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What is benefit of smo ?
Banned
17Mar2011,16:57 #1
What it the role of facebook in SMO.
Light Poster
18Mar2011,13:16 #2
its mainly for traffic and increase your internet visibility.
Skilled contributor
22Mar2011,12:00 #3
I agree with rohitsharma. Social Media sites like facebook, twitter etc. caneasily helps to increase your website visitors. You can easily promote your website on social media. You can create group, follow friends, share your thoughts or promotion through your other seo work. For example you post a blog in tumblr than you can directly post it on your social media. It is very easy to use and it is very useful to get popular over the net and as well as get visitors.
Banned
28Mar2011,13:50 #4
One of the most important benefits of smo is to increase unique visitors on the site.
Contributor
7Apr2011,11:59 #5
SMO - Bring more traffic in less time.
Contributor
9Apr2011,15:38 #6
give your website link in facebook for the more visitors coming your and this increases the traffic.
Ambitious contributor
12Apr2011,15:04 #7
This is something like the "new age" when it comes to SEO.
I think although at beginning this will offer a brand new thinking when it comes to SEO tactics and ways to promote your site/blog
Go4Expert Member
14Apr2011,11:11 #8
SMO is very useful to get publicity to our site and traffic will increase. Facebook is an effective tool to share the links and we can create community pages in the name of our sites and can make number of followers in it. Also discussions with links are possible in community pages of facebook.
Go4Expert Member
14Apr2011,20:51 #9
Quote:
Originally Posted by mathewhogard
One of the most important benefits of smo is to increase unique visitors on the site.
For getting unique visitors one need to keep updating his/her friend-list with new friends because if the same people are visiting your website more than once then they will not be counted as unique visitors.
Go4Expert Member
27May2011,15:21 #10
Links posted on facebook are No-follow so they are of very little importance for increasing page-rank but Facebook can be effectively utilized to draw traffic in herds. Links from facebook count in Google webmaster tools.
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How To Find Program Memory Usage ???
Go4Expert Member
17Sep2010,10:58 #1
Hi,
How can we Find Out at some point of our code how much memory it using ??
in c++ or vc++
Regards
Rahul
Go4Expert Founder
17Sep2010,13:51 #2
I know some programs to test memory leaks but haven't thought about it.
Task manager works fine for real programs but for small set of memory it is not ideal
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Publication Listing
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Cover art hosted by ISFDB
Contents (view Concise Listing)
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Verified by Rkihara on 2009-03-12 18:42:35
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Molecules 2012, 17(9), 11026-11045; doi:10.3390/molecules170911026
Article
Synthesis and Chromatography-Free Purification of PNA-PEO Conjugates for the Functionalisation of Gold Sensors
1 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo, 9, 35131 Padova, Italy 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Padova, via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy 3 Inter-University Consortium of Veneto for Nanotechnology (CIVEN), via delle Industrie, 5, 30174 Venezia, Italy 4 Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, via Roma, 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy 5 Physics Department, University of Padova, via Marzolo, 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 1 June 2012; in revised form: 30 August 2012 / Accepted: 31 August 2012 / Published: 13 September 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nucleic Acid Analogs)
Download PDF Full-Text [851 KB, uploaded 13 September 2012 10:46 CEST]
Abstract: Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) linked to high molecular weight (MW) poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) derivatives could be useful conjugates for the direct functionalisation of gold surfaces dedicated to Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-based DNA sensing. However their use is hampered by the difficulty to obtain them through a convenient and economical route. In this work we compared three synthetic strategies to obtain PNA-high MW PEO conjugates composed of (a) a 15-mer PNA sequence as the probe complementary to genomic DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, (b) a PEO moiety (2 or 5 KDa MW) and (c) a terminal trityl-protected thiol necessary (after acidic deprotection) for grafting to gold surfaces. The 15-mer PNA was obtained by solid-phase synthesis. Its amino terminal group was later condensed to bi-functional PEO derivatives (2 and 5 KDa MW) carrying a Trt-cysteine at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end. The reaction was carried out either in solution, using HATU or PyOxim as coupling agents, or through the solid-phase approach, with 49.6%, 100% and 5.2% yield, respectively. A differential solvent extraction strategy for product purification without the need for chromatography is described. The ability of the 5 KDa PEO conjugate to function as a probe for complementary DNA detection was demonstrated using a Grating-Coupling Surface Plasmon Resonance (GC-SPR) system. The optimized PEO conjugation and purification protocols are economical and simple enough to be reproduced also within laboratories that are not highly equipped for chemical synthesis.
Keywords: PEG; PEO; PNA; PNA-conjugate; surface plasmon resonance
Supplementary Files
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Dettin, M.; Silvestri, D.; Danesin, R.; Cretaio, E.; Picariello, G.; Casarin, E.; Sonato, A.; Romanato, F.; Morpurgo, M. Synthesis and Chromatography-Free Purification of PNA-PEO Conjugates for the Functionalisation of Gold Sensors. Molecules 2012, 17, 11026-11045.
AMA Style
Dettin M, Silvestri D, Danesin R, Cretaio E, Picariello G, Casarin E, Sonato A, Romanato F, Morpurgo M. Synthesis and Chromatography-Free Purification of PNA-PEO Conjugates for the Functionalisation of Gold Sensors. Molecules. 2012; 17(9):11026-11045.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Dettin, Monica; Silvestri, Davide; Danesin, Roberta; Cretaio, Erica; Picariello, Gianluca; Casarin, Elisabetta; Sonato, Agnese; Romanato, Filippo; Morpurgo, Margherita. 2012. "Synthesis and Chromatography-Free Purification of PNA-PEO Conjugates for the Functionalisation of Gold Sensors." Molecules 17, no. 9: 11026-11045.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Google Offers Rel=Alternate Tag For Translated Templates
Sep 13, 2010 • 8:33 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google Search Engine Optimization
A couple weeks back, I wrote a post named Google Says Using Google Translate Can Be Against Google's Webmaster Guidelines. The post drove a lot of comments, because I kind of wrote things there to drive it. I basically said Google doesn't find their own translation worthy enough and if you used it, Google would potentially penalize your site.
Google just introduced a blog post on how to handle auto-translated content and partly translated pages, duplicate to others. Here is a sample of the new code:
<link rel=”alternate” hreflang="a-different-language" href="http://url-of-the-different-language-page" />
Google said, "when rel="alternate" hreflang="x" is included in conjunction with rel="canonical" or 301s, not only will our indexing and linking properties be more accurate, but we can better serve users the URL of their preferred language."
If you have a multi-lingual site, you 100% want to check out the Google post.
JohnMu at Google was very excited about it, he wrote in a Google Webmaster Help thread saying Google has "a neat new technique that can be used on sites that use translated templates for content they make available for users worldwide."
Forum discussion at Google Webmaster Help.
Previous story: Google vs. Bing 9/11 Remembrance & Other Logos
blog comments powered by Disqus
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A retrovirus is invading the Koala genome
21 April 2009
There are 62 koalas in Japanese zoos, and 50 of them are infected with koala retrovirus (KoRV). Infection may lead to leukemia and lymphoma, which could negatively impact Koala populations. What is the origin of KoRV?
The koala is native to Australia where they are found in eastern and southern coastal areas. All koalas in the eastern state of Queensland are infected with KoRV, while there are still some uninfected animals in the south. In particular, the koalas on Kangaroo Island do not carry the virus. Koalas were imported to Kangaroo Island in the early 1900s, and apparently those animals were free of KoRV. The island is 8 miles offshore which may contribute to the absence so far of the virus. However, the koalas sent to Japanese zoos likely carried KoRV.
Curiously, 38 koalas have been born in Japanese zoos since the original importation, and 36 of these animals are infected with KoRV. This high rate of infection is a consequence of the fact that KoRV DNA integrates into DNA of koala germ cells. The viral genome is transmitted vertically, from mother to offspring.
The nucleic acid of retroviruses is RNA, but it is converted to a DNA copy during infection and integrates into host cell DNA. If the viral DNA integrates into the germ line, then it can remain in the organism for many generations. The genomes of most higher organisms contain remnants of retroviral genomes called endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). In primates these infections appear to have occurred millions of years ago; in humans, they comprise 6-8% of the genome, more than protein coding sequences (1-2%)! Most ERVs are defective but the koala ERVs are unique because they appear to produce viral particles.
No one has ever observed germ-line infection of a species with retroviruses – until infection of koalas with KoRV was discovered. This process of ‘endogenization’ can now be studied in real time.
When did the KoRV begin invading the koala genome? It has been suggested that the initial infection occurred less than 100 years ago, but examination of preserved Koala DNA will be required to confirm this estimate.
The origin of most ERVs is unknown because the original infecting viruses disappeared long ago. But it might be feasible to identify the precursor of KoRV, which entered the genome relatively recently. KoRV appears to be closely related to an ERV of the Asian mouse Mus caroli. If this relationship is correct it will have to be determined how the virus was transmitted from mice in Southeast Asia to koalas in Australia.
Infection with KoRV in captive animals may lead to fatal lymphomas or immunosuppression and chlamydial infection. It is possible that infection of wild animals might lead to further decreases in this dwindling population. Should a KoRV vaccine developed to prevent extinction? Development and testing of a vaccine would require the use of koalas. It’s a difficult question, because the spread of KoRV among koalas is a natural part of evolutionary selection. Should we interfere?
Stoye, J. (2006). Koala retrovirus: a genome invasion in real time Genome Biology, 7 (11) DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-11-241
Tarlinton, R., Meers, J., & Young, P. (2006). Retroviral invasion of the koala genome Nature, 442 (7098), 79-81 DOI: 10.1038/nature04841
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Person:Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (1)
Watchers
Archduchess Maria Christina , Duchess of Teschen
b.13 May 1742
d.24 Jun 1798
Facts and Events
Name Archduchess Maria Christina , Duchess of Teschen
Gender Female
Birth[1] 13 May 1742
Death[1] 24 Jun 1798
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (Maria Christina Johanna Josepha Antonia; 13 May 1742 – 24 June 1798), called "Mimi", was the fourth daughter and fifth child of Maria Theresa of Austria and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. She was the Regent (governor) of the Austrian Netherlands in 1781–1793. She was the sister of the French Queen Marie Antoinette.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
References
1. 1.0 1.1 Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen, in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (Online: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.).
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:30175",
"uncompressed_offset": 775971238,
"url": "www.wikidoc.org/index.php/GRB10",
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GRB10
Jump to: navigation, search
growth factor receptor-bound protein 10
Identifiers
Symbol GRB10
Entrez 2887
HUGO 4564
OMIM 601523
RefSeq NM_001001550
UniProt Q13322
Other data
Locus Chr. 7 p12-7p11.2
GRB10 is an adaptor protein.
External links
Navigation WikiDoc | WikiPatient | Popular pages | Recently Edited Pages | Recently Added Pictures
Table of Contents In Alphabetical Order | By Individual Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Lab Tests | Drugs
Editor Tools Become an Editor | Editors Help Menu | Create a Page | Edit a Page | Upload a Picture or File | Printable version | Permanent link | Maintain Pages | What Pages Link Here
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"url": "ask.libreoffice.org/en/question/1273/how-can-i-install-other-truetype-fonts/",
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Ask Your Question
1
how can i install other truetype fonts
asked 2012-03-16 19:36:27 +0200
Anonymous
updated 2013-01-26 21:09:35 +0200
Anonymous
in libreoffice 3.0.3 i had a lot of fonts, in the version 3.3 many of these fonts are missing. how can i install the missing fonts ?
delete close flag offensive retag edit
1 Answer
Sort by » oldest newest most voted
1
answered 2012-06-02 17:40:26 +0200
spaetz
161 4 2
http://sspaeth.de/
updated 2012-06-02 17:41:04 +0200
Unfortunately you don't say what operating you use. But this is how you add Fonts to Libreoffice:
Windows:
• Add fonts to C:\Windows\Fonts (or C:\Windows\fonts if that exists)
• Add fonts via the Control Panel
Linux:
• Best to install them via your package manager system wide. See eg. https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Fonts
• try to install fonts into a ".fonts" folder in your home directory
If fonts don't show up after a LibO restart, it might be that the font format is not supported. Here is a list of supported font types (in German).
link delete flag offensive edit
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LibreOffice is made available by volunteers around the globe, backed by a charitable Foundation. Please support our efforts: Your donation helps us to deliver a better product!
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Asked: 2012-03-16 19:36:27 +0200
Seen: 6,476 times
Last updated: Jun 02 '12
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Friday, March 17, 2006
Things happens at O'Reilly
More often than not, whenever I come back from an O'Reilly conference, I seem to go and kick start a crazy project.
At the last EuroFoo, frustrated at not having a 3D printer, I set off with the idea of building one. A group of us got together and worked up an ice based concept using an old fridge, a vodka medium and a cannabalised inkjet. Fortunately James Duncan refined this concept to chocolate and lego, and then with a few others who were working for me at that time, set about making this. It got slashdotted and went to Foo - Fotango's first 3D printer.
Well, this time on the way back from ETech - I saw an advert for a robotic chimpanzee. Naturally a somewhat mad "spime" like monkey concept came into being which was shared, refined and then taken to new levels of insanity with the help of Greg McCarroll.
The monkey will be here in about four weeks - I'll post more details on the horror we will create, as we go along.
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How Chinese Enterprises Effectively Establish Self-management Team
Lei Jiang, Jingliang Chen
Abstract
Since the 50s in the Twentieth Century, malpractice of traditional hierarchy organizational structure has been thoroughly exposed. Ever since then, team has become a basic brick for constitution of an organization with its flexible features, and self-management team is the optimal condition of team. Gradually, team has become a focus of attention and there have been a lot of studies about this organization pattern. At the time when this paper makes a preliminary exploration in the concept and features of this organization pattern, it also makes a further analysis in issues deserving attention in establishment of self-management team.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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"warc_url": "http://elinux.org/index.php?title=Linux_Kernel_Resources&oldid=7628"
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Linux Kernel Resources
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 11:33, 10 November 2008 by Matthias Kaehlcke (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This page has references to various kernel resources (web sites and mailing lists) for developers. Most of this information was gathered over a year ago, and may not be accurate.
/\ Note: You should always look at the kernel MAINTAINERS file for up-to-date information
Contents
main (x86) kernel
- web site = http://www.kernel.org/
- Linus' Git Repository
- kernel cross-reference online: http://glide.stanford.edu/lxr/source/ (only some version available)
Mailing List (lkml)
Item Link
List E-mail Address linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Subscriptions (List Home) http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html
Archives (Aims Group) http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel
Archives (lkml.org) http://lkml.org/
Archives (as a Google group) http://www.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&group=linux.kernel
Archives (at Indiana University) http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/
Google search of Ind. Univ. archives of LKML Search
Summaries - (Kernel Traffic) http://kt.zork.net/kernel-traffic/index.html
Latest summary latest kernel-traffic issue
Repository access
Item Link
www.kernel.org http://www.kernel.org/git/
News
- Linux Weekly News, Kernel page - http://lwn.net/Kernel/
Changelog
Architecture Sites
MIPS
- web site = http://www.linux-mips.org/wiki/Main_Page
- mailing list = http://www.linux-mips.org/wiki/Net_Resources#Mailing_lists
- Maintainer = Ralph Baechle
- there's an alternate site on Source Forge
- the site is: http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-mips
- Note that this is used for experimental stuff that hasn't been merged
into the official mips tree by Ralph Baechle
ARM
- web site = http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/
- cvs access = http://cvs.arm.linux.org.uk/
- mailing list = http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/armlinux/mailinglists.php
- wiki = http://www.linux-arm.org/
- Maintainer = Russell King
PowerPC
- web site = http://penguinppc.org/
- mailing lists = http://penguinppc.org/about/community.php#lists
- Git repository = kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulus/powerpc.git
- Maintainer = Paul Mackerras
- Power Macintosh Maintainer = Benjamin Herrenschmidt
- cross-compiler mini-howto: http://penguinppc.org/embedded/cross-compiling/
See the following for information on different linuxppc source trees available:
http://www.penguinppc.org/dev/kernel.shtml
SuperH (SH)
- web site = http://www.linux-sh.org/
- Git repository = kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/lethal/sh-2.6.git
- mailing list address = linux-sh@vger.kernel.org
- mailing list page = http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-sh
- mailing list archives = http://news.gmane.org/gmane.linux.ports.sh.devel
- wiki = http://linux-sh.org/shwiki/FrontPage
- Maintainer = Paul Mundt
Documentation
- Rusty Russell's "Unreliable Guide to Locking" - http://kernelbook.sourceforge.net/kernel-locking.html
- Embedded Linux kernel and driver development - http://free-electrons.com/training/drivers
Books
• Linux Kernel Development by Robert Love
• Good introduction to Linux kernel development
• Linux Device Drivers by Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, and Greg Kroah-Hartman
• Essential Linux Device Drivers by Sreekrishnan Venkateswaran
• Introduction to driver development for major subsystems
• Understanding the Linux Kernel by Daniel Bovet and Marco Cesati
• Guided tour of the code that forms the core of all Linux operating systems
• Linux Kernel in a Nutshell by Greg Kroah-Hartman
Cross-reference / code online
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Monday, 23 August 2010
Monday miscellany
"How to Write an Effective IP Press Release". There's a choice of two dates for this IPKat seminar -- Tuesday 7 September 2010 (hosted by Collyer Bristow) and Tuesday 5 October (hosted by Olswang LLP). Full details can be found here. The 7 September seminar is nearly up to capacity, but there are still several spaces left for the 5 October one. See you there?
The most recent issue of the excellent online journal scripted has now appeared. You can see it here. This is a special stem cell issue, but there's a real treat too for IP fans who enjoy zombies. Great stuff, says the IPKat. Also just out is issue 4 for 2010 of the WIPO Magazine, for those who like some easy-to-read, IP-positive material. You can view the contents of this issue here. Of particular interest, this Kat thought, was this piece by Australian WIPO Indigenous IP Law Fellow Patricia Adjei, asking whether there is still a place for customary law in the protection of traditional knowledge.
Have you ever had a craving to write one of these truly annoying but subconsciously tempting email begging/fraud letters that flood our spam boxes? If so, there's a competition here on the IP Finance weblog here that might appeal to you. The first few entries have already arrived and, from their very high standard, it may be wondered whether some of our brethren intellectual property owners and practitioners who fall on hard times might just have a promising career ahead of them. The competition prize is free admission to the IP and Finance conference on 20 October -- plus a tasty (non-Spam) lunch.
The IPKat's weblog has been nominated for Law Actually's 2010 Blawggies here, in the "Best Legal Commentary" category. The Kat makes no comment on the fact that the internet bears traces of more than one set of Blawggies (see Dennis Kennedy's Blawggies here, for instance) and that Blawggies are presumably quite different from the Bloggies, here. How confusing for a furry feline!
The IPKat has been stalking a recent referral to the Court of Justice of the European Union of a set of questions to which the answers could significantly change the way that the lists of goods and services specified in trade mark registrations are interpreted (see earlier posts here and here). Regarding this case, MARQUES member David Stone (Simmons & Simmons) reminds owners of trade marks in Europe -- particular Community trade marks and national rights in Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Latvia and Romania -- that they should check right now to ensure that their specifications accurately cover the goods and services in relation to which the mark is used. This, says David, is particularly important for those offering retail services. Changes to existing registrations should be made now: once the Court of Justice has ruled, it may be too late. You can see David's note on elexica here.
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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SURVEY TECHNIQUES/PROCEDURES AND DATA PROCESSING FOR MONITORING NEARSHORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
J. Zacks
Abstract
The cost of many coastal projects is often increased by the expensive beach repair and maintenance required to remedy the destabilising effects of structures on the adjoining coastline. Physical and/or mathematical models have been developed for use in planning these projects in order to predict and quantify the effects of marine sediment transport on the coastal topography. Such models need to be calibrated against prototype data and one method of gauging volumetric sediment movement is by successive bathymetric/ topographic profiting surveys which are performed seasonally and annually. Since large quantities of sediment are related to small changes in bed elevation it is clear that this profiling needs to be done with the utmost precision* The areas most affected extend from the beach through the surf zone to water depths of about 25 metres. The surf zone in particular is a dynamic and hostile area which falls outside the traditional activities of both the hydrographic and land surveyors. Consequently innovative methods, deficient in sound survey principle and practice, have often been pursued in this area without any attempt being made to assess the tolerance on the data. This paper attempts to show that it is possible to produce reliable and verifiable results to the required accuracy by using conventional survey equipment and techniques, also by taking the necessary precautions against the many possible sources of survey error. The procedures and techniques described have evolved from NRIO's involvement over the past decade in major projects at Richards Bay, Durban, Koeberg and in False Bay. The results of a recent verification investigation are fully reported in this paper.
Keywords
data processing; sediment transport; nearshore transport; transport monitoring; survey techniques
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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May 072012
I accidentally discovered this package for debian, very trivial but brilliant in its simplicity: at the first error done on the command line it performs a rm -rf / , so it try to delete the drive completely, this package is called Suicide Linux, and you should absolutely not install it on your machine.
To test this you can use an expendable virtual machine .
Continue reading »
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"url": "my.pagenation.com/kul/Wet%20Market%20PJ%20Old%20Town_101.645_3.0875.map",
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Wet Market PJ Old Town is on Othman, J; is near Terus, J; is near Dispensary, J; is near 4/43, J; is near 4/44, J; is near 2/23, J; is near 2/25, J; is near 4/41, J; Wet Market PJ Old Town is geographically located at latitude(3.0875 degrees) 3° 5' 14" North of the Equator and longitude (101.645 degrees) 101° 38' 41" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of Kuala Lumpur.
The locations related to Wet Market PJ Old Town are represented by the flight path Superman would take between two points and may not be nearest by road. For example, Wet Market PJ Old Town is located 226 metres from Esso Sec 3. Wet Market PJ Old Town is located 293 metres from SJK (c) Chen Moh. Wet Market PJ Old Town is located 326 metres from Bak Kut Teh Jalan 1 19. Wet Market PJ Old Town is located 337 metres from Caltex Sec 4. Wet Market PJ Old Town is located 378 metres from Mppj Library.
Featured Places Of Interest Located Nearby
Menara Mppj is located 1.3 Kilometres away from Wet Market PJ Old Town. Menara Mppj - 2 Photo(s) Featured.
Menara Mppj is located 1.3 Kilometres away from Wet Market PJ Old Town. Menara Mppj - 2 Photo(s) Featured.
Hindu Temple Bukit Gasing is located 1.5 Kilometres away from Wet Market PJ Old Town. Hindu Temple Bukit Gasing - 1 Photo(s) Featured.
Shah Village Motel 1.7km, Pj Hilton 1.7km, Hotel Singgahsana 1.7km, are places to stay (hotel, service apartment, inn) located near Wet Market PJ Old Town.
Samsung Customer Service Plaza (PJ) 1.6km, Market Sri Sentosa 1.8km, Amcorp Mall 1.9km, are places to shop (shopping mall, shop houses) located near Wet Market PJ Old Town.
Sunway Lagoon Park 4.6km, Sunway Xtreme Park 5km, Desa Water Park 5.5km, are places of interest (attraction) located near Wet Market PJ Old Town.
SJK (c) Chen Moh 0.3km, SJK Jln Selangor 0.5km, SJK Jln 10 0.5km, are places of learning (school, college, university) located near Wet Market PJ Old Town.
Park Jalan 1 10 0.7km, Park Pjs 1 36 1.3km, Park Jalan Sri Manja 2b 1.4km, are parks, playgrounds, open fields or commons located near Wet Market PJ Old Town.
Wet Market PJ Old Town
Esso Sec 3
SJK (c) Chen Moh
Bak Kut Teh Jalan 1 19
Caltex Sec 4
Mppj Library
Hindu Temple Sec 4
Pj Hockey Stadium
SJK Jln Selangor
SJK Jln 10
Lutheran Church Sek 1
SJK Assunta 1&2
Pj Sports Complex
Assunta Hospital
Syariah Lower Court
Park Jalan 1 10
Mosque Sek 3
Church Sek 4
Shell Pjs 1 2
Click here to zoom in
Where do you want to go?
Location Information
Latitude °
Longitude °
PlaceName
Category
Wet Market PJ Old Town
SJK Petaling Jaya is about 0.8 km away.
Topmark is about 1 km away.
England Optical is about 1 km away.
Inai Court Apartment is about 1 km away.
BHP Jalan Templer is about 1 km away.
Buddhist Temple Poh Lam is about 1 km away.
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Smolke:Lab Outing
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 01:29, 4 March 2009 by Maung (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Home Contact Internal Protocols Lab Members Publications Research
What?
When?
• Preferences?
• For the California Academy of Sciences I recommend an upcoming Thursday evening, because they have a Nightlife from 6 to 10PM. The event is 18+ and only $10 for the entire museum vs. $25 for any other day/time CAS Nightlife
• This sounds like a good time. I can transport up to 5 other folk. - Cesar
• I'd be very interested in going to the California Academy of Sciences. Bowling is always good. -Yvonne
• I vote for the Academy of Sciences too! - Carolina
• Whatever date for CAS, I recommend buying tickets online in advance; guaranteed admittance and slightly shorter line. - Midori
• If we have to push CAS to April or later, fine, but let's also get in some bowling before then. - Jay
Who?
• Who can make it to a Thursday evening outing to the California Academy of the Sciences (joint between the Endy and Smolke labs):
• 3/5
• Christina
• DK
• MS
• Cesar
• Josh
• Win
• Yvonne
• Carolina (maybe)
• Jay
• Isis
• Lance
• Drew
• can't do (Joe)
• Jerome
• can't do (Midori)
• Leo (maybe)
• 3/26
• can't do (Win)
• 5/7
Personal tools
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User:Brian J. Knaus
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Contact Info
Brian J. Knaus (an artistic interpretation)
Brian J. Knaus
USDA Forest Service
Pacific Northwest Research Station
3200 SW Jefferson Way
Corvallis, OR, 97331.
Email me through OpenWetWare
Background
I am a graduate of Community High School in Ann Arbor, MI. I Completed undergraduate work at The University of Arizona, where I was also a member of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research.
After graduation I worked a number of positions with the U.S. federal government, usually as a Biological Sciences Technician. This included positions at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, the USGS field station at Sequoia and King Canyon National Parks, the Riverside Fire Lab, Dorena Tree Improvement Center, and Death Valley National Park. As a graduate student my work with the federal government included a position as a crew leader on a meadow monitoring team in the Sierra Nevada of California as well as several positions at the USDA Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station.
I am currently a member of the Cronn Lab at the USDA Forest Service's Pacific Northwest Research Station's Corvallis Forest Sciences Lab. This is part of the USDA's Pacific Northwest Research Station's Landscape Genetics and Ecology Team. We're using high throughput sequencing technologies to address evolutionary biology questions. Our main project is currently the Douglas-fir Climate Change Transcriptome Observatory where we're using the RNA-Seq method to explore and document differential expression throughout an entire growing season.
Projects
• A short read toolbox. Several of our projects involve Illumina short-read data. Originally this was 36 bp reads but has now expanded to a much as 80 bp reads which may be single ended or paired ended. Here's where I've tried to post scripts and links relevant to this type of information.
Education
• 2009, PhD, Oregon State University
• 1997, BS, The University of Arizona
Research interests
1. Population genetics
2. Evolutionary biology
3. Quantitative biology
4. Biocomputing and informatics
Publications
1. Haig, S.M., E.A. Beever, S.M. Chambers, H.M. Draheim, B.D. Dugger, S. Dunham, E. Elliot-Smith, J.B. Fontaine, D.C. Kesler, B.J. Knaus, I.F. Lopes, P. Loschl, T.D. Mullins, L.M. Sheffield. 2006. Taxonomic considerations in listing subspecies under the U.S. endangered species act. Conservation Biology 20(6): 1584- 1594.
2. Knaus, B.J., R. Cronn, and A. Liston. 2005. Genetic characterization of three varieties of Astragalus lentiginosus (Fabaceae). Brittonia 57(4): 334-344.
Useful links
Personal tools
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
If a poet has any obligation toward society, it is to write well. Being in the minority, he has no other choice. Failing this duty, he sinks into oblivion. Society, on the other hand, has no obligation toward the poet. A majority by definition, society thinks of itself as having other options than reading verses, no matter how well written. Its failure to do so results in its sinking to that level of locution at which society falls easy prey to a demagogue or a tyrant. This is society's own equivalent of oblivion. Brodsky, Joseph
This quote is about poetry and poets · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Brodsky, Joseph ...
Joseph Brodsky (May 24, 1940 January 28, 1996), born Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky was a poet and essayist who won the Nobel Prize in Literature (1987) and was chosen Poet Laureate of the United States (1991-1992).
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Short as life is, we make it still shorter by the careless waste of time. Hugo, Victor
This quote is about waste · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
I think that a young state, like a young virgin, should modestly stay at home, and wait the application of suitors for an alliance with her; and not run about offering her amity to all the world; and hazarding their refusal. Our virgin is a jolly one; and tho at present not very rich, will in time be a great fortune, and where she has a favorable predisposition, it seems to me well worth cultivating. Franklin, Benjamin
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Retirement may be looked upon either as a prolonged holiday or as a rejection, a being thrown on to the scrap-heap. Beauvoir, Simone De
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Posts: 38 | Thanked: 3 times | Joined on Aug 2007
#1
Let me start by saying how great canola is. However with podcast I have two issues:
- The first (already a bug report, I believe) is that I can't seem to download any podcasts. Somewhere (always a different point) an error message pops up saying: error during download. The first couple of times this probably happened due to my own fault (didn't have enough diskspace), but now I freed up 1GB and I'm still getting the errors. It is my understanding that there are people who have no trouble whatsoever, so is there some quick fix around that will work?
- The second is that the podcasts that I could download (just 2, ) are not working properly. Some searching the forums lead me to believe that mplayer is at fault here. Running from the command line confirmed this. The reason that they don't work is that they are .m4a files and mplayer can't handle these. The standard media player however doesn't have any trouble with these files. I know there are requests about having the option to select which player to use. Will these also be based on filetype? Because I prefer mplayer, but these m4a files just don't work (and switching the preferences all the time would be a bit of a time waster). Or is there a fix or option in mplayer to enable support?
Posts: 1,412 | Thanked: 594 times | Joined on Aug 2005 @ Recife, Brazil
#2
Hi,
This is really a issue. If we start to create mime(or extesion) tables for everything things can be really ugly. I think we will need to think this carefully because this can be really really nasty if done wrong. Also as the interaction behind it I wouldn't like to see it bloated by configruations and options, this is totally against the very basic premise of canola. But I think at least a solution for this (I hope a elegan one we will need to do asap)
Thanks for the feedback.. let's see what we can do.
Marcelo
Posts: 38 | Thanked: 3 times | Joined on Aug 2007
#3
Thanks for your reply! I understand completely. The best (and most elegant) solution would be to ban .m4a off the internet . I don't understand why people want to post their podcast in that format.
Keep up the great work on canlola!
Posts: 1,412 | Thanked: 594 times | Joined on Aug 2005 @ Recife, Brazil
#4
Talked to Morpheuz, and he already has a solution for that, people will be able to configure also the file that handles formats to players. but I think that format will be direct to the default media player by default. =)
Thanks for the feedback
Marcelo Eduardo
-----------------------------
www.marceloeduardo.com
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5671.0 - Lending Finance, Australia, Mar 2004
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 17/05/2004
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MARCH KEY FIGURES
Feb 2004
Mar 2004
Feb 2004 to Mar 2004
$m
$m
% change
TREND ESTIMATES
Housing finance for owner occupation
9,909
9,664
-2.5
Personal finance
6,576
6,521
-0.8
Commercial finance
23,381
22,690
-3.0
Lease finance
520
510
-1.8
SEASONALLY ADJUSTED ESTIMATES
Housing finance for owner occupation
9,818
9,810
-0.1
Personal finance
6,481
6,560
1.2
Commercial finance
22,338
22,994
2.9
Lease finance
528
540
2.2
Personal finance
Commercial finance
MARCH KEY POINTS
HOUSING FINANCE FOR OWNER OCCUPATION
• The total value of owner-occupied housing commitments decreased by 0.1% (seasonally adjusted) in March 2004. The trend series decreased by 2.5%.
PERSONAL FINANCE
• The seasonally adjusted series for total personal finance commitments rose by 1.2% in March 2004. The fixed lending series increased by 1.9% and revolving credit commitments increased by 0.7%.
• The total personal finance trend series fell by 0.8% in March 2004, the fourth consecutive fall.
COMMERCIAL FINANCE
• The total commercial finance series (seasonally adjusted) rose by 2.9% in March 2004. Revolving credit commitments and fixed lending commitments increased by 0.9% and 3.9%, respectively.
• The purchase of dwellings by individuals for rent and resale (seasonally adjusted) increased by 0.5% in March 2004, after four successive monthly decreases.
• The trend series for total commercial finance decreased by 3.0% in March 2004. Decreases were recorded in both fixed lending (down 1.9%) and revolving credit (down 5.2%).
LEASE FINANCE
• Lease finance (seasonally adjusted) increased by 2.2% in March 2004, following an increase of 13.9% in the previous month.
• The lease finance trend fell by 1.8% in March 2004.
NOTES
CHANGES IN THIS ISSUE
There are no changes in this issue.
HOUSING FINANCE
Publication catalogue number 5609.0 was renamed to Housing Finance, Australia for the March 2004 reference month, released 12 May 2004. It includes two additional tables:
• a new table on the Value of Finance Commitments for Housing. This new table contains information on investment housing commitments also published in table 8 (Finance Commitments for Housing) in this publication;
• a new table of home loan outstandings classified by lender. This new table contains monthly data from March 2002 for Authorised Deposit-taking Institutions (ADIs) classified by type of lender and split by owner occupation housing and investment housing. For other lending institutions, total housing loan outstandings is provided on a quarterly basis to provide a complete picture of all financial institutions providing finance for the purpose of housing.
Note that this publication remains unchanged in content and format. Queries regarding the changes to 5609.0 may be directed to Darren Page on 02 6252 6731 or email darren.page@abs.gov.au.
INQUIRIES
For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070 or Vincent Nguyen on Canberra (02) 6252 6398.
LENDING FINANCE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
HOUSING FINANCE FOR OWNER OCCUPATION
The total value of commitments excluding alterations and additions (seasonally adjusted) decreased by 0.1% in March 2004. The trend series decreased by 2.5%.
For further information, please refer to Housing Finance, Australia (cat. no. 5609.0).
PERSONAL FINANCE
The seasonally adjusted series for total personal finance rose by 1.2%, to $6 560 million in March 2004, after four successive monthly falls. Fixed lending and revolving credit commitments increased by 1.9% and 0.7%, respectively.
The total personal finance commitments trend series decreased by 0.8% in March 2004. The trend for revolving credit commitments decreased by 0.8%, while the fixed lending trend fell for a fifth successive month (down 0.9%).
In original terms, fixed lending commitments increased by 17.8%, to $3 116 million in March 2004. Fixed lending for the purchase of motor vehicles rose 14.1%..
COMMERCIAL FINANCE
The seasonally adjusted total commercial finance series increased by 2.9% in March 2004. Revolving credit commitments and fixed lending commitments rose by 0.9% and 3.9%, respectively.
The total commercial finance trend estimate decreased by 3.0% in March 2004. The fixed lending trend and the revolving credit trend fell by 1.9% and 5.2%, respectively.
The seasonally adjusted purchase of dwellings for rent or resale by individuals (investment housing) series increased to $4 524 million (up 0.5%) in March 2004, after four successive monthly decreases. The investment housing trend series fell by 5.1% in March.
Purchase of Dwellings by Individuals for Rent or Resale
LEASE FINANCE
In seasonally adjusted terms, the lease finance series increased by 2.2% to $540 million in March 2004, following a 13.9% increase in the previous month. The lease finance trend series fell for the fifth successive month, by 1.8%.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Personal Information
Username: tfsullivan
User Stats
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Submitted Stories: 0
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Comments: 0
Votes: 26
Published Votes: 4
Karma Score: 10.00
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Kernel Small Stacks
From eLinux.org
Jump to: navigation, search
Here is some random information about small kernel stack sizes.
The default stack size for a process running in kernel space is 8K (as of 2011).
There used to be an option on x86 to reduce the stack size to 4K. And indeed there were efforts in 2006 to make this the default stack size. However, using a small stack opens up the dangerous possibility that the stack will overflow, causing a kernel hang.
Besides wasting memory, if the stack space is not really needed, 8K stacks also have an effect on, and are affected by, general kernel memory allocation. To create an 8K stack requires an order-1 allocation, meaning that 2 contiguous physical pages must be allocated together in order to create a new process stack. If memory has become fragmented, it may be impossible to fulfill an order-1 allocation, even though individual pages of physical memory may be free. Thus 4K stack allocations (order-0 allocations) are more likely to succeed. This is important for systems operating under extreme memory pressure.
There were years of debate on the kernel mailing list about whether 4K stacks should be the default, and lots of bug reports that ended up being caused stack overflows with 4K stacks enabled. The option to support 4k stacks on x86 was removed in 2010, from kernel version 2.6.37 with this commit: dcfa726280116dd31adad37da940f542663567d0
Contents
Historical information on 4K Stacks
Here are some articles and links to information about 4K stacks:
Stack layout
The kernel stack is laid out with the stack pointer at the top of each stack (at the highest stack address), growing downward for each function call and stack allocation. The thread_info structure for a process is at the bottom of the stack. There is no physical mechanism to detect, at allocation time, if the stack pointer wanders into the thread_info area of the stack. Hence, if the stack overflows (the stack pointer goes into the thread_info area), the behavior of the system is undefined.
Stack structure:
top +----------------+
| return vals |
| & local vars |
| ... |
| |
| |
| 0's |
| thread_info |
bottom +----------------+
Stack measuring/monitoring mechanisms
Because of previous efforts to conserve stack space, there are actually a few different mechanisms for monitoring the kernel stack usage. Some tools report on the static size of stack usage by kernel functions (a check which is done by either the compiler or a separate tool operating on the kernel binary), and some mechanisms can report on actual stack utilization at runtime.
CONFIG_FRAME_WARN
This kernel configuration option passes an option to the compiler to cause it to emit a warning when a static stack size for a routine is detected that is larger than the specified threshold. It requires gcc version 4.4 or later in order to work.
The gcc option used is "-Wframe-larger-than=xxx".
By default, CONFIG_FRAME_WARN has the value of 1024, but you can set it to any value from 0 to 8192.
Here is a sample of build output with this option configured to 256:
...
CC ipc/msg.o
CC ipc/sem.o
.../linux-3.0.y/ipc/sem.c: In function 'semctl_main.clone.7':
.../linux-3.0.y/ipc/sem.c:1021:1: warning: the frame size of 520 bytes is larger than 256 bytes
.../linux-3.0.y/ipc/sem.c: In function 'sys_semtimedop':
.../linux-3.0.y/ipc/sem.c:1514:1: warning: the frame size of 472 bytes is larger than 256 bytes
CC ipc/shm.o
CC ipc/ipcns_notifier.o
checkstack.pl
The kernel source includes a script to perform static stack analysis called scripts/checkstack.pl.
Usage is as follows:
$(CROSS_COMPILE)objdump -d vmlinux | scripts/checkstack.pl [arch]
Replace [arch] with the architecture of the kernel being analyzed. Several architectures are supported, including arm, mips and x86. You should use a cross-objdump that matches the architecture you compiled the kernel for. For example, if you used: arm-gnueabi-linux-gcc as your compiler, you would use arm-gnueabi-linux-objdump as your object dump program. This should have been included in your cross-compiler toolchain package.
Below is some sample output from using checkstack.pl. Note that the file is first dumped to an assembly file (.S), and then piped to checkstack.pl. You can examine the assembly file to see in detail the instructions used to reserve space on the stack, for routines of interest found by checkstack.pl.
An item in brackets is a module name, in case of a loadable module. The number at end is stack depth detected for function. The Leading value is the address of the stack reservation code.
$ arm-eabi-objdummp -d vmlinux -o vmlinux-arm.S
$ cat vmlinux-arm.S | scripts/checkstack.pl arm
0x0012c858 nlmclnt_reclaim [vmlinux-arm.o]: 720
0x0025748c do_tcp_getsockopt.clone.11 [vmlinux-arm.o]: 552
0x00258d04 do_tcp_setsockopt.clone.14 [vmlinux-arm.o]: 544
0x000b2db4 do_sys_poll [vmlinux-arm.o]: 532
0x00138744 semctl_main.clone.7 [vmlinux-arm.o]: 532
0x00138ec4 sys_semtimedop [vmlinux-arm.o]: 484
0x000c5618 default_file_splice_read [vmlinux-arm.o]: 436
0x00251de4 do_ip_setsockopt.clone.22 [vmlinux-arm.o]: 416
0x00191fd4 extract_buf [vmlinux-arm.o]: 408
0x0019bc24 loop_get_status_old [vmlinux-arm.o]: 396
0x000e6f88 do_task_stat [vmlinux-arm.o]: 380
0x0019b8f0 loop_set_status_old [vmlinux-arm.o]: 380
0x002078f0 snd_ctl_elem_add_user [vmlinux-arm.o]: 376
0x0026267c tcp_make_synack [vmlinux-arm.o]: 372
0x00127be4 nfs_dns_parse [vmlinux-arm.o]: 368
0x000b2240 do_select [vmlinux-arm.o]: 340
0x001f6f10 mmc_blk_issue_rw_rq [vmlinux-arm.o]: 340
0x001726a0 fb_set_var [vmlinux-arm.o]: 336
0x000c58d0 __generic_file_splice_read [vmlinux-arm.o]: 316
0x0022a074 dev_seq_printf_stats [vmlinux-arm.o]: 316
0x0006383c tracing_splice_read_pipe [vmlinux-arm.o]: 308
0x000c53c8 vmsplice_to_pipe [vmlinux-arm.o]: 308
0x002512b4 do_ip_getsockopt [vmlinux-arm.o]: 304
0x00225f68 skb_splice_bits [vmlinux-arm.o]: 300
stack_size
Below are some results for static analysis of function stack depth in the Linux kernel, using 'stack_size'. (stack_size is a custom tool written by Tim Bird, before he found out about checkstack.pl.)
See this kernel message for a patch containing 'stack_size': https://lkml.org/lkml/2011/10/18/479
ARM results
The following results include the reduction in size for 'struct poll_wqueue':
$ ./stack_size vmlinux-arm
============ RESULTS ===============
number of functions = 14371
max function stack depth= 736
function with max depth = nlmclnt_reclaim
Function Name Stack Depth
===================== ===========
__generic_file_splice_read 352
do_select 376
loop_set_status_old 392
snd_ctl_elem_add_user 408
extract_buf 432
default_file_splice_read 472
sys_semtimedop 520
semctl_main.clone.7 560
do_sys_poll 568
nlmclnt_reclaim 736
x86_64 results
$ ./show_stacks_x86_64.py vmlinux-x86_64.o
============ RESULTS ===============
number of functions = 29587
max function stack depth= 1208
function with max depth = security_load_policy
Function Name Stack Depth
===================== ===========
x86_schedule_events 632
drm_crtc_helper_set_mode 632
sys_semtimedop 664
do_task_stat 712
node_read_meminfo 760
default_file_splice_read 792
do_select 920
nlmclnt_reclaim 936
do_sys_poll 1048
security_load_policy 1208
CONFIG_DEBUG_STACK_USAGE
There is kernel feature to output the stack usage of each process, as well as the process that uses the most stack in the system. This is controlled by the kernel configuration option CONFIG_DEBUG_STACK_USAGE.
This option modifies the process creation path so that the stack is initialized with all zeros. At any time, a request can be made to measure the stack depth of all running processes. This is calculated by measuring the amount of zeros from the end of thread_info to the first non-zero item on each stack.
In more detail, it does the following:
• at process creation time, fills the stack with zeros (kernel/fork.c)
• on sysrq 't', show free space, from call to stack_not_used() (kernel/sched.c)
• it shows as 0 otherwise ??
• define check_stack_usage(), which emits printks on each low-water hit
• low-water appears to be global over all stacks
• check_stack_usage() is only called on process exit, so you might not know about a problem process until very late
• stack_not_used() is defined in include/linux/sched.h. It counts the number of zero bytes following the end of thread_info going up.
As the systems runs, any time the stack low-water mark is exceeded, then the kernel prints a report (logs it to the kernel message log). This can be viewed with the dmesg command:
Here is example output, greping the kernel message log for "greatest":
# dmesg | grep greatest
kworker/u:0 used greatest stack depth: 10564 bytes left
busybox used greatest stack depth: 9512 bytes left
busybox used greatest stack depth: 9504 bytes left
grep used greatest stack depth: 9372 bytes left
init used greatest stack depth: 9028 bytes left
To get a report on the stack usage of currently running processes, you use 't' with sysrq. For example:
$ echo t >/proc/sysrq-trigger
A stack dump for each process is shown, along with stack usage information.
Here is some sample output:
$ echo t >/proc/sysrq-trigger
$ dmesg | grep -v [[]
task PC stack pid father
init S 802af8b0 932 1 0 0x00000000
kthreadd S 802af8b0 2496 2 0 0x00000000
ksoftirqd/0 S 802af8b0 2840 3 2 0x00000000
kworker/0:0 S 802af8b0 2776 4 2 0x00000000
kworker/u:0 S 802af8b0 2548 5 2 0x00000000
migration/0 S 802af8b0 2704 6 2 0x00000000
migration/1 S 802af8b0 2704 7 2 0x00000000
kworker/1:0 S 802af8b0 2560 8 2 0x00000000
ksoftirqd/1 S 802af8b0 3024 9 2 0x00000000
khelper S 802af8b0 2824 10 2 0x00000000
sync_supers S 802af8b0 2872 11 2 0x00000000
bdi-default S 802af8b0 2584 12 2 0x00000000
kblockd S 802af8b0 2824 13 2 0x00000000
khubd S 802af8b0 2744 14 2 0x00000000
rpciod S 802af8b0 3024 15 2 0x00000000
kworker/0:1 S 802af8b0 1240 16 2 0x00000000
kswapd0 S 802af8b0 2848 17 2 0x00000000
fsnotify_mark S 802af8b0 2632 18 2 0x00000000
nfsiod S 802af8b0 3024 19 2 0x00000000
kworker/u:1 S 802af8b0 2840 20 2 0x00000000
hoge S 802af8b0 3024 23 2 0x00000000
kworker/1:1 S 802af8b0 1716 24 2 0x00000000
flush-0:13 S 802af8b0 2528 28 2 0x00000000
telnetd S 802af8b0 1848 48 1 0x00000000
ash R running 1264 56 1 0x00000000
Stack tracer in ftrace
For detailed instructions, see: Ftrace#Find_deepest_kernel_stack
Rough notes:
• Turn on CONFIG_STACK_TRACER in kernel config
• pass 'stacktrace' on kernel command line, or at runtime do:
• echo 1 >/proc/sys/kernel/stack_tracer_enabled
• mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug
• <do some stuff>
• cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/stack_trace
See http://lwn.net/Articles/295955/
Stack limit patches
Sony has a series of patches which implement a stack guard page, and use that to show a backtrace if the process uses more than a specified amount in its kernel stack. In essence, this creates a hard failure for a controlled stack overflow event.
