (2) NANYA NT5TU32M16AG or Elpida EDE5116AF DDR2 SDRAM
Flash ROM Flash: SST 256K CMOS Multi-Purpose
Other Two (2) 43DR39K Latch???
NEC 500T 0536KX00???????
NIC MARVELL 88E1111 Gigabit Ethernet Transceiver ("Alaska" series).
USB 2 - USB 2.0 Max: 480 Mbps (HS Mode), Max: 12 Mbps (FS Mode)
SATA Controller Marvell Serial ATA Adapter - Internal drive is formatted as XFS file system
Drive Capacity 1TB, 750GB, 500GB, 400GB, 300GB, 250GB or 160GB
Stock Firmware BUFFALO LS-GL U-Boot - U-Boot 1.1.1 (Jun 12 2006 - 10:32:00) Marvell version: 1.10.8
Linux version 2.6.12.6-arm1 (root@develop) (gcc version 3.4.4 (release) (CodeSourcery ARM 2005q3-2)) #75 Sun Jun 11 14:33:24 JST 2006 [6][7]
Image Passwords hddrootfs.img: IeY8omJwGlGkIbJm2FH_MV4fLsXE8ieu0gNYwE6Ty
initrd.img: YvSInIQopeipx66t_DCdfEvfP47qeVPhNhAuSYmA4
Microcontroller Analysis arm9-lsgl Microcontroller Analysis
Benchmarks arm9-lsgl Benchmarks
Bootloader arm9-lsgl Boot Loader Overview
Flash ROM arm9-lsgl Flash ROM Analysis
Kernel Buffalo ARM9 Kernel Port
LED arm9-lsgl LED Analysis
Software LSPro Firmware
Serial access Add a Serial port to the ARM9 Linkstation
Contents
Wiki and Forum Articles for Linkstation Pro
Features
• Simplified File Sharing For Home or Small Office Network
• Active Directory Support: Works as a client in an Active Directory domain allowing LinkStation Pro to utilize the domain users and groups. [Feature does not appear to function if domain controller & Linkstation are not on the same subnet. Support could not explain why NTP and Active Directory could not work across an IPSec VPN tunnel to the domain controller]
• High Speed Processor, DDR-II Ram, and SATA Hard Drive Provide Ultra Fast Transfer Rates.
• Control Access With Group and User Level Security
• Access Data from any Windows or Macintosh Computer on Your Network
• Two or More LinkStations Can be Used to Back Up Each Other Over Your Network
• Easy Setup Does Not Require Drivers
• Scheduled Backup via USB 2.0 to External Storage
• Expand Storage by Adding a USB 2.0 Hard Drive
• Auto-MDIX10/100/1000 Base-T Gigabit Ethernet Port
• Gigabit JumboFrame Support (4k, 8k, 15k)
• Protect your Data with Memeo™ AutoBackup Software
• Minimal Power Consumption (~23W)
• Space-saving Compact and Aesthetic Design
This is from the Buffalo Site[8]
LSProBootLoader
BUFFALO LS-GL U-Boot - U-Boot 1.1.1 (Jun 12 2006 - 10:32:00)
Marvell version: 1.10.8
U-Boot 1.1.1 is obviously used.
Description of the boot procedure
TODO: serial-log, boot via tftp, boot to EM Mode?
Firmware
http://downloads.linkstationwiki.net/stock_firmware/LS-GL_FW1.03.zip
if you unpack the zip-file you get the following files:
hddrootfs.img
initrd.img
linkstation_version.txt
LSUpdater.exe
lsupdater.ini
u-boot.buffalo.updated
uImage.buffalo
this is the password which can be used to unpack hddrootfs.img and initrd.img (=Ramdisk...this is the EM Mode Linux)
IeY8omJwGlGkIbJm2FH_MV4fLsXE8ieu0gNYwE6Ty
References
1. http://www.embedded.com/ - Marvell's Feroceon ARM-based CPU shifts to variable-length pipeline
2. Marvell: Media Vault Processors (Orion)
3. Tom's Networking: BuffaloTechnology's LinkStation Pro: One Hot NAS!
4. Mediabolic: NAS Media Server Reference Designs
5. http://www.linuxdevices.com/ Maxtor shared storage II: Dual-drive NAS server runs Linux, supports DLNA
6. http://www.yamasita.jp/linkstation/0608/060808.html LS-160GL (dissasembled)] - From www.yamasita.jp
7. The Linkstation Community Forum / General Development / preview of the Linkstation Pro
8. http://www.buffalotech.com/ LinkStation Pro Shared Network Storage 500GB
Personal tools
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Food Science & Technology
(Redirected from Food Science)
Info
Search:
The Former Food Science & Technology Building: Cruess Hall, next to the Campus Co-ops garden and accessible from the bike path on the south. This building contains offices and labs for the department.
The UC Davis Food Science & Technology program is one of the largest in the US and the only program within the University of California. There are over twenty faculty in the department, many of whom are world leaders in their respective fields. Housed in the Robert Mondavi Institute (RMI), the department offers Bachelors, Masters and Ph.D. programs.
Food Science describes the application of science to develop, produce, and process foods and takes into consideration harvesting, processing, distribution, storage and preparation. It includes the development of dried, frozen and canned foods, microwave meals and T.V. dinners, aseptic food packaging, snack food development, fruit cocktail, processing of produce including nuts, vegetables, & fruits. Food Science requires broad knowledge of the various processes through which food travels from field to table, efficient use of resources and must also take into consideration sensory appeal of the final product.
Possibly one of the best things about having a Food Science department on campus is the many opportunities we have to taste test new food items! Sure, you'll have to taste some bad stuff, but there's usually something good as well. Keep an eye out next time you're near RMI for signs announcing food tastings.
The Food Championship is an annual tournament hosted by the department and its Graduate Student Association where teams compete in various food-related events.
Professor Carl Winter entertains fellow foodies with his songs about food safety.
Programs
The department is affiliated with the Institute of Food Technologists, supports the student Food Tech Club and provides the following programs to the general public.
Courses
Food Science & Technology classes are designated FST. FST 1 and 10 are popular GE courses.
Lower Division
1 - Principles of Food Science (3 Units, Fall) This is a basic intro course touching on many different aspects of food science. Taught by E. Garcia.
3 - Introduction to Beer and Brewing (3 Units, Fall) Taught by Charles Bamforth, this is one of the best classes to take at UCD. It's not an easy A, unless you go to class, pay attention and do the reading.
10 - Food Science, Folklore and Health (3 Units) Similar to FST 1, but focuses on social aspects rather than scientific ones.
50 - Introduction to Food Preservation (3 Units, Spring) Covers a variety of food preservation and processing methods as well as a number of food properties related to preservation. Will be boring for anyone who's already taken a number of upper division classes.
Upper Division
100A - Food Chemistry
100B - Food Properties
101A - Food Chemistry Lab
101B - Food Properties Lab
102A - Malting and Brewing
102B - Practical Malting and Brewing'
103 - Physical and Chemical Methods for Food Analysis
104 - Food Microbiology
104L - Food Microbiology Lab
107 - Food Sensory Science
109 - Principles of Food Quality Assurance
117 - Statistics for Sensory Science (3 Units, Fall) Application of statistics as it pertain to consumer data from sensory testing.
127 - Sensory Evaluation of Foods
128 - Food Toxicology Same as ETX 128. Taught by Dr. Mitchell, it explores the sources, and mechanism of action, of various toxins found in foods.
160 - Food Product Development
Graduate
201 - Food Chemistry and Biochemistry (3)
202 - Chemical and Physical Changes in Food (4)
203 - Food Processing (3)
204 - Advanced Food Microbiology (3)
205 - Industrial Microbiology (3)
207 - Advanced Sensory-Instrumental Analysis (3)
211 - Lipids: Chemistry and Nutrition (3)
213 - Flavor Chemistry
217 - Advanced Food Sensory Science (2)
227 - Food Perception and the Chemical Senses (2)
290 - Seminar (1)
290C - Advanced Research Conference (1)
291 - Advanced Food Science Seminar (1)
298 - Group Study (1-5)
299 - Research (1-12)
396 - Teaching Assistant Training Practicum
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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Difference between revisions of "BeagleBone"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
m (BeagleBone Operating Systems)
(Ubuntu)
Line 123: Line 123:
* See [[BeagleBoardUbuntu]]
* See [[BeagleBoardUbuntu]]
* IRC channel: irc://irc.freenode.net/#ubuntu-arm
* IRC channel: irc://irc.freenode.net/#ubuntu-arm
+
The vision for Ubuntu is part social and part economic: free software, available free of charge to everybody on the same terms, and funded through a portfolio of services provided by Canonical.
