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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
What ever crushes individuality is despotism, no matter what name it is called. Mill, John Stuart
This quote is about individuality · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Mill, John Stuart ...
John Stuart Mill (May 20, 1806 May 8, 1873), an English philosopher and political economist, was an influential classical liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was an advocate of utilitarianism, the ethical theory first proposed by his godfather Jeremy Bentham.
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Name: Pete Markiewicz
Member since: 2004-07-09 22:11:33
Last Login: 2006-01-24 23:22:37
Homepage: plyojump.com
Notes:
Doctorate in Theoretical Biology. Interested in long-term trends as robotics replaces personal computers as the cutting edge of tech. Interest includes the ultimate roles of hobby vs companies vs government/university robotics, also robotic sensors. Experience mostly in C programming of micros (Mac) during 1980s, porting statistical software from mainframe to micros in the late 1980s, and developing web-based programs in Perl, PHP, ASP in the 1990s-2000s. Teach Internet/web programming at the Art Institute of CA, Los Angeles. At present have only created simple hobby robotic systems using Mindstorms.
Projects
Recent blog entries by pindiespace
Concerning the location of "Robot Valley" in the Robotics Trends website (http://www.roboticstrends.com/displayarticle432.html) - the actual gist of the article is not to determine where it will be, but to rule out a few places. The current state of development shows California lagging in nearly all areas when adjusted for population. In particular, Silicon Valley seems least likely to be the least likely site for a 'robot valley' - my guess is either the corridor around CMU or the Glendale/Pasadena region in Los Angeles.
Others have certified pindiespace as follows:
• Botnerd certified pindiespace as Apprentice
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"Wikitravel has a speed and convenience the books' publishers can only envy." Time Europe
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4221.0 - Schools, Australia, 1967
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 03/07/1968
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Help for : Adobe PDF.
Publications
4221.0 - Social Statistics, Australia: Schools
4221.0 - Social Statistics, Australia: School Enrolments Released 09/02/1968
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6269.0 - Information Paper: Labour Force Survey Sample Design, Nov 2007
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 28/11/2007
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• About this Release
Provides information on changes to the sample used for the Labour Force Survey. Outlines the current sample design used in the survey and changes made to the design over the history of the survey.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1367.5 - Western Australian Statistical Indicators, Mar 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/04/2009
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CONTENTS
Section 1,Statistical summary
Includes: Western Australia's summary of statistical indicators
Section 2,Population
Includes: Population
Section 3,Employment and earnings
Includes: Labour force status, Industry and occupation of employment, Employees and hours worked, Average weekly earning, Industrial disputes
Section 4,State accounts
Includes: State final demand
Section 5,Prices
Includes: Consumer price index, Wage price index, House price indexes, Price index of materials used in building
Section 6,Consumption
Includes: Retail trade and New motor vehicle sales
Section 7,International merchandise trade
Includes: Exports and imports
Section 8,Investment and finance
Includes: Private new capital expenditure, Lending finance commitments, Housing finance commitments
Section 9,Construction
Includes: Building approvals and Building activity
Section 10,Mining and energy
Includes: Mining exploration, Mineral and energy production
Section 11,Tourism
Includes: Short-term arrivals and departures on holiday
Section 12,Social Trends - Families
Includes: Family formation
`
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1307.6 - Tasmanian State and Regional Indicators, Mar 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/04/2009
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What is statistical literacy and why is it important to be statistically literate?
What is statistical literacy?
Why is it important to be statistically literate?
Are you statistically literate?
Statistical literacy criteria:
1. Data awareness
2. The ability to understand statistical concepts
3. The ability to analyse, interpret and evaluate statistical information
4. The ability to communicate statistical information and understandings
Conclusion
References
Australians regularly provide the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) with information about their lives: how and where they live, their family structure and activities, how they earn their money and what they spend it on. This wealth of information enables us to put together a picture of the nation. One of the ABS' corporate objectives is to assist and encourage the 'informed and increased use of statistics'. By promoting access and improving understanding and use of these statistics, the ABS aims to improve statistical literacy in the community.
What is statistical literacy?
According to H.G. Wells, statistical thinking will one day be as necessary for efficient citizenship as the ability to read and write... and that day has arrived! Statistics are collected on most aspects of Australian life. They capture vital information about our economic performance, the well-being of our population and the condition of our environment. They help form the basis of our democracy and provide us with essential knowledge to assess the health and progress of our society. We rely on those statistics being visible, accessible and robust, and we rely on statistically literate people making best use of the information to determine our future action, by presenting clear and convincing arguments and developing 'evidence-based policy' to guide our decision making.
We are surrounded by facts and figures everyday. News headlines regularly frame statistical stories:
• "Traffic offences have risen by 25% over the last five years."
• "One in five of Australia's part-time workers want and are available to work more hours than they currently do."
• "Cat Stevens was the unmistakable voice of a generation. An incredible one in two households in Australia had a Cat Stevens album in the seventies."
Statistics tell interesting stories and enable us to make sense of the world. They are indicators of change and allow meaningful comparisons to be made. In order to make sound judgements, it is essential that we are equipped with the very best knowledge for research, planning and decision-making purposes. While it may be the issues rather than the statistics that grab people's attention, it should be recognised that it is the statistics that inform the issues. Statistical literacy, then, is the ability to accurately understand, interpret and evaluate the data that inform these issues.
Why is it important to be statistically literate?
The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens our society. It provides a basis for decisions to be made on public policy, such as determining electoral boundaries and where to locate schools and hospitals. It also allows businesses to know their market, grow their business, and improve their marketing strategies by targeting their activities appropriately.
In today's information-rich society, being statistically literate will give you an edge. It will make you more attractive to future employers and put you ahead of your competitors in the workplace. Broadening your statistical knowledge will enable you to engage in discussions and decision-making processes with authority, accuracy and integrity.
Are you statistically literate?
If you are uncomfortable with using statistics, you are not alone. Many people shy away from using statistics because of their perceived complexity. People may:
• not know where to look to find the information they need;
• be unfamiliar with the terminology; or
• lack confidence in their ability to make sense of the numbers.
You do not have to be an expert at maths to work with statistics. Numeracy implies a basic competence in mathematics, a basic understanding of numbers and figures. It is certainly a prerequisite to being statistically literate, but statistical literacy is not about being adept at formulating or understanding the methodology behind the numbers. Rather, it is the ability to interpret the numbers and communicate the information contained therein effectively. Statistics simply help to tell a story. They may be presented in different ways, such as tables, graphs, maps or text, but they are not scary or boring if you know what they mean.
Increased use of statistics does not automatically lead to an increased understanding of statistics. In this information-rich age, it is important for individuals to be independent, critical thinkers, and statistical literacy is fundamental to achieving this. Be sceptical. Consider what spin may have been put on the data. What has really been said and what has been left out? Be aware. Ignoring definitions or comparing statistics inappropriately can result in misinterpretation of the data.
Statistical literacy criteria
To be statistically literate, there are four critical areas in which you need to build skills:
1. Data awareness
Are the data relevant and appropriate?
Data are the basis of statistics. Data are observations, which when organised and evaluated become information or knowledge. The amount of data available can be overwhelming. Interpreting data accurately requires a systematic approach. Think about the questions you need the data to answer. Look behind the data and consider:
• are the data from a reliable/credible source?
• are the data truly representative?
• why have the data been presented in this way and what other data might be needed to fully answer a question or describe a situation?
An important aspect of statistical literacy is understanding what makes data trustworthy and reliable. Understanding how data are produced ensures that informed judgements can be made about the quality of the data.
Where did the data come from?
Data can come from a variety of sources. Beware of:
• Pre-existing data
These may have been produced for a specific purpose. The population that the data are based on may differ from the population now under scrutiny, or the sampling method may not necessarily be appropriate for the current study.
• Secondary data
These may have been used in a selective way to suit the purpose of a particular study or report. As such, it may not be a reliable data source or be presenting the data in a manner consistent with the intent of the original data. As a general rule, consult the original or primary data source wherever possible.
• Data generated from observation and/or experimentation
The type of questions asked and the manner in which they are asked can influence the answers received. Data can be collected from a population as a whole or from a sample, from which conclusions can be drawn about the broader population. Types of sampling can vary, but the main thing to keep in mind is that any sample should be representative of the population. If there are limitations with the sampling procedure, it is important that these limitations are acknowledged because they can influence the validity and reliability of the results.
Example
In a street poll the people used in a sample are generally chosen because they are readily available and willing to participate. As a result, bias may be introduced because the sample is not truly representative of the population and the survey findings may be misleading.
• Anecdotal evidence
This often relates to a specific event and is generally not representative. While it may be useful when describing a particular case study, care should be taken when making conclusions about the broader population.
• Biased data
Bias can be deliberately or inadvertently introduced into survey samples. Sources of bias include:
• sample bias (was the size of the sample appropriate and how were the respondents selected?)
• response errors (people may misinterpret the questions and not give accurate answers)
• missing data (people may not respond at all or give incomplete information)
• responses may be influenced by the wording of the questions
• responses may be influenced by the interviewer
• groups with a vested interest may generate data that are biased towards their organisation's position, while data found to contradict that position may not necessarily be forthcoming.
How were the data collected?
There are three main forms of data collection:
• Self-enumeration
People fill in their own forms and can complete them in their own time. This collection method may place limitations on the number and complexity of questions that can be asked, while responses may lack detail or accuracy. The Census is an example of self-enumeration.
• Interview based surveys
An interviewer contacts the selected survey participant either in person or via telephone. This collection method generally results in higher response rates, but also introduces the risk of interviewer bias. More questions and more complex questions can be asked, with more accurate and more detailed responses usually given.
• Administrative by-product
Data are available through administrative records generated from the administrative transactions carried out by government departments, agencies and businesses, such as birth and death statistics, and overseas arrivals and departures. Making use of this type of data helps to keep the number of surveys and censuses to a minimum, which in turn is more cost effective. However, bear in mind that the information has been collected for a different purpose and is often restricted to a set of items which are administratively determined. Comparability problems may arise when comparing data from different sources.
Are the data fit for purpose?
To make informed use of data, users need to understand what the data show, how the data should be interpreted, what pitfalls may arise when interpreting the data, and any limitations of the data. Consider the following to determine if the data are fit for purpose:
• What was the intended purpose of the collection results?
• Is the information representative of the total population?
• How high are the relative standard errors? Can the data be considered reliable if the relative standard error is high?
• How recent are the data? Is this the latest information available?
• Are you looking for a snapshot or a trend over time?
• Are other data sources available for comparisons? Are the datasets comparable?
• What metadata (eg. quality statements or explanatory notes) sits around the data? Most ABS products have an Explanatory Notes tab containing useful information on scope, concepts and definitions, survey design and estimation.
2. The ability to understand statistical concepts
Basic forms of statistical representation
• tables
• graphs
• maps
Different types of proportions
• percentages
• ratios
• rates
More complex statistical concepts
• difference between median, mean and mode
• difference between original, trend and seasonally adjusted data
• difference between census and surveys
Some of these terms are discussed in Section 3 of this article. For further explanation of terms see Statistical Language! (cat. no. 1332.0.55.002).
3. The ability to analyse, interpret and evaluate statistical information
Organise data, construct and display graphs and tables and work with different representations of the data
To be statistically literate, one must understand that how data are organised can contribute to how they are interpreted. Tables and graphs are commonly used to present results. Tables provide greater detail, showing the actual values, whereas graphs are more useful in showing relationships, concentrating on the form, shape and movement of the data. Graphs are particularly useful in representing change over a period of time.
Describe and summarise basic data
There is an extensive amount of data available. It can sometimes be difficult to get to the information you need. Careful analysis is a vital step in exposing the important story contained in the data. Poor quality analysis can lead to incorrect and inappropriate conclusions being drawn. Therefore, it is important to be vigilant. Be sure to:
• gain an understanding of the topic and the associated data
• be critical of the data you are using
• investigate carefully before being satisfied that you have painted a true and accurate picture
Background knowledge helps to build up an expectation of what the data should look like, but beware of the constraints that those preconceived expectations could place on the outcome of your analysis. Results that differ from your expectations may sound legitimate alarm bells, but it is equally important to be open to what the data are showing you. Question the results. Investigate further until you are satisfied that you have got an accurate interpretation of the figures. Remember, the data may not necessarily be telling the story you want or expect them to.
Extract, understand and explain data that is presented in a variety of ways
Comparison pitfalls
Be wary when making comparisons. Comparisons cannot be made between 'apples and oranges', only between 'oranges and oranges'. Care must be taken when:
• Comparing data from different sources
You need to consider whether the data sets are actually comparable.
Example 1
Results from the 2006 Census regarding unpaid child care cannot be directly compared with the results of the ABS Child Care Survey because the age of the children who were reported on is different. The Census question referred to care provided for children aged less than 15 years of age in the two weeks prior to the Census, while the Child Care Survey only included children aged less than 13 years during a single reference week.
Example 2
ABS and Centrelink both collect information about unemployed persons, but the data sets are not comparable. ABS unemployed are defined by activity. That is, they are people who are without work, but have been actively seeking work in the past four weeks, and were available to start work last week. Centrelink unemployed are defined by their eligibility to receive unemployment benefits.
• Changes have occurred
Changes can occur to a data set over time, such as changes in classification, geography, sample size, methodology, etc.
Example
New industry classification codes, known as Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), were developed in 2006, replacing the 1993 edition, which was the first version produced. ANZSIC 2006 codes reflect the changes that have occurred in the structure and composition of industry since the previous edition, and enhance international comparability. However, direct comparisons with ANZSIC 1993 cannot be made.
• Definitions differ
Definitions may differ depending on the context or the survey. Always check that you have the correct definition and are clear about what you are describing. Make sure you are aware of the data boundaries.
Example
The term 'child' can mean many different things. Depending on the context, a child could be someone:
• aged under 13 years
• aged under 15 years
• aged under 18 years
Check the Explanatory Notes to ascertain the definition of a 'child' used in that particular survey. Be wary of making comparisons with other data sources - be sure to check that you are comparing like age groups.
• Correlating information
Correlation does not mean causation. The relationship between data and an event may be purely coincidental, or there may be multiple reasons behind an event taking place, with the data only reflecting one aspect of the relationship.
Example
The increased number of shark attacks along the eastern seaboard of Australia in January 2009 may have corresponded with booming retail sales of sunscreen products. This retail boom just happened to coincide with the peak shark attack period, but the number of attacks is unlikely to be related to the increased use of sunscreen.
• Results lack variation
Variation to data is important and almost impossible to remove. Therefore, lack of variation in results over time should be cause for suspicion.
Example
If the unemployment rate remained unchanged over many months, it would be worth further investigation as to why this was the case.
Understand the context
Context is very important. A lot of data will be context dependent and it is important that you have a good grasp of what that context is.
Example 1
Many commentators will use various descriptors to captivate people's imagination. Be careful when assigning labels that you are clear about the group you are describing. Commentators may refer to the 'iGeneration' or 'Internet generation', but what exactly is the 'iGeneration'? Some people will know them as 'Generation Z'. Others will have heard them referred to as 'KIPPERS' (Kids in Parents' Pockets Eroding Retirement Savings). Some people will claim this generation covers the period 1986-2006, while others will argue that they don't come into being until after 1991. Be aware that different definitions exist.
Example 2
Information that is "cherry picked" to look interesting might mean something entirely different when placed in another context. In trend terms, labour force estimates indicated that Tasmania had the lowest participation rate of all the states and territories in Australia during the 2007-08 financial year. However, in October 2008, Tasmania's participation rate was at a record high (60.9%).
Both claims are equally true, but selective reporting of this data could be misleading. Even reliable statistics can be distorted if only part of the story is told.
4. The ability to communicate statistical information and understandings
How are the data reported?
Turning data into information is an essential skill. Communicating statistical information accurately is vital for effective decision making. To ensure integrity, statistical literacy demands that we question how the data are reported and the reliability of conclusions that are drawn. Bad conclusions can still be drawn from good data. Some things to be aware of include:
• Use of basic summary numbers
Using basic summary numbers, such as averages, can sometimes be misleading.
Example
If houses in Hobart were advertised for sale at $275,000, $295,000, $300,000, $325,000 and $850,000 respectively, using the mean to calculate the average house price would produce a figure of $409,000. This gives an over-inflated impression of house values in Hobart. In reality, the median value of $300,000 would give a much more accurate picture of average house prices.
• Use of proportions
Using proportions can also produce misleading conclusions, especially if the numbers involved are small.
Example
According to reliable crime and justice statistics, from 2005-06 to 2006-07, there was a 50% increase in the number of murders in Tasmania. While this is true, the actual numbers of murders increased from 4 to 6, not nearly as dramatic an increase as the percentage increase would have us believe.
• Seasonal variations
Seasonal variations can influence results.
Example
Retail sales for March one year may be down the following year. At face value, it may be reasonable to conclude that business returns had suffered. However, it may simply be the effects of Easter shifting from March in the earlier year to April in the later year. To remove the effects of this type of seasonal variation, the ABS uses seasonal adjustment to standardise the data.
Confidentiality of ABS data
Statistical literacy also includes recognition of ethical issues such as confidentiality. All information collected by the ABS is confidential. It is collected under the authority of the Census and Statistics Act 1905 and carries severe penalties for any person who breaches that confidentiality. In accordance with the Act, no information can be released which enables a person, household or business to be identified.
Tables containing cells with very small counts may potentially result in identifiable information. To avoid releasing identifiable information all tables are subjected to two confidentiality processes before release:
• assessing the size of the table; and
• introduced random error.
If the number of cells is the same as, close to, or exceeds the population size, then the table will not be released. This practice avoids the release of tables containing a large proportion of small cells containing identifiable data.
Introduced random error is a technique that was developed to avoid identification of individuals. Prior to the 2006 Census, the confidentiality technique applied by the ABS was to randomly adjust cells with very small values. For the 2006 Census, a new technique was developed which slightly adjusts all cells to prevent identifiable data being exposed. These adjustments result in small introduced random errors, but do not impair the value of the table as a whole.
Tables which have been randomly adjusted will be internally consistent, however comparisons with other tables containing similar data may show minor discrepancies. This is the case for both customised tables and standard products. These small variations can, for the most part, be ignored.
Conclusion
Statistical literacy is essentially the ability to find, access, utilise, understand and communicate the story contained within the data. Sound understanding, interpretation and critical evaluation of statistical information can then contribute to decision making. The importance of statistical literacy in our information-rich society means that it has now become a core competency like reading and writing.
Statistics infiltrate and influence every aspect of our life, via the media and advertisements, persuading us to agree with a certain point of view or take some kind of action. Therefore it is in every Australian's interest to be statistically literate, to have a good understanding of statistics and the ability to use and interpret them effectively and appropriately.
ABS References:
Statistical Language! (cat. no. 1332.0.55.002)
Statistical Literacy Paper, ABS Education Services
Surviving Statistics (cat. no. 1332.0)
Trewin, D. (2005), Making Maths Vital, Key note speech, AAMT conference
Working Together for an Informed Australia in the 21st Century, NatStats08 Conference Declaration, November 2008
Non-ABS References:
Ben-Zvi, D. & Garfield, J. (2004), 'Goals, Definitions, And Challenges', The Challenge of Developing Statistical Literacy, Reasoning and Thinking, edited by Ben-Zvi, D. and Garfield, J., Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp.3-15
Biggeri, Luigi & Zuliani, Aberto (1999) 'The Dissemination of statistical literacy among citizens and public administration directors', paper presented at the ISI 52nd Session, Helsinki, Finland http://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~iase/publications.php?show=5
Gal, Iddo (2002), 'Adults’ Statistical Literacy: Meanings, Components, and Responsibilities', International Statistical Review, Vol 70 (1)
Garfield, J. (1999), 'Thinking about Statistical Reasoning, Thinking, and Literacy', Paper presented at First Annual Roundtable on Statistical Thinking, Reasoning, and Literacy
Pfannkuck, M. and Wild, C. (2004), 'Towards an Understanding of Statistical Thinking', The Challenge of Developing Statistical Literacy, Reasoning and Thinking, edited by Dani Ben-Zvi and Joan Garfield, p.17-43
Watson, J. M. (2005), 'Is statistical Literacy Relevant for Middle School Students?', Vinculum Vol 42 (1)
Watson, J. and Kelly, B. (2003), The Vocabulary of Statistical Literacy, sourced: http://www.augsburg.edu/ppages/~schield/
Wells, H.G., Mankind in the Making, sourced: http://www.causeweb.org/resources/fun/db.php?id=105%5Ct_blank
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
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Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/04/2004
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Study protocol
Does treatment of intestinal helminth infections influence malaria? Background and methodology of a longitudinal study of clinical, parasitological and immunological parameters in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia (ImmunoSPIN Study)
Aprilianto E Wiria1,2, Margaretta A Prasetyani1, Firdaus Hamid2,3, Linda J Wammes2, Bertrand Lell4, Iwan Ariawan5, Hae W Uh6, Heri Wibowo1, Yenny Djuardi1, Sitti Wahyuni7, Inge Sutanto1, Linda May2, Adrian JF Luty8, Jaco J Verweij2, Erliyani Sartono2, Maria Yazdanbakhsh2* and Taniawati Supali1*
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
2 Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
3 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
4 Medical Research Unit, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
5 Department of Biostatistics, School of of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
6 Department of Biostatistics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
7 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
8 Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Infectious Diseases 2010, 10:77 doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-77
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/10/77
Received:18 December 2009
Accepted:25 March 2010
Published:25 March 2010
© 2010 Wiria et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Given that helminth infections are thought to have strong immunomodulatory activity, the question whether helminth infections might affect responses to malaria antigens needs to be addressed. Different cross-sectional studies using diverse methodologies have reported that helminth infections might either exacerbate or reduce the severity of malaria attacks. The same discrepancies have been reported for parasitemia.
Methods/Design
To determine the effect of geohelminth infections and their treatment on malaria infection and disease outcome, as well as on immunological parameters, the area of Nangapanda on Flores Island, Indonesia, where malaria and helminth parasites are co-endemic was selected for a longitudinal study. Here a Double-blind randomized trial will be performed, incorporating repeated treatment with albendazole (400 mg) or placebo at three monthly intervals. Household characteristic data, anthropometry, the presence of intestinal helminth and Plasmodium spp infections, and the incidence of malaria episodes are recorded. In vitro cultures of whole blood, stimulated with a number of antigens, mitogens and toll like receptor ligands provide relevant immunological parameters at baseline and following 1 and 2 years of treatment rounds. The primary outcome of the study is the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infection. The secondary outcome will be incidence and severity of malaria episodes detected via both passive and active follow-up. The tertiary outcome is the inflammatory cytokine profile in response to parasite antigens. The project also facilitates the transfer of state of the art methodologies and technologies, molecular diagnosis of parasitic diseases, immunology and epidemiology from Europe to Indonesia.
Discussion
The study will provide data on the effect of helminth infections on malaria. It will also give information on anthelminthic treatment efficacy and effectiveness and could help develop evidence-based policymaking.
Trial registration
This study was approved by The Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, ref:194/PT02.FK/Etik/2006 and has been filed by ethics committee of the Leiden University Medical Center. Clinical trial number:ISRCTN83830814. The study is reported in accordance with the CONSORT guidelines for cluster-randomized studies.
Background
Worldwide, more than a billion people are infected by geohelminths, with a majority harboring roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), whipworms (Trichuris trichiura), and/or hookworms (Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale) [1-3]. Such helminths modify the immune system to induce predominant production of T-helper-2 (Th2) cytokines (interleukin/IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13), associated with increased levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophilia [4,5]. Another hallmark of chronic helminth infections is their ability to induce a strong regulatory network characterized by T cell hyporesponsiveness and the increased production of suppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β [6]. Their ability to induce regulatory responses is thought to be advantageous for both the parasite and the host as it allows the survival of the parasite for extended periods of time within the host while preventing overt pathological reactions that would otherwise be damaging to the host [7]. The latter may explain why such helminth infections rarely result in overt clinical manifestations.
Although the immunological consequences of helminth infections primarily reflect responses directed towards helminth antigens, there may be spill-over effects on responses to unrelated antigens [6,8]. Whereas the marked Th2 polarization may compete with Th1 cytokines to affect the magnitude of a Th1 response to an incoming antigen, a strong regulatory response can dampen immune reactivity of both Th1 and Th2 types to a third party antigen. Not surprisingly, then, it is argued that helminth infections might modulate the human immune response to common co-infections such as malaria, TB and HIV/AIDS [9-11].
Malaria itself is one of the most serious infectious diseases, infecting 5-10% of the world's population, with 300-600 million cases and more than 2 million deaths annually [12]. In areas of high malaria transmission, the burden of disease is borne by infants and young children [13,14], whilst, in areas of lower transmission, primary infection might also occur later in life, causing severe illness [12,15,16].
Co-infection is the norm in nature [9,17], since helminth infections of different species are often endemic in the same communities that are exposed to infection with plasmodia [18]. The question of whether helminth infections affect the course of malaria has been addressed in various reports [19] in the past few years. Only a small number of papers report on population studies and most of them were cross-sectional in nature, which in contrast to longitudinal studies might not be able to demonstrate the actual dynamics of infection. An early study by Murray and colleagues (1977) in a malnourished population at Anjouan, Comoros Islands suggest that A. lumbricoides might suppress malaria symptoms [20]. Since then studies of co-infections have shown helminths to either exacerbate [21] or reduce [22-24] the severity of malaria. The reasons for conflicting data on the effect of helminth co-infection on malaria disease outcomes could be due to differences in study design, study groups, and possibly, most importantly, the helminth species investigated [18,25].