These patches do the following: Add the config options:
• CONFIG_SNSC_DEBUG_STACK_LIMIT - perform stack layout changes
• CONFIG_SNSC_SUPPORT_4KB_MAPPING - re-map kernel memory for 4K TLB mappings
• CONFIG_SNSC_DEBUG_STACK_LIMIT_MANUAL - allow a user-specified starting stack size
the patches do several things:
• change the stack layout to place thread_info at the top of the stack rather than at the bottom
• change the stack size to 16KB (order 2)
• allow configuring the default starting position of the stack, to simulate an arbitrary stack size (default is right below thread_info)
• remap the kernel memory so that 4KB mappings are used
• this allows unmapping the bottom page of the stack, so that a fault occurs when the page is accessed (on a stack overflow for a manually configured small stack)
• this is only turned on if you specify 'use_4kb_mapping' on the
• unmap the bottom page of the stack (the guard page)
• this is only turned on if you specify 'unmap_stack'
[ FIXTHIS - need to add more to this section]
ARM 4K Stacks
In October of 2011, Tim Bird submitted patches to add 4K stack support for the ARM architecture to the Linux kernel. The patches he submitted are here:
After some discussion, these patches were not accepted into mainline.
The following points were problems that needed to be addressed for this patch set:
* Should make this depend on CONFIG_EXPERT (to warn developers who attempt to use this)
* Should add interrupt stacks to ARM to take pressure off of 4K stacks
* Should determine if 4K stacks use case will cause ripple effect and lots of ifdefs and hard maintenance issues throughout the kernel. In particular, need to look at:
* %pV recursion in printk. This is used by several file systems
* question: for operation or just reporting??
Dave Chinner (here) wrote:
There's a good reason 4k stacks went away: it's
simply not enough space for the deep 60+ function call stacks we see
with even trivial storage stack configurations.
The stack usage on 32 bit ARM and x86 is going to be similar, so
you're going to be fighting a losing battle - there is no stack
space that can be trimmed from most paths. To make matter worse,
there's been stuff done to the storage stack that significantly
increases stack usage since 4k stacks went away (e.g. the on-stack
block plugging changes).
And FWIW, XFS is widely used on ARM based NAS devices, so this isn't
a theoretical problem I'm making up here...
This is a pretty good example of people denying a use case with a red herring.
Possible mixed stack size feature
One option for realizing most of the benefits of 4K stacks, while preserving more robustness, would be to utilize mixed stack sizes in the kernel.
Processes known to exercise only certain, stack-conservative, code paths in the kernel could utilize 4K stacks, and other processes could utilize 8K (or larger) stacks for safety purposes.
There would have to be a mechanism to support selecting the stack size at process creation time. One simple mechanism would be to introduce a child_stack_size parameter in thread_info, settable via /proc, and use this on the clone system call.
A system to support different-sized stacks by changing the stack size of already running processes would likely be too complicated to be practical.
Currently, the method of accessing the thread_info structure for a task in the kernel relies on the stack size of all processes being consistent among all processes (and being a power of two). A pointer to thread_info is obtained by masking the current stack pointer with a value dependent on the (global) size of the stack. With mixed stack sizes, a different mechanism would be needed to convert from stack pointer to thread_info. One method which might work would be to pre-allocate a stack pool for non-standard-sized stacks, and use pointer comparison to see if SP fell within the pool. If the pool was exhausted, the default stack size would be used.
This would work best in the case of a system with an identifiable number of processes which would use special-sized stacks.
Problems
This area has random notes for stack depth management issues:
Problem routines
do_select, do_sys_poll
The structure 'struct poll_wqueue' is a large data structure used for the select() and poll() system calls to manage a sub-set of the file descriptors being polled. This structure includes an array of wait queues which can be used immediately (without requiring or waiting for a memory allocation) for polling file I/O.
The number of entries in the array of wait queues can be controlled via macros in include/linux/poll.h
nlm_clnt_reclaim
network lock manager for network filesystems. Not applicable to most embedded products (except possibly during development).
security_load_policy
An selinux routine, not applicable to embedded.
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California NewspapersEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 20:36, 14 December 2007 by Auto import (Talk)
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The California State Library has an extensive collection of California newspapers. Other large libraries in the state also have newspaper collections. Many newspapers are available on microfilm, and some libraries participate in interlibrary loan services.
Several guides and union lists of newspapers are available at university, college, and public libraries. A guide to early California newspapers is J. Budenz, Paul J. Smith, and J.H. Young, comps., Early Newspapers and Periodicals of California and the West (San Francisco, California: W. R. Howell, 1970; FHL book 979.4 A3b; film 1421815 item 8).
Web Sites
http://www.ancestorhunt.com/obituary_search.htm
http://cdnc.ucr.edu/
http://www.loc.gov/chroniclingamerica/
http://www239.smalltownpapers.com/smalltownpapers/jsp/stphome.jsp
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ComorosEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:32, 14 December 2007 by Auto import (Talk)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Contents
Featured Article
The Comoros is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, located off the eastern coast of Africa on the northern end of the Mozambique Channel between northern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Its name derives from the Arabic word qamar (“moon”). The country is notable for its diverse culture and history, as a nation formed at the crossroads of many civilizations. It has three official languages—Comorian (Shikomor), Arabic, and French. Read more...
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Holden, Utah LDS Wards and BranchesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Utah Church Records Millard County Church Records Holden, Utah LDS Church Wards and Branches
Jenson, Andrew. Encyclopedic History of the Church. (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1941). p 340-341.
• Online through BYU Books. (Free) In the Text search box, type the town or unit name and click Go. Select page numbers (tiny) at the right to see the page.
• Also available through Ancestry.com ($).
Contents
Church Units and Boundaries, 1941
Holden, Utah LDS Wards and Branches:
Obtain the Records
History Timeline to 1941
This timeline (arranged by year) includes events that affected records, record-keeping, and movements of Mormons in this area.
• Other History Resources
Many wards or branches appointed members to compile a history. Copies may be in the ward library or in homes of members. Some contain biographical sketches of members of the ward at the time of compilation.
References
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• This page was last modified on 4 January 2013, at 02:50.
• This page has been accessed 127 times.
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.gif not showing in html document
Go4Expert Member
19Oct2007,17:57 #1
I'm just learning html and right now i'm just throwing together a document kind of showing what I've learned so far to my instructor. So my code reads like this,
<a href="http://www.google.com">
<img border="0" src="C:\Documents and Settings" width="65" height="35"
</a>
I shortened the filepath but other than that everything is there. The image being used is a .gif so the only thing i could think i'm doing wrong is not putting .gif at the end of filepath.
What happens is it just shows a broken puzzle piece where the picture should be, like firefox doesn't support it and, i'm using a new version of firefox.
All help is appreciated, thank you in advance.
Go4Expert Founder
19Oct2007,19:17 #2
The only thing could happen is either you don't have the file at the specified path or you mention the path incorrectly.
Go4Expert Member
28Oct2007,14:18 #3
Exactly what shabbir said.
Also I mentioned before if you add the exact picture in the same folder/directory as the document you are adding it to and type this as the code.
Code:
<img src="image.gif" width="44" height="44">
Skilled contributor
3Nov2007,08:29 #4
You should also read Very Basics of HTML
Go4Expert Member
3Nov2007,14:44 #5
Why thanks Izaan for pointing some people into my thread.
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Piatkus - Books Published in 1995
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Publications:
0-7499-0277-9 Close to the Bone, Feb 1995, £15.99, 255pp, hc, coll , cover: Ken Leeder Mark Morris
0-7499-0285-X Sideshow, Feb 1995, £15.99, vii+308pp, hc , cover: Joe Baker Anne D. LeClaire
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Suicide Watch
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Title: Suicide Watch
Author: Arinn Dembo
Year: 2001
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: shortstory
ISFDB Record Number: 1054370
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Spine Coaster
From the Super Mario Wiki
(Redirected from Bonecoaster)
Jump to: navigation, search
Spine Coasters (also known as Bonecoasters in the New Super Mario Bros. Wii Prima Guide) are rideable creatures made of bone used to aid Mario and company pass through the lava pits, Poisoned Water pools, or reach far away places. Their appearance varies from game to game but revert back to their first look in New Super Mario Bros. U.
Contents
[edit] History
[edit] New Super Mario Bros. Wii
Mario, riding a Spine Coaster in New Super Mario Bros. Wii.
They first appear only in World 8-7 from New Super Mario Bros. Wii, a stage that can be unlocked by finding the secret exit in World 8-2. It also appears in multiplayer versus mode. Spine Coasters are very useful throughout World 8-7 because they help Mario and his friends get the Star Coins in this stage and also prevent them from falling into the lava. However, the Spine Coasters often make risky maneuvers, passing through lava geysers and into the lava itself. Spine Coasters can stand the weight of Mario, Luigi, and both Toads on it. However, if all characters perform a simultaneous ground pound, it will fall. Also, Spine Coasters cannot hurt any character.
[edit] New Super Mario Bros. Mii
A Spine Coaster, as seen in the demo game, New Super Mario Bros. Mii.
Spine Coasters have also appeared in the Wii U demo New Super Mario Bros. Mii shown at E3 2011. One is seen in a dark cavern that is filled with poison water, carrying Mario and friends once again.
[edit] Super Mario 3D Land
A Spine Coaster, as seen in Super Mario 3D Land.
Spine Coasters later appear in Super Mario 3D Land. However, they only make the appearance in World 8-Bowser's Castle 2. Their design has changed into a three-dimensional figure. They also somewhat resemble Dry Bones.
[edit] New Super Mario Bros. 2
A Spine Coaster in New Super Mario Bros. 2.
Spine Coasters once again appear in New Super Mario Bros. 2, though they act more like Skull Rafts from Super Mario World. Two Bonecoasters only appear in World 6-2, where they sail along the lava. Once a Spine Coaster has reached its stop, Mario or Luigi can ground pound its head to make it spit out a large amount of coins, or even a 1-Up Mushroom. A little detail was added in this game where the eyes glowed every time a vocal riff was heard. Spine Coasters are also featured on Course 3 of the Platform Panic Pack in the game's downloadable Coin Rush course packs. Spine Coasters were also in Course 3 of the Coin Challenge C DLC, although they were noticably missing the characteristic head.
[edit] New Super Mario Bros. U
In New Super Mario Bros. U, Spine Coasters appear in Rock-Candy Mines level Thrilling Spine Coaster, a course that is similar to the world shown in New Super Mario Bros. Mii, and in the Superstar Road course, Spine-Tingling Spine Coaster. Spine Coasters and Spine Coaster tracks also appear on the world map, and can be used to travel between Frosted Glacier and Rock-Candy Mines.
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
French Serpentos
Portuguese Trólei Vertebrado Vertebrate Trolley
[edit] Trivia
• The Spine Coaster somewhat resembles a Bone Dragon, but its head is smaller in size, and there are no spikes on its back.
• Whenever the Spine Coaster goes fast, especially on a slope, it lets out a dinosaur-like roar. A single Spine Coaster may let out multiple roars during a ride. The Spine Coaster in Super Mario 3D Land make a different noise.
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Pichu
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Super Smash Bros. Character
Pichu
Game Appearances
Super Smash Bros. Melee (unlockable)
Special Moves
Standard: Thunder Jolt
Side: Skull Bash
Up: Agility
Down: Thunder
Pichu is a Pokémon introduced in the games Pokémon Gold, Silver, and Crystal. It is the pre-evolved form of Pikachu, the Pokémon mascot. It has made its only appearance in the Mario series in the two games Super Smash Bros. Melee and Super Smash Bros. Brawl.
Contents
[edit] History
[edit] Super Smash Bros. Melee
Main article: SmashWiki:Pichu (SSBM)
Pichu is a playable fighter in Super Smash Bros. Melee. It is an unlockable character, unlocked by beating Event Match 37: Legendary Pokémon. After beating it, Pichu will appear to challenge the player and if defeated, becomes a playable fighter. Pichu can also be unlocked by playing 200 or more matches in the VS. mode of the game.
Pichu has a very similar moveset to Pikachu. However, Pichu is a less convenient character, as it is the lightest and it is easily thrown off the stage. Also, all of its electric attacks, (including Skull Bash) causes damage to itself. However, due to its small size, and quick nature, Pichu is usually good for fighting larger enemies, whose attacks hit high in the air. Also, it packs more power than Pikachu, namely because the Pichu species in general have a hard time storing their electricity. Therefore, more power is released and they hurt themselves.
As such, Pichu will usually cause a lot of losses for players when they first play as it, but with practice, it can become a dangerous mouse. Additionally, Pichu has two taunts, one for each direction it's facing. In the game, Pichu was voiced by Satomi Koorogi in both English and Japanese, who does its voice in the Pokémon anime.
[edit] Super Smash Bros.Brawl
Pichu is one of the few Super Smash Bros. Melee fighters that did not return as a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. However, the player can get a trophy of Pichu by clearing All-Star Mode without continuing.
[edit] Special Moves
[edit] Thunder Jolt
Pichu's Thunder Jolt.
Main article: SmashWiki:Thunder Jolt
Thunder Jolt is one of Pichu's moves used in Super Smash Bros. Melee. To execute this move, the player must simply press the Button. A blast of electricity will come out from Pichu's cheeks. It will then start passing by the field, until it finally loses all power, or hits someone. If Pichu is standing on a platform when using this attack, it will move underneath the platform, rather than falling. When in the air, doing this attack would create a ball of lightning. This ball of lighting is less accurate, but definitely more powerful. Thunder Jolt will cause 1% of damage on Pichu. When Kirby copies Pichu's ability, he will be able to use Thunder Jolt. However, Kirby will also take 1% damage for using the move.
The attack "Thunder Jolt" does not exist in the Pokémon games - its closest equivalent is ThunderShock.
[edit] Skull Bash
Pichu's Skull Bash.
Main article: SmashWiki:Skull Bash
Skull Bash is a move that both Pikachu and Pichu know in Super Smash Bros. Melee and Super Smash Bros. Brawl. It is executed by pressing Side + . Once done, Pichu will pull its head back, and then push forward into the opponent with a headbutt. The player could hold down on the B button to charge the attack. This will make the attack stronger, and will make it more accurate. Sometimes, Pichu will even be able to fly completely across some stages, like Pokémon Stadium or Green Greens. If the player charges the attack to its limit, then Pichu will use the attack automatically. Compared to Pikachu's Skull Bash, Pichu's Skull Bash takes longer to charge up, but can go farther and is stronger at maximum power. Unfortunately, it'll take 1% damage after using the attack.
Pichu never learns this attack in the Pokémon games, but the move may be a reference to the attack, Headbutt. Also, Luigi can use a similar move, called the Green Missile.
[edit] Agility
Pichu's Agility.
Main article: SmashWiki:Agility
Agility is one of Pichu's moves in Super Smash Bros. Melee. It was done by pressing Up + . To use it, the player must tilt the control stick in the direction they want the Pokémon to move. Pichu will move at a very quick speed, which will allow it to get back onto the field when it is thrown off the edge. This, is however, a very hard attack to master. It is similar to Pikachu's Quick Attack. If the player tilts the Control Stick to the side, at just the right time after using the attack, Pichu will do a second jump to the side. It is one of the best third jumps in the game. Unfortunately, the first jump does 1% of damage on Pichu, while the second jump does 3%. Also, it does no damage to opponents and is slower than Pikachu's Quick Attack.
Pichu can't learn Agility at all in the Pokémon games, although its evolutions Pikachu and Raichu can. Also, in the Pokémon games, Pokémon who use it just have their speed sharply increased.
[edit] Thunder
Pichu's Thunder.
Main article: SmashWiki:Thunder
Thunder is a move used by both Pikachu and Pichu in Super Smash Bros. and Super Smash Bros. Melee games, and returns as one of Pikachu's attacks in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. To perform it, one must press Down + , which will cause a powerful thunder bolt to drop down onto the screen, in a vertical line from directly above the user. It will fall onto Pichu, and will hurt any player that touches the lightning, or within close range. If the lightning hits Pichu, it'll take 3% damage. Also, if Pichu is jumping when the attack strikes, it will not hit underneath them. It is Pichu's strongest move, in both the Super Smash Bros. and the Pokémon series, from which the move is taken.
The difference between Pikachu's Thunder and Pichu's Thunder is that Pichu's can deliver multiple hits to opponents.
[edit] Trophy Information
[edit] Melee
Type Image Description
Classic A baby Electric-type Pokémon identifiable by its big ears. Pichu evolves into Pikachu. It's not very skilled at storing up electrical energy and will sometimes discharge it if jarred. Although it's small, it has enough electrical power to give even an adult quite a shock. It's often startled by its own power.
Adventure Compared with Pikachu, Pichu is a tad more nimble and a little more difficult to hit. Those are the only two advantages, however, and since Pichu damages itself when it uses electrical attacks, it's best suited for handicapped matches. Even though Pichu's tough to catch, it's easy to throw its tiny frame great distances.
All-Star Pichu is the lightest character in Super Smash Bros. Melee., and it's top of the class in weakness, too! For Pichu, it's all about scampering here and there to pick up items that will help it survive. The first warp in Agility causes 1 point of damage to Pichu, and the second causes 3, so try to limit the number of times you use the move.
[edit] Brawl
Name Image Game Description
Pichu GBC Pokémon Gold & Silver A Tiny Mouse Pokémon. Because its electric cheek pouches are still small, it cannot store electricity yet. Pichu has been known to flaunt its courage by touching tails with others and setting off sparks. It is easier for Pichu to build up electricity when the humidity is lower. Pichu will evolve into Pikachu.
DS Pokémon Diamond & Pearl
[edit] Trivia
• Pichu is the only character from Super Smash Bros. Melee to not have any playable data in Super Smash Bros. Brawl (excluding Young Link who was considered to be replaced by Toon Link).
• One of its alternate outfits in Super Smash Bros. Melee are a pair of blue goggles. This is later given to Pikachu in Super Smash Bros. Brawl.
• Despite being fast and nimble in Super Smash Bros. Melee, in the Pokémon RPGs, Pichu's speed stat is actually pretty low.
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Nano Express
Investigation on two abnormal phenomena about thermal conductivity enhancement of BN/EG nanofluids
Yanjiao Li1,2*, Jing'en Zhou1, Zhifeng Luo1, Simon Tung3, Eric Schneider3, Jiangtao Wu4 and Xiaojing Li4
Author Affiliations
1 State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710049, China
2 Xi'an Research Inst. Of Hi-Tech, Hongqing Town, Xi'an, 710025, China
3 GM R &D Center, 480-106-160, 30500 Mound Road Warren, MI 48090-9055, USA
4 State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710049, China
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:443 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-443
Published: 9 July 2011
Abstract
The thermal conductivity of boron nitride/ethylene glycol (BN/EG) nanofluids was investigated by transient hot-wire method and two abnormal phenomena was reported. One is the abnormal higher thermal conductivity enhancement for BN/EG nanofluids at very low-volume fraction of particles, and the other is the thermal conductivity enhancement of BN/EG nanofluids synthesized with large BN nanoparticles (140 nm) which is higher than that synthesized with small BN nanoparticles (70 nm). The chain-like loose aggregation of nanoparticles is responsible for the abnormal increment of thermal conductivity enhancement for the BN/EG nanofluids at very low particles volume fraction. And the difference in specific surface area and aspect ratio of BN nanoparticles may be the main reasons for the abnormal difference between thermal conductivity enhancements for BN/EG nanofluids prepared with 140- and 70-nm BN nanoparticles, respectively.
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This article is part of the series Porous Semiconductors - Science and Technology 2012.
Nano Express
Surface enhanced fluorescence of anti-tumoral drug emodin adsorbed on silver nanoparticles and loaded on porous silicon
Margarita Hernandez1, Gonzalo Recio2, Raul J Martin-Palma2, Jose V Garcia-Ramos1, Concepcion Domingo1 and Paz Sevilla1,3*
Author Affiliations
1 Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Serrano 121, Madrid, 28006, Spain
2 Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, UAM, Madrid, 28049, Spain
3 Departamento de Quimica Fisica II, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM, Madrid, 28040, Spain
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:364 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-364
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/7/1/364
Received:20 April 2012
Accepted:12 June 2012
Published:2 July 2012
© 2012 Hernandez et al.; licensee Springer.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Fluorescence spectra of anti-tumoral drug emodin loaded on nanostructured porous silicon have been recorded. The use of colloidal nanoparticles allowed embedding of the drug without previous porous silicon functionalization and leads to the observation of an enhancement of fluorescence of the drug. Mean pore size of porous silicon matrices was 60 nm, while silver nanoparticles mean diameter was 50 nm. Atmospheric and vacuum conditions at room temperature were used to infiltrate emodin-silver nanoparticles complexes into porous silicon matrices. The drug was loaded after adsorption on metal surface, alone, and bound to bovine serum albumin. Methanol and water were used as solvents. Spectra with 1 μm spatial resolution of cross-section of porous silicon layers were recorded to observe the penetration of the drug. A maximum fluorescence enhancement factor of 24 was obtained when protein was loaded bound to albumin, and atmospheric conditions of inclusion were used. A better penetration was obtained using methanol as solvent when comparing with water. Complexes of emodin remain loaded for 30 days after preparation without an apparent degradation of the drug, although a decrease in the enhancement factor is observed. The study reported here constitutes the basis for designing a new drug delivery system with future applications in medicine and pharmacy.
Keywords:
Surface-enhanced fluorescence; Porous Silicon; Emodin; Drug delivery
Background
Porous silicon (PSi) is a mesoporous material which has been proposed for an increased number of drug delivery applications in the last few years [1,2]. PSi, as well as mesoporous silica materials [3,4], shows biodegradability and biocompatibility; both of them being fundamental requirements for the development of controlled-release drug delivery system. PSi materials are termed “top-down” materials as opposed to the synthesized mesoporous molecular sieves, which are so called “bottom-up” silica materials that refer to the self-assembly of silicon oxide by means of polymeric templates determining the structure obtained. Besides, the efficient visible photoluminescence of PSi, as first reported by Canham [5] in 1990, can be used as a sensing signal of the carried drug, once it has been duly immobilized onto the PSi surface which sometimes requires its adequate functionalization [6-8]. PSi can also incorporate metal nanoparticles (NPs) which are furthermore useful as nanocarriers and imaging agents [9,10]. In particular, noble metal NPs, due to their localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs), enhance both Raman (surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS) and fluorescence (surface-enhanced fluorescence, SEF) signals, being possible to use such spectroscopic techniques as high sensitivity detection routes for molecular sensing of the loaded drugs even after releasing from the PSi matrix. SERS substrates based on silver/PSi [11,12] systems or silver/Si nanowires [13] have been reported. Regarding SEF using silver/Si nanostructures, to our knowledge, only two papers report some results in solution: one for praxeodimium ions (Pr3+) [14] and the other for lanthanide ions [15], after adding the Ag supported on Si to the sample solutions. In both cases, the authors reported larger fluorescence enhancement factors (EF) in the range from 10 to 200 with such Ag/Si materials than that caused by unsupported silver NPs.
Emodin is a natural anthraquinone dye with anti-tumoral activity [16], as well as laxative, anti-inflammatory, anti-aggregation, and anti-ulcer effects; whose SERS and SEF characterizations in Ag colloid suspensions, as well as its interaction with bovine serum albumin (BSA) at different pHs values, have been thoroughly carried out in our group [17-21]. With all this previous knowledge and taking into account the interest in using PSi as a drug carrier, emodin/AgNPs (Em/Ag) and emodin-BSA/AgNPs (Em-BSA/Ag) complexes were loaded in PSi matrices and used as a model system for other drugs, followed by the detection of emodin through the corresponding SEF spectra. In order to optimize the experimental variables, PSi layers with different pore sizes were tested in different impregnation conditions and the drug penetration in the PSi channels was detected. In all cases, the spatial resolution was 1 μm. Besides, the variation of the emodin SEF signal with time was monitored, from a freshly prepared sample until 30 days, in order to evaluate the possible temporal degradation. After verifying that the drug molecules did not remain included into PSi channels, the use of AgNPs allowed loading the drug without any functionalization. The SEF measurements used in this work can discriminate between emodin monomer and their aggregates. Only the monomer form of emodin was detected, thus, avoiding possible adverse effects due to the presence of drug agglomerates. Enhancement factor obtained for the fluorescence signal of emodin in the samples studied by SEF is in the range from 10 to 24.
Methods
Emodin, BSA, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO, USA). Pure water was obtained from a Mili-Q Integral A10 system from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA) and methanol (MeOH) was purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain).
Silver colloids were prepared using Leopold and Lendl method [22]. Briefly, it consists of reducing an aqueous solution of AgNO3 (10−2 M) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in basic medium. The mean diameter of silver NPs obtained and evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) (images not shown) was 50 nm.
Nanostructured PSi layers were formed by electrochemical etch of boron-doped (p-type) silicon wafers (orientation, <100 > and resistivity, 0.01–0.02 Ω·cm). The low-resistivity ohmic contacts were formed by coating the backside of the Si wafers with Al and subsequently annealing at 400°C for 5 min. The electrolyte consisted of 1:2 HF (48 wt.%):ethanol (98 wt.%) solution. The wafers were galvanostatically etched under illumination from a 100 W halogen lamp. The etching current density was typically 80 mA/cm2 and the etching time was 120 seconds, leading to the formation of 5 to 7 μm-thick PSi layers with an average pore size around 60 nm. In order to fabricate PSi matrices with smaller pore size, HF concentration in the etching process was increased, leading a solution 2:1 HF (48 wt.%):ethanol (98 wt.%). Also, the applied current density was reduced to 20 mA/cm2. The resulting PSi layers were loaded by capillarity suction in two different conditions, i.e., in atmospheric conditions and in vacuum at room temperature.
Aliquots of an initial 2-mM emodin solution in MeOH were diluted to obtain different concentrations to load in PSi layers and get several samples to analyze. The sample I (Em/Ag/MeOH) contained the drug adsorbed on AgNPs surface using MeOH as solvent. Silver colloid, freshly prepared, was centrifuged and the NPs redispersed in MeOH; subsequently, aliquot of initial emodin solution was added to get 0.2 mM final concentration. Sample II (Em/Ag/H2O) carried the drug adsorbed on silver NPs using water as solvent. The final drug concentration was the same as in sample I (Em/Ag/MeOH). Sample III (Em-BSA/Ag/H2O) included the drug bound to protein albumin forming BSA-emodin complexes. A solid BSA was solved on fresh silver colloid; afterwards, aliquot of emodin initial solution was added. Final protein and drug concentrations were 0 and 0.2 mM. Lastly, sample IV (Em/MeOH) was obtained by loading a 0.2 mM solution of emodin in MeOH in absence of AgNPs. Reference samples, named sample-ref I (Ag/MeOH), sample-ref II (Ag/H2O), and sample-ref III (BSA/Ag/H2O), were prepared following the same procedure as samples I, II, and III without including emodin. Wafers were transversally cut in order to analyze the corresponding cross-sections.
Raman and fluorescence spectra were recorded in a Renishaw inVia Raman microscope (Renishaw Iberica SAU, Barcelona, Spain), using a 100x magnification objective (spectral resolution 2 cm−1). The excitation line, 532 nm, was provided by Nd:YAG laser. The output laser power was 100 mW. The acquisition time of each spectrum was 7 min. The spatial resolution was 1 μm. Raman and fluorescence measurements of one cross-section were taken in one-micron steps along the PSi layer, from crystalline Si to open air. All spectra were normalized to the Raman signal of crystalline Si in the corresponding wafer.
The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images were taken with Hitachi SU8000 (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Tokyo, Japan); SEM images were obtained using a JEOL JEM2000Fx (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
Results and discussion
PSi layers were characterized morphologically by SEM and spectroscopically by fluorescence and Raman. The use of the appropriate fabrication parameters resulted in PSi layers with two different pore sizes of 60 and 30 nm as shown in Figure 1. The thicknesses of the layers were of a few microns as can be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 1. FE-SEM images of the cross-section of two PSi layers with different pore sizes: (a) 60 nm, (b) 30 nm.
Figure 2. SEM images of the cross-section of three of the samples analyzed. (a) Sample I (Em/Ag/MeOH), (b) sample II (Em/Ag/H2O), and (c) sample III (Em-BSA/Ag/H2O). In all cases pore size is 60 nm.
Figure 3 shows the spectra of the cross-section samples when irradiating with 532 nm laser line. They present characteristic Raman bands for the PSi, which are different from that of Si [5]. Thus, while crystalline silicon (Figure 3d) shows a characteristic thin and symmetric band at 520 cm−1 and a wide band at 976 cm−1, Raman bands of PSi (Figure 3b) appear at 503 cm−1 and 931 cm−1 respectively, and changed noticeably the profile. From the Raman spectra, and following the 503 cm−1 PSi band, the thickness of the Psi layers could be evaluated, being always in agreement with the SEM images.
Figure 3. Raman spectra of the cross-section of a PSi layer at different positions. (a) PSi-air interface, (b) PSi, 3 μm from Si-PSi interface, (c) Si-PSi interface, and (d) Si. Pore size is 60 nm.
Photoluminescence of PSi is observed as a band, centered at 756 nm, as it is shown in Figure 4. The maximum of this band reaches one fourth of the 503 cm−1. The Raman band of PSi (marked with asterisk in Figure 4). Measurements recorded at different positions in the cross-section showed similar spectral shape and intensity, thus indicating uniformity in the composition of the layer. After 30 days of exposition to atmospheric conditions, Raman bands from PSi remain unchanged, as shown in Figure 4, whereas photoluminescence intensity decreases on a 37% and blue-shift to 747 nm, indicating an oxidation of PSi layer due to its exposition to air [23].
Figure 4. Fluorescence spectra of the cross-section of a PSi layer of sample II(Em/Ag/H2O). Espectra are recorded on a point situated at 3 μm from Si-PSi interface. (a) After 30 days preparation, and (b) freshly prepared. Pore size is 60 nm. The Raman band of PSi at 503 cm−1 is marked with an asterisk.
Figure 5 shows spectra from PSi matrices cross-section obtained at 3 μm from Si-PSi interface, after the matrices with an average pore size of 60 nm were loaded with emodin and with Em/Ag complexes. The matrices were loaded in atmospheric conditions. As reported before [20], emodin and emodin-silver complexes show fluorescence after excitation at 514 nm. The luminescence bands of PSi and emodin overlap. The analysis of the fluorescence band indicates that when Em/Ag or Em-BSA/Ag complexes are loaded, the position of the maximum changes with regard to PSi (Figure 6). It shifts to 730 nm which is the position reported previously for the drug [20]. The profile of the band indicates mainly the presence of monomer and the absence of aggregates for emodin loaded on the nanostructured PSi matrices. When Em/Ag or Em-BSA/Ag complexes were included in the PSi, the fluorescence emission became more intense than Raman bands of PSi, and the maximum peak height was five times the 503 cm−1 Raman band of PSi. In order to confirm if the dissimilarities of the fluorescence emission between pristine (fresh) and loaded PSi corresponded to emodin or any of the other species present in the system, prepared reference samples as described above were studied. As it is shown in Figure 5, when emodin and AgNPs are not present together, the spectra show no remarkable differences with respect to the PSi ones. This indicates that only a few number of emodin molecules remain embedded on the PSi without functionalization, and fluorescence can be mainly attributed to the mesoporous material. Moreover, it is necessary that both components, emodin and AgNPs, were coincident to enhance the fluorescence signal. When PSi matrices with smaller size pore (30 nm) were loaded with Em/Ag complexes, there was no change in the photoluminescence of PSi (data not shown) indicating no penetration of the AgNPs, since their size is larger than that of the pores.
Figure 5. Fluorescence spectra of the cross-section of several PSi layers. Espectra are recorded on a point situated at 3 μm from Si-PSi interface. (a) Loaded with sample-ref II (Ag/H2O), (b) unloaded × 5, (c) loaded with sample IV (Em/MeOH) × 10, and (d) loaded with sample II (Em/Ag/H2O). Pore size is 60 nm.
Figure 6. Fluorescence spectra of the cross-section of loaded PSi layers. Espectra are recorded on a point situated at 3 μm from Si-PSi interface. (a) Sample I (Em/Ag/MeOH), (b) sample II (Em/Ag/H2O), and (c) sample III (Em-BSA/Ag/H2O). Pore size is 60 nm.
Hence, AgNPs present two principal advantages: firstly, they act as a "linker" between the PSi surface and the drug; secondly, they produce an enhancement of the fluorescence of the drug signal due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) (SEF effect) which is clearly perceptible. This enhancement of the fluorescence varies with the solvent used in the loaded process and decreases in all cases after 30 days of preparation.
The “apparent” EF corresponding to the maximum signal of the cross-section for every sample can be seen in Table 1. This factor was calculated using sample IV (Em/MeOH) as reference. Values of the EF for the freshly prepared samples when loading at atmospheric conditions vary from 10 to 24. A higher enhancement was obtained by loading sample III (Em-BSA/H2O), where protein is present. The EF decreases for the two solvents, water or alcohol, after 30 days of preparation (Table 1). The enhancement of the fluorescence when the PSi matrices were loaded in vacuum conditions, showed in Table 1, indicates that Em/Ag complexes present higher enhancements when they are loaded in vacuum than in atmospheric conditions from a MeOH solution. However, they exhibit lower enhancements when they are loaded in vacuum than in atmospheric conditions from a H2O solution. This behavior is due to the different viscosity of each dissolvent which favors one or the other conditions. No enhancement is observed for Em-BSA/Ag complexes when they were loaded in vacuum conditions. This is a consequence of the conditions used which could affect the structure of the protein and thus, consequently, the binding of the drug to the protein.
Table 1. Fluorescence enhancement factor of samples studied
As concentration of emodin in sample III (Em-BSA/Ag) was ten times lower than that of other samples, the EF estimated must be considered as a low threshold. Experiments recorded with higher concentrations were not possible because of solubility problems. Two simultaneous phenomena were present in these systems that are absent in sample I (Em/Ag/MeOH) or sample II (Em/Ag/H2O) and make fluorescence emission intensity not proportional to concentration. The first one is the inner filter effect [24], which is minimized on the geometry used here, and affects all the samples studied. The second one is the resonance energy transfer between the protein, BSA, acting as a donor, and the emodin, acting as an acceptor [17]. This effect is present only in sample III (Em-BSA/Ag/H2O) and is derived from the overlap between the protein emission and emodin excitation spectra. Quantification of independent contributions is difficult and is not necessary for an estimation of the global EF presented in Table 1.
No SERS was observed in any of the samples. This is a consequence of two factors; the first one is the high intensity of the fluorescence, and second one is the absence of aggregating agent in the preparation of the silver colloid, thus allowing SEF but hindering SERS [25]. Only isolated NPs with smaller size than that of PSi channels are able to penetrate in the pores. On the contrary, AgNPs aggregates produced by emodin, which also aggregates in these conditions [18] and is responsible for the SERS effect, remain on the surface of the PSi layers, and are subsequently eliminated after washing of the preparation of the samples. This was confirmed as unwashed samples showed SERS spectra on the PSi-air interface.
Spectra of the cross-section of the loaded PSi layers measured with one micron spatial resolution allowed detecting the penetration of the drug in the PSi pores. Figure 7 shows peak height of the fluorescence emission at 745 nm for all the samples loaded in atmospheric conditions. The penetration is not the same for all the complexes, indicating the sample preparation has a notable influence in the availability of the drug to the PSi pore. Thus, Em/Ag complexes loaded from a MeOH solution showed a different behavior when H2O is the solvent. From MeOH solutions Em/Ag complexes go deep into the pores and the quantity of molecules loaded remains constant as it is deduced from the similar values obtained for fluorescence intensity. In the case of H2O solutions, the infiltration of Em/Ag complexes is not uniform, and at about 3 or 4 μm, the maximum intensity is observed. In the presence of BSA, the same behavior is observed due to the loading from a H2O solution. After 30 days preparation, changes in intensity are noticeable. In all cases, areas that are closer to the PSi-air interface undergo higher changes, possibly due to the consequent oxidation process [23].
Figure 7. Intensity of fluorescence emission at 745 nm. Intensity of fluorescence emission, at 745 nm, of the cross-section of the samples analyzed at different distances to the crystalline Si-PSi interface. Pore size is 60 nm.
Conclusions
PSi layers were fabricated and loaded with emodin by capillarity suction in atmospheric conditions and in vacuum. The emission fluorescence of emodin and PSi overlap, and signals are almost identical with no possibility of discrimination. This problem has been overcome using silver colloid as drug carrier. Emodin was adsorbed on AgNPs using either MeOH or H2O as solvent. The drug has also been loaded bound to BSA, forming the transporter complex. The presence of the AgNPs has been responsible of the observation of SEF effect due to the existence of LSPR. The differences in fluorescence drug intensity allowed monitoring of its location in the PSi layer at different distances of the air-PSi interface.
The presence of protein gives the highest enhancement factor of the drug fluorescence signal. In all cases molecules, which are loaded, go 5 to 6 μm inside the pores. Fluorescence signal decreases noticeably after 30 days of preparation. Inclusion in atmospheric conditions gives better results than in vacuum ones. In all cases emodin is detected as monomer and no aggregate is observed. The system presented allows the detection of low concentrations of drugs and could constitute the basis for new drug delivery systems used in medicine and pharmacy.
Abbreviations
PSi: porous silicon; NPs: nanoparticles; LSPRs: localized surface plasmon resonances; SERS: surface-enhanced Raman scattering; SEF: surface-enhanced fluorescence; BSA: bovine serum albumin; Em/Ag: emodin-silver nanoparticles complex; Em-BSA/Ag: emodin-bovine serum albumin-silver nanoparticles complex; EF: enhancement factor; MeOH: methanol.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
MH, CD and PS prepared the emodin/Ag samples, performed the fluorescence and Raman experiments, analyzed the results, and drafted the manuscript. GR prepared the PSi layers, loaded the samples, and helped to draft the manuscript. RJM-P participated to the discussion. JVGR also participated in the discussion and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion (MINECO) (Project FIS2010-15405: Plasmonics: Enhanced Molecular Sensing on Metal Nanostructures (POEMS), Comunidad de Madrid (MICROSERES Project, S2009TIC-1476) and grupo investigación 950247 of the UCM are gratefully acknowledged for their financial support. David Gomez (characterization service from the ICTP-CSIC) is also acknowledged for the FE-SEM images.
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User:Isis Trenchard
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 10:50, 12 October 2007 by Isis Trenchard (Talk | contribs)
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Contents
Education
• B.S. Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin
• Graduating in May 2008
Research Experience
University of Texas
• Advisor: Nicholas Peppas, ScD
• Fall 2007: Cytotoxicity Studies of Polyaniline-Polymer Acid Complexes
• Spring 2007: Doping of Polyaniline for Use in Recognitive Hydrogels
NSF REU in Cellular Engineering, Rice University, Summer 2007
• Advisor: Junghae Suh, PhD (Suh Lab)
• Project: Creating Viral Contrast Agents for Optical Imaging
Awards & Honors
• BMES National Undergraduate Research and Design Award 2007 - For work on "Doping of Polyaniline for Use in Recognitive Hydrogels"
• University COOP Undergraduate Research Fellowship
Research Interests
• I know in my head, but I can't currently articulate them.
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[6] Again Cyrus sent to him and asked: “Why then do you sit there and refuse to come down?”
“Because,” he answered, “I am in a quandary what to do.”
“But,” said Cyrus, “there is no occasion whatever for that; for you are free to come down for trial.”
“And who,” said he, “will be my judge?”
“He, to be sure, to whom God has given the power to deal with you as he will, even without a trial.”
Then the Armenian, recognizing the exigency of his case, came down. And Cyrus received both the king and all that belonged to him into the midst and set his camp round them, for by this time he had all his forces together.
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Thursday, February 10, 2011
How far will Congress go to cut spending in lieu of amending the Defense Budget?
EXCLUSIVE: White House to Cut Energy Assistance for the Poor
Budget proposal would cut billions from aid program.
By Marc Ambinder
OpedNews
Image: House fires often break out when the poor try to warm their homes with alternates to heating fuel.
President Obama’s proposed 2012 budget will cut several billion dollars from the government’s energy assistance fund for poor people, officials briefed on the subject told National Journal.
It's the biggest domestic spending cut disclosed so far, and one that will likely generate the most heat from the president's traditional political allies. Such complaints might satisfy the White House, which has a vested interest in convincing Americans that it is serious about budget discipline.
One White House friend, Sen. Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., said earlier today that a Republican proposal to cut home heating oil counted as an "extreme idea" that would "set the country backwards." Schumer has not yet reacted to Obama's proposed cut. Sen. Jeanne Shaheen, D-N.H., declared: “The President’s reported proposal to drastically slash LIHEAP funds by more than half would have a severe impact on many of New Hampshire’s most vulnerable citizens and I strongly oppose it." A spokesman for Rep. Edward Markey, D-Mass., declared similarly: “If these cuts are real, it would be a very disappointing development for millions of families still struggling through a harsh winter.”
In a letter to Obama, Sen. John Kerry, D-Mass., wrote, "We simply cannot afford to cut LIHEAP funding during one of the most brutal winters in history. Families across Massachusetts, and the country, depend on these monies to heat their homes and survive the season."
The Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program, or LIHEAP, would see funding drop by about $2.5 billion from an authorized 2009 total of $5.1 billion. The proposed cut will not touch the program's emergency reserve fund, about $590 million, which can be used during particularly harsh cold snaps or extended heat spells, three officials told National Journal.
In 2010, Obama signed into law an omnibus budget resolution that released a total of about $5 billion in LIHEAP grants for 2011. Pointing to the increasing number of Americans who made use of the grants last year, advocates say that LIHEAP is already underfunded. The American Gas Association predicts that 3 million Americans eligible for the program won't be able to receive it unless LIHEAP funding stays at its current level.
How many people, if any, might actually lose the assistance is difficult to determine. Officials were quick to point out that LIHEAP spending has grown significantly over the past several years as the government tried to keep up with rising gas prices. In 2008, the government spent $2.6 billion on LIHEAP. In 2009, the figure jumped to $8.1 billion. So the cut from that high level restores LIHEAP to something close to where it was before Obama took office. Other circumstances, such as the weather and fuel prices, could affect the distribution of benefits.
"In real terms, under our budget, LIHEAP funding will be at levels similar to the Clinton administration," a senior administration official said.
Still, despite the uncertainties surrounding the proposed cut, it is dramatic. LIHEAP has been semi-sacred for most Democrats and many Republicans -- a program that carries an emotional resonance as it was designed to keep poor people, particularly older poor people, cool in the summer and warm in the winter. “A lot of people in the Northeast are going to be unhappy,” an administration official briefed on the budget said. That's one reason why Republican senators like Scott Brown of Massachusetts plus Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins of Maine would probably join Democratic efforts to keep funding levels higher.
Critics say that the program is poorly administered and that, contrary to intentions, it’s become a subsidy for energy companies, most of whom are prohibited by law from turning off services to delinquent bill-payers during weather emergencies. About 10 percent of LIHEAP funds are transferred to “weatherization” programs, according to a government study.
Obama tapped the LIHEAP discretionary fund in January during a record-shattering cold snap in the Northeast.
News of the cut comes on the very day that the National Fuel Funds Network, a coalition of energy groups and community advocates, holds its “Washington Action Day” on Capitol Hill to call on Congress to increase funding by at least $1 billion.
The president’s budget is due next Monday, and the administration has been bracing traditional Democratic allies for cuts to favorite programs. The White House understands that Americans are skeptical of Obama’s willingness to tackle the estimated $1.5 trillion budget deficit and believes that he must cross a threshold of seriousness in their minds.
Republicans on Wednesday unveiled a partial list of items they’d cut from the resolution that funds the current budget year. Obama won’t cut nearly as much.
Beyond the LIHEAP cut, many of Obama's proposed cuts will come from federal programs where new incentives and increased competition could provide the service more cheaply, or where a lack of oversight has created waste and inefficiency, the officials said.
Since Obama’s State of the Union speech, the White House has been eager to show it’s serious about deficit reduction. It has begun to outline the cuts that would offset more spending for education, infrastructure, and research. These cuts include a $300 million reduction in community development block grants, $350 million for programs that support “grassroots” community groups, and $125 million from the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. Collectively, those three reductions will barely make a dent in the budget, which is projected to run a deficit of at least $1.5 trillion this year.
Obama has said that his proposed five-year freeze on domestic discretionary spending will save the government $400 billion.
Officials were quick to stress that while LIHEAP was being trimmed, many other Department of Health and Human Services programs, particularly those funding early childhood education initiatives, will see their funding rise.
Administration officials said that government departments and agencies were asked last summer to identify ways to reduce to their top-line budget by 5 percent.
Those proposals were forwarded to the Office of Management and Budget and the White House in the fall, and Obama and his team have spent the past two months targeting the least efficient programs. The OMB was particularly interested in programs that distribute money to secondary groups but lack mechanisms to evaluate how it is spent, officials said.
ANALYSIS
Who Wants Grandma to Freeze?
National Joiurnal
What's the administration trying to accomplish by cutting a popular program for the poor?