+
+
The first version of Ubuntu was based on the GNOME desktop, but has since added a KDE edition, Kubuntu, and a server edition. All of the editions of Ubuntu share common infrastructure and software. In recent years, special emphasis has been placed on netbooks for lightweight, connected, mobile computing, and on the cloud as a new architecture for data centres.
=== Fedora ===
=== Fedora ===
Revision as of 07:01, 3 June 2012
BeagleBone
This page collects information about BeagleBoard.org's TI AM335x ARM-based BeagleBone board.
Contents
Events
Description
The BeagleBone is a low-cost, high-expansion board from the BeagleBoard product line. It uses the TI AM3358/9 SoC based on an ARM Cortex-A8 processor core using the ARMv7-A architecture. It is similar in purpose to earlier BeagleBoards, and can be used either standalone or as a USB or Ethernet-connected expansion for a BeagleBoard or any other system. The BeagleBone is small even by BeagleBoard standards yet still provides much of the performance and capabilities of the larger BeagleBoards.
BeagleBone ships with a 4GB micro-SD card preloaded with the Angstrom ARM Linux distribution.
The board uses a TI TPS65217B PMIC to generate stable supply voltages regardless of input power variation. +5V DC power can be supplied to the BeagleBone through a barrel connector or from the mini-USB, both of which are located near the large RJ45 Ethernet connector.
The mini-USB type-A OTG/device client-mode socket is multi-functional. In addition to providing an alternative source of power, it gives access to an on-board front-end two-port USB client-side hub. (This is not related to the separate host-mode USB socket described later). One port of the hub goes directly to the USB0 port of the TI AM3358/9 SoC, while the other port connects to a dual-port FTDI FT2232H USB-to-serial converter to provide board-to-external-host serial communications and/or JTAG debugging. The BeagleBone's Linux serial console is available through this USB serial connection.
The SoC's USB0 connection to the front-end hub works in one of two modes, and you can toggle between them at any time: it either presents the SD card as a mountable USB storage device to the host, or it provides an Ethernet-over-USB networking interface which yields a simple method of quick-start. The Ethernet-over-USB facility is additional to the BeagleBone's normal 10/100 Ethernet interface, which is directly implemented in the SoC rather than hanging off USB as in some other designs. Full IPv4 and IPv6 networking is provided by the supplied Linux system out of the box.
In addition to the USB OTG Device or client-mode facilities already described, BeagleBone also provides one host-mode USB type-A socket on the other end of the board. This is driven from the USB1 connection on the AM3358/9 SoC, and provides access to USB host peripherals such as mice, keyboards, storage, and wifi or Bluetooth dongles, or a USB hub for further expansion.
Specifications
• Up to 720-MHz superscalar ARM Cortex-A8
• 256-MB DDR2 RAM
• 10/100 Ethernet RJ45 socket, IPv4 and IPv6 networking
• MicroSD slot and 4GB microSD card supplied
• Preloaded with Angstrom ARM Linux Distribution
• Single USB 2.0 type A host port
• Dual USB hub on USB 2.0 type mini-A OTG device port
• On-board USB-to-serial/JTAG over one shared USB device port
• Storage-over-USB or Ethernet-over-USB on other USB device port
• Extensive I/O: 2 I2C, 5 UART, SPI, CAN, 66 GPIO, 8 PWM, 8 ADC
• +5V DC power from barrel connector or USB device port
• Two 46-pin 3.3-V peripheral headers with multiplexed LCD signals
• Board size: 3.4" × 2.1" (86.4mm x 53.3mm) -- fits in an Altoid tin
Expansion Boards and Accessories
Capes
A BeagleBone Cape is an expansion board which can be plugged into the BeagleBone's two 46-pin dual-row Expansion Headers and which in turns provides similar headers onto which further capes can be stacked. Up to four capes at a time can be stacked on top of a BeagleBone. An expansion board which can be fitted only at the top of a stack of capes (usually for physical reasons) is a special case of "cape", but this usage is common for display expansion boards such as LCDs (see next section).
Capes are required to provide a 32Kbyte I2C-addressed EEPROM which holds board information such as board name, serial number and revision, although this is typically omitted on simple prototyping capes. Capes are also expected to provide a 2-position DIP switch to select their address in the stack, although this too is often omitted in prototyping capes.
The Capes Registry seeks to index all existing capes and cape concepts, including private projects. A registration page is available to help add capes to the list.
This section lists only those capes which are available commercially or which are close to a production release, as well as open hardware designs.
LCD Displays and Other Expansions
LCD displays for the BeagleBone are typically implemented as capes which plug in as the top board in a stack of capes, for reasons of visibility. Such displays are often larger than the BeagleBone itself, so the normal physical relationship in which a daughterboard is smaller than its host board is inverted. In this arrangement it is the expansion board that provides the physical support for the BeagleBone.
• BeadaFrame
BeadaFrame with BeagleBone companion board
Hardware Features:
• 7" 800x480 TFT LCD screen
• PWM Backlight control
• Resistive touch panel
• Plastic frame
• 256MB Nand flash(K9F2G08)
• RS232 serial ports(UART1 w/ CTS&RTS)
• Stereo audio out
• Micro-phone in
• 6 x USER buttons
• PWM Beeper
• RTC with Battery(DS1302)
3.5" TFT LCD screen, resolution 320x240, 4-wire resistive touchscreen, seven buttons at finger-friendly positions.
7" TFT LCD screen, resolution 800x480, 4-wire resistive touchscreen, rear mount for BeagleBone and capes.
Cases
BeagleBone Operating Systems
BeagleBone's default operating system is Angstrom, which ships with the board. This section provides basic information on Angstrom and other operating systems commonly used on BeagleBone. This information may help in making a preliminary choice, but full details should be obtained from the home sites.
Angstrom
Ångström was started by a small group of people who worked on the OpenEmbedded, OpenZaurus and OpenSimpad projects to unify their effort to make a stable and user-friendly distribution for embedded devices like handhelds, set top boxes and network-attached storage devices. Ångström can scale down to devices with only 4MB of flash storage.
The Angstrom community does not provide a forum, intentionally.
Angstrom uses Busybox for many key utilities, which has both pros and cons. Advantages include requiring less storage space and a smaller memory footprint for many common utilities, which also improves system startup time and performance. The main disadvantages stem from those utilities not mirroring exactly their full-size counterparts. This may be annoying for some, and may also break shell scripts that rely on standard functionality.
Angstrom uses connman for network connection management, but no documentation is available for this currently. Also, man(1) and man pages are not provided by default, nor debugging utilities like strace(1) and tcpdump(1). Getting started may therefore present difficulties, depending on experience.
Debian
The ARM EABI port is the default port of the standard Debian distribution of Linux for the ARM architecture ("armel"). EABI ("Embedded ABI") is actually a family of ABIs, and one of the "subABIs" is the GNU EABI for Linux which is used for this port. A newer port targeted at newer hardware with another ABI ("armhf") is currently under development and is expected to ship with Debian 7.0 (Wheezy).
The Debian Project is strongly committed to software freedom, and has a long pedigree and a good reputation.
Ubuntu
The vision for Ubuntu is part social and part economic: free software, available free of charge to everybody on the same terms, and funded through a portfolio of services provided by Canonical.
The first version of Ubuntu was based on the GNOME desktop, but has since added a KDE edition, Kubuntu, and a server edition. All of the editions of Ubuntu share common infrastructure and software. In recent years, special emphasis has been placed on netbooks for lightweight, connected, mobile computing, and on the cloud as a new architecture for data centres.