Although helminth infections are considered as pathogens, it is clear that their course of infection is relatively free of overt clinical manifestations and in recent years several reports have shown their suppressive effect on diseases such as allergy [3,26], autoimmunity [27], and inflammatory bowel disease [28], highlighting a possible beneficial effect on inflammation [29]. To assess the influence of helminth infections on inflammatory diseases taking into account environmental and genetic influences in a longitudinal setting, the ImmunoSPIN project http://www.immunospin.org webcite has been initiated. As part of the project ImmunoSPIN, the helminth-malaria sub project (ImmunoSPIN-Malaria) was designed to determine whether and how helminth infections may affect the course of a malaria infection. This study is a double-blind randomized trial of placebo and anthelminthic treatment to elucidate the impact of helminth infections on malaria longitudinally in an area where helminth infections and malaria coexist. It is expected to provide new information and contribute to our understanding of how regulatory responses that may be induced by chronic helminth infections affect inflammatory conditions, especially on malaria infection.
This paper presents the rationale of the ImmunoSPIN-Malaria study that, at the clinical and biological level, aims to discern plausible and meaningful interactions between these infections.
Methods/Design
Study area and population
Nangapanda is a sub-district of the Ende district, Flores Island, Indonesia and is situated in a coastal area with a population of about 22000 (Figure 1). Situated near the equator (8°45'S, 121°40'E)[30], it is characterized by a uniform high temperature, in the range of 23-33.5°C, with humidity of 86-95%. Average yearly rain fall is 1.822 mm with about 82 rainy days, especially from November to April, with the peak in December until March. Malaria is reported to be highly prevalent in this area [31]. Preliminary surveys conducted in 2005 and 2006 found this area to be endemic for geohelminths (A. lumbricoides, hookworms and T. trichiura) and malaria parasites (P. falciparum and P. vivax). The sub-district is divided into villages of which those located near the primary health centre (Puskesmas), Ndeturea, Ndorurea1, and Ndorurea are the focus of ImmunoSPIN-Malaria study.
Figure 1. The map of the study area in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia.
The majority in the study area is Ende tribe and migrants from neighbouring district of Bajawa that have populated the island for more than 300 years. Most individuals work as farmers and grow their own food. Recently also government employees and individuals owning small businesses moved to the area. Individuals with Chinese and Arabic ethnicity have come to the area about 200 years ago and most of them, run business corporations with other tribes. There are very few other tribes from outside of Flores and most of them were brought from outside by marriage with Flores natives. The Nangapanda population is dynamic and individuals shift address within the area as well as move in and out of the area for purposes of studying, marriage, or searching for jobs.
Study design, data and sample collection
Baseline mapping of houses by Global Positioning System (GPS) system has allowed maps to be generated using ArcGIS 9,1 software (ESRI, USA). In order to perform spatial analyses based on individual data, geographical coordinates were assigned to each individual as well as centroid coordinates to households.
Community workers were recruited and trained to do questionnaires, follow-ups, malaria surveys (finger prick), and distribute treatment or placebo, as well as doing health promotion among the population. Each community worker will be in charge of a certain number of households that they visit monthly for recording movement and active follow-up of malaria symptoms, and three monthly for finger pricking and distributing the treatment.
The study is designed as a double-blind randomized trial with two arms. One arm is treatment with albendazole (single dose of 400 mg) [32], while the other arm is treatment with matching placebo (both tablets from PT Indofarma Pharmaceutical, Bandung, Indonesia). The treatment is provided every three months for a period of two years (a total of 8 treatments) to everyone, except children below two years of age, pregnant women or severely ill persons. Computer aided block randomization by household, using Random Allocation Software [33] will be assigned to the treated and placebo groups. The treatment is coded as A or B and the codes are concealed from investigators and patients. Labels with the study subject ID are printed from a computer database and attached to the appropriate strip of treatment by a separate team located in Jakarta without the involvement of the study investigators. An interim analysis will be performed by the monitoring committee, 1 year after treatment to test for any adverse effects that retention of anthelminthic treatment might have on the growth of children and on the incidence of malaria episodes (in contrast to the hypothesis being tested). If the trial continues, the final unblinding of the codes will take place two years after treatment.
On approval of individuals in the area, peripheral blood will be collected from a subset of individuals over 4 years of age that were randomly selected for whole blood culture based on households. The assay will be done at baseline, 1 and 2 years after treatment. For those who are not included in whole blood assays, malaria evaluation by finger pricking will be obtained aiming to include the whole population in the study area.
Every household receives a card identifying all family members. This card is used when community workers visit homes and when family members visit the Puskesmas. Data on socioeconomic status and health status is collected at baseline and 2 years after treatment using questionnaires in Bahasa Indonesia. Monthly data such as birth, death and migration will be recorded. Newborns and individuals who enter the study area will be registered with a newly assigned ID number as well as their geographical coordinates. Active follow-up includes a questionnaire with questions on clinical complaints in general and clinical malaria in particular and will be conducted monthly by community workers. In addition to the questionnaire, blood slides will be collected at three monthly intervals to test for plasmodia. For examination of intestinal helminths, stool samples will be collected yearly. Samples will be used for microscopy and PCR analyses. Passive follow-up will be held in collaboration with the Puskesmas that keeps clinical records of individuals that visit either for consultation or for overnight admission, including information on diagnosis and treatment. If malaria is suspected, two blood slides will be collected: one to be examined by the Puskesmas staff and another for re-examination by the research team in Jakarta at the Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia (UI).
All blood samples (serum, cell pellet, plasma, and whole blood), blood culture supernatants, as well as stool samples for PCR, will be kept at -20°C in a temperature recorded freezer which is checked twice a day and will be sent to Jakarta on dry ice for storage -20°C or -80°C.
Outcomes and case definitions
The study aims to determine whether and how helminth infections may affect the course of infection with malaria parasites and disease outcome. Therefore we will monitor disease in individuals treated with albendazole compared to placebo. The primary outcome is the prevalence of infection with P. falciparum and P. vivax up to 2 years after treatment, the secondary outcome is the incidence and severity of malaria recorded as a result of passive and active follow-up up to 2 years after treatment. The tertiary outcome is the inflammatory cytokine responses to P. falciparum antigens 1 and 2 years after treatment.
Helminth and plasmodia infections will be defined by the presence of parasites detected by microscopic examination of stool and blood samples respectively and will be confirmed by molecular (PCR-based) methods [34-38]. A malaria case is defined as an individual with typical malaria symptoms and a blood slide containing plasmodia asexual forms. Typical malaria case definitions: fever (oral temperature ≥ 37.5°C) and/or history of fever in the past 48 hours with a positive slide (P. vivax ≥ 250/ul, P. falciparum ≥ 1000/ul). Asymptomatic carriers have a blood slide positive for P. falciparum and/or P. vivax asexual forms, as well as positive result by PCR and no concomitant clinical symptoms. Suspected malaria cases are defined as individuals who report symptoms typical of malaria but for whom no slide is available at the time of presentation with symptoms.
Parasitological examination
Stool examination by microscopy
The Harada Mori method will be carried out on fresh stool samples to detect hookworm larvae. A certain amount of each stool sample is preserved in formalin (4%) and kept at room temperature for microscopic examination. The formol-ether acetate concentration method [39] is performed on the formalin preserved stool samples followed by microscopical examination for intestinal helminth infections, as well as protozoan infections. For hookworm detection, an amount of fresh stool sample is incubated using filter paper soaked by distilled water inside sealed plastic tubes according to the Harada Mori method [40].
Stool examination by real-time PCR
For DNA isolation from stool, approximately 100 mg unpreserved faeces (that was kept at -20°C) are suspended in 200 μl PBS containing 2% polyvinylpolypyrolidone (PVPP; Sigma, Steinheim, Germany). DNA isolation and setup of the PCR reactions are performed using a custom-made Hamilton robot platform (made in Germany). After heating for 10 min at 100°C suspensions are treated with sodium dodecylsulphate-proteinase K for 2 h at 55°C. DNA is isolated using QIAamp DNA-easy 96-well plates (QIAgen, Venlo, The Netherlands) [36]. Within the isolation lysis buffer, 103 PFU/ml Phocine herpes virus 1 (PhHV-1) is added to serve as an internal control [41].
A. duodenale, N. americanus (hookworm), A. lumbricoides, S. stercoralis real-time PCR (ANAS-PCR) [or just "helminth rt-PCR"]
Sequences of the A. duodenale-, N. americanus-, and S. stercoralis-specific primers and probes are used as described previously [37,38] with some modifications in fluorophore- and quencher-chemistry. Minor groove binding (MGB) probes are replaced by XS probes (Biolegio, Malden, The Netherlands) and to accommodate the specific fluorophor combination of the CFX real-time PCR system (Bio-Rad laboratories, USA) the A. duodenale specific XS-probe is labelled with Texas Red and the S. stercoralis-specific probe is labelled with Quasar-705. The A. lumbricoides-specific primers and probe are chosen using Primer Express software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), from the internal transcribed-spacer-1 (ITS1) sequence of A. lumbricoides (GenBank accession ALJ000895). The A. lumbricoides-specific primers, Alum96F 5'-GTAATAGCAGTCGGCGGTTTCTT-3' and Alum183R 5'-GCCCAACATGCCACCTATTC-3' amplify an 87-bp fragment of the ITS1 sequence and the XS-probe Alum124T Yakima Yellow-5'-TTGGCGGACAATTGCATGCGAT-3'-XS is used to detect the A. lumbricoides-specific product. The real-time PCRs were optimized first as monoplex assays with 10-fold dilution series of A. duodenale, N. americanus, A. lumbricoides, and S. stercoralis DNA, respectively. The monoplex real-time PCRs were thereafter compared with the multiplex PCR with the PhHV internal control. The cycle threshold (Ct) values obtained from testing the dilution series of each pathogen in both the individual assay and the multiplex assay were similar, and the same analytical sensitivity was achieved. The multiplex ANAS PCR showed 100% specificity when tested against 145 DNA controls derived from a wide range of intestinal microorganisms [35].
Amplification reactions are performed in white PCR plates in a volume of 25 μl with PCR buffer (HotstarTaq master mix, QIAgen, Germany), 5 mM MgCl2, 2.5 μgram Bovine Serum Albumin (Roche Diagnostics Nederland B.V., Almere, the Netherlands), 5 pmol of each A. duodenale-specific primer, and of each N. americanus-specific primer, 2 pmol of each A. lumbricoides-specific primer, 2.5 pmol of each S. stercoralis-specific primer and 3.75 pmol of each PhHV-1-specific primer, 1.25 pmol of each N. americanus-specific XS-probe, A. lumbricoides-specific XS-probe, S. stercoralis-specific double-labelled probe, and PhHV-1-specific double-labelled probe, and 2.5 pmol of the A. duodenale-specific XS-probe, and 5 μl of the DNA sample.
Amplification consists of 15 min at 95°C followed by 50 cycles of 15 s at 95°C, 30 s at 60°C, and 30 s at 72°C. Amplification, detection, and analysis are performed with the CFX real-time detection system (Bio-Rad laboratories). The PCR output from this system consists of a cycle-threshold (Ct) value, representing the amplification cycle in which the level of fluorescent signal exceeds the background fluorescence, and reflecting the parasite-specific DNA load in the sample tested. Negative and positive control samples are included in each amplification run.
The amplification is considered to be hampered by faecal inhibitory factors if the expected cycle threshold (Ct) value of 33 in the PhHV-specific PCR is increased by more than 3.3 cycles.
Blood examination by microscopy
To detect P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale, blood slides (thick and thin) are stained with Giemsa [42] followed by microscopic examination [43].
Blood examination by real-time PCR
DNA was isolated from 200 μl blood with QIAamp DNA-easy 96-well plates according to the manufacturer's recommendations. DNA isolation and setup of the PCR reactions are performed using a custom-made Hamilton robot platform.
P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae (malaria) real-time PCR
Sequences of the Plasmodium-specific primers and the P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae-specific probes are used as described previously[34,44] with some modifications in the fluorophore- and quencher-chemistry. Minor groove binding (MGB) probes are replaced by XS probes and to accommodate the specific fluorophor combination of the CFX system the P. falciparum-specific XS-probe is labelled with Yakima Yellow, the P. ovale-specific XS-probe is labelled with Texas Red and the P. malariae-specific probe is labelled with Quasar-705. An additional P. ovale-type 2 XS-probe (Texas Red 5'-TCCAAAAGGAATTTTCTTATT-3'-XSQ) is used for sensitive detection of the P. ovale genetic variant type 2 (GenBank accession X99790/J001527).
Amplification reactions of each DNA sample are performed in white PCR plates, in a volume of 25 μl with PCR buffer (HotstarTaq master mix), 5 mmol/l MgCl2, 12.5 pmol of each Plasmodium-specific primer and 15 pmol of each PhHV-1-specific primer, 1.5 pmol of each P. falciparum, P. vivax-, P. malariae-specific XS-probes, and PhHV-1-specific Cy5 double-labelled detection probe, and 2.5 pmol of each P. ovale-specific XS-probes (Biolegio), and 5 μl of the DNA sample were used.
Amplification, detection, and analysis are performed as described for the faecal PCR.
Immunological Measurements
Whole blood culture and cytokine measurements
Blood samples (6 ml) are drawn into Vacutainers (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) containing sodium heparin as anticoagulant. Within 6 hours, blood cultures are set up according to methods that were optimized and tested under field conditions during pilot studies. The heparinized blood is diluted 1:4 with RPMI 1640 medium (Invitrogen, Breda, The Netherlands) (supplemented with 2 mM glutamate, 1 mM pyruvate, 100 IU penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin) and cultured in 96 well round bottomed plates in 37°C with 5% CO2. Stimulations were performed with medium/control, PHA (2 μg/ml, Wellcome Diagnostics, Darford, UK), LPS (1 ng/ml Sigma-Aldrich, Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands), Pam3Cys (100 ng/ml, Cayla-InvivoGen Europe, Toulouse, France), PolyIC (50 μg/ml, Cayla-InvivoGen Europe, Toulouse, France), Ascaris antigen (20 μg/ml, as prepared by van Riet E et al [45]), iRBC (1 × 106, prepared by Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands[46]), uRBC (1 × 106, prepared by Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [46]). Supernatants are collected on day 1 (unstimulated control, LPS, Pam3Cys) and day 3 (unstimulated control, PHA, Ascaris, iRBC, uRBC, PolyIC). Cytokine concentrations in supernatants are assessed by means of immunobead-based multiplex assays. This is an assay that permits simultaneous quantification of multiple cytokines in a small sample volume. Panels of capture antibody-coated beads and labeled detection antibodies are purchased from Bio Source (Camarillo, California, USA). The cytokines measured will represent pro- and anti-inflammatory, Th1 and Th2 cytokines: TNF-α and IL-10 from day 1 supernatants as well as IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α for day 3 supernatants. Analysis will be performed on a Liquichip 200® Workstation (Qiagen, Venlo, The Netherlands) using Liquichip analyzer software (Qiagen, Venlo, The Netherlands).
Total IgE
Total IgE will be measured as described previously [47]. Briefly, maxisorp plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Roskilde, Denmark) are coated overnight with 100 μl/well rabbit anti-human IgE (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) at 1/1400 dilution in 0.1 M carbonate buffer. Plates are blocked with 100 μl/well phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA, Albumin Fraction V, Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany). Sera to be tested are diluted 1:200 in PBS containing 5% fetal calf serum (FCS, Greiner Bio-One, Alphen a/d Rijn, Netherlands). A positive standard serum containing human IgE (NIBSC, Potters Bar, UK) is diluted down 1/3 in a series from 90 IU/ml until a final concentration 0.12 IU/ml on each plate and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing step, IgE biotinylated goat anti-human IgE antibody (1/1000 (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA)) is added followed by Streptavidin Alkaline Phosphatase conjugate (1/3000 (Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany)). The colour is developed by addition of para-nitrophenylphosphate substrate (p-NPP (Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany)) diluted in diethanolamine buffer (DEA, 0.5 mM Mg CL2, 0.1 M DEA, pH 9.6 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and optical density is measured at 405 nm.
Statistical analyses
A database using MS Access is developed for this study. At baseline, we will analyze whether helminth infected subjects are at a higher risk of having P. falciparum or P. vivax infections in terms of presence of infection and intensity. The effect of anthelminthic treatment will be assessed 1 and 2 years after treatment by analyzing the prevalence ratios as well as the incidence ratios of malaria infection (clinical cases and parasitemia). In addition, treatment will be compared with placebo for reduction of helminth infection and is based on an intention to treat principle, in anticipation of individual movement between treatment groups. Cytokine profiles in response to parasite antigens will be analyzed for levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
The characterization of immune responses to helminth infections, malaria infections and co-infections will be assessed prior to treatment using linear regression [48]. As cytokine levels are non-normally distributed, we will use log-transformed cytokine data for all analyses regarding effect of helminth treatment on cytokine profile and susceptibility to plasmodium infection. For these analyses, multilevel modeling will be used and the use of longitudinal data will take into account repeated measurements [48]. Any bias related to selection of participants and outcome of treatment will be assessed by comparing individuals that are lost to follow-up and individuals that are not lost and will be compared on the basis of their baseline characteristics, age, gender, village, and socioeconomic status and parasitic infections. A similar assessment will also be undertaken to compare the characteristics of individuals in the treatment and placebo groups at inclusion into the study. Chi-square analyses will be used to test proportions.
Multiple regression analysis will be used to determine 1) the association between helminth infections (either all helminths or individual species) with malaria parasites (either all or individual species); 2) the effect of decreasing helminth infection on plasmodia parasitaemia and incidence of malaria cases and 3) the effect of decreasing helminth infection on immunological responses to malaria antigen. All analyses will be adjusted for confounders such as socioeconomic status, body mass index, age and sex. During the study any other confounders that are identified will be used in our analyses.
Power calculation
Unpublished microscopy data from the area showed the combined prevalence of P. falciparum and P. vivax was 12% in the target population and the helminth infection (A. lumbricoides, Hookworm, T. trichiura) in the population was 60%. As study activities such as active follow-up and prompt treatment will have an effect on the prevalence, we expect the malaria prevalence to decrease to an estimated 6%. Based on these findings a power calculation (given an alpha of 0.05 and a power of 0.80) gave a sample size of 749 study subjects needed, in order to detect a 50% reduction or increase in the prevalence of plasmodia after 2 years of anthelminthic treatment. The effect of treatment will presumably be present in helminth carriers only and as an estimated 60% will be carriers of helminths during study period, giving an estimated 1248 subjects in each study arm will be needed. Allowing for an estimated 20% lost to follow-up due to movement and refusal, we would need to include 1495 participants in each arm.
Ethical consideration and trial registration, information, recruitment and consent
This study was approved by The Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, ref: 194/PT02.FK/Etik/2006 and registered as clinical trial ref: ISRCTN83830814 and has been filed by ethics committee of the Leiden University Medical Center. The study is reported in accordance with the CONSORT guidelines for cluster-randomized studies [49].
The regional health authorities in Ende, the regional capital, were informed of the study and gave their agreement and support. Socialization took place over a two year period prior to the study involving staff at the public health centre (Puskesmas) and 50 community workers, including training for follow-up of study subjects keeping the community well-informed and well-engaged. Through many organized sessions, the village heads were involved in passing on information about the study, including the benefits and risks involved. The longitudinal nature was explained and information sheets and consent forms (in Bahasa Indonesia) were distributed. Inhabitants of the area were invited to participate in the study, consented either by written signature or thumb print and were informed that they may withdraw from the study at any time, for any reason and without consequences. For children below 15 years old of age also parent consent was obtained. Probable illness by burden of helminth infection will be taken into account by three study doctors that will be present in the area as well as by collaboration with the Puskesmas. Severe cases will be treated directly. The medical doctors will also give support and treatment to the Puskesmas. After completion of the study the whole population will be adequately treated for helminth infections [32,50].
Description of the population recruited
The study has so far provided data that are shown in a flow chart given in Figure 2. During registration (January 2007 - April 2008) a total of 4650 individuals were registered in 753 households. At baseline in (April 2008) 3854 of the registered population are residing in the village in 734 household. For the immunological studies 250 households were randomly selected within 734 registered households, to allow for 1065 eligible individuals (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Profile of the ImmunoSPIN-Malaria sub project http://immunospin.org webcite
Table 1 shows age-stratified migration patterns. Most migration is for seeking employment or education opportunities and most are male. The median age of the residents is 20 years while this is 19 for those who move out of the area. The age pyramid is shown in Figure 3 and is typical for low to middle income countries [51].
Figure 3. Age pyramid of individuals living in Nangapanda, Flores.
Table 1. Age distribution of the study population who have stayed or moved out of the study area in 16 months of period*
The traditional source of income in the area is farming and fishing while some individuals engage in jobs at government offices with a few in the private sector (Figure 4). The education level of the majority over 15 years of age is elementary school (40.6%) followed by senior high school (27,2%), and junior high school (18.9%) while 5.4% has college or University degrees. Around 5.5% is illiterate, either not educated at all or dropped out from elementary school (Figure 5).
Figure 4. Job distribution. At baseline, profession was assessed for everyone above 15 years of age in the study area (n = 2961).
Figure 5. Education level. At baseline, education was assessed for everyone above 15 years of age in the study area (n = 2961).
Discussion
Since this large community-based trial provides an important possibility to undertake a series of evaluations on the effect of helminth infections on malaria as well as the control of helminth and malaria at the community level, our study could help develop evidence-based policymaking. This study is unique in that it will provide data on anthelminthic treatment efficacy and effectiveness in a defined large population in a developing country. In conclusion the ImmunoSPIN helminth-malaria study is the first and currently the only longitudinal study of helminth and malaria co-infections in Indonesia. The study has received enthusiastic support from the authorities in Ende. At the same time, the study facilitates the transfer of state of the art technologies in immunology, molecular biology, epidemiology and statistics to Indonesia.
Abbreviations
IgE: immunoglobulin E; IL: interleukin;
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
AEW Medical doctor in charge of the field study, involve in setting up, supervising gathering of data, clinical care, and follow up of the study population
MAP Medical doctor in charge of the field study, involve in setting up, supervising gathering of data, clinical care, and follow up of the study population
FH Medical doctor in charge of the field study, involve in setting up, supervising gathering of data, clinical care, and follow up of the study population
LW Medical doctor in charge of the field study, involve in setting up, supervising gathering of data, clinical care, and follow up of the study population
BL Medical doctor who is the advisor on databases, epidemiological and statistical aspects of the study
IA Medical doctor who is the advisor on databases, epidemiological and statistical aspects of the study
HWU Statistician who is developing methods to analyze the complex data generated during the lifetime of the project
HW Parasitologist and field study expert who is in charge of the process of data selection, storage, safeguarding randomization, and privacy of the study subjects
YD Medical doctor who advises on the immunological aspects of the study
SW Medical doctor who is supervising of study set up
IS Medical doctor who is a specialist on malaria and advises on clinical malaria and in the study
LM Immunoepidemiologist who is advising on databases maintenance, epidemiological, statistical, and immunological aspects of the study
AJFL Immunologist who specializes in malaria immunology and advises on malaria responses in the study
JJV Molecular parasitologist who is involved in the molecular diagnosis of parasitic infections
ES Immunoparasitologist who is involved in coordinating the study and advising on parasitological and immunological aspects of the study
MY Immunologist who has developed the study and is the Dutch coordinator of the ImmunoSPIN program
TS Parasitologist who has developed the study and is the Indonesian coordinator of the ImmunoSPIN program
All authors read and approved the final paper.
Acknowledgements
This study is funded by The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science (KNAW), Ref.KNAW-05-PP-35, European Commission contracts INCO-CT-2006-031714 and INCO-CT-2006-032436
The authors thank Drg Dominggus Minggu Mere as the former Head of Ende Health District for his support to initiate the study. Health staff in district as well as in the Puskesmas Primary Health center and community workers, Aurelius I Data as data entry person, Markus Rubu and Maksima as field worker, mostly help from UI team (Maria Kaisar, Sudirman, Suwarto, Heni Sitompul, Rosidi) and LUMC team (Yvonne Kruize), Awal Setiawan and Agus Rahmat (NAMRU-Two) who help and assist the mapping process, and last most of all inhabitants of Nangapanda (Ndeturea, Ndorurea1, Ndorurea).
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Pre-publication history
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http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/10/77/prepub
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Research Article
Minimal Nonnegative Solution of Nonlinear Impulsive Differential Equations on Infinite Interval
Xuemei Zhang1*, Xiaozhong Yang1 and Meiqiang Feng2
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
2 School of Applied Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
For all author emails, please log on.
Boundary Value Problems 2011, 2011:684542 doi:10.1155/2011/684542
Published: 2 August 2010
Abstract
The cone theory and monotone iterative technique are used to investigate the minimal nonnegative solution of nonlocal boundary value problems for second-order nonlinear impulsive differential equations on an infinite interval with an infinite number of impulsive times. All the existing results obtained in previous papers on nonlocal boundary value problems are under the case of the boundary conditions with no impulsive effects or the boundary conditions with impulsive effects on a finite interval with a finite number of impulsive times, so our work is new. Meanwhile, an example is worked out to demonstrate the main results.
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The Operator of Genetic Algorithms to Improve its Properties
Aijun Li
Abstract
Based on the traditional genetic algorithm, proposed an improved adaptive genetic algorithm, the experimental results show that the improved adaptive genetic algorithm results than standard genetic algorithm much better and effective to improve the convergence of genetic algorithm optimization of speed and efficiency.