By Matthew Cooper
When National Journal first reported that President Obama's budget will cut a popular home heating-assistance program for the poor, it got Democrats furious and pundits wondering.
The Democratic nominee for president before Obama, Sen. John Kerry, D-Mass., denounced the proposed cut. So did Sen. Jeanne Shaheen, D-N.H., and many others especially from cold weather states. After all, the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Plan is about as sacrosanct as, say, the Head Start program for low-income children.
LIHEAP helps the poor stay warm in the winter and cool in the summer. And since it's disproportionately the elderly who are reliant on the program, it engenders even more sympathy. Who wants Grandma freezing?
Slashing the program's funding seems meant to prove a few things. It could show that the president is tough on the deficit. Even if the program costs just a few billion dollars and thus is minuscule in comparison to the deficit—let alone the national debt—it shows a degree of toughness on spending that no one has thus far seen from an Obama adminstration that came to office thinking that Keynesian pump priming was the only thing between America and the abyss.
In a larger sense, though, the cut may signal something even larger than deficit cutting. It could be slightly analagous to President Clinton's efforts to reform welfare. When he passed welfare reform after the Democrats' midterm drubbing in 1994, many Democrats and not a few Republicans looked at it cynically as a political move designed to reposition the president for reelection.
Others saw it as a more principled move. Clinton had campaigned on welfare reform in 1992, even if he had ignored it largely in his first term. He had argued that welfare as a permanent entitlement had done no one, least of all the poor, any favors, and so he famously pledged to "end welfare as we know it."
Indeed, he did. The end of Aid to Families with Dependent Children was a signal event in American social policy. It's different in many respects than the LIHEAP cut. LIHEAP is popular; welfare was, at best, seen as necessary but it was always a political weight for Democrats. Clinton had campaigned on welfare reform; Obama brought this up out of the blue. Trimming LIHEAP may save some money, but no one expects great social benefits.
Still, each move may force a fundamental rethinking of the president who proposed it. If Obama can end LIHEAP as we know it, then it's going to be much harder to characterize him as the crazed spender of tea party fulminations. Two very different programs and circumstances, yes, but each changes the lens through which we see the president.
Interestingly, the Clinton administration itself sought to cut LIHEAP.
Of course, there is a possibility that this could become Obama's "firemen first" problem. The phrase comes from Washington editor and author Charles Peters, who has noted that when cities face budget cuts, those resisting the cuts almost always point immediately to the threat of firemen losing their jobs. The idea is to create so much fear that the cuts never go through.
When President Reagan proposed his budget in 1981 with cuts to the Interior Department, there were widespread leaks that the Washington Monument might have to close. (The celebrated obelisk on the National Mall is run by the National Park Service, a part of the Interior Department.) Reagan got some of his cuts and the monument was never shuttered.
By offering a particuarly dramatic cut--although its actual effects of the poor are far from clear--the administration may find its allies more combative and dug in on other issues, too. If they're coming for grandma's heating oil, then what are they going to do about Social Security? Obama and the Republicans know they have to reduce a national debt that's close to 100 percent of the gross domestic product. How they get there is going to be the fascinating story of 2011, and the LIHEAP card, first unearthed by National Journal, couldn't be a more interesting way to start.
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Person:Adoniram Porter (1)
Watchers
Adoniram Porter
b.22 Aug 1846
Facts and Events
Name Adoniram Porter
Gender Male
Birth[3] 22 Aug 1846
Death[3] 8 Aug 1907 Erie, Ohio, United StatesOhio Soldiers' Home
Burial[3] Ohio Soldiers Home Cemetery, Erie, Ohio, United States
Civil War Service
Source: 1
• Private, Company I, 1st Ohio Heavy Artillery
• Mustered in 1 June 1863
• Transferred to 48th Co., 2nd Battalion Veteran Reserve Corps, 11 March 1864
• Transferred to Company K, 7th Regiment Veteran Reserve Corps
• Mustered out 24 July 1865 (from 7th Regt. VRC)
Pension
Source: 2
• Application 488557; Certificate 391198
• Widow's Pension: Application: none listed
References
1. Foraker, J.B; H.A. Axline; and J.S. Robinson. Official roster of the soldiers of the state of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1866. (Akron [Ohio]: Werner Co., 1886-1895).
2. United States. Veterans Administration. Organization index to pension files of veterans who served between 1861 and 1900- [1917]. (Washington, District of Columbia: The National Archives, 1949).
3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Baker, Scott. Civil War Veterans Buried at the Ohio Veterans Home, Sandusky, Ohio.
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Place:Stalbridge, Dorset, England
Watchers
NameStalbridge
Alt namesStaplebrigesource: Domesday Book (1985) p 96
TypeVillage
Coordinates50.967°N 2.383°W
Located inDorset, England
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Stalbridge is a small town and civil parish in Dorset, England, situated in the Blackmore Vale area of North Dorset district, near the border with Somerset. In 2001 the town had a population of 2,579, and is still growing. 30.8% of the inhabitants are retired. The nearest towns are Sturminster Newton, four miles south east, Sherborne, six miles west, and Shaftesbury, seven miles north east. The town is situated on the A357 road on a low limestone ridge, one mile west of the River Stour. The settlement became a town in April 1992.
Though relatively small, Stalbridge is quite independent, with its own small supermarket, newsagent, electronics store, GP Surgery and many other services, reflecting its catchment area of surrounding farms and hamlets. The town is also home to the local free newspaper, the Blackmore Vale Magazine.
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
There was a settlement near Stalbridge in Roman times. The town has a 15th century church with a 19th century tower, dedicated to Saint Mary and restored to designs by T. H. Wyatt,, in 1878, which overlooks the town from a hill. The town has had market rights since the time of King George I, though it has not held a regular market for many years. In the town centre stands a 10 metre (30 ft) tall market cross, said to be the finest in the country.
Stalbridge was home to scientist Robert Boyle (see below), and writer Douglas Adams, who wrote much of "The Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy" in the town. The town also boasts that it is home to the oldest living male twins in the world.
Artist Sir James Thornhill lived just south of the town, in Thornhill Park, which he bought in 1725. The house is believed to have been originally owned by Sir Walter Raleigh in the 16th century. In 1727, Sir James Thornhill erected an obelisk in the park to honour the accession of King George II.[1]
From September 1863 Stalbridge was served by Stalbridge railway station on the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, with trains to Bath and Bournemouth. During World War II a Ministry of Food depot was situated here. The last train ran on 7 March 1966, and most of the tracks, station and goods yard have been replaced, though tracks still cross the road.
Stalbridge House
In 1618 Mervyn Tucher (or Audley), 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, who had inherited Stalbridge Park from his father, decided to build a mansion house on his Stalbridge estate. He enclosed an area used as common land to the northwest of the church, moving tenant farmers out, and built a Jacobean style mansion, the fifth largest house in Dorset.
In 1631 the earl's eldest son James brought a case against him for "unnatural practices", and he was subsequently executed.
James sold the house to Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork. After his father's death, the scientist Robert Boyle became Lord of the Manor, and the house was his residence between 1644 and 1655. It was here that he conducted many of his experiments.[2]
At some point during the house's history a 2 metre high stone wall was built around the boundary of Stalbridge Park. There is some argument as to when and why the wall was built. It may have been commissioned by Castlehaven as a status symbol, work for French prisoners of the Napoleonic Wars, or as work for local labourers in times of high unemployment.
By 1822 the house was in poor repair and the current owner, the Marquess of Anglesey, had it demolished. By 1827 all that remained was the raised area where it had stood. The stone was sold off and much of it is in use elsewhere in the town, including the large farm house which now stands in the park.
There are many popular local myths and ghost stories about the demise of the house, mostly involving a fire destroying the house.
Stalbridge Park features in Thomas Hardy's Wessex as "Stapleford Park".[3]
Research Tips
Stalbridge On-Line Parish Clerk:Look Ups - This site can look up a number of Stalbridge vital records, census, and directory records.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Stalbridge. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
7123.5.55.001 - Agricultural State Profile, Western Australia, 2006-07
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 15/10/2008
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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7
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324 views
What to consider when licensing source code
Component vendors like Syncfusion and Infragistics often make source code available to their customers (at an additional fee). Some benefits of this would appear to be: Enable customers to make ...
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| Edit | | History |
From DDO wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
[edit] Vaults of the Artificers adventure pack rewards
All items are obtained from the new Challenges, using the new Barter UI in House Cannith.
Added in Update 12 Patch 1:
Items are available in versions of level 4, 8, 12, 16, 20. Level 8+ items feature 3 tiers. Level 20 Tier 2 and 3 items are usually considered Epic items, as they require completions of Epic versions of the challenges to acquire. Level 20 Tier1 items can be made outside of Epics. See Cannith Challenge reward items for details.
[edit] Items gained from boss kills in Challenges
[edit] Only useable in Challenges
These items are very rare (~2-4% droprate) drops gained by killing monsters which drop supply chests (if you're lucky you'll get both a challenge item and the chest). They can also all be purchased on the DDO Store.
[edit] Usable in any Challenge, Quest or Wilderness Area
[edit] Raid loot changes
[edit] A Vision of Destruction Hard/Elite New Loot (Drops in side chest)
• Omniscience - Ring: Heightened Awareness 4, Exceptional Resistance +2 (Reflex), Exceptional Fortification (25%) [ML:20, BtC]
• Divine Vengeance - Longsword: Essentially DDOs version of the Iconic Holy Avenger. Just a basic +5 Cold Iron Longsword for most, but when wielded by a paladin it becomes much more powerful.
• Vengeful Protector - Large Shield: 2d6 +5, 19-20/x2 base, Mithral, Incite +10%This item increases the threat generated by melee damage by 10%, Healing Amplification - 10%Healing Amplification - 10%: This effect amplifies all incoming positive energy healing by 10% (includes spells, potions, and other effects)., Holy BurstHoly Burst: A holy weapon is imbued with holy power. This power makes the weapon good-aligned and thus bypasses the corresponding damage reduction. It deals an extra 2d6 damage against all of evil alignment. In addition critical hits deal an amount of extra damage depending on the weapon's critical multiplier: x2 - 3d6. x3 - 4d6. x4 - 5d6., Shield Bashing - 20% This shield adds a 20% chance to make a secondary shield bash when attacking. This stacks with bonuses granted by any relevant feats.
[edit] Hound of Xoriat Hard/Elite New Loot (Drops in side chest)
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Wikia
SRD:Large Fire Elemental
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Revision as of 03:50, January 18, 2010 by Surgo (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This material is published under the OGL
LARGE FIRE ELEMENTALEdit
Large Fire Elemental
Size/Type: Large Elemental (Fire, Extraplanar)
Hit Dice: 8d8+24 (60 hp)
Initiative: +9
Speed: 50 ft. (10 squares)
Armor Class: 18 (–1 size, +5 Dex, +4 natural), touch 14, flat-footed 13
Base Attack/Grapple: +6/+12
Attack: Slam +10 melee (2d6+2 plus 2d6 fire)
Full Attack: 2 slams +10 melee (2d6+2 plus 2d6 fire)
Space/Reach: 10 ft./10 ft.
Special Attacks: Burn
Special Qualities: Damage reduction 5/–, darkvision 60 ft., elemental traits, immunity to fire, vulnerability to cold
Saves: Fort +5, Ref +11, Will +2
Abilities: Str 14, Dex 21, Con 16, Int 6, Wis 11, Cha 11
Skills: Listen +5, Spot +6
Feats: Dodge, Improved Initiative B, Mobility, Spring Attack, Weapon FinesseB
Environment: Elemental Plane of Fire
Organization: Solitary
Challenge Rating: 5
Treasure: None
Alignment: Usually neutral
Advancement: 9–15 HD (Large)
Level Adjustment:
A fire elemental cannot enter water or any other nonflammable liquid. A body of water is an impassible barrier unless the fire elemental can step or jump over it.
Fire elementals speak Ignan, though they rarely choose to do so.
COMBATEdit
A fire elemental is a fierce opponent that attacks its enemies directly and savagely. It takes joy in burning the creatures and objects of the Material Plane to ashes.
Burn (Ex): A fire elemental’s slam attack deals bludgeoning damage plus fire damage from the elemental’s flaming body. Those hit by a fire elemental‘s slam attack also must succeed on a Reflex save or catch on fire. The flame burns for 1d4 rounds. The save DC varies with the elemental’s size (see the table below). A burning creature can take a move action to put out the flame. The save DC is Constitution- based.
Creatures hitting a fire elemental with natural weapons or unarmed attacks take fire damage as though hit by the elemental’s attack, and also catch on fire unless they succeed on a Reflex save.
Fire Elemental Sizes
Elemental Height Weight Burn Save DC
Large16 ft.4 lb.17
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Tech Conference 2005Docs
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 19:42, 24 September 2007 by Prpplague (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Presenters, Demo-ers, Panelists and Participants: Thanks very much for your participation in CELF's 2005 Technical Conference. I really enjoyed the conference, and hope you did as well.
/\ Presenters: Please post your technical conference presentations on this page. (See Instructions below the table)
Here is an article on LinuxDevices with images of the demo posters: http://www.linuxdevices.com/articles/AT9266731500.html
Table
Person Session Description Presentation
Greg Ungerer, SnapGear uCLinux [[[Media:uclinux.pdf]] presentation (pdf)]
Tohru Nojiri, Hitachi / Hirohisa Iijima, Lineo Solutions Linux Kernel State Tracer (LKST) technology Media:CELF_LKST_SH_Presen.pdf presentation part1(pdf)] Media:CELF_LKST_SH_Lineo.pdf presentation part2(pdf)]
Todd Poynor, Monta Vista Dynamic Power Management [[[Media:DPM-CELF-Plenary2005.pdf]] presentation (pdf)], [[[Media:DPM-CELF-Plenary2005-Notes.txt]] notes]
Philippe Robin, ARM Developing and Optimizing Linux on ARM Cores [[[Media:Optimizing_Linux_ARM.pdf]] presentation (PDF)]
Ed Plowman OpenGL ES, Open VG and Open MAX [[[Media:Khronos-CELF.pdf]] presentation (PDF)]
Matt Mackall Linux-tiny and Directions for Small Systems [[[Media:linux-tiny.sxi]] presentation (Open Office)] [[[Media:linux-tiny.pdf]] (pdf)]
Erik Andersen uClibc [[[Media:uClibc_CELF.pdf]] presentation (pdf)]
John Vugts & Jeroen Brouwer, Philips UHAPI tutorial [[[Media:UHAPI-Forum-Introduction-CELF-20050126.pdf]] Introduction (pdf)], [[[Media:UHAPI-Forum-Technical-CELF-20050126.pdf]] Tutorial (pdf)]
Pieter van der Meulen, Philips Audio, Video, Graphics WG discussion [[[Media:AVGWG-20050126.pdf]] (Acrobat: pdf)], [[[Media:AVGWG-20050126.ppt]] (Power Point: ppt)], [[[Media:AVGWG-20050126.sxi]] (Open Office: sxi)]
Dongjun Shin, Samsung Flash Memory WG discussion [[[Media:FM-SIG-discussion.pdf]] (PDF)]
Scott Preece, Motorola Mobile Phone Profile WG - intro and working session [[[Media:Plenary-Meeting-2005-MPPWG-report.pdf]] Plenary presentation],[[[Media:CELF-Technical-Meeting-2005-MPPWG-session.pdf]] Technical Session Presentation],[[[Media:APIstatus_report.pdf]] API Status presentation]
Mark Orvek, Monta Vista Power Management WG discussion - suspend to flash technology, etc. not available
Manas Saksena, Time Sys Real Time WG discussion not available
Hiroo Suyama, NEC System Size WG discussion [[[Media:SZWG_2005_Plenary.pdf]] presentation (pdf)]
Matsubara & Hagiwara & Hisao Munakata, Renesas Graphics APIs for Linux (including DirectFB and 3D) [[[Media:3DG050126rev12.ppt]] presentation_3D(ppt)], [[[Media:celf0501dfbexp_final.ppt]] presentation_DirectFB(ppt)]
Nigel Cunningham, Cyclades Linux 2.6 Power Management [[[Media:Linux_2.6_Power_Management.sxi]] presentation (Open Office)], [[[Media:Linux_2.6_Power_Management.pdf]] (pdf)]
Emmanuel Fleury & Kristian S�rensen, Aalborg University Umbrella Security Framework not available
Stephen Johnson, Panasonic Security WG discussion [[[Media:SECWG-Discussion-Plenary2005.pdf]] presentation (pdf)]
Dennis Oliver Kropp DirectFB [[[Media:CELF_2005_DFB_Slides.pdf]]]
Michael Hunold Linux DVB API v4 [[[Media:celf_linux_dvb_v4.pdf]] pdf]
Markku Ursin, Movial Creating GTK+ based UI's for embedded devices [[[Media:20050126-gtk.pdf]] pdf]
Manas Saksena, Time Sys 2.6 Realtime preemption patch [[[Media:Real-Time-Preemption-Patchset.pdf]] presentation (pdf)]
Seiji Munetoh, IBM & Nicholas Szeto, Sony Integrating TCG (Trusted Computing Group) technology in Linux [[[Media:TCG_CELF_050125.pdf]] TCGOverview PDF]
Tim Bird, Sony Bootup Time WG discussion - current bootup time projects [[[Media:BTWG-Discussion-Plenary2005.pdf]] presentation (pdf)], [[[Media:BTWG-Discussion-Plenary2005.ppt]] (ppt)]
Andrew Morton, Lead kernel developerHisao Munakata, RenesasMark Orvek, Monta VistaRuud Derwig, PhilipsModerated by Tim Bird, Sony Panel - Improving Commercial CE Involvement in Linux not available
Instructions
Here are the steps to follow (read them BEFORE clicking):
• PDF format is preferred. If you can convert your presentation to PDF, please do so.
• Please remove any messages in your presentation which say it is confidential
• If you used a CELF template that has "CELF confidential" in the footer, please upload the presentation so we can remove the footer. Or you can remove it yourself by editing the footer on the slide "master" page.
• Please make sure your filename does not have any spaces in it
• Click on the AttachFile link at the bottom of the page
• on the form, enter your presentation file name (or browse to it)
• click on "Add link to page".
• click on "Upload" (your file will be added as an attachment to the page)
• click on "ShowText" to see the page again.
If you want to be extra nice, you can add the appropriate "Media:" line to your entry in the table. Do this by clicking on EditText at the bottom of the page and copying the text from the bottom of the page to your line (where it currently says "not available").
See the entry for Tim Bird (second to last in the table) for an example of the syntax required. Each table line is one long line, even though it may wrap in your browser (so remove all line feeds from your line before saving this page.) Don't worry - if you don't do this or mess something up I will come along later and fix up the table for you.
Thanks
Attachments
Below this line is a list of attachments:
Media:BTWG-Discussion-Plenary2005.ppt
Media:BTWG-Discussion-Plenary2005.pdf
Media:TCG_CELF_050125.pdf
Media:CELF_Plenary_Meeting_2005_demo_posters.pdf
Media:20050125c-CELF_TPod.pdf
Media:DPM-CELF-Plenary2005.pdf
Media:DPM-CELF-Plenary2005-Notes.txt
Media:SZWG_2005_Plenary.pdf
Media:uclinux.pdf
Media:celf_linux_dvb_v4.pdf
Media:uClibc_CELF.pdf
Media:AVGWG-20050126.pdf
Media:AVGWG-20050126.ppt
Media:20050126-gtk.pdf
Media:CELF-Technical-Meeting-2005-MPPWG-session.pdf
Media:Plenary-Meeting-2005-MPPWG-report.pdf
Media:APIstatus_report.pdf
Media:SECWG-Discussion-Plenary2005.pdf
Media:UHAPI-Forum-Introduction-CELF-20050126.pdf
Media:UHAPI-Forum-Technical-CELF-20050126.pdf
Media:Optimizing_Linux_ARM.pdf
Media:Khronos-CELF.pdf
Media:3DG050126rev12.ppt
Media:celf0501dfbexp_final.ppt
Media:Real-Time-Preemption-Patchset.pdf
Media:Linux_2.6_Power_Management.pdf
Media:linux-tiny.sxi
Media:linux-tiny.pdf
Media:FM-SIG-discussion.pdf
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TomoyoLinux
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 22:27, 5 November 2009 by Toshiharu (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Overview
TOMOYO Linux is an implementation of Mandatory Access Control for Linux.
LiveCD (ISO image)
TOMOYO Linux enabled Ubuntu 8.04 LiveCD is available. It's 100% safe and fun (and free, of course) to try. Please take your time to explore the amazing world of policy auto learning.
TOMOYO Linux enabled CentOS LiveCD (SELinux is available, too)
Quick and Easy Install Guide
Other distributions
Install
Mainline version
Original hook version (version 1.6)
TOMOYO Linux on LFS
For those "tough guys", TOMOYO Linux just runs fine on LFS. Find yourself and make your own version.
Browse the code
Presentations
2009-10-27 Smartbook/Netbook/Mobile Application Conference Taipei 2009
2009-10-23 Japan Linux Symposium 2009
2009-9-23 LinuxCon2009
2009-6-12 CE Linux Forum Japan Technical Jamboree 28
2009-5-22 CE Linux Forum Japan Technical Jamboree 27
2009-1-21 Linux Conf Au "Linux Security 2009 (miniconf)"
2008-11-21 FreedomHEC Taipei (Chinese)
2008-11-13 PacSec 2008
2008-7-25 Ottawa Linux Symposium 2008 BoF
2008-7-9 Linux Foundation Japan #8 Symposium
2008-4-15 Embedded Linux Conference 2008
2008-2-24 FOSDEM2008 (Embedded Developer Room)
2007-11-29 PacSec 2007
2007-06-29 Ottawa Linux Symposium 2007
2007-04-18 CELF Worldwide Embedded Linux Conference 2007
For the memory of OLS2007
Articles
Readings
Mainline
Activities
Forecast
Mailing List
Check for updates?
Talk Annonymously?
TOMOYO: Forum: TOMOYO :: Open Discussion - SourceForge.JP
Contact
Project Manager: Toshiharu Harada (NTT DATA CORPORATION)
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
United States: Unexpected Eviction of Occupy Wall Street Protest
This post also available in:
Svenska · USA: Unexpected Eviction of Occupy Wall Street Protest
Malagasy · Etazonia : Fanesorana Tampoka Ny Hetsi-panoherana Bodoy ny "Wall Street"
Français · Etats-Unis : Expulsion surprise des manifestants du mouvement Occuper Wall Street
srpski · Sjedinjene države: Neočekivano izbacivanje pokreta „Okupirajte Volstrit“
русский · Соединенные Штаты: Непредвиденное выселение участников "Захвати Уолл-стрит"
Español · Estados Unidos: Sorpresivo desalojo de Occupy Wall Street
This post is part of our special coverage #Occupy Worldwide.
On the morning of November 15, 2011, New Yorkers woke up to news that Occupy Wall Street protesters had been evicted from Zuccotti Park without prior notice by police forces, who, under orders from Mayor Bloomberg, laid waste to everything along their path from sleeping bags to food stocks and the tents where protesters slept.
The eviction also resulted in close to 140 arrests and a judicial order that prohibits Occupy Wall Street members from taking up the park again, a measure that city employees have dedicated to cleaning the area.
According to the Bloomberg administration, the eviction plans were carried out with extreme caution following unsuccessful attempts to negotiate with the movement. According to local reports, the mayor's administration decided to evacuate the park after finding irregularities in security measures, along with possible sanitary issues.
Currently many wonder about the future of the movement now that it has been deprived of a camping ground, but protesters promise to be stronger than ever. There are lots of planned activities for the global protest, set to occur today November 17.
This image, taken on November 15 at approximately 9:15 a.m., shows the complete eviction that police forces pushed through in Zuccotti Park hours before. Photo by David Shankbone on Flickr (CC-BY NC 2.0)
As usual, various opinions are circulating in the blogosphere and on social networks. James Dowie, from the PostPartisan blog, affirms that Bloomberg's ordered eviction is deplorable:
All this while, as Matt Taibbi put it last week, “in the skyscrapers above the protests, anything goes.” Nobody arrested the bankers for pushing fraudulent loans and subprime mortgage investments, or the ratings agencies and government regulators that neglected their duties and helped Wall Street crash the global economy. But putting tents in a public park? Time to bring out the batons and pepper spray.
Poster for the November 17 protest placed on Wall Street. Taken from occupywallstreet.org. To be freely distributed.
Rebelión [es] blog states that protests like Occupy never sit well with the elite:
Este asunto de invadir calles y plazas con pretextos tan exóticos como exigir empleos, mejor educación, servicios de salud o un poco de escrúpulos en el manejo de las finanzas es algo que a la “gente de bien” nunca le ha parecido bien.
This idea of invading streets and plazas with exotic pretexts like demanding employment, better education, healthcare services or a bit of care in financial management is something that never seems good to the “well-to-do people.”
On Twitter, George Zornick (@gzornick) reproaches the fact that the eviction happened so early in the morning:
NYC authorities clearly feel #OWS eviction is just and reasonable. That's why they are doing it at 2am and barring all press.
Some Latino Twitter users, like Al-Dabi Olvera (@Aldabi) [es], declared their support for Occupy Wall Street:
Desalojan a los compañeros de @OccupyWallSt , 70 detenidos http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2011/11/15/8181119-desaloja-policia-a-indignados-de-occupy-wall-street @OccupyBMV @MxTomaLaCalle
The Occupy Wall Street account (@OccupyWallStNYC) suggests that they have not let their guard down just yet:
Look at how far we've come. And we're just getting started… #ows #winning
Renowned New York Times columnist Nicholas Kristof (@NickKristof) questions Bloomberg's behavior:
Bloomberg has generally been a very impressive mayor over the years, but lately his #OWS approach is hamhanded.
Luke Adams (@luketadams) sarcastically compares Occupy Wall Street to the Tea Party:
Hey #occupy movement, I know how you can be left alone by the cops. Hang a tea bag from your hat. Then they'll let you do anything. #ows
Finally, Ted Alexandro (@tedalexandro) expresses his contempt before the lack of free press:
No matter how you feel about #OWS, I hope the absolute disregard for freedom of the press during tonight's raid on the park gives you pause.
This post is part of our special coverage #Occupy Worldwide.
World regions
Countries
Languages
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Wednesday, 28 February 2007
Tony Blair says "no" to software patents
A little bird has helpfully pointed out to the IPKat that the Government has expressed an opinion on the subject of software patents, a subject that has recently been exercising the IPKat's various minds (for example in posts here, here, here and here).
Right: the little bird runs away in fear of being found out (photo taken in this Kat's garden last weekend)
A petition was started on the government's 10 Downing Street website by Richard Lightman, a professional (mildly dyslexic) computer programmer. The petition states:
"We the undersigned petition the Prime Minister to make software patents clearly unenforcible".
Further details were provided on what this meant:
"Software patents are used by convicted monopolists [Kat comment: could this perhaps be referring to Microsoft?] to threaten customers who consider using rival software. As a result, patents stifle innovation. Patents are supposed to increase the rate of innovation by publicising how inventions work. Reading a software patent gives no useful information for creating or improving software. All patents are writen in a sufficiently cryptic language to prevent them from being of any use. Once decoded, the patents turn out to be for something so obvious that programmers find them laughable. It is not funny because the cost of defending against nuicance lawsuites is huge. The UK patent office grants software patents against the letter and the spirit of the law. They do this by pretending that there is a difference between software and 'computer implemented inventions'. Some companies waste money on 'defensive patents'. These have no value against pure litigation companies and do not counter threats made directly to customers".
The explanation, as will be apparent to any informed reader, includes at least one misunderstanding or category error in each sentence, which is worrying but perhaps understandable since it was clearly written by someone with little or no knowledge of patent law. What is more worrying is that 2,215 people signed it before the petition closed on 20 February. The petition prompted the Prime Minister's Office to respond as follows:
"The Government remains committed to its policy that no patents should exist for inventions which make advances lying solely in the field of software. Although certain jurisdictions, such as the US, allow more liberal patenting of software-based inventions, these patents cannot be enforced in the UK.
The test used to discern between patentable and non-patentable subject matter in the UK has recently been clarified by the courts, and is applied rigorously by the Patent Office. Under this test, the true nature of the advance being claimed in a patent application must be determined, and if this advance lies solely in the field of software, or another non-technical field such as methods of doing business, the patent will not be granted. If the advance being made by an invention does lie in a technical field, it must also be non-obvious and sufficiently clearly described for the invention to be reproduced before a patent will be granted by the Patent Office.
The recently published Gowers Review of Intellectual Property, an independent review commissioned by the Government, recommended that patent rights should not be extended to cover pure software, business methods and genes. The Government will implement those recommendations for which it is responsible, and will therefore continue to exclude patents from areas where they may hinder innovation: including patents which are too broad, speculative, or obvious, or where the advance they make lies in an excluded area such as software".
The bold statement above is something of a surprise to this Kat, who thought that what counted was the technical contribution an invention made, not how it was implemented. One fair interpretation could be, giving the government the benefit of the doubt, that it simply restates the requirements of section 1(2) of the Patents Act. However, the statement does fit with the UK Patent Office's interpretation of recent case law, as extensively detailed elsewhere (see the linked IPKat pieces above, in particular this one).
This Kat wonders idly whether the Prime Minister's Office had anything to do with recent events surrounding the new, more rigid, approach to patentability of software-implemented inventions. The Gowers report, although cited in the response to the petition, didn't really have anything constructive to say about software patents. Was any pressure put on the Patent Office to clamp down on such inventions? The IPKat would like to know.
More petitions to sign here, here and here, but the IPKat begs you not to sign this one.
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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[hafqa] [hafqa] [Bug 3736] hildon Volumebar doesn't allow unsetting "CAN_FOCUS"
From: bugzilla-daemon at maemo.org bugzilla-daemon at maemo.org
Date: Tue Oct 7 12:24:25 EEST 2008
https://bugs.maemo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3736
aklapper at openismus.com changed:
What |Removed |Added
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Status|NEW |RESOLVED
Resolution| |WONTFIX
------- Comment #3 from aklapper at openismus.com 2008-10-07 12:24 GMT+3 -------
This will not be fixed for Diablo (at least not by Nokia) because prioirities
are different. -> WONTFIX
And the way the volumebar works will be changed in Fremantle and this bug will
not apply anymore -> INVALID
--
Configure bugmail: https://bugs.maemo.org/userprefs.cgi?tab=email
Replies to this email are NOT read, instead please add comments at
https://bugs.maemo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=3736
------- You are receiving this mail because: -------
You are the QA contact for the bug, or are watching the QA contact.
More information about the hafqa mailing list
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BE Board:Proposal
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
For current website see begradboard.mit.edu
New Event Fund Proposal
Dear Doug,
The board has been discussing the way the BE board budget is organized. When putting together our budget, the board tries to make a realistic estimate of what the events we expect to hold will cost. This ensures that we wisely spend all the money we very gratefully receive from the department every year. The one disadvantage of this system is that we don't have a lot of flexibility to support new, worthwhile events that students may want to organize. Some examples include the academic mentoring seminars initiated last year and the recent BE.180 course development workshop. In the past, we would try to crunch budgets and squeeze out funding for these events. However, with the increasing number of proposed events, especially in response to career development concerns that came up during the graduate program review, our previous methods may not be sufficient.
Therefore we propose, for your consideration, the addition of a "new events fund" as part of the board's budget. The idea would be that any event that is a demonstrably new and worthwhile event for the board (as determined through a written proposal to the board) could be supported from this fund and if successful could become a regular part of the calendar in future years. Any money remaining in this fund at the end of the year would, of course, return to the department. Hopefully, set up this way, the fund would be a positive way for the board to encourage new events and not just an increase in the board's usual funding. For this current year, there is an extra $1000 in the student board account that was not part of our original proposal which we would like to use for this fund, with your permission.
As ever, the board is extremely grateful for all the active and financial support we receive from the department. If we can provide any more information about this proposal or if you would like to discuss it further, please do not hesitate to contact Diana or I.
Yours sincerely,
Barry and Diana, On behalf of the BE board
Personal tools
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COGENT Lab
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Home Contact Internal Lab Members Publications Research Talks
The COGENT lab is currently focused on studying the memory deficits that occur during the transition from normal aging to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We are studying 3 groups of individuals; healthy seniors, those with Mild Cognitive Impairment (a diagnosis that encompasses both memory-predominant and other-cognitive predominant deficits that are not severe enough to be considered dementia) and those with early stage AD. We are using event-related fMRI to visualize neural network differences between successful and unsuccessful learning attempts, both within and across groups. An offshoot of this work is a study examining the differences between rapid presentation of to-be-remembered stimuli (every 2.5 - 7.5 sec) versus traditional event-related presentation timing (every 15 sec). This latter study is being performed in a population of young (college-age) subjects.
The second focus of the lab is the use of a method known as DTI, which allows for evaluation of the integrity of white matter tracts. It has been established that fractional anisotropy (a measure of water diffusion along a vector) is decreased during aging in several major pathways (ie corpus callosum). It is the intention of this work to delineate whether the fornix (the main outflow pathway from the hippocampal complex) shows similar changes during aging, and could be used as a marker early in the process of converting to AD.
Please feel free to contact "Dr. Bozoki" if you have any questions about our research.
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dburnard's bookmarks
"Nobody ever did anything very foolish except from some strong principle."
Melbourne, Lord on principles
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"Life has got a habit of not standing hitched. You got to ride it like you find it. You got to change with it. If a day goes by that don't change some of your old notions for new ones, that is just about like trying to milk a dead cow."
Guthrie, Woody on change
"The search for static security -- in the law and elsewhere -- is misguided. The fact is security can only be achieved through constant change, adapting old ideas that have outlived their usefulness to current facts."
Douglas, William O. on change
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"It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change."
Darrow, Clarence on change
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"Being willing to change allows you to move from a point of view to a viewing point -- a higher, more expansive place, from which you can see both sides."
Crum, Thomas on change
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"Today is not yesterday: we ourselves change; how can our works and thoughts, if they are always to be the fittest, continue always the same? Change, indeed is painful; yet ever needful; and if memory have its force and worth, so also has hope."
Carlyle, Thomas on change
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"A state without the means of some change is without the means of its conservation."
Burke, Edmund on change
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"If past history was all there was to the game, the richest people would be librarians."
Buffett, Warren on change
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"You cannot expect to achieve new goals or move beyond your present circumstances unless you change."
Brown, Les on change
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"Most of us are about as eager to be changed as we were to be born, and go through our changes in a similar state of shock."
Baldwin, James on change
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"Change means movement. Movement means friction. Only in the frictionless vacuum of a nonexistent abstract world can movement or change occur without that abrasive friction of conflict."
Alinsky, Saul on change
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"Only when the last tree has been cut down; Only when the last river has been poisoned; Only when the last fish has been caught; Only then will you find that money cannot be eaten."
Proverb, American Indian on money
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"The best work never was and never will be done for money."
Ruskin, John on work
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"I do not believe you can do today's job with yesterday's methods and be in business tomorrow."
Jackson, Nelson on change
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I'm male and made my book on 9th April 2010.
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Whatever women do they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily, this is not difficult. Whitton, Charlotte
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A bit about Whitton, Charlotte ...
Charlotte Whitton, OC (March 8, 1896-January 25, 1975) is a noted Canadian feminist and mayor of Ottawa. She was the first female mayor of a major city in Canada, serving from 1951 to 1956 and again from 1960 to 1964.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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20 May 2008 davidlevy » (Journeyer)
Here is the address of the web site for the 1st International Conference on Human-Robot Personal Relationships. The conference will take place in Maastricht, The Netherlands, on June 12th-13th 2008.
You can find the provisional programme of papers via the link on the home page.
http://www.unimaas.nl/humanrobot/
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Ribatejo
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Indonesia
From Wikitravel
Revision as of 06:56, 25 January 2013 by 121.54.47.19 (Talk)
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Contents
[[File:|250px|frameless|Indonesia]]
Location
[[File:|250px|frameless]]
Flag
[[File:|108px|frameless]]
Quick Facts
Capital Jakarta
Government Republic
Currency Indonesian Rupiah (IDR)
Area total: 1,904,569 km2
water: 93,000 km2
land: 1,811,569 km2
Population 245,452,739 (July 2006 est.)
Language Indonesian (official) and countless regional languages.
Religion Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)
Electricity 220V/50Hz (Schuko Euro plug)
Country code +62
Internet TLD .id
Time Zone GMT+7 through GMT+9
Indonesia [1] straddles the Equator between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. While it has land borders with Malaysia to the north as well as East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the east, it also neighbors Australia to the south, and Palau, the Philippines, Vietnam, Singapore, and Thailand to the north, India to the northwest.
Understand
Indonesia is the sleeping giant of Southeast Asia. With 18,110 islands, 6,000 of them inhabited, it is the largest archipelago in the world. With almost 240 million people, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world — after China, India and the USA — and by far the largest in Southeast Asia. Indonesia also has the largest Muslim population in the world.
Indonesia markets itself as Wonderful Indonesia, and the slogan is quite true, although not necessarily always in good ways. Indonesia's tropical forests are the second-largest in the world after Brazil, and are being logged and cut down at the same alarming speed. While the rich shop and party in Jakarta and Bali. After decades of economic mismanagement 50.6% of the population still earns less than US$2/day according to figures compiled by the World bank in 2009. This had come down by 6% in the 2 years between 2007 and 2009.
Infrastructure in much of the country remains rudimentary, and travellers off the beaten track will need some patience and flexibility.
According to the “Energy Access” Working Group Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development, in 2001; 53.4% of the Indonesian population had access to electricity, and they consumed 345 kWh per capita electricity consumption (kWh/capita). In the same year the residents of nearby Singapore had 100% access, and they consumed 6,641 kWh/capita. A very large percentage of the Indonesian population remain reliant upon wood for a cooking fuel. The central government has in recent years instituted a program of LPG gas access for use as replacement for the burning of bio-mass sources for cooking.
The Indonesian people, like any people, can be either friendly or rude to foreigners. Most of the time, though, they are incredibly friendly to foreigners.
History
The temples of Prambanan (c. 10th century)
The early, modern history of Indonesia begins in the period from 2500 BCE to 1500 BCE with a wave of light brown-skinned Austronesian immigrants, thought to have originated in Taiwan. This Neolithic group of people, skilled in open-ocean maritime travel and agriculture are believed to have quickly supplanted the existing, less-developed population.
From this point onward, dozens of kingdoms and civilizations flourished and faded in different parts of the archipelago. Some notable kingdoms include Srivijaya (7th-14th century) on Sumatra and Majapahit (1293-c.1500), based in eastern Java but the first to unite the main islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo (now Kalimantan) as well as parts of Peninsular Malaysia.
The first Europeans to arrive (after Marco Polo who passed through in the late 1200s) were the Portuguese, who were given permission to erect a godown near present-day Jakarta in 1522. By the end of the century, however, the Dutch had pretty much taken over and the razing of a competing English fort in 1619 secured their hold on Java, leading to 350 years of colonization. The British occupied Java from 1811 to 1816, and as a result Indonesians still drive on the left.In 1824, the Dutch and the British signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty which divided the Malay world into Dutch and British spheres of influence, with the Dutch ceding Malacca to the British, and the British ceding all their colonies on Sumatra to the Dutch. The line of division roughly corresponds to what is now the border between Malaysia and Indonesia, with a small segment becoming the border between Singapore and Indonesia.
Various nationalist groups developed in the early 20th century, and there were several disturbances, quickly put down by the Dutch. Leaders were arrested and exiled. Then during World War II, the Japanese conquered most of the islands. In August 1945 in the post war vacumn following the Japanese surrender to allied forces the Japanese army and navy still controlled the majority of the Indonesian archipelago. The Japanese agreed to return Indonesia to the Netherlands but continued to administer the region as the Dutch were unable to immediately return due to massive destabilisation from the effects of war in Europe.
Independence
On August 17th 1945 Sukarno read the Proklamasi or Declaration of Independence and the Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) moved to form an interim government. A constitution, drafted by the PPKI preparatory committee was announced on 18th August and Sukarno was declared President with Hatta as Vice-President. The PPKI was then remade into the KNIP (Central Indonesian National Committee) and the KNIP became the temporary governing body. The new government was installed on August 31, 1945. Indonesia's founding fathers Sukarno (Soekarno) and Hatta declared the independence of the Republic of Indonesia.
The Dutch mounted a diplomatic and military campaign to reclaim their former colony from the nationalists. Disputations, negotiations, partitioning and armed conflict prevailed between the newly independent Indonesia and the Netherlands. Several nations including the US were highly critical of the Dutch in this immediate post war period and at one stage in late 1949 the US government suspended aid provided to the Dutch under the Marshal plan. The matter was also raised by the newly formed UN. After four years of fighting, the Dutch accepted defeat and on December 27, 1949 and they formally transferred sovereignty to "Republik Indonesia Serikat" (Republic of United States of Indonesia). In August 1950 a new constitution was proclaimed and the new Republic of Indonesia was formed from the original but now expanded Republic to include Sumatra Timur and East Indonesia/Negara Indonesia Timur. Jakarta was made the capital of the Republic of Indonesia however the Netherlands and Indonesia remained in a theoretical constitutional union with Indonesia holding the status of a fully independent state.
In September 1950 Natsir and the Masyumi party led the first government of fully independent Indonesia. Sukarno returned again to the role of President and over time came to assert greater power in that role. For a time Indonesia used a provisional constitution modelled upon that of the US which also drew heavily on the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. On September 26, 1950 Indonesia was admitted to the newly formed United Nations. The 1950 constitution appears to have been an attempt to set up a liberal democracy system with two chambers of parliament. Later in 1955, still under this provisional constitution Indonesia held its first free election.
The new government was tasked with finalising a permanent and final version of the constitution but after much wrangling consensus was not reached leading to organised public demonstrations in 1958. In 1959 President Sukarno issued a decree dissolving the then current constitution and restored the 1945 Constitution. Indonesia then entered the era of Guided Democracy with the Head of State assuming stronger presidential powers and also absorbing the previous role of Prime Minister.
From their initial declaration of independence Indonesia claimed West Papua as part of their nation, but the Dutch held onto it into the 1960s, and in the early sixties there was further armed conflict over that region. After a UN-brokered peace deal, and a referendum, West Papua became part of Indonesia and was renamed as Irian Jaya, which apocryphically stands for Ikut (part of) Republic of Indonesia, Anti Netherlands. It's now called simply Papua, but the independence movement smolders on to this day.
Sukarno's tribute to independence and unity — National Monument, Jakarta
During the post war and Cold war period Sukarno made friendly advances to the USA, the Soviet Union and later, China. He also tried to play one against another as he attempted to develop the nation as a non-aligned state. Much to the dismay of post war Western governments Sukarno became engaged in extensive dialogue with the Soviets and accepted civil and military aid, equipment, and technical assistance from the USSR. Sukarno publicly claimed that his engagement with the Soviets was to assist in promoting the new Republic of Indonesia as a non-aligned post war state and to assist in rebuilding the nation following the Pacific war. At this time US were trying to consolidate their control over regional and strategic interests in South East Asia and Indo-china.
The US, confronted by an archepelgo apparently in the grasp of emerging Indonesian nationalism sought to gain and maintain control over the important resources and shipping routes of the region. They viewed Indonesia as potentially unstable and in a power vacumn left in the wake of the Japanese defeat in Indonesia. The Dutch, their nation ravaged by the European war were unable to fully reclaim their colony and maintain control over the rising tide of Indonesian nationalism.
The Dutch were also subject to pressure from the US and other western governments in addition to their own considerable problems at home. The US covertly supported anti Sukarno activities and operations to destabilise the the nationalist movement. In 1957-58, the CIA infiltrated arms and personnel in support of regional rebellions against Sukarno. Covert actions at this time led to the capture of an American pilot and plane. The activities involved the use of mercenary forces as well as the material and financial support of insurgents. Funding, arms, logistical support and training were provided covertly by the US to breakaway factions, right wing elements, and radical Islamist groups including Darul Islam in an attempt to gain US and western control of Indonesian nationalism. The actions were supported from the US embassy in Singapore, by elements of the US 7th fleet stationed of Sulawesi and Sumatra and with the co-operation and support of the UK government and western intelligence agencies.
The US, with the participation of other Western powers including the UK later seized upon Sukarno's emerging dialogue and dealings with the Soviets and later the Chinese as a threat to the region. Former Director of the CIA William Colby later compared their own operations in Indonesia to the Vietnam Phoenix Program conducted in Vietnam. Indeed some of the equipment including military aircraft were later transferred onto that program. Colby further admitted directing the CIA to concentrate on compiling lists of members of the PKI and other leftist groups, Colby was at that time the Chief of CIA's Far East Division. Cloaked by the fears and propaganda of the Cold war period the US maintained an extended overt and a covert campaign to destabilise Sukarno.
The new order
In 1965, in highly controversial and confusing circumstances involving a purported military coup, Sukarno, known for his support of Indonesian nationalism and independence was displaced by Suharto, an army general with strong anti communist views. Suharto originally served in the Japanese occupation forces supported police force, later he entered the the Peta (Defenders of the Fatherland) and went on to train in the Japanese led Indonesian armed forces of the occupation period. In the post war period it is believed he fell under US influence and patronage and with their backing he and his supporters rose in stature and influence.
The coup
In September 1965 six army generals were murdered in an apparent coup attempt. The kidnappings and subsequent murders occurred in highly suspicious circumstances and the somewhat confusing official accounts have been found to be highly suspect. A group of senior officers including the army commander Lieutenant General Ahmad Yani had apparently been increasingly at odds with an alliance of right wing officers including Suharto. The murdered officers were supportive of Sukarno and accommodating of the Presidents relationship with the PKI (Indonesian Communist Party). Subandrio, Sukarno's foreign minister, second deputy prime minister and chief of intelligence, from 1960 to 1966 had infiltrated agents into a secret meeting of rightwing generals plotting the overthrow of Sukarno. It is believed he may have precipitated the uprising by releasing information about this but the details remain uncertain. The uprising was reported amongst units in central Java, air force units at Halim air force base and armed forces units that occupied Merdeka Square, a strategic section of the capital. The so called "30th September group" leaders claimed the forces present in Merdeka Square were to protect the Presidency from a planned uprising soon to be orchestrated by a group of generals backed by the US CIA. General Suharto then reportedly subsequently quelled this action within the armed forces in a single day. The right wing officers who subsequently rose to power condemned the killings of the senior army officers and claimed the uprising involving the military units was the work of communists. As more documentation emerges from western archives it appears ever more apparent that the event was stage managed to allow Suharto an opportunity to subsequently to claim the leadership. In the early stages Suharto blamed the murders on a group of PKI inspired youths, women and "elements of the Air Force".