Fedora
ArchLinux
Arch Linux for BeagleBone is a version of the Arch Linux ARM distribution. This carries forward the Arch Linux philosophy of simplicity and user-centrism, targeting and accommodating competent Linux users by giving them complete control and responsibility over the system. Instructions are provided to assist in navigating the nuances of installation on the varied ARM platforms; however, the system itself will offer little assistance to the user.
The entire distribution is on a rolling-release cycle that can be updated daily through small packages instead of huge updates on a defined release schedule. Most packages are unmodified from what the upstream developer originally released.
Gentoo
Gentoo is a source-based meta-distribution of Linux. Instead of distributing a standard system image built with predefined options, Gentoo gives each user the means to create their own customized system that doesn't contain unused bloat and with minimum dependencies. Upgrades are incremental and under user control, so a Gentoo system is normally always up-to-date and wholesale upgrades are avoided. Being a source-based system, the downside of Gentoo for low-power ARM systems is very long install times for large applications. Cross-compilation on x86 machines and distcc can overcome this problem, but they add complexity.
Sabayon
Buildroot
Nerves Erlang/OTP
Board recovery
Software Development
Software development on the BeagleBone is normally no different to any other Linux platform, and typically varies with language and with the IDE used, if any. This section deals only with development issues that are specific to BeagleBone, or mostly so.
Cloud9 IDE and Bonescript
..... description here .....
BeagleBone JTAG Debugging
..... description here .....
FAQ
For BeagleBoard frequently asked questions (FAQ) see community FAQ and "official" BeagleBoard.org FAQ.
Links
Home page and Community
Tutorials and Videos
Manuals and resources
Errata
Subpages
<splist
parent=
showparent=no
sort=desc
sortby=title
liststyle=ordered
showpath=no
kidsonly=no
debug=0
/>
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Difference between revisions of "Boot Time"
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
(News)
(Case Studies: + 560 milliseconds from reset to shell on 300 MHz ARM DM365)
Line 135: Line 135:
=== Case Studies ===
=== Case Studies ===
+
* [http://www.makelinux.com/emb/fastboot/ 560 milliseconds from reset to shell on 300 MHz ARM DM365]
* Samsung proof-of-acceptability study for digital still camera: see [[Media:LinuxBootupTimeReduction4DSC.ppt|Boot Up Time Reduction PPT]] and the [http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2006/ols2006v2-pages-239-248.pdf paper] describing this.
* Samsung proof-of-acceptability study for digital still camera: see [[Media:LinuxBootupTimeReduction4DSC.ppt|Boot Up Time Reduction PPT]] and the [http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2006/ols2006v2-pages-239-248.pdf paper] describing this.
* [https://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=fast_boot_example Boot Linux from Processor Reset into user space in less than 1 Second]
* [https://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=fast_boot_example Boot Linux from Processor Reset into user space in less than 1 Second]
Revision as of 16:37, 7 January 2011
Contents
Introduction
Boot Time includes topics such as measurement, analysis, human factors, initialization techniques, and reduction techniques. The time that a product takes to boot directly impacts the first perception an end user has of the product. Regardless of how attractive or well designed a consumer electronic device is, the time required to move the device from off to an interactive, usable state is critical to obtaining a positive end user experience. Turning on a device is Use Case #1.
Booting up a device involves numerous steps and sequences of events. In order to use consistent terminology, the Bootup Time Working Group of the CE Linux Forum came up with a list of terms and their widely accepted definitions for this functionality area. See the following page for these terms:
Technology/Project Pages
The following are individual pages with information about various technologies relevant to improving Boot Time for Linux. Some of these describe local patches available on this site. Others point to projects or patches maintained elsewhere.
Measuring Boot-up Time
• Printk Times - simple system for showing timing information for each printk.
• Kernel Function Trace - system for reporting function timings in the kernel.
• Linux Trace Toolkit - system for reporting timing data for certain kernel and process events.
• Oprofile - system-wide profiler for Linux.
• Bootchart - a tool for performance analysis and visualization of the Linux boot process. Resource utilization and process information are collected during the user-space portion of the boot process and are later rendered in a PNG, SVG or EPS encoded chart.
• Bootprobe - a set of System Tap scripts for analyzing system bootup.
• and, let us not forget: "cat /proc/uptime"
• grabserial - a nice utility from Tim Bird to log and timestamp console output
• process trace - a simple patch from Tim Bird to log exec, fork and exit system calls.
• ptx_ts - Pengutronix' TimeStamper: A small filter prepending timestamps to STDOUT; a bit similar to grabserial but not limited to serial ports
• Initcall Debug - a kernel command line option to show time taken for initcalls.
• See also: Kernel Instrumentation which lists some known kernel instrumentation tools. These are of interest for measuring kernel startup time.
Technologies and Techniques for Reducing Boot Time
Bootloader speedups
Kernel speedups
• Disable Console - Avoid overhead of console output during system startup.
• Disable bug and printk - Avoid the overhead of bug and printk. Disadvantage is that you loose a lot of info.
• RTC No Sync - Avoid delay to synchronize system time with RTC clock edge on startup.
• Short IDE Delays - Reduce duration of IDE startup delays (this is effective but possibly dangerous).
• Hardcode kernel module info - Reduce the overhead of loading a module, by hardcoding some information used for loading the relocation information
• IDE No Probe - Force kernel to observe the ide<x>=noprobe option.
• Preset LPJ - Allow the use of a preset loops_per_jiffy value.
• Asynchronous function calls - Allow probing or other functions to proceed in parallel, to overlap time-consuming boot-up activities.
• Reordering of driver initialization - Allow driver bus probing to start as soon as possible.
• Deferred Initcalls - defer non-essential module initialization routines to after primary boot
• NAND ECC improvement - The pre 2.6.28 nand_ecc.c has room for improvement. You can find an improved version in the mtd git at http://git.infradead.org/mtd-2.6.git?a=blob_plain;f=drivers/mtd/nand/nand_ecc.c;hb=HEAD. Documentation for this is in http://git.infradead.org/mtd-2.6.git?a=blob_plain;f=Documentation/mtd/nand_ecc.txt;hb=HEAD. This is only interesting if your system uses software ECC correction.
• Check what kernel memory allocator you use. Slob or slub might be better than slab (which is the default in older kernels)
• If your system does not need it, you can remove SYSFS and even PROCFS from the kernel. In one test removing sysfs saved 20 ms.
• Carefully investigate all kernel configuration options on whether they are applicable or not. Even if you select an option that is not used in the end, it contributes to the kernel size and therefore to the kernel load time (assuming you are not doing kernel XIP). Often this will require some trial and measure! E.g. selecting CONFIG_CC_OPTIMIZE_FOR_SIZE (found under general setup) gave in one case a boot improvement of 20 ms. Not dramamtic, but when reducing boot time every penny counts!
• Moving to a different compiler version might lead to shorter and/or faster code. Most often newer compilers produce better code. You might also want to play with compiler options to see what works best.
• If you use initramfs in your kernel and a compressed kernel it is better to have an uncompressed initramfs image. This is to avoid having to uncompress data twice. A patch for this has been submitted to LKML. See http://lkml.org/lkml/2008/11/22/112
File System issues
Different file systems have different initialization (mounting) times, for the same data sets. This is a function of whether meta-data must be read from storage into RAM or not, and what algorithms are used during the mount procedure.
• Filesystem Information - has information about boot-up times of various file systems
• File Systems - has information on various file systems that are interesting for embedded systems. Also includes some improvement suggestions.
• Avoid Initramfs - explains on why intramfs should be avoided if you want to minimize boot time
• Split partitions. If mounting a file system takes long, you can consider splitting that filesystem in two parts, one with the info that is needed during or immediately after boot, and one which can be mounted later on.
• Ramdisks demasked - explains why using a ram disk generally results in a longer boot time, not a shorter one.
User-space and application speedups
• Optimize RC Scripts - Reduce overhead of running RC scripts
• Parallel RC Scripts - Run RC scripts in parallel instead of sequentially
• Application XIP - Allow programs and libraries to be executed in-place in ROM or FLASH
• Pre Linking - Avoid cost of runtime linking on first program load
• Statically link applications. This avoids the costs of runtime linking. Useful if you have only a few applications. In that case it could also reduce the size of your image as no dynamic libraries are needed
• GNU_HASH: ~ 50% speed improvement in dynamic linking
• Application Init Optimizations - Improvements in program load and init time via:
• use of mmap vs. read
• control over page mapping characteristics.