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Environmental Regulations - General Information
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Displaying 1 - 20 of 21 resources in Environmental Regulations and General Information:
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Legal site dedicated to environmental rights. An internal search engine helps you to find laws, judicial decisions, international conventions. In Italian only. ...
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East Palo Alto, CA, USA
A collection of food for thought about Natural Disasters and their prevention. ...
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3. Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
"The Paulaity Theory of Global Enhancement" is a strategy for NGO's, collectives, groups, communities, specialized institutions, etc., that are sympathetic to the environment (lands, peoples, ...
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Why is GM taking its successful electric vehicle off the road and away from drivers willing to pay GM to keep driving it? Despite creating ...
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Italian words "filosofia ambientale" mean "environmental philosophy", and "www.filosofia-ambientale.it" is the first Italian web site entirely devoted to environmental philosophy. The aim is to divulge it ...
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Environmental issues pertaining to Fire Island, NY. ...
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You can find all the information you need to develop a top-notch EMS on our interactive web site. Do a complete ISO 14001 gap analysis ...
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35 events on env. and health in London, June 1999. Pan-European Directory of Environment and Health organizations. ...
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The 2-year study will develop concepts for coordination, interpretation, and educational programs of the great catastrophic Ice Age Floods of the Pacific Northwest. ...
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MSU Global Access reflects Michigan State University's commitment to serve the people of Michigan and beyond as part of its land grant tradition. To help ...
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Alaska conservation site focusing on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska (NPRA)and the Tongass and Chugach National Forests. ...
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This site provides information, documents and other materials concerning lawsuits over water quality degradation and water quantity disruption in the Florida Everglades. ...
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pow() and modulus trouble
Newbie Member
7Apr2006,06:49 #1
Hi I am programming in C,
and when I do a pow function such as num = pow(28,7);
If num is a float or a double, the correct answer is achieved, but if it is an int or a long, num is assigned an incorrect answer.
Which gives me a problem because I then what to do num%33.
Like I said if I do it, when num is an int, the answer is incorrect.
and if I keep num as a double or float, I get the error:
illegal use of floating point in function.....
Is there anyway to overcome this? It is driving me mad!!
Team Leader
7Apr2006,08:04 #2
Its not the problem with the pow but its just long size is not big enough to hold the data.
long iTemp = (long)pow(28,7);
This should avoid all the errors and warning but the out put is not correct because the actual output is 13492928512 which is more than 2^32.
Newbie Member
7Apr2006,09:07 #3
ahh thanks anyway, I guess there is nothing I can really do then to get the correct answer.
Newbie Member
7Apr2006,09:44 #4
actually I found a way to do it ty
Team Leader
7Apr2006,10:44 #5
Why dont you share that with us.
Newbie Member
7Apr2006,12:01 #6
Sorry! of course, its a bit long, but I got the answer I needed. Just a bit of maths.
Instead of doing modulus 33...
I used a float, say float num1, and found pow(28,7)
I then divided it by 33,
I then assigned this answer to a long/int, which automatically trunicates it, say long num2
I then again assigned it back to a float, and multiplied this float by 33. say float num3
Then i did num1 - num3
which give me the same answer as pow(28,7)%33 should have given me.
Not the best at explaining!
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Nanomaterials
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 398582, 6 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/398582
Research Article
Morphology and Photoluminescence of Ba0.5Sr0.5MoO4 Powders by a Molten Salt Method
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210009, China
Received 15 October 2012; Revised 6 November 2012; Accepted 7 November 2012
Academic Editor: Zhenhui Kang
Copyright © 2012 Ling Wei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Ba0.5Sr0.5MoO4 powders with scheelite-type tetragonal structure were successfully synthesized by a molten salt method. The structure, morphology, and luminescent property of the as-prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL), respectively. The results show that the tetragonal Ba0.5Sr0.5MoO4 powders were synthesized at 650°C for 6 h by the molten salt method. The calcining temperature, the soaking time, and the molar ratio of the salt to Na2MoO4 have great influence on the phase, size, morphology, and PL properties. The better crystallinity and smaller particle size, the higher PL emission peak is.
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Sitapur: Taking a cue from their counterparts in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh, who participated in neck-deep ‘Jal Satyagraha’ in September 2012 demanding the lowering of the water level in th
While a ministerial committee began hearing grievances of oustees of the Omkareshwar dam in Madhya Pradesh, Narmada Bachao Andolan activists met President Pranab Mukherjee on Thursday.
Barely a couple of hours after police evicted protesters from a 'Jal Satyagraha' today, about 50 persons from villages near Khardana entered the Narmada river demanding reduction of the Indira Saga
Bowing to pressure following sustained television coverage of the Narmada Bachao Andolan’s ‘Jal Satyagraha’, the Madhya Pradesh government on Monday lowered the water level in the Omkareshwar reser
New Delhi: While the first responsibility of addressing issues of oustees of the Omkareshwar dam project lies with the Madhya Pradesh Government, activists say the Centre, especially ministries of
Khandwa: Shri. Arun yadhav, Member of Parliament, Khandwa District reached the Jal Satyagraha site at Ghoghalgaon and heard out the issues of the Oustees.
For the first time, a district-level grievance redressal authority to hear complaints arising from abuse of power, especially by the police and forest officials, is taking shape in Madhya Pradesh o
The Madhya Pradesh government has said the filling of the Omkareshwar dam poses no threat to human life even as the Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission (MPHRC) directed the government to ensure the safety of the protesters.
The government’s statement comes in the wake of the ongoing jal satyagraha protest of the project affected people of the Omkareshwar dam in the East Nimaar region (Khandwa district), where oustees have been standing in the rising dam water for the last seven days.
Khandwa: Today, in the presence of the thousands of oustees, the Narmada Jal Satyagraha of the Omkareshwar dam oustees, commenced in Village Ghogalgaon.
People affected by the Omkareshwar dam project sat on an indefinite ‘ jal satyagr aha ’ against the Madhya Pradesh government’s decision of filling up the dam up to a height of 193 meters.
The protesters, gathered under the banner of the Narmada Bachao Andolan in Ghogalgaon village of Khandwa district, set up a camp just above 189 meters, the current water level of the dam, and commenced the satyagrah a , resolving to not budge until the government fulfilled their rightful demands of relief and rehabilitation, including land-based compensation.
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Hanson:People
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
[Home]
People Protocols
Contents
Current research group
P.I.
• Thomas E. Hanson [1] or [2] [Hanson Web Page]
Students
Graduates
Undergraduates
• Amanda Barnard (Biological Sciences and Animal Sciences)
• Yun-Fei Lou (Biological Sciences)
Former post-doctoral researchers
• Rachael M. Morgan-Kiss Morgan-Kiss Web PageAssistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Miami University
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Expert: Homeland-Diaspora relations to benefit Armenian-Ukrainian ties
PanARMENIAN.Net - A senior fellow at the Institute of Political and Social Studies of the Black Sea and Caspian region commented on Azerbaijani media attempts to draw the Ukraine into anti-Armenian propaganda campaign.
“Azeri publications proved that a struggle is waged also for material resources,” Andrei Areshev said in interview with Analitika.at.ua.
“Diaspora-building artificial measures by governmental resources are doomed to failure. As far as I understand such a situation is not exclusive to the Ukraine,” he said.
“However, Armenians can boast a developed culture and social life in Ukraine. Inclusion of Armenian in the list of regional languages and Ukraine’s minority languages is linked to the fact,” he said.
According to the expert, effective motherland-Diaspora ties may positively affect Armenian-Ukrainian relations, considering Kiev’s interest in Azerbaijan’s energy resources and transit function. In this context, Mr. Areshev stressed Ukraine as one of the leading arms supplier to Azerbaijan.
“NGOs’ active operation fosters intensification of ties on governmental level. Catholicos of All Armenians Karekin II’s August 11 visit to the Ukraine reaffirms the cultural complementarily between the two nations,” he said, adding that the number of Azerbaijanis in the Ukraine ranges from “official” 45 thous. to unofficial 250 thous.
“Migration is a common trend in post-Soviet states, regardless of their oil and gas deposits, as well as political and ideological models,” the expert said.
Partner news
Top stories
Possible ways to advance the peaceful settlement of Nagorno Karabakh conflict were in the focus of the discussion.
A meeting between Edward Nalbandian and Azerbaijani FM Elmar Mammadyarov will be held on the sidelines of the event.
Bergen began by recounting his 1997 meeting with Bin Laden in Afghanistan after a long process of negotiations.
Arman Kirakosyan urged Azerbaijan to accept suggestions of Minsk Group to achieve a breakthrough in Karabakh settlement.
Partner news
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Search Engine Strategies (SES) San Jose 2005 Agenda goes LIVE!
Jun 22, 2005 • 8:11 pm | (1) by | Filed Under Search Engine Strategies 2005 San Jose
Danny Sullivan just announced the new agenda for Search Engine Strategies (SES) in San Jose 2005. This is the big one for most tech savvy webmasters and marketers. Plus the parties are phenomenal! The show will be held August 8-11, 2005 at the San Jose McEnery Convention Center. I highly recommend to register early, this show books up all hotel rooms in the area.
As part of my Hispanic SEM blogging coverage, I would like to inform you that there will be a session focused just for Spanish language SEM tactics. As described, "This session looks at how to target Spanish speakers within the US and the world through paid and organic search marketing efforts." Speakers give their presentations in English. This session was previously called "Search Marketing To Hispanics & Latin America" (also given in English). The objective is for search engine marketers in various segments reach these growing markets. For example:
• US Hispanic companies targeting US Hispanics (example: Univison.com)
• US American companies targeting US Hispanics (example: espanol.officedepot.com)
• Both US Hispanic and American companies targeting Latin America as well as their own markets (examples: CNNenEspanol.com, Marriott Hotels, United Airlines, etc.)
• Latin American companies targeting their own markets (example: esmas.com, TeRespondo.com, UOL.com, etc)
• Latin American companies targeting all markets that include both Latin American, US Hispanic and American markets (for example: the singer Luis Miguel or the most exported beer in the world, Corona)
The opportunities are almost unlimited and it's pretty much all virgin territory with little or no competition. If you see the Internet as a way for globalization to happen with your websites, then mark down this session on your SES agenda.
Previous story: Tech Issues : Domain Name Registration and Server/Webhosting Issues
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Default Google Blogger Meta Tag Set To Not Allow Search Spiders In?
Feb 20, 2007 • 6:55 am | (3) by | Filed Under Other Google Topics
Kevin Gibbons posted a thread at Search Engine Roundtable Forums last week about how he discovered that his blog has removed "removed from the Google index." After quick review, he noticed that he had some how added the <meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOINDEX,NOFOLLOW" /> META tag to all his blog pages.
So he dug deeper to figure out how it was added.
By default the <$BlogMetaData$> tag which seems to be the default on some templates within Blogger, automatically added that meta tag.
It basically tells search engines not to index the pages and crawl the content.
So he removed the tag and hand coded his meta data.
He is not the only one who had this problem, several commented at his post.
Forum discussion at Search Engine Roundtable Forums.
Previous story: Site Down Time Can Remove You From Google Index
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Yahoo! Publisher Network Adds New Poll
Mar 20, 2007 • 7:24 am | (0) by | Filed Under Yahoo Publisher Network
The Yahoo! Publisher Network randomly adds polls to the YPN console for publishers. Recently, I think about a week ago, Yahoo! replaced the last poll with a new one that asks. "When developing a new web site at a new domain, how do you decide the site topic (please check one)?"
The options given are:
• I base it on an extension of an existing web site I already have
• I want a new web site based on my personal interests
• I want a new web site based on what’s getting blog/PR coverage
• I want a new web site that I think is a ground-breaking idea
• I want a new web site that I think will drive revenue
• Other (please specify)
Honestly, I would not have noticed the new poll if it wasn't for a someone pointing it out.
Forum discussion at DigitalPoint Forums.
Previous story: Add a Theme to Your Personalized Google Home Page
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Revision history of "Talk:Nipple spike"
From SmashWiki, the Super Smash Bros. wiki
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8501.0 - Retail Trade, Australia, May 2010
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 01/07/2010
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
July 1, 2010
Embargo: 11.30 am (Canberra time)
81/2010
Clothing, footwear and department store sales drive retail turnover up 0.2% in May 2010
The latest ABS figures show that retail sales rose 0.2% in May, seasonally adjusted, compared with a rise of 0.6% the previous month.
Clothing, Footwear & Other Personal Accessory Retailing (1.7%) and Department Stores (1.0%) recorded the largest increases in May followed by Cafes, Restaurants & Takeaway Food Services (0.8%), Other Retailing (0.3%) and Food Retailing (0.2%). Sales fell in Household Goods Retailing (-1.4%).
New South Wales (0.9%) and Victoria (0.2%) recorded increases in sales in May. Sales decreased in the other states and territories: South Australia (-0.9%), the Australian Capital Territory (-0.6%), the Northern Territory (-0.4%), Western Australia (-0.3%), Queensland (-0.2%), Tasmania (-0.1%).
Trend turnover grew 0.2% in May 2010. This follows a 0.2% rise in both April 2010 and March 2010.
In original terms, turnover increased 0.6% in the twelve months to May 2010.
Further information is available in Retail Trade, Australia (cat no. 8501.0)
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Ask Your Question
1
How to recover former version of document
asked 2012-10-06 21:26:23 +0200
Lauren
11 1 1 2
updated 2013-01-20 10:30:17 +0200
manj_k
5622 4 31 48
I was working with a document, transferring it from Word to Libre office. When it asked if I wanted to save as an ODT document, over the document that already existed with that name, I thought I was just replacing the Word document with the ODT. But in another folder, there was a document with the same name, and it saved over THAT one. Is there any way I can recover the document from the other folder that I did not mean to erase??
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3 Answers
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1
answered 2012-10-06 22:05:55 +0200
manj_k
5622 4 31 48
If "☑ Always create backup copy" has been enabled
in "Tools → Options → Load/Save → General":
You'll find the previous version of the last saved version in the "backup" folder of your LibreOffice user profile (path see: "Tools → Options → LibreOffice → Paths → Backups").
Open the relevant "*.bak" with LibreOffice (File → Open) and save it as "*.odt" in a folder of your choice.
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1
answered 2012-10-17 19:04:34 +0200
horst
1815 11 29
If you run Windows 7 you might be lucky to get the old version. In windows Explorer navigate to the file, right click on it, select Properties, select Previous Version (a Tab in the window). Windows is searching for older versions of the file. If an older version(s) shows up, select it and press the Copy button which allows you to copy the older version in a folder of your choice.
Good Luck
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0
answered 2012-10-17 05:06:29 +0200
Lansingguy
1
It will be very difficult to restore the overwritten Word file. I suggest you to try this professional Word recovery program to restore the overwritten Word file. Good Luck!
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Asked: 2012-10-06 21:26:23 +0200
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Last updated: Oct 17 '12
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Wednesday, September 17, 2008
Standards and Innovation
The emergence of standard components for ubiquitous and common activities does not impair innovation but accelerates it. This is the principle of componentisation; the speed at which a system develops is directly related to the level of organisation of its subsystems.
Mashing up web services to create a new application depends upon layers of standard components, including standard protocols, operating systems, CPUs etc. If there were no standard components and you had to start with chip design before writing an application, the rate of innovation on the web would be snail like.
The only people who oppose standardisation are generally those who sell their product on the basis that it provides a differential. Of course, an activity which is ubiquitous is not a differential in any sense of the word. The arguments against standards are false.
"Cloud" computing is ripe for emerging standards and those standards won't hamper innovation, they will accelerate it.
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Community Portal
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 19:49, 2 July 2006 by Ramuk (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Community portal
We need to plan a bit, especially about how we should organize the information on this new wiki. The pages that we are creating now, copy/pasted off the old one, follow the highly disorganized and confusing way the old one was made. That is something I wanted to address in the bery beginning, so we might have a plan ready to go when everything is finally imported. --Shrike 19:43, 14 June 2006 (EDT)
I wanted to see if you would like to use this modified image of the linkstation. Its transparent as to show the background. --Goat 13:44, 16 June 2006 (CDT)
• Looks good to me, if it also works for the logo. --Shrike 16:38, 16 June 2006 (EDT)
• To me also. i already switched to the new pic. thx Goat :) --mindbender 23:47, 16 June 2006 (CET)
Assigned Wiki porting tasks
''<font color=red><small>
This article originally
Based on work by Frontalot
at Linkstationwiki.org
</small></font>''<br>
ALL DONE EXCEPT
mindbender - upload the missing files to the download-section
WORK IN PROGRESS
Projects
Main Page - Design
Template:Mainpage-Design
Main Page - Wiki Structure
Personal tools
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ECE497 Contributions and Project Status
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 17:32, 6 November 2012 by Geislekj (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Embedded Linux Class by Mark A. Yoder
Contents
Fall 2012
Project Status
Please edit this page and add your project to this list. Copy my ECE497 Project Template to your own eLinux page and include the title of your project in the name of the page.
Please make the list alphabetical by family name.
Take a look at what you and others have contributed.
Name Contributions Project git repository
Tom Atnip contrib Beagle VNS atniptw
Greg Larmore contrib SPI Project Greg Larmore
Jesse Brannon Rover brannojs
Xinyu Cheng contrib Kinect Xinyu Cheng
Bryan Correll contrib BeagleBone PRU Correlbn
Alex Drane My Beagle Project draneaw
Josh Dugan contrib XBee duganje
Kevin Geisler contrib Beagle VNS geislekj
Christopher A Good contrib RoverGUI goodca
Ross Hansen contrib Rover Hansenrl
Michael Junge contrib Rover Jungeml
Xia Li contrib Kinect xiali
Matthew Moravec contrib XBee mmoravec
Peter Ngo contrib BeagleBone PRU ngop
Stephen Shinn contrib XBee shinnsm
Mark A. Yoder contrib My Beagle Project MarkAYoder
James Popenhagen contrib BeagleBone PRU popenhjc
Elias White My Beagle Project whiteer
Ruffin White contrib Beagle VNS ruffsl
Sean Richardson contrib SPI Project Sean Richardson
Andrew Miller contrib BeagleBone PRU millerap
Yue Zhang My Beagle Project Yue Zhang
John Lobdell My Beagle Project jtlobdell
Winter 2011-2012
Contributions
1. Yuming Cao
2. Yifei Li
3. Greg Harrison
4. Jack Ma
5. Guanqun Wang
6. Mona Yan
7. Mark A. Yoder
8. Michael Yuhas
9. Ziyi Zhang
10. David Zitnik
11. Alex Drane
12. Jesse Brannon
13. Greg Larmore
14. Michael Junge
15. Andrew Miller
16. Bryan Correll
Project Status
1. Mark A. Yoder, My Beagle Project
2. Mona Yan and Greg Harrison, Playstation Eye Audio with Qt
3. Yuming Cao and Ziyi Zhang, Node.js Weather Station
4. Yifei Li and Guanqun Wang, Play games using Kinect on Beagleboard
5. Michael J. Yuhas and Jack Ma, Multiple Partitions via U-boot
6. David Zitnik, Twitter Java Application
Embedded Linux Class by Mark A. Yoder
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Method
Assignment of isochores for all completely sequenced vertebrate genomes using a consensus
Thorsten Schmidt1 and Dmitrij Frishman1,2*
Author affiliations
1 Department of Genome-Oriented Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany
2 Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology (MIPS), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Genome Biology 2008, 9:R104 doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-6-r104
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2008/9/6/R104
Received:13 March 2008
Revisions received:22 May 2008
Accepted:30 June 2008
Published:30 June 2008
© 2008 Schmidt and Frishman; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We show that although the currently available isochore mapping methods agree on the isochore classification of about two-thirds of the human DNA, they produce significantly different results with regard to the location of isochore boundaries and isochore length distribution. We present a new consensus isochore assignment method based on majority voting and provide IsoBase, a comprehensive on-line database of isochore maps for all completely sequenced vertebrate genomes.
Background
More than three decades ago gradient density analyses of fragmented DNA identified long compositionally homogenous regions on mammalian chromosomes, widely known as isochores [1-3] or long homogeneous genome regions [4], associated with a wide range of important biological properties. Gene density is up to 16 times higher in GC-rich isochores than in GC-poor isochores [5] (with GC referring to the percentage of the nucleotides guanine and cytosine), and the genes in the GC-rich isochores code for shorter proteins and are more compact with a smaller amount of introns [6]. It was also shown that the GC-rich codons, such as those coding for alanine and arginine, are more frequent in GC-rich isochores [7,8]. The distribution of repeat elements is influenced by the isochore structure of the genome: SINE (short-interspersed nuclear element) sequences tend to be more frequent in GC-rich isochores while the LINE (long-interspersed nuclear elements) sequences are preferentially found in GC-poorer regions [9-11]. The structure of chromosome bands also correlates with isochores: T-bands predominantly consist of GC-rich isochores, while the GC-poorer isochores are found in G-bands [12-14]. The recombination frequency is higher [15,16] and replication starts up to two hours earlier [17] in regions with high GC content.
Further progress in understanding the biological role and evolution of long-range variation in base composition is seriously hindered by the lack of objective and generally accepted isochore assignment methods. A multitude of computational approaches has been developed by various groups [18-23], but no single resource allows the accession, comparison, and combination of isochore assignments made by various techniques in different genomes. Here we introduce a new consensus predictor that characterizes the level of support for isochore locations determined by individual methods. We present a database of isochore maps for all completely sequenced vertebrate genomes and interactive viewers that allow the exploration of this "fundamental level of genome organization" [24] online [25].
Results and discussion
Computational methods differ significantly in terms of assigned isochore borders and length
Published isochore datasets show remarkable diversity. In the following we will use the human genome for comparisons of different isochore assignments if not stated otherwise. The number of isochore segments found in the human genome ranges from about 1,200 for GC-Profile to up to more than 76,000 for BASIO. As a consequence, the resulting isochores show very different length distributions. Isochores discovered by least-squares segmentation are the longest at an average of 2,459 kb, whereas BASIO and IsoFinder segments are the shortest at an average of 40 and 72 kb, respectively (Figure 1). It can be seen that IsoFinder and BASIO are clearly in a different league compared to GC-Profile and least-squares in terms of the number and average length of isochores. This divergence results from different criteria used by the four tested methods to determine the beginning and end of the segments, and the window lengths of 10 and 100 kb used by BASIO and least-squares, respectively. As explained in Materials and methods, a difficult challenge in GC-content-based partitioning of complex eukaryotic genomes is to find a set of parameters suitable for coping with the significantly different levels of GC fluctuations in the GC-rich and GC-poor regions.
Figure 1. Comparison of isochore assignments in the human genome made by the different methods. All isochore maps show remarkable differences with respect to the number and the average length of their isochore segments. The IsoFinder and BASIO methods result in the most fine-grained segmentations while GC-Profile and least-squares produce less fragmented partitioning of the genome. The consensus map provides a compromise solution. (a) Number of isochore stretches. (b) Average isochore length.
Using the GC level of each isochore, we evaluated the GC difference (delta GC) between adjacent segments and found that the delta GC distributions of the compared methods are significantly different. The BASIO and the least-squares data show the smallest GC jumps while the GC-Profile and IsoFinder methods produce the broadest distribution and the greatest delta GC values on average (Figure 2). One explanation for this may be that short isochores are more likely to model local GC outliers, which results in higher delta GC differences between adjacent segments, on average.
Figure 2. GC differences between neighboring isochores. The distribution of GC differences between adjacent isochores is shown for each method. The thick bars within each box plot indicate the median. The IsoFinder and GC-Profile assignments have the largest GC deltas, on average, whereas in the BASIO isochore map the GC deltas are lowest (median 3.5, mean 4.0). Outliers are not shown in this plot. The average delta GC in the consensus map is 4.6, the median 4.1.
We further assessed the differences between the segmentation methods based on the entropy distance between them. Lower entropy distance values indicate a better agreement between two isochore maps. As shown in Table 1, the results of the least-squares and BASIO approaches are the most dissimilar as measured by this criterion. It is noteworthy that the positions of about 25% of the borders of the least-squares map are identical to those of the BASIO segmentation. This exact border coincidence is an exception, however; in most of the cases segment borders are shifted by between 10 kb and 100 kb for the methods. No borders are shifted by more than 1 Mb with regard to the BASIO borders (Additional data file 1).
Table 1. Entropy distance
The different methods classify most genomic DNA to the same isochore families
Despite the striking differences between the isochore assignments in terms of segment borders and isochore length, a strong agreement exists with regard to the amount of equally classified DNA and genes. As shown in Table 2, all four original methods assign about 66% of the human genome to the same isochore families. The isochore families are described in detail in the Materials and methods. Furthermore, the four methods locate around two-thirds of all genes in isochores of the same family (Table 3). On average, the consensus in attributing genes to the same isochore between each individual method and the three other methods is between 60.1% (IsoFinder) and 62.4% (least-squares).
Table 2. The amount of genomic DNA in which methods agree (%)
Table 3. Agreement on gene classification (%)
The breakdown of the genome into the five isochore families is very similar for all the methods. On average, 22 ± 2.5% (standard deviation) of the complete human DNA is found in the L1 isochore. The most dominant isochore family is L2, with 34 ± 2.7% of the DNA, followed by the H1 family with 23 ± 1.5%. The remaining 15% of the genome is distributed between the H2 and H3 families, with 11.4 ± 0.2% and 3 ± 1.1% of the DNA, respectively. The low deviation values among the methods indicate a good overall agreement between all the isochore maps.