The purges
The murders were later to be blamed upon the PKI, communists and the September 30th movement, ironically the same group that had claimed to have come together in an attempt to thwart a right wing coup d'état. Suharto initially claimed to support President Sukarno but then seized power himself, sidelining Sukarno, proclaiming a New Order (Orde Baru). A series of bloody anti-Communist purges was then initiated leading to the death of 500,000-2,000,000 people (estimates vary widely). The Western governments turned a blind eye to the massacres and they remained substantially unreported in the West for a considerable time. Many historians have since shed light on the involvement of the US intelligence services and to a lesser degree their mutual contacts in British, German and Japanese intelligence in the circumstances leading up to the seizure of power by Suharto and the subsequent murderous purges.
When the information concerning the widspread killings was eventually released it was shrouded in mystery. The US intelligence agencies and the CIA were later found to be complicit in supplying names and addresses of the PKI members to the Indonesian army, Suharto operatives and CIA-funded Muslim death squads, who hunted the leftists down and murdered them. Declassified US files have since shown that the US government was giving covert aid to Suharto and the death squads to conduct the widespread purges across Indonesia. Following Suharto's rise to power US interests in the region were secured and their influence over the RI and the nation's resourses continued into the new century.
Under Suharto from 1966 to 1997, Indonesia enjoyed stability and economic growth, but most of the wealth was concentrated in the hands of a small corrupt elite and dissent was brutally crushed. During the Asian economic crisis of 1997 the value of the Indonesian rupiah plummeted, halving the purchasing power of ordinary Indonesians. In the ensuing violent upheaval, now known as Reformasi, Suharto was brought down and a more democratic regime installed.
Post Reformasi 1998
The former Portuguese colony of East Timor was annexed by Indonesia in 1975, but there was armed resistance to this. After decades of Indonesian rule, on 30 August 1999, a provincial referendum for independence was overwhelmingly approved by the people of East Timor. Indonesia grudgingly but still astonishingly accepted the result (although army-linked militias looted capital Dili in protest), and East Timor gained its independence in 2002.
One more violent secessionist movement took place in the devoutly Islamic state of Aceh at the northern tip of Sumatra. After decades of insurgency and abortive talks, the deadlock was broken by the 2004 tsunami, which killed over 200,000 people in Aceh. The Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, GAM) signed a peace deal the next year, with Aceh giving up its fight for independence in exchange for being granted special autonomy including the right to enact Syariah (Islamic) law, and to date the peace has held.
In 2004 Indonesia held the first election in which the people directly elected the president and vice president. The president of Indonesia may currently serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms. Currently Indonesia is one of the worlds largest democracies and is going through a period of difficult reforms and re-invention following the Reformasi and the institution of a democratically elected government. To assist in the transformation from the years of centralised control under the Suharto regime the role of regional and provincial government has been strengthened and enhanced. The election process in Indonesia has a high participation rate and the nature and fabric of governance and administration is slowly changing across Indonesia. Change in the nation since the fall of Suharto has also been characterized by greater freedom of speech and a massive reduction in the political censorship that was a feature of Suharto's New Order era. There is more open political debate in the news media as well as in general discourse, political and social debate.
People
Despite 50 years of promoting Bhinneka Tunggal Ika ("Unity in Diversity") as the official state motto, the concept of an "Indonesian" remains artificial and the country's citizens divide themselves along a vast slew of ethnicities, clans, tribes and even castes. If this wasn't enough, religious differences add a volatile ingredient to the mix and the vast gaps in wealth create a class society as well. On a purely numerical scale, the largest ethnic groups are the Javanese (45%) of central and eastern Java, the Sundanese (14%) from western Java, the Madurese (7.5%) from the island of Madura, and Coastal Malays (7.5%), mostly from Sumatra. This leaves 26% for the Acehnese and Minangkabau of Sumatra, the Balinese, the Iban and Dayaks of Kalimantan, and a bewildering patchwork of groups in Nusa Tenggara and Papua — the official total is no less than 3000!
For the most part, Indonesia's many peoples coexist happily, but ethnic conflicts do continue to fester in some remote areas of the country. The policy of transmigration (transmigrasi), initiated by the Dutch but continued by Suharto, resettled Javanese, Balinese and Madurese migrants to less crowded parts of the archipelago. The new settlers, viewed as privileged and insensitive, were often resented by the indigenous populace and, particularly on Kalimantan and Papua, led to sometimes violent conflict.
One particularly notable ethnic group found throughout the country are the Indonesian Chinese, known as Tionghoa or the somewhat derogatory Cina. At an estimated 6-7 million they make up 3% of the population and probably constitute the largest ethnic Chinese group in any country outside China. Indonesian Chinese wield a disproportionate influence in the economy, with one famous — if largely discredited — study of companies on the Jakarta Stock Exchange concluding that as many as 70% of its companies (and, by extension, the country) were controlled by ethnic Chinese. They have thus been subject to persecution, with Chinese forcibly relocated into urban areas in the 1960s, forced to adopt Indonesian names and bans imposed on teaching Chinese and displaying Chinese characters. Anti-Chinese pogroms have also taken place, notably in the 1965-66 anti-Communist purges after Suharto's coup and again in 1998 after his downfall, when over 1100 people were killed in riots in Jakarta and other major cities. However, the post-Reformasi governments have overturned most of the discriminatory legislation, and Chinese writing and Chinese festivals have made a reappearance, with the Chinese New Year having been declared a public holiday nationwide since 2003. While most of the Java Chinese are monolingual in Indonesian, many of the Chinese in Sumatra and Kalimantan continue to speak various Chinese dialects.
Culture
Wayang kulit shadow puppetry, Solo
There is no one unified Indonesian culture as such, but the Hindu culture of the former Majapahit empire does provide a framework for many of the cultural traditions found across the central islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali and Lombok. Perhaps the most distinctively "Indonesian" arts are wayang kulit shadow puppetry, where intricately detailed cutouts act out scenes from the Mahabharata and Ramayana and other popular folk stories, and its accompaniment the gamelan orchestra, whose incredibly complex metallic rhythms are the obligatory backdrop to both religious ceremonies and traditional entertainment. Indonesia is culturally intertwined with the Malays, with notable items such as batik cloth and kris daggers, and Arabic culture has also been adopted to some degree thanks to Islam.
Modern-day Indonesian popular culture is largely dominated by the largest ethnic group, the Javanese. Suharto's ban on Western imports like rock'n'roll, while long since repealed, led to the development of indigenous forms of music like dangdut, a sultry form of pop developed in the 1970s, and the televised pelvic thrusts of starlet Inul Daratista in 2003 were nearly as controversial as Elvis once was. Anggun Cipta Sasmi is a talented Indonesian singer who became a famous singer in France. Her single "La neige au sahara" became a top hit on the European charts in the summer of 1997.
Most Indonesian films are low budget B movies. "Daun di Atas Bantal" (1998) is an exception; it won the "best movie" award at the Asia Pacific Film Festival in Taipei, Taiwan (1998). The Raid, Redemption (Indonesian: Serbuan maut), and also known as The Raid was released in 2011 at the Toronto International Film Festival and has international distribution. This Indonesian action film had a production budget of £1.1 million It was written and directed by Gareth Evans (UK) and starred Iko Uwais. Evans and Uwais released their first action film, Merantau in 2009. Both films showcase the traditional Indonesian martial art Pencak Silat.
Indonesian literature has yet to make much headway on the world stage, with torch-bearer Pramoedya Ananta Toer's works long banned in his own homeland, but the post-Suharto era has seen a small boom with Ayu Utami's Saman breaking both taboos and sales records.
Religion
80-88% of the population of Indonesia state their religion as being Islam making it numerically by far the largest religion in the nation and Indonesia the largest Muslim-majority country in the world. Nevertheless, Indonesia officially remains a secular state. Although religious orthodoxies do vary across the Indonesia archipelago the strict observance of Islamic dress codes apparent in some countries is generally absent. In larger cities headscarves and overt manifestations of faith are exceptions rather than the rule. In some regional areas and the devout state of Aceh things can be considerably stricter. In fact, despite being nominally Muslim, many local stories and customs which are Hindu, Buddhist or animist in origin are faithfully preserved by much of the population.
The other four state-sanctioned religions are Protestantism (5%), Roman Catholicism (3%), Hinduism (2%) and Buddhism (1%). Hindus are concentrated on Bali, while Christians are found mostly in parts of North Sumatra, Papua, North Sulawesi, and East Nusa Tenggara. Buddhism, on the other hand, is mainly practised by the ethnic Chinese in the larger cities. There are also pockets of animism throughout the country, and many strict Muslims decry the casual Indonesian incorporation of animistic rites into the practices of notionally Islamic believers.
Indonesian national law decrees that all citizens of the Republic must declare their religion and that the declared religion must be one of the five that are officially sanctioned by the state. This results in obvious distortions. For example, many animist practitioners notionally call themselves Muslim or Christian for the benefit of the state bureaucracy.
Holidays
Ramadan dates
• 2013 CE (1434 AH): 9 July – 7 August
• 2014 CE (1435 AH): 28 June – 27 July
• 2015 CE (1436 AH): 18 June – 16 July
The festival of Eid ul-Fitr is held after the end of Ramadan and may last several days. Exact dates depend on astronomical observations and may vary from country to country.
Multicultural Indonesia celebrates a vast range of religious holidays and festivals, but many are limited to small areas (eg. the Hindu festivals of Bali). The following covers public holidays applied nationwide regardless of their belief.
The most significant season of the year is the Muslim fasting month of Ramadhan. During its 30 days, devout Muslims refrain from passing anything through their lips (food, drink, smoke) between sunrise and sunset. People get up early to stuff themselves before sunrise (sahur), go to work late, and take off early to get back home in time to break fast (buka puasa) at sunset. Non-Muslims, as well as Muslims travelling (musafir), are exempt from fasting but it is polite to refrain from eating or drinking in public. Many restaurants close during the day and those that stay open (e.g., hotel restaurants) maintain a low profile, with curtains covering the windows. During Ramadhan, all forms of nightlife including bars, nightclubs, karaoke and massage parlours close by midnight, and (especially in more devout areas) quite a few opt to stay closed entirely. Business travellers will notice that things move at an even more glacial pace than usual and, especially towards the end of the month, many people will take leave.
The climax at the end of the month is the two days of Idul Fitri (also known as Lebaran), when pretty much the entire country takes a week or two off to head back home to visit family in a ritual known locally as mudik, meaning going home. This is the one time of the year when Jakarta has no traffic jams, but the rest of the country does, with all forms of transport packed to the gills. All government offices (including embassies) and many businesses close for a week or even two, and travelling around Indonesia is best avoided if at all possible.
Other Muslim holidays include Idul Adha (the sacrifice day), Isra Mi'raj Muhammad SAW, Hijra (Islamic new year) and Maulid Muhammad SAW. Christian holidays include Christmas, Ascension Day, Good Friday, while the Hindu New Year of Nyepi (March-April) bring Bali to a standstill and Buddhists get a day off for Waisak (Buddha's birthday), celebrated with processions around Borobudur. Non-religious holidays include New Year (1 Jan), Imlek (Chinese New Year) in Jan-Feb and Independence Day (17 Aug).
The dates of many holidays are set according to various lunar calendars and the dates thus change from year to year. The Ministry of Labor may change the official date of holidays if they are close to the weekend. There is another official day off for workers, called cuti bersama (taking days off together), which is sometime close to the Idul Fitri holidays.
Climate
Upon arrival and disembarking from the plane, you'll immediately notice the sudden rush of warm, wet air. Indonesia is a warm place. It has no spring, summer, fall, or winter, just two seasons: rainy and dry, both of which are relative (it still rains during the dry season, it just rains less). While there is significant regional variation, in most of the country (including Java and Bali) the dry season is April to October, while the wet season is November to March.
In the highlands temperatures will naturally be cooler, and there are even snow-covered peaks in Papua, whose mountains can soar above 5000 meters. Bring along a jacket if planning to visit eg. Mount Bromo on Java or Tana Toraja in Sulawesi.
Time
Since the country is very large, Indonesia is divided into three time zones:
GMT +7: Western Indonesian Time (WIB, Waktu Indonesia Barat)
GMT +8: Central Indonesian Time (WITA, Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
GMT +9: Eastern Indonesian Time (WIT, Waktu Indonesia Timur)
Regions
The nation of Indonesia is almost unimaginably vast: More than 17,000 islands providing 108,000 kilometers of beaches. The distance between Aceh in the West and Papua in the East is more than 4,000 kilometers (2500 miles), comparable to the distance between New York City and San Francisco. Laying on the western rim of the Ring of Fire Indonesia has more than 400 volcanoes, of which 130 are considered active, as well as many undersea volcanoes. The island of New Guinea (on which the Indonesian province of Papua is located) is the second largest island in the world.
Provinces are usually grouped around larger islands and include smaller surrounding islands. The listing below follows this practice, except with Bali which is treated as a separate region in Wikitravel.
Regions of Indonesia
Sumatra (incl. the Riau Islands and Bangka-Belitung)
Wild and rugged, the 6th largest island in the world has a great natural and cultural wealth with more than 40 million inhabitants. Habitat to many endangered species.
Kalimantan (Borneo)
The vast majority of this, the world's third largest island, is covered by the Indonesian province. Uncharted jungles, mighty rivers, home of the orangutan, a paradise for the adventurer.
Java (and Madura)
The country's heartland, big cities including the capital Jakarta, and a lot of people packed on a not-so-big island. Also features the cultural treasures of Yogyakarta, Borobudur and Prambanan.
Bali
By far the most popular visitor destination in Indonesia, Bali's blend of unique culture, legendary beaches, spectacular highland regions and unique underwater life make it a perennial favourite amongst global travellers.
Sulawesi (Celebes)
Strangely shaped, this island houses a diversity of societies and some spectacular scenery, Toraja culture, rich flora and fauna, world class diving sites.
Nusa Tenggara
Also known as the Lesser Sunda Islands, the "Southeast Islands", contain scores of ethnic groups, languages and religions, as well as Komodo lizards and more spectacular diving.
Maluku (Moluccas)
The historic Spice Islands, fought over to this day, largely unexplored and almost unknown to the outside world.
Papua (Irian Jaya)
The western half of the island of New Guinea, with mountains, forests, swamps, an almost impenetrable wilderness in one of the remotest places on earth.
Cities
Other destinations
...there be dragons
The following is a limited selection of some of Indonesia's top sights.
• Raja Ampat — one of the best scuba diving destinations in the world. It is estimated that over 75% of the world's coral species lies here. Also there are at least 1,320 coral reef fish fauna here. Located in Papua.
• Baliem Valley — superb trekking into the lands of the Lani, Dani and Yali tribes in remote Papua.
• Borobudur — one of the largest Buddhist temples in the world located in Central Java province; often combined with a visit to the equally impressive Hindu ruins at nearby Prambanan.
• Bunaken — one of the best scuba diving destinations in Indonesia, if not the world.
• Lake Toba — the largest volcanic lake in the world.
Get in
'Immigration on board'
On some Garuda Indonesia flights, immigration entry procedures are conducted during the flight, which saves passengers from the need to queue to clear passport control upon arrival at the airport. More information is available here. 'Immigration on board' is currently available on the following Garuda Indonesia international flights:
• Amsterdam-Dubai-Jakarta
• Sydney-Jakarta
• Seoul-Jakarta
• Tokyo-Jakarta and Tokyo-Denpasar
• Osaka-Denpasar
Dealing with Imigrasi serves as a useful introduction to the Byzantine complexity of Indonesia's bureaucracy. The long and short of it, though, is that most Western travellers can get a visa on arrival for US$25 at virtually all common points of entry (Java, Bali, etc), so read on only if you suspect that you don't fit this description.
There are three ways of entering Indonesia:
• Visa waiver. Show your passport, get stamped, that's it. Applies only to a few select, mostly ASEAN countries.
• Visa on arrival. Pay on arrival, get a visa in your passport, get it stamped. Most visitors fall in this category.
• Visa in advance. Obtain a visa at an Indonesian embassy before arrival.
A minimum of 6 months validity must be available in your passport and it must contain at least one or more blank pages. This same rule applies to any visa extension that may be sought whilst in the country.
One peculiarity to note is that visa-free and visa-on-arrival visitors must enter Indonesia via specific ports of entry. Entry via other ports of entry will require a visa regardless of whether you are a visa-free or visa-on-arrival national or otherwise.
It should also be noted that the days a visa holder is within Indonesia are counted with the day of entry being day 1, not day 0. This means that by 24:00 hours (12 midnight) on the night of the day of arrival you have been in Indonesia for one day. If you enter at 23:59 (11:59 PM) then 2 minutes later you have been in Indonesia for 2 days.
One scam operated by immigration officials is to claim that a 30-day visa-on-arrival means that you must leave before 30-days (ie on the 29th day or before). You can either try standing your ground (much easier if you speak Indonesian) by saying that the government is not so stupid as to issue a 30-day visa that is only valid for 29 days, or prepare in advance a 50,000 rupiah note, in a pocket that contains no other money, and slip it to the immigration official. If you show a wallet full of money they will probably want more.
Customs in Indonesia is usually quite laid-back. You're allowed to bring in one liter of alcohol, 200 cigarettes or 50 cigars or 100 gm of tobacco products, and a reasonable quantity of perfume. Amounts of money carried in excess of 100 million Rupiah, or the equivalent in other currencies, have to be declared upon arrival or departure. In addition to the obvious drugs and guns, importing pornography and fruit, plants, meat or fish is (technically) prohibited. Indonesia imposes the death penalty on those caught bringing in drugs.
Indonesia Immigration maintains its own website [2]. The Indonesian Embassy in Singapore (KBRI Singapore) [3] also has some good information on Customs and Immigration requirements.
Visa
Visa waiver
Indonesia allows visa free entry to the citizens of 15 countries. The nationals of these countries who are going on holiday, attending conventions or engaging in similar such activities are allowed to stay in Indonesia of up to 30 days without a visa. This type of visa cannot be extended, transferred or converted to any other kind of visa; nor can it be used as a working permit. Those visitors eligible under the visa waiver program have a visa issued at the Indonesian border checkpoints with that issuance subject to the discretion of the visa officer. The visa is not for employment and is not extendable. The citizens of the following countries are eligible: Brunei, Cambodia, Chile, Ecuador, Hong Kong SAR (Special Administrative Region), Laos, Macau SAR (Special Administrative Region), Malaysia, Morocco, Myanmar, Peru, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam[4]. These visas cannot be extended or converted to another type of visa. Visa-free entries are only permitted via the following ports of entry:
• Airports: Juanda (Surabaya, East Java), Adisutjipto (Yogyakarta, Java), Adi Sumarmo (Solo, Central Java), Achmad Yani (Semarang, Central Java), El Tari (Kupang, West Timor), Hang Nadim (Batam, Riau Islands), Hasanuddin (Makassar, South Sulawesi), Husein Sastranegara (Bandung, West Java), Ngurah Rai (Denpasar, Bali), Polonia (Medan, North Sumatra), Sam Ratulangi (Manado, North Sulawesi), Lombok International Airport (Praya-Mataram, Lombok), Raden Intan II (Bandar Lampung, Lampung), Sepinggan (Balikpapan, East Kalimantan), Soekarno-Hatta (Jakarta), Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II (Palembang, South Sumatera), Sultan Syarif Kasim II or Simpang Tiga (Pekanbaru, Riau), Supadio (Pontianak, West Kalimantan) and Minangkabau (Padang, West Sumatera).
• Seaports: Bandar Seri Udana Lobam (Batam, Riau Islands), Belawan (Medan, North Sumatra), Bitung (Manado, North Sulawesi), Lembar (Mataram, Lombok), Nongsa Terminal Bahari (Batam, Riau Islands), Sekupang (Batam, Riau Islands), Sri Bayintan (Tanjung Pinang, Bintan, Riau Islands), Tanjung Balai Karimun (Karimun, Riau Islands), Tanjung Perak (Surabaya, East Java), Tanjung Priok (Jakarta), Bandar Bintan Telani Lagoi (Bintan, Riau Islands), Batu Ampar (Batam, Riau Islands), Benoa (Bali), Dumai (Riau), Lhokseumawe (North Sumatra), Marina Teluk Senimba (Batam, Riau Islands), Padang Bai (Bali), Selat Kijang (Bintan, Riau Islands), Tanjung Mas (Semarang, Central Java), Tanjung Pinang (Bintan, Riau Islands) and Tenau (Kupang, West Timor).
Visa on arrival
All visitors entering Indonesia by way of visa-on-arrival must have a return to point of origin, or onward destination ticket on their person when passing through immigration into the country (E-tickets are acceptable), or be able to present sufficient evidence of the means to obtain one to an Immigration official. This is often checked, and visitors who are unable to fulfill this requirement may be denied entry. More commonly the problem can be solved with a suitable "payment". Transit visas are available form Indonesian embassies and consulates and may be provided at the border under some (limited) circumstances. Often airlines carrying passengers to Indonesia may decline boarding for a departure to an Indonesian entry point if this cannot be provided.
Visas on arrival can be issued to nationals of Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Argentina, Bahrain, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Maldives, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Surinam, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, East Timor (Timor-Leste), Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and USA for a maximum of 30 days, generally extendable once only for another 30 days at a local immigration office inside Indonesia. Obtaining a visa from an Indonesian embassy or consulate before travelling is also possible and will allow you to go through the immigration channel for visa holders rather than the sometimes congested VOA and Visa waiver channels at the immigration check-points. Pre-issued visas for tourism, social and business visits are normally issued for a period of up to 60 days visit duration.
Visa-on-arrival are only available at the following entry points:
• Airports: . Sultan Iskandar Muda, in Banda Aceh, (Aceh), Polonia in Medan, (North Sumatra), Sultan Sharif Kasim II, Pekanbaru, (Riau), Hang Nadim, in Batam, (Riau Islands), Minangkabau, in Padang, (West Sumatra), Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II, in Palembang, (South Sumatra), Soekarno-Hatta, Jakarta, (DKI Jakarta), Halim Perdana Kusuma, in Jakarta, (DKI Jakarta), Husein Sastranegara, in Bandung, (West Java), Adi Sucipto, in Yogyakarta, (Yogyakarta Special Region), Ahmad Yani, in Semarang, (Central Java), Adisumarmo, in Surakarta, (Central Java), Juanda in Surabaya, (East Java), Supadio, in Pontianak, (West Kalimantan), Sepinggan in Balikpapan, (East Kalimantan), Sam Ratulangi, in Manado, (North Sulawesi), Hasanuddin, in Makassar, (South Sulawesi), Ngurah Rai in Denpasar, (Bali), Lombok International Airport, Praya-Mataram, Lombok, (West Nusa Tenggara), El Tari, in Kupang, (East Nusa Tenggara).
• Seaports: Bandar Bentan Telani Lagoi (Bintan, Riau Islands), Bandar Seri Udana Lobam (Bintan, Riau Islands), Batu Ampar (Batam, Riau Islands), Belawan (Medan, North Sumatra), Benoa (Bali), Bitung (Manado, North Sulawesi), Jayapura (Papua), Marina Teluk Senimba (Batam, Riau Islands), Maumere (Flores, East Nusa Tenggara), Nongsa (Batam, Riau Islands), Padang Bai (Bali), Pare-Pare (South Sulawesi), Sekupang (Batam, Riau Islands), Sibolga (North Sumatra), Soekarno Hatta (Makassar, South Sulawesi), Sri Bintan Pura (Tanjung Pinang, Bintan, Riau Islands), Tanjung Balai Karimun (Karimun, Riau Islands), Tanjung Mas (Semarang, Central Java), Tanjung Priok (Jakarta), Teluk Bayur (Padang, West Sumatra), Batam Centre (Batam, Riau Islands), Tenau (Kupang, West Timor) and Yos Sudarso (Dumai, Riau).
• Land crossing: the Malaysia-Indonesia border crossing at Entikong (West Kalimantan-Sarawak).
Visa on arrival fees: A visa on arrival is issued for a stay of up to 30 days, the cost is US$25. In general, the VOA is extendable once for an additional 30 days. This can be done in an immigration office inside Indonesia for an officially published fee of Rp 250,000, it is recommended to do this ten days prior the visa expiration date. Exact change in dollars is recommended for the VOA payments at the Indonesian border. A selection of other major currencies including Rupiah may be accepted, and any change will usually be given in Rupiah, often at a poor exchange rate. Credit cards maybe accepted in Bali, but don't count on this service being available there, it is not normally available elsewhere. Note that some entry points, mainly at land or sea entry points, issue non-extendable VOA (ports in the Riau Archipelago being notable examples).
How to get visa on arrival: At the above airports/seaports, the following procedure should be followed to get your VoA (Visa on Arrival).
• Before arriving, fill in the arrival/departure card provided to you. This card will be your visa application form.
• When you arrive, go to the bank counter and pay the required amount for your visa. You will be issued a bar-coded receipt.
• Take the receipt to the Visa on Arrival counter where your arrival/departure card, passport and receipt will be recorded by the officer. A visa sticker will be issued and stuck in your passport.
• Proceed to the immigration counter for your passport to be stamped.
As always, there may be variations to this layout, especially at the smaller points of entry. Bank and visa counters may be placed together. Anyhow, your visa must be applied for before you reach the immigration counter.
Upon arriving, the arrival card will be detached from the departure card by the immigration officer, and you will have to keep the latter until you depart from the country to avoid any troubles later on. Make sure that the departure card is stamped with the correct number of days of your stay.
Visa before arrival
Nationals of countries not listed above are required to apply for visas through the nearest Indonesian Embassy or consulate. Single-entry visas are valid for 60 days and fairly routine if pricy at US$50-100 depending on the individual country and prevailing exchange rates. Multiple entry visas are also available but, as the issuance policy varies in different embassies and is occasionally changed, it is best to inquire at your nation's embassy well in advance of departure. Normally, Indonesian embassies and consulates stipulate 3-4 clear working days for processing; however, applications may take at least one week to be processed.
The citizens of 15 countries need to obtain an approval from the immigration services head office, the Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi in Jakarta. The 17 countries are: Afghanistan, Israel, Albania, North Korea, Angola, Nigeria, Pakistan, Cameroon, Somalia, Cuba, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Ghana, Tonga, Iraq. Those affected must have a sponsor in Indonesia, either personal or company. The sponsor must go in person to the Immigration Head Office in South Jakarta (Jakarta Selatan) and must produce a photocopy of applicant's passport, a supporting letter and the applicant's photograph. When it is approved, the Immigration Head Office will send a copy of approval letter to the applicant.
By plane
Beware the departure tax
Travellers departing on international flights have to pay a Passenger Service Charge (departure tax) in Rupiah, so be sure to stash away enough to pay it. The amount varies by airport, but can be as much as Rp 150,000 in the airports in Bali (DPS) or Jakarta (CGK). Starting September 2012, the airport tax in Indonesia will to be included in ticket price for Garuda airlines flights. Other airlines may decide to follow the lead of Garuda but it should be understood this is an initiative of the individual airlines rather than a broadly mandated change of policy by either the individual airport operators or the Indonesian department of transport.
The three main international airports are Soekarno-Hatta (CGK) at Tangerang, Banten, near Jakarta, Ngurah Rai (DPS) at Denpasar, Bali and Juanda (SUB) at Surabaya, East Java. There are however many cities which have air links with Singapore and Malaysia which can be interesting and convenient entry points into Indonesia.
Garuda Indonesia [5], the Indonesian 'flag' airline operates to Asian destinations including China, Taiwan, Japan and Korea, Australian cities, Middle Eastern destinations such Saudi Arabia and Dubai in the UAE and has recommenced services to Amsterdam in the Netherlands. The airline also has extensive code sharing agreements and this assists in providing quite good flight frequencies from airports in countries nearby to Indonesia. While its fleet still has some tatty aircraft is is improved greatly by a significant fleet upgrade programme utilising 55 newer Boeing 738-800NG series and 14 Airbus A330 aircraft for higher capacity routes with further of both those types on order. They also have new Boeing 777-300ER series aircraft on order. While banned from the EU for a while, the ban was lifted in 2009 and they have made direct flights to Europe via Dubai in middle east since third quarter of 2010. Garuda Indonesia has outlined various plans to commence flights to major world hubs such as London, Frankfurt, Paris, Rome, Moscow and Los Angeles using the new Boeing 777 in 2015. Garuda has previously operated to several of these destinations.
Travel to Indonesia from America costs around US$1,000. As travel from most of Europe or anywhere in the USA will take over 20 hr, many flights stop in Hong Kong, Seoul, Taipei or Singapore before arriving in Jakarta. Sydney, though, is just 6-8 hr away.
The cost of flying to Indonesia from within the Southeast Asia and Pacific region has gone down a lot with the advent of low cost carriers or LCC. A similar and important development has been the offering of reasonably priced one-way fares departing Indonesia and the development of online booking and payment systems. The acceptance of non-Indonesian issued credit cards by the online booking systems of Garuda and Lion air only occurred as recently as the beginning of 2011. Among the LCC carriers providing services to Indonesia are AirAsia [6], which has excellent coverage of Indonesia from its hubs in Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta (Indonesia Air Asia), as well as Singaporean competitors Tiger Airways/Tiger Mandala [7], Jetstar Asia/Valuair [8] and SilkAir [9]. SilkAir is actually a full-service, full-fare regional airline, but they often have very good promotions if you book in advance. Indonesian carrier LionAir [10] provides flights international flights between Kuala Lumpur-Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur-Surabaya, Penang and Medan and between Hi Chi Minh City, Singapore and Jakarta, and is often the cheapest option (cheaper than AirAsia and others). Australia and New Zealand are also serviced by LCC airlines including Jetstar [11] sharing the Jetstar Asia network, Virgin Australia [12], Indonesia AIr Asia [13]. Limited regional international services are also provided by other Indonesian LCC domestic carriers Merpati Airlines [14] and Batavia airlines [15]. Batavia is steadily growing a limited regional international route system and Merpati services routes to Kuala Lumpur and Dili in East Timor. It is worthy of note that Lion Air has engaged in a massive fleet upgrade program buying a large number of Boeing 737-900ER series and ATR72-500 series turbo props. The steady replacement of their previously rather clunky old fleet of very well used Boeing and MD aircraft is revitalising Indonesia's 2nd largest carrier. Lion air currently operate 62 new 737-900ERs with 133 more 737-900ERs, 7 of the 737-800NG series and 201 Boeing 737 MAX 9 on order. Lion Air have announced plans to position themselves as a major regional airline when sufficient aircraft are delivered.
By boat
Ferries connect Indonesia with Singapore and Malaysia. Most connections are between ports in Sumatra (mostly in Riau and Riau Islands provinces) and those in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, although there is also a ferry service between Malaysia's Sabah state with East Kalimantan on Borneo. Onward boat connections to Jakarta and other Indonesian islands are available from these ports. See the pages for each city for more details.
From Singapore
• Frequent ferries to/from the various ports of Batam (Sekupang, Batu Ampar, Nongsa, Marina Teluk Senimba and Batam Centre).
• Frequent ferries to Tanjung Pinang and Bandar Bintan Telani Lagoi (Bintan Resorts) on Bintan.
• Several ferries daily to/from Tanjung Balai in Karimun Island.
• One daily ferry, increasing to two during weekends, to/from Tanjung Batu* in Kundur Island.
From Peninsular Malaysia
From Sabah, Malaysia
Visa-free/visa-on-arrival is available at all ports above except those tagged with *, which require a visa in advance, though there may be exceptions for visa-free visitors.
By land
From East Timor: The main crossing is at Mota'ain between Batugade in East Timor and Atambua, West Timor.
From Malaysia: The only formal way to enter by land from Malaysia is at the Entikong-Tebedu crossing between West Kalimantan and Sarawak, Malaysia on Borneo. The crossing in on the main route between Kuching, (Sarawak) and Pontianak, the capital of (West Kalimantan). As the crossing is listed only as a visa-free entry point, nationalities who do not qualify for this will have to apply for visas beforehand.
From Papua New Guinea: The only recognized crossing into Indonesia is at Wutung, between Vanimo in Sandaun Province in Papua New Guinea, and Jayapura, the capital of Indonesian Papua.
Note: It is not guaranteed that you will be able to enter Indonesia through these crossings and non-Indonesians are required to apply for visas at the nearest Indonesian Embassy or Consulate.
Get around
By plane
Domestic airport tax
Airport tax (service charge) is paid in cash on check-in. Charges vary by airport, but Rp 25,000-40,000 for domestic flights is typical.
The only rapid means of long-distance travel within Indonesia is the plane. The largest domestic carriers are state-owned Garuda [16] and private competitor Lion Air [17], but in recent years a host of low-cost competitors have sprung up, including Indonesia Air Asia [18], Batavia Air [19], Mandala [20], Garuda's low-cost subsidiary Citilink [21] and many more. Routes for less popular destinations and routes (particularly in eastern Indonesia) are served by Garuda's little buddy Merpati [22], memorably summarized as "It's Merpati and I'll fly if I want to", AirFast [23], Sriwijaya [24], Jatayu and more, often flying smaller planes. If you really get off the beaten track, eg. settlements in Papua, there are no scheduled services at all and you'll need to charter a plane or hitch rides with missionaries.
Many carriers have poor on-time records and frequent cancellations, and the safety record of the smaller companies is dubious, with Adam Air, Lion Air and Mandala suffering fatal crashes in recent years. A majority of the aircraft are planes from the 1970s and 1980s, which have been flown by many previous operators and may be poorly maintained. A select a few carriers, such as Garuda, Lion Air, and Mandala among others, have recently bought brand new planes straight from an aircraft manufacturer which have replaced some of the older planes in their fleet. Still, compared to the carnage on Indonesia's roads, a flight even on an aging turboprop is probably far safer — and far more comfortable — than travelling the same distance by bus. Garuda and Air Asia are run to international standards and are considered the safest options. Indonesia AirAsia, however, is not as cheap (except their regular promotional prices) on Indonesian domestic flights as their local competitors, and Garuda is usually quite expensive.
Prices are low by international standards, with more or less any domestic return flight available for under US$100 even on short notice, and fares for a fraction of that if you plan ahead. Many airlines, such as Merpati, Batavia, and Lionair, tend to decrease their price on the last week before flight, if the plane is not full enough - so you may try that and get cheaper fare, if you're not on tight schedule and do not need to go during public holidays or weekends. The hardest part (but not as hard as it was just a couple of years ago) is often finding what carriers serve what route and making a booking online - while all major airlines, as of 2012, finally feature online booking service, sometimes (always for Merpati) they do not accept foreign credit cards. Plus, many flight search engines / aggregators do not know many (often all except Garuda and AirAsia) local airlines - to check if they do, try to search for e.g. Jakarta-Denpasar (the busiest route) flight and see how many of the airlines mentioned above will be found. When travelling off the beaten track, it's imperative to reconfirm early and often, as frequencies are low and paid-up, occasionally even checked-in passengers are bumped off with depressing regularity if a VIP happens to show up. Make sure you arrive at the airport at least 2 hours before the departure time.
Of late there has been considerable improvement in the safety standards and recently Garuda Indonesia has been allowed to fly into Europe. Lion Air has reportedly inducted 178 new 737 900 ER planes which now service not only domestic but also international routes. Garuda has also changed its livery and added new aircrafts. Adam Air and few other companies have been closed and their licences withdrawn. With entry of low cost carriers like Indonesia Air Asia the cost of travel has further reduced.
By boat
PELNI route map
Indonesia is all islands and consequently ferries have long been the most popular means of inter-island travel. The largest company is PELNI [25], whose giant ferries visit practically every inhabited island in Indonesia on lengthy journeys that can take two weeks from end to end. PELNI uses European-built boats, which are large enough to deal with rough seas, but they can still be uncomfortably overcrowded during peak seasons: ferries built for 3000 have been known to board 7000. This means that there are often not enough lifeboats in the event of a sinking and could pose a potential safety hazard.
Cabin accommodation classes, all including meals and private lockers, are:
• 1st class, around US$40/day: two beds per cabin, private washroom, TV, aircon
• 2nd class, around US$30/day: four beds per cabin, private washroom, aircon
• 3rd class, around US$20/day: six beds per cabin, aircon, shared washrooms
• 4th class, around US$15/day: bed in a dormitory
Ekonomi class on a PELNI ship
The plush cabin of an IndoFalcon fast ferry
The "real" way to travel, though, is ekonomi class (around US$10/day), which is a noisy, smoky, cramped free-for-all scrum; buy a rattan mat and get in early to stake out your spot — it's common for people to start rushing in as soon as the ferry arrives. Pickpocketing and theft are a real concern though.
In addition to PELNI's slow boats, ASDP runs fast ferries (Kapal Ferry Cepat, rather amusingly abbreviated KFC) on a number of popular routes. Both PELNI and ASDP tickets can be booked via travel agents.
Last but not least, there are also countless services running short island-to-island hops, including Merak-Bakauheni (hourly) from Java to Sumatra, Ketapang-Gilimanuk (every 15 min) between Java and Bali and Padangbai-Lembar (near-hourly) between Bali and Lombok.
In general, schedules are notional, creature comforts sparse and safety records poor. Try to scout out what, if any, safety devices are on board and consider postponing your trip if the weather looks bad. As maintenance is poor and overloading is common, sinkings are all too common on ferries run by smaller companies, so try to stick to the larger ones if possible. Food on ferries varies from bad to inedible, and journey times can stretch well beyond the schedule, so bring along enough to tide you over even if the engine stalls and you end up drifting for an extra day.
You may get hassled by people onboard trying to extract extra money under some dubious excuse. Feel free to ignore them, although on the upside, it may be possible to bribe your way to a better class of accommodation.
By point to point (scheduled) travel/shuttle
Scheduled travel is the 'latest/newest' moda of Indonesian transportation, but recently is rapidly growing inline with the new toll roads and better highways. The travel use various AC minibus with passengers from 6 to 14 persons on reclining seats and run based on 'point to point' routes. It means every operators have their many own shelters (points) at every departures and destinations cities. So, we may choose so many alternatives routes and may stop before destination point. From/to airport they sometimes use also small/big luxury buses (DAMRI, Primajasa and others) and is suitable for who get a lot/moderate of belonging.[26][27]
The most developing route is Jakarta to Bandung with ticket prices varying from Rp.48,000 to Rp.90,000 (USD 5.3 to 10.0) depending on convenience, leg space/room and luxuriousness. Every major city in Indonesia has travel agencies including Bali.[28][29]-Bali shuttle-bus operator other than Perama?
The scheduled travel ticket is more expensive than the Regular AC Executive Bus, but the scheduled travel is faster and we may choose the points (routes). For going not more than 200-300 kilometers inland please consider it compared to using trains, regular buses or airplanes. Your belonging in the scheduled travels are more safe than using trains or regular buses, but expect to pay additional fees for surfboards and big packages on the minibus. Please contact the travel agency in advance and make a booking without any payment. Usually they are waiting to book passengers until the scheduled departure time and then they give the seats to wait listed passengers, if necessary.
By train
PT Kereta Api [30] runs trains across most of Java and some parts of Sumatra. The network was originally built by the Dutch, and few new lines have been built since the Independence. Double-tracking of the most congested lines have been done, though, and is still ongoing. Maintenance is spotty and derailments and crashes occur occasionally.
Java by far has the best railway network, with trains connecting the capital city of Jakarta with other main cities, i.e. Surabaya both via Semarang on the north coast and via Yogyakarta and Solo through the southern main line. Bandung is connected to Jakarta by some 30 trains per day, and is itself connected to Surabaya through Yogyakarta. Bali has no railway lines, but there are trains from Surabaya to Banyuwangi, connecting with ferries to the island.
Sumatra's networks are concentrated on the northern (around Medan) and the southern (Lampung to Palembang) parts of the island. Passenger trains on the island are much less frequent than in Java.
Type of service: 1. Air-conditioned Eksekutif class 2. Bisnis 3. Ekonomi classes are also available for the more budget-conscious traveler, but comfort and safety are noticeably less (due to congestion and length of travel time).
No sleeping car service is provided in Indonesia, and the best accommodation provided is air-conditioned, adjustable reclining seats in the Argo and other eksekutif class trains.
Ticket reservations can be made one month in advance, although generally tickets will still be available almost to the last minute. An exception is the very busy Lebaran season, in which time it is not advisable to travel due to the extremely high demand for tickets. No on-line ticket reservation is available.
Generally, trains in Java travel through scenic areas, and travellers not in a hurry should consider the length of the journey and the scenery as a bonus to his travels. However, theft is common, particularly on overnight journeys, so padlock your doors if possible.
By bus
The major types of buses are air-conditioned bus (AC) and non-air-conditioned bus (non-AC or "economy class"). The air-conditioned chartered buses can be rented with its drivers for a tourist group. Indonesian bus companies offer intercity and interprovince routes. The interprovince routes usually include transportation to other islands mainly between Java and Sumatra.
Bus maintenance is poor, and drivers are often drunk, on drugs or just reckless. Long, overnight journeys are particularly dangerous. Guard your bags like a hawk. In the wilder parts of the country (notably South Sumatra), interprovince buses are occasionally ambushed by bandits.
By car
Indonesian driving habits are generally atrocious. Lanes and traffic lights are happily ignored, passing habits are suicidal and driving on the road shoulder is common.
Renting a car in Indonesia is cheap compared to renting in many other countries, and fuel costs remain relatively low, despite recent fuel price increases: the fixed price for gasoline (benzine) or diesel (solar) is Rp 4,500/litre. To drive a car yourself, an International Driver Permit is required in addition to your home country issued drivers licence. Consider renting a car with a driver, the additional cost is quite low and having a traffic accident whilst driving in Indonesia will certainly spoil your trip.
Road conditions and road maintenance in Indonesia is poor, especially so outside the major cities. During rainy season, major roads in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi are often flooded for several weeks.
Traffic is required to move on the left in Indonesia.
By becak
Becak in Bandung
Becak ("BEH-chuck") is a tricycle (pedicab) transportation mode for short distances such as residential areas in many cities. In some areas, the driver is sitting at the back of the passenger, but in some areas (like Medan) the driver is sitting on the side of the passenger. Good communication skills is integral to prevent getting overcharged on these rides. Often, sly drivers try to get some more money out of you after you've reached your destination, so be sure that you know how much it costs beforehand.
Note that there are no becak in Jakarta or Bali. Instead, the motorized bajaj (BAH-jai), somewhat similar to the Thai tuk-tuk, serves the same function. In some other provinces (eg. North Sumatra, Aceh) you can also find motorbikes with sidecars, known as bentor or bemo (short for becak bermotor).
By ojek
If you're in such a hurry that you're willing to lose a limb to get there, then ojek motorcycle taxis might be the ticket for you. Ojek services consist of guys with bikes lounging around street corners, perhaps identified with a colored, numbered jacket, who usually shuttle short distances down alleys and roads but will also do longer trips for a price. Haggle furiously.
Talk
The sole official language is Indonesian, known in that language as Bahasa Indonesia. The Indonesian language has adopted a number of loan words from Arabic, Dutch, and Sanskrit. It is similar to Malay (spoken in Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore), and speakers of both languages can generally understand each other.
The main differences are in the loan words: Malay was more influenced by the English language, while Indonesian was more influenced by the Dutch language.
Written phonetically with the Latin alphabet and with a fairly logical grammar, Indonesian is generally regarded as one of the easiest languages to learn, and A.M. Almatsier's The Easy Way to Master the Indonesian Language, a 200 page small paperback, is an excellent starting point. It can be found in any Indonesian bookstore for less than US$3.
Since 1992 the surf and language guidebook "Indo Surf and Lingo" has taught thousands of travelling surfers the basics of the language [31].
The language went through a series of spelling reforms in the 1950s and the 1960s to reduce differences with Bahasa Malaysia and hide its Dutch roots. Although the reforms are long complete, you may still see old signs with dj for j, j for y, or oe for u.
Unlike in neighbouring Malaysia or the Philippines, English is generally not widely spoken. That being said, hotel and airline staff generally speak an acceptable level of English, and English is widely spoken on the touristy island of Bali. In addition, most of the well-educated upper class will be reasonably competent in English.
While Indonesian is the lingua franca throughout the archipelago, there are thousands of local languages as well, and if you really get off the beaten track, you may have to learn them as well. Some ethnic Chinese communities continue to speak various Chinese dialects, most notably Hokkien in Medan and Teochew in Pontianak.
Most educated seniors (70 years/older) in Indonesia understand Dutch, but realistically speaking English is far more useful these days. Though Arabic is not widely spoken, many educated Muslims, especially those who graduated from Islamic religious institutes, understand Arabic to varying degrees.
English language TV channels are available on most hotels. MetroTV (local TV channel) broadcasts news in Chinese from Monday to Friday at 7AM. MetroTV also broadcasts news in English from Monday to Friday at 7:30AM. TVRI (state owned TV station) broadcasts news in English from Monday to Friday at 4:30PM in the afternoon. All schedules are in Waktu Indonesia Barat (WIB), which is 7 hr ahead of Greenwich Mean Time and includes the capital city of Jakarta.
See
Natural attractions
The crater lake of Mount Rinjani in Lombok
Indonesia is home to no less than 167 active volcanoes, far more than any other country. Some of the more accessible for visitors are in the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park and the Ijen Crater in East Java, Mount Rinjani in Lombok and perhaps easiest of all, Mount Batur in Bali.
Hardly surprisingly in the world's largest archipelago, beaches are significant attractions. Aside from the obvious like Bali, there are wonderful beaches in off-the-beaten-track locations in Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi. In a nation of 18,000+ islands, the options are almost endless.