• Include modules in kernel image - Avoid extra overhead of module loading by adding the modules to the kernel image
• Avoid udev, it takes quite some time to populate the /dev directory. In an embedded system it is often known what devices are present and in any case you know what drivers are available, so you know what device entries might be needed in /dev. These should be created statically, not dynamically. mknod is your friend, udev is your enemy.
• If you still like udev and also like fast boot-up's, you might go this way: start your system with udev enabled and make kind of a backup of the created device nodes. Now, modify your init script like this: instead running udev, copy the device nodes that you just made a backup of into the device tree. Now, install the hotplug-daemon like you always do. That trick avoids the device node creation at startup but stills lets your system create device nodes later on.
• If your device has a network connection, preferably use static IP addresses. Getting an address from a DHCP server takes additional time and has extra overhead associated with it.
• Moving to a different compiler version might lead to shorter and/or faster code. Most often newer compilers produce better code. You might also want to play with compiler options to see what works best.
• If possible move from glibc to uClibc. This leads to smaller executables and hence to faster load times.
• library optimiser tool: http://libraryopt.sourceforge.net/
This will allow you to create an optimised library. As unneeded functions are removed this should lead to a performance gain. Normally there will be library pages which contain unused code (adjacent to code that is used). After optimizing the library this does not occur any more, so less pages are needed and hence less page loads, so some time can be saved.
• Function reordering: http://www.celinux.org/elc08_presentations/DDLink%20FunctionReorder%2008%2004.pdf
This is a technique to rearrange the functions within an executable so they appear in the order they are needed. This improves the load time of the application as all initialization code is grouped into a set of pages, instead of being scattered over a number of pages.
Suspend related improvements
Another approach to improve boot time is to use a suspend related mechanism. Two approaches are known.
• Using the standard hibernate/resume approach. This is what has been demonstrated by Chan Ju, Park, from Samsung. See sheet 23 and onwards from this PPT and section 2.7 of this paper.
Issue with this approach is that flash write is much slower than flash read, so the actual creation of the hibernate image might take quite a while.
• Implementing snapshot boot. This is done by Hiroki Kaminaga from Sony and is described at snapshot boot for ARM and http://elinux.org/upload/3/37/Snapshot-boot-final.pdf
This is similar to hibernate and resume, but the hibernate file is retained and used upon every boot. Disadvantage is that no writable partitions should be mounted at the time of making the snapshot. Otherwise inconsistencies will occur if a partition is modified, while applications in the hibernate file might have information in the snapshot related to the unmodified partition.
Miscellaneous topics
About Compression discusses the effects of compression on boot time. This can affect both the kernel boot time as well as user-space startup.
Uninvestigated speedups
This section is a holding pen for ideas for improvement that are not implemented yet but that could result in a boot time gain. Please leave a note here if you are working on one of these items to avoid duplicate work.
• Prepopulated buffer cache - As initramfs performs an additional copy of the data the idea is to have a prepopulated buffer cache. A simplistic scenario would allow dumping the buffer cache when the booting is completed and the user applications have initialised. This data then could be used in a subsequent boot to initialize the buffer cache (of course without copying). A possible approach would be to have those data to reside into the kernel image and use them directly. Alternately they could be loaded separately.
Unfortunately my knowledge of the internals in this section is not yet good enough to do a trial implementation.
Caveats:
• is it possible to have the buffer cache split into two different parts, one which is statically allocated, one which is dynamically allocated?
• the pages in the prepopulated buffer cache probably cannot be discarded, so they should be pinned
• apart from the buffer cache data itself also some other variables might need restoring
• a similar approach could also be used for the cached file data.
• Dedicated fs - currently a lot of abstraction is done in fs to make a nice abstraction allowing easy addition of new filesystems and creating a unified view of those filesystem. While this is pretty neat, the abstraction layers also introduce some overhead. A solution could be to create a dedicated fs system, which supports only one (or maybe 2) filesystems, and eliminates the abstraction overhead. This will give some benefit, but the chance of getting this into the mainline is zero.
Articles and Presentations
Case Studies
Additional Projects/Mailing Lists/Resources
Replacements for SysV 'init'
The traditional method of starting a Linux system is to use /sbin/init, which processes the file /etc/inittab. This is an init program which processes a series of actions for different run-levels and system events (key-combinations and power events).
See the init(8) man page and the the inittab(5) man page.
busybox init
An 'init' applet is often included in BusyBox
There used to be (as of 2000) some slight differences in the supported features of the 'inittab' file between busybox init and full-blown init. However, I don't know (as of 2010) if that's still the case. (See http://spblinux.de/2.0/doc/init.html for some details)
Denys Vlasenko, one of the maintainers of busybox has suggested a replacement for traditional init for that tool called runsv. See http://busybox.net/~vda/init_vs_runsv.html
upstart
upstart is the name of a newer Linux desktop systems that provides the program /sbin/init, but with different operational semantics.
Android init
Android 'init' is a custom program for booting the Android system.
See Android 'init'
systemd
systemd is a new project (as of May 2010) for starting daemons and services on a Linux desktop system
See http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html
Kexec
• Kexec is a system which allows a system to be rebooted without going through BIOS. That is, a Linux kernel can directly boot into another Linux kernel, without going through firmware. See the white paper at: kexec.pdf
Splash Screen projects
• Splashy - Technology to put up a spalsh screen early in the boot sequence. This is user-space code.
• This seems to be the most current splash screen technology, for major distributions. A framebuffer driver for the kernel is required.
• Gentoo Splashscreen - newer technology to put a splash screen early in the boot sequence
• PSplash - PSplash is a userspace graphical boot splash screen for mainly embedded Linux devices supporting a 16bpp or 32bpp framebuffer.
• bootsplash.org - put up a splash screen early in boot sequence
• This project requires kernel patches
• This project is now abandoned, and work is being done on Splashy.
Others
• FSMLabs Fastboot - press release by FSMLabs about fast booting of their product. Is any of this published?
• snapshot boot - a technology uses software resume to boot up the system quickly.
Apparently obsolete or abandoned material
• in progress - Boot-up Time Reduction Howto - this is a project to catalog existing boot-up time reduction techniques.
• Was originally intended to be the authoritative source for bootup time reduction information.
• No one maintains it any more (as of Aug, 2008)
• no content yet - Boot-up Time Delay Taxonomy - list of delays categorized by boot phase, type and magnitude
• Was to be a survey of common bootup delays found in embedded devices.
• Was never really written.
???
Companies, individuals or projects working on fast booting
Boot time check list
From an August 2009 discussion about boot time on ARM devices, several hints and advice regarding boot time optimization are available. While it may repeat a lot of above, below is a check list extracted from this discussion:
• Is CPU's clock switched to maximum? If the kernel, bootloader or hardware is in charge of setting CPU power and speed scaling, then you should check that it boots with the CPU set at maximum speed instead of slowest.
• Is your hardware (register) timing configuration of your SoC's memory interfaces (e.g. RAM and NOR/NAND timing) optimized? A lot of vendors ship their hardware with "well, it works, optimize later" settings. What you want is "as fast as possible, but sill stable and reliable" configuration. This might need some hardware knowledge and has to be customized to the individual memory devices used.
• Does your boot loader uses I- and D-Cache? E.g. U-Boot doesn't enable D-Cache by default on ARM devices, as it needs customized MMU tables to do so.
• Does kernel copy from permanent storage (e.g. NOR or NAND) to RAM use optimized functions? E.g. DMA, or on ARM at least load/store multiple commands (ldm/stm)?
• If you use U-Boot's uImage, set "verify=no" in U-Boot to avoid checksum verification.
• Optimize size of your kernel.
• You might even try some of the embedded system kernel config options that, for example, eliminate all the printk strings, reduce data structures, or eliminate unneeded functionality.