Properties of the human consensus isochore map
Significant similarities between the DNA and gene classifications produced by the different computational methods render a consensus isochore assignment feasible. As outlined in the Materials and methods, the consensus assignment assumes the isochore family that is predicted by the majority of methods at each genomic position. This simple consensus approach results in 31,176 distinct isochores in the human genome, with an average isochore length of 99 kb (Figure 1). The median and average delta GC differences between neighboring isochores are 4.1 and 4.6, respectively (Figure 2). With regard to the number, length and delta GC values of isochores, the consensus assignment shows a reasonable balance between the observed extreme values of the individual methods. The amount of ambiguous DNA, that is, the nucleotides that could not be classified by the majority approach, is less than 0.2%. Our interactive online isochore browser (Figure 3) allows for a visual comparison between the individual isochore assignment methods and the consensus isochore map.
Figure 3. Graphical representation of the isochore assignments for the first 100 Mb of the human chromosome 1 (obtained from the IsoBase web page [25]). (a) Consensus assignment. The color code depicts the isochore families as defined by Bernardi et al. [26,18](b) Confidence of the assignments. For each residue the number of isochore methods that support a given isochore class is depicted as a red line. Support values for individual bases are averaged over a sliding window (blue line). (c) Isochore predictions made by each of the available methods.
Evaluation of the fit to biological models
Due to the lack of large-scale experimental data on isochore location in the human genome, we are evaluating whole-genome isochore assignments using indirect evidence by considering independent biological properties known to be associated with GC content variation. One such property is gene density (the number of genes per Mb) which is known, to vary significantly between different isochore families of the human genome [5,26,27], from very high in H3 to very low in L1. This observation was first made experimentally and subsequently confirmed by genome sequencing; for a review of possible causes, see [24,27-29]. A biologically meaningful genome segmentation would thus be expected to display a strong correlation with gene density.
We compared the different isochore maps with respect to the degree of correlation between genome segmentation and gene density. As an example, Figure 4a shows a comparison between GC-Profile and the consensus method. Both methods display a clear dependence on the isochore classification of genomic regions, with gene density varying over a broad range between 5 (for both GC-Profile and the consensus map in the L1 isochore) and 73 or 92 (for GC-Profile and the consensus map, respectively, in the H3 isochore). The consensus assignment thus conforms better to the intuitive isochore-gene density model in that it displays higher gene density in the H3 isochore (Figure 4a). Therefore, the consensus isochore assignment provides a stronger signal in terms of gene density-isochore correlation than the GC-Profile segmentation.
Figure 4. Correlation between isochore classification and gene density. (a) A comparison of the gene density in the consensus isochore map and the GC-Profile segmentation. The underlined data labels denote the gene densities of the GC-Profile segmentation, the non-underlined labels the gene densities of the consensus map. In the consensus assignment more genes can be found in the H3 isochore family than in the GC-Profile assignment. The consensus assignment thus provides a stronger signal in terms of the expected correlation between gene density and isochore class. (b) Linear regression lines of the logarithmized (base 10) gene density values for the isochore families L1 to H3. The isochore families were numbered from 1 to 5 to compute the regression. The slope of the regression line is slightly greater for the consensus isochore map.
The strength of the correlation between two variables can be estimated in a more rigorous way based on the slope of their respective linear regression lines, as shown in Figure 4b. The greater the slope of the consensus regression line the stronger the association between the resulting segmentation and gene density compared to GC-Profile. As seen in Table 4, the slope of the consensus isochore map is steeper than that of all other methods, signifying that the consensus approach is the most valid one with respect to this particular biological feature.
Table 4. Isochores and gene density
Evaluation with regard to experimentally confirmed isochore data
In addition to our genome-wide analysis of gene density, we carefully analyzed currently available direct experimental evidence pertinent to isochore properties (Table 5). For each of the five computational methods (IsoFinder, GC-Profile, BASIO, least-squares, and the consensus approach) we investigated whether or not they meet the respective criteria. The first two tests took advantage of the recent experiments of Schmegner et al. [30]. In their work, they showed that the human MN1 gene (residing in a GC-rich isochore) is replicated several hours earlier (during the S phase of the cell cycle) than the neighboring gene PITPNB from a GC-poor isochore. Furthermore, a second isochore border within the human KIAA1043 gene was described and experimentally verified. As seen in Table 5, the first border between MN1 and PITPNB was correctly recognized by all methods except for the least-squares approach. The second border in the KIAA1043 gene was not detected by the least-squares or the GC-Profile assignments. We are aware that these failures may be overcome by further tuning of these methods, although this will give rise to a host of new questions. However, all isochore borders are correctly found by the consensus approach. In a further test, we checked the detection of the well known isochore border between the genes encoding the human MHC class II and class III region [17]. This border is correctly found by all methods. This is not surprising as all methods were evaluated against the available body of experimental evidence at the time of their publication and fine-tuned by their respective authors.
Table 5. Experimental evaluation
Finally, we evaluated the isochore length distributions. Early experiments that applied fragmentations at various scales [2,3] as well as theoretical studies [18] suggest a typical isochore length significantly longer than the average size of 72 and 40 kb predicted by IsoFinder and BASIO, respectively, in the human genome. GC-Profile and least-squares meet these isochore length requirements. However, none of the individual methods - except for the consensus method - results in an isochore map that shows an isochore length distribution similar to that annotated by the Bernardi group for an outdated human genome assembly [18]. As summarized in Table 5, the consensus approach appears to be more robust in that it meets all experimentally verified criteria, while all other methods fail in one or more tests. Furthermore, the quality of the consensus assignments is bound to further improve as more complementary isochore prediction methods are incorporated.
Confidence of isochore assignments and cross-genome comparison
Most genes completely reside within a single isochore stretch (Additional data file 2). A comparison of random segmentations that have comparable block lengths shows that more genes are wholly located within an isochore segment than would be expected by chance. This is especially pronounced in isochore segmentations with segments of relatively short average length, such as those determined using IsoFinder and BASIO, and underlines the utility of isochore information for gene prediction. This observation may be related to the structure of chromatin [31] or chromosome break-prone regions [32]. We also found that most genes are classified into the same isochore families by the different methods. As a consequence, the isochore assignment confidence, as defined in Materials and methods, is very good for most genes and hardly any genes are classified with low confidence (Figure 5). One further observation is that most genes are found in regions with integer confidence values. This can be explained by the fact that genes typically reside completely within a single isochore stretch, irrespective of the applied method. For example, if a gene is completely covered by an isochore stretch in all isochore predictions, then the confidence value for this gene will always be two, three or four, depending on the number of methods that agree in their classification. In contrast, non-integer confidence values indicate regions that show a certain agreement for parts of the gene only, usually because an isochore border is located within a given gene. Overall, 99.8% of all genes are assigned to the same isochore families by at least two methods. This provides a sound basis for using isochore classification of genes in experimental studies such as expression analysis.
Figure 5. Isochore assignment confidence of human genes. Each bin of the histogram shows the percentage of genes supported by a given average number of computational methods. Denoted is the upper border of each bin. Each bin shows the number of genes having an isochore assignment confidence c with lower-border < c ≤ upper border. For example, 30% of genes have a confidence value of >1.8 and ≤ 2.0. About one-third (29%, the right-most bar) of all genes are equally classified by all four independent methods (BASIO, IsoFinder, GC-Profile and least-squares). Gene classifications with low confidence can hardly be found. For 99.8% of all genes at least two methods agree completely over the whole coding region. Furthermore, only very few genes have a confidence value between two full numbers. This can be explained by two observations: the genes are usually completely located within a single isochore stretch; and these gene regions are hardly separated by any of the segmentation methods. Therefore, usually two, three or all four methods agree for the complete gene. The mean and median support for all genes is 3.0.
Overall, the confidence of the isochore assignment in the human genome is higher in GC-poor regions (Figure 6). The confidence decreases in GC-richer regions and reaches a minimum at GC content values around 55-58%. This may be explained by the increasing GC fluctuations in GC-richer regions [33]. Elevated confidence levels corresponding to the lowest and highest GC levels may be explained by simple statistical reasons. For example, the GC-richest regions are most likely to be classified into one out of two isochore families: the GC-richest H3 family or the less GC-rich H2 family. By contrast, a segment with an intermediate GC content may fall into one of three isochore families (for example, H2, H1 or L1). Given this limited event space, the likelihood of observing an agreement between the methods for the GC-richest and GC-poorest regions will be higher. The isochore confidence is least near isochore borders in all isochore maps (Figure 7). It quickly grows with distance from the borders and reaches saturation at a distance of approximately 0.2 Mb from the border. This empirical observation can be useful for defining a 'safe distance' threshold in practical applications of isochore information, allowing the estimation of the isochore classification reliability at any region of interest even if no consensus or confidence information is to hand.
Figure 6. Isochore assignment confidence and GC context. (a) Confidence as a function of the GC content of the genomic environment. Isochore assignment confidence is best in GC-poor regions; it decreases as the genomic context becomes more GC-rich and reaches a minimum around 55-58% GC. However, the assignment confidence becomes better again in the GC-richest regions with >59% GC. (b) Variance of the confidence depending on the GC content. The confidence variance is independent of the GC context for isochores with a GC content between about 33% and 62% GC, that is, for the main bulk of the genomic DNA.
Figure 7. Isochore assignment confidence in border regions. (a) On average the isochore assignment confidence is lowest near borders. Here the borders of all isochore maps were used. Assignment confidence grows with the distance from the border and reaches saturation at a distance of about 0.2 Mb from the border. This can be considered as an empirically derived 'safe distance' threshold. (b) Variance of the assignment confidence is almost independent of the border distance.
We calculated isochore assignments and evaluated their confidence for 20 completely sequenced vertebrate genomes using GC-Profile, IsoFinder, least-squares and BASIO as well as our consensus method (Tables 6 and 7). The amount of DNA that could not be classified by majority vote into one of the five isochore families in our consensus maps for any of these 20 genomes was very small, less than 1% on average. The overall isochore assignment confidence is generally very high, with 2.6 methods agreeing on average. The entropy distance between the consensus map and the segmentations of all four individual methods indicates to which isochore segmentation the consensus map is most similar. This large-scale comparison shows that there is neither a single method clearly closest to the consensus, nor a simple dependency of a method's performance on the overall GC-richness of the genomes.
Table 6. Database content
Table 7. Database content
We furthermore present in Table 7 the amount of DNA that is found in each of the isochore families for all genomes. As expected, the overall GC content of a genome influences the amount of DNA in the different isochore families in that the genomes that have, on average, higher GC content are supposed to have more DNA in GC-richer isochores. However, a simple correlation could not be found. For example, in the dog genome, 5% of the DNA is in H3 isochores, whereas in the platypus genome only 1% is in the H3 isochores. The opposite would have been expected as the platypus genome has a high overall GC content (46%) in comparison to the much lower GC content (41%) of the dog genome.
Availability and database content
We have created an online database, IsoBase, where all data described in this study are freely accessible. Our website enables the user to evaluate statistical distributions of isochore properties, and compare isochore assignments within and between organisms and methods. Multiple qualitative and quantitative properties of isochore maps can be interactively explored. Confidence values of each segment are displayed for each consensus isochore map. Tables 6 and 7 show an overview of genomes included in our database and their isochore properties.
For convenience, we provide two search interfaces at our IsoBase website [25]. The first search feature allows the genomic positions and the isochore families of genes to be looked up by free text searches and by multiple identifier types. Currently, genes can be looked up by RefSeq identifiers, UniProt/SwissProt accessions, Ensembl IDs, gene and protein names, as well as by their descriptions, and SwissProt keywords. The second search option allows retrieval of available isochore information for a list of genomic positions in one step. All isochore assignments and the corresponding confidence information can be visualized online and downloaded as tab-delimited data files. In addition, we provide UCSC custom annotation tracks of the consensus isochore assignments for all genomes. All UCSC tracks can be downloaded from our web site. Furthermore, the isochore tracks are integrated into the UCSC view automatically by using the links to the UCSC genome browser at our web site [25].
Conclusion
We have demonstrated that available isochore assignment approaches produce significantly different segmentations in terms of the location of isochore borders and the GC differences between neighboring stretches. At the same time, the total amount of genomic DNA classified into the same isochore families is very large, with all methods being in perfect agreement for more than two-thirds of the human genome.
The consensus isochore assignment method based on the majority vote at each genomic position has four distinct advantages. First, it provides a more balanced isochore assignment that is more robust against under- and over-fragmentation. Second, it appears to produce more biologically relevant results as judged by better correlation between the resulting segmentation and gene density. Third, evaluation based on experimentally derived isochore data shows that our consensus approach is in better accordance with all the criteria than the individual methods. Finally, our procedure allows the reliability of the isochore assignments to be estimated. We suggest that the consensus method has the potential to be further improved in the future by adding more complementary datasets.
We have demonstrated that most genes reside within a single isochore stretch and can be classified with high confidence. The isochore assignments become very reliable at a distance of about 0.2 Mb from isochore borders. This empirical observation allows the assignment of confidence to be estimated even in the absence of any further knowledge.
In conclusion, we recommend using consensus assignments for best confidence and best accordance with biological models that were found to be associated with isochores. We further demonstrate that the consensus approach is more robust than relying on a single method alone. At our website, IsoBase [25], we provide isochore consensus assignments for all completely sequenced vertebrate genomes along with confidence information for visual exploration, searching and downloading. We will add isochore consensus maps for new genomes as they become available. We hope that this resource will stimulate further analysis and exploration of the large-scale variation of genome properties.
Materials and methods
Isochore assignments
We refer to the isochore nomenclature as it was first described based on ultra-centrifugation experiments [26]. Bernardi and colleagues [18] defined the isochores according to their GC content. There are three isochore types with high GC content, H3 (>53%), H2 (46-53%), and H1 (41-46%), and two types with low GC content, L1 (<37%) and L2 (37-41%). In Additional data file 3 we present an analysis of the amount of genomic DNA versus segments' GC content (by 1% bins) and confirm that distinct isochore families can be observed throughout the genomes analyzed in this study. The Bernardi group [18] calculated the GC content of 100 kb long, non-overlapping sequence windows and then merged the windows if the difference in their GC content was below 1-2%. However, no hard threshold was used, and in many cases subjective decisions were made as to whether or not to merge windows, making the Constantini method as described in the original publication hardly fully automatable. In particular, this circumstance makes it impossible to consider the Constantini data for our comparison of isochore assignment methods, which is based on a more recent version of the human genome than the one used in the original publication.
In this work isochores were predicted by four methods for automatic genome segmentation: GC-Profile [22,23], BASIO [21], IsoFinder [20], and least-squares optimal segmentation [19,34]. Briefly, GC-Profile is a windowless method that recursively partitions the input sequence into two subsequences, left and right, based on the quadratic divergence between statistical measures (such as genome order indices, a2+c2+g2+t2, where a, c, g, and t are occurrences of individual bases) reflecting base composition. IsoFinder moves a sliding pointer along the input DNA sequence and finds a position that maximizes the GC difference between its left and right portions according to t-Student statistics. Then both portions are split into non-overlapping 300 kb windows, and for each individual window the GC content is computed. If the mean values of the window GC content on the left and the right of the pointer position are significantly different, this position becomes the cutting point and the input sequence is divided into two subsequences. Both GC-Profile and IsoFinder proceed from left to right and may produce different results if the direction is inverted. BASIO calculates Bayesian marginal likelihood for sequence segments and, for reasonably short DNA contigs, attempts to find a global maximum of the overall likelihood over all possible configurations of segment borders using a Viterbi-like dynamic programming algorithm. For large DNA sequences, such as complete chromosomes, BASIO relies on an approximate split-and-merge procedure to find an optimal segmentation. We applied the BASIO method using the default border insertion penalty 3 and 10 kb sequence blocks as initial input. Finally, the least-squares method calculates GC content (values logarithmized as in [19]) in non-overlapping 100 kb windows (default window size as in [19]) and then derives optimal segmentation of the resulting array of real values, which yields the minimal sum of squares of the Euclidian distance between each value and its segment average. However, the least-squares algorithm requires the user to provide the expected number of output segments as a parameter. As an estimate of this number for the least-squares method we utilized the minimum number of isochores produced by the three other methods - GC-Profile, BASIO, and IsoFinder. This approach makes over-fragmentation unlikely and provides a lower limit for the actual number of isochores. All methods are clearly distinct in terms of their methodology; a review of fundamental statistics in segmentation approaches is given in [35]. Additionally we show in Additional data file 3 that all methods make a complementary contribution to the consensus maps throughout all genomes.
Methods that rely on any information beyond the raw nucleotide sequence for isochore prediction were not considered in this study. For example, the Markovian approach of Melodelima et al. [36] incorporates information about known biological features such as genes and their properties to create hidden Markov models. By contrast, all the methods in this study are solely based on the GC content and, therefore, can be used even in the absence of reliable gene models, for example, in a newly sequenced genome.
Genomic data
We used the human genome as a test case for comparing isochore assignments made by the different methods. The latest human genome assembly hg18 (build 36) was obtained from the UCSC genome browser [37]. Further vertebrate genomes were downloaded from UCSC, Ensembl [38], and the Broad Institute [39,40]. Assembly parts marked as random and short scaffold parts were not considered. The 'UCSC known genes' models [41] were used for computing gene density, defined as the number of genes per million nucleotides (Mb). To determine the gene density in individual isochores, we counted the number of genes that start in each isochore family and divided it by the total amount of genomic DNA classified into the respective isochore family. For the regression analysis the isochore family labels were translated into their ordinal value: from 1 for the L1 family to 5 for the H3 family. Gene density values were logarithmized (natural logarithm) as they grow polynominally with increasing isochore family number. Statistical tests were performed using PROMPT [42].
Entropy distance
In this study we are measuring the distance between two segmentations P and Q by the 'entropy distance' as introduced and discussed by Mielikäinen et al. [43] and Haiminen et al. [44], respectively. Briefly, the entropy H of a segmentation P with k segments can be defined as:
The entropy distance is the conditional entropy of P given Q and vice versa. Conditional entropy is thus an information theoretic measure that quantifies the amount of information that one segmentation gives about the other. The lower the entropy distance between the reference isochore segmentation and the prediction, the closer the prediction is to the reference.
As further shown in [44], the conditional probability of the segmentation P given the segmentation Q can be computed with the complexity O(kp+kq), with kp and kq being the number of segments in P and Q. This efficient algorithm uses the fact that H(P|Q) = H(U) - H(Q), with H(U) being the entropy of the union of P and Q. Therefore, the entropy distance of P and Q can be represented as:
H(P|Q) + H(Q|P) = 2 H(U) - H(Q) - H(P)
Consensus isochore assignments
We sought to integrate several available methods in order to provide more balanced isochore assignments. It is known that GC fluctuations tend to be higher in GC-rich regions than in GC-poor regions [33]. This means, for example, that if one partitions human DNA sequence into blocks of 100 kb, the GC content variation between such blocks in a GC-rich region will be higher than in a GC-poor region. A segmentation algorithm that aims at partitioning a genome based on the GC variance must be able to handle these differences. If a method is optimized to detect small GC jumps between genomic blocks, it is likely to overfragment GC-rich regions. Conversely, if the cut-off value of the GC content change required to initiate a new segment is too high, GC changes between different isochores in GC-poor regions will not be detected. The significant variety in the methodology of currently available isochore prediction approaches reflects to some degree this difficult challenge.
Our consensus classifier tackles this issue by integrating all available ab initio methods that are fully automatable: IsoFinder, GC-Profile, least-squares and BASIO. For all genomes in our database we provide a consensus isochore map in addition to the assignments calculated by individual methods. Each base position is classified independently by each method into one of the five isochore families - L1, L2, H1, H2 or H3 - as defined by Bernardi et al. [26]. The consensus isochore assignment is then made based on the majority vote. Standoff regions are marked as such and classified into the L1 to H3 families by their GC level. For example, a standoff situation can occur if exactly one-half of all methods assign a certain isochore family, for example, L1, whereas the other half of all methods proposes an opposing isochore family, for example, L2. In such a case the decision to choose one isochore family is made based on the GC content level of the affected sequence. Remaining rare positions, where no majority could be found, for example, because all four methods give different results, or where some of the predictions are missing, are marked as ambiguous.
One adjustable parameter of our consensus approach is the genomic resolution at which the majority vote is taken. For those isochore maps based on 0.1 Mb windows (Costantini et al. [18], least-squares with default window size [19]) the best resolution would be at the level of 0.1 Mb. Other methods such as IsoFinder [20] determine isochore borders at the level of single bases. Considering that the average isochore length obtained by the four methods used in this study is in the range 0.1-0.9 Mb (see Results), the resolution of 0.01 Mb for deriving consensus is a compromise between these extremes and is used as the default setting in our study. The consensus confidence is defined as the number of methods that agree at a certain genomic position and can thus take values between one and four. The confidence of the isochore assignment for an entire genomic region is computed as the average of all base confidence values.
Random control segmentations were created by partitioning into segments with the average isochore length of the given method, for example, IsoFinder. For the segmentation offset, a random segment length was chosen. For the random model, a normal distribution around the average isochore length was used.
Authors' contributions
TS conducted the research. DF conceived and directed the work. TS and DF wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional data files
The following additional data are available with the online version of this paper. Additional data file 1 is a figure showing distances between the isochore borders produced by different methods. Additional data file 2 is a figure showing the percentage of genes that are completely located within a single isochore. Additional data file 3 provides an analysis of isochore families in all genomes and analysis of differences between methods.
Additional data file 1. Most borders are shifted between 10 and 100 kb among all methods. No borders are shifted more than 1 Mb in comparison to the BASIO borders. One exception is the least-squares segmentation, which has identical borders with the BASIO map in about 25% of all cases.
Format: PDF Size: 15KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Additional data file 2. For all isochore assignments, more genes reside completely within a single stretch than one would expect by chance. All results are statistically significant (Chi-Square test, all p-values < 0.001).
Format: PDF Size: 28KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Additional data file 3. Analysis of isochore families in all genomes and analysis of differences between methods
Format: PDF Size: 223KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Acknowledgements
We are very thankful to M Hombach for technical help, especially for importing GC-Profile and IsoFinder outputs and genome data into the database. We thank P Smialowski and G Kastenmueller for careful reading of the manuscript and helpful feedback, M Hackenberg for valuable discussions, and G Bernardi, M Costantini and O Clay for details of their annotations of the human genome. We furthermore thank VE Ramensky and N Haiminen for providing the source code of their methods BASIO and least-squares and J Oliver for a stand-alone executable of IsoFinder. We further thank the anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. TS was supported by the DFG Program 'Bioinformatics Initiative Munich'.
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Friday, 22 August 2003
FUNCTIONAL DESIGNS GUIDANCE
The Patent Office has issued a new Practice Notice on the registrability of functional designs. The Office is keen to remind people that it is now possible to protect designs with no aesthetic quality. While it is not possible to register designs that are dictated solely by technical function, according to the Patent Office, the s.1C(1) functionality exception in narrower for designs than it is for trade marks. In reaching this conclusion, they cite AG Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer in Case C-299/99 Philips v Remington, which is a little odd because the ECJ didn’t follow the part of his opinion that highlighted the differences between the 2 types of IP rights. However, this is understandable in view of the dearth of case law in what is still a very new area. According to the practice notice, the test of whether the external features of a design are solely dictated by function (and hence excluded from registration) is: “whether or not the technical function dictated the appearance of a product to the extent that there is no (or neglible) design freedom.”
The Practice Notice also considers Section 1C(2), likening it to the old “must fit” exception. Here the test is whether “there is any part of the design which is not required to be of the appearance it is, in order to enable it to fit the end product.” If the answer is no, the whole design is unregistrable. If only some parts of the design are dictated by the need to fit together with something else then only those parts are exclude from protection and the other features of the design may be protected as long as they satisfy the other requirements for registration. Finally, the Patent Office notes that modular systems may now be protected under s.1C(3).
IPKat Riddle: AG Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer in Philips v Remington says that “the feature concerned must not only be necessary but essential in order to achieve a particular technical result.” There is a small prize on offer for anyone who can explain the difference between the terms “necessary” and “essential” to the IPKat.
Find out what’s essential here, here, here and here
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Bruce Machado's First National Campaign
Bruce Machado, one of Kris Van Assche's favorite Brazilian boys, made a pit stop in São Paulo recently to shoot the upcoming fall ad campaign for Vide Bula with photographer André Passos. View more behind-the-scenes pictures from the shoot after the jump.
The campaign was art directed by Marcelo Sebá, and will also feature Brazilian actress Cleo Pires.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Do not let spacious plans for a new world divert your energies from saving what is left of the old. Churchill, Winston
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Best gets better Unkown
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
We may have all come on different ships, but we're in the same boat now. King Jr. Martin Luther
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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(Roughly) Daily
Posts Tagged ‘Singularity
Special Summer Cheesecake Edition…
From Flavorwire, “Vintage Photos of Rock Stars In Their Bathing Suits.”
(Special Seasonal Bonus: from Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton to Ernest Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald, “Take a Dip: Literary Greats In Their Bathing Suits.”)
As we reach for the Coppertone, we might might wish a soulful Happy Birthday to musician Isaac Hayes; he was born on this date in 1942. An early stalwart at legendary Stax Records (e.g., Hayes co-wrote and played on the Sam and Dave hits “Soul Man” and “Hold On, I’m Coming”), Hayes began to come into his own after the untimely demise of Stax’s headliner, Otis Redding. First with his album Hot Buttered Soul, then with the score– including most famously the theme– for Shaft, Hayes became a star, and a pillar of the more engaged Black music scene of the 70s. Hayes remained a pop culture force (e.g., as the voice of Chef on South Park) until his death in 2008. (Note: some sources give Hayes birth date as August 20; but county records in Covington, KY, his birthplace suggest that it was the 6th.)
source
Your correspondent is headed for his ancestral seat, and for the annual parole check-in and head-lice inspection that does double duty as a family reunion. Connectivity in that remote location being the challenged proposition that it is, these missives are likely to be in abeyance for the duration. Regular service should resume on or about August 16.