An endemic Sumatran Orangutan in the Gunung Leuser National Park
Indonesia has some of the largest remaining tracts of tropical forest anywhere in the world, and these support an incredibly diverse wildlife from Orangutans and other primates to critically endangered Javan Rhinoceros and Tigers, and an extraordinarily wide range of bird species. Forest areas recognised as UNESCO World Heritage Sites are Ujung Kulon National Park in West Java, and three huge parks in Sumatra, which together comprise the Tropical Rain Forest Heritage of Sumatra: Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Gunung Leuser National Park and Kerinci Seblat National Park.
Further east, Komodo Island is the home of the remarkable Komodo Dragon and a very diverse marine life. Close the very eastern limit of Indonesia, the remote Lorentz National Park in Papua has a permanent glacier, and is the single largest national park anywhere in Southeast Asia.
Historical and cultural attractions
Borobudur in Central Java is the world's largest Buddhist monument, dating from the 8th century, and nearby Prambanan is a remarkable Hindu monument dating from just a few years later. Those two, together with the charm of Yogyakarta, make for a popular cultural combination in Central Java.
Pura Ulun Danau Bratan in Bali
Also in Central Java, the Dieng Plateau is home to the oldest extant temples in Indonesia, predating Borobudur by some 100 years, and just north of Solo, the early man archaeological excavation at Sangiran is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
In such a vast archipelago it is hardly surprising that there are some very distinct and unique cultures, often contained in relatively small areas. Bali has a unique Hindu culture, descended from the great Javanese Majapahit Kingdom in the 13th and 14th centuries. The whole island is adorned by beautifully kept temples (pura), and there is a seemingly endless procession of colourful ceremonies. Some of the better known are the mother temple at Besakih, Pura Ulun Danau Bratan, and Pura Uluwatu.
Further east, Sumba is home to one of the few remaining megalithic cultures anywhere on earth. In Sulawesi, the Tana Toraja region is famous for spectacular animist burial rites. Visiting the vast hinterland of Papua in the far east of the country requires considerable planning, an awful lot of money, and a tolerance for extremely challenging conditions. However, for those who want a true wilderness experience and the opportunity to witness first-hand cultures that have had very little contact with the outside world, it is hard to think of a better option anywhere on earth.
Itineraries
Pontianak to Kuching
Do
Scuba diving
Indonesia has some of the best scuba diving in the world, and this is a major draw for tourists with places like Bunaken in Northern Sulawesi, Wakatobi in South East Sulawesi and Raja Ampat in Papua known worldwide. Diving off Bali is often overlooked although it is superb with daily trips to the mantas of Nusa Penida. Travel guides have been raving about the Gili Islands although dynamite fishing has damaged the once beautiful reefs. Bali and the Gili Islands are Indonesia's most important teaching centres.
Spa treatments
Visiting a spa is a very popular activity for all types of visitors. These vary from simply constructed huts to lavish so-called "wellness centres" in the grandest of five star hotels. There is usually an option to suit just about every budget.
If massage is your thing, there are few places anywhere which offer such high quality for such low prices. Again this could be at a five star hotel or it could be under coconut tree on a quiet beach.
Surfing
Indonesia is a premier destination for travelling surfers.
The Mentawai Islands off the west coast of Sumatra feature dozens of world class surf spots. Chartering a private boat for up to two weeks is the most popular way to access the island chain, however there is a public ferry from Padang. Just to the north Nias is equally popular amongst hard-core surfers.
Further east, Bali and tiny Nusa Lembongan have some great waves, the south of Lombok likewise, and for the more adventurous, Sumbawa offers world class surfing.
All Indonesia's surf beaches are described in the beautifully photographed "Indo Surf and Lingo" surfing guidebook [32] together with comprehensive listings of the best surf camps and surf charter yachts.
Buy
Indonesia's currency is the Rupiah (IDR), abbreviated Rp. The Rupiah's value plummeted during the 1997 economic crisis, but has strengthened again significantly in recent years. The trailing three zeros are often abbreviated with rb (ribu, thousand) or even dropped completely, and for more expensive items you will often even see jt (juta, million).
The largest banknote is the red Rp 100,000, which may only be US$10 but is still inconveniently large for most purchases. Next in the series are Rp 50,000 (blue), Rp 20,000 (green), Rp 10,000 (purple), Rp 5,000 (brown), Rp 2,000 (gray) and finally Rp 1,000. The Rp 1,000 note is discontinued and currently being replaced with a coin. While the new, colorful large-denomination bills are easy to tell apart, the smaller bills and pre-2004 large notes are all confusingly similar pale pastel shades of yellow, green and brown and often filthy and mangled to boot. A chronic shortage of small change — it's not unusual to get a few pieces of candy back instead of coins — has been to some extent alleviated by a new flood of new coins, available in denominations of Rp 1,000, Rp 500. The Rp 200, Rp 100, Rp 50 and the thoroughly useless Rp 25 are being withdrawn during 2012. Older golden metallic versions are also still floating around. Bills printed in 1992 or earlier are no longer in circulation, but can be exchanged at banks. Currently the smaller coins are being withdrawn from circulation.
US dollars will be accepted by many in a pinch, but are typically used as an investment and for (very) large purchases, not buying a bowl of noodles on the street. Unlike some other South East Asian countries, you will do the vast majority of your spending in local currency and hence should carry a good supply of Rupiah, as most people will not know current exchange rates and worry about stringent rules banks and money changers impose on the condition of notes (see below). Many hotels quote rates in dollars, but all accept payment in Rupiah and many who quote in USD then seek to convert the billing into Rupiah for payment. Many will likely use a somewhat disadvantageous rate to do this. If you pay any bill in Indonesia with a credit card it will be charged to your account in Rupiah, regardless of the currency you were quoted. Aside from the US dollar, other major international currencies are also widely accepted for a cash settlement, especially in more touristy areas.
Changing money
Banks and money exchangers are widely available on Java, Bali and Lombok, but can be a major headache anywhere else, so load up with Rupiah before heading off to any outer islands. Money exchangers are very picky about bill condition, and pre-2006 dollars or any imperfect bills or (ripped, wrinkled, stained, or marked in any way) will normally be rejected. Banks will most likely reject any pre-2006 US currency. Counterfeit US dollars are a huge problem in the country and as a result the older your dollars are, the lower the exchange rate. You will get the highest exchange rate for dollars issued in 2006 or later and the exchange rate drops for dollars for currency outside a very narrow range of perceived acceptability. There are even different exchange rates according to the serial number for dollars from 1996. Banks and money exchangers on outer islands are sparse and will charge commissions of 10-20% if you can find them.
In the reverse direction, money changers will be happy to turn your dirty Rupiah into spiffy dollars, but the spread is often considerable (10% is not unusual). Be very careful dealing with moneychangers, who are very adept at distracting your attention during the counting process and short-changing you as a result. As a precaution, consider bringing a friend along to watch over the transaction very carefully. Be aware of moneychangers who offer great rates. They will quote you one price, and start counting stacks of Rp.20,000 notes, and ask you to count along with them. This is a ploy to confuse and shortchange you. If they realise you are onto them, they will tell you that they have to subtract 6-8% for "commission" or "taxes". Reputable money changers will have rate boards advertising a rate slightly below the current market rate (or need to look up the current rate first) and not charge any commission. This isn't a guarantee you won't get short changed though. Always count your money carefully and don't change too much at once to avoid confusion over the large number of zeros and minimize the extent to which you can be ripped off.
ATMs
ATMs (pron. ah-teh-em) on the international Plus/Cirrus networks are common in all major Indonesian cities and tourist destinations, but may be harder to come by in the backblocks. Beware of withdrawal limits as low as Rp.500,000 (~US$55) per day in some machines. As a rule of thumb, machines loaded with Rp 50,000 denomination notes (there's a sticker on ATM often) do not dispense more than Rp 1,500,000 per transaction even in Jakarta. Those with Rp 100,000 notes can give more, up to Rp 3,000,000 (often CIMB, BII, some BRI machines, Commonwealth bank on Bali) at once. Note, however, that these notes can be harder to break, especially in rural non-tourist areas. Bank branches are generally happy to break large notes taken from their ATMs up into smaller ones at no charge.
Credit cards
Be careful when using credit cards, as cloning and fraud are a major problem in Indonesia. Visa and Mastercard are widely accepted, but American Express can be problematic. At smaller operations, surcharges of 2-5% over cash are common.
Costs
Living in Indonesia is cheap, as long as you're willing to live like an Indonesian. For example, Rp 10,000 (about $1.15) will get you a meal on the street or a packet of cigarettes or three kilometers in a taxi or three bottles of water. But as a tourist it is often necessary to haggle and negotiate a minimum of 50%-70% off an initial asking price, otherwise you will spend your money quickly.
Fancy restaurants, hotels and the like will charge 10% government sales tax plus a variable service charge. This may be denoted with "++" after the price or just written in tiny print on the bottom of the menu.
Shopping time
While most commercial places close on Sunday in the West, it does not apply in Indonesia, being a mainly Muslim country. Most of them even have the largest visitors in Sunday (and national holidays) and shopping malls often become VERY crowded on Sunday. So if you plan to go to Indonesian malls and shopping centres, weekdays (Monday to Friday) is the best time to visit.
Saturdays and Sundays (as well as national holidays) are favorite days for Indonesians to go shopping and sightseeing, and as a result, most commercial points open 7 days a week. The notably exceptions are Idul-Fitri (Lebaran, end of Ramadan celebration), which most commercials close or open late up to two or three days afterwards (though most likely less applied in non-Muslim majority areas like North Sulawesi and Bali), and Indonesian independence day, the 17th of August. To the lesser extent, the same goes with Christmas, particularly in Christian-majority population areas (North Sulawesi and parts of North Sumatera) and in Chinese-run majority commercials (like Glodok or Mangga Dua in Jakarta), as a large number of Indonesian Chinese living in major cities are Christian.
Shopping malls and commercials open at around 10 am, and street shops (and traditional markets) open as early as 6 am, and close at around 8 to 9 pm. Twenty-four hours stores (not malls) is not uncommon in major cities.
Eat
Spiced nasi kuning rice shaped into the ceremonial tumpeng cone and topped with dried beef adom
With 17,000 islands to choose from, Indonesian food is an umbrella term covering a vast variety of regional cuisines found across the nation, but if used without further qualifiers the term tends to mean the food originally from the central and eastern parts of the main island Java. Now widely available throughout the archipelago, Javanese cuisine consists of an array of simply seasoned dishes, the predominant flavorings the Javanese favor being peanuts, chillies and sugar.
All too often, many backpackers seem to fall into a rut of eating nothing but nasi goreng (fried rice), and perhaps other commonly available Javanese dishes, but there are much more interesting options lurking about if you're adventurous and take the trouble to seek them out. In West Java, Sundanese many fresh vegetables and herbs are commonly eaten raw. Padang in Sumatra is famous for the spicy and richly-seasoned cuisine of the Minangkabau people, which shares some similarities to cooking in parts of neighbouring Malaysia, and eateries specialising in the buffet-style nasi padang are now ubiquitous across the nation. Both the Christian Batak peoples and the Hindu Balinese are great fans of pork, while the Minahasa of North Sulawesi are well known for eating almost everything, in particular dog and fruit bat, and a very liberal usage of fiery chillies even by Indonesian standards. Tamed Muslim-friendly versions of all three can be found in the malls and food courts of many Indonesian cities, but it's worth it to seek out the real thing especially if you happen to be in these regions. And by the time you get to Papua in the extreme east of the country, you're looking at a Melanesian diet of taro and sago.
Due to the majority of Indonesians being Muslim, most of its dishes are considered as Halal (not containing any pork substances), though a few exceptions do exist, such as Balinese babi guling(roast pig).
Rice
Sundanese nasi timbel (rice in banana leaf) with ayam penyet ("smashed" fried chicken), sambal chili sauce and lalapan fresh veggies
Backpacker staple nasi goreng, topped with a fried egg to make it spesial
Across the entire archipelago the main staple is rice (nasi), served up in many forms including:
• bubur, rice porridge with toppings, popular at breakfast
• lontong and ketupat, rice wrapped in leaves and cooked so it compresses into a cake
• nasi goreng, the ubiquitous fried rice; order it spesial to get an egg on top
• nasi kuning, yellow spiced rice, a festive ceremonial dish usually moulded into a sharp cone called a tumpeng
• nasi padang, white steamed rice served with numerous curries and other toppings, originally from Padang but assimilated throughout the country with lots of variations and adjustments to taste.
• nasi timbel, white steamed rice wrapped in a banana leaf, a common accompaniment to Sundanese food
• nasi uduk, slightly sweet rice cooked with coconut milk, eaten with omelette and fried chicken; popular at breakfast
Noodles
Noodles (mi or mie) come in a good second in the popularity contest. Worth a special mention is Indomie, no less than the world's largest instant noodle manufacturer. A pack at the supermarket costs under Rp 1000 and some stalls will boil or fry them up for you for as little as 2000 Rp.
• bakmi, thin egg noodles usually served boiled with a topping of your choice (chicken, mushroom, etc)
• kuetiaw, flat rice noodles most commonly fried up with soy sauce
Soups
Beef sate
Soups (soto) and watery curries are also common:
• bakso/baso ("BAH-so"), meatballs and noodles in chicken broth
• rawon, spicy beef soup, a speciality of East Java
• sayur asam vegetables in a sour soup of tamarind
• sayur lodeh, vegetables in a soup of coconut milk and fish
• soto ayam, chicken soup Indonesian style with chicken shreds, vermicelli, and chicken broth and various local ingredients
Main dishes
Gudeg, jackfruit stew served with an egg
Chinese-style tofu and seafood sapo claypot
Popular main dishes include:
• ayam bakar, grilled chicken
• ayam goreng, deep-fried chicken
• cap cay, Chinese-style stir-fried vegetables
• gado-gado, blanched vegetables with peanut sauce
• gudeg, jackfruit stew from Yogyakarta.
• ikan bakar, grilled fish
• karedok, similar to gado-gado, but the vegetables are finely chopped and mostly raw
• perkedel, deep-fried patties of potato and meat or vegetables (adopted from the Dutch frikadel)
• sate (satay), grilled chicken and lamb
• sapo, Chinese-style claypot stew
Condiments
Indonesian chillies: tiny but brutally hot cabe rawit (left) and comparatively mild lombok (right)
Chillies (cabe or lombok) are made into a vast variety of sauces and dips known as sambal. The simplest and perhaps most common is sambal ulek, which is just chillies and salt with perhaps a dash of lime pounded together. There are many other kinds of sambal like sambal pecel (with peanut), sambal terasi (with shrimp paste), sambal tumpeng, etc. Many of these can be very spicy indeed, so be careful if you're asked whether you would like your dish pedas (spicy)!
Crackers known as kerupuk (or keropok, it's the same word spelled differently) accompany almost every meal and are a traditional snack too. They can be made from almost any grain, fruit, vegetable or seed imaginable, including many never seen outside Indonesia, but perhaps the most common are the light pink keropok udang, made with dried shrimp, and the slightly bitter light yellow emping, made from the nuts of the melinjo fruit.
Desserts
Mangos (mangga)
Snakefruit (salak)
Dessert in the Western sense is not common in Indonesia, but there are plenty of snacks to tickle your sweet tooth. Kue covers a vast array of traditional cakes and pastries, all colorful, sweet, and usually a little bland, with coconut, rice flour and sugar being the main ingredients. Es teler, ice mixed with fruits and topped with coconut cream or condensed milk, comes in infinite variations and is a popular choice on a hot day.
Perhaps the cheapest, tastiest and healthiest option, though, is to buy some fresh fruit, which is available throughout the year, although individual fruits do have seasons. Popular options include mango (mangga), papaya (papaya), banana (pisang), starfruit (belimbing) and guava (jambu), but more exotic options you're unlikely to see outside Indonesia include the scaly-skinned crisp snakefruit (salak) and the alien-looking local passionfruit (markisa). Probably the most infamous Indonesian fruit, though, is the durian. Named after the Indonesian word for thorn, it resembles an armor-plated coconut the size of a human head, and it has a powerful odor often likened to rotting garbage. Inside is yellow creamy flesh, which has a unique sweet, custardy, avocadoey taste and texture. It's prohibited in most hotels and taxis.
Dietary restrictions
The vast majority of Indonesian restaurants serve only halal food and are thus safe for Muslim travellers. This includes Western chains like McDonald's, KFC and Pizza Hut. The main exception is ethnic eateries catering to Indonesia's non-Muslim minorities, especially those serving Batak, Manadonese (Minahasan), Balinese, and Chinese cuisine, so enquire if unsure. That being said, the different religions are not uniformly distributed throughout Indonesia, so while it is a somewhat safe assumption that any food you get off the street in Jakarta or Palembang will be halal, this may not be so in areas dominated by other religions such as Bali or Jayapura.
Strict vegetarians will have a tough time in Indonesia, as the concept is poorly understood and avoiding fish and shrimp-based condiments is a challenge. Tofu (tahu) and its chunkier, indigenous cousin tempeh are an essential part of the diet, but they are often served with non-vegetarian condiments. For example, the ubiquitous sambal chili pastes very often contain shrimp, and kerupuk crackers with a spongy appearance, including those always served with nasi goreng, nearly always contain shrimp or fish. (Those that resemble potato chips, on the other hand, are usually fine.)
Eating by hand
In Indonesia eating with your hand (instead of utensils like forks and spoons) is very common. The basic idea is to use four fingers to pack a little ball of rice, which can then be dipped into sauces before you pop it in your mouth by pushing it with your thumb. There's one basic rule of etiquette to observe: Use only your right hand, as the left hand is used to clean yourself in the toilet. Don't stick either hand into communal serving dishes: instead, use the left hand to serve yourself with utensils and then dig in. Needless to say, it's wise to wash your hands well before and after eating.
Eating by hand is frowned on in some "classier" places. If you are provided with cutlery and nobody else around you seems to be doing it, then take the hint.
Places to eat
A kaki lima serving up bakso meatball soup in Kuta, Bali
"Food Street" at the Nagoya Hill mall in Nagoya, Batam
Eating on the cheap in Indonesia is cheap indeed, and a complete streetside meal can be had for under US$1 (Rp 10,000). However, the level of hygiene may not be up to Western standards, so you may wish to steer clear for the first few days and patronize only visibly popular establishments.
The fastest way to grab a bite is to visit a kaki lima, literally "five feet". Depending on whom you ask, they're named either after the mobile stalls' three wheels plus the owner's two feet, or the "five-foot way" sidewalks mandated during British rule. These can be found by the side of the road in any Indonesian city, town or village, usually offering up simple fare like fried rice, noodles and porridge. At night a kaki lima can turn into a lesehan simply by providing some bamboo mats for customers to sit on and chat.
A step up from the kaki lima is the warung (or the old spelling waroeng), a slightly less mobile stall offering much the same food, but perhaps a few plastic stools and a tarp for shelter.
Rather more comfortable is the rumah makan or eating house, a simple restaurant more often than not specialising in a type of food or style of cuisine. Nasi Padang restaurants, offering rice and an array of curries and other toppings to go along with it, are particularly popular and easily identified by their soaring Minangkabau roofs. Ordering at these is particularly easy: just sit down, and your table will promptly fill up with countless small plates of dishes. Eat what you like and pay for what you consumed.
Another easy mid-range option in larger cities is to look out for food courts and Indonesian restaurants in shopping malls, which combine air-con with hygienic if rather predictable food. In addition to the usual Western suspects, major local chains include EsTeler 77 [33], best known for its iced fruit desserts (es teler) but also selling bakso (meatball), nasi goreng (fried rice) and other Indonesian staples, and Hoka Hoka Bento, for localized Japanese fare. Bakmi Gajah Mada (GM) is a famous Chinese noodle restaurant chain.
A restoran indicates more of a Western-style eating experience, with air-con, table cloths, table service and prices to match. Especially in Jakarta and Bali, it's possible to find very good restaurants offering authentic fare from around the world, but you'll be lucky to escape for under Rp 100,000 a head.
Drink
Avocado juice (jus alpokat) with a squirt of chocolate syrup and condensed milk
Tap water is generally not potable in Indonesia. Water or ice served to you in restaurants may have been purified and/or boiled (air minum or air putih), but do ask. Bottled water, usually known as Aqua after the best-known brand, is cheap and available everywhere, but check that the seal is intact.
Most hotels provide free drinking water because tap water is rarely potable. Do not use tap water for brushing your teeth. Also beware of ice which may not have been prepared with potable water or kept in hygienic conditions.
Quite a few Indonesians believe that cold drinks are unhealthy, so specify dingin when ordering if you prefer your water, bottled tea or beer cold, rather than at room temperature.
Juices
Fruit juices — jus for plain juice or es if served with ice — are popular with Indonesians and visitors alike, although the hygiene of the water used to make them can be dubious. In addition to the usual suspects, try jus alpokat, a surprisingly tasty drink made from avocadoes, often with some chocolate syrup poured in!
Coffee and tea
Tehbotol Sosro, Indonesia's answer to Coca-Cola
Indonesians drink both coffee (kopi) and tea (teh), at least as long as they have had vast quantities of sugar added in. An authentic cup of Java, known as kopi tubruk, is strong and sweet, but let the grounds settle to the bottom of the cup before you drink it. Last and least, no travel guide would be complete without mentioning the infamous kopi luwak, coffee made from beans which have been eaten, partially digested and excreted by the palm civet (luwak), but even in Indonesia this is an exotic delicacy costing upwards of Rp.200,000 (US$20) for a small pot of brew.
Tea (teh) is also quite popular, and the Coke-like glass bottles of the Tehbotol brand of sweet bottled jasmine tea are ubiquitous.
Jamu
The label jamu covers a vast range of local medicinal drinks for various diseases. Jamu are available in ready-to-drink form as well as in powder satchets or capsules. Most of them are bitter and drunk for the supposed effect, not the taste. Famous brands of jamu include Iboe, Sido Muncul, Jago, and Meneer; avoid buying jamu from the street as the water quality is dubious. Some well-known jamu include:
• galian singset — weight reduction
• beras kencur (from rice, sand ginger and brown sugar) — cough, fatigue
• temulawak (from curcuma) — for liver disease
• gula asem (from tamarind and brown sugar) — rich in vitamin C
• kunyit asam (from tamarind, turmeric) — for skin care, canker sores
Traditional drinks
• Wedang Serbat - made from star anise, cardamon, tamarind, ginger, and sugar. Wedang means "hot water".
• Ronde - made from ginger, powdered glutinous rice, peanut, salt, sugar, food coloring additives.
• Wedang Sekoteng - made from ginger, green pea, peanut, pomegranate, milk, sugar, salt and mixed with ronde (see above).
• Bajigur - made from coffee, salt, brown sugar, cocount milk, sugar palm fruit, vanillin.
• Bandrek - made from brown sugar, ginger, pandanus leaf, coconut meat, clove bud, salt, cinnamon, coffee.
• Cinna-Ale - made from cinnamon, ginger, tamarind, sand ginger and 13 other spices.
• Cendol/Dawet - made from rice flour, sago palm flour, pandanus leaf, salt, food coloring additives.
• Talua Tea/Teh Telur (West Sumatra) - made from tea powder, raw egg, sugar and limau nipis.
• Lidah Buaya Ice (West Kalimantan) - made from aloe vera, french basil, javanese black jelly, coconut milk, palm sugar, pandanus leaf, sugar.
Alcohol
Islam is the religion of the majority of Indonesians, but alcohol is widely available in most areas, especially in upscale restaurants and bars. Public displays of drunkenness, however, are strongly frowned upon and in the larger cities are likely to make you a victim of crime or get you arrested by police. Do not drive if you are drunk. The legal drinking age is 21.
In staunchly Islamic areas such as Aceh alcohol is banned and those caught with alcohol can be caned.
Indonesia's most popular tipple is Bintang [34] beer (bir), a standard-issue lager available more or less everywhere, although the locals like theirs lukewarm. Other popular beers include Bali Hai [35] and Anker. A can costs Rp.10,000-14,000 in a supermarket (sometimes, especially in 7 elevens, there are tables both inside or outside, so you can sit and drink/eat what you've bought) and can be as much as Rp.50,000 in a fancy bar; more usual bar/restaurant price for Bintang is Rp.25,000-35,000 for a big 0.65 l bottle, however.
Wine is expensive and only available in expensive restaurants and bars in large hotels. Almost all of it is imported, but there are a few local vintners of varying quality on Bali.
Various traditional alcoholic drinks are also available:
• Tuak — sugar palm wine (15% alcohol)
• Arak — the distilled version of tuak, up to 40%
• Brem Balinese style sweet glutinous rice wine
Exercise some caution in choosing what and where to buy — homemade moonshine may contain all sorts of nasty impurities. In May 2009, 23 people, including four tourists, were killed by dodgy arak in Bali and Lombok.
Smoke
Many Indonesians smoke like chimneys and the concepts of "no smoking" and "second-hand smoke" have yet to make much headway in most of the country. Western-style cigarettes are known as rokok putih ("white smokes") but the cigarette of choice with a 92% market share is the ubiquitous kretek, a clove-laced cigarette that has become something of a national symbol and whose scent you will likely first encounter the moment you step out of the plane into the airport. Popular brands of kretek include Djarum, Gudang Garam, Bentoel and Sampoerna (Dji Sam Soe, 234). A pack of decent kretek will cost you on the order of Rp 9000. Note that the cheapest brands don't have filters!
Kretek are lower in nicotine but higher in tar than normal cigarettes; an unfiltered Dji Sam Soe has 39 mg tar and 2.3 mg nicotine. Most studies indicate that the overall health effects are roughly the same as for traditional western-style cigarettes.
Recently a ban on smoking has been instituted for public places in Jakarta. Anyone violating this ban can be fined up to US$ 5000. If you want to smoke check with the locals by asking: "Boleh merokok?".
Sleep
In popular travel destinations like Bali and Jakarta accommodation options run the gamut, from cheap backpacker guesthouses to some of the most opulent (and expensive) five-star hotels and resorts imaginable.
Off the beaten track, though, your options will be more limited. Probably the most common lodging choice for backpackers is the losmen, or guesthouse, which also go by the names wisma or pondok. Often under US$15/night, basic losmen are fan-cooled and have shared bathroom facilities, usually meaning Asian-style squat toilets and mandi (water tank) baths, from which you ladle water over yourself (do not enter one!). Very small losmen, essentially homestays or rented rooms, are known as penginapan.
The next step up on the scale are cheap Chinese-run hotels, usually found even in the smallest towns and cities, typically near transport terminals. These may have little luxuries like air-conditioning and hot water, but tend to be rather depressing otherwise, with tiny, often windowless rooms.
By law, all hotels have to display a price list (daftar harga). You should never have to pay more than the list says, but discounts are often negotiable, especially in the off season, on weekdays, longer stays, etc.
Learn
The Darmasiswa Program is a scholarship program funded by the government of Indonesia and open to all foreign students from countries with which Indonesia has friendly relations to study Indonesian languages, arts, music and crafts. Participants can choose to study at any of the state universities and colleges participating in the program. Some foreign students from Australia, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Poland, and Nigeria study Indonesian Language and culture at Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) in Jogyakarta.
You can find many schools offering curriculum in foreign languages (mostly are, of course, English), one of the most notable of which is Sekolah Pelita Harapan in Jakarta. Some foreign government sponsored schools can also be found in Jakarta, teaching either in English or in their foreign native language. For university education in English, one can consider studying at Swiss-German University [36], Universitas Pelita Harapan [37], or President University [38], all of which are located in Jakarta.
Work
In Indonesia, salaries vary from US$70-150/month for the local people. The sales clerks that you see at luxurious shopping malls like Plaza Indonesia earns between US$110-140. This is very small even for the Indonesians. Some adults above 20 stay with their parents to save money. Nevertheless, the main reason they stay with parents is it is considered impolite to leave parents on their own.
Expats usually earn higher salaries. An English teacher could make between Rp 7,500,000-8,000,000 (US$800-850) and that is considered high by the local standard.
Stay safe
Mount Semeru, a popular tourist attraction in East Java, erupting in 2004
Indonesia has been and continues to be wracked by every pestilence known to man: earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, terrorism, civil strife, plane crashes, corruption and crime make the headlines on a depressingly regular basis. However, it is important to retain a sense of proportion and remember Indonesia's vast size: a tsunami in Aceh will not cause the slightest ripple on the beaches of Bali, and street battles in troubled Central Sulawesi are irrelevant in the jungles of Papua.
Crime
The crime rate has increased in recent years, but fortunately it remains mostly non-violent and guns are rare. Robbery, theft and pickpocketing are common in Indonesia, particularly in markets, public transport and pedestrian overpasses. Avoid flashing jewelry, gold watches, MP3 players or large cameras. Thieves have been known to snatch laptops, PDAs and cellphones from Internet hotspot areas.
Crime is rampant on local and long-distance public transport (bus, train, ships). Do not accept drinks from strangers, as they may be laced with drugs. Choose your taxis carefully in cities (hotel taxis are often best), lock doors when inside and avoid using cellular phones, MP3 players, PDAs or laptops at traffic lights or in traffic jams.
Do not place valuable items in checked baggage, as they may be stolen by baggage handlers. Do not leave valuable items in an empty hotel room, and use the hotel's safe deposit box instead of the in-room safe.
Do not draw large amounts of cash from banks or ATMs. Guard your belongings carefully and consider carrying a money clip instead of a wallet.
Corruption
Indonesia is one of the world's most corrupt countries. Officials may ask for bribes, tips or "gifts" — the Indonesian terms are uang kopi or uang rokok, literally "coffee money" and "cigarette money" — to supplement their meager salaries; pretending you do not understand may work. Generally, being polite, smiling, asking for an official receipt for any 'fees' you are asked to pay, more politeness, more smiling, will avoid any problems.
The going rate for paying your way out of small offenses (not carrying your passport, losing the departure card, minor or imaginary traffic violation) is Rp 50,000. It's common for police to initially demand silly amounts or threaten you with going to the station, but keep cool and they'll be more reasonable. Also note that if your taxi/bus/car driver is stopped, any fine or bribe is not your problem and it's best not to get involved. (If it's clear that the police were out of line, your driver certainly won't object if you compensate him afterwards though.)
Civil strife and terrorism
Indonesia has a number of provinces where separatist movements have resorted to armed struggles, notably Aceh and Papua. In addition, sectarian strife between Muslims and Christians, as well as between the indigenous population and transmigrants from Java/Madura, continues to occur in Maluku, central parts of Sulawesi and some areas of Kalimantan. Elections in Indonesia frequently involve rowdy demonstrations that have on occasion spiralled into violence, and the Indonesian military have also been known to employ violent measures to control or disperse protesting crowds. Travel permits (surat jalan) are required for entering conflict areas such as much of Papua and Poso and Palu in central Sulawesi.
While the great majority of civil strife in Indonesia is a strictly local affair, terrorist bombings targeting Western interests have also taken place in Bali and Jakarta, most notably the 2002 bombing in Kuta that killed 202 people, including 161 tourists. To minimize your risk, avoid any tourist-oriented nightclub or restaurant without strong security measures in place or where parking of cars and/or motorcycles in front of the club is permitted.
Nevertheless, you are far more likely to be killed in a traffic accident than in some random terrorist attack in Indonesia, so while you should be prudent, there is no need to be paranoid.
Drugs
WARNING Indonesia treats drug offences severely. The death penalty is mandatory for those convicted of trafficking, manufacturing, importing or exporting more than 15 g of heroin, 30 g of morphine, 30 g of cocaine, 500 g of cannabis, 200 g of cannabis resin and 1.2 kg of opium, and possession of these quantities is all that is needed for you to be convicted. For unauthorised consumption of the above-mentioned drugs plus MDMA (ecstasy) and crystal methamphetamine, there is a maximum of 10 years' jail or very heavy fine, or both. You can be charged for unauthorised consumption as long as traces of illicit drugs are found in your system, even if you can prove that they were consumed outside the country, and you can be charged for trafficking as long as drugs are found in bags that are in your possession or in your room, even if they aren't yours and regardless of whether you're aware of them.
Visitors are greeted with cheery "DEATH TO DRUG TRAFFICKERS" signs at airports and recent cases have seen long jail terms for simple possession and nine Australian heroin traffickers (known as the "Bali 9") are on death row in Bali awaiting execution. Other foreigners have already been executed for drug trafficking— but drugs are still widely available.
The most common is marijuana (known as gele or cimeng), which is not only sold to tourists but is used as food in some parts of the country, notably Aceh.
Hard drugs are common in the nightlife scene, especially in Jakarta and Bali, but also elsewhere. Ecstasy, cocaine and crystal methamphetimine are widely available and dealt with equally harshly by the Indonesian police.
Magic mushrooms are advertised openly in parts of Bali and Lombok and although the Indonesian legal position on these is unclear, purchase and consumption is unwise.
It's highly advisable to steer well clear, as entrapment and drug busts are common and you really, really don't want to get involved with the Indonesian justice system; thanks to the anti-corruption drive, you cannot count on being able to bribe your way out anymore and escape a harsh or even far worse sentence.
Natural disasters
Indonesia is a chain of highly volcanic islands sprinkled along the Ring of Fire, so earthquakes occur constantly and tsunamis and volcano eruptions are all too common. Realistically, there is little you can do to avoid these risks, but familiarize yourself with the warning signs and pay special heed to fire escape routes in hotels.
Wildlife
Crocodiles and poisonous snakes are present throughout most of Indonesia, although they are uncommon in most areas. Komodo dragons can be very dangerous if harassed, but are only found on Komodo Island and a few neighboring islands in Flores.
LGBT travellers
Attitudes toward homosexuality vary vastly. Cosmopolitan Jakarta and Bali boast gay nightclubs and bencong (transvestites and transsexuals) seem to have a special place in Indonesian culture. In staunchly Islamic areas such as Aceh homosexuals can be caned. As a general rule however, gay visitors should err on the side of discretion; while violence against homosexuals is a blessed rarity, you may still be met with nasty comments and unwanted attention.
Stay healthy
Break like the wind
Most Indonesians have not yet quite accepted the germ theory of disease: instead, any flu-like diseases are covered under the concept of masuk angin, lit. "enter wind". Preventive measures include avoiding cold drinks and making sure bus windows are tightly rolled up during a 48-hour bus ride (evidently kretek smoke does not cause masuk angin), while accepted cures include the practice of kerokan (rubbing an oiled coin over your skin) or the less socially acceptable kentut, in other words fart!
The bad news is that every disease known to man can be found somewhere in Indonesia — the good news is that you're probably not going to go there. Malaria prophylaxis is not necessary for Java or Bali, but is wise if travelling for extended periods in remote areas of Sumatra, Borneo, Lombok or points east. Dengue fever can be contracted anywhere and using insect repellents (DEET) and mosquito nets is highly advisable. Hepatitis is also common and getting vaccinated before arriving in Indonesia is wise.
Food hygiene is often questionable and getting vaccinated for hepatitis A and possibly typhoid fever is a wise precaution. See a doctor if what seems like travellers' diarrhea does not clear up within a few days.
The air quality in major cities, especially Jakarta and Surabaya, is poor, and the seasonal haze (June-October) from forest fires on Borneo and Sumatra can also cause respiratory problems. If you have asthma, bring your medicine and breather.
Recent years have seen outbreaks of polio and anthrax in rural parts of Java and rabies in East Nusa Tenggara. Avian influenza (bird flu) has also made headlines, but outbreaks are sporadic and limited to people who deal with live or dead poultry in rural areas. Eating cooked chicken appears to be safe.
The local Indonesian health care system is not up to western standards. While a short term stay in an Indonesian hospital or medical center for simple health problems is probably not markedly different to a western facility, serious and critical medical emergencies will stretch the system to the limit. In fact, many rich Indonesians often choose to travel to neighboring Singapore to receive more serious health care. SOS-AEA Indonesia [39] (24 hr emergency line ☎ +62-21-7506001) specialises in treating expats and has English staff on duty, but charges are correspondingly high. In any case, travel health insurance that includes medical evacuation back to a home country is highly recommended.
If you need a specific medicine, bring the medicine in its container/bottle, if possible with the doctor's prescription. Indonesian custom inspectors may ask about the medicine. If you need additional medicine in Indonesia, bring the container to a pharmacy (apotek) and if possible mention the active ingredients of the medicine. Drugs are usually manufactured locally under different brand names, but contain the same ingredients. Be careful about the proper dosage of the medicine.
For routine traveller complaints, one can often find medical doctors (dokter) in towns. These small clinics are usually walk-in, although you may face a long wait. Most clinics open in the afternoon (from 4 PM). The emergency room (UGD) in hospitals always open (24 hr). There are clinics (poliklinik) in most hospitals (8 AM-4 PM). Advance payment is expected for treatment.
Be warned, though, that the doctors/nurses may not speak English well enough to make an appropriate diagnosis -- be patient and take a good phrasebook or a translator with you. Ask about the name and dosage of the prescription medicine, as a few doctors may oversubscribe to inflate their own cut, with antibiotics handed out like candy.
Indonesia has a low HIV/AIDS prevalence rate. However, most infections are among sex workers and injecting drug users. Always protect yourself before engaging in risky activities.
Respect
By and large (hawkers and touts don't count), Indonesians are a polite people and adopting a few local conventions will go a long way to smooth your stay.
One general tip for getting by in Indonesia is that saving face is extremely important in Indonesian culture. If you should get into a dispute with a vendor, government official etc, forget trying to argue or 'win'. Better results will be gained by remaining polite and humble at all times, never raising your voice, and smiling, asking the person to help you find a solution to the problem. Rarely, if ever, is it appropriate to try to blame, or accuse.
When meeting someone, be it for the first time ever or just the first time that day, it is common to shake hands — but in Indonesia this is no knuckle-crusher, just a light touching of the palms, often followed by bringing your hand to your chest. Meetings often start and end with everybody shaking hands with everybody! However, don't try to shake hands with a Muslim woman unless she offers her hand first. It is respectful to bend slightly (not a complete bow) when greeting someone older or in a position of authority.
Never use your left hand for anything! It is considered very rude. This is especially true when you are shaking hands or handing something to someone. It can be hard to get used to, especially if you are left handed. However, sometimes special greetings are given with both hands.
Don't point someone with your finger, if you want point someone or something it is better use your right thumb, or with a fully open hand.
Polite forms of address for people you don't know are Bapak ("father") for men and Ibu ("mother") for women. If you know the name of the person you're talking to, you can address them respectfully as Pak Name (for men) or Bu Name (for women). The Javanese terms mas ("older brother") and mbak ("older sister") are also heard, but best reserved for equals, not superiors.
When referring to others, it is best to mention by name rather than "dia" ("he/she"). Using their name signifies openness (so as if not to talk of them secretly) and acknowledgment.
Remove your shoes or sandals outside before entering a house, unless the owner explicitly allows you to keep them on. Even then, it might be more polite to remove your shoes. Do not put your feet up while sitting and try not to show the bottom of your feet to someone, it is considered rude. Don't walk in front of people, instead walk behind them. When others are sitting, while walking around them, it is customary to bow slightly and lower a hand to "cut" through the crowd; avoid standing upright.
Do not stand or sit with your arms crossed or on your hips. This is a sign of anger or hostility. If a guest, it is not polite to finish any drink all the way to the bottom of the glass. This indicates that you would like more. Instead, leave about a half of an inch/2 cm in the bottom of your glass and someone will most likely ask you if you would like more.
And if all this seems terribly complex, don't worry about it too much — Indonesians are an easygoing bunch and don't expect foreigners to know or understand intricacies of etiquette. If you're wondering about a person's reaction or you see any peculiar gesture you don't understand, they will appreciate it if you ask them directly (casually later, in a friendly and humble manner), rather than ignoring it. In general such a question is more than an apology; it shows trust.
Dress
By and large, Indonesia is a conservative country and modest dress is advisable. On the beaches of Bali and Lombok, the locals are used to foreigners gamboling about in bikinis, but elsewhere women are advised to keep legs and necklines covered and to match the locals when bathing. (Covering your hair is unnecessary, although doing so may be appreciated in Aceh.) Wearing shorts or miniskirts is unlikely to cause actual offense, but clothing like this is sometimes associated with sex workers. Men, too, can gain respect by wearing collared, long-sleeve shirts and trousers if dealing with bureaucracy, a tie is not normally worn in Indonesia.
Contact
Keeping in touch with the outside world from Indonesia is rarely a problem, at least if you stay anywhere close to the beaten track.
Telephone calls
As getting a fixed line remains an unaffordable luxury for many Indonesians, wartel (short for warung telekomunikasi) can be found on most every street in Indonesia.
If you have Global System Mobile (GSM) cellular phone, ask your local provider about "roaming agreement/facility" with local GSM operators in Indonesia (ie: PT Indosat [40], PT Telkomsel [41], PT XL Axiata [42]).
Making local calls
Dial (telephone number)
Making long distance calls
Dial 0-(area code)-(telephone number)
Making international calls
Dial 017-(country code)-(area code, if any)-(telephone number)
Beside "017" prefix, you can use "001", "007" or "008". For example
001-(country code)-(area code, if any)-(telephone number)
You can make International calls through operator
dial 101 or 102.
Making long distance collect calls
Dial 0871-(area code)
Connecting to the Internet
Dial 080989999 (from your modem), costing you Rp. 165/minute in business days and Rp. 100/min in Saturdays and Sundays
Telkom Calling Card access number
Dial 168
Mobile phones
The Indonesian mobile phone market is heavily competed and prices are low: you can pick up a prepaid SIM card for less than Rp 20,000 (US$ 2) and calls may cost as little as Rp 1,000 a minute (subject to the usual host of restrictions). SMS service is generally very cheap, with local SMS as low as Rp.100-150, and international SMS for Rp.400-600. Indonesia is also the world's largest market for used phones and basic models start from Rp 200,000. The largest operators are Telkomsel [43] (brand Kartu HALO, simPATI, Kartu As), Indosat [44] (brands Matrix, Mentari, IM3), 3 [45], AXIS [46], and XL Axiata [47]. In general Telkomsel has the best coverage, especially in remote places, while the other three are slightly cheaper; on Java and Bali, any will work just fine. When purchasing a SIM card, get the vendor or a local friend to fill in the registration that appears when you first turn on your phone using their Indonesian government issued ID. The SIM won't work otherwise.
If you have Global System Mobile (GSM) cellular phone, ask your local GSM operator about "roaming agreement/facility" in Indonesia. Most GSM operators in Indonesia have roaming agreement with various GSM operators worldwide. Using roaming facility, you can use your own cellular phone and GSM SIM card in Indonesia[48]. But, of course, this means you will pay several times more than if using local SIM.
Most Indonesian operators use GSM, but beware of the few offering CDMA phones: they are slightly cheaper, but generally not usable outside major cities. Be sure to double-check when buying!
Internet
The modern-day version of the wartel is the warnet, which feature Internet-connected PCs as well, and many shops now do double duty. Prices vary considerably, and as usual you tend to get what you pay for, but you'll usually be looking at around Rp 5,000 per hour. In large cities, there are free hotspots in certain shopping malls, McDonald restaurants, StarBucks cafes, 7 eleven supermarkets (which often have tables inside/outside to sit and eat/drink what you've purchased in it), and in some restaurants and bars. Some hotels provide free hotspots in the lobby and/or in their restaurants.
If you have GSM/WCDMA Mobile phones, you can easily use them for internet connections with most prepaid cards with the major operators. Packet-based and unlimited monthly/weekly/daily packages are both available (the latter are becoming more popular), and the available deals and combinations change constantly. The best way to know current deals is to visit operators' websites (generally in Indonesian only, so you may need to use a service like Google Translate), or to ask dealers selling SIM cards. As of March 2011, Rp.38,500-150,000/month (or from Rp.9,000/day) will get you unlimited Internet on Telkomsel, Indosat, XL or 3, with maximum speeds varying from 256 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s in 3G covered areas — although in practice often much less due to congestion, and 3G is only available in the main cities and tourist destinations. Despite the claims of various dodgy airport shops, you do not need to buy a modem bundle to use these packages with your phone. Also, the package price in the airport is often inflated - it's a good idea to buy it later in the city, or even to visit a chosen operator's office.
Cheapest monthly Internet offer, as of March 2011, seems to originate from 3, with packages from Rp.38,500 to Rp.108,900 (if including 10% tax) offering a quota of 500 Mb to 5 Gb (after that, the speed will be limited to 64kbps, but you always can buy additional traffic package). Unfortunately, in many remote areas you may find yourself out of it's coverage, and even if there is, but only GPRS/EDGE (not 3G) - speed is often painfully slow, probably because of heavy local usage due to cheapest rate. For long-term visitors/residents of major cities, CDMA operators may be a better choice, with marginally higher speeds (if covered by CDMA2000 3G network) and price around Rp.100,000/month. For those visiting remote areas (outside of Java, Bali, and main cities or tourist areas anywhere else) but still wishing to get online, GSM operator Telkomsel seems to be a best, although not so cheap both for calls and Internet, bet.
Telephone directories and information services
Other information services
Current time
☎ 999
Information about Telecom services
☎ 162
Phone directory
☎ 108
Phone directory in other cities
☎ (Code Area) 108
Hello Yellow Phone Directory
☎ +62 21 7917 8108
Online Yellow Pages
Indonesian YellowPages [49]
Code area of large cities in Indonesia
Balikpapan (0542), Banda Aceh (0651), Bandung (022), Batam (0778), Denpasar (0361), Jakarta (021),Jogyakarta (0274), Kupang (0380), Makassar (0411), Manado (0431), Medan (061), Palembang (0711), Pekanbaru (0761), Semarang (024), Solo (0271), Surabaya (031)
Tourism Promotion Centre
• Ministry of Tourism and Culture. Jl. Medan Merdeka Barat No.17, 9th floor, Jakarta 10110, ☎ +62 21 383 8303.
• Indonesia Tourism Promotion Board (BPPI), Wisma Nugraha Santana 9th flr. Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 8, Jakarta 12930. ☎ +62 21 570 4879. Fax:+62 21 570 4855.
Emergency
Here is a list of emergency numbers in Indonesia (please note that while these numbers are accessible for free from all non-mobile telephones, they may not be accessible from mobile phones [for mobile phones, you'd better use international mobile phones emergency number, 112]) :
• Police : ☎ 110
• Fire department : ☎ 113
• Ambulance : ☎ 118
• Search and rescue team: 115.