• How often is kernel (image) data copied? First by boot loader from storage to RAM, then by kernel's uncompressor to it's final destination? Once more? If you use compressed kernel and NOR flash, consider running the uncompressor XIP in NOR flash.
• If you use compressed kernel, check compression algorithm. zlib is slow on decompression, and lzo is much faster. So if you implement lzo compression, you'll probably speed things up a little as well (check LKML for this). Having no compression at all may also be a good thing to try (see next topic).
• Check to use uncompressed kernel (depends on your system configuration). Using an uncompressed kernel on a flash-based system may improve boot time. The reason is that compressed kernels are faster only when the throughput to the persistent storage is lower than the decompression throughput, and on typical embedded systems with DMA the throughput to memory outperforms the CPU-based decompression. Of course it depends on a lot of stuff like performance of flash controller, kernel storage filesystem performance, DMA controller performance, cache architecture etc. So it's individual per-system. Example: With using an uncomressed kernel (~2.8MB) uncompressing (running the uncompressor XIP in NOR flash) took ~0.5s longer than copying 2.8MB from flash to RAM.
• Enable precalculated loops-per-jiffy
• Enable kernel quiet option
• If you use UBI: UBI is rather slow in attaching MTD devices. Everything is explained at MTD's UBI scalability and UBI fs scalability sections. There is not very much you can do to speed it up but implement UBI2. UBIFS would stay intact. There were discussions about this and it does not seem to be impossibly difficult to do UBI2 (few ideas).
• In a follow-up e-mail, Sascha Hauer wrote:
What's interesting about this is that the kernel NAND driver is much slower
than the one in U-Boot. Looking at it it turned out that the kernel
driver uses interrupts to wait for the controller to get ready.
Switching this to polling nearly doubles the NAND performance. UBI
mounts much faster now and this cuts off another few seconds from the
boot process :)
• Use static device nodes during boot, and later setup busybox mdev for hotplug.
• If you have network enabled, there might be some very long timeouts in the network code paths, which appear to be used whether you specify a static address or not. See the definitions of CONF_PRE_OPEN and CON_POST_OPEN in net/ipv4/ipconfig.c. Check ipdelay configuration patch.
• Parallelize boot process.
• Disable the option "Set system time from RTC on startup and resume", you can use the command hwclock -s at the of the init instead of slowing down the kernel.
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Home | Partners | Help us build GEO | About Us | Contact Us
Login to submit data
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Abstract
Whitehorn Gas Plant WA USA is located at Whatcom County, WA, USA. Location coordinates are: Latitude= 48.8221, Longitude= -121.7152. This infrastructure is of TYPE Gas Power Plant with a design capacity of 177.6 MWe. It has 2 unit(s). The first unit was commissioned in 1981 and the last in 1981. It is operated by Puget Sound Energy Inc.
Identifiers for Gas
Name
Status of Plant
Plant Efficiency and Impact
Plant Overall Rating State-of-the-artWorth DuplicatingEnvironmentally Responsible
Country Assigned Identification Number
GEO Assigned Identification Number
Select Currency for data in this page
Location
Draw Lines:
Draw Polygons:
pxpx
Description
Design Capacity
Firm Capacity
Heat Supply Capacity (MWth/hour)
Type of Plant Short Description
Power Plant Used For
Type of Fuel Primary Secondary
Gas Supply (MMSCMD) Required for 90% PLF Linkage
Location
Configuration of Boiler/Turbine/Gen
Electric Power Grid Connected To Name/Operator PPA(years)
Name of SubStation Connected To
Source of Fuel Name of Pipeline
Source of Water
Water Withdrawal Rate at Full Power (cum/hour)
Cogen Mode: Steam Supplied To (Tonnes/hour) Description
Environmental Issues
Capital Cost of Plant and/or In US Dollars In Year (YYYY)
SOx Control Device Type
If other, specify:
NOx Control Device Type
If other, specify:
Particulates(PM) Control Device Type
If other, specify:
Unit Information
Unit # Capacity (MWe) Date Commissioned (yyyy-mm-dd) Decommission Date (yyyy-mm-dd) Turbine Manufacturer Turbine Model/Type Generator Manufacturer Generator Model/Type Boiler/HRSG Manufacturer Boiler/HRSG Model/Type Chimney Height Unit Efficiency (%)
1
2
Year Emission Control Devices Installed (YYYY) Year Emission Monitoring Devices Installed (YYYY)
NOx SOx Hg CO2 N2O PM NOx SOx Hg CO2 N2O PM
1
2
Environmental Issues
Issue 1 Description
Past and Future Major Upgrades
Upgrade 1 Cost Year -
Owner and Operator Information
Owner 1 % Share
Type of Ownership
Construction/EPC Contractor
Operating Company
Regulatory Authority
Project Financed By
Annual Performance
References
Reference 1
Reference 2
Notes
* USA: All data under GWh generated in Performance Table is Net Generation (total-consumed by plant)
* cum = cubic meters; MWe = Megawatts electric; 1 KWhr = 3412.3 Btu = 859.85 kilocalories; 1 Tonne = 2205 pounds, MM=million
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
December 19, 2010
Chrome OS Is All About the Missing Features
Here's an interesting quote from Ted Power, a former designer for Google's mobile web apps:
"Chrome OS could potentially mark a profound leap forward. For the first time, all the layers between the network and the computer have been removed. The device itself is of little consequence; you can 'feel right at home' from any networked device. Chrome OS isn't so much about what has been added, but what has been stripped out; no more complicated file systems, software updates, etc."
Paul Buchheit, the ex-Googler who created Gmail, thinks that the ideal design of a computer that acts like a local node of a global super-computer matches the design target of Chrome OS. "It should be relatively cheap and reliable, secure (no viruses or anything), zero-administration (I don't want to be a sys-admin), easy to use, and fast." Paul says that Chrome OS is unnecessary because iOS and Android devices meet the same ideal and there are already millions of devices that run these operating systems.
There are already millions of people who use Chrome and some of them would like to buy a computer that's as fast as their browser. Mobile phones are not yet powerful enough to handle complex web apps, but that will change and, at some point, web apps will be indistinguishable from native apps. You'll be able to use your favorite web apps from almost any device, but why not use a device that removes everything that's unnecessary and slows you down?
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Poll: What do we do for a living?
(2 votes)
What best describes what you do for a living?
I work in the IT industry
40.6% (65 votes)
I work with NGO's
1.3% (2 votes)
I work in government
4.4% (7 votes)
I work for a corporation
11.3% (18 votes)
I am self-employed
7.5% (12 votes)
I work in academia (Student, faculty, admin)
11.3% (18 votes)
I work for an open source company
18.1% (29 votes)
Other
5.6% (9 votes)
The opensouce.com community is growing fast, and we're trying to figure out who we are and what we care about. The more we know about ourselves, the more relevant our content and discussions will be.
These polls aren't scientific, but they will give us a useful snapshot of of our growing community, so we can plan better for the future.
Feel free to tell us more about you in the comments.
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IGEM:MIT/2006/System brainstorming
From OpenWetWare
< IGEM:MIT | 2006
Revision as of 07:34, 28 May 2006 by Dagreen (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Post your project ideas here.
See the brainstorming of last year's team.
Contents
Rough Ideas
1. Bacterial scents (RS)
1. Living Lamp (RS)
2. Fast time scale switching
1. Analog Clock (AC)
3. Cool part domestication
• Rhodopsin
• Magnetotaxis
• Competence
• CC Signaling
• Chemotaxis
• Linear induction
4. Organism Domestication
• meso, square bacteria, fast E. coli, cyanobacteria
5. Do some work with stationary phase, auto-inducing media (a la Studier)
6. Multiple genetic populations interacting
7. Organisms that eat photons (JK)
1. rhodopsin (AC)
2. Synthetic Vesicles (Libchaber)
8. meso (DE)
1. laundry list of parts
2. put genome in a YAC
3. refactoring/redesign
4. knock out restriction system
5. genome boot-up
6. genome transfer (DE)
9. autolyse cells
10. Cell/Electrical connections
Graveyard
Some may be resurrected
1. Mitochondrial Liberation & Synthetic organelle(BC)
2. Square Bacteria (JK)
3. Maze (JK)
4. wood eater (SS)
5. wood-o-genesis(SS)
6. Diagnostic Bacteria (BC)
7. Characterization methods
• FCS
• MS2 bound to mRNA
8. Subset of composable promoters and RBSs
9. Plasmid-level parts
• Single-copy
10. Synthetic genomes (a la T7)
11. Assembly
• in vitro, recombination
12. Phage
Cell/Electrical Connection
Connect cells to some kind of electrical system. Would allow for easy monitoring, interesting feedback systems, and allow creation of hybrid systems.