Meantime, lest readers be bored, a little something to ponder:
Depending who you ask, there’s a 20 to 50 percent chance that you’re living in a computer simulation. Not like The Matrix, exactly – the virtual people in that movie had real bodies, albeit suspended in weird, pod-like things and plugged into a supercomputer. Imagine instead a super-advanced version of The Sims, running on a machine with more processing power than all the minds on Earth. Intelligent design? Not necessarily. The Creator in this scenario could be a future fourth-grader working on a science project.
Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom argues that we may very well all be Sims. This possibility rests on three developments: (1) the aforementioned megacomputer. (2) The survival and evolution of the human race to a “posthuman” stage. (3) A decision by these posthumans to research their own evolutionary history, or simply amuse themselves, by creating us – virtual simulacra of their ancestors, with independent consciousnesses…
Read the full story– complete with a consideration of the more-immediate (and less-existentially-challenging) implications of “virtualization”– and watch the accompanying videos at Big Think… and channel your inner-Phillip K. Dick…
Y’all be good…
Leading horses to water…
… and making them drink:
from Spiked Math.
On a more serious note… many are skeptical of “the Singularity”– the hypothetical point at which technological progress will have accelerated so much that the future becomes fundamentally unpredictable and qualitatively different from what’s gone before (click here for a transcript of the talk by Vernor Vinge that launched the concept, and here for a peek at what’s become of Vernor’s initial thinking). But even those with doubts (among whom your correspondent numbers) acknowledge that technology is re-weaving the very fabric of life. Readers interested in a better understanding of what’s afoot and where it might lead will appreciate Kevin Kelly’s What Technology Wants (and the continuing discussion on Kevin’s site).
As we re-set our multiplication tables, we might recall that it was on this date in 1664 that natural philosopher, architect and pioneer of the Scientific Revolution Robert Hooke showed an advance copy of his book Micrographia– a chronicle of Hooke’s observations through various lens– to members of the Royal Society. The volume (which coined the word “cell” in a biological context) went on to become the first scientific best-seller, and inspired broad interest in the new science of microscopy.
source: Cal Tech
UPDATE: Reader JR notes that the image above is of an edition of Micrographia dated 1665. Indeed, while (per the almanac entry above) the text was previewed to the Royal Society in 1664 (to wit the letter, verso), the book wasn’t published until September, 1665. JR remarks as well that Micrographia is in English (while most scientific books of that time were still in Latin)– a fact that no doubt contributed to its best-seller status.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Lloret de Mar
From Wikitravel
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Lloret del Mar [1] is a resort city on the Costa Brava, Spain, northeast of Barcelona. Lloret is famed for its "young crowd", late nightlife, and the beach.
Contents
[edit] Get in
Girona/Gerona/Costa Brava airport, or by train from Barcelona. There are now buses to Lloret from the airport at €10.You'll find them on the Girona airport internet site. Because of the narrow streets, coaches will often drop people little walk from their hotels. A little more expensive at just over €10 is the (shared) ShuttleDirect which is direct and will drop you off and pick you up at your accommodation. There are also a number of official pick up points round town for bus (shuttle coaches) which you will probably leave from rather than your hotel. You must confirm pickup with the shuttle service up to 72 hours before going home.
[edit] Get around
The central part of town is very easy to walk around with a long shopping precinct and other shopping areas. Many streets in the central area are one-way and with pavements just a yard wide on either side with traffic going by at speed. Be careful crossing roads, even on crossings where cars do not always stop. Not many toilets about but there is one in the bus station, in McDonald's and bars. Taxi stand on D'Oliva, opposite McDonald's Express on Av Just Marles.
[edit] By car
Don´t. Lloret has many small one way streets and some pedestrian precincts. Where cars are allowed to park in the main part, as soon as a car moves out of a space, another moves in in less than a minute. You are not allowed to park with a wheel on a pavement (even though it differs from the road in colour only). Often there are no signs to tell you where not to park. The police patrol the area, photograph an offending car and hand out tickets, then the tow truck comes and takes the car away. Some hotels however do have underground car parks for their patrons. There are several (underground) paid parking lots, under the bus station, at the new Casino, under the market square, even at the main beach (can be full though). You pay around 2-4 euro per hour, but it's relatively safe and pretty close to town center and main beach. You could park your car in Blanes or Tossa, and take the bus, but parking in one of the parking lots is more convenient.
[edit][add listing] See
Lloret beach and promenade
Many good beaches. The bigger ones are Lloret main beach and just south of that, Fenals beach. But many other beaches offer you a great day out as well: Canyelles beach, Sta Christina beach and many more small ones. Most of them can be reached by car only, since they're not on walking distance of downtown Lloret.
The Verdaguer Cultural Centre has excavated relics from the Puig de Castellet Iberian settlement dating back to 250 BC (open Sat-Sun, 11am - 6pm only). Also naval models, paintings and photographs. Museum of the Sea. 4 euros but has very little in it other than a collection of model boats.
At the far end of the Lloret beach is a castle structure. It's a nice walk, but thousands walk quite some distance to it every day only to find it is private property and does not allow visitors.
There are extensive cycle lanes in parts of Lloret on the pavement. Not many use them and tourists wander through them. These can be very dangerous as a collision between a speeding cyclist and a walker is an accident waiting to happen and will result in an injury or worse.
In 2010 a new big Casino was built, as a part of one of Lloret's 5 star hotels: Guitart Monterrey. It's one of the biggest casinos of the Costa Brava. There are a number of slot arcades ready to relieve you of any excess money.
[edit][add listing] Do
Kart racing west of town just past Water World, tennis, horse riding and bowling. Mini and professional golf. Europe's biggest water park nearby with a free bus from the bus station. Gnomoland for infants and young children at the Blanes end of town. South of Blanes is Marineland. Free transport from the centre of Lloret to both places. There is also scuba diving with equipment hire and dives from a shop at the far end of the Lloret beach. As well as cars, cycles and motorbikes can be hired (Fenals area). There are internet cafes (from about one euro an hour) and some areas and hotels have wifi. In weak areas, sitting outside on a balcony can mean the difference between a good signal and no signal inside your room.
• Sea kayaking and Snorkeling (Sea kayaking and Snorkeling), Lloret de Mar beach (Nautical club), +34 682173225, [2]. This activity is accessible for beginners or simply for someone that wants to paddle around without taking an specific course. However we can adapt each program to your experience skills. On this trip we will paddle from the Bay of Lloret, which is the departure to all our excursions. We will head towards the small coves near our base. It's passing through the small beaches, the different caves we will find on our way, like Frares, Trons, the Gran (place where we will do the first snorkeling tour), Canyelles, ses felices until we get to Cala Morisca, quiet surrounding where we will find plenty of marine life, and different class of fishes to explore. 48 edit
[edit][add listing] Buy
In the main shopping street St Pere, you'll find many famous fashion stores, like Mango, Cello etc. Also different stores selling brand clothes (Pepe, Replay, Desigual etc). Also many high-end jewellers can be found in the shopping area, selling Rolex, Cartier etc. Just outside the main streets you can find many small, often Chinese or Pakistan owned "Bazars", selling many different items under € 5,-. There are no big stores like El Corte Ingles to be found. Also many cheap and expensive supermarkets, so shop around. All the usual souvenirs at reasonable prices. There is a medium sized market (Av. de Reiral) several minutes walk west from the centre of town on Tuesdays. Like always in crowded areas, be careful as there are pick pockets in the market. There is a small municipal market open Mon - Sat but this sells just fruit, veg and meat.
[edit][add listing] Eat
The inevitable McDonald's and Burger King but for the same money as a meal there, you can get far better food at any one of the endless number of small cafes and eating establishments. It is often chips with everything but some good food just the same. 3 (large) Caprabo supermarkets for food and goods. One at Tossa end of town, one at Blanes end. Also at Blanes end are Consum and Dia supermarkets. Open all day Mon-Sat and Sunday morning. Ice creams and lollies around town are about €2 each. Buy them in a main supermarket and a box of 3, 4, even 6 can be a lot less than €2.
[edit][add listing] Drink
Spoilt for choice with bars and discos, some of which will stay open to the early hours of the morning. A fair number of bars have large screen TV's for British and other foreign football matches. The locals are very passionate about the Barcelona football team and would not like them being insulted in any way (would you?). Because of the many bars and some all-inclusive hotels some of the youngsters drink too much, but local police is watching carefully.
[edit][add listing] Sleep
A number of hotels are in the centre of town near the bars so check reviews on them as they can be very noisy well into the night in the summer months. Some hotels are by busy roads and not for those who want to sleep past 8am. Many hotels have satellite TV, some with BBC 1, BBC 2, ITV, C4. Air-conditioning is good June to September as it can get very hot but some hotels only have A-C on at set hours. There is a camp site (caravans also) at the Blanes end of town as well as outside town on the road to Girona.
Between the second and third week of August, a lot of young people go home and a lot of older people arrive. Also some hotels start shutting for the year from about the third week of September (Maeva, Santa Ana, Florida Park, etc). One day can mean the difference between staying at these hotels and not staying there.
Besides the hotels and hostels, you can rent a holiday villa in the surroundings of Lloret de Mar. These are usually located in one of the adjacent urbanisations, and are quiet, with stunning views over the town and Mediterranean Sea.
• Hotel Fenals Garden, Avda. America, 41, +34 972361000, [3]. checkin: 13.00; checkout: 11.00. 4 star hotel located in the heart of Fenals area only 350 meters from the beach and 900 meters from the center of Lloret de Mar. Free Wi-fi in all hotel facilities. Rooms from 50€ (low season). (41° 41' 57.336,2° 49' 53.9616) edit
[edit] Contact
There is a tourist office at the Bus Station and at Av. de les Alegries which you may pass on the way into town from Girona airport. Hotels hand out a very good free street map of the town with all important locations on it.
[edit] Wifi
Free at McDonald's, Burger King, various bars, etc. Ticmovil set itself up as the Lloret internet. It is very expensive for short periods but cheaper by the month. It suffers from the problem of poor coverage of Lloret, and even in buildings where some sides receive it and the other side does not. Strength varies from broadband to dial up to no signal, so still room for improvement. Two places repair computers and laptops with a few minutes walk of NE corner of the bus station (on Loreto and on Grandos). Several free hotspots can be found, and some hotels offer free internet as well.
Internet is available at a number of internet shops for about €1 an hour. Normally most charge 25 cents to print a page, notably a Ryanair ticket home though one such place charges €3. These places usually have phones also where you can phone home or locally, fairly cheaply.
[edit] Post office
After renovation, the post office has reopened on the Carrer de L'Oliva near De Vicenc. It opens from 8:00h to 20.30h during weekdays, and from 9:00h to 13:00h on Saturday.
[edit] Get out
• Buses to Girona, Tossa de Mar, Blanes and Barcelona. Buses do tend to fill up, with people standing. If at a bus station, buy a return ticket if intending to come back as it saves queuing again.
• By car you can visit other beautiful areas in the Costa Brava, such as Begur and Cadaqués.
• From the beach in Lloret you can also hop on a boat that takes you to the nearby towns of Blanes and Tossa.
• Lloret also has a train station nearby - in Blanes, the adjacent town at the distance of 10-15 min drive - from which you can go to anywhere in Spain.
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LadySophy voted on the following stories on BizSugar
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From http://jupiterjimsmarketingteam.com 9 days ago
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Please disable AdBlock. CAN is an ad-supported site that takes hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars to sustain.
rhizomatiks
15/04/2010 / Inspiration, MaxMSP, Objects
Nike Music Shoe is the latest project by Daito Manabe, Tomoaki Yanagisawa W+K Tokyo and others (4nchor5, rhizomatiks) turning Nike's free run+ shoe into a music instrument. Created using MaxMSP with *Ableton Live (Thanks Daito!). Enjoy. Love this part (end of ...
24/12/2009 / iPhone, openFrameworks
Rhizomatiks continue to expand their free Clock.app offering in the AppStore with the latest addition of Clock11 and Clock12. Appropriately themed and released right on time, Clock 12 shows time from the falling snow. Clock11 is a collection of spinning discs each ...
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Category: Organizations > Ecosystems > Mountains
Academy of Hill Development Sciences
Academy of Hill Development Sciences is a NGO registered in Himachal Pradesh. We are a voluntary, non-profit society, which is working for the welfare and development of the people living in the Hills and Mountainous regions through value based ancient, traditional and modem systems, approaches, and techniques.
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Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Act of 1980, United States
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Act of 1980, United States
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Cutler J. Cleveland
A schematic of a closed cycle OTEC system to generate electricity. Photo: NREL
United States Congress passed the Ocean Thermal Energy Converstion Act of 1980 to promote the development of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), an alternate source of energy with the potential to minimize dependence on foreign sources of oil. The Act gave the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) the authority to license the construction, ownership, location, and commercial operations of OTEC facilities. Under the Act, OTEC facilities are not required to obtain leases or pay royalties to the federal government, a provision intended to encourage commercial development of the energy source.
The Act gave the U.S. Coast Guard the responsibility of ensuring safe construction and operation of OTEC facilities, preventing pollution, cleaning up any discharged pollutants, and ensuring that the discharged pollutions did not change the thermal gradient of the ocean region. Due to relatively low fossil fuel prices and the high perceived risk of investing in new technology, NOAA had not received any license applications as of 1998.
Further Reading
Citation
Ida Kubiszewski PhD (Lead Author);Cutler J. Cleveland (Topic Editor) "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Act of 1980, United States". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth September 4, 2008; Last revised Date September 4, 2008; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Ocean_Thermal_Energy_Conversion_Act_of_1980,_United_States>
The Author
Stewardship Committee The Encyclopedia of Earth Dr. Ida Kubiszewski is a Senior Lecturer at the Crawford School of Public Policy at Australian National University. She is also a co-founder and former-Managing Editor the Encyclopedia of Earth. Dr. Kubiszewki is currently working as the Managing Editor for a magazine/journal hybrid called Solutions. Solutions is an outlet for discussions focusing on solutions to the complex problems we are now facing in ... (Full Bio)
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California Vital RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 20:27, 24 April 2012 by HillierLW (Talk | contribs)
United States California Vital Records
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Introduction to Vital Records
Vital Records consist of births, adoptions, marriages, divorces, and deaths recorded on registers, certificates, and documents. United States Vital Records has additional research guidance on researching and using vital records. A copy or an extract of most original records can be purchased from the California Vital Records State Department of Health or the County Clerk's office of the county where the event occurred. See also California Statewide Indexes at the Family History Library.
CSGA CA Research Aid - Birth and Marriage Records
CSGA CA Research Aid - Death Records
Contents
Birth Records Marriage Records Death/Will Records
1905 - 1995 $ 1960 - 1985 $ 1940-1997
California Birth, Marriage and Death Records Online
The following is a list of online resources useful for locating California Vital Records which consist of births, adoptions, marriages, divorces, and deaths. Check California Vital Records Online for more information about the resources listed below. Most online resources for California Vital Records are indexes. After locating a person in an index always consult the original record to confirm the information in the index.
Birth Records
Early - 1905
California church records provide the earliest evidence of births and deaths. County recorders eventually kept vital statistics. Monterey County, for example, recorded a few births as early as 1824. Most clerks kept better records in the decades following the Gold Rush.
1905 - Present
The Family History Library has been acquiring microfilmed copies of the original records from many counties. For example, the Family History Library has 81 microfilms of births from Los Angeles (1905-19, indexed 1905-23), and deaths (1877-1905, indexed 1873-1920). You can also write to each county clerk for information.
Delayed registration of births began in 1943. These records are kept by each county. You can write to the County Recorder for information.
The Family History Library has microfilmed copies of delayed birth records for many counties, such as Los Angeles, for the years 1943 to 1964.
The statewide registration of births and deaths began in July 1905, and was generally complied with by 1920.
Birth Index (CABI) (1905-1995) is available for free at:
For additional information (including the mailing address) on ordering birth, marriage and death certificates from the state of California visit: A comprehensive resource for locating vital records.
A wiki article describing an online collection is found at:
California, Birth Index (FamilySearchHistorical Records)
Information in California Birth Records
Types of Information early - 1905 1905 - present
Name of Child
Sex
Race
Parents' Names
Midwife/Doctor
Date & Place of Birth
Residence
Adoption Records
Open / closed/ state statutes
Marriage Records
Early to 1905
When the county was formed county clerks were assigned to record marriages.
The first law that required the recording of marriages was passed in 1850. Each county usually kept these records as soon as it was organized.
There is no residence requirement to be married in California. Couples can get a marriage license in one county and get married in another, unless one of the parties is underage. For a time, couples had to get their marriage license in the county where the ceremony was to be performed.
The Family History Library has copies of the marriage records for many counties. For example, Los Angeles County marriage applications (1850-1905) and certificates (1851-1919) are available on 120 microfilms.
1905 - Present
The statewide registration of marriages began in 1905. The state records are indexed.
The Family History Library has copies of the marriages for many counties. For example, Los Angeles County marriage applications (1850-1905) and certificates (1851-1919) are available on 120 microfilms.
The index for 1960 to 1985 is available at the Family History Library [1]The Family History Library has not obtained copies of the actual certificates from the state office. Write to the Office of Vital Records and Statistics or the County Recorder (if the county is known) for further information.
Marriage Indexes (1949-1986) are available at:
California Marriages
A wiki article describing this collection is found at:
California County Marriages (FamilySearch Historical Records)
Information in California Marriage Records
Types of Information early - 1905 1905 - present
Name of Bride/Groom
Date of Marriage
Location of Marriage
Presiding Official
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Residence at Time of Marriage
Divorce Records
Divorce records have been kept by the superior court in the county where the divorces were granted. You can write to the clerk of the court for information. You can also write to the State Department of Health for records since 1962.
California, Divorce Index, 1966-1984
A wiki article describing an online collection is found at:
California Divorce Index (FamilySearch Historical Records)
Death Records
Early to 1905
The Family History Library has been acquiring microfilmed copies of the original records from many counties. For example, the Family History Library has microfilms of death records (1877-1905, indexed 1873-1920). You can also write to each County Recorder for information.
1905 - Present
Death Index (CADI) (1940-1997) is available for free at:
The death index includes: Deceased's full name, date of birth and country or state of birth, death date and death place in California, Social Security Number, and mother's maiden name.
Wiki articles describing online collections are found at:
Information in California Death Records
Types of Information
before - 1905
1905 - present
Name of Deceased
Date of Death
Place of Death
Date of Birth/Age
Place of Birth
Place of Burial
Parents' Names/Maiden
Occupation of Deceased
Marital Status
In the statewide indexes prepared by California each county was assigned a number. The chart below will assist you in utilizing the indexes .........
Vital Records Code - California-County and City
1 Alameda 13 Imperial 25 Modoc 37 San Diego 49 Sonoma Cities
2 Alpine 14 Inyo 26 Mono 38 San Francisco 50 Stanislaus 60 Alameda
3 Amador 15 Kern 27 Monterey 39 San Joaquin 51 Sutter 70 Los Angeles
4 Butte 16 Kings 28 Napa 40 San Luis Obispo 52 Tehama 80 San Diego
5 Calaveras 17 Lake 29 Nevada 41 San Mateo Cities 53 Trinity 90 San Francisco
6 Colusa 18 Lassen 30 Orange 42 Santa Barbara 54 Tulare
7 Contra Costa 19 Los Angeles 31 Placer 43 Santa Clara 55 Tuolumne
8 Del Norte 20 Madera 32 Plumas 44 Santa Cruz 56 Ventura
9 El Dorado 21 Marin 33 Riverside 45 Shasta 57 Yolo
10 Fresno 22 Mariposa 34 Sacramento 46 Sierra 58 Yuba
11 Glen 23 Medocino 35 San Benito 47 Siskiyou 59
12 Humboldt 24 Merced 36 San Bernardino 48 Solano
Inventory of Vital Records
You can learn more about the history and availability of vital records in Guide to Public Vital Statistics Records in California. [3]
Destroyed, Lost and Missing Records
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake resulted in significant record loss.
Substitute Records
These links will take you to wiki pages describing alternate sources for birth, marriage and death records.
• Church Records: Depending on the denomination, church records may contain information about birth, marriage and death.
• Cemetery Records: Cemetery records are a rich source of birth and death information. These records may also reveal family relationships.
• Census Records: Census records are a valuable source for birth and marriage information. You may also determine approximate time of death when the individual disappear from the census. This is a good place to begin a search.
• Newspapers: Besides obituaries, local newspapers may contain birth and marriage announcements and death notices. Also check newspaper social columns for additional information.
• Periodicals: Local genealogical and historical societies often publish periodicals which may contain abstracted early birth, marriage and death information.
• Military Records: Military pension records can give birth, marriage and death information, In addtion, soldiers' homes records can included this same information.
• Probate Records: If no death record exists, probate records may be helpful in estimating when an individual has died. Probate records in the 20th Century often contain the exact death date.
• History: Local histories, family histories and biographies can all be sources of birth, marriage and death information. Often this information is found in county-level records or in surname searches of the Family History Library catalog.
More Online Links
Wki articles describing online collections are found at:
Tips
• Information listed on vital records is given by an informant. Learn the relationship of the informant to the subject(s) of the record. The closer the relationship of the informant to the subjects(s) and whether or not the informant was present at the time of the event can help determine the accuracy of the information found on the record.
• If you are unable to locate vital records recorded by governments, search for church records of christening, marriage, death or burial. A family Bible may have been used to record family births, marriages and deaths.
• Privacy laws may restrict your access to some vital records. Copies of some vital records recorded in the last 100 years may be unavailable to anyone except a direct realative.
• If the survival of a baby was in question, the birth may not have been recorded. If the child survived search for a delayed birth cetificate.
• Search for Vital Records in the Family History Library Catalog by using a Place Search and then choosing Vital Records. Search for California to locate records filed by the State and then search the name of the county to locate records kept by that county.
Archives, Libraries and Societies
California Archives and Libraries
California Societies
References
1. Family History Library fiche 6332554—.
2. Arlene H. Eakle, "Have you searched and searched for a marriage without finding it?" in Genealogy Blog at http://www.arleneeakle.com/wordpress/2007/02/19/have-you-searched-and-searched-for-the-marriage-without-finding-it/ (accessed 8 January 2011).
3. Volume II, Deaths, San Francisco, California: Historical Records Survey, 1941; Family History Library book 979.4 V2h; film 897426 item 5.
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North Carolina Bible RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 23:20, 7 July 2012 by Murphynw (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
United States North Carolina Bible Records
Bibles were often given to a bride as a wedding gift, and families recorded in them information about their immediate family and close relatives. Bible records can include birth, marriage, and death dates; parents’ names; and names of children and their spouses, including maiden names. A person’s age at the time of death may be given. Many families kept Bible records from the 1700s to more recent times, although few of these records have survived. Some have been donated to local libraries or societies, but you may need to contact descendants to find some family Bible records.
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Published Family Bibles
Copies of Bible records are in the McCubbins’ Collection described in North Carolina Genealogy. Other collections with Bible records include:
• Daughters of the American Revolution (North Carolina). Genealogical Collection. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1971.) FHL 860336 (first of 54) This collection includes family histories and transcripts of Bible, cemetery, church, will, marriage, death, and obituary records. The volumes are generally arranged by county, and many have individual indexes. There is a surname index to this collection:
• Kirkham, E. Kay. An Index to Some of the Family Records of the Southern States: 35,000 Microfilm References from the NSDAR Files and Elsewhere. (Logan, Utah: Everton Publishers, 1979.) FHL fiche 6089183, book 973 D22kk Digital version available through FHL catalog entry.
Bible records may also be found in periodicals. These are referenced in the "Families" section of the Periodical Source Index described in North Carolina Periodicals
Copies, or abstracts of old family Bibles that are no longer known to exist, may survive in Revolutionary War Pension application files at NARA, Washington, D.C., which are available online at three commercial websites: Ancestry, Footnote, and Heritage Quest Online.
Family History Library Catalog
Bible records can be found in the Family History Library Catalog by using a Place Search under:
NORTH CAROLINA- BIBLE RECORDS
NORTH CAROLINA, [COUNTY]- BIBLE RECORDS
Websites
• North Carolina family Bible records: The North Carolina Library and State Archives hosts a Bible records digital collection. It includes over 2000 copies of family Bibles. These records are searchable by surname or locality. Note that only names mentioned in the title are indexed. The collection is continuously growing.
• North Carolina Bible Records on North Carolina Pioneers.com: Contains an index list of Bible records in their collection. You must be a member to see the contents of the Bible record.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Chemistry
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 165057, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/165057
Research Article
A Preliminary Study of Banana Stem Juice as a Plant-Based Coagulant for Treatment of Spent Coolant Wastewater
1Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sarawak Campus, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Received 5 October 2012; Revised 17 December 2012; Accepted 21 January 2013
Academic Editor: Shayessteh Dadfarnia
Copyright © 2013 Habsah Alwi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The effectiveness of banana stem juice as a natural coagulant for treatment of spent coolant wastewater was investigated . Three main parameters were studied, namely, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SSs), and turbidity of effluent. Coagulation experiments using jar test were performed with a flocculation system where the effects of spent coolant wastewater pH as well as banana stem juice dosage on coagulation effectiveness were examined. The highest recorded COD, SS, and turbidity removal percentages by banana stem juice were 80.1%, 88.6%, and 98.5%, respectively, observed for effluent at pH 7 using 90 mL dosage. The inulin concentration in the banana stem was examined to be 1.22016 mg/mL. It could be concluded that banana stem juice showed tremendous potential as a natural coagulant for water treatment purposes and could be applied in the pretreatment stage of Malaysian spent coolant wastewater prior to secondary treatment.