• Indonesian Police HQ. Jl. Trunojoyo 3, South Jakarta. ☎ +62 21 7218144.
• National Search and Rescue agency (BASARNAS): Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur No.5, Jakarta 10110. ☎ +62 21 348-32881, (☎ +62 21 348-32908, ☎ +62 21 348-32869, Fax:+62 21 348-32884, +62 21 348-32885. Website: Basarnas [50].
Cope
Embassies, high commissions and consulates
The Departemen Luar Negeri (Deplu) or Ministry of Foreign Affairs [51] maintains a complete searchable database of diplomatic institutions. All embassies are located in Jakarta (see that article for listings), but a few countries maintain consulates general and honorary consulates elsewhere, mostly in Surabaya, Bali and port cities (eg. Malaysia in Pekanbaru, Philippines in Manado and so on).
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
5259.0 - Australian National Accounts: Information and Communication Technology Satellite Account, 2002-03
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/03/2006 First Issue
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APPENDIX 3 ABS CLASSIFICATION OF ICT PRODUCTS
COMPUTER HARDWARE
Multiple-user computers:
Mainframe, mini- and super-computers
Computer file servers and other multiple-user computer hardware
Personal computers:
Laptops, notebooks, personal digital assistants (palm tops/hand-held electronic organisers) and similar portable computers
PCs and similar desktop computers
Other personal computers
Computer peripherals and consumables:
Laser and other printing/plotting systems
Other peripherals (including monitors, keyboards, computer mice, joysticks and other pointing devices, scanners, bar-code readers, web cameras, computer speakers and microphones, drives, burners)
Consumables (including removable storage media)
Other computer parts and accessories
TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
Telephone and telegraphic equipment (including electrical line, electronic switchboards, communication servers, modem equipment, telephones, teleprinters and telephone facsimile machines):
Carrier telephone and telegraph equipment
Main exchange switching equipment
Electronic switchboards:
Processor or micro processor
Other electronic switchboards n.e.c.
Data modem equipment/multiplexors
Telephones (exclude radio-telephony such as mobile, cellular and car phones)
Mobile, cellular and car phones
Teleprinters and telephone facsimile machines
Other telephone and telegraph equipment (exclude parts)
CB and other mobile radio transceiving equipment
Radio reception apparatus and other fixed premises radio transceiving equipment
Relays and relay sets for radio, telephone and telegraphic equipment
Satellite equipment
Other communication equipment and parts
COMMUNICATION CABLE AND WIRE
Insulated wire, cable and optical fibre for computers/communication purposes:
Coaxial cable
Twisted pair cable
Optical fibre cable
Other wire/cable
RECORDED MEDIA
CD-ROMs
Other prerecorded computer tapes or disks
COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND OTHER COMPUTER SERVICES
Packaged software
Customised software services and solutions
Web site design
Other Internet applications
Other customised software services
Software maintenance services
Other computer consultancy services
Hardware installation, repair and maintenance services
Data processing services
Information storage and retrieval services
Other computer services
Whole ICT business functions (bundled services)
TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES
Basic telephony services
Mobile and paging services
Short messaging services (SMS)
Other mobile and paging services
Data and text services
Other telecommunication services
Intercarrier charges
Satellite services
Other
INTERNET PROVIDER SERVICES
Internet services
Broadband Internet services
Other Internet services
ADDITIONAL ICT PRODUCTS IN SCOPE OF ICT SATELLITE ACCOUNT
Margins relating to wholesaling and retailing of ICT goods
Computer hardware, parts, components and consumables
Communication hardware, parts, components and consumables
Sales and licensing of packaged software
Own account computer software
Software produced on own-account for own use
Telecommunication assets
Structures integral to the functioning of telecommunication equipment e.g. towers and other structures supporting mobile phone and other telecommunications.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Learn how to explore, improve and construct your content and how you can take advantage of professional online writing.
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Ian Smith @IanDSmith Builds a Remarkable Business
Ian Smith likes to say that your business is either remarkable or invisible, and that which one it is depends on … More
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"warc_url": "http://www.bizsugar.com/Strategy/how-to-choose-work-that-will-continue-to-motivate-you-/"
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Wouldn't it be cool to know in advance if a prospective client, product, or service will continue to motivate you over a long period of time? Here's a tool to help you do that.
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Gee Ranasinha @KEXINO Pictures The Future of Business
Gee Ranasinha has always had a good eye both for great photographs and for future trends in business. Today, Ranasinha … More
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([September] 2003)
DC, 2000 Series
< Previous Issue |
| Next Issue >
Price:
14.99 USD; 16.99 CAD
Pages:
148
Indicia Publisher:
DC Comics
Brand:
Vertigo
ISBN:
1563899965
Barcode:
978156389996651499
Editing:
Scott Nybakken (Collected Edition)
Format:
Color; Standard Modern Age US; Squarebound; Trade Paperback
Issue Notes
There are at least four printings.
Parts of this issue are reprinted:
Editing
Table of Contents
This issue was most recently modified by:
• Ramon Schenk
• Jochen G.
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MurciaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 19:13, 26 October 2012 by Og7701 (Talk | contribs)
Spain Spain Provinces Murcia
Getting started with research in Murcia
Welcome to the Murcia page! Murcia is a province in Spain which also belongs to the autonomous community of Murcia. FamilySearch Wiki is a community website dedicated to helping people throughout the world learn how to find their ancestors. Through the Murcia page you can learn how to find, use, and analyze records of genealogical value. The content is variously targeted to beginners, intermediate, and expert researchers. Please visit the help page to learn more about using the site. The Spain page is a work in progress, your contributions and feedback are essential!
New! Join a Genealogy Research Community on Facebook or Skype
See the tutorials at FamilySearch Learning Center on "Reading Spanish Handwritten Records" and understanding"Spanish Script".
Si usted entiende español
Le invitamos a buscar información en español en la página de México en el wiki de FamilySearch español. También le invitamos a compartir información útil allí. Véase el enlace en la parte inferior de la página.
Research Tools
Wiki articles describing online collections are found at:
Featured Content
See the tutorials at FamilySearch Learning Center on "Reading Spanish Handwritten Records" and understanding"Spanish Script".
Websites
Things You Can Do
In order to make this wiki a better research tool, we need your help! Many tasks need to be done. You can help by:
Return to Spain Provinces page
Beginners Corner
News & Events
Topics
Did You Know?
The Research Forums have been closed. For a limited time the Western European Research Forum will be available in read-only mode.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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Union County, OregonEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 06:30, 30 January 2013 by Cottrells (Talk | contribs)
United States Oregon Union County
Oregon
Online Records
Contents
County Courthouse
Union County Courthouse
1106 K Avenue
LaGrande, Or 97850
Phone: 541-963-1006
County Clerk has marriage and land records from 1875,
and naturalization records 1900-1975.
Clerk CircuitCourt has divorce, probate and court records from 1854. [1]
Union County Government
County Records Inventory listing the records held at the Union County Court House as of October 2005.
Union County Court is structured differently. Check the County Records Inventory link for addresses for location of records (left column).
Union was the former county seat until after 1 February 1901.
Historical Facts
Wikipedia has more about this subject: Union County, Oregon
14 October 1864: Union county was created from Baker County. [2]
Named for the city of Union which is located within the boundaries, a county seat at the time of the creation of the county.
• Records Held at the Courthouse
County Records Inventory listing the records held at the Union County Court House as of October 2005.
• Record Loss:
Boundary Changes
11 February 1887: Wallowa County was set off.
1 February 1901: Southeast portion of Union known as the Panhandle was annexed to Baker County by the order of the State Legislature.
Places / Localities
Trivia Tidbits
Information about localities, too small or too brief to describe in separate pages. Exception to this are Post Offices. > Trivia Tidbits
Resources
Biography
Cemeteries
LDS Cemetery Records
Vol. 21 page 177 - Lower Cove Cemetery, Alical
Census
• 1870
• 1880
• 1890
• 1900
• 1910
• 1920
• 1930
Church History and Records
Court Records
History
Land and Property
Maps
Migration
Early migration routes to and from Union County, Oregon for European and African American settlers included:
• Oregon Trail 1830s to 1890s from western Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon[3]
Military
Newspapers
Probate Records
Rivers and Waterways
Details about the rivers and waterways where farms and settlements are often found along them. >> Rivers and Waterways
Taxation
Vital Records
Many early marriages are listed on the Western States Marriage Index.
Societies, Libraries and Museums
Family History Centers
Websites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Union County, Oregon page 574, At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. WorldCat 50140092; FHL Collection Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed.] (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002)
3. Jim Tompkins, "The Oregon Trail 1841-1848 Map VI" in Oregon Trail Landmarks at http://www.oregonpioneers.com/OTMap6.jpg (accessed 18 July 2011).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Nursing Research and Practice
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 671974, 5 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/671974
Research Article
Physician Wages in States with Expanded APRN Scope of Practice
Department of Health Policy, School of Public Health and Health Services, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
Received 17 August 2011; Accepted 31 October 2011
Academic Editor: Linda Moneyham
Copyright © 2012 Patricia Pittman and Benjamin Williams. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
In recent years, states have looked to reforms in advanced practice nursing scope of practice (SOP) barriers as a potential means to increase access to primary care while reducing costs. Currently, 16 states and the District of Columbia permit advanced practice registered nurses to practice independently of physicians, allowing them to perform functions such as diagnosing and prescribing under their own authority within the primary care setting. Given the resistance of many physician associations to these reforms, we asked whether the economic interests of primary care physicians might be affected by reforms. Using the Bureau of Labor Statistics data on earnings, we compared primary care physicians' earnings in states that have instituted SOP reforms to those that maintain these practice barriers. We also compared surgeons' earnings as a control group. Lastly, we compared the rate of growth in the earnings of primary care physicians and surgeons over the last ten years. This preliminary analysis revealed no evidence of differences in earnings across the two groups of states.
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Plants 2012, 1(2), 74-81; doi:10.3390/plants1020074
Communication
Antibacterial and COX-1 Inhibitory Effect of Medicinal Plants from the Pamir Mountains, Afghanistan
1 Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark 2 NaturMedicinsk Museum, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 27 September 2012; in revised form: 15 October 2012 / Accepted: 17 October 2012 / Published: 24 October 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Journal Plants - Feature Papers)
Download PDF Full-Text [375 KB, uploaded 24 October 2012 11:48 CEST]
Abstract: Plants used to treat inflammatory ailments, pain, fever and infections in the Pamir Mountains in northeastern Afghanistan, were tested for antibacterial and COX-1 inhibitory activity. Water and ethanol extracts of 20 species were tested for antibacterial activity against two gram positive and two gram negative bacteria. The ethanol extract of Arnebia guttata inhibited Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 6 µg/mL. Water and ethanol extracts of Ephedra intermedia and the ethanol extracts of Lagochilus cabulicus and Peganum harmala inhibited Staphylococcus aureus at 0.5 mg/mL, and the P. harmala extract further inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis and E. coli, also with MICs of 0.5 mg/mL. Ethanol extracts of Artemisia persica (IC50: 0.5 µg/mL), Dragocephalum paulsenii (IC50: 0.5 µg/mL), Ephedra intermedia (IC50: 3.8 µg/mL), Hyoscyamus pusillus, Nepeta parmiriensis (IC50: 0.7 µg/mL) and Rumex patientia subsp. pamiricus (IC50: 3.5 µg/mL) exhibited COX-1 inhibitory activity. The observed in vitro activities support the use of some of the plant species in the traditional medicine systems of the Pamir Mountains.
Keywords: Afghanistan; antibacterial; COX; medicinal plants; Pamir
Article Statistics
Click here to load and display the download statistics.
Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Jeppesen, A.S.; Soelberg, J.; Jäger, A.K. Antibacterial and COX-1 Inhibitory Effect of Medicinal Plants from the Pamir Mountains, Afghanistan. Plants 2012, 1, 74-81.
AMA Style
Jeppesen AS, Soelberg J, Jäger AK. Antibacterial and COX-1 Inhibitory Effect of Medicinal Plants from the Pamir Mountains, Afghanistan. Plants. 2012; 1(2):74-81.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Jeppesen, Anne S.; Soelberg, Jens; Jäger, Anna K. 2012. "Antibacterial and COX-1 Inhibitory Effect of Medicinal Plants from the Pamir Mountains, Afghanistan." Plants 1, no. 2: 74-81.
Plants EISSN 2223-7747 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Inactive
× You must be logged in to change this data. If you don't have an account, Please join.
Settings : Code Locations
Analyzed 7 days ago based on code collected 7 days ago.
Showing page 1 of 1
Repository URL SCM Type Update Status Ignored Files
https://deejayst.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/deejayst Subversion Ohloh update completed 7 days ago. All files included.
About Code Locations
• Ohloh's statistics are derived from analysis of the project's source code history as maintained by the project's repository. Accordingly, it is crucial that this information be maintained accurately.
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Yu Lab
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(People)
Line 32: Line 32:
B.S. Peking University
B.S. Peking University
Ph.D Texas A&M University
Ph.D Texas A&M University
+
+
===Tina Napoletano===
+
Undergraduate student
+
email: [mailto:cnapoletano@student.stonehill.edu cnapoletano@student.stonehill.edu]
+
Stonehill College
==Research==
==Research==
Revision as of 14:39, 20 July 2007
Welcome to our lab's wiki page. We are part of the Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling at University of Connecticut Health Center.
Contents
People
Ji Yu
List of publications.
Assistant Professor
Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling
Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology
email: jyu@uchc.edu
phone: (860) 679-7680
B.S. Tsinghua University
Ph.D University of Texas at Austin
Amal Kasry
Postdoc
email: kasry@uchc.edu
phone: (860) 679-7609
B.S. Cairo University
M.Sc. Ain-Shams University
Ph.D Johannes Gutenberg University & Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Lili Niu
Postdoc
email: niu@uchc.edu
phone: (860) 679-7609
B.S. Peking University
Ph.D Texas A&M University
Tina Napoletano
Undergraduate student
email: cnapoletano@student.stonehill.edu
Stonehill College
Research
From Single Molecule to Cellular Complexity
A general aim of our group is to develop new single molecule experiments to study processes in live cells. For the past decade, single molecule techniques of various kinds have greatly extended the toolbox of biochemists for studying biomolecules in vitro. However, in order to truly understand the activity of biomolecules, it is also imperative to put them back into the environment of live cells and watch them from there. We will keep sharing with you our thrills of adventuring into this very young field, by keep updating this web page.
CCAM
UCHC
Personal tools
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Democratic National Committee
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is part of the Tobacco portal on Sourcewatch funded from 2006 - 2009 by the American Legacy Foundation. Help expose the truth about the tobacco industry.
The Democratic National Committee (or DNC) is the official organization representing the Democratic Party in American politics. Under President Barack Obama it is also the home for Organizing for America, the netroots army of millions of Obama's campaign supporters technologically networked into a grassroots lobby that the DNC can activate on behalf of the Obama Administration.[1]
Brad Woodhouse as of February 2009, is the Director of Communications and Research for the Democratic National Committee.[2][3] He was most recently president of Americans United for Change, communications director for USAction, and listed as a press contact for Americans Against Escalation in Iraq.
Contents
Responsibilities
The DNC defines it’s responsibilities as including:
• Planning the party’s quadrennial nominating convention.
• Promoting the election of party candidates with both technical and financial support.
• Working with national, state, and local party organizations, elected officials, candidates, and constituencies to respond to the needs and views of the Democratic electorate and nation.
Leadership
The leadership of the DNC currently consists of the following positions and individuals:
DNC's Organizing for America Email List
Resources
Contact details
Mailing Address
Democratic National Committee
430 S. Capitol St. SE
Washington, DC 20003
Main Phone Number
202-863-8000 (For questions about contributions, call 877-336-7200)
Articles and Resources
Related SourceWatch Resources
External links
References
1. "Organizing for (Obama's) America", PR Watch.org, January 26, 2009.
2. "Woodhouse Returns to DNC; Finney Starts Consulting Firm", Potomac Flacks, February 24, 2009.
3. Chris Cillizza, "Woodhouse to DNC", "The Fix" (blog), Washington Post, June 20, 2008.
This article may include information from Tobacco Documents Online.
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Person:Richard Warren (1)
m. 14 APR 1610
1. Mary Warrenabt 1608 - AFT 1678
2. Ann WarrenAbt 1612 - aft 1675/76
3. Sarah Warrenbef 1613 - aft 1696
4. Elizabeth Warrenest 1615 - 1670
5. Abigail WarrenABT 1619 - AFT 1693
6. Nathaniel Warrenabt 1624 - bef 1667
7. Joseph Warren1627 - 1689
Facts and Events
Name Richard Warren
Gender Male
Birth[15] est 1578 London, London, England
Marriage 14 APR 1610 Great Amwell, Hertfordshire, Englandto Elizabeth Walker
Immigration[15] 1620 Plymouth, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United StatesMayflower passenger
Death[15] 1628 Plymouth, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States
12th Signer of the Mayflower Compact. Among the wealthier of the original Mayflower passengers.
Family and Background in England
"Richard Warren is among the most enigmatic of the pioneers who crossed the Atlantic in 1620 in the Mayflower. Clearly a man of some rank, he was accorded by Governor William Bradford the prefix 'Mr.,' pronounced Master, used in those times to distinguish someone because of birth or achievement. From his widow's subsequent land transactions, we can assume that he was among the wealthier of the original Plymouth settlers."
"In 'Mort's Relation,' published in 1622, Richard was described as being 'of London.' Charles Edward Banks in 'Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers' tells us: "Richard Warren came from London and was called a merchant (by Mourt). Extensive research in every available source of information -- registers, chancery, and probate, in the London courts -- proved fruitless in an attempt to identify him." Although research has continued since Banks, we still cannot find records of Warren's parentage or activities in England. "He married prior to 1611 Elizabeth ______ . We might assume he was born around 1580. He was not of the Leyden, Holland, Pilgrims, but joined them in Southampton to sail on the Mayflower, leaving his wife and five daughters to follow in 1623 on the Anne. His two sons were born in Plymouth. Although Warren would seem to be among the more important of the colonists, Bradford does not mention him in his 'History,' except in the List of Passengers.[17]
Richard Warren's English origins and ancestry have been the subject of much speculation, and countless different ancestries have been published for him, without a shred of evidence to support them. In December 2002, Edward Davies discovered the missing piece of the puzzle. Researchers had long known of the marriage of Richard Warren to Elizabeth Walker on 14 April 1610 at Great Amwell, Hertford. Since we know the Mayflower passenger had a wife named Elizabeth, and a first child born about 1610, this was a promising record. But no children were found for this couple in the parish registers, and no further evidence beyond the names and timing, until the will of Augustine Walker was discovered. In the will of Augustine Walker, dated April 1613, he mentions "my daughter Elizabeth Warren wife of Richard Warren", and "her three children Mary, Ann and Sarah." We know that the Mayflower passenger's first three children were named Mary, Ann, and Sarah (in that birth order).[18]
All of Richard Warren's children survived to adulthood, married, and had large families: making Richard Warren one of the most common Mayflower passengers to be descended from.
Notable descendants: Ulysses S. Grant, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Laura Ingalls Wilder, and Alan B. Shepard, Jr. the first American in space and the fifth person to walk on the moon.
Theoretical parents include Family:Christopher Warren and Alice Webb (1).
Life in Plymouth
The following extract from Mourt's Relation shows us that he was a member of the third exploring party sent out while the Mayflower lay at anchor in Cape Cod Harbor. This party set out in the shallop on Wednesday, 6/16 December, 1620, and after many hardships, including a fight with the Indians early Friday morning, landed at Plymouth on the following Monday, 11/21 December, 1620.
"Wednesday the XIst of December, it was resolved our discoverers should set forth, for the day before was too fowle weather, and so they did, though it was well ore the day ere all things could be readie; So ten of our men were appointed who were of themselves willing to undertake it, (to wit, Captaine Standish, Maister Carver, William Bradford, Edward Winsloe, John Tilley, Edward Tilley, John Howland, and three of London, Richard Warren, Steeven Hopkins and Edward Dotte, and two of our Sea-men, John Alderton and Thomas English, of the Ships Company there went two of the Masters Mates, Master Clarke and Master Copin, the Master Gunner, and three Saylers. The narration of which Discovery, followes, penned by one of the Company." [19]
"Nathaniel Morton, who supplements Bradford and a few other on-site 17th century historians in giving us our knowledge of early Plymouth, has Warren as the 12th signer (out of 41), which is probably more an estimate of Morton's view of Warren's importance than historical fact, for Morton's transcription of the Compact signers was most likely his own modification of the List of Passengers from Bradford's 'History of Plimoth Plantation.'[20]
Very little is known about Richard Warren's life in America. He came alone on the Mayflower in 1620, leaving behind his wife and five daughters. They came to him on the ship Anne in 1623, and Richard and Elizabeth subsequently had sons Nathaniel and Joseph at Plymouth. He received his acres in the Division of Land in 1623, and his family shared in the 1627 Division of Cattle.
"In the 1627 Division of Cattle, Warren appears as one of the heads of the 12 groups which are formed to own the cattle. He received lots on "the north side of the towne" and "on the other side of the towne towards the eele-river."... In this [Cattle] Division, which was made 22 May/1 June, 1627, "The ninth lot fell to Richard Warren & his companie Joyned wth him." To this lot fell a black smooth horned heifer which came in the Jacob, and two she goats. The record of this division contains the earliest mention of the names of Richard's wife and children.
He is also among the 58 'Purchasers' who in 1627 became the sole proprietors of land in Plymouth Colony. However, he was not among the inner group of eight 'Undertakers,' who in 1626 had 'undertaken' full responsibility for all debts to the merchants in England who had financed the colonization, even though by supposed position and wealth he might seem to belong in this group. A possible reason could be long-term illness prior to his death in 1628.[21]
Richard died a year later in 1628, the only record of his death being found in Nathaniel Morton's 1669 book New England's Memorial, in which he writes: "This year [1628] died Mr. Richard Warren, who was an useful instrument and during his life bare a deep share in the difficulties and troubles of the first settlement of the Plantation of New Plymouth."[22]
William Bradford's Mayflower passenger list[23] includes the notations:
mr Richard Warren, but his wife and children were lefte behind and came afterwards ...
mr Richard Warren dived some .4. or .5. years, and had his wife come over to him, by whom he had .2. sons before dyed; and one of them is maryed, and hath .2. children So his Increase is .4. but he had .5. doughters more came over with his wife, who are all maried, & living & have many children.
There is no account of the settlement of Richard Warren's estate, but the Colony records contain abundant evidence that his widow was thoroughly competent to bring up the children and manage the property left to her care...
Text References
1. Richard Warren, in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (Online: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.).
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Richard Warren (c. 1578–1628) was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620. He settled in Plymouth Colony and was among ten passengers of the Mayflower landing party with Myles Standish at Cape Cod on November 11, 1620. Warren was one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact<ref></ref>
Relatively little has been uncovered about Richard Warren's life in America.<ref></ref> He came alone on the Mayflower in 1620, leaving behind his wife and five daughters. His family traveled on the ship "Anne" to join him in 1623, and Richard and Elizabeth subsequently had two sons, Nathaniel and Joseph, at Plymouth.<ref></ref>
2. General Society of Mayflower Descendents. Mayflower Quarterly. General Society of Mayflower Descendants Vol 42-125 Plymouth.
3. The New England Historical and Genealogical Register. (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society), 55:70-78.
Mayflower passenger of 1620.
4. Roser, Susan E. Mayflower Increasings for Three Generations. (Baltimore [Maryland]: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1989).
5. Anderson, Robert Charles. The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620-1633. (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995), page 1936.
6. General Society of Mayflower Descendants. Mayflower Families in Progress. (1991), Richard Warren, p. 1.
7. BARTLETT: The Bartlett Society.
8. Savage, James. A Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England: Showing Three Generations of Those Who Came Before May, 1692, on the Basis of Farmer's Register. (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co, 1860-1862), 4:427.
"RICHARD, Plymouth 1620, came in the Mayflower, leav. w. Elizabeth and five ds. to come in the third sh. 1623, d. 1628, hav. no other ch. but those b. in Eng. viz. Mary, wh. m. 1628, Robert Bartlett; Ann m. 19 Apr. 1633, Thomas Little; Sarah m. 28 Mar. 1634, John Cooke jr.; Elizabeth m. 1636, Richard Church, d. at Hingham, 4 Mar. 1670; and Abigail m. 1639, Anthony Snow of Marshfield; beside the two s. Nathaniel, and Joseph, b. here, bef. ment. all liv. in 1650. His wid. wh. join. with the first purch. of Dartmouth, d. 2 Oct. 1673, aged a. 90, says the rec. but fondness for exagger. makes it 93."
9. Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants. Mayflower Quarterly, Vol. 51, p. 109-112.
10. Leonard W. Cowie. Pilgrim Fathers, The. (London, 1970 - American edition, 1972), p. 11-12.
11. Compiled By William L Decoursey. It's About Time. (1735 - 19th Terrace Nw New Brighton, Minnesota 55112).
12. Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants. Mayflower Descendant, Vol. 1, p. 16; 2, p. 39 (Nathl. Warren cod.); 3, p. 45-51 (Warren Notes).
13. van Antwerp, Lee Douglas, and Ruth Wilder Sherman. Vital Records of Plymouth, Massachusetts to the Year 1850. (Camden, Maine: Picton Press, 1993).
Plymouth Colony Records 1:54 (Eliz. made Purchaser); 5:139-140 (est. Eliz.); 8:35 (d. Eliz); 12:12 (1627 div.)
14. Ellenwood -Wharton & 20 Allied Families.
15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 Richard Warren, in Anderson, Robert Charles. The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620-1633. (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995).
ORIGIN: London
MIGRATION: 1620 on Mayflower
FIRST RESIDENCE: Plymouth
BIRTH: By about 1578 based on estimated date of marriage.
DEATH: Plymouth 1628. ("This year died Mr. Richard Warren, who hath been mentioned before in this book, and was an useful instrument; and during his life bore a deep share in the difficulties and troubles of the first settlement of the plantation of New-Plymouth" [Morton 85].
16. Elizabeth Jewett (various spellings) or Marsh, or Ivatt, all discredited as being his spouse.
17. "Families of the Pilgrims: Richard Warren," second revision, 1986, pub. by Mass. Society of Mayflower Descendants.
18. Johnson, Caleb. MayflowerHistory.com
19. Mourt's Relation, London, 1622, p. 15
20. "Families of the Pilgrims", supra
21. "Families of the Pilgrims", supra
22. New England's Memorial, p. 68
23. Bradford, William. History of Plymouth Plantation
For more information, see the EN Wikipedia article Richard Warren.
The Mayflower (1620)
The Mayflower was the first settlement voyage to New England, carrying primarily English Separatists known as Pilgrims. It was destined for the mouth of the Hudson River, but landed at Cape Cod in present-day Massachusetts.
Sailed: 6 Sep 1620 from Southampton, England under Captain Christopher Jones
Arrived: 11 Nov 1620 at Plymouth, Massachusetts
After spending the winter aboard ship, the surviving passengers moved ashore on 21 Mar 1621.
Next Vessel: The Fortune (1621)
Passengers:
104; 24 families left descendants (Full List)
Pilgrim Families: Allerton (Asst. Gov. Isaac) - Bradford (Gov. William) - Brewster (Rev. William) - Chilton - Cooke - Fuller (Edward) - Fuller (Samuel) - Priest - Rogers - Sampson - Tilley (Edward) - Tilley (John) - White - Winslow (Edward)
Other Families and Servants: Alden - Billington - Browne - Doty - Eaton - Hopkins - Howland - Mullins - Soule - Standish (Capt. Miles) - Warren - Winslow (Gilbert)
Resources: Primary Sources: Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation - Mourt's Relation - Pilgrim Hall (wills and other contemporary documents)
Wikipedia: Mayflower (voyage) - Passenger List - Pilgrims - Plymouth Colony - Captain Christopher Jones
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1267.0 - Australian Standard Classification of Languages (ASCL), 2011
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 16/08/2011
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ABOUT THE CLASSIFICATION
OVERVIEW
The first edition of the Australian Standard Classification of Languages (ASCL) (ABS Cat. No. 1267.0) was published in 1997 to meet a statistical and administrative need for a classification of languages. It was designed for use in the collection, aggregation and dissemination of data relating to languages spoken in Australia and used to classify language use associated with the language variables, 'First Language Spoken', 'Languages Spoken at Home', 'Main Language Spoken' and 'Main Language Other than English Spoken at Home'. The ASCL has been widely used within the ABS and by other organisations, with health, community services, and education organisations adopting the ASCL in a number of their administrative and service delivery collections.
The classification was developed through extensive research, stakeholder consultation and data analysis. Census Population and Housing data were used to separately identify languages spoken in Australia by a significant number of speakers. At the time of publication, it was thought that the language profile of Australia would alter over time due to changing migration patterns and that it may be necessary to add languages to the classification. Consequently, a second edition of the ASCL was published in 2005.
Since the review of the ASCL in 2005, some languages within Australia have emerged, undergone name changes or experienced an increase or reduction in their numbers. Examination of the 2006 Census data and information from stakeholders and external sources indicated that some aspects of the classification required additions, removals or changes to improve its accuracy and applicability. As a result a minor review of the Australian Standard Classification of Languages (ASCL) was undertaken. This review aims to maintain the ASCL's relevance and usability, and to provide a more comprehensive representation of languages in Australian society.
DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE
The definition of language has not changed as a result of the ASCL review and while this publication does not attempt to offer an extensive definition of language, the following definition encompasses the basic elements of language as it is classified in the ASCL.
The Macquarie Dictionary (Fifth Edition, 2009) defines language as:
"Communication by voice in the distinctively human manner, using arbitrary auditory symbols in conventional ways with conventional meanings. Any set or system of such symbols as used in a more or less uniform fashion by a number of people, who are thus enabled to communicate intelligibly with one another.."
The ASCL does not distinguish between a separate language or dialect. A dialect can be described as a variety of language, identifiable by its vocabulary and grammar, spoken by people in a particular geographical area or by members of a particular group or social class.
Language entities considered dialects are separately identified for the following reasons:
• failure to separately identify language dialects would decrease the usefulness of language data collection and reduce the analytical value of the classification
• the majority of stakeholders consulted preferred to include certain dialects as separate categories.
The languages of the classification include:
• those which are universally recognised as distinct and separate languages
• separately identified dialects
• creoles and pidgins
• a group of linguistically distinct languages (American languages)
• sign languages.
SCOPE OF THE CLASSIFICATION
All world languages are in scope of the classification. Languages with significant numbers of speakers in Australia are separately identified within the classification structure. Actively spoken Australian Indigenous languages are also separately identified. Languages which are not separately identified are included in the most appropriate residual category of the classification.
Extinct or dead languages spoken for religious or academic purposes are included in the most appropriate residual category of the classification. However, if sufficient numbers of an extinct or dead language are spoken in Australia, it is separately identified in the classification, for example Latin.
Sign languages are defined as a communication system using gestures rather than speech or writing (The Macquarie Dictionary (Fifth Edition, 2009), and are included in the classification. Languages excluded from the classification cover those not commonly used as a means of communicating between people, such as computer languages.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6202.0.55.001 - Labour Force, Australia, Spreadsheets, Jan 2007
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The Labour Force, Australia, Spreadsheets (cat. no. 6202.0.55.001) product set includes time series data corresponding to the tables contained in the Labour Force, Australia (cat. no. 6202.0) publication.
Since these products are based on the same data as the
Labour Force, Australia (cat. no. 6202.0) publication, the 6202.0 Labour Force, Australia Main Features are relevant to both releases.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I am interesting in moving out to another city to work at a promising startup, particularly one with venture funding and user traction.
How do venture-backed startups generally handle candidates who are not local? Does this put me at a disadvantage? Would the company be willing to fly me out for an on-site interview?
Also, what consideration, if any, is given for relocation costs?
I am aware the answers to these questions will be different from company-to-company but would like to get a general idea of what to expect.
Also, just for background information, I am a recent college grad who is looking for a software engineering position.
share|improve this question
1 Answer
It depends on whether or not they can find local candidates for the position (and how much money they raised).
For a junior programming position, if the startup is in silicon valley, it's not so likely that they would pay for relocation.
For a senior, experienced programmer, if the startup is in Anchorage, Alaska, they're going to be relocating a candidate, so they would probably pay for travel to the interview and relocation.
If they got seed funding of $250,000, it's less likely they will pay for travel. If they raised $100M, they probably will.
It's all based on supply and demand; there's no one answer.
Anyway... why are you asking us? Ask the company. They will tell you. Asking will not hurt your chances of getting a job.
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Difference between revisions of "DLNA Summit 2008"
From eLinux.org
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Revision as of 02:35, 14 November 2008
Contents
Introduction
The CE Linux Forum is hosting the second Open Source DLNA Summit, in Ede Netherlands, November 8 2008.
This summit is co-located at the same venue as Embedded Linux Conference Europe.
(Note that registration in Embedded Linux Conference is not required for attending the DLNA Summit)
Purpose
The primary purpose of this conference is to facilitate the meeting and sharing of information among several parties interested in open source implementations of the DLNA specifications. These includes open source developers, product developers who might use these implementations, representatives from the DLNA organization or from related companies (certification and testing labs), and from members of the CE Linux Forum who are interested in this work.
We shall also be conducting a DLNA plug-fest during this summit. Particpants interested in the plugfest are invited to bring their DLNA devices to test for interoperability with other devices.
This page has information about the summit. It will be updated as more information becomes available.
The CE Linux Forum is interested in promoting and supporting work in this area, for eventual use in Linux-based CE products. It is hoped that by collaborating we can avoid duplication of effort, strengthen interoperability between implementations, and help accelerate the development of robust and feature-full solutions. During this summit we also want to gauge the interest level for holding such events in the future and discuss ideas for making them more productive.
Overview
• Location: Ede, Netherlands
• Date: November 8 (Saturday), 2008
• Times: 10 am to 5 pm
• Venue: This summit is co-located at the same venue as Embedded Linux Conference Europe.
• Price: Free
• Attendees: Attendance is by invitation. If you are interested in attending, please contact Rahul Saxena: rahul dot saxena at intel.com or Tim Bird: tim dot bird at am.sony.com
Agenda
List of possible presentation and discussion topics:
• Specification Roadmap
• Status of DLNA OSS Projects
• Industry input on DLNA stack feature priorities and problem areas
• CELF sponsorship and support of OSS projects, contract work etc
• Open sourcing of DLNA stacks from CE companies
• Ideas on collaboration: Code sharing, partitioning problem space etc
• Certification Processes and Tools
• Hardware availability: Development and Test hardware
• DLNA Plug Fest
• Share compliance experiences e.g. PS3 war stories
• Future Summit discussion: Need for such a summit, agenda Ideas, mail lists, new invitees etc
Short (up to 30 minutes) presentations on above or similar topics are welcome and encouraged. Though Pre-submission of presentations is not required, please inform Rahul Saxena (rahul dot saxena at intel.com) if you plan to present.
Attendees
Attendees: Attendance is by invitation. If you are interested in attending, please contact Rahul Saxena: rahul dot saxena at intel dot com
Current List of Attendees
Attendee Company Email
Tim Bird Sony, Chair of CE Linux Forum Architecture Group Tim dot Bird (at) am dot Sony dot com
Rahul Saxena Intel Rahul dot Saxena (at) Intel dot com
Frank Scholz Beebits fs (at) beebits dot net
Olivier Carmona AWOX, Chair of the DLNA Certification and Test Committee ocarmona (at) awox dot com
Philippe Normad Fluendo philippe (at) fluendo dot com
Gustavo Sverzut Barbieri Profusion Embedded Systems barbieri (at) profusion dot mobi
Christian Schaller Collabora christian dot schaller (at) collabora dot co dot uk
Zeeshan Ali Nokia zeeshan dot ali (at) nokia dot com
Jussi Kukkonen Intel jku (at) linux dot intel dot com
Ruud Derwig NXP ruud dot derwig (at) nxp dot com
Armijn Hemel Loohuis Consulting armijn (at) uulug dot nl
Young Sun Park LG Electronics yspark (at) lge dot com
Venue/Hotel Information
This summit is co-located at the same venue as Embedded Linux Conference Europe (ELCE). The summit will be located in:
Hotel en Congrescentrum De Reehorst
Bennekomseweg 24
6717 LM EDE
0318-75030
http://www.reehorst.nl
Link to more resources
More information about open source DLNA projects is available on the eLinux wiki at:
http://eLinux.org/DLNA_Open_Source_Projects
Link to 2007 DLNA Summit website:
http://tree.celinuxforum.org/CelfPubWiki/DLNASummit
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Changes related to "Marion County, Iowa"
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McDowell County, West Virginia
From FamilySearch Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
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== History ==
== History ==
[http://www.mcdowellwv.com/ Welcome to McDowell County, West Virginia]
+
[http://www.mcdowellcounty.wv.gov/Pages/default.aspx McDowell County, West Virginia]
+
+
[http://www.mcdowellwv.com/ Welcome to McDowell County, West Virginia]
==== Parent County ====
==== Parent County ====
Revision as of 19:09, 20 April 2012
McDowell County, West Virginia
Map
Location in the state of West Virginia
Location of West Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1858
County Seat Welch
Courthouse
United States West Virginia McDowell County
Contents
County Courthouse
McDowell County
90 Wyoming Street
#109 Welch, WV 24801 304-436-8344
• County Clerk has birth records from 1872
• Marriage records from 1861
• Death records 1894
• Probate and land records 1897
• Circuit Court Clerk has divorce records[1]
History
McDowell County, West Virginia
Welcome to McDowell County, West Virginia
Parent County
1858--McDowell County was created 20 February 1858 from Tazewell County (Virginia).
County seat: Welch [1]
County seat first Perryville; changed to Welch in 1892.
Boundary Changes
See an interactive map of McDowell County boundary changes.
Record Loss
Places / Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
McDowell County Cemeteries
Census
For tips on accessing McDowell County, West Virginia census records online, see: West Virginia Census
McDowell Census
Church
Court
Land
Names Early Connected with the Land in McDowell County
Local Histories
Maps
McDowell County, West Virginia Map
Military
West Virginia, Civil War Service Records of Union Soldiers, 1861-1865
Naturalization
Newspapers
Beckley Register Herald
Bluefield Daily Telegraph
Welch Daily News
Box 569
Welch, WV 24801
304.436.3144
$7.50 mth./$75.00 year subscription (only archives back a few years)
Probate
McDowell County, West Virignia Will Books 1893-1968
West Virginia Will Books
Taxation
Vital Records
West Virginia Vital Records - Birth - Death - Marriages
Societies and Libraries
McDowell County Historical Society
HC 61 Box 37-B
Paynesville, WV 24873
President: Dr. Tom Hatcher
Secretary/Treasurer: Geneva Steele
Family History Centers
The closest family history centers are the Huntington Family History Center and Charleston Family History Center
Craft Memorial Library, Bluefield, WV
Web Sites
Genealogy courses: Learn how to research from an expert in Fun Five Minute Genealogy Videos.
Learning How to Edit our Wiki Sites
References
1. 1.0 1.1 The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
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User:BaerbelEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 14:58, 9 July 2011 by Cottrells (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This user is a member of the moderator team for Germany. (verify)
Contents
Baerbel Johnson
The Beginning
I was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany and grew up in the neighboring city of Offenbach. In August 1974 I came to the United States to further my education.Soon after getting settled in beautiful Provo, Utah, I decided to get busy researching my family history. Armed with photocopies of pages from my grandparents' family book I made my first visit to the Family History LIbrary in Salt Lake City , then housed in the West Wing of the LDS Church Office Building. At that time the only record I could find for my family was the baptismal entry of my great-greatgrandfather Nikolaus Markert, born in 1809 in Boeddiger, Hessen-Nassau,Prussia. However, I couldn't read even one word of the old Gothic handwriting! Eventually I took the record to the reference counter for interpretation. When I expressed my frustration with "I can't read this!", the consultant replied: "Then you'll learn, won't you?"'
Learning the Trade
So I began to learn by studying photocopies from the Boeddiger parish register until I was able to read most standard birth, marriage, and death entries. This process took about a year of Sunday afternoons, even with fluent German readng skills! It shows the truth of the old adage "If I can, you can too...". Bitten by the genealogy bug, I then took every genealogy class she could at BYU and learned practical research skills by working for a professional research service housed on campus at the time. After a mission to Western Pennsylvania and two more years of college I finally graduated from BYU in April 1982 with degrees in sociology and Family and Local History Studies.
Finding my place
For several years I continued to research my own family history as a hobby and help others with their research while raising my children, until the time came to secure gainful employment once again. After working as a professional researcher from 1992 to 1996 I accepted a position as reference consultant on the International floor of the Family History Library. I have a passion for solving research problems and try to encourage patrons to learn all they can about their ancestral families and the world in which they lived. I also enjoy teaching in the Family History Library and at various family history conferences. In my spare time, I sing with the German Chorus Harmonie, crochet pot holders, and enjoy Sunday afternoon dinners with my three children.
Exciting News!
In family history we are all learning about new sources and research strategies all the time. Last week I learned the several Czech state archives are currently in the process of putting their church records on the Internet. [For more information, see the Czech Republic portal page.] My great-grandfather Moritz Klemisch was born in "Kostel near Vienna", in 1858. Some twenty years later I had finally figured out that this place is actually "Maehrisch Podivin", now Podivin, Moravia, Czech Republic. The records are in the Brno archive, which has been putting records online. So I decided to register and check the list of available parishes. A wonderful surprise: the baptisms and marriage for Podivin are available on the Internet. Ten minutes later I saw Moritz Klemisch's baptism record on the screen! The records include information about the parents of both mother and father of the child. I also found two siblings. One record included a notation stating that the parents had presented their marriage certificate to prove they were legally married. The marriage date and name of the parish in the outskirts of Vienna, Austria, were also included.
So - never, never give up!
Baerbel can be contacted at johnsonbx@familysearch.org
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NOTE: If you are a developer, please use a private wiki based on foswiki/trunk on a daily base ...or use trunk.foswiki.org to view this page for some minimal testing.
Use Item9693 for docu changes for 1.2 and 2.0.
Item1688: Left over enableTWikiMandatoryChecks in edit template causes warnings in JS debuggers
Priority: CurrentState: AppliesTo: Component: WaitingFor:
Normal Closed Extension PatternSkin
Left over enableTWikiMandatoryChecks in edit template causes warnings in JS debuggers.
Simple fix. Remove it. We have the script in the form definition now with its new detoxed name.
-- KennethLavrsen - 05 Jun 2009
Funny, it was in fact Crawford's mistake http://develop.twiki.org/trac/changeset/15275
He must have forgotten to fix that too
-- OlivierRaginel - 05 Jun 2009
ItemTemplate edit
Summary Left over enableTWikiMandatoryChecks in edit template causes warnings in JS debuggers
ReportedBy KennethLavrsen
Codebase
SVN Range Foswiki-1.0.0, Thu, 08 Jan 2009, build 1878
AppliesTo Extension
Component PatternSkin
Priority Normal
CurrentState Closed
WaitingFor
Checkins Foswikirev:4038 Foswikirev:4039
TargetRelease patch
ReleasedIn 1.0.6
Topic revision: r5 - 22 Jun 2009, KennethLavrsen
The copyright of the content on this website is held by the contributing authors, except where stated elsewhere. see CopyrightStatement.
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source: josm/trunk/src @ 4230
Name Size Rev Age Author Last Change
../
org 4230 22 months stoecker allow to color the entries in layer list dialog according to assigned …
JOSM.java 571 bytes 3083 3 years bastiK added svn:eol-style=native to source files
Note: See TracBrowser for help on using the repository browser.
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User:Melissa Novy/Notebook/CHEM-571/2012/10/17
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Search this Project
Customize your entry pages
Objectives
• Prepare plasmids for gel electrophoresis and add DPN1 to digest methylated (original) DNA.
• Centrifuge Au/BSA solutions made on 2012/10/16 for subsequent AAS analysis.
Au/BSA Solutions for AAS
• All solutions, regardless of whether they contained fibers, were centrifuged at 2000 rpm and 25°C for 5 min.
• After 5 min, it was observed that the fiber-containing solutions did not form pellets, while the homogenous solutions retained their purple color. The solutions were then centrifuged for an additional 10 min at the same rpm and temperature.
• After this second centrifugation, there appeared to be no change in the solutions from the previous observations, so the solutions were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 5 min.
• After the third centrifugation, no changes were observed yet again, so the solutions were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min.
• After the fourth centrifugation, no changes were observed yet again, so the solutions were centrifuged at 4700 rpm for 15 min.
• The test tubes containing 60 and 140 Au/BSA solutions broke in the centrifuge, so these solutions will have to be remade at a later date.
• As the fibers in some solutions had not yet formed a pellet, these solutions were pipetted from their test tubes into Falcon tubes, leaving the fibers behind in the original container.
• The AAS was calibrated with eight Au standards at concentrations of 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 ppm, made by Dr. Miller on 2012/10/08 and blanked with 1 M HCl. Deionized water was run through the AAS between samples.
Plasmids
• 1 μL DPN1 was added to 45 μL of a solution of K110A (f) and K110A (r) plasmids, made on 2012/10/16. Two of these solutions were created.
• These two solutions were then placed in a heat block at 37°C for 60 min.
• 5 μL of each of the two solutions of K110A (f) and K110A (r) plasmids, made on 2012/10/16 were combined with 1 μL of 6X Gel Loading Dye (blue). Then, all 6 μL of each solution was loaded into an agarose gel for gel electrophoresis.
• Please refer to Keyun Wang's entry for information and observations about preparing and loading the gel, as well as which primers were loaded.
Personal tools
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Israeli forces arrest man in Palestinian-controlled area of H1, Hebron [includes video]
by Team Khalil
8 January 2013 | International Solidarity Movement, West Bank
A Palestinian man was arrested in Tel Rumeida, Hebron. Soldiers invaded homes without permission, indiscriminately beating men and children and forcing the residents out onto the streets.