• rhodopsin (proton pump changes pH)
• Magnetic bacteria generating electricity
• Genetic controlled expression of cell surface enzyme that interacts with substrate on surface that changes electrical properties: [1]
1. Collier JH and Mrksich M. . pmid:16461913. PubMed HubMed [collier06]
Auto-prep Cells
Under induction control, express
• Lysis gene
• protease
• either RNase or DNase (depending on whether prepping DNA/RNA)
Spin down cells, perhaps do a ethanol precipitation. Can easily select for proper performing cells.
Things to think about
• Is there any way to enzymatically separate chromosomal from plasmid DNA?
• If have different control pathways that also expresses BioBrick enzymes, then may be able to prep and cut at the same time. A bit further out in fantasy land: using 3-antibiotic selection or other method, we could have cells auto-assemble parts. Grow up one cell line, induce with X which preps and cuts with ES, grow up another cell with second part, induce with Y which preps and cuts with XP, mix two lysates together, add destination plasmid, ligase, and transform new cells.
• Would be pretty modular in being able to be built incrementally by externally supplying other enzymes.
• Ideally, would require no chemicals (i.e. ethanol). Probably no way to get away from one centrifuge step to get rid of cell debris (what else other than nucleic acids would remain soluble?)
DNA prep only
An alternative is DNA production only. Find a DNA secreting system (Agrobacterium for instance), put the secreting signal on the plasmid. The cells continually make and secrete the desired DNA (DNA bioreactor). By not lysing the cells, it makes it easier to separate the cells from the DNA.
References
1. Garrett J, Fusselman R, Hise J, Chiou L, Smith-Grillo D, Schulz J, and Young R. . pmid:6457237. PubMed HubMed [garrett81]
2. Jain V and Mekalanos JJ. . pmid:10639478. PubMed HubMed [jain00]
3. http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514250826/html/x1288.html
[phageLL-H]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Organisms that eat photons
Algae are very green. Don't worry cyanobacteria are too.
Cyanobacteria
Looks like cyanobacteria are significantly easier to genetically manipulate than algae. Cyanobacteria have Photosystem I/II and are thought to be the ancestor of chloroplasts (via endocytosis). Not sure why GreenFuel et al don't use them in their reactors, it is possibly because they don't have as high a lipid content as the algae (Dunaliella) that they use currently. Two popular cyanobacteria strains are PCC7942 and PCC6803. Peter has both of these strains available, as well as some of the plasmids for genetic manipulation, he has also made & tested the growth media BG11.
PCC6803
• Synechocistis PCC6803 is a naturally transformable cyanobacterium which will give you colonies on hard agar in 4 days. It is also heterotrophic, so you can grow it on glucose in the dark. (thanks to Peter Weigele for the info)
• Knock in/out system available for 6803 w/ a sucrose selection/counter selection. Keith Tyo in the Stephanopolous lab has the plasmids, etc, but Peter is in the process of getting them from him.
PCC7942
• S.elongus (7942) is the model system for circadian clocks in prokaryotes (its used in the vanO lab), so that might be a cool hook to play with as well.
• Genetic manipulation was worked out for 7942 largely by Sue Golden.
Another suggestion from Peter: "Something else you might want to consider is hydrogen from a photoheterotroph, such as Rhodopseudomonas palustris. You can get H2 from an acetate feedstock. Acetate is a waste product in many industrial fermentations and is an energy poor carbon source. Rhodo uses light to kick up the electrons to an energy level where they can be used to do work. Some protons get moved around too to make a gradient to drive ATP synthesis. The genome is sequenced and the strain is manipulable"
Rhodopsin
Might be cool to do something with the rhodopsin that is worked on by Ed Delong's group. Rhodopsin is a light-driven proton pump that has been shown to function in E.Coli.
H2 sensor
The H2 sensing circuit has been studied in detail in Ralstonia eutropha[5]. The network consists of a hydrogenase-like protein to control gene expression and also a two-component regulatory system. This bacterium can metabolize Hydrogen gas as an energy source and the hydrogen sensor is used to regulate the synthesis of the metabolic enzymes.
Ralstonia eutropha is a gram negative bacteria. Peter Weigele has the strain and the Sinskey lab has plasmids to transform it. It expresses two hydrogenases, one membrane bound (MBH), the other cytoplasmic (SH). The operons for both of the multi-protein complexes are co-regulated. HoxA is the key regulator. HoxB,C and J form the signal transduction network. HoxBC appears to be the hydrogen receptor and HoxJ inactivates HoxA by phosphorylation. When HoxBC is bound to Hydrogen, it inactivates HoxJ [6].
Kamachi and coworkers have produced a Light-driven hydrogen production system in Synechocystis. Not directly related to the H2 sensor but maybe cool for the photon eating stuff above.
References
1. Kleihues L, Lenz O, Bernhard M, Buhrke T, and Friedrich B. . pmid:10781538. PubMed HubMed [Kleihues]
2. Lenz O, Bernhard M, Buhrke T, Schwartz E, and Friedrich B. . pmid:11931556. PubMed HubMed [Lenz]
3. Ihara M, Nishihara H, Yoon KS, Lenz O, Friedrich B, Nakamoto H, Kojima K, Honma D, Kamachi T, and Okura I. . pmid:16542111. PubMed HubMed [Kamachi]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Greenfuel plugin
Samantha looking into this.
Saccharophagus degradans
Very recent paper showing that Saccharophagus degradans can break down cellulose and all other major polysaccharides [8]. There could be uses in converting plant biomass to energy.
1. Taylor LE 2nd, Henrissat B, Coutinho PM, Ekborg NA, Hutcheson SW, and Weiner RM. . pmid:16707677. PubMed HubMed [taylor06]
E. coli
E. coli has receptors for blue light. Could perhaps get another light control channel.
1. Wright S, Walia B, Parkinson JS, and Khan S. . pmid:16707688. PubMed HubMed [wright06]
Living lamp
According to this site, most homemade lava lamps are built using a mixture of mineral oil and 70-90% isopropyl alcohol (with possibly some supplemented chemicals to help the lamp work better.) Obviously such a method wouldn't work for us.
However, according the lava lamp patent descriptions, "The clear liquid is roughly 70/30% (by volume) water and a liquid which will raise the coefficient of cubic thermal expansion and encourage the movement. The patent recommends slip agents such as propylene glycol for this. However, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol (aka PEG) are also mentioned as being sufficient." This sentence implies that we ought to be able to use something other than alcohol.
The other relevant patent says, "A display device comprising a container having two substances therein, with one of the substances being of a heavier specific gravity and immiscible with the other substance, with the first substance being of such a nature that it is either substantially solid at room temperature or is so viscous at room temperature that neither will emulsify with the other liquid, and when heat is applied to the container, the first substance will become flowable and move about in the other substance.
...The liquid in which the globule is suspended is usually dyed water, but not necessarily so. The other liquid is chosen with very many considerations in mind, including the relative densities of the liquids at the desired operating temperature; the fact that the liquids must be immiscible; the fact that the surface tension must be such that the globule does not adhere to the walls of the container; the relative coefficients of thermal expansion of the liquids; and the shapes that are obtained during operation. A suitable liquid for the globule has been found to comprise mineral oil, paraffin, carbon tetrachloride and a dye or dyes. However, undue shaking or sharp impacts, especially during transport of the display device, can cause total or partial emulsification of the globule." My guess is that most homemade lava lamps are made from an alcohol mixture because it is cheaper and possibly also easier to achieve the lava effect.
Also note that they recommend putting a dimmer switch on the bulb below the lamp to be able to regulate the heat output.