1. Introduction
Coolant is widely used to provide a degree of lubrication and for cooling in various metal-working operations. It also improves the machinability, increases productivity, and extends tool life by cooling and lubricating the parts and cutting tools. They are largely based on water-soluble oils: synthetic, semisynthetic, and biodegradable [1]. The main problem with coolants, however, is that they can easily become polluted over long use, losing their effectiveness and properties [2], and may develop rancid odours due to the presence of complex chemicals and biocides [3]. Thus, a large amount of spent coolant wastewater generated from metal-working operations which is generally in high COD (Table 1) has become a great concern for the manufacturing industries. Due to its high surface-active and organic pollutant loads, this waste creates a serious danger to the environment [2, 4, 5]. It is estimated that more than litres of metal-working fluids (MWFs) were used worldwide annually, and the waste could be more than ten times the usage, as the coolants have to be diluted prior to use [3].
Table 1: The characteristics of MWF [2, 3, 12, 2124] and regulatory discharge standard limits [32].
There are several treatment methods used to treat waste metal-cutting fluids [2], namely, chemical coagulation [6], adsorption [7], microfiltration, and ultrafiltration [810], as well as biological (aerobic and anaerobic) process [1114]. Due to high energy consumption or application of variety of chemicals, this would decrease the processing efficiency and increase cost of process [15]. For biological treatment, large area requirement, high maintenance, long retention time, and odour problems are usually associated with pond treatment methods.
Coagulation is a common process in the treatment of both industrial wastewater and surface water. Its application includes the removal of dissolved chemical species and turbidity via the addition of widely used chemical-based coagulants such as alum (AlCl3), ferric chloride (FeCl3), polyaluminium chloride (PAC), and synthetic polymer. Nonetheless, many disadvantages are associated with the usage of these coagulants such as relatively high procurement costs as well as detrimental effects on human health and environment. It is, therefore, the use of natural organic coagulant from plant-based which is cost effective may be an interesting alternative.
Banana is a herbaceous plant of the genus Musa spp. of the family Musaceae. Banana is one of the most widely grown tropical fruits because of its high food value and an important addition to the diet. In Malaysia, the production of commercial varieties of banana has increased by 24–27% over the decades giving an amount of 27,453 hectares in 2009 with Johor, Pahang, and Sarawak as the largest banana-producing states [16]. The stem from which the fruit bunches have been taken should be cut off because it will never again grow fruit. The stem will be left abundantly in the plantation and normally will just rot or be used as fertilizer.
According to Namasivayam et al. [17], waste banana pith can be used effectively as an adsorbent for the removal of 87% Rhodamine B from textiles wastewaters at pH 4. Another research also on colour removal showed that the pith of banana stem can effectively remove the direct red colour and acid brilliant blue from aqueous solution through adsorption. The adsorption capacities were 5.92 and 4.42 mg dye per gram of pith for direct red and acid brilliant blue, respectively [18]. Other than that, banana pith also could be a useful biosorbent in the preliminary removal of cuprum from electroplating wastes [19]. The usage of banana stem juice as a natural coagulant in COD, SS, and turbidity removal, however, is known to be limited in the published literature.
This paper reports on the potential of juice produced from banana stem as a natural coagulant for the removal of COD, SS, and turbidity from spent coolant wastewater. Jar test with a flocculation system was used and the effects of spent coolant wastewater pH on coagulation effectiveness were examined. The coagulation/flocculation effectiveness of the banana stem juice was compared with Malaysian standard effluent discharge limit.
2. Experimental
Spent coolant wastewater was collected from camera lens manufacturer company in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. The spent coolant wastewater was collected from the site with excessive oil from the machine-processing operation. The oil on the top of the coolant was separated through skimming process, and spent coolant wastewater (without any excessive oil) was collected at the spent coolant storage prior to the treatment process within the plant operation. The samples were collected in accordance with standard method for the examination of water and wastewater [20]. The samples were transferred into 20 L plastic containers and then closed, sealed tight, and labelled to avoid any oxidation and contamination before being transported to the laboratory. The samples were stored at 5°C to prevent spent coolant wastewater from undergoing further biodegradation due to microbial activities.
2.1. Banana Stem Juice Preparations
Matured banana plants were collected from Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. The thorns were removed and the pith of the stem (Figure 1) was then separated from the foliage. 100 g of small pieces of the pith were mixed with 10 mL of distilled water using a mixer. The mixed pith was then filtered and the juice was collected. The fresh juice of banana stem (Figure 2) was stored in a refrigerator at 7°C to ensure its freshness. To avoid any fermentation, the coagulation experiments using this banana stem juice as a natural coagulant were carried out on the same day.
Figure 1: Pith of banana stem after separated with foliage.
Figure 2: The banana stem juice.
3. Methods
3.1. Coagulation Jar Test Experiments
Coagulation experiments using jar test were performed in the laboratory with a bioblock flocculation that comprises six-paddle rotor () for 600 mL high-shape beakers, and all tests were conducted at room temperature. The desired amount of coagulant was added to spent coolant wastewater and stirred at the “flash mixing” speed of approximately 120 rpm for 1 minute. The speed was then reduced to slow at 30 rpm for 20 minute to keep flocs particles uniformly suspended. The settling of flocs particles was then observed and recorded. The mixture was left for 1 hour and later the supernatant was collected to determine the COD, SS and turbidity using the standard method. All the analyses were done in triplicates. pH of wastewater samples was controlled by adding 1.0 M H2SO4 or 1.0 M NaOH.
3.2. Analytical Analysis
Turbidity test was measured using portable turbidimeter (Model HACH 2100P). The principle of the turbidity measurement is based on a comparison of the intensity of light scattered by the sample. The sample cell was placed into the turbidimeter and the turbidity value was shown in NTU unit. The total turbidity percentage removal was calculated as follows: where is turbidity of raw spent coolant wastewater (NTU), is turbidity after treatment (NTU), and is turbidity of raw spent coolant wastewater (NTU).
pH meter brand Mettler Toledo was used in this paper to measure the pH value of the sample. Suspended solid was measured using glass fiber disk filtration method. The glass fiber filter disks were dried in the oven at 100–105°C for one hour to remove any moisture that can affect the suspended solid measurement. The dried filter disk was then cooled and weighted. It was then used to filter 10 mL of the supernatant using vacuum filter, and the disk was carefully washed using 10 mL of distilled water. The disk was then dried again at 100–105°C for one hour and weighted again after it was cooled. The total suspended solid removal percentage was calculated as follows: where is weight of the disk + solids (g), is weight of empty filter disk (g), is volume of sample (mL).
The COD test was measured using UV Spectrophotometer HACH model. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) refers to the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the organic compounds in a water sample to carbon dioxide and water. COD percentage removal was calculated as follows: where is COD of raw spent coolant wastewater (mg/L), is COD after treatment (mg/L), and is COD of raw spent coolant wastewater (mg/L).
3.3. CHN Analysis
Analysis of constituents in banana stem was determined using the CHNS/O Analyzer LECO, CHNS932. Approximately 2.0 mg of very fine cut of oven dried banana stem was placed in a tin capsule and crimped. Three types of crimped capsules were placed in the autosampler for the CHNS/O analyzer (blank, standard-sulfamethazine, and banana stem sample). The temperature of the analyzer oxidation was set at 1000°C. A program runs the analysis automatically and results were given in percentage.
3.4. Inulin Analysis
Inulin analysis in banana stem was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Agilent 1200. Standard inulin was obtained from a company in Subang, Selangor, Malaysia, with approximately 99% purity. Before injecting for analysis, the juice was filtered using nylon acrodisc filter 0.45 μm to avoid any interference. Shodex column K806 with NaNO3 0.5 M as eluent has been set. The flow rates of injection were 1 mL/min with 200 μL injection volume. The detector used was refractive index for analysis of carbohydrates component. The data for standard inulin was used to construct the calibration curve. The peak of inulin on the juice sample was recorded. The concentration of inulin was calculated based on the standard inulin calibration curve.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Characterization of Raw Spent Coolant Wastewater
Table 2 shows the characteristics of spent coolant wastewater before the coagulation pretreatment. The values were much higher compared to previous results [2, 3, 12, 2124] except for pH and color. The differences were due to the machinery sources processing the wastewater, and this was indicated by the spent coolant wastewater containing high inorganic and organic substances. It is obvious that treatment of wastewater is required before it can be discharged into the environment since the COD concentration alone is more than 1500 times higher than the Standard B discharge limit.
Table 2: Characteristics of spent coolant wastewater.
4.2. CHN Analysis
An elemental analysis (Table 3) was conducted to provide a comparison between the elemental compositions of the banana stem and banana stem juice with those of other natural coagulants: Moringa oleifera and cactus Opuntia. In this study, it was determined that the foliage of banana stem contained 38.03% carbon, 0.42% nitrogen, and 5.46% hydrogen, meanwhile the stem juice contained 33.42% carbon, 0.49% nitrogen, and 6.17% hydrogen.
Table 3: Elemental analysis of banana stem, banana stem juice, and comparison with other natural coagulants.
The composition of hydrogen was higher in banana stem juice compared to the banana stem. This is due to the high-moisture composition of that compared to the banana stem. The composition of principal elements of the banana stem was nearly similar with the result obtained by Bilba et al. [25]. They found that the compositions of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen of the core of banana stem (pseudostem) were 36.83%, 5.19%, and 0.93%, respectively. There were not many differences between the compositions of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in banana stem/juice and the established plant-based coagulants such as nonshelled Moringa seeds and shelled Moringa seeds.
4.3. Inulin Analysis
From the HPLC result, the peak of inulin was at 10- to 15-minute retention time, and the peak area that has been recorded was equal to 8191004.35. The result showed that inulin can be found in the stem of banana trees, and this is in agreement with the study by Meijer and Mathijssen [26], where most of the inulin is stored in the stem of chicory and Jerusalem artichoke. The result from this study showed that the inulin concentration in the banana stem was 1.22016 mg/mL.
Inulin is a very stable compound; Tadros et al. [27] discovered that the unique behaviour of the polymeric surfactant based on inulin is very stable on high temperature and also can be very stable emulsions in high electrolyte concentrations. Inulin has high bonding capacity as mentioned by Eissens et al. [28]. With this high bonding capacity, it is able to entrap more microfloc to form bridges on the polymer chain of inulin structure. When all the microflocs attached to the polymer chain of the inulin, this will form bigger and heavier flocs. The heavier flocs will easily settle down through the sedimentation process. Therefore, the settlement of the suspended solid will reduce the turbidity and the COD of the sample waste in flocculation process during jar test analysis.
4.4. Effect of pH on Banana Stem Juice
The chemistry of coagulant depends on the pH of any solution during the flocculation process. This can be seen when ferric salts undergo rapid, uncontrolled hydrolysis reactions upon their addition to water, forming a series of chemical products or complexes [26]. Therefore, controlled pH of the spent coolant wastewater determines the effectiveness of banana stem juice in the flocculation process, where it determines the maximum COD, SS, and turbidity percentage removal. Figure 3 shows the effect of pH on the coagulation of the spent coolant wastewater using banana stem juice as a natural coagulant. The volume of spent coolant wastewater used was 300 mL and the volume of banana stem juice used was 50 mL. From the graph, the highest recorded COD and SS removal percentage was observed for effluent pH 7 at 83.9% and 84.1%, respectively. However, percentage removal for turbidity at pH 7 was found slightly less (90.9%) compared to the percentage removal at pH 5 (highest percentage removal, 95.2%). Generally, pH 7 was found to be a good pH for efficient removal of COD, SS, and turbidity by banana stem juice, where the percentages were at 83.9, 84.1, and 90.9%, respectively. This result indicated that at pH 7, the maximum amount of coagulant is converted to solid phase flocs particles. At pH value higher and lower than this pH of minimum solubility, the charges produced by inulin as a natural polymer from banana stem juice for bridging and entrapping the microfloc to form larger floc were very low; thus, the adsorption on the surfaces of precipitated floc particles was very minimal. This result is rather different compared to plant-based coagulant such as Opuntia ficus-indica with coagulating-flocculating capabilities where 65% of the initial COD was removed at pH 10 (dose of 50 mg/L) [29]. A similar observation was seen from the findings by Zhang et al. [30], where the lowest turbidity removal percentages recorded using cactus Opuntia were at pH 6 and 7 while the optimum pH was 10 for synthetic kaolin wastewater treatment. This might be due to the properties of the banana stem juice during preparation since it was prepared in a solution form where distilled water was mixed with the juice to make the juice more diluted; hence, the concentration of inulin from the banana stem was lower.
Figure 3: Effect of spent coolant wastewater pH on banana stem juice coagulant effectiveness.
4.5. Effect of Dosage of Banana Stem Juice
Figure 4 shows the effect of the dosage of banana stem juice as a coagulant on flocculation effectiveness at optimum pH value 7 for banana stem juice. This pH value was selected based on our findings in this study reported above. For banana stem juice, the dosages ranged from 50 to 100 mL, and the volume of spent coolant wastewater used was 300 mL.
Figure 4: Effect of banana stem juice dosage on the coagulation process of spent coolant wastewater.
Turbidity removal percentages showed marginal difference in which more than 98% removal was achieved. It appeared that the highest COD removal percentage was 80.1% while for the suspended solid removal percentage was 88.6% (both 90 mL dosage). The lower COD and SS removal percentages might be due to the use of natural coagulant which may increase the organic load in water [31] and result in the possibility for undesired and increased microbial activity [26]. As such, increase in the organic load is responsible for the increase of BOD concentration and subsequently contributes to increased COD concentration in an aqueous solution.
Table 4 analyses the compliance of COD, SS, and turbidity concentrations of spent coolant wastewater treated with banana stem juice with standard effluent discharge limits A and B stipulated by the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia. The pH value of treated spent coolant wastewater complied with the pH range (5–8) stipulated by the DOE, Malaysia. However, values for all other parameters were higher than standards A and B. Although banana stem juice is capable of reducing the COD, SS, and turbidity concentrations by giving the values of 30,300 mg/L (80.1%), 1,010 mg/L (88.6%), and 1,235 NTU (98.5%), respectively, these values were still higher than standards A and B. The result from this study indicates that banana stem juice is applicable as a natural coagulant in the pretreatment process of wastewater, and further treatment is needed before it can be discharged into the environment. Nevertheless, banana stem juice showed high potential as a natural coagulant for water treatment purposes.
Table 4: Compliance of treated spent coolant wastewater using banana stem juice with Malaysian standard effluent discharge limit.
5. Conclusion
Generally, the percentage of COD, SS, and turbidity removal by using banana stem juice showed tremendous potential as a plant-based natural coagulant in the treatment of spent coolant wastewater. High COD, SS, and turbidity removal percentages by the banana stem juice were observed for effluent at pH 7 where percentages were 80.1, 88.6, and 98.5%, respectively. Banana stem juice contains polysaccharide compounds—inulin (1.22016 mg/mL), which is a natural polymer for bridging and entrapping the microfloc to form larger floc. Therefore this will help in fast settlement of the floc for coagulation of spent coolant wastewater. Although the final discharge did not comply with the standard effluent discharge limits A and B stipulated by the DOE, Malaysia, with percentage of COD, SS, and turbidity removal exceeding 80%, it is suggested that banana stem juice is to be used in the pretreatment stage of spent coolant wastewater prior to secondary treatment. It is also suggested that banana stem should be dried and sieved into fine powder in order to get high concentration of inulin prior to its use. For future study, it is recommended that more experiment should be done such as colour removal, strength of the flocs, and density of the flocs where those parameters influence the floc velocity.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Research Management Institute (RMI), Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia for providing the research grant for this study, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, and Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sarawak Campus, for technical support.
References
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Bibliography: The Best Friend 2
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Title: The Best Friend 2
Author: R. L. Stine
Year: 1997
Type: NOVEL
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: In the Bookshadow
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Title: In the Bookshadow
Author: Marianne de Pierres
Year: 2002
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: shortstory
Language: English
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Firebar
From the Super Mario Wiki
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Firebar
A rotating Firebar from Super Mario Bros..
First Appearance Super Mario Bros. (1985)
Latest Appearance New Super Mario Bros. U (2012)
Firebars are rotating rods made of fireballs first appearing in Super Mario Bros.. They are found in numerous titles throughout the Mario series. They are generally found in fortresses and act as dangerous obstacles that Mario must avoid in order to reach the goal.
Firebars were also given notable appearances in certain castles of Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, which depicted them as swinging three-dimensionally. A three-dimensional Firebar depicted with eyes also appeared in Waluigi Stadium and Bowser's Castle course of Mario Kart: Double Dash!!.
Contents
[edit] History
[edit] Mario series
[edit] Super Mario Bros.
Firebars in World 5-4
Firebars make their debut in Super Mario Bros.. Although they are not a living enemy, they rotate around a block in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. They often appear on the ceiling and floors of castles. If Mario or Luigi makes contact with one he will take damage from the fire. In later games, they are replaced with similar-acting enemies such as Roto-Discs and Ball 'n' Chains.
[edit] Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels
Firebars in World A-4.
Firebars also appear in Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels. As in Super Mario Bros., they spin around in a similar fashion. In some castles, there are huge firebars with at least 14 Fireballs, unlike the normal Firebars, which usually have 6 fireballs.
[edit] Super Mario 64
Firebars from Lethal Lava Land.
In Super Mario 64, they appear for the first time in full 3D. They only appear in Lethal Lava Land. Unlike Firebars' 2D appearances, here they spin horizontally. Also different from their 2D appearances, there can be more than one Firebar rotating on the same axis.
[edit] New Super Mario Bros.
In New Super Mario Bros., Firebars first appear in World 6-4. They also appear in the second tower of World 8, and a lone one appears in Bowser's Castle. Here they act just like they do in Super Mario Bros., but are found more commonly more on the ceiling and floors.
[edit] Super Mario Galaxy
In Super Mario Galaxy, they appear as obstacles in a number of different galaxies, including the Sling Pod Galaxy, the Toy Time Galaxy, Bowser's Star Reactor, and Bowser's Galaxy Reactor.
[edit] New Super Mario Bros. Wii
In New Super Mario Bros. Wii, Firebars only appear in the tower and castle of World 8. In the tower, many are seen and one is guarding a Star Coin. There is even a double Firebar that has two rods of fire sticking out of the block. A secret room also houses a Star Coin guarded by 3 Firebars. In the castle, they are mainly seen in the first room, and only two are seen in the second room, one is even guarding another Star Coin.
[edit] Super Mario Galaxy 2
Firebars in Bowser's Galaxy Generator.
In Super Mario Galaxy 2, the Firebars' function is the same as in Super Mario Galaxy. They mainly appear in Bowser Jr.'s Fiery Flotilla, Bowser's Gravity Gauntlet, the Slipsand Galaxy, and Bowser's Galaxy Generator. It is also of note that rotating Firebars are used during the boss battle with Bowser Jr.'s Boomsday Machine in Bowser Jr.'s Boom Bunker, where they are integrated directly into the Boomsday Machine.
[edit] Super Mario 3D Land
Firebars reappear in Super Mario 3D Land. Here, they appear in most castles and then the level before Bowser's Castle. As with all 3D Mario games, these Firebars spin horizontally.
[edit] New Super Mario Bros. 2
Firebars appear again in New Super Mario Bros. 2. They have the same strategy from both predecessors. They may sometimes hide Star Coins.
[edit] New Super Mario Bros. U
In New Super Mario Bros. U, Firebars appear once more and have a whole level based around them in Superstar Road called Fire Bar Cliffs which is home to countless Firebars of gigantic size. These huge Firebars also appear in the Meringue Clouds fortress.
[edit] Yoshi series
Firebar from Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island.
Firebars appear in Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island and its remake Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3. They appear in certain forts and castles. They are usually depicted as swinging three-dimensionally. They also reappear in Yoshi's Island DS.
[edit] Paper Mario series
[edit] Paper Mario
A Firebar as seen in Mt. Lavalava
In Paper Mario, the Firebars reappear in Koopa Bros. Fortress and Mt. Lavalava; this time they swing sideways. They also swing either clockwise or counter-clockwise. If Mario touches one, he loses some HP, but if Mario's partner touches one, nothing happens. Jumping over one of these Firebars causes it to swing faster. If Mario dodges one ten times, it will vanish and drop a number of coins. This is the first appearance in which Firebars can be destroyed.
[edit] Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door
A Firebar as seen in the Palace of Shadow
In Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door, they reappear in Bowser's third platform level. Here, they can be defeated by Bowser's firebreath. If Bowser come in contact with the fireballs, they can either decrease his size or defeat him (if he's tiny). They also appear in the Palace of Shadow and have the same behavior as they do in Paper Mario.
[edit] Super Paper Mario
A Firebar as seen in Yold Ruins
Firebars reapperar in Super Paper Mario. In the game, they act in a similar fashion as in Super Mario Bros. and appear in Chapter 1-4 and 8-2. Mario can flip into 3-D mode to avoid the firebars.
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Spanish Cadena de Fuego Fire Chain
German Feuerstab Firebar
Italian Barra di Fuoco Fire-Bar
[edit] Trivia
[edit] References
1. ^ Iwata Asks - Zelda Handheld History
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Blog Archive
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Transparency: WIPO vs. TPP & ACTA
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Tuesday June 26, 2012
The World Intellectual Property Organization has just concluded the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances. KEI notes that WIPO is now providing webcasts and video on demand of its sessions and diplomatic conferences. Contrast that with the TPP and ACTA, where discussions are shrouded in secrecy. In fact, four U.S. senators have signed a letter asking that congressional offices and NGOs be given access to the TPP documents.
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This article is part of the series Porous Semiconductors - Science and Technology 2012.
Nano Express
Nanostructures formed by displacement of porous silicon with copper: from nanoparticles to porous membranes
Hanna Bandarenka1*, Sergey Redko1, Aleksandr Smirnov1, Andrei Panarin2, Sergei Terekhov2, Paolo Nenzi3, Marco Balucani3 and Vitaly Bondarenko1
Author affiliations
1 Department of Micro- and Nanoelectronics, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 6 Brovka St., Minsk, 220013, Belarus
2 B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 68 Nezalezhnasti Ave, Minsk, 0, Belarus
3 Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, University “Sapienza”, 18 Eudossiana St., Rome, 00184, Italy
For all author emails, please log on.
Citation and License
Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:477 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-477
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/7/1/477
Received:4 May 2012
Accepted:4 August 2012
Published:23 August 2012
© 2012 Bandarenka et al.; licensee Springer.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The application of porous silicon as a template for the fabrication of nanosized copper objects is reported. Three different types of nanostructures were formed by displacement deposition of copper on porous silicon from hydrofluoric acid-based solutions of copper sulphate: (1) copper nanoparticles, (2) quasi-continuous copper films, and (3) free porous copper membranes. Managing the parameters of porous silicon (pore sizes, porosity), deposition time, and wettability of the copper sulphate solution has allowed to achieve such variety of the copper structures. Elemental and structural analyses of the obtained structures are presented. Young modulus measurements of the porous copper membrane have been carried out and its modest activity in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is declared.
Keywords:
Porous silicon; Copper; Displacement deposition; Nanostructures
Background
Despite its long-standing discovery, porous silicon (PS) has been attracting a great attention as a breakthrough material with exceptional characteristics for microelectronics, integrated optoelectronics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), layer transfer technology, solar and fuel cells, biomedicine, etc. [1]. Partially, this is because of the opportunity to easily vary the properties of PS in wide ranges by introducing different materials into its pores [2]. Indeed, the use of an array of ordered pores as a template can provide the creation of specific composite structures with novel electrical, optical, magnetic, plasmonic, and other features [3-5]. Among many, an interest on nanocomposites fabricated by immersion of PS into aqueous solution of copper salt has not been attenuating for more than a decade [6-8], though the mechanism of Cu immersion deposition on bulk monocrystalline silicon had been studied much earlier because wet chemical cleaning in H2O- and hydrofluoric acid (HF)-based solutions containing an extremely low concentration of copper ions has resulted in the adhesion of copper contaminants on Si wafers [9]. To prevent the presence of undesirable Cu traces on Si, the mechanism of copper adhesion has been studied and understood [10,11]. Because of their positive redox potential, copper ions have been found to attract electrons from silicon, resulting in simultaneous copper reduction and Si oxidation [10]. In that way, the nucleation and growth of Cu precipitates with diameters of few nanometers occur [11-13]. Later, a number of studies have been carried out to fabricate copper films by immersion of bulk silicon in a solution with higher concentration of copper ions [14,15]. It promotes growth of copper precipitates to islands which then increase in sizes and coalesce together forming a quasi-continuous film [15,16]. Such films have been representing as suitable candidates for IC interconnections and MEMS technology due to their low resistivity, their selectivity of deposition between silicon and dielectric mask, as well as the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of the fabrication process, which does not require high temperature, special complex equipment, and illumination [14,15]. However, to obtain reliable adhesion of immersion Cu films to Si, it is necessary to use 350°C in annealing [14]. To solve the problem in an easier way, the authors of the papers [17,18] have proposed to form a thin layer of PS before copper deposition. Deep penetration of copper atoms into porous layer during immersion deposition results in the formation of a Cu/PS composite, providing several times of increasing copper film adhesion. This is another advantage of the immersion method because during evaporation or sputtering, depositing copper atoms are located at the entrances of pores [2].