At around 22:30 pm on Monday 7 January Israeli occupation forces entered the Palestinian-controlled H1 area of the city for the second time in a week. The soldiers forcibly entered homes; in one house five soldiers kicked the front door and forced their way past a young boy. On hearing the disturbance Sabri Dwaik aged 29 got out of bed and went downstairs. The soldiers attacked Sabri, pinning him to the floor and hit him with a rifle butt on his head. Sabri was handcuffed and still in his pyjamas was dragged out onto the street. The soldiers then threw a sound bomb towards the front door to deter anyone from following them.
One of Sabri’s cousins, who had gone onto the street to see what was happening, tried to intervene. The cousin attempted to free Sabri but was beaten, thrown on the floor, and dragged away by the neck. The Israeli occupation forces detained both men against a fence, pushing them and pointed their guns at them. After talking amongst themselves the soldiers decided to release Sabri’s cousin but Sabri was dragged passed the road gate into the Israeli-controlled H2 area of Tel Rumeida. Thirty soldiers brought people out of their houses and lined them up against a wall just inside H2 making them stand in the cold, wet night. Sabri was arrested, marched to a police vehicle and taken to Kyriat Arba police station.
Sabri Dwaik was charged with trying to steal a soldier’s gun as the soldiers were beating him inside his house. He informed the police officers that he wanted to make a complaint about the soldiers’ treatment of him. Sabri was told by the police officer that if he wanted to make a complaint he would have to stay in custody at Kyriat Arba police station for three days before he could make a complaint. Sabri was told by the police that he must apologise to the soldier who accused him of trying to steal his gun. “I do not have to apologise to the soldier because I have not done anything wrong,” Sabri said. After one and a half hours Sabri was released from the police station and returned home.
Sabri’s mother who is in ill health was very distressed by the events of the evening. The peace and quiet of another Tel Rumeida night was destroyed by the violence of the Israeli occupation forces. Local residents conjectured that the increased levels of violence and aggression of the Israeli occupation forces in the area is a response to the two well publicised incidents recently in Qufr Kadoum and Bab al Zawia, Hebron, where the Israeli occupation forces were seen to be weak in the face of Palestinian youth and their unarmed resistance. If the Israeli military are trying to send a message of intimidation to peaceful Palestinian residents of Tel Rumeida, then the message is clear: the Israeli military has no interest in peace, breaking into houses and forcing people out of their home in the middle of the night. Also the Israeli military has no interest in the due process of law, attacking people for no reason and when they complain, threatening that they will have to stay in custody for three days to do so. These increased levels of aggression and violence will not bring peace or stability to the troubled community of Tel Rumeida.
Video: Israeli forces arrest man in H1 Palestinian-controlled area of Hebron, 7 January 2013
Team Khalil is a group of volunteers of International Solidarity Movement based in Hebron (al Khalil)
Sign up for ISM Email Digests
From the Archives
Protester arrested as soldiers occupy Nabi Saleh
January 9, 2011
9 January 2011 | Popular Struggle Coordination Committee Border Police officers arresting Ouday Tamimi. Picture credit: Bilal Tamimi Dozens of soldiers brought the village of Nabi Saleh to a standstill today in yet another attempt to curb demonstrations in the village. One protester was arrested, and two required medical treatment for their injuries. Dozens of villagers, joined by...
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
His mind of man, a secret makes I meet him with a start he carries a circumference in which I have no part. Dickinson, Emily
This quote is about secrets · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Dickinson, Emily ...
Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10, 1830 May 15, 1886) was an American poet. Though virtually unknown in her lifetime, Dickinson has come to be regarded with Walt Whitman as one of the two great American poets of the 19th century. Her life has inspired numerous biographers and voluminous speculation; mostly about her sexuality, of which little is definitively known.
These people bookmarked this quote:
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Let them hate, so long as they fear. Accius
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Celtics-Raptors photo gallery
KWAPT December 18, 2011 Uncategorized 1 Comment
Here's some shots of Celtics old and new from today's preseason contest that the C's won 76-75.
There's an added-bonus after the jump for all the KG fans. Enjoy…
It's "preseason", and KG's already at it. Thanks to Andreas for the link:
Like this Article? Share it!
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1 Dec 2009 jwp9447 » (Apprentice)
Sighted: Afghanistan's Mystery UAV
Since April, a steady string of reports have detailed sightings of a mysterious, unidentified UAV prowling the skies above Afghanistan. Grainy, Loch Ness Monster-like photos revealed a flying-wing-type aircraft with stealth features.
Now, the French blog Secret Defense has published the clearest photos yet of the secret plane, and the mystery has only deepened.
The plane pictured above is clearly a next-generation UAV, but the question of which next-generation UAV it is has led to some debate. At first look, Steve Trimble of The DEW Line thought it resembled Lockheed's Polecat. However, Popsci's resident UAV expert Eric Hagerman pegged the mysterious drone as Boeing's X-45. Then again, John Pike of GlobalSecurity.net noted "for every UAV program we know about, there's one that we don't know about," suggested the new UAV may be part of some previously unannounced program.
In many ways, the confusion only highlights the uniformity of the next generation of UAVs. Both the X-45 and the Polecat incorporate stealth features, resemble the flying-wing shape first perfected by the B-2, and have just enough development behind them that battlefield testing doesn't seem unreasonable.
Amazing. A mere seven years after the CIA carried out its first drone strike, the Predator's replacements have already arrived in theater.
[Secret Defense, via The Dew Line]
Syndicated 2009-12-01 18:58:07 from Popular Science - robots
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
9303.0 - Motor Vehicle Registrations, Australia, Nov 1994
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/01/1995
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Methodology article
A reliable measure of similarity based on dependency for short time series: an application to gene expression networks
Mônica G Campiteli1, Frederico M Soriani1, Iran Malavazi1, Osame Kinouchi2, Carlos AB Pereira3 and Gustavo H Goldman1*
Author Affiliations
1 Departamento de Ciencias Farmacêuticas – Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
2 Departamento de Física e Matemática – Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
3 Instituto de Matemática e Estatíistica Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Bioinformatics 2009, 10:270 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-10-270
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/10/270
Received:4 November 2008
Accepted:28 August 2009
Published:28 August 2009
© 2009 Campiteli et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Microarray techniques have become an important tool to the investigation of genetic relationships and the assignment of different phenotypes. Since microarrays are still very expensive, most of the experiments are performed with small samples. This paper introduces a method to quantify dependency between data series composed of few sample points. The method is used to construct gene co-expression subnetworks of highly significant edges.
Results
The results shown here are for an adapted subset of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene expression data set with low temporal resolution and poor statistics. The method reveals common transcription factors with a high confidence level and allows the construction of subnetworks with high biological relevance that reveals characteristic features of the processes driving the organism adaptations to specific environmental conditions.
Conclusion
Our method allows a reliable and sophisticated analysis of microarray data even under severe constraints. The utilization of systems biology improves the biologists ability to elucidate the mechanisms underlying celular processes and to formulate new hypotheses.
Background
In recent years, the technology of DNA microarrays has been central for the knowledge assembly in molecular biology research. The possibility of measuring mRNA levels in a genomic scale in a comparative way enables the discovery of genes or clusters of genes which expressions are differentiated in a specific condition, thus providing important clues about gene functions and pathways. Statistical tools have been developed for the analysis of this great amount of biological data aiming to help biologists to make predictions and originate hypotheses to be experimentally tested.
In the past decade, systems biology approaches are emerging as a novel concept increasingly attractive to deal with this kind of data. The biological system is modeled as a graph and each biological unit (a gene, for instance) is represented as a node in this graph and if two nodes interact they are connected by an edge [1,2]. This approach produces a visually appealing structure generically called network where nodes with similar characteristics can be grouped together and groups of tightly interconnected nodes are often associated with a specific cellular function [3,4]. Perhaps the most interesting feature of this application is the possibility to analyze how these modules of tightly interconnected nodes connect among themselves or how different functions interact to produce the observed phenotype. In fact, this kind of approach is proving to be a more robust tool for the extraction of relevant information from the biological data and abstraction and better comprehension of the biological system as a whole [5].
In the specific case of networks inferred from gene expression data, an interaction between two genes can be determined by a measure of association between their expression patterns. Thus, in order to get a reliable structure, one must first define a consistent measure to quantify gene expression similarity. The most commonly ones used are based on Pearson correlation (for linear association) [6,7] or mutual information (that accounts for any kind of association function) [8-10]. These are very robust measures and are widely used in a number of applications involving the inference about the degree of dependency between biological signals.
However they are based on statistical assumptions that depends on assymptotic supositions making them strongly dependent on large samples sizes. This becomes an important drawback in the context of molecular biology applications. DNA microarrays are still a very expensive technique and the design of experiments with a large number of different conditions and/or time acquisition demands such human and financial resources that could make it unachievable in many research laboratories. Thus, the usual procedure is to design experiments with a small number of observations. In fact, according to the Gene Expression Omnibus [11], about one third of microarray studies involves experiments with 3–8 time points or other types of non-temporal sequential data [12].
Limited sampling accentuates the difficulties related to standard signal analyses. Among the most important problems are the influence of noise that becomes even more prominent with shorter series, enhancing the complexity in distinguishing real from random patterns and increasing the potential of misleading results [13]. The efforts to overcome difficulties related to limited sampling include strategies of simplification [14,15] and the incorporation of multi-source information [16]. In the first case, the goal is to transform continuous data to discrete representations prior to analysis, categorizing the gene expression data into a set of diffierent states trying to capture tendencies instead of absolute values. However, simplification strategies are highly dependent on pre-definitions about the a priori patterns of gene expression in the discretization step, a process which is largely dependent on the researchers' expertise [13]. Additionaly, valuable information is lost during this process. On the other hand, incorporating multi-source information includes prior knowledge or multi-scale and different levels of information from other sources to improve the computational analysis of short time-series microarray data. This approach faces the challenge of dealing with a high heterogeneity of data which increases the difficulties in extracting meaningful information. Furthermore, for many organisms for which the state of research is still in its infancy, there is no reasonable additional information or any prior knowledge to rely on. Notwithstanding the statistical difficulties inherent to this kind of analysis, these data represent a rich source of information and the design of a rational pipeline to better explore them is of paramount importance.
Here we present a method of inference of dependency between series from a temporally poor data set and apply this method to the construction of condition-specific subnetworks from gene expression data. The proposed method is an alternative to the standard measures of dependency. It performs well with short series and requires no a priori assumptions. In order to evaluate the method, we show results for an adapted subset of a benchmark data set of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [17] aiming to mimic the limiting conditions above described. We show that the method is efficient in capturing dependencies between the gene signals and that these dependencies can be related to the existence of a common transcription regulatory factor with a high confidence level. Our results strongly suggest that the method proposed allows the application of systems biology to data sets obtained from limited amount of experiments and that this method offers the biologist a robust tool to analyze gene expression data.
A similarity measure
The output of a microarray experiment is given as the log of the ratio between the amount of mRNA of an experimental sample and a control sample. This ratio is commonly called log-ratio and gives the degree of modulation of a gene relative to the control sample. A common attempt in these experiments is to compare networks originated from different experimental conditions trying to find either similarities or differences that explain the observed phenotype. For example, one could create different mutant strains inactivating key genes and then analyze separately the expression profiles of each mutant in comparison to the expression profiles of the wild type. This approach would generate different networks promptly revealing the distinct adjustments the organism takes in response to each experimental condition.
The present work aims to reconstruct the genes co-expression networks in a condition specific way. To make this reconstruction possible, we introduce a measure of association between gene profiles (log-ratios measurements). Consider, thus a data set consisting of log-ratios for N genes in ρ different experimental conditions. The parameter ρ accounts for different series of experiments hence, different physiological conditions as well as different time points. Consider also that we are particularly interested in a specific subset of ρ say, a specific series of experiments consisting of ρ' sample points. The question addressed here is how to infer similarity between two gene profiles consisting of ρ' sample points, considering usually ρ' < 10. One can think of some points worth to consider when idealizing an efficient method:
1. The function that relates co-regulated genes is not necessarily linear. In fact it can assume very complex non-linear forms. Thus, an efficient method of inference of gene relations should be able to capture any association function that should arise naturally rather than being inforced a priori;
2. Co-regulated genes are expected to respond in a correlated way in different experimental conditions and even the lack of modulation in a given experimental condition is actually an useful information. Although interested in constructing condition-specific networks, we would like to use the valuable information contained in other possible series of experiments to determine the associated pairs. Thus, information about how a given pair of genes behaves in all known ρ conditions could be taken into account when calculating a measure of similarity between pairs of gene expression profiles;
3. Microarray experiments involve several factors where chance fluctuations and random processes play a significant role. Thus, points around zero, or very small modulation rates are more likely to reflect experimental artifacts and lack biological meaning than higher values. It would thus be desirable if the method gave different weights to different levels of modulation;
Based on these leads, the similarity Sij between genes i and j concerning ρ' conditions can be defined as:
(1)
where is the modulation rate of gene i in condition r. Notice that the score S can be obtained summing over any subset of ρ allowing the researcher the choice of analysis of each perturbation individually or the entire data set depending on his/her interests.
Define now a random vector (X; Y) whose elements are modulation rates of two genes to be observed in one experimental condition. Considering (x; y) as a possible observation of (X; Y), the function s as used in this work is defined as follows:
(2)
for f and g being, respectively, the marginal densities of X and Y and h the joint probability density of (X; Y). Equation 2 is known as a log-likelihood score in the context of testing independence of two random variables. We do not know the form of these densities a priori. In this work we use the data information contained in all ρ experiments to estimate it. Note that if we have h we simply derive the marginal densities f and g. In the sequel we delineate the way h is estimated.
In order to estimate h, we compile a list of co-occurrences for the N genes in the ρ experimental conditions. This list is obtained by taking all the possible pairwise combinations of modulation rates for each experimental condition. The number of pairs is . Note that the set of N genes is previously filtered to comprise only the genes modulated in at least one experimental point. This step reduces largely the computational cost. With the co-occurrences list one can construct a bi-dimensional frequency matrix from which is estimated the joint probability density in equation 2. The rationale behind this is that, in an ideal situation all the genes modulated in a specific condition are somehow related to the perturbation(s) impinged to the system and, thus, directly or indirectly related to each other. Hence, the distribution of co-occurrences of these genes could be a good estimator of the function that describes the genes interdependencies. Of course, far from the ideal, the compilation of this list is also carrying a large amount of noise among the real signal. Nonetheless, we expect that the noise will contribute with a small amount or no information to the scoring function. Indeed, we will show that with this method we are able to identify and select the most significant links from the background and that these have a very relevant biological meaning.
Prior to the computation of the bi-dimensional frequency matrix, we make a discrete approximation of the values of expressions. The observed values of xk were discretized into rectangular bins with size δ defined according to Scott's rule [18]:
(3)
where σ is the sample standard deviation and N is the number of samples in the data set. It is worth mentioning that the method is not sensitive to the choice of the size of the bins and the outcome of the analysis is quite conserved for a wide range of bin sizes and/or shapes (data not shown).
Figure 1 shows the form of the function s(x; y) for an artificial set of random Gaussian correlated variables. The x- and y-axis are the bins' representative values. A high positive value of s (red colors) indicates that the pair (x; y) is likely to be strongly dependent on each other. The function highlights the variables lying in the diagonals (high correlation) and in the extremities of the distribution. On the other hand, log-ratios around zero contributes with zero information to the similarity score. However we would like to stress that a high measure of correlation (or dependency) between biological signals does not imply a causal relationship, hence any two given connected nodes in the networks generated from this approach are not guaranteed to be functionally related. In spite of this, our approach is a strong starting point for biological inferences.
Figure 1. Scoring matrix. The distribution of log-scores s for Gaussian correlated variables. The artificial set was composed of series (N = 8 × 106, ρ = 3) assigned in pairs with correlation value randomly chosen from an uniform distribution in [1; 1]. The number of rectangular bins to compute the frequency matrix is calculated according to Scott's rule [18].
We have proposed a method based on a standard log-likelihood score to infer association between gene expression profiles. The innovative in this work is how we calculate the h densities using different series of experiments altogether as a model of associated variables. Furthermore, although we use information on various sets of experiments to construct the scoring matrix, our method allows the analysis of each set individually since the similarity between pairs of genes can be assessed summing over the scores for any subset of the entire data set. Given the similarity matrix relating the N genes, one must set a cutoff value S0 above which the pairs of genes are considered connected in the network.
Removing edges originating from indirect interactions
Focusing on our objective of infering subnetworks of strongly dependent genes, the process described above is subjected to an important limitation since genes separated by one or few intermediates and thus not directly interacting may achieve a high similarity value. In fact, this procedure originates very dense networks with a high occurrence of large cliques (groups of nodes completely interconnected) that does not agree with the expected structure of cellular networks [3]. To circumvent this drawback, we perform an additional step in our pipeline that removes potential indirect interactions using a known information theoretic property [19].
The procedure to remove edges originating from indirect interactions has already been used in gene co-expression networks [9,20] and was adapted here to our purposes. It states that if both genes (i, j) and (j, k) are directly interacting and (i, k) are indirectly interacting through j, then Sik Sij and Sik Sjk. Thus we search for all the triangle loops in the network and discard the edges that satisfies the inequality. To account for innacurate estimates of the difference between close values of S we introduce a tolerance threshold:
(4)
We acknowledge that the above restriction eliminates most of the indirect interactions at the expenses of eliminating also authentic direct interactions. Nevertheless, our main concern is to minimize the occurrence of false positives given the statistical constraints. The occurrence of false negatives, i. e., the absence of an interaction that actually exists in the co-regulated gene network reduces the potentiality of the method to infer new hypotheses about the system but, contrarily to the occurrence of false positives, it would hardly imply in unnecessary expenditures of time and resources to the involved laboratory.
In the following sections, we present results for a benchmark data set obtained from Spellman [17]. This set comprises data of DNA microarrays from yeast cultures synchronized by four independent methods, which are referred to as perturbations: α-factor arrest, elutriation and arrest of a cdc15 and a cdc28 temperature-sensitive mutants. Since our main objective is to evaluate a new method of exploring microarray data, a long discussion of biological results is beyond our purposes. Thus, we restrict our discussions to the results obtained with the alpha-factor and the cdc15 sets. Similar results were observed for elutriation and cdc28 temperature-sensitive mutant sets.
Results and Discussion
S. cerevisiae is one of the most studied organisms to date and there is a great amount of data about gene-to-gene and protein-to-protein interactions already validated on the web (for a review, see Saccharomyces Genome Database – http://www.yeastgenome.org webcite). The Spellman data set [17,21] is being widely used with the aim of validating novel gene expression data exploratory methodologies. It consists of time samples taken in four different ways of synchronizing the cell cycle. After releasing the cultures from the stimuli, samples were taken over time totalizing 73 samples: alpha (with 18 samples collected every 7 minutes), cdc15 (24 samples collected every 10 or 20 minutes), cdc28 (17 samples collected every 10 minutes) and elutriation (14 samples every 30 minutes). In order to recreate the conditions met in the experiments targeted by this study, we selected 12 samples – 3 time points from each experiment – according to Table 1 and all the calculations were performed over this adapted set.
Table 1. Samples used in this work based on the Spellman dataset [17].
The joint probability density distribution and the distribution of scores s obtained for the yeast data set are shown in Figures 2A and 2B, respectively. Intensities are represented in colors in both figures where red colors represent higher intensities. The scale is given in the colorbar on the right of each figure.
Figure 2. Probability density distribution and scoring matrix for the yeast data. The joint probability density distribution h(x; y) of the yeast data set (panel A) and the respective distribution of log-scores s (panel B). x- and y-axes are log-ratios. The intensities of the bivariate functions are given in colors. Hot colors represent higher values as scaled in the colorbars on the right. In this study, N = 4461 and ρ = 12. Genes were considered modulated if xk > |0.5| in at least one experimental condition.
The function S defined in Equation 1 was applied separately to each of the four perturbation sets and similarity matrices were obtained for each one. The distribution of S values obtained for the alpha set and the cdc15 set are shown in Figures 3A and 3B, respectively. The distribution of scores S for a set of correlated variables presents a wide range of variation and the definition of a suitable cut-off above which two nodes are said to be significantly similar is quite arbitrary. Even for uncorrelated random variables, the distribution of S can achieve high positive values and thus, one must pay extra care in order to define a suitable cut-off value S0. To deal with this, we generated an ensemble of uncorrelated signals by randomly shuffling the data set and averaged the obtained S distribution for 1000 repetitions. We then set S0 according to a value of p < 10-4. The networks were compiled assigning an undirected edge to each pair of nodes with S > S0. The distributions of S for the shuffled sets are shown superimposed to the distributions of the real data in Figure 3. One can notice the remarkable difference between the real and shuffled distributions implying that the method is capturing some biological phenomena driving the expression behavior of the genes.
Figure 3. Distribution of scores – real data vs. shuffled ensemble. Distribution of similarity values S for the alpha and cdc15 data sets (shaded histogram) and their respective shuffled set (red filled histogram) representing the null model. alpha set – panel A; cdc15 set – panel B. The alpha set comprises 734 genes and the cdc15 set comprises 2517 genes modulated in at least one of ρ' = 3 experimental conditions.
Upon the removal of the indirect interactions (ε = 0.1 in Equation 4), the resulting edges were investigated for validity according to validated biological data.
Validation of results
To validate the obtained results, each interaction found for each network (the undirected edges) is searched for biological meaning in the BioGRID (The Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets) and the Yeastract (Yeast Search for Transcriptional Regulators And Consensus Tracking) databases [22,23]. The former is a repository of the protein and genetic interactions reported to date for some model organisms including the baker yeast. The Yeastract is a curated repository of regulatory associations between transcription factors and target genes in S. cerevisiae based on bibliographic references. We compared the obtained edges in two ways. First, we searched for the existence of a catalogued physical or genetic interaction in the BioGRID data bank. Second, we searched in the Yeastract data bank for the existence of a common transcription factor regulating both genes in each resulting edge. Our results show a good agreement with the literature description. In the following section we show the results for the alpha-factor and cdc15 networks.
The networks
The resulting edges were investigated for validity both in the BioGRID and the Yeastract data banks and results are shown in the pie charts in Figure 4. This Figure presents the percentage of connections (edges) that have either been identified in the BioGRID data bank or that are regulated by the same transcription factor as given by the Yeastract data bank. Connections involving genes not documented in the cited databases counts as unknown genes.
Figure 4. Analysis of gene's associations. The percentage of connections found either in the BioGRID or the Yeastract data bank (correct assignment patch) in contrast to the null model (shaded superimposed areas) for the alpha network and the cdc15 network.
Connections not found in either data banks are labeled as mis-assignments and are subdivided into two groups: those that involve dubious or uncharacterized ORFs and the rest of it. In order to evaluate the results a null model has been tested by randomly assigning edges among the modulated genes while keeping the same connectivity distribution of the original network. Averaged results for this random network are shown in shaded areas.
According to these results, one can expect that in average 35% of two randomly chosen genes modulated in the alpha perturbation are regulated by the same transcription factor in contrast to 72% obtained with our method (p < 10-5). Similarly, in average 30% of two randomly chosen genes modulated in the cdc15 perturbation share a common transcription factor in contrast to 71% obtained with our method. One could argue that the rate of correct assignments for the random model is overestimated. However, we want to emphasize that the set of genes analyzed here and subjected to the described procedures comprises genes with a rate of modulation above a given threshold under the considered experimental treatment. Thus, we expect that they are all somehow related. Nonetheless, the efficiency of the method is highly above the expected by chance.
It is worth mentioning that the results shown in Figure 4 are mostly due to common documented transcription factors regulating the genes connected by an edge, i. e., due to agreement with the Yeastract data bank solely. The percentage of interactions found in the BioGRID data bank is around 10% for the alpha network and 3% for the cdc15 network (p < 10-5). Although this result is statistically significant, we stress that the proposed procedure is best suited for elucidation of possible common regulation pathways rather than physical or genetic interactions as given by the BioGRID bank.
These results together reinforce the common assumption that the connections found with methods based on similarity between gene profiles are only conceptual. They mean solely that the involved pair presents patterns of expressions that are highly dependent under the statistical assumptions. Furthermore, the edges participating in the networks are selected under a rank of high statistical significance and some of them can be replaced if the parameters are changed. In spite of this, the kernel structure is usually maintained, i. e., central nodes and modular organization are usually kept under different parameter choices and can provide unparalleled valuable informations concerning genes functions and cellular states.
In order to evaluate the robustness of the method, we applied the same procedure to the complete data set (73 time points). We compared the results obtained with the complete sets of alpha and cdc15 (18 and 24 time points, respectively) to the results previously obtained (with only three time points). We observed a massive overlap between the nodes from both networks – 88% of the nodes in the alpha network and 97% of the nodes in the cdc15 network. Concerning the edges, we observed that about 10% are present in both networks. It is worth stressing that this is not a trivial result since the genes selected as nodes in the networks comprehend only a fraction of the total number of modulated genes.
The alpha-factor network
The alpha network is depicted in Figure 5. The two most connected genes CS T1 and MFA1 encode endochitinase (required for cell separation after mitosis, activated during late GAP (G) and early mitosis (M) cell cycle phases) and Mating pheromone a-factor (which interacts with alpha cells to induce cell cycle arrest and other responses leading to mating), respectively. A list with all the genes and its annotations according to the GEO is given as Supplementary file.
Figure 5. Alpha-factor network. The alpha network. The visualization of networks was performed using the Pajek program for large network analysis [40] with Fruchterman-Reingold graph layout algorithm followed by manual vertex adjustments. The identification of the genes and their description are given in Additional file 1.
Additional file 1. Annotations. A list with the genes' names and functions obtained from the SGD (Saccharomyces Genomic Database) for all the genes presented in the networks described in the text.
Format: XLS Size: 94KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Excel Viewer
Since interactions are only conceptual we suggest that instead of analyzing individual genes and edges in an isolated way, one could extract more valuable information from the analysis of groups of densely connected genes. The symbolic representation of a network in groups or modules can help one to better comprehend its structure. In Figure 5 one can nearly distinguish four groups of nodes. To facilitate the evaluation of the modules, we applied a well-known community detection procedure based on edge betweenness over the network [24,25]. The edge betweenness community algorithm splits apart modules of nodes densely connected by successively removing the most central edges. This method produces a dendrogram displaying the nodes in the x-axis and the distance among them is proportional to the length of the y-axis. The dendrogram relative to the alpha-factor network is given in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Alpha-factor dendrogram. The dendrogram resulted from the edge betweenness community detector applied on the alpha network. The colors of the leaf nodes correspond to the described protein functions: Red: Mating – Proteins directly or indirectly involved in cell-type-specific transcription and pheromone response; Yellow: Cell wall – Proteins related to cell wall remodeling. Cell-cycle regulated; Blue: Chromatin – Proteins required for chromatin assembly and chromossome function; Light Green: Cell cycle – Proteins involved in regulation of cell cycle progression; Grey: Unknown-Uncharacterized ORFs or proteins with unknown biological function. The edge betweenness algorithm was performed with the igraph R package [41].
Spellman experiment's main objective was to investigate cell-cycle regulated genes [17,21]. With this aim, the authors synchronized yeast cultures in different ways analyzing transcript levels as a function of time after the release of the cultures. Each different method used to synchronize cells introduces characteristic artifacts that can persist for some time even after the stimulus is removed. Specifically, this network is originated from the use of the α pheromone to arrest MATa cells in G1. Yeast have two mating types, a and α (genotypes MATa and MATα, respectively) that can fuse to form a diploid MATa/MATα. Once a MATa cell is exposed to α-factor (the pheromone purified from the opposite mating type), the cell undergo a reversible process of differentiation of vegetatively growing cells to cells with characteristics of gametes. The cell ceases dividing and starts elongating towards the highest concentration of pheromone, forming a structure termed mating projection [26]. Yeast cells are non-motile; they have rigid cell wall and can't form filopodia like some protozoans. Thus, this chemotropic morphogenesis involves a series of cell wall modifications. Proteins involved in signaling, polarization, cell adhesion and fusion are localized to the mating projection [27,28]. On the other hand, in the yeast response pathway negative feedback loops operate at many levels to promote desensitization/adaptation and recovery. Among those negative feedback mechanisms, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation play crucial role in the modulation of signal intensity. Phosphatases and kinases operate at every level of the pathway.
The analysis of the alpha network reveals very interesting characteristics of the process going on with the studied organism. Firstly, the great majority of the genes are related to cell cycle in some way, as expected. Notwithstanding, one can discern distinct functions in different modules and most of these are directly related to the response to the pheromone, e.g. mating and cell wall remodeling. It is remarkable the presence of the clique composed by the proteins PHO5, PHO11 and PHO12. This module is formed by cell-cycle regulated transcripts peaking in the transition M/G1 of the cell cycle (Mitosis to the GAP1 phase of interphase). The acid phosphatases are involved in the response to phosphate starvation that occurs late in the cell cycle [29] due to the consumption of inorganic phosphate for the synthesis of nucleotid and phospholipids during the metaphase. The MCM2 and MS A1 are both involved in G1/S (GAP1/DNA Synthesis) transition progression of the cell cycle [17].
The histones module comprehends mainly transcripts peaking at the early stages of cell cycle such as the MFA1, S VS 1 and S PC98 peaking in G1 and the histones themselves peaking in S phase. The histones play a crucial role in DNA replication and are thus highly synthesized during S. The MFA1 is the pheromone produced by a cells in response to mating stimulus. In our sorted time samples, it is expressed only in the very first point of the signal, maybe due to the recent stimulation with alpha-factor.
The group of genes displayed in the leftmost part of Figure 4 presents an enrichment of genes involved directly or indirectly with the cell's rearrangements in response to mating. Most of these genes peak in M or in the transition M/G1. It's worth stressing that such proteins are not present in any of the other studied networks. This module is connected to the other modules in the network through an endochitinase CTS 1 that is strongly cell-cycle regulated and plays a role in cytokinesis. It is also interesting to notice that this central node connects all modules through at least one transcript related to cell wall assembly or remodeling.
These results show a high level of coherence in face of the known biological processes. The subnetwork of most dependent genes modulated at the alpha-factor stimulated cell-cycle arrest shows groups of more interdependent transcripts that whether participate in a common well-defined process or happens to be expressed in the same stages of the cell-cycle. The method reveals clusters of genes cell-cycle-related or function-related and corroborate the results found in the literature.
The cdc15 network
The cdc15 subnetwork is depicted in Figure 7. In contrast to the alpha network, the cdc15 net is much denser and modules are more interconnected. The top connected vertice is NCE102 – a protein of unknown function, involved in secretion of proteins that lack classical secretory signal sequences; component of the detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched complexes (DIGs). According to the dendrogram in Figure 8, one can distinguish 6 modules in the network.
Figure 7. Cdc15 network. The cdc15 network. The identification of the genes and their description are given in Additional file 1.
Figure 8. Cdc15 dendrogram. The dendrogram resulting from the community detection applied to the cdc15 network. The colours of the leaf nodes correspond to the described protein functions: Red: Response to stress – Proteins involved in stress response; Yellow: Cell Wall – Proteins related to cell wall remodeling (cell-cycle regulated); Violet: Membrane – Membrane integral proteins; Green: Mitochondria – Mitochondrial proteins; Blue: Chromatin – Proteins required for chromatin assembly and chromossome function; Light Green: Cell Cycle – Proteins involved in regulation of cell cycle progression; Brown: Other – several unshared biological functions; Grey: Unknown – Uncharacterized ORFs or proteins with unknown biological function.
In this experiment, the authors used a temperature-sensitive mutant strain. Temperature sensitive mutants are able to grow and develop normally under a range of temperature called permissive but if the temperature is shifted to a so-called restrictive range, the organism develops the mutant phenotype and triggers a series of modifications (driven by the stress response pathways) among which is a transient cell cycle arrest. In this experiment, the authors took advantage of this genetic trait to synchronize cultures growing cells under the restrictive temperature. This procedure, however can trigger some other effects such as the stress responses induced by heat. Heat damages cells in a number of ways, perhaps most critically by disrupting the integrity of membranes and by causing proteins to denature and aggregate [30]. In response, cells induce a number of changes involving membrane fluidity and structure, an increased turnover of several plasma membrane proteins and induction of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Another characteristic feature is the strong induction of a small number of heat-shock proteins (HSPs). Their function range from the synthesis of the dissacharide trehalose, which acts as a thermoprotectant, to protein chaperones involved in protein folding, and the machinery involved in protein degradation, in particular ubiquitin [27,31,32]. Among these, the Hsp104 protein plays the most important role in yeast recovery after heat-shock exposure and a number of studies shows evidence of a connection between Hsp104 content and mitochondrial activity [33]. Mitochondria are the main source of energy in cell. They are necessary not only for growth and development, but also for the repair of heat shock induced injury. Apart from the function of the mitochondrion in energy supply, this organelle seems to regulate the expression of the HSP104 gene and probably the expression of other heat shock-regulated genes in S. cerevisiae [33]. Evidences suggest that the hyperpolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane by a mild heat shock is one of several signals triggering the chain of reactions that culminates in the responses described above. In the cdc15 network one can notice the occurrence of several heat shock proteins including the Hsp104. In Figures 6 and 7 one can also notice that this protein is inserted in a group of proteins related to mitochondrial functions or mitochondrial integral membrane proteins. Another interesting feature of this network is the number of plasma membrane proteins, in particular proton ATPases, permeases and transporters. Certain inducers of stress responses such as heat shock permeabilizes membranes, thereby causing pronounced disturbance to transmembrane ion gradients [34]. The maintenance of the electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane is of vital importance for the cellular functioning. Thus, a pronounced turnover of the enzymes and carrier systems associated with the membrane is expected in response to stress. This feature is being revealed in this system's depiction.
Like in the alpha network, here we can also discern modules of genes related to cell cycle progression such as the module centered around TOS 4 and its neighbor centered around AMN1 that are mostly composed by genes that peak in the G1 and S phases. The striking predominance of cell-cycle related genes in these modules suggest a similar role to the neighboring uncharacterized proteins.
Conclusion
Temporal gene expression data are hard to obtain and thus the design of experiments with a large set of time samples is frequently unfeasible. Instead, the majority of experiments are performed with as few as three or four time samples usually taken for as many experimental conditions. Notwithstanding the statistical poorness of the data, researchers are used to extract important clues about the biological systems by simply applying classical clustering techniques [35,36]. The availability of a more sophisticated approach could allow one to further explore the data saving time and resources in additional experimental procedures and generating more robust hypotheses to be tested. The depiction of biological systems as graphs is becoming increasingly present in the literature. The possibility of eliminating indirect interactions and to evaluate connections among groups of genes makes this a very powerful tool. Furthermore, it has been shown that centrality measures, for instance the most connected nodes, can identify gene products that play crucial roles in the analyzed processes and that these measures does not correlate with the mean expression level [37], thus rendering unparalleled informations.
Our objective in this work is to propose a metric that makes viable more robust analyses of data where standard well-established techniques are not appropriate due to the statistical constraints. Log-likelihood scores are a common tool in the inference of correlation between time series [38] that needs no prior assumptions about the functions governing it and is very well suited for the analysis of systems where little is known about it. Here we use the information contained in different experiments about how the modulated genes behave relative to each other to derive our hypothesis of association among variables.
One point to argue in this paper is the disregard of temporal correlations. Indeed, microarray time series are known to be autoregressive and good results have been obtained with linear regression models in the context of gene networks [39-41], originating directed structures where a causal relationship is implied. However, the computational cost for this kind of approach can be restrictively high and some prior assumptions have to be made concerning the regression function and the number of variables to fit the model. In this work we are proposing a more simple yet sophisticated approach. Given the nature of our data and our purposes, we chose to disregard time correlations.
Despite the simplification, our results show a very good support from biological meanings. We stress that although our method is not based on the presence or absence of oscillatory patterns, it is applicable in cases when oscillatory patterns can be assumed negligible due to the difference in time scale with the known rhythms or asynchrony of the cell culture, for instance.
We showed results for the yeast S. cerevisiae, a well-known biological system and discussed two very diverse cellular processes based on the networks results. The proposed S score allowed us to infer subnetworks of strongly dependent genes that show great biological relevance. Although the data set used here has been constructed from a large temporal series with a good time resolution, we have designed it in a way to disassemble time correlations and to impoverish statistics to an extreme condition. Even so, we were able to explain, in some depth, non-trivial biochemical processes related to the synchronization procedures. We have also applied the same algorithm to the original complete data set and the results are stunningly robust. The networks originated from the adapted subsets seem to be samplings of the complete ones with only edges rearranged (although around 10% of the edges are conserved).
Our results showed that the co-expression networks constructed from this kind of poorly temporally resolved microarray data are not appropriate to reveal physical interactions. However, it can provide a reliable tool to infer pairs of genes regulated by common transcription factors and thus extract valuable clues about how the system works. Finally, we would like to stress that this method can be applied to arbitrarily complex organisms and does not rely on prior knowledge. Likewise, it is also well suited for the analysis of data series extracted from any complex system such as social relationships or economics.
Authors' contributions
MGC: Conducted research, designed the study, designed the algorithm, performed literature validation, wrote manuscript. FMS and IM: Participated in design of the study, participated in literature validation. OK: Participated in the theoretical discussions. CABP: Statistical discussions and revisions, wrote manuscript. GHG: Supervised research, wrote manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Drs. Fredj Tekaia and Natalie Fedorova for constructive comments and Msc. Luciano A. Bernardes for support on computational and web tools. We specially thank Dr. Johannes Berg for the valuable discussion on the methods and results. The authors acknowledge the valuable contribution of three anonymous reviewers to the final version of the manuscript. This research was supported by the Fundacão de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil, and John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, USA.
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Research article
Reconsidering the generation time hypothesis based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence comparisons in annual and perennial angiosperms
David F Soria-Hernanz1,3*, Omar Fiz-Palacios2,4, John M Braverman1 and Matthew B Hamilton1
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
2 Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
3 The Genographic Project, National Geographic Society, Washington DC, USA
4 Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:344 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-344
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/344
Received:17 April 2008
Accepted:29 December 2008
Published:29 December 2008
© 2008 Soria-Hernanz et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Differences in plant annual/perennial habit are hypothesized to cause a generation time effect on divergence rates. Previous studies that compared rates of divergence for internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) in angiosperms have reached contradictory conclusions about whether differences in generation times (or other life history features) are associated with divergence rate heterogeneity. We compared annual/perennial ITS divergence rates using published sequence data, employing sampling criteria to control for possible artifacts that might obscure any actual rate variation caused by annual/perennial differences.
Results
Relative rate tests employing ITS sequences from 16 phylogenetically-independent annual/perennial species pairs rejected rate homogeneity in only a few comparisons, with annuals more frequently exhibiting faster substitution rates. Treating branch length differences categorically (annual faster or perennial faster regardless of magnitude) with a sign test often indicated an excess of annuals with faster substitution rates. Annuals showed an approximately 1.6-fold rate acceleration in nucleotide substitution models for ITS. Relative rates of three nuclear loci and two chloroplast regions for the annual Arabidopsis thaliana compared with two closely related Arabidopsis perennials indicated that divergence was faster for the annual. In contrast, A. thaliana ITS divergence rates were sometimes faster and sometimes slower than the perennial. In simulations, divergence rate differences of at least 3.5-fold were required to reject rate constancy in > 80 % of replicates using a nucleotide substitution model observed for the combination of ITS1 and ITS2. Simulations also showed that categorical treatment of branch length differences detected rate heterogeneity > 80% of the time with a 1.5-fold or greater rate difference.
Conclusion
Although rate homogeneity was not rejected in many comparisons, in cases of significant rate heterogeneity annuals frequently exhibited faster substitution rates. Our results suggest that annual taxa may exhibit a less than 2-fold rate acceleration at ITS. Since the rate difference is small and ITS lacks statistical power to reject rate homogeneity, further studies with greater power will be required to adequately test the hypothesis that annual and perennial plants have heterogeneous substitution rates. Arabidopsis sequence data suggest that relative rate tests based on multiple loci may be able to distinguish a weak acceleration in annual plants. The failure to detect rate heterogeneity with ITS in past studies may be largely a product of low statistical power.
Background
Comparative studies of molecular substitution rates between lineages provide insights into the mechanisms that cause evolution of DNA sequences. Under the neutral theory [1,2] rates of nucleotide substitutions are expected to be equal to rates of mutation, thus a constant rate of nucleotide substitution in homologous DNA sequences should be observed among lineages that share mutation rates. Neutral theory assumes that genetic drift is the primary evolutionary mechanism causing molecular evolution and predicts that rates of sequence change would be both constant over time and independent of the effective population size. Heterogeneity in substitution rates can be explained under neutral theory by either unevenness of mutation rates at individual loci (manifested as locus effects) or correlated mutation rates across all loci within species (manifested as lineage effects). Alternatively, natural selection may cause rate heterogeneity among loci and lineages via purifying selection that reduces the probability of substitution due to functional constraint or through the increased probability of substitution associated with positive natural selection [3-6]. Identifying causes of rate heterogeneity as well as specific variables that affect underlying mutation and substitution rates is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms that cause evolution of DNA sequences (reviewed in [7]).
Differences in generation time could affect substitution rates, causing lineage effects on substitution rates if organisms with shorter generation times experience more mutations per unit of chronological time than organisms with longer generation times. This neutral explanation for rate heterogeneity among lineages is commonly called the generation time hypothesis. Under the generation time hypothesis, lineage-specific heterogeneity in rates of divergence can be explained by differences in the number of germ line cell divisions per unit time among lineages that otherwise share constant mutation rates. Therefore, under the generation time hypothesis substitution rates are expected to be negatively correlated with generation time [5,8,9]. Generation time effects on synonymous substitution rates have been widely observed at multiple loci for several mammalian species [2,3,9-15]. Generation-time-like effects have also been tested for in organism such as RNA viruses where faster substitution rates were correlated with higher frequencies of replication [16] and in spore-forming bacteria where rates of divergence were not related to spore dormancy [17].
In angiosperms, expected generation time impacts on rates of molecular evolution are not as clear as in animals since plants lack distinct germ and somatic cell lines. Plant cells are totipotent and the number of cell divisions between germination and gamete production can vary from individual to individual and even among parts of a single individual. The generation time hypothesis modified for plants assumes that variation in the frequency of cell replication is correlated with differences in annual/perennial habit. Since annuals have shorter minimum time to first flowering than perennials, it has been assumed that annuals would also experience a higher frequency of cell replication per chronological time and thereby a faster rate of divergence when compared to perennials [18]. The generation time hypothesis has been invoked to explain why annual species exhibited higher rates of molecular evolution than perennial species for several nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast loci (e.g. [19-23]). However, results from studies that support a generation time effect in plants have two primary limitations [24]. First, some studies used multiple non-independent comparisons in their analyses that may lead to statistical difficulties as well as potential phylogenetic bias. Second, the taxa compared were highly divergent so that other evolved differences in addition to generation time could also have caused the rate variation observed. Comparing divergence rates in phylogenetically-independent sets of annual/perennial pairs that are recently diverged can correct for these two pitfalls when testing for a generation time effect in angiosperms [24].
Loci that can be used to estimate divergence rates are limited in the vast majority of angiosperms, which restricts comparisons of substitution rates in multiple independent sets of recently diverged plant taxa. For example, the plant mitochondrial genome exhibits a fast pace of structural evolution but the lowest rate of nucleotide substitutions of all three plant genomes making it especially difficult to obtain sequences in multiple plant lineages with sufficient divergence [18,25-28]. Universal primers are available for multiple chloroplast regions but, like mitochondrial regions, the utility of these regions is often limited by low sequence divergence at shallow phylogenetic relatedness. Nuclear loci are not widely available in multiple plant lineages since nuclear genomes have variable architecture, abundant multigene families with rapid duplication and loss complicating the identification of orthologous loci [18,27]. There is also a wide range of substitution rates among nuclear DNA sequences in plants [29], requiring multiple loci in comparative studies to average rates over independent loci.
The internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) are the only nuclear DNA markers currently available for comparative tests of the generation time hypothesis in a broad range of recently diverged plant taxa for several reasons. First, ITS regions are universally amplifiable in plants and many plant taxa have been sequenced. Second, ITS regions are highly variable at the nucleotide level. Third, it is commonly believed that ITS multicopy arrays are homogenized by concerted evolution so that intraspecific polymorphism does not complicate estimates of divergence [30,31]. Moreover, ITS regions have been used extensively in molecular evolution studies of plants such as demonstrating that rates of ITS nucleotide substitution are associated with species diversity [32], reproductive isolation and life history [33], and environmental variables ([33]; but see [34]).
Two recent studies compared rates of ITS1 and ITS2 divergence using phylogenetically independent sets of angiosperms differing in life history but reached opposite conclusions about whether differences in life history affect rates of divergence. In the first study, Whittle and Johnston [24] did not find an association between relative rates of nucleotide substitution and annual/perennial life history in 22 species pairs, leading them to conclude that the generation time hypothesis does not apply to angiosperms. In another recent study, clades with a predominantly herbaceous life history exhibited an almost twice-faster average rate of divergence than predominantly long-lived woody clades using 28 independently calibrated absolute rates of ITS nucleotide substitution [35]. Both studies consistently did not reject the null hypothesis of constant divergence rates when comparing life histories. Since low statistical power of rate tests was suspected, both papers also treated substitution rate differences qualitatively or categorically (e.g. annual is faster or perennial is faster regardless of the magnitude of the rate difference). These conflicting results mandate further research into whether differences in generation times are correlated with substitution rates in angiosperms.
Given that ITS1 and ITS2 are currently among the only sequences available to test for rate heterogeneity among a wide sampling of plant taxa, it is essential to assess the statistical power of rate heterogeneity tests based on ITS sequences. It is critical to determine the magnitude of rate heterogeneity required to reliably reject the null hypothesis of rate constancy when evaluating whether differences in annual/perennial habit have heterogeneous substitution rates. Low statistical power will result in type II errors (incorrectly failing to reject the null hypothesis of rate constancy) that could lead to an erroneous conclusion that annual/perennial habit is not associated with divergence rates. One main cause of low statistical power is a small number of nucleotide substitutions available to estimate divergence, a common situation when recently diverged species are being compared. Simulations have shown that the power of Tajima's relative rate test [36], distance-based relative rate tests [9], and the maximum-likelihood relative ratio test [6] are all dependent on sequence lengths, the relatedness of the outgroup taxa, and the employment of an appropriate model of nucleotide substitution [37,38]. The alternative approach of categorical treatment of substitution rate differences in annual/perennial comparisons is based on the assumption that the direction of rate differences would accurately test rate heterogeneity. However, this approach has not yet been subjected to a rigorous power analysis.