Issues
1. We'd have to do some research to see if media or media supplemented with something would be
1. nontoxic to cells
2. have the necessary properties to achieve the lava effect at ~37°C
2. Luminescence requires oxygen so we'd have to oxygenate the contents of the lava lamp which might interfere with the lava effect. [from TK]
References
1. Lava Lamp how-to
2. US Patent #3,570,156
3. US Patent #3,387,396
Bacterial scents
Precursor Enzyme Compound Scent References
benzoic acid & S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) S-adenosyl-L-methionine:benzoic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (BAMT) methyl benzoate pleasant smell [10]
trans-cinnamic acid & S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) ? methyl cinnamate cinnamon?
jasmonic acid & S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) S-adenosyl-L-methionine:jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT) methyl jasmonate jasmine
salicylic acid (SA) & S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) S-adenosyl-L-methionine:salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT) methyl salicylate wintergreen [11, 12, 13]
Expert advice
From Natalia Dudareva, Purdue University:
• thinks that you can smell wintergreen from E. coli cultures expressing SAMT with salicylic acid in the media
From Eran Pichersky, University of Michigan:
• E. coli cultures expressing SAMT with salicylic acid in the media will have a detectable wintergreen smell
• eliminate indole pathway (responsible for bad E. coli smell) to strengthen the scent.
• have shown production of several scent compounds in E. coli
SAMT
• C. breweri
• DNA and protein sequence known
• Expressed in E. coli
• Methyl salicylate has been extracted from spent medium of E. coli cells when medium was supplemented with salicylic acid
• Genbank AF133053
• also can use benzoic acid as a substrate but with lower efficiency
• crystal structure available
• A. majus (Snapdragon)
• DNA and protein sequence known
• Expressed in E. coli
• Methyl salicylate has been extracted from spent medium of E. coli cells when medium was supplemented with salicylic acid
• also can use benzoic acid as a substrate but with lower efficiency
• Methyl benzoate has been extracted from spent medium of E. coli cells when medium was supplemented with benzoic acid
• S. floribunda
• Genbank AJ308570
• A belladonna
• Genbank AB049752
JMT
• A. thaliana AY008434
BAMT
• Snapdragon AF198492
References
1. Pott MB, Hippauf F, Saschenbrecker S, Chen F, Ross J, Kiefer I, Slusarenko A, Noel JP, Pichersky E, Effmert U, and Piechulla B. . pmid:15310828. PubMed HubMed [Pott-PlantPhysiol-2004]
2. Ross JR, Nam KH, D'Auria JC, and Pichersky E. . pmid:10375393. PubMed HubMed [Ross-ArchBiochemBiophys-1999]
3. Negre F, Kolosova N, Knoll J, Kish CM, and Dudareva N. . pmid:12361714. PubMed HubMed [Negre-ArchBiochemBiophys-2002]
4. Zubieta C, Ross JR, Koscheski P, Yang Y, Pichersky E, and Noel JP. . pmid:12897246. PubMed HubMed [Zubieta-PlantCell-2003]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Terpenes and terpenoids
• Terpenes are hydrocarbons: combinations of several isoprenes. (Sometimes encompasses terpenoids.)
• Terpernoids are modified terpenes with methyl groups added/removed or oxygens added
• From Wikipedia: "Terpenoids contribute to the scent of eucalyptus, the flavors of cinnamon, cloves and ginger and the color of yellow flowers. Well-known terpenoids include citral, menthol, camphor and the cannabinoids found in the Cannabis plant."
E. coli has the Δ3-isopentenyl-pyrophosphate pathway, and the enzymes to produce geranyl-PP. This pathway is less effective than the mevalonate pathway, but this has been cloned into an E. coli strain by Keastling's group. Many scented compounds can be made from isopentenyl-PP and geranyl-PP with one or two enzymes, including lemon, orange, pine, etc. See Ecocyc for the pathways (type IPP as a compound and look at the synthetic and reactant pathways that link to it).
Terpenes are also the precursor to rubber and many of the resins and gums.
Indole elimination
Indole is the precursor to and degradation product of tryptophan. We could knock out the relevant two enzymes and supply tryptophan exogenously. Also, we could supply tryptophan exogenously and see if that is sufficient to inhibit indole formation via feedback inhibition in a "normal" strain. [from TK]
Indole can act as an extracellular signal so indole can probably get in and out of the cell.
Relevant reactions
In Pathway Reactions as a Reactant:
tryptophan biosynthesis : indole + L-serine = L-tryptophan + H2O
In Pathway Reactions as a Product:
tryptophan biosynthesis : indole-3-glycerol-phosphate = indole + D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
tryptophan degradation II (via pyruvate) : L-tryptophan + H2O = indole + pyruvate + ammonia
Relevant enzymes
trpB (biosynthesis) and tnaA (degradation)
References
1. FREUNDLICH M and LICHSTEIN HC. . pmid:13701820. PubMed HubMed [Freundlich-JBacteriol-1960]
2. Phillips RS and Dua RK. . pmid:1632641. PubMed HubMed [Phillips-ArchBiochemBiophys-1992]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Diagnostic bacteria
I'd like to be able to add a small number of diagnostic bacteria into a larger culture to detect the presence of cells containing engineered devices in the culture. Presumably there would be BB DNA floating around from lysed bacteria (does it get cut up?). The diagnostic bacteria would need to responsd to BB DNA by glowing green or smelling minty fresh:) The response might be mediated by uptake of DNA into the diagnostic bacteria and then use the mixed connective site as a riboregulator or maybe have a membrane protein that binds specific DNA sequences and triggers a two component system. Very sketchy proposal right now. Unless we could find easy ways of doing this it would be a protein engineering project.
Minimal Cellular Power Supply & Chassis
It would be really great to have a cell with the following properties:
• made from known components.
• works well with any system that's placed inside the cell.
The TK lab has done some foundational work on developing Mesoplasma florum as a standard cellular power supply and chassis (e.g., sequencing its genome).
Still, today, there is not a well-described simple cell that serves as a standard cellular power supply and chassis. Let's get on with it!
The goal of this project would be to take the development of Mesoplasma florum as a chassis to the next level. Specific parts of the project might include:
• making parts out of all the known Meso genes (e.g., ~600 new parts!)
• develop genome-scale engineering methods (e.g., cell and genome fusion techniques)
• measure the properties of a cell (e.g., transcription and translation load functions)
• design a new organism (e.g., minimal / modelable metabolism, DNA refactoring)
Strengths of this project would include:
• significant advisor interest and expertise
• some parts of the projects are, as near as possible, guaranteed to work (i.e., turn genes into new parts)
• the project would result in foundational contributions to the field (i.e., not another stupid bacteria trick)
Random, Environmentally-Sensitive Design Generator
In 2000, Elowitz and Leibler created a ring oscillator system in bacteria which allowed for the oscillation of green fluorescent protein expression. I would like to develop many plasmids of this kind with a few modifications. First, each plasmid’s expression of the ocscillating system would be dependent on the sensing of a particular type of light (specifically, red, yellow, or blue). In addition, following each of the three repressors constituting the oscillator would be a unique fluorescent color protein coding region (again, red, yellow, or blue). These plasmids would be randomly distributed onto a field of cells. Then, once a light is shined on a particular region of the field, environmentally-sensitive, multi-color light patterns will be developed on the field of cells. Reference: Elowitz, M. B. & Leibler, S. A synthetic oscillatory network of transcriptional regulators. Nature 403, 335–338 (2000).
Strength: Cool Demo
Weakness: Not any real significant scientific value
Light Amplifier
In 2004, a team of students from the University of Texas at Austin created a system engineered inside bacteria which produced a black precipitate in the absence of red light. This system was then used to take pictures of a projected slide with the aid of modern imaging technology. I would like to explore the possibility of connecting the light sensor component of their system to another genetic circuit. This genetic circuit would consist of a promoter, which would trigger subsequent red light production when enough polymerases per second (PoPS) are received from the output of the light-sensing device. Thus, by shining red light on one cell, all of the cells in a bacterial lawn will be lit up red. One could then place yellow, green, and blue light-sensing and light-producing systems similar to these systems in the same cells, inducing the whole lawn to amplify a light signal directed towards a single cell. Reference: Levskaya A, Chevalier AA, Tabor JJ, Simpson ZB, Lavery LA, Levy M, Davidson EA, Scouras A, Ellington AD, Marcotte EM, Voigt CA. Synthetic biology: engineering Escherichia coli to see light. Nature. 2005 Nov 24;438(7067):441-442.