On the other hand, PS is traditionally used as a direct-bandgap semiconductor (in contrast to bulk indirect-bandgap Si) that allows integration of optoelectronic devices with Si technology [1]. Actually, PS is known to demonstrate visible, red photoluminescence, but introduction of copper nanoparticles (NPs) in its porous volume promotes obtaining emission in other wavelengths [19]. Prospects of easy variation of the PS luminescence have significantly increased the interest in studying copper immersion deposition in PS. The subsequent research established the influence of the inner composition of PS (SiO2, SiHx, OySiHx) on chemical reactions [6] and the inhibition of deposition in the presence of halogen ions [7]. Other specific features of immersion Cu/PS is an activity in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) [20] which is one of the most sensitive methods in analytical chemistry, biomedicine, ecology, etc. Unfortunately, Cu/PS SERS-active substrates have not been widely studied yet in comparison with other competing porous substrates based on anodic aluminum oxide [21].
All mentioned works on the immersion deposition of Cu on PS have applied simple aqueous solutions of copper salts accompanied by the formation of SiO2 under a copper deposit which stops the redox reaction and prevents the dissolution of porous template. At the same time, it has limited the number of nanoscale structures which could be formed by the immersion method. Recently, turning back to the study of copper contaminations on bulk Si, addition of HF to the solution for copper deposition on PS has been proposed [22]. HF allows SiO2 removal and continuous deposition of copper, as well as silicon dissolution. This process is usually called displacement deposition because of the nonstop substitution of the substrate's atoms with the metal's atoms [15]. Some previous works have shown that copper deposits by displacement on the surface of PS in the form of crystalline NPs [23]. The pore channels limit the size of NPs, while on the outer PS surface, copper particles can be an order of magnitude greater [24]. In fact, the final material of copper displacement deposition on PS represents the layer of the Cu/PS nanocomposite covered with quasi-continuous copper film. The initial stages of deposition are accompanied by the formation of copper particles of 2-nm diameter inheriting the crystallographic orientation of the PS skeleton [25]. Further copper particles growth leads to the (111) prevalence orientation of the copper deposit [24,26]. In [24], the outer surface of PS of 55% porosity has been used as a template for the growth of copper particles of controllable sizes. However, the authors have been faced with the fact that copper deposits according to the island growth mechanism of thin films (like in the case of bulk Si). As the level of PS surface coverage with copper particles reached the critical value, gradual formation of quasi-continuous Cu film has been observed. To achieve the growth of separated Cu particle arrays on the PS substrate of required dimensions, the authors reduced the solution temperature and used alcohol as the wetting agent. Nevertheless, easy and controllable managing of the morphology and structure of the Cu deposit on PS is still an urgent target as it helps to develop new, effective, and simple technology both for ohmic contact and Schottky-like structures, and conductive films of extremely high adhesion to Si and PS [17,26]. It is notable that to date, positive results of the displacement method might be presented. Combined technology of double-layered PS and copper displacement deposition has been successfully tested for the measurement of PS mechanical strength [17] and manufactured to form compliant contact arrays for probe cards [27]. Remarkably, a spiral of thick, porous copper membrane on a flexible silicone substrate reported to be fabricated by displacement technique from PS has been found to promote drug electroporation [28]. However, fabrication regimes and the morphology of the original PS have not been opened as the authors have referred to the paper [18] which reported the full conversion of PS of only 1-μm thickness into a copper layer, whereas further successful application of such metal porous structures strongly depends on the detailed understanding of its formation mechanism and properties. One of the strong needs is mechanical strength data of the membrane for electroporation because to be in good contact with the surface of treated living tissue, it should have flexible stability.
In the present work, we have proposed to vary parameters of PS to fabricate by displacement technique copper NPs of controllable dimensions as well as thick, porous copper membrane. We have carried out measurements of the Young modulus of the obtained copper membrane. In addition, modest SERS activity of the copper porous membrane has been declared.
Methods
Czochralski monocrystalline silicon wafers were used as initial substrates to form PS templates of different thicknesses and porosities. The characteristics of Si wafers and parameters of PS are presented in Table 1. The Si wafers were cleaned for 10 min with a hot (75°C) solution of NH4OH, H2O2, and H2O mixed in a volume ratio of 1:1:4. Then, the wafers were dried in a centrifuge and cut into a number of 3 × 3-cm rectangular samples. Just before PS formation, each experimental sample was immersed into 5% HF solution for 30 s to remove native silicon oxide. Immediately after oxide removal, the Si sample was placed in an electrolytic cell made of Teflon. The active O-ring opening of the cell had an area of 3 cm2. Uniform PS layers were formed by electrochemical anodization of silicon samples in a solution of HF (45%), H2O, and C3H7OH (or DMSO) mixed in a 1:3:1 volume ratio. A spectrally pure graphite disk was used as a contact electrode to the back side of the samples during the electrochemical treatment. Platinum spiral wire was used as a cathode electrode. Anodization was performed at a current density of 7 to 80 mA/cm2 for different time periods. Detailed description of the structure and morphology of PS1 to PS3 might be found in [18,29]. They represent arrays of ordered pore channels which are oriented perpendicular to the surface of the Si substrate. The diameter of pores usually varies from 20 to 50 nm. According to international classification [30], it is a material of mesoporous media. The PS4 type has not been previously observed in the literature, so it is firstly described below in the present paper. Characteristics of initial Si wafers and parameters of formed PS are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Si wafer characteristics and PS parameters
After PS formation, the HF solution was removed, and the electrolytic cell was thoroughly rinsed with deionized water for 3 min and then with C3H7OH for 5 min. The cell was filled with the solution for copper deposition for 4 to 7200 s at 25°C. We used two solutions for the copper displacement deposition: (1) basic CuSO4·5H2O + 0.005 M HF (45%) aqueous solution and (2) 0.025 M CuSO4·5H2O + 0.005 M HF (45%) + 0.1 M C3H7OH aqueous solution of improved wettability. To stop the deposition process, the solution was poured from the cell. Finally, the sample with a Cu/PS layer was rinsed three times for 30 s with deionized water, dried in air for 30 min, and removed from the cell.
The morphology and structure of the samples were studied with a scanning electron microscope (SEM; Hitachi S-4800, Chiyoda-ku, Japan) with a resolution of 1 nm. The elemental composition of the samples was determined using a Cambridge Instruments Stereoscan-360 SEM (Cambridge, UK) with a Link Analytical AN 10000 energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer (Redwood, CA, USA). The diameter of the focused electron beam was no more than 1 μm, the atomic mass accuracy did not extend 0.1%, and the depth of the analysis was 1.3 to 1.5 μm under 20 keV. The equipment used to conduct electrochemical processes was the AUTOLAB PGSTAT302n potentiostat/galvanostat (Utrecht, The Netherlands). Gravimetric method was applied to determine the porosity of PS and copper membrane. Mass measurements were erformed with a Sartorius CP225D micro/analytical electronic balance (Goettingen, Germany). The instrumental mass error was about 10 μg. The phase composition of the samples was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using CuKα radiation (X-ray wavelength λ = 0.15406 nm).
Young modulus measurements of the porous copper membrane were performed in air by means of a PerkinElmer DMA8000 system (Waltham, MA, USA) in the temperature range of −100°C to 100°C. In all experiments, the sample was forced by an external sinusoidal stress at a frequency of 1 Hz. Measurements were conducted with the sample mounted in two different geometries in order to obtain the elastic modulus either perpendicular to the pore direction, E, that is along the plane of the membrane, or along the pore direction, E, that is perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. In the first case, the so called ‘tension’ configuration was used as it is shown in Figure 1: the sample was clamped between a fixed end and a mobile part, where the oscillating force extending the membrane in its plane was applied. A static load was superimposed to the oscillating force in order to avoid buckling. In the second configuration, the so called ‘single cantilever’ experiment was performed: the sample was clamped between a fixed part and a mobile clamp which applies the force along the direction parallel to the pores and perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. The relative strains were kept below 1.2% and 0.4% in the tension and in the cantilever configuration, respectively. Some preliminary measurements were performed to be sure that the sample was in the linear region of the stress–strain curve.
Figure 1. Schematic view of configurations for Young modulus measurements. (a) Tension configuration E, (b) single cantilever configuration E.
SERS activity of the porous copper membrane was tested using water-soluble cationic Cu(II)-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin (CuTMpyP4) as an analyte compound. For the SERS measurements, a 0.02-ml drop of the 10−6 М porphyrin solution was poured on the porous copper membrane. After drying in air, a round spot of 1-cm diameter was observed on the copper surface. Raman spectra were registered with the spectrometers SpectraPro 500 I and T64000 (Jobin-Yvon, Milan, Italy), equipped with CCD detectors. The sources of continuous excitation were a Liconix helium-cadmium laser (λ = 441.6 nm; Santa Clara, CA, USA) and a semiconductor laser (λ = 532 nm). The accuracy of the frequencies in the spectra did not exceed 1 cm−1. SERS spectra were recorded upon continuous rotation of the sample for signal averaging and prevention of porphyrin destruction.
Results and discussions
The deposition process was visually accompanied by gradual color change of the surface of PS from black to red which is typical for copper. Gas bubbles released from the surface of the sample were also observed. The activity of the gas evolution was weakened with the increase of deposition time. According to [11], the released gas is hydrogen which is a product of the redox reactions. The decrease of its evolution means a slowing of the process.
Figure 2 shows top-view SEM images of PS1 (a, b) and PS2 (c, d), both of which were immersed into the basic solution of copper sulphate for 4 s (a, c) and 180 s (b, d). The maximum deposition time (180 s) was chosen because at that moment, hydrogen release almost stopped for both types of PS, i.e., the redox process was too weak for the valuable amount of copper deposition or finished. It is seen that the porous surface is covered with copper particles of various dimensions. The phase composition of copper deposited by displacement method on PS1 and PS2 was assessed in earlier research from their XRD patterns [31]. It was found that all copper deposits had a polycrystalline nature with prevalent growth of (111)-oriented crystals. Here, we analyzed the XRD patterns (presented in [24]) and, following Scherrer's formula, calculated that Cu particles consist of 2-nm nanocrystals. That is in good agreement with the known data of EBSD analysis [25]. Figure 3 presents particle size distribution histograms counted from the SEM images (Figure 2). The accuracy of size evaluation did not exceed 2 nm. Early stages of deposition for both types of PS resulted in the growth of separated copper particles (Figure 2a,c) with diameters which varied in the range of 20 to 100 nm (Figure 3a,c). However, higher porosity of PS template (PS2) inhibits the process of particle size increase (Figure 2c) as the average diameter of Cu particles on PS2 is slightly less than that on PS1 (Figure 3a,c). It is probably caused by less number of electrons from the smaller Si elements of the PS2 skeleton (see the structure of PS in [31]). Further deposition of Cu on PS1 led to a slight increase in the diameter of copper particles (Figure 3b), and their coalescence (Figure 2b) resulted in a tightly packed film formation. On the other hand, Cu deposition for 180 s significantly shifted the particle size range from 20 to 100 nm to 80 to 280 nm (Figure 3c,d), while the morphology of copper deposit still represents the separated particles. At the same time, the view of the underlying porous material differs in comparison with Figure 2c: the sponge converted into a grainy porous structure. To understand the changes, we recognized the paper [18] that reported AES analysis of Cu/PS1 and Cu/PS2 formed for 180 s of Cu deposition. The first one represented a nanocomposite with the amount of Cu decreasing from 95% to 15% at pore deepening, while the second structure contained almost no Si traces. Combining those data with Figure 2b,d, we suppose that 180-s processing leads to (1) Cu/PS1 nanocomposite formation with a prevalent location of copper deposit as a film in the near surface region of the porous layer and (2) PS2 conversion into a porous copper layer which is partially covered with separated Cu particles of 160-nm average diameter. So, the Cu deposit structure greatly depends on the type of PS template. The porosity and thickness of PS are managed by anodic current density and time of anodization, respectively [29]. The distance between pore centers is a constant parameter [29]. An increase of current density leads to the increase of pore channel diameter. As a result, the porosity of PS increases simultaneously with the thinning of the pore walls. It is very likely that the complete displacement of PS2 is caused by a better reagent exchange in conditions of wider pore channels and smaller elements of Si skeleton in PS.
Figure 2. SEM top views of Cu NPs. Cu NPs were grown on PS with a thickness of 1 μm and porosity of 50% to 55% (a, b) and 80% to 85% (c, d) by displacement deposition for 4 s (a, c) and 180 s (b, d).
Figure 3. Size distribution histograms of copper NPs. Histograms were calculated for Cu NPs grown on PS with a thickness of 1 μm and porosity of 50% to 55% (a, b) and 80% to 85% (c, d) by displacement deposition for 4 s (a, c) and 180 s (b, d).
Formation of copper particles of the nanoscale range on the outer PS surface requires the use of PS of only 1-μm thickness. A thin porous layer allows minimizing the amount of reagents and deposition time needed for the growth of NPs [22]. However, that limited the thickness of the converted porous copper film just to 1 μm. In trying to study the properties of such porous copper, we separated it from the Si substrate, but the metallic film had too weak mechanical strength and, in free form, represented pieces of about 25-mm2 area. Thus, to further work with the free porous copper, the increase of its thickness was highly required.
Supposing the formation of a thicker layer of porous copper, we used PS3 (see Table 1) in connection with prolonged copper displacement deposition. The porosity of PS3 was the same as that of PS2, but the pores deepened up to 7 μm with increased anodization time. Visual monitoring of Cu deposition process showed the formation of copper deposit on the outer surface of PS3. Starting from 900 to 1020 s, we did not observe the evolution of hydrogen bubbles, so the time of PS3 immersion was limited to 1020 s. Figure 4 shows SEM images in top (a) and cross-sectional (b) views of PS3 immersed into the basic solution for copper deposition for 1020 s. The same sample was analyzed by XRD in [25] which revealed polycrystalline copper presence in its composition as well as small amounts of Cu2O. The top of the porous layer is covered with a noncontinuous copper film which consists of coalesced particles. The correct evaluation of particle diameters is difficult because their boundaries are unclear, but some of them might be measured as 40 to 50 nm in diameter (Figure 4a). The thickness of the film does not exceed 450 to 500 nm (Figure 4b). The dissolution of PS3 took place as its thickness decreased from 7 to 5.8 to 6 μm. To find the depth of copper penetration into PS3, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) scanning was performed (Figure 5). Despite metal penetration to the bottom of pores, the content of copper in the porous material was too small in comparison with silicon and decreased from the entrance to the bottom of pores. The presence of oxygen is probably caused by the formation of Cu2O, SiO2, and Oy-Si-Hx as well as the small amount of penetrated carbon from the air during sample drying. We suppose that the distribution of copper in PS3 is caused by poor and slow exchange of reagents in the depth of pores coupled with the rapid growth of the copper film at the top of the porous layer, i.e., unevenness of the displacement process rate along the pore length. Finally, the upper metallic film closes the entrances of pore channels and prevents further redox reactions in porous volume. We carried out an additional experiment connected with the increase of the porosity of PS, but it led to the destruction of the PS skeleton. At the same time, decreasing the PS thickness to 3 μm did not provide a significant increase of copper amount as the upper copper film still formed faster than PS converted.
Figure 4. Top (a) and cross-sectional (b) SEM views of quasi-continuous Cu film. Cu film was grown on PS3 of 7-μm thickness and 80% to 85% porosity by displacement deposition for 1020 s.
Figure 5. EDX scan of the cross section of Cu/PS3. (a) SEM cross-sectional view, (b) EDX data obtained by scanning along the yellow line.
Therefore, to achieve a complete conversion of Si skeleton in copper, it is necessary to uniform the displacement rate along the pore channels. To meet the requirement, we increased the pore volume and improved the wettability of the surface of PS. The first change was connected with the use of macroporous silicon instead of mesoporous media. Macroporous Si has the same shape and order of pores as mesoporous materials, but the diameter of pores might be an order of magnitude greater [30]. Widening of pore channels provides better and more rapid penetration of reagents into the pore channels because diffusion limitation attenuates. Figure 6 shows SEM images in cross-sectional (a) and top (b) views of macroporous Si (PS4) prepared for conversion into copper which represents an ordered array of parallel pore channels. Pillar-like pore walls have bases wider than their tops and ragged surface. The thickness of porous layer was limited to 2.5 to 3 μm. This limitation was caused not only by the time of anodic treatment as in the case of mesoporous silicon. SEM analysis of several macroporous PS4 samples grown for different time periods was performed. PS thickness increase resulted in gradual thinning of the tops of Si pillars. In that way, porous layer reaching the thickness of 3 μm began to dissolve. The gravimetrically measured porosity of PS4 was 60% to 65%. Pore density (number of pores per square centimeters) was found from the evaluation of SEM images and varied in the range of 2 to 2.5· × 104 cm−2. Figure 7 shows the distribution histogram of pore sizes of PS4. The common range of pore diameters is rather broad, but most part of the pores has a diameter of channel entrances varying in the range of 600 to 800 nm.
Figure 6. SEM cross-sectional (a) and top (b) views of PS4.
Figure 7. Pore size distribution histogram of PS4.
Wettability improvement was achieved by adding isopropanol (C3H7OH) into the solution of copper salt. This alcohol significantly decreases the surface tension of water-based solutions [32], providing better contact between liquid and solid surfaces [33]. PS4 was left in the copper solution of improved wettability for 7200 s. Then, we observed the separation of the copper membrane from the Si substrate. The underlying Si had a surface without remains of porous layer. Figure 8 shows SEM images of the cross section (a), top side (b), and bottom side (c) of the separated membrane and related EDX point analysis which are considered in the next paragraph. The membrane represents a two-layered structure of 8-μm thickness. The top surface (Figure 8b) was the sample/solution interface, while the bottom (Figure 8c) was connected with the substrate. The top layer has a thickness of about 5 μm and represents a tightly packed array of parallel column-like agglomerates which are perpendicular to the substrate, i.e., columns grew along the pore direction of the original PS4. On the other hand, the bottom layer looks like a sponge of 3-μm thickness consisted of chains of small particles. Figure 9 presents the size distribution histograms of agglomerates and particles of the top and bottom surfaces of the membrane. Histograms were calculated from Figure 8b,c. The diameters of upper agglomerates are an order of magnitude greater than those of bottom particles. At the spongy layer, the particles of 160- to 200-nm diameters dominate. The prevalent diameter range of the upper agglomerates is 2500 to 3500 nm, but elements of two times less in diameters (to 1,500 nm) were found. The density of agglomerates was about 9 × 102 cm−2, while the density of the bottom NPs was four orders of magnitude higher (9 to 16 × 108 cm−2).
Figure 8. SEM (a, b, c) and EDX point analyses (d, e, f) of the porous copper membrane. The porous copper membrane was formed by displacement deposition of copper on PS4 for 7200 s from the solution of improved wettability; porous copper membrane was analyzed in cross section (a, d), top (b, e), and bottom (c, f).
Figure 9. Size distribution histograms of agglomerates and particles. Histograms were calculated for (a) top and (b) bottom surfaces of the porous copper membrane.
To reveal the elemental composition of the membrane, EDX analysis of the cross section, top side, and bottom side were carried out (Figure 8d,e,f). EDX scan of the cross section was attempted as well, but it was impossible to correctly focus the 1-μm electron beam on the non-flat surface of the agglomerates. To overcome doubts on the elemental composition, EDX analysis was performed in ten different points of the cross section, and each showed 97 to 99 at.% of Cu content. An example of point EDX in the cross section is presented in Figure 8e. Figure 6b,c confirms the copper nature of the obtained membrane. Overall, the membrane uniformly contains 95 to 99 at.% of copper with small amounts of oxygen and carbon. The maximum content of Si atoms was 0.1%, i.e., it might be declared that the obtained membrane represents the copper material. The gravimetrically determined porosity of the membrane was 60% to 65% in comparison with bulk copper.
Based on the results of SEM and EDX analyses, we propose the following phenomenological model of the formation of porous copper membrane. On the stage of full impregnation of PS with the solution, Cu NPs nucleate and grow on the surface of PS skeleton. As metal deposition was carried out simultaneously with dissolution of Si pillars, PS skeleton was converted into bottom spongy copper layer. The supposition might be proved by equality of the thickness of the original PS4 to that of the bottom copper layer (2.5 to 3 μm). In our opinion, new copper NPs grow and coalesce on the outer surface of the spongy copper layer. In that way, a layer of huge copper agglomerates is formed, whereas stresses on the Si/Cu membrane interface exceed over the interaction force between silicon and copper atoms when the copper membrane separates from the substrate as observed during the experiment. Detailed understanding of the porous copper membrane formation requires more careful in-depth study which is under the scope of the future paper.
The temperature variation of the Young modulus E|| measured for the porous copper membrane during the flexural vibration and that of E measured during the extensional vibration are reported in Figure 10. In both directions, E increases at low temperatures, as usual in most solid samples. The measured values of the Young modulus (both E|| and E) are much smaller than the value of E (110 to 128 GPa) for bulk polycrystalline copper, due to the high porosity and to the quasi-bidimensional feature of the membrane. It can also be noticed that the values of the Young modulus along the two directions differ by a factor of 300 at low temperature and 500 at high temperature, indicating a strong anisotropy of the sample, which is stiffer in the direction parallel to the pores, that is perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. Recently, a systematic experimental and theoretical investigation of the elastic constants and of the Young modulus of a block (approximately 10 × 10 × 10 mm3) of polycrystalline copper containing elongated pores was reported [34]. All crystallites had one crystallographic direction aligned along the [001] Cu axis and another two randomly oriented in the perpendicular plane. The pores were oriented along the [001] direction, and their diameters ranged between 15 and 380 μm. In such a system, the values of E|| and E strongly depend on the ratio of the axes of the ellipsoids associated to the pores. At low porosity (p < 20%), for pores having a high ellipticity, E> E||[34]. However, both values decrease with increasing porosity and virtually reach a null value for p = 100%. However, while E|| decreases linearly with p, E has a stronger dependence on porosity which leads to E|| > E for p > 20% [34] as in the case of the membrane investigated in the present paper. However, a quantitative comparison of the elastic modulus values between the membrane investigated in the present paper and the structure of [34] is not possible because the typical dimensions of the samples and of the pores differ by various orders of magnitude. Figure 10 also shows a clear hysteresis between cooling and heating in both vibration modes, which is reproduced upon subsequent cycling (results not shown) and could be possibly due to the absorption and desorption of gases on the porous structure.
Figure 10. Temperature variation of the Young modulus. It was measured parallel to the pores or perpendicularly.
The measurements of Raman spectra with water-soluble CuTMpyP4 as an analyte were performed for both sides of the porous copper membrane. Since water did not wet the surface of the porous Cu film (the solution formed a ball-shaped drop on the surface), the CuTMpyP4 precipitated from an aqueous-alcohol solution in a 1:1 ratio by volume. Figure 11 shows Raman spectra of CuTMpyP4 deposited from a 10−6 M solution on the top (a) and bottom (b) sides of the porous copper membrane and on PS without copper coating for comparison (c). It can be seen that distinct vibrational bands are observed in all spectra which correspond to CuTMpyP4 features reported in the literature [35,36]. The Raman intensity from the top side was three times of magnitude higher in comparison with that from the bottom side and from the porous surface of the PS sample. This observation reveals that the copper nanostructured surface fabricated on the top of PS by Cu displacement deposition exhibits some degree of SERS activity. In contrast, Cu porous layer from the bottom does not demonstrate enhancement of Raman signal. Comparing the 441.6-nm excited SERS spectrum of CuTMPyP4 (Figure 11a) with ordinary Raman spectrum in solid (Figure 11c), the close coincidence of the maxima wavenumbers and relative intensities of the bands can be observed. It means that no preferential orientation (geometry of binding) exists for CuTMPyP4 molecules adsorbed on the Cu membrane. The structure of the top of copper film was similar to the Si nanopillar array covered with copper that demonstrated the SERS activity in the paper [20]. So, the enhancement was likely to be caused by two reasons: (1) plasmon concentration on the tips of copper pillars and (2) the ‘hot spots’ in the copper pillar connections.
Figure 11. SERS spectra. (a) SERS spectrum of 10−6 M CuTMpyP4 adsorbed on the top side of porous copper membrane. (b, c) Raman spectra of 10−6 M CuTMpyP4 deposited from water and solution on bottom side of Cu membrane and porous silicon substrate, respectively. Laser plasma bands are marked by asterisks. Excitation wavelength was 441.6 nm.
Conclusions
Cu nanoparticles, quasi-continuous copper films, and free porous copper membranes were fabricated by displacement deposition of copper on PS templates from the aqueous solution of copper sulphate with HF and C3H7OH additions. It was found that the PS porosity and morphology as well as the time of deposition define the structural type of the Cu deposit.
The layers of mesoporous silicon of 1-μm thickness and 80% to 85% porosity represent a template for the fabrication of separated copper NPs of 20- to 280-nm diameter. Managing the Cu NP sizes is provided by time variation of PS immersion in the copper salt solution.
Copper displacement deposition on mesoporous silicon of 1- to 7-μm thickness and 50% to 85% porosity for more than 180 s allows formation of quasi-continuous copper films up to 500-nm thickness.
Macroporous silicon of 3-μm thickness and 60% to 65% porosity immersed into copper salt solution of improved wettability (with isopropanol additive) for 7200 s completely converts into porous copper membrane.