In this article, we test whether annual/perennial habit affects rates of divergence by comparing both relative rates of molecular evolution and categorical branch length differences in 16 independent annual/perennial species pairs. ITS1 and ITS2 sequences were obtained from GenBank under strict sampling criteria designed to control for artifacts contributing additional variation in divergence rates that could obscure any rate variation caused by differences in life history. The criteria were that each annual/perennial pair was recently diverged, had at least eight nucleotide changes between taxa, had ITS sequences for two outgroup taxa available, and the ITS sequences were originally obtained from a single PCR amplicon. The power of maximum likelihood relative rate tests was investigated by determining the degree of rate heterogeneity required to reliably reject rate constancy for DNA sequences simulated under average nucleotide substitution parameters of ITS sequences. We also used simulations to assess whether categorical treatment of branch length differences is an appropriate method to test for rate heterogeneity when a relative rate test does not reject rate constancy. In addition, we utilized sequences of three nuclear loci, two chloroplast regions and multiple intra-specific nrDNA ribotypes for the annual Arabidopsis thaliana and two closely related perennials (Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. lyrata and A. lyrata subsp. petrea) to test whether substitution rate differences at the ITS regions were correlated across multiple loci as expected under the generation time hypothesis.
Results
ITS annual/perennial substitution rates
The edited sequences had between 210–267 sites for ITS1, between 183–257 sites for ITS2 and between 420–505 sites for the combined ITS region. Results from the maximum-likelihood relative rate test and the categorical treatment of branch length differences, as well as the estimated rate differences in 16 independent annual/perennial comparisons for the ITS1, ITS2 and combined ITS data using two outgroup taxa, are summarized in Table 1. The maximum-likelihood relative rate test rejected the null hypothesis of rate constancy in 12 out of 48 comparisons with less divergent outgroups and in 13 out of 48 comparisons with more divergent outgroups. In most tests where the null was rejected, annual species exhibited faster rates of nucleotide substitution than perennial species (10 annuals versus 2 perennials with less divergent outgroups and 8 annuals versus 5 perennials with more divergent outgroups). Similar results for relative rate tests were obtained with Tajima's 1D relative rate test (results not shown). After treating branch length differences categorically, a sign test showed a significant excess of faster substitution rates in annual taxa for all ITS sequence regions with both more and less diverged outgroups with the exception of ITS1 using more diverged outgroups (Table 1). In summary, the results indicated rate homogeneity for many comparisons but annuals more frequently exhibited significantly faster rates of nucleotide substitution when there was significant rate heterogeneity.
Table 1. Relative branch lengths for ITS1, ITS2 and combined ITS sequences between comparisons of recently diverged annual (before the slash) and perennial (after the slash) species when two different phylogenetically related outgroup taxa are used.
Using two outgroup taxa with different levels of divergence in each annual/perennial comparison showed that substitution rates varied slightly but did not change the general conclusion that annuals exhibited faster rates of substitution than perennials. For ITS1 using less divergent outgroups, relative rate tests rejected rate constancy in three of 16 comparisons, indicating that three annual species exhibited a significantly faster rate of substitution. In the same way, annual taxa exhibited longer branch lengths in 12 of the 16 categorical comparisons (sign test, p = 0.038). When the same annual/perennial species pairs where compared using more divergent outgroups, two annuals and one perennial showed significantly faster rates by relative rate tests while 11 of 16 qualitative comparisons (sign test, p = 0.105) exhibited longer branch lengths for annual taxa. For the ITS2 data, four cases (three annuals and one perennial) rejected rate constancy when less divergent outgroups were employed and in 13 of 16 qualitative comparisons (sign test, p = 0.011) annuals showed longer branch lengths. If more divergent outgroups were used, five cases (three annuals and two perennials) rejected rate constancy and 12 of 16 qualitative comparisons (sign test, p = 0.038) exhibited longer branch lengths for annual taxa. For the combined ITS sequence data with less diverged outgroups, four annuals and one perennial species exhibited significantly faster substitution rates by relative rate tests and 13 of 16 qualitative comparisons (sign test, p = 0.011) exhibited longer branch lengths for the annual taxa. If more divergent outgroups were used with combined ITS sequence data, three annuals and two perennials rejected rate constancy and 12 of 16 qualitative comparisons (sign test, p = 0.038) exhibited longer branch lengths for annual taxa.
Power simulations
The phylogeny used in the simulations is shown in Figure 1 and the nucleotide substitution parameter sets implemented in simulations are given in Table 2. The Kimura 2 parameter nucleotide substitution model (K80 or K2P), which assumes equal base frequencies and variable transition and transversion frequencies [39], was the one most frequently estimated for each of the 16 annual/perennial species pair comparisons for all six ITS sequence datasets (results not shown, substitution models available from the authors). Overall, the simulations indicated that a maximum likelihood relative rate test had an increasing chance to detect rate heterogeneity for ITS-like sequences as the rate difference between ingroup taxa increased (Figure 2). Relative rate tests rejected the null hypothesis in no more than 80% of replicate simulations for a given set or parameters for both ITS1-like and ITS2-like sequences, independently of the level of divergence of the outgroup used (see solid lines in Figure 2A, B, D and 2E). With a 3-fold or less rate difference between ingroup taxa, ITS1-like and ITS2-like simulated sequences rejected rate constancy for no more than 50% of replicates. For combined ITS-like sequences, the power of the test increased and rate constancy was rejected in about 80% of replicates with a 3.5-fold or greater rate difference between ingroup taxa (see solid lines in Figure 2C and 2F).
Table 2. Nucleotide substitution parameters estimated from ITS sequence data of 16 annual/perennial pairs used to simulate DNA sequences with Seq-Gen.
Figure 1. Schematic of the tree topology used when simulating DNA sequence triplets for power analyses. The program used to simulate DNA sequences (Seq-Gen) continues to add nucleotide changes until threshold divergence values have been reached. These threshold divergence values were obtained by averaging the estimated sets of branch lengths from actual ITS sequences for 16 annual/perennial/outgroup comparisons (Table 1). These averaged values are given in Phylip format in Table 2. The threshold divergence values for the perennial-like taxon (DIA-perennial) and the outgroup-like taxon (DR-outgroup, DR-IA) were kept constant for each outgroup (closer and further) and each set of nucleotide substitution parameters (ITS1-like, ITS2-like and Combined-ITS-like). To model rate heterogeneity, the threshold divergence value of the annual-like taxon (DIA-annual) for each set of replicate simulations was determined by multiplying the perennial-like taxon divergence threshold (DIA-perennial) by1.5 to 5 in steps of 0.5.
Figure 2. The frequency of significant rate heterogeneity by maximum likelihood relative rate tests along with the frequency of rate heterogeneity indicated by categorical rate comparisons in simulated data. Each data point represents the proportion of 1000 replicate simulated ITS-like sequence triplets with one of the ingroup taxon evolving with a substitution rate parameter between 1.5 and 5 times faster than the other ingroup taxon. In addition, the graphs show the proportion of 1000 replicates which correctly indicated that the taxon with the faster substitution rate parameter exhibited a higher substitution rate using qualitative substitution rate comparisons regardless of whether the maximum likelihood relative rate test rejected rate constancy. Simulated sequences were obtained with mean divergence and nucleotide substitution parameter sets estimated from actual ITS sequences (see Table 2).
The proportion of replicates where the faster evolving taxon had a qualitatively higher substitution rate was at least 70% even with a rate difference as low as 1.5-fold. Categorical rate comparisons identified the annual-like taxon as faster in 100% of replicates when the rate difference was 3-fold or greater for all three ITS-like sequences. The proportion of replicates with significant rate heterogeneity for each of the ITS-like sequences was similar between the more and less divergent outgroups.
The distributions of estimated rate differences between ingroup taxa among replicate sequence simulations for all six different nucleotide substitution model parameter sets (see Table 2) are shown in Figure 3. Estimated rate differences within a nucleotide substitution parameter exhibited high variation and extremely long tails for all six nucleotide substitution parameter sets. The mean and coefficient of variation were not appropriate to summarize the distributions because of non-normality (20 or so very extreme values at each tail lead to a large difference between the mean and mode). Medians and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of estimated substitution rate differences for replicate simulations were: median = 1.74, CI = -2.2 – 14.6 for ITS1-like sequences; median = 1.52, CI = -2.9 – 10.1 for ITS2-like sequences; median = 1.77, CI = -1.4 – 5.8 for combined-ITS-like sequences with a less diverged outgroup. Using a more diverged outgroup, replicate simulations exhibited rate difference distributions of median = 1.56, CI = -3.2 – 25.1 for ITS1-like sequences; median = 1.17, CI = -4.9 – 8.4 for ITS2-like sequences; median = 1.42, CI = -2.1 – 4.2 for combined-ITS-like sequences. The median value of the estimated rate differences was nearly identical in each case to the rate difference parameter in Table 2 and 95% CIs of estimated rate differences overlapped extensively.
Figure 3. Histograms of estimated substitution rate differences between annual-like and perennial-like species pairs in 1000 independent replicates that were simulated under the average nucleotide substitution parameter sets estimated from actual ITS sequences (see Table 2). The value axis gives the ratio of the faster substitution rate over the slower substitution rate. The rate difference ratio was assigned a negative value when the perennial-like taxon had a faster estimated substitution rate and was positive when the annual-like taxon had a faster estimated substitution rate.
Arabidopsis annual/perennial substitution rates
Results of relative rate tests, estimates of substitution rates and estimated substitution rate differences between the annual A. thaliana and the perennials A. lyrata and A. petraea for various nrDNA ribotypes, the three nuclear loci and two chloroplast regions are summarized in Table 3. Rate constancy was rejected in a single instance, where the chloroplast region had a significantly faster substitution rate for the annual A. thaliana. Qualitatively, substitution rate differences estimated at each of the three nuclear loci were similar and uniformly indicated a faster rate for the annual species. The average substitution rate difference for all nuclear loci was 1.35-fold between A. thaliana and A. lyrata and 1.32-fold between A. thaliana and A. petraea.
Table 3. Estimated branch lengths and substitution rate differences (Rate Δ) for comparisons between the annual Arabidopsis thaliana and the two perennials Arabidopsis lyrata subspecies lyrata and Arabidopsis lyrata subspecies petraea using five nuclear loci (ITS1, ITS2, Chs, Adh, PgiC), two chloroplast regions (rbcL and matK) and Crucihimalaya himalaica as the outgroup.
When the three nuclear loci were concatenated into a single sequence, a Tamura-Nei nucleotide substitution model with a gamma parameter was obtained (results not shown). When the entire concatenated nuclear sequence was used in the likelihood relative rate test, A. thaliana showed significantly faster divergence rates when compared to both A. lyrata (p = 0.017) and A. petraea (p = 0.025; results not shown). For the concatenated nuclear sequences, the average substitution rate difference was 1.35-fold between A. thaliana and A. lyrata and 1.33-fold between A. thaliana and A. petraea.
When the two chloroplast regions were concatenated into a single sequence, a Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano nucleotide substitution model best fit the data (results not shown). In contrast with the results from the concatenated nuclear sequences, relative rate tests did not reject the null hypothesis of rate constancy for the concatenated chloroplast sequences between A. thaliana and both A. lyrata (p = 0.093) and A. petraea (p = 0.092; results not shown). Categorical analyses for the concatenated chloroplast sequences indicated a faster divergence rate for A. thaliana when compared to A. lyrata (1.7-fold difference) and A. petraea (1.8-fold difference).
No relative rate tests rejected rate constancy for any comparison of Arabidopsis ITS sequences. For all ITS sequences in Arabidopsis, categorical treatment of substitution rates as well as estimated rate differences between annual and perennial taxa showed a roughly equal number of cases where the annual and the perennial exhibited a faster substitution rate. Sometimes the taxon with the faster rate for ITS1 had the slower rate for ITS2, such as when A. petraea (R1 ribotype) had a qualitatively higher substitution rate at ITS1 but qualitatively lower substitution rate at ITS2. In another case, using the alternative ribotype R2 for A. petraea both ITS1 and ITS2 exhibited qualitatively higher substitution rates in the annual taxon. When additional outgroups and nrDNA ribotypes were used in the annual/perennial/outgroup comparisons for ITS (data not shown), both A. thaliana and the perennial taxa had qualitatively faster substitution rates with about equal frequency. The alternating pattern of either the annual or perennial taxon exhibiting a faster estimated substitution rate for ITS sequences was in contrast to the consistent pattern of faster estimated substitution rates for the annual A. thaliana at the three nuclear loci and the two chloroplast regions.
Discussion
Overall, the null hypothesis of rate constancy for ITS sequences was not rejected in the majority of annual/perennial comparisons based on both maximum-likelihood and Tajima's 1D relative rate tests. When rate constancy was rejected, annuals exhibited higher rates of nucleotide substitution in most cases. Categorical treatment of branch length differences indicated that an excess number of annual species had higher rates of nucleotide substitution. Because these two patterns are expected under the generation time hypothesis for plants, these results support the hypothesis that differences in the annual/perennial habit are associated with rates of molecular evolution in angiosperms.
The simulations reported in this paper supply several insights. First, the simulations showed how often relative rate tests based on ITS-like sequences reject the null hypothesis of rate constancy when rates are in fact unequal. Second, the simulations showed how frequently a categorical comparison of branch lengths detects faster substitution rates even when relative rate tests do not reject the null hypothesis. Third, the simulations provide context for observations of ITS substitution rate homogeneity or heterogeneity reported in earlier studies, in particular, why substitution rates may not have been associated with differences in annual/perennial habit [24,35]. Because ITS sequences are short and have few diverged sites when compared between recently diverged taxa, relatively low power to reject rate constancy seemed possible. Indeed, the simulations showed that the statistical power to detect rate heterogeneity using ITS sequences is generally low for rate differences less than 3-fold. For simulations based on ITS1-like and ITS2-like nucleotide substitution parameter sets, the relative rate test only achieved an 80% probability of rejecting rate homogeneity with 4.5 or 5-fold rate differences. These power analyses for ITS-like sequences agree with a more general previous study that demonstrated a high type II error for Tajima's 1D test when the DNA sequences compared are short and have few diverged sites [38]. The simulations further suggest that categorical treatment of branch length differences is a more powerful indicator of rate heterogeneity at low to moderate substitution rate differences compared to relative rate tests, at least for ITS-like sequences. However, conclusions about the statistical power of the categorical rate comparisons only apply to the average nucleotide substitution model and divergence parameters used in the simulations and may not be a general phenomenon.
The best-documented case of a generation time effect is the 2- to 3-fold faster substitution rate in rodents compared to hominids [12,7]. This well studied example provides some perspective on the magnitude of rate differences we might expect to observe in plants if a generation time effect actually operates. In plants, the magnitude of rate differences between annual and perennial taxa was 2-fold at synonymous sites in the mitochondrial coxI gene [40], 4-fold at both synonymous and non-synonymous sites in the chloroplast rbcL gene [20,21,27], and 2.5-fold at synonymous sites in nuclear Adh loci [20] (Eyre-Walker and Gaut 1997). All of these studies were limited to comparisons of highly divergent annual and perennial species and therefore confounding factors other than differences in generation time might have lead to an overestimation of the impact of annual/perennial habit on substitution rates. In a study focused on phylogenetically independent comparisons, Kay and collaborators [35] found that clades with a predominantly herbaceous life history exhibited divergence rates for ITS sequences almost two times faster than clades with a predominantly long-lived woody life history in 28 phylogenies representing 21 different angiosperm families. The overall substitution rate differences estimated for the annual/perennial species comparisons in this paper were of similar magnitude to the ITS rate differences observed by Kay et al. [35]. Here, annuals evolved on average 1.6 times faster rate than perennials when a less divergent outgroup was used, while a slightly lower 1.4-fold average acceleration of annuals was observed with more divergent outgroup taxa. Categorical comparisons for ITS sequences also indicated that faster rates of substitution were correlated with annual habit. Therefore, the ITS results in this paper support a weak substitution rate acceleration for annuals consistent with a generation time effect in plants. We also believe that our sampling methods controlled for rate heterogeneity caused by variables other than annual/perennial habit and helped to better detect a weak generation time effect. This explains in part why our results are distinct from those of Whittle and Johnston [24], even though both studies were based on some of the same ITS data and used similar relative rate tests.
The Arabidopsis sequence data also support a weak annual acceleration in substitution rates. The annual A. thaliana had a significantly faster substitution rate for the chloroplast rbcL locus when compared with A. petraea. In addition, categorical rate comparisons consistently showed a faster substitution rates for A. thaliana for all the nuclear loci and chloroplast regions, even though rate constancy was not rejected by relative rate tests. When the three nuclear loci were combined, A. thaliana had a significantly faster substitution rate than either perennial. The only exception to the pattern of faster divergence rates for A. thaliana were at ITS sequences. The lack of any relative rate tests rejecting rate homogeneity and about half of qualitative comparisons indicating annuals were faster, all suggest that the ITS sequences showed no evidence of a faster substitution rate for A. thaliana. However, the simulation results showed that ITS-like sequences have little power to reject rate constancy when substitution rates are less than 2-fold different. So the pattern of about half of the qualitative rate comparisons showing a faster substitution rate for annuals is consistent with random variation about a mean rate difference of zero. Interestingly, similar results indicating a consistently higher number of synonymous substitutions (but rate constancy was not rejected by Tajima's relative rate test) in A. thaliana than in A. lyrata were observed in five out of six loci using the closely related outgroup species Capsella rubella and Arabidopsis graba [41].
Recent divergence of annual/perennial taxa is an advantage when attempting to infer the possible causes of rate heterogeneity because it reduces the number of evolutionary changes that distinguish the taxa in addition to annual/perennial habit. Unfortunately, that advantage may come at the cost of statistical power to detect potential rate heterogeneity. Recent divergence also means that few substitutions have occurred in the two taxa being compared so that the number of nucleotide changes will be small. The Arabidopsis data further suggest that statistical power to compare annual/perennial substitution rates is limiting. The individual Arabidopsis nuclear loci did not show significant rate heterogeneity. However, the larger sample of changes in the three loci combined showed the approximately 1.4-fold rate difference between annual and perennial was significantly faster for the annual. Since we did not distinguish among synonymous and nonsynonymous sites in the Arabidopsis sequences, the significant rate difference is an average across all types of nucleotide sites and reflects the net substitution rate of neutral sites and any sites influenced by positive or negative selection.
In addition to the low power of ITS sequences to test relative rate hypotheses, ITS sequences may have other limitations that further hamper their ability to detect rate heterogeneity. There is the possibility that the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences might be subject to different selective pressures [42] resulting in region-specific rates of ITS substitution when natural selection is stronger than genetic drift. The ITS sequence data in this paper indicated a pattern of annual taxa exhibiting faster substitution rates that was consistent between both ITS1 and ITS2 regions. Such a pattern is not expected if ITS1 and ITS2 regions experience locus-specific selection pressures. In addition, it has been hypothesized that incomplete concerted evolution could independently affect rates of molecular evolution at either ITS1 or ITS2 [30]. Reports of multiple nrDNA haplotypes within individuals are becoming increasingly common [e.g. [43-51]] suggesting that complete concerted evolution should not always be assumed for ITS sequences. The different intraspecific nrDNA ribotypes used in the Arabidopsis annual/perennial comparisons did in fact change the perception of substitution rates between ITS1 and ITS2 regions. Either ITS1 or ITS2 was observed to have the faster substitution rate for annuals depending on the nrDNA ribotypes used in the Arabidopsis annual/perennial comparison. Thus, the Arabidopsis ITS data suggest that estimates of substitution rates may depend on the nrDNA ribotype employed in comparisons. If selection pressures or polymorphism dynamics have a greater impact on estimates of substitution rates than does a weak generation time effect, any acceleration in the substitution rate of annuals will be difficult to detect with ITS.
The underlying biological mechanisms that might cause an acceleration of substitution rates in annuals are still unclear [18,35], although life history features that influence the number of rounds of DNA replication per unit of calendar time are capable of altering the relative substitution rate when mutation rates are constant. Identifying the underlying cause or causes of rate heterogeneity is difficult because variables such as the combined effects of organism size and temperature on metabolic rate [52,53], the influx of environmental energy that may lead to mutation [54], and mating system [55] are potentially confounded with differences in generation time. Annual or perennial habit may itself have a variable relationship to the generation time pertinent to substitution rates. For example, many perennials are able to flower in their first year like annuals while other perennial species may require many years until first flower. The total range of possible generation times in plants is very large since some woody perennials may live for thousands of years. The species in this study all fall at the short generation time end of this range since they are either annuals or short-lived perennials. Therefore, the suggestion of a weak annual/perennial substitution rate difference in our study may not apply if plant groups containing perennials with longer lives and greater time to first flower were compared.
Conclusion
ITS substitution rates in 16 phylogenetically-independent comparisons of annual and perennial taxa and from the combination of nuclear loci and chloroplast genome regions in annual and perennial Arabidopsis suggest a modest rate acceleration of less than 2-fold in annuals. These results support an association between rates of nucleotide substitution and annual/perennial habit in plants as expected under the generation time hypothesis. Separately, simulations showed that relative rate tests employing ITS-like sequences are not expected to be powerful enough to reject rate homogeneity when substitution rate differences are small. Given that the power of ITS sequences to test for generation time effects is very low, the conclusion by Whittle and Johnston [24] that no annual/perennial effect on substitution rates exits seems unwarranted. The small substitution rate differences observed here and in other studies points out that testing the generation time hypothesis among closely related plant species will require multiple loci to achieve sufficient power, as was the case in the now classic examples of animal generation time effects. While their availability in many plant taxa facilitates phylogenetically-independent comparisons, ITS sequences by themselves are not likely to be a powerful tool to test hypotheses involving substitution rate heterogeneity. Further studies with greater statistical power have to be carried out before drawing a definitive conclusion about patterns of relative substitution rate heterogeneity in annual and perennial plants and its possible causes.
Methods
DNA sequences
Partial nrDNA sequences from 64 different species representing 13 angiosperm plant families were retrieved from GenBank (Table 4). Because rate heterogeneity at nrDNA sequences may have multiple causes, we established three criteria designed to control for artifacts possibly contributing to rate heterogeneity that may obscure any rate variation caused by differences in annual/perennial life history.
Table 4. Genbank accession numbers for annual/perennial species pair and outgroup sequences, where the first taxon is the annual and the second taxon is the perennial for each annual/perennial pair, and for outgroups the first taxon listed is less diverged and the second is more diverged.
The first criterion was that only ITS1 and ITS2 sequences obtained from the same PCR amplicon were sampled to distinguish between functional and non-functional copies. A functional copy is expected to be under strong selective constraints limiting its substitution rate while a non-functional copy (pseudogene) is expected to exhibit a higher rate of nucleotide substitution when compared to a functionally constrained copy. Nuclear ribosomal DNA regions are usually located in chromosomal regions within nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in the form of tandemly repeated arrays. Each nrDNA copy is organized into less constrained ITS1 and ITS2 regions separated by the 163–164 base pair 5.8S region, which is highly conserved when functional copies are compared within genera or between recently diverged genera [42,56]. A rigorous method to detect pseudogenes is to compare estimated divergence at conserved sequence regions with estimated divergence at unconstrained sequence regions [57]. Thus, we compared nucleotide divergence for 5.8S, ITS1 and ITS2 regions for each set of nrDNA sequences from the annual/perennial/outgroup comparison. We excluded from further analyses nrDNA sequences that exhibited either 1) a high divergence at the 5.8S region relative to the others 5.8S regions, or 2) divergence of the 5.8S region that was approximately equal to divergence at the ITS1 and ITS2 regions within a species, because these are patterns consistent with a lack of 5.8S functional constraint. This is a conservative sampling approach to prevent inadvertently combining functional and non-functional nrDNA copies in comparisons of annual and perennial taxa that could hamper our ability to detect possible associations between divergence rates and life history. The criterion of using nrDNA sequences from the same PCR amplicon was restrictive in that it caused us to exclude numerous possible ITS sequences available in GenBank.
The second criterion was that pairs of annual/perennial taxa sampled had nrDNA sequences from two outgroup taxa that were relatively closely related within the same family. This permitted examination of the impact of outgroup divergence on relative rate comparisons between annual and perennial taxa and prevented our relative rate estimates and hypothesis tests from being contingent on the peculiarities of a single outgroup.
The third criterion was that each of the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences were required to have at least eight nucleotide changes between annual and perennial species. Complete ITS sequences (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) were approximately 600 base pairs long on average so that eight nucleotide changes in 600 base pairs is equal to 1.3% divergence. Since the power of relative rate tests depends on the number of substitutions, this criterion prevented sampling of sequences likely to have little statistical power to reject the null hypothesis of rate homogeneity.
The annual Arabidopsis thaliana and the perennials A. lyrata subsp. lyrata (A. lyrata) and A. lyrata subsp. petraea (A. petraea) met the three sampling criteria for nrDNA and also offered three additional nuclear loci (Chs, Adh and PgiC) and the rbcL and matK chloroplast regions (see accession numbers in Table 5). The Arabidopsis taxa also offer intra-specific variation in nrDNA ribotypes and consequently polymorphic ITS1 and ITS2 sequences that permitted us to test whether relative rate comparisons were influenced by nrDNA polymorphism.
Table 5. GenBank accession numbers for sequences sampled of the annual Arabidopsis thaliana, the two perennials Arabidopsis lyrata subspecies lyrata and Arabidopsis lyrata subspecies petraea as well as the outgroup Crucihimalaya himalaica.
Alignment and phylogenetic analyses
Sequences were aligned into contigs for each comparison of an annual, perennial and an outgroup taxon and edited using Sequencher 4.5 (Gene Codes, Ann Arbor, Mich.). Gapped positions were pruned from alignments before analyses. Modeltest 3.5 [58] was used to determine the most likely nucleotide substitution model and the associated parameters for each triplet annual/perennial/outgroup sequence comparison. Branch lengths for each annual/perennial comparison were determined for ITS1, ITS2 and for the combination of both ITS1 and ITS2 regions (the combined ITS region) using PAUP* v.4.0b10 [59] and HyPhy [60] under the parameters of the substitution model determined in Modeltest. To express differences in nucleotide substitution rates between annual/perennial pairs, the substitution rate of the taxon exhibiting longer branch length was divided by the substitution rate of the taxon with the shorter branch length. In addition, the generation time hypothesis has been tested via categorizing branch length differences (e.g. annual faster than perennial or perennial faster than annual) even when rate homogeneity is not rejected by a relative rate test [24]. Thus, annual/perennial branch length differences were also summarized by a categorical variable to indicate whether the annual or perennial species exhibited the higher rate of substitution. Following Whittle and Johnston [24], we performed sign tests of the null hypothesis that annuals and perennials exhibited a longer branch length with equal frequency. In contrast to Whittle and Johnston [24], we employed one-tailed versions of the test because under the alternative hypothesis of rate heterogeneity annuals are expected to have a faster substitution rate than perennials.
Relative rate tests
To test for differences in substitution rates among taxa, both maximum-likelihood [61] and Tajima's 1D [36] relative rates tests were applied to the ITS sequences for each independent annual/perennial species pair. The relative rate test compares the number of nucleotide substitutions that occurred in one of the ingroup species to the number of substitutions that occurred in the other ingroup species utilizing the outgroup to identify those substitutions that can be unambiguously assigned to one of the ingroup taxa [62,63]. Under the null hypothesis of equal substitution rates in each lineage, the number of nucleotide changes is expected to be equal for the two taxa. The maximum-likelihood relative rate test is considered one of the most powerful and flexible tests for rate heterogeneity, but it requires knowledge of the nucleotide substitution pattern, any substitution rate variation among sites in addition to the phylogenetic relationship among sequences [27]. The maximum-likelihood relative rate tests were implemented in HyPhy [60] and used the nucleotide substitution models from Modeltest.
An alternative relative rate test which does not require an explicit nucleotide substitution model is Tajima's 1D test [36]. Although Tajima's 1D test cannot correct for saturation, apparent divergences are not expected to be gross under-estimates of true divergences for recently diverged taxa. The null hypothesis of rate constancy can be tested with Tajima's 1D using a chi-square with one degree of freedom as implemented in the T1Dand2D v4OS program [64]. Because sites with gaps or ambiguous base calls can be considered as an additional change by the Tajima's 1D program, they were excluded from the analyses.
Computer simulations
We investigated the power of maximum likelihood relative rate tests for each of the ITS1, ITS2 and combined ITS regions by computer simulation by utilizing empirically estimated sequence substitution parameters. Simulation parameters were based on nucleotoide substitution parameters estimated from ITS sequences and were divided into two groups based on divergence of the outgroup within each annual/perennial pair (Table 2). Transition/transversion ratio, sequence length and substitution rate difference between annuals and perennials were averaged over all independent annual/perennial pairs. Because the nucleotide substitution models for annual/perennial/outgroup triplets were somewhat variable (see Results), the most frequently obtained nucleotide substitution model was employed in the simulations.
The combination of SG Runner (T. Wilcox; homepage.mac.com/tpwilcox/) and Seq-Gen [65] were used to model each of the ITS regions. Seq-Gen simulates nucleotide substitution within lineages until a given threshold of divergence between the ingroup taxa has been reached. This threshold divergence value was obtained by averaging the estimated divergences (or branch lengths) from all annual/perennial/outgroup triplets (see Figure 1). Each ITS-like data consisted of 1000 DNA sequence triplets simulated with one of the ingroup taxon having a substitution rate between 1.5 and 5 times faster than the other ingroup taxon. The threshold branch length values of the taxon with the slower substitution rate parameter sets (also denoted as the perennial-like taxon) and the outgroup taxa were kept constant. The threshold branch length value of the taxon with the faster substitution rate parameter sets (also denoted as the annual-like taxon) was simulated with a rate difference of 1.5 to 5 times increasing in steps of 0.5 times the threshold branch length value of the perennial-like taxon.
Each set of triplet sequences was analyzed in PAUP* to calculate the relative branch lengths and the maximum likelihood values of each constrained and unconstrained tree. Then, a likelihood ratio test (LRT) was carried out for each of the 1000 replicates using an Excel spreadsheet and used to calculate the proportion of replicates where the null hypothesis of rate constancy was rejected. The percent of cases where the LRT rejected rate constancy was divided into instances where either the faster evolving annual-like taxon or the slower evolving perennial-like taxon had the longer estimated branch length. In addition, branch length differences in each replicate simulation were categorized into qualitative outcomes of annual-like taxon faster or perennial-like taxon faster, independent of whether or not the relative rate test rejected rate constancy. This provided an estimate of the proportion of replicates where the categorical comparison of rates detected rate heterogeneity. In order to evaluate the variation in estimates of annual/perennial rate differences in sequences most similar to actual ITS data, one set of 1000 replicate simulations were carried out using the nucleotide substitution model parameters and average rate differences estimated from the ITS sequences of the 16 annual/perennial pairs (see bottom rows of Table 2). The distribution of the estimated rate differences between the ingroup taxa in 1000 replicate triplet sequences was plotted in histograms for the six combinations of three ITS nucleotide substitution models and more and less diverged outgroups.
Authors' contributions
The four authors jointly conceived and designed the study. DSH and OFP assembled the data and performed the analyses. JMB and MBH coordinated the study. MBH and DSH wrote the manuscript. All authors read, edited and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank P. Armbruster, M. Cummings, C. Drummond, C. Lund and W. Hahn for discussion and comments. B. Johnson provided statistical advice on the sign test. Two anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments that improved the manuscript. This work was supported by a doctoral fellowship to D. F. Soria-Hernanz from the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, graduate support from Georgetown University and the Department of Biology, the Cosmos Foundation, and a National Science Foundation grant to M.B.H. (DEB9983014). Publication charges supported by the Department of Biology, Georgetown University.
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49. Okuyama Y, Fujii N, Wakabayashi M, Kawakita A, Ito M, Watanabe M, Murakami N, Kato M: Nonuniform concerted evolution and chloroplast capture: Heterogeneity of observed introgression patterns in three molecular data partition phylogenies of Asian mitella (Saxifragaceae).
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51. Noyes RD: Intraspecific nuclear ribosomal DNA divergence and reticulation in sexual diploid Erigeron strigosus (Asteraceae).
American Journal of Botany 2006, 93:470-479. Publisher Full Text
52. Gillooly J, Allen A, West G, Brown J: The rate of DNA evolution: Effects of body size and temperature on the molecular clock.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2005, 102:140-145. Publisher Full Text
53. Gillooly J, Brown J, West G, Savage V, Charnov E: Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate.
Science 2001, 293:2248-2251. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
54. Davies T, Savolainen V, Chase M, Moat J, Barraclough TG: Environmental energy and evolutionary rates in flowering plants.
Proc R Soc Lond B 2004, 271:2195-2200. Publisher Full Text
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57. Bailey CD, Carr T, Harris S, Hughes C: Characterization of angiosperm nrDNA polymorphim, paralogy, and pseudogenes.
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58. Posada D, Crandall KA: Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution.
Bioinformatics 1998, 14:817-818. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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63. Nei M, Kumar S: Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic. Oxford University Press, Oxford; 2000.
64. Hamilton MB, Braverman JM, Soria-Hernanz DF: Patterns and relative rates of nucleotide and insertion/deletion evolution at six chloroplast intergenic regions in New World species of Lecythidaceae.
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66. Bell CD, Patterson RW: Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Linanthus (Polemoniaceae).
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
: I dreamed that Dar Williams played a cover of "Beef". I listened to it on tape, and was excited because I would be able to modestly add Dar Williams to the list of covers of my songs. She was having fun, which is the important thing about "Beef"; that Dar Williams the singer have fun singing it.
When Press Releases Are Outlawed, Only Outlaws Will Issue Press Releases:
Links in the Meme Chain:
From clickolinko: Swappington's, a cultural-artifact-trading site with a minimalist interface, an interesting (and, I fear, exploitable) economics, and a goofy animated GIF demonstration. (Incidentally, if you decide to get an account there, list me [leonardr] as your referral, since referrals are the only action I can find that create money.)
From Boingboing: the passive-aggressive approach to protesting workplace patent requirements.
New NewsBruiser Installation: The world-famous [PEA] site is now running NewsBruiser. Andrew Newton, the webmaster, says "Very cool stuff...thanks for the good, free code."
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
(1) By Pokemon Betrayed: Pat, Beth and I planned to go to the Nintendo store at Rockefeller Center to check out their museum of old hardware. It's a good thing we spent most of the day walking around doing other stuff (weird promotional peanut butter exhibition put on the by the peanut butter sandwich restaurant and brunch with Camille, farmers' market, retro game store), because when we got to the Nintendo store it had been taken over by the launch event for the latest Pokemon game. Huge line/crowd of people, waiting to buy the game and/or get a stamp for their Pokemon passport. Oh well. We'll go some other time. Hopefully not the weekend they launch the 3DS.
We went to the LEGO store instead, which was no more crowded than the rest of Rockefeller Center on a weekend. They have a Lego model of Rockefeller Center in the LEGO store, including a Lego model of the LEGO store itself, and you know that somewhere inside that model is a lego model of the Lego model of the LEGO store. Can't see it, though.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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Birkenhead Holy Trinity, CheshireEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
England Cheshire Cheshire Parishes Birkenhead Holy Trinity
Contents
Parish History
Birkenhead, Holy Trinity Price Street. Founded 1840 as the parish church for part of Birkenhead; closed in 1974. No burials took place here.
Later Birkenhead St Anne,Cheshire Beckwith Street was Built in 1847 as a chapel to Holy Trinity, becoming a separate parish in 1861; closed in 1987.
BIRKENHEAD, is a seaport town, a market town, and a township, and seven chapelries, in the district of Wirral, Cheshire. The town stands on the Mersey, opposite Liverpool, about a mile by water W of Liverpool, and 14 3/4 miles by railway NNW of Chester. It comprises the ancient extra parochial district or chapelry of Birkenhead, the former township of Claughton, in Bidstone, and part of that of Oxton, in Woodchurch. They have been incorporated with the township of Birkenhead. The place was anciently called Bircheved, Birkete, Birket-wood, and Birkenhedde.
There are upward of thirty non-established places of worship (including Claughton and Oxton). There are two Roman Catholic churches. There is also a Mariners' church.
The chapelriey of Holy Trinity, was constituted in 1841.[1]
Resources
Civil Registration
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The civil registration article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is FreeBMD.
Church records
Birkenhead Holy Trinity parish registers of christenings, marriages and burials have been indexed by the following groups:
FS PR's =FamilySearch Parish Registers
FS BT's = FamilySearch Bishops Transcripts
Birkenhead Holy Trinity Parish Online Records
Baptisms
Marriages
Burials
Indexes Images Indexes Images Indexes Images
FS PR's 1840-1909
NONE
1842-1934
NONE
NONE
NONE
FS BT'S NONE NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
To find the names of the neighbouring parishes, use England Jurisdictions 1851. In this site, search for the name of the parish, click on the location "pin", click Options and click List contiguous parishes.
Parish registers for Holy Trinity Church, Birkenhead, 1840-1962 Holy Trinity Church is a chapelry in Birkenhead, created from St. Mary's Church in 1841
An index for Cheshire parish registers is available online in Record Search
Cheshire Record Office reference: P 107/1/1-12, 2/1-10.
Parish Register Content FHL Film
Baptisms, 22 Nov. 1840-120 Oct 1897. BRITISH 2104037 Items 3-10
Baptisms, 20 Oct 1897-14 Oct 1962. Marriages, 26 Jan 1842-17 Aug 1862. BRITISH 2104038
Marriages, 29 Aug 1862-28 July 1934. BRITISH 2104039
Marriages, 4 Aug 1934-3 Feb 1962. BRITISH 2104040 Items 1-3
Non-Conformist Churches
Census records
Census records from 1841-1891 are available on film through a Family History Center or at the Family History Library. The first film number is 241253. To view these census images online, they are available through the following websites for a fee ($) or free:
• FamilySearch has some of the British Censuses available.
• FindMyPast ($) has all available census records including images, and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and some public and academic libraries.
• Ancestry.co.uk ($) has now all available census records but free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and at numerous public and academic libraries. The library versions are known as AncestryInstitution.com.
• The Genealogist.co.uk ($) has all available censuses and is free at Family History Centers and the Family History Library and various other libraries.
• FreeCen is a UK census searches. It is not complete and individuals are always asked to consider helping out with transcriptions.
Probate records
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Cheshire Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
Poor Law Unions
Wirral Poor Law Union, Cheshire
Birkenhead Poor Law Union, Cheshire
Maps and Gazetteers
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.
Web sites
References
1. Wilson, John Marius, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870-72), adapted 5 February 2013
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 30 April 2013, at 17:18.
• This page has been accessed 807 times.
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Prussia-Ostpreußen Jewish RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Back to Prussia - Ostpreußen Page
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 4 September 2012, at 22:22.
• This page has been accessed 141 times.
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Error
Jump to: navigation, search
2 revisions of this difference (10336 and 13726) were not found.
This is usually caused by following an outdated diff link to a page that has been deleted. Details can be found in the deletion log.
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All About the Keywords
Light Poster
27Nov2007,17:08 #1
Introduction to keywords :
A part of successful search engine optimisation of web pages is working out what keywords your prospective visitors might type in to a search engine to find your site. Some are more competitive than others - try searching for 'web design' in Google, there are millions of results! For smaller, establishing web sites it is better to target less popular keywords and phrases to begin with and aim for success with those.
Why choose keywords at all? :
A good web page contains information that people are looking for. When you write the page you need to take a step back and think about what search terms or keywords people would enter to find it. Once you have determined those keywords, you need to narrow them down to 3 to 5 main words. Then you can start to write the page, keeping these words in mind while you develop the content.
Key phrases versus keywords :
Different keywords joined together form key phrases. These phrases would be what the search engine user is likely to type in to find your site. As a general rule, each page on your site should be optimised for one key phrase.
How to research keywords :
The other major source of research for keywords are your server log files. When a visitor finds your site using a search page, the words they used to find you are entered in your server log files. By looking at this information you can find:
• keywords to target
• phrases to target
• ideas for new pages
Keyword brainstorming :
There are some excellent ways to develop and brainstorm new keywords, which can then be used to write new web pages for your site. The Search term suggestion tool from Overture can be used to see what other words have been used in actual searches on a topic. This is also a great way to find some of the less competitive keywords.
Keyword density :
Keyword density is important because search engines use this information to categorize a site's theme, and to determine which terms the site is relevant to. The perfect keyword density will help achieve higher search engine positions. Keyword density needs to be balanced correctly.
Keyword Analysis Research :
In search engine optimization, keyword analysis research play an important role in determining which targeted keywords your website should be using. Ideally, it will be best to select relevant keywords that have high demand and low competition. The nature of the keyword is also important.
Keyword Selector Tools
http://www.keyworddiscovery.com/keyw...tion-tool.html
http://www.inventory.overture.com
http://www.nichebot.com
http://www.keyworddiscovery.com/goog...word-tool.html
Go4Expert Founder
27Nov2007,17:51 #2
You had too many links in the posts and so you were not able to see it and went for a moderation. By the way nice information.
Go4Expert Member
29Nov2007,15:21 #3
An important thing one has to keep in mind are the keywords that one is putting for his website.Proper keyword selection will always provide good search results for your website.Want to increase traffic, build credibility, improve your search engine rankings and get people talking about your business--at no cost? Then open up your word processor, and start writing. By determining your best search keywords, writing an article that includes those keywords and getting it distributed online, you'll be putting yourself on the radar of people looking for what you provide.
How???Well if your web profile in Google matches and relates to your keyword your keyword relevance and SEO score increases.This helps you to attain good SERP'S (Search engine ranking positions) which provides you excellent search engine traffic.People looking for the services you provide will find you at the top rankings when they conduct a related search to the service you provide.This gets your website recognized on the web on a bigger basis and you have an increase in visitors.Your website becomes a success and others would try linking to you.This will get your website quality backlinks and hence it will increase your Page Rank to.
Newbie Member
30Nov2007,14:38 #4
Nice information provide by KavinParker about the Keywords.
I want to add some tools regarding the keywords:
Keyword Verification : http://www.marketleap.com/verify/default.htm
Keyword difficulty tool : http://www.seomoz.org/tools/kwtool.php
Keyword Density and Prominence : http://www.ranks.nl/tools/spider.html
<<unrelated link removed>>
Last edited by shabbir; 30Nov2007 at 23:23.. Reason: Link dropped
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Bibliography: Dead Men's Boots
You are not logged in. If you create a free account and sign in, you will be able to customize what is displayed.
Title: Dead Men's Boots
Author: Mike Carey
Year: 2007
Type: NOVEL
Series: Felix Castor
Series Number: 3
ISFDB Record Number: 1024717
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: dark fantasy (1) Add Tags
Publications:
Reviews:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Headless Snowman
From the Super Mario Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Mario standing next to the Headless Snowman's head.
“I need a good head on my shoulders. Do you know of anybody in need of a good body? Please! I'll follow you if you do!”
Headless Snowman, Super Mario 64
The Headless Snowman is a minor snowman (and therefore possible Mr. Blizzard or Dr. Freezegood) character who appears on Cool Cool Mountain of Super Mario 64 and Super Mario 64 DS. He resides on a pedestal around the halfway mark of the mountain.
Despite his name, the Headless Snowman has never been seen to be decapitated, although his body once melted away during the events of Super Mario 64 (in the stage Snowman's Lost His Head, to be exact). Thankfully, Mario (or Yoshi, Luigi, or Wario in Super Mario 64 DS) was searching for Power Stars on the mountain at the time and assisted the snowman (who was looking for nearby headhunters) by rolling down a huge snowball fit to be the Headless Snowman's new body. The happy snowman gratefully awarded the hero with just the thing he was looking for, a Power Star.
Headless Snowman seen with full body in Super Mario 64 DS.
The Headless Snowman reappears in Super Mario 64 DS remake of the old game. In this appearance, he is given facial expressions. Without the rest of his body, he gets a sad face but when he gets his body back, he gets a smile. He also appears in the minigame Snowball Slalom, in that same game and in the New Super Mario Bros. version of that game.
[edit] Quotes
“Ooooo Nooooo! Talk about out-of-body experiences--my body has melted away! Have you run in to any headhunters lately?? I could sure use a new body! Brrr! My face might freeze like this!”
Headless Snowman (bodiless head), Super Mario 64
“Perfect! What a great new body! Here--this is a present for you. It's sure to warm you up.”
Headless Snowman (after the head and body are united), Super Mario 64
[edit] Trivia
Headless Snowman 64's announcement.
• When leading the Headless Snowman to his head, it's possible to be damaged by him. Running into him will cost the player three health points.
• If the player isn't by the head when the body starts rolling towards it, it will miss the head entirely and fall off the stage. The player must restart the stage from this point for his Power Star.
• Although the Headless Snowman was an extremely minor character in his few appearances, he got some publicity in the form of a Nintendo Power joke published around the time of the main circulation of the "L is Real 2401" Super Mario 64 rumors. In Volume 107 of Nintendo Power, a Luigi 64 article is present where Nintendo states that angry Luigi fans had been campaigning to have the green-clad plumber in his very own game, and their apparent response was to create a hoax upcoming game known as Headless Snowman 64. This game was apparently to be made to satisfy lovers of the second bananas by featuring a ridiculous cast of both well-known and obscure characters (that weren't Luigi) from Samus Aran to "random audience members from Super Punch-Out!!" to the Headless Snowman himself. Additionally, the game would supposedly contain some non-Nintendo characters such as "one of the civilian women in GoldenEye 007" (in the mistaken belief that her name is Luigi), "that bald guy from Blast Corps" and "the bikini woman in Cruis'n USA". Humorously, this never-made game wasn't going to feature Luigi.
• His name is a pun on the Headless Horseman.
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