Strength: Could be used as an indirect measurement of PoPS which is integral to the development of synthetic biology Physics professors may be interested Could be used in the future as a cheaper light source
Weakness: May seem too simple or unuseful at first glance
Vibrio furnissii hydrocarbon production
Park has discovered a strain of Vibrio furnissii which produces significant quantities of long chain hydrocarbons from fatty acids [16, 17, 18]. The key pathway is from the aldehyde hexadecanal to the alcohol hexadecanol to the hydrocarbon hexadecane. Remarkably, this reduction appears to take place in an oxygen environment, making the enzyme especially interesting.
A biological sensor for hexadecane could be made from the system of Holden [19] using the hydrocarbon sensor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The project would be to enrich for V. furnissii strains on alkaline peptone water (with 7% NaCl see here), plate out on TCBS agar, isolate Vibrio colonies, and select hydrocarbon producers. We would then shotgun clone genomic DNA into E. coli, add exogenous hexadecanol, and attempt to isolate clones producing hexadecane. Sequencing selected strains might reveal the important enzyme.
Several diffficulties arise: potential pathogenicity of V. furnissii, likelihood of obtaining a hydrocarbon producing strain, cross reaction of the Holden sensor between hexadecanol and hexadecane. The strain NCTC 11218 is alleged to be non-pathogenic, although the evidence for this seems thin. It is used as a validation test for TCBS agar in microbiology labs. See Taylor [20].
Wackett at the University of Minnesota has started looking at this with this short proposal:
Petroleum Fuels in Real-Time from Renewable Resources Lead: Lawrence P. Wackett (BMBB) Funding Amount: $270,000 Project Abstract: Petroleum hydrocarbons took hundreds of millions of years to form naturally, but are being harvested and combusted in centuries. Either our vehicles and industry will change dramatically, or a renewable source of petroleum-like alkanes will need to be developed. Recently, bacteria have been shown to biosynthesize middle chain-length alkanes in the time frame of enzyme-catalyzed reactions (a typical enzyme second order rate constant is 106 M-1s-1). Middle chain-length alkanes are the “sweet” part of petroleum that is used as liquid fuels. Longer chain-length alkanes are less preferred as fuels and short-chain alkanes are gaseous and thus not amenable for use as transportation fuels. In traditional petroleum fuels, sulfur-containing ring compounds cause polluting sulfurous oxides during combustion. Bacterially-produced middle chain-length alkanes can provide a fuels source for society that derives from renewable resources and combusts efficiently and with much less pollution. Moreover, alkane-producing metabolism could be tuned to generate different chain-length alkanes to be used for different purposes; for example, C8– C14 alkanes can be used in automobile engines and C14 – C22 alkanes used in diesel engines. Research is proposed here to better understand and engineer bacterial fermentations that transform common renewable resources into fuel hydrocarbons. A bacterium has been described that is capable of producing C14 – C22 alkanes (diesel fuel) from glucose, xylose, acetate, sugar cane molasses, xylan or chitin. The pathway and enzymes involved in lipid reduction to alkanes is proposed but still requires experimental investigation. In this project, the researchers will begin to: (1) identify the key enzyme(s) reducing alcohols to alkanes, (2) elucidate the pathway for alkane production, (3) metabolically engineer superior alkane producing strains, (4) isolate superior alkane producing bacteria from nature, and (5) analyze the optimal economic outcomes for biobased production of alkanes from various renewable resources. This project has a very high probability of generating new intellectual property and providing the basis for external funding from the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation and other agencies.
See also Wackett's presentation: [1]
1. Park MO, Tanabe M, Hirata K, and Miyamoto K. . pmid:11549018. PubMed HubMed [Park01]
2. Park MO, Heguri K, Hirata K, and Miyamoto K. . pmid:15659187. PubMed HubMed [Park05]
3. Park MO. . pmid:15687207. PubMed HubMed [Park05a]
4. Holden PA, LaMontagne MG, Bruce AK, Miller WG, and Lindow SE. . pmid:11976128. PubMed HubMed [Holden02]
5. Taylor JA and Barrow GI. . pmid:7229102. PubMed HubMed [Taylor81]
6. Brenner DJ, Hickman-Brenner FW, Lee JV, Steigerwalt AG, Fanning GR, Hollis DG, Farmer JJ 3rd, Weaver RE, Joseph SW, and Seidler RJ. . pmid:6630464. PubMed HubMed [Brenner83]
7. Oró J, Tornabene TG, Nooner DW, and Gelpi E. . pmid:6025301. PubMed HubMed [Oro67]
8. Birkeland N-K, The microbial diversity of deep subsurface oil reservoirs, Chapter 14, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 151 Vazuez-Duhalt R and Quintero-Ramirez R (eds.), (2004) Elesevier B. V.
[Birkeland04]
9. Valderrama B, Bacterial hydrocarbon biosynthesis revisited, Chapter 13, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 151 Vazuez-Duhalt R and Quintero-Ramirez R (eds.), (2004) Elesevier B. V.
[Valderrama04]
10. Haight RD and Morita RY. . pmid:5924270. PubMed HubMed [Haight66]
11. Hickman-Brenner FW, Brenner DJ, Steigerwalt AG, Schreiber M, Holmberg SD, Baldy LM, Lewis CS, Pickens NM, and Farmer JJ 3rd. . pmid:6746884. PubMed HubMed [Hickman-Brenner84]
12. O'Hara CM, Sowers EG, Bopp CA, Duda SB, and Strockbine NA. . pmid:14662957. PubMed HubMed [OHara03]
13. Stone RW and Zobel CE, Bacterial aspects of the origin of petroleum, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 44 No 11 pp 2564-7 (1952).
[Stone52]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Protein/Nucleic Acid/BioBrick(??) Intercellular Translocation
Hey guys. These ideas are definitely in their beginning stages. I will be editing and putting up more references throughout the next few days. I just wanted to put this up if people wanted to start thinking about it some more.
Background
In their search for intercellular protein trafficking mechanisms, researchers have discovered different secretion mechanisms that they have creatively termed “type I secretion,” “type II secretion,” etc. It is mostly pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria that employ these pathways. These mechanisms transport proteins from the cytoplasm, across the periplasmic space, to the exterior of the organism, generally destined for a eukaryotic host. Interestingly, the bacterial flagellum employs type III secretion (TTS), shuttling the flagellar precursors, in addition to non-flagellar proteins, through the growing flagellar shaft [29]. If the "cap" of the flagellum is deleted, flagellar polymerization is eliminated and "secretion-selected" proteins leak into the growth media [30]. Furthermore, it has been reported that systems have been created to use these secretion mechanisms for heterologous protein and DNA delivery [31].
Ideas
So…it would be kinda cool to make the following:
1. Customizable protein translocators/channels
2. “Easily” and “reliably” transfer BioBricks from one cell to another by creating some type of “secretion tag”
3. I would imagine if you are getting bacteria to mass produce some type of protein for you, it would be useful if the bacteria would just spit the proteins out into the media.
4. Insert ideas here
There is much to be worked out here. Bacteria pathogenicity. Lack of a basic understanding of some aspects of the secretion mechanisms. ... We’ll see what happens, though.
References
1. Journet L, Hughes KT, and Cornelis GR. . pmid:16092523. PubMed HubMed [Journet]
2. Majander K, Anton L, Antikainen J, Lång H, Brummer M, Korhonen TK, and Westerlund-Wikström B. . pmid:15806100. PubMed HubMed [Majander]
3. Spreng S, Dietrich G, Niewiesk S, ter Meulen V, Gentschev I, and Goebel W. . pmid:10727885. PubMed HubMed [Spreng]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
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User:Mariana Matus-Garcia
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I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Mariana Matus-Garcia (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from Another CSB student., and I've joined because I'd like to create my personal page under the CSB program..
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
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Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself. Galilei, Galileo
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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