Young modulus of porous copper membrane depends on the porosity and has anisotropic nature in perpendicular and parallel directions. The measurements are useful for the further development of flexible and elastic materials for electroporation in biomedicine [20].
The demonstration of the modest SERS activity of the porous copper opens new prospects of Cu-based substrates for traces of substance detection. That might decrease the costs of SERS analysis in comparison with traditionally used substrates based on gold and silver.
Abbreviations
EDX: Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; MEMS: Microelectromechanical systems; NPs: Nanoparticles; PS: Porous silicon; SEM: Scanning electron microscope; SERS: Surface enhanced Raman scattering; XRD: X-ray diffraction.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
HB carried out the fabrication of Cu/PS samples, gravimetric measurements, and analysis of SEM images and XRD patterns, and designed and drafted the manuscript. SR and AS participated in the PS formation and studied the electrical characteristics of the experimental samples. AP and ST carried out the SERS measurements and spectra analysis. PN and MB carried out the copper porous membrane fabrication and Young modulus measurements. VB initiated, planned, and controlled the research process. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ information
HB is a research scientist and is going to defend her Ph.D. thesis this fall 2012. SR is a junior researcher and a second year Ph.D. student. Both of them work in the R&D laboratory ‘Materials and Structures of Nanoelectronics’ (Micro- and Nanoelectronics Department, BSUIR). The head of the mentioned laboratory is VB, Ph.D., who is an assistant professor and teaches the courses ‘Nanomaterials’ and ‘Microelectronic Technology’. Sc. Dr. Professor AS is the head of the R&D laboratory ‘Information Display and Processing Units’ (Micro- and Nanoelectronics Department, BSUIR). AP, Ph.D., is a research scientist. ST, Ph.D., is a leading researcher in the R&D laboratory ‘Photonics of Molecules’ (B.I. Stepanov Institute, NASB). PN is a research scientist and is in the last year of being a Ph.D. student. Assistant Professor MB teaches the course ‘Microelectromechanical Systems.’ The two last authors are fellows of the Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications at the University “Sapienza.”
Acknowledgements
This research was partially supported by the Belarusian Foundation for Basic Research under Project T11OB-057, by Rise Technology S.r.l. (Roma, Italy), and by the European Union under the project ‘BELERA.’
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6. Coulthard I, Sham TK: Morphology of porous silicon layers: image of active sites from reductive deposition of copper onto the surface.
Appl Surf Sci 1998, 126:287. Publisher Full Text
7. Tsuboi T, Sakka T, Ogata YH: Metal deposition into a porous silicon layer by immersion plating: influence of halogen ions.
J Appl Phys 1998, 83:4502.
8. Kumar P, Huber P: Nucleation and growth of copper on mesoporous silicon by immersion plating.
J Phys D: Appl Phys 2007, 40:2864. Publisher Full Text
9. Kern FW, Reinhardt KA: Handbook of Silicon Wafer Cleaning Technology. Norwich: William Andrew; 2008.
10. Ohmi T, Imaoka T, Sugiyama I, Kezuka T: Metallic impurities segregation at the interface between Si wafer and liquid during wet cleaning.
J Electrochem Soc 1992, 139:3317. Publisher Full Text
11. Morinaga H, Suyama H, Ohmi T: Mechanism of metallic particle growth and metal-induced pitting on Si wafer surface in wet chemical processing.
J Electrochem Soc 1994, 141:2834. Publisher Full Text
12. Chyan OMR, Chen JJ, Chien HY, Sees J, Hall L: Copper deposition on HF-etched silicon surfaces: morphological and kinetic studies.
J Electrochem Soc 1996, 143:92-96. Publisher Full Text
13. Norga GJ, Platero M, Black KA, Reddy AJ, Michel J, Kimerling LC: Mechanism of copper deposition on silicon from dilute hydrofluoric acid solution.
J Electrochem Soc 1997, 144:2801-2809. Publisher Full Text
14. Lee MK, Wang JJ, Wang HD: Deposition of copper films on silicon from cupric sulfate and hydrofluoric acid.
J Electrochem Soc 1997, 144:1777-1780. Publisher Full Text
15. Magagnin L, Maboudian R, Carraro C: Selective deposition of thin copper films onto silicon with improved adhesion.
Electrochem Solid State Lett 2001, 4(1):C5-C7. Publisher Full Text
16. Nagai T, Nakanishi S, Mukouyama Y, Ogata YH, Nakato Y: Periodic and chaotic oscillations of the electrochemical potential of p-Si in contact with an aqueous CuSO4 + HF solution, caused by electroless Cu deposition.
Chaos 2006, 16:037106. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
17. Klushko A, Balucani M, Ferrari A: Mechanical strength of porous silicon and its possible applications.
Superlattices Microstruct 2008, 44:1-4. Publisher Full Text
18. Bandarenka H, Shapel A, Balucani M: Cu-Si nanocomposites based on porous silicon matrix.
Solid State Phenomena 2009, 151:222-226.
19. Huang YM: Photoluminescence of copper-doped porous silicon.
Appl Phys Lett 1996, 69(19):2855-2857. Publisher Full Text
20. Jiang WF, Shan WW, Ling H, Wang YS, Cao YX, Li XJ: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of patterned copper nanostructure electrolessly plated on arrayed nanoporous silicon pillar.
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21. Sun XY, Xu FQ: Controlling aspect ratio of copper group nanowire arrays by electrochemical deposition in the nanopores of AAO.
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22. Bondarenko AV: Chemical corrosive deposition of copper on porous silicon. In Physics Chemistry and Application of Nanostructures. Edited by Borisenko V, Gaponenko S, Gurin V. Singapore: World Scientific; 2005:435.
23. Bandarenka H, Balucani M, Crescenzi R, Ferrari A: Formation of composite nanostructures by corrosive deposition of copper into porous silicon.
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28. Balucani M, Nenzi P, Crescenzi R, Marracino P, Apollonio F, Liberti M, Densi A, Colizzi C: Technology and design of innovative flexible electrode for biomedical application. In Proceedings of the IEEE 61st Electronic Components and Technology Conference: May 31-June 3, 2011; Lake Buena Vista. New York: IEEE; 2011:1319-1324.
29. Kholostov KI, Filatova OS, Bondarenko VP: Investigation of structure of mesoporous silicon.
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Best Buy teases upcoming Insignia Flex Tablet
PanARMENIAN.Net - Best Buy is preparing to go head-to-head with the iPad and every single Android tablet on the market, BGR.com reports.
The electronics retail store casually posted an image of its upcoming Insignia Flex Tablet on its Facebook page revealing that the slate will come with a 9.7-inch display, a dual-core 1GHz processor, 10 hours of battery life and Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich.
The page didn’t reveal any information regarding storage capacity, nor did it reveal pricing, but it’s likely the slate will be very affordable given the fact that it is being sold under the company’s Insignia label.
Best Buy’s Insignia brand has traditionally offered competitive HDTVs and other home electronics at discounted prices compared to big brand names. Best Buy’s Facebook page also teased that the Insignia Flex Tablet will arrive at brick and mortar stores “one month from [Thursday],” which would be November 11.
Partner news
Top stories
It’s not the first time Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer has been interested in the New York-based hipster blogging service.
The number of new smartphones delivered with Android jumped to 162.1 million in the first three months in 2013.
“We believe Samsung generates more revenue and profit from the Android platform than Google does,” Neil Mawston said.
The service now also makes it easier for users to add new contacts sent to them by friends, and has support for Simplified Chinese.
Partner news
Employers and job seekers: how to find each other
Arpine Grigoryan։ each job seeker should understand why to apply for this “x” job in this “x” company but not for “y” job in “y” company.
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Place:Crawfordsville, Montgomery, Indiana, United States
Watchers
NameCrawfordsville
TypeCity
Coordinates40.039°N 86.897°W
Located inMontgomery, Indiana, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Crawfordsville is a city in Union Township, Montgomery County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 15,915. The city is the county seat of Montgomery County. It is home to Wabash College, which was ranked by Forbes as #12 in the United States for undergraduate studies in 2008.
Contents
History
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Early 19th century
In 1813, Williamson Dunn, Henry Ristine, and Major Ambrose Whitlock noted that the site of present-day Crawfordsville was ideal for settlement, surrounded by deciduous forest and potentially arable land, with water provided by a nearby creek, later named Sugar Creek. They returned a decade later to find at least one cabin built. In 1821, William and Jennie Offield had built a cabin on a little creek, later to be known as Offield Creek, four miles southwest of the future site of Crawfordsville.
Major Whitlock laid out the town in March 1823. Crawfordsville was named in honor of Colonel William H. Crawford, who was the cabinet officer who had issued Whitlock's commission as Receiver of Public Lands.
According to a diary of Sanford C. Cox, one of the first schoolmasters in the area, in 1824: "Crawfordsville is the only town between Terre Haute and Fort Wayne... Maj. Ristine keeps tavern in a two-story log house and Jonathan Powers has a little grocery. There are two stores, Smith's near the land office, and Issac C. Elston's, near the tavern... David Vance [is the] sheriff.
It was successfully incorporated as a town in 1834, following a failed attempt three years earlier.
In November 1832, Wabash College was founded in Crawfordsville as "The Wabash Teachers Seminary and Manual Labor College". Today, it is one of only three remaining all-male liberal arts colleges in the country, and has a student body of around 900.
On December 18, 1833, the Crawfordsville Record carried a paid announcement of the opening of Crawfordsville High School.[1]
Crawfordsville grew in size and amenities, adding such necessities as a bank and fire department. It gained status as a city in 1865, when Indiana granted its charters.
Late 19th century
In 1862, Joseph F. Tuttle, after whom Tuttle Grade School was named in 1906 and Tuttle Junior High School (now Tuttle Middle School) was named in 1960, became President of Wabash College and served for 30 years. "He was an eloquent preacher, a sound administrator and an astute handler of public relations." Joseph Tuttle, together with his administrators, worked to improve relations in Crawfordsville between "Town and Gown".[1]
In 1880, prominent local citizen Lew Wallace produced Crawfordsville's most famous literary work, , a historical novel dealing with the beginnings of the Christianity in the Mediterranean world.
Perhaps more crucial for Indiana's basketball-oriented culture, both the first official basketball game in the state (Crawfordsville versus Lafayette, March 16, 1894) and the first official intercollegiate basketball game (Wabash versus Purdue, also in 1894) occurred at the city's YMCA.
In 1882, one of the first Rotary Jails in the country opened. It served from 1882 until 1972. The jail is now a museum and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
20th century
The beginning of the 20th century marked important steps for Crawfordsville, as Culver Union Hospital and the Carnegie Library were built in 1902. Culver operated as a not-for-profit, municipally-owned facility for 80 years, was then sold to for-profit American Medical International, and in 1984 was relocated from its original location near downtown to a new campus north of the city. The hospital's ownership was transferred to Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc. in 2000, and it was renamed St. Clare Medical Center. In 2011, the hospital was renamed Franciscan St. Elizabeth Health - Crawfordsville. The Carnegie Library is being converted into a local museum and the public library has since moved across the street. In 1911, Crawfordsville High School (motto: Enter to Learn, Go Forth to Serve) was founded, and promptly won the state's first high school basketball title. Crawfordsville's major employer for much of the century, commercial printer RR Donnelley, began operations in Crawfordsville in 1922.
Recent history has held few nationally noteworthy events for the city, but much internal change. Nucor Steel, Alcoa CSI, Raybestos Products Company, Pace Dairy Foods, and Random House have all created factories in or near Crawfordsville which provided employment to much of the population. Manpower has taken over as the primary employer in the city and has allowed most of the local companies to reduce employees. In 2008, Raybestos laid off the majority of its workforce with less than 100 employees left. Wabash College won the Division III NCAA basketball title in 1982. The college plays an annual football game against Depauw University for the Monon Bell, one of the oldest rivalries in all college sports. In 1998, the state began a proposed project to widen U.S. Route 231, in an attempt to ease intrastate travel flow.
21st century
On May 8, 2007, approximately a quarter-block of historic buildings in the 100 block of South Washington Street was burned in a major fire. A woman in one of the buildings reported the fire.
One person, Leslie Eric Largent, died in the fire. The fire was covered by the press statewide. Two buildings, built circa 1882, were completely destroyed: one that housed the Silver Dollar Bar (formerly Tommy Kummings' Silver Dollar Tavern); the other contained the New York Shoe Repair and Bargain Center at the corner of Pike and Washington streets. Above the shoe store were several apartments where residents were sleeping.
On May 22, the fire was ruled to have been an act of arson.
Local legend
An alleged monster was seen here in the late 19th century that became known as the Crawfordsville monster. It was described to be made of a cloud with red glowing eyes. It is now believed to have been a flock of birds huddled together in confusion due to the town's newly installed electric street lights. The story was featured in The History Channel's television series Monster Quest, in an episode featuring unidentified flying creatures.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Crawfordsville, Indiana. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6401.0 - Consumer Price Index, Mar 1981
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/04/1981
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• About this Release
Movements in retail prices of goods and services commonly purchased by metropolitan households. The goods and services are divided into the following groups: food and non-alcoholic beverages; alcohol and tobacco; clothing and footwear; housing; furnishings, household equipment and services; health; transport; communication; recreation and culture; education; and insurance and financial services. Indexes for each of these groups and for 'All Groups CPI' are published for each of the state capitals along with Canberra and Darwin, and for the weighted average of the eight capital cities. Details are also shown for about 40 sub-groups and analytical series, for the weighted average of the eight capital cities.
This publication has been scanned from the paper version using character recognition software. This provides a full-text searching capability once downloaded.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
This is a very subjective question. Anyway, what do you think are the factors that make a certain city or area a good geographical location for business. I'm sure there are way to many entrepreneurs that want to do it in their own country or town, but sometimes economic conditions prove to be a factor for this.
Paul Graham advocated moving all IT startups to Silicon Valley just because of the culture there, but is it really necessary? Can you share where you are doing business, why and what problems or advantages you have related to your location?
share|improve this question
9 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
I agree with Jason, with his points. The top things I look out for are:
1) Strong fundamentals of the location - economic stability of the country, region, safety and support
2) Intellectual community - it important to be in the right crowd which can help you find the right team and also help you to get early feedback.
3) Investment community - startups require money and having an accessible investment community is really important.
Of all places, places like Chile, could also be the next best place to do your business in.
Anup @ Paper.io
share|improve this answer
Do business first where you'll be happy to live. Family comes first. Really.
Second, where your network is strongest. Networks are how you find the best employees/co-founders, possible funding, advice/advisors, and alpha-testers.
share|improve this answer
Paul Graham is a bright guy, but his advice in this case is foolish. There are successful IT startups all over the US and in fact all over the world. I'm not sure that 'culture' (if it really matters at all from a pure business point of view) matters as much as a good talent pool, a decent local economy, the ability to connect with investors. US cities such as Austin TX, Ann Arbor MI, Columbus OH, New York NY, Raleigh/Durham NC, just to name a few examples, offer all of the above -- see also http://www.usnews.com/money/careers/articles/2009/09/15/10-best-places-for-tech-jobs.html for more examples. Consider also the availability of repected universities as both a source for talent and a source of technology collaboration.
With high-speed internet/voice/video available nearly everywhere now, it's much less important to be physically collocated next to everyone else. Silicon Valley is still fine for business and a great place, but it's not the only game in town any more.
Best of luck!
share|improve this answer
You need to be around like minded people in order to improve your chances of success. However, improving your chances does not guarantee your success. You need to find a balance between your financial ability and your need to be in an area like the Valley that provides intangible resources. If you have plenty of funds to burn through and can afford the location but don't have a great team, then the Valley is for you. If you have a great team and good resources but not a lot of funds, then stay where you can afford. The bottom line is; The pro's and con's for the perfect location are different for every business model, you need to work that out on paper and make the decision that is right for the growth and success of your business.
share|improve this answer
This really depends on your business model. If it is not consulting or on.site development, you are obviously more independent of the location of your potential customers. I like Jason's advice: family first, network second. If you are member of a church, count it as family.
Which size of business do you want to accomplish? Do you need developpers? It helps if there is a community of developpers nearby - or the place is so gorgious that they are willing to move. This again depends highly on the culture you live in. Europeans are less likely to move for the job.
Anup talked about other important aspects like economic stability and available money. If you need investors, they will value availability of human ressources, office space, intellectual property.
Just remember: it is your business. Do it were you like it.
share|improve this answer
I tend to agree with Paul Grahams advice. Is it impossible to do a tech startup outside of silicon valley? Of course. But all things being equal, you'll have an easier time there. Doing a startup is difficult enough as it is. If it's feasible, you should probably try to move there. If not, it's not the end of the world. Just get around as many like minded entrepreneurs as you can and make do with what you have.
share|improve this answer
For tech startups, the San Francisco Bay Area is, by far, the best place to be. You have to watch out for the "echo chamber" but there's a reason why the vast majority of successful startups are from Silicon Valley (I think you've probably heard of them: HP, Sun, Intel, Apple, Yahoo, Google, Ebay, Etrade, Paypal, Youtube, Facebook, Twitter). The two other companies on our floor moved from Boston and LA after thinking that those cities were OK. I can assure they now understand the huge benefits of being in San Francisco.
share|improve this answer
CNN Money did a writeup last year listing 100 of the best places to live and launch. I think it was limited to the US though. Gave some good tips on what each area had to offer. I think the key things to look at are local talent, infrastructure, government incentives, and presence of business incubators. Why incubators? This shows that the area is conducive to startups and encourages their presence.
Oh, found the CNN link: CNN MONEY
share|improve this answer
I personally feel that web related business can be started anywhere in the world because a person living in india knows the pain of indian lives and will think of starting a business and a person staying in usa knows pain of the people living in their country so they will start building products useful for that.
Social applications can be built anywhere in the world and market to anyplace in the world.
Custom development companies can do anywhere in the world because their online presence will give client an essence and also recommendations from their previous clients will be helpful for them
Coming to investors every country do have investors but usa does have more investors and they only invest in other countries after business grows and even if a person doesn't stay in usa he can get funding from local people once business grows and once business show some sort of returns .
SO ultimately a person should start business where his/her target is and also he needs to get support from family
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Jetpack Project: weekly update for October 02, 2012
0
Project News
• Erik blogged about his excellent work on porting the SDK’s windows and tabs modules to Mobile Firefox!
• Not to be outdone, Will also blogged about our recently retro-fitted module lifecycle process and policies.
• Will has also just kicked off a lively thread over in the Jetpack Google Group about community-developed modules. If you’ve got opinions, favorites, or a secret-but-awesome module or module idea you want to share, check it out!
• After what could best be described as not a great week for Builder, we were able to push the correct version of SDK 1.10 to builder yesterday. If you use builder and have submitted an add-on to the AMO queues in the last week or so, please replace that xpi build with a fresh one!
Quick Stats
Note: the stats above are based on the queries I linked to for each item. If you have suggestions on how these queries might be made more accurate,please comment below. Stats generated at 2012-10-02 09:39:48 PDT
Meeting Brief
• Helping FirefoxOS: Alex will be on loan to the Gaia team for the foresee-able future – please do not assign reviews to him!
• Builder: we pushed the correct version of 1.10 to builder yesterday after some delays from last week.
• SDK: looking at a panel bugs and reducing cruft in the pull request list – also, we can craft test add-ons, to, er, test things.
• Roundtable: some of the team have been blogging up a storm, while others are heading to Berlin this week for JSConf.
Full minutes are available here:
https://wiki.mozilla.org/Jetpack/Weekly_Meeting/2012-10-02#Minutes
Categories: builder, developers, general, jetpack, mobile, sdk
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S.M.A.R.T. hard drive monitoring
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 22:33, 2 September 2007 by Panchito (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Originally by frontalot from linkstationwiki.org
1. Install the SMART monitoring tools:
apt-get install smartmontools
2. I recommend enabling the SMART daemon which will automatically monitor the LinkStation hard drive and report any serious problems. Edit /etc/default/smartmontools:
start_smartd=yes
3. Smartd, the SMART daemon, will now automatically initiate on boot and monitor the hard drive.
4. Now edit the smartd config file, /etc/smartd.conf:
comment out: DEVICESCAN
add: /dev/hda -a -H -m root
5. This enables monitoring of /dev/hda only and reports any hardware failures via mail to root. You can also use the following commands:
report drive information: smartctl -i /dev/hda
report drive health: smartctl -Hc /dev/hda
6. You can display the temperature of your internal drive (the last number is the current temperature):
smartctl -a /dev/hda | grep 194
7. A more detailed listing of smartmontools commands are available at http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/6983/print.
8. For LS1 (ppc) with FreeLink Firmware, if you want to view SMART results with Webmin, you need fdisk installed. As debian PowerPC has no fdisk, simply install pmac-fdisk and create a symbolic link:
apt-get install pmac-fdisk
ln -s /sbin/pmac-fdisk /sbin/fdisk
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Research on Three Error Types of Chinese Esl Learners’ Acquisition of Passive Voice
Yuanying Wang
Abstract
This thesis aims to probe into the relationship between language transfer and the three error types of Chinese ESL learners’ acquisition of passive voice. On the basis of analysis of the result of a self-designed test, I come to a conclusion that under-passivization is the main characteristic of Chinese learner’s passive acquisition and negative transfer has a strong effect on Chinese learners’ acquisition of passive voice.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/article/view/23107"
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The Determinants of Capital Buffer in the Turkish Banking System
Gonca Atici, Guner Gursoy
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of capital buffer in the Turkish Banking system and to estimate the cyclicality of capital buffer using a panel data of 87 banks covering the period 1988-2009. The data is based on the reports published by the Banks Association of Turkey. Two-step Generalized Method of Moments is implemented by using Arellano–Bond linear dynamic panel-data estimator. The study is focused on: i) economic growth, ii) asset size, iii) return on equity and iv) non-performing loans as the determinants of capital buffer. It is observed that commercial banks, including the banks under the control of Savings Deposit and Insurance Fund, move procyclically, where commercial banks, excluding the banks under Savings Deposit and Insurance Fund, fluctuate countercyclically. This finding is noteworthy since it is parallel to BASEL III, where structuring a countercyclical capital framework is emphasized.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ibr.v6n1p224
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Business Research ISSN 1913-9004 (Print), ISSN 1913-9012 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/3006"
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Resort Potentials as a Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development in Plateau State, Nigeria
Aniah, Eugene J., Eja, E. I., Otu, Judith E., Ushie M. A.
Abstract
The unique climate conditions of Plateau State and the numerous tourism attraction and spots has made Plateau State the home of peace and tourism and also tourist haven of Nigeria. This paper is centered on five resorts in Plateau State such as National Museum, Jos Wildlife Park, ASSOP Falls, Pandom Wildlife Park and Solomon Lar Amusement Park. Data for resort patronage were provided only in National Musem, Jos Wildlife Park and ASSOP Falls. The critical issue of concerned was on domestic and international patronage of tourist resort between 1996-2008 and the recreational facilities provided in each of the resort centres. Data were collected base on questionnaires, directly field observation and interviews. The data collected were analyzed using ANOVA and the results obtained shows that there is a significance variation in the patronage of the different resorts centres used for this study. However, the viability of tourism potentials can only strive effective in Plateau State if there is full participation of the various stakeholders in decision making process.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Sustainable Development ISSN 1913-9063 (Print) ISSN 1913-9071 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Hammer Bluetooth
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 16:40, 14 May 2011 by Jsujjava (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
BlueTooth can be used with the following options:
Dongles that work:
Dongles that don't work:
This may change as linux-bluetooth evolves.
Most dongles based on CSR (Cambridge Silicon Radio) chipset work.
Dongles based on Broadcom bcm203x chipsets require firmware to be loaded by the driver.
Dongles based on Broadcom chipsets may work (someday).
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RPi Framebuffer
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 21:29, 9 July 2012 by Techmeology (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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Contents
Introduction
The aim of this page is to provide some documentation on BCM2835's frame buffer, as this is not publicly documented by Broadcom. Most of this was worked out by reading the Linux source code (mostly drivers/video/bcm2708_fb.c and arch/arm/mach-bcm2708/) and experimentation. A working (more or less) example code for the frame buffer can be found here.
Basic procedure to get stuff on screen
The basic procedure to get a frame buffer is:
1. Set up a structure with the frame buffer specification (resolution, etc)
2. Tell the GPU about this structure by writing to the mailbox
3. Wait by reading from the mailbox for the GPU to modify this structure
4. Write to the frame buffer at the pointer we got in stage 3
Notes
• Only step 4 is required for subsequent writes to the frame buffer.
• Currently, I do not know how to enable the HDMI output, so this will always operate the composite, and not the HDMI (there have been suggestions that this might be achieved using a combination of config.txt, parameters specified by the GPU, and appropriate resolution settings).
• The two conditions for successfully acquiring a frame buffer are:
• The data read from the mailbox (with the 4 least significant bits set to zero) is 0 (or 1 including the channel)
• The pointer in the structure is non-zero after the mailbox read
• For some reason (that I haven't discovered yet), the code sometimes fails (not meeting one of the two criteria above) unless it is retried. Hence steps 1-3 of the basic procedure are tried in a loop until success.
• Once we have the frame buffer, we can just write to it. The pixels (in 24 bit mode) are RGB ordered by y then x coordinate. The address of a subpixel is given by: y * pitch + x * 3 + rgb_channel, where rgb_channel is 0 for red, 1 for green, and 2 for blue.
Mailbox operations
Read/write operatitons on the mailbox consist of transfering data via a 32 bit register. 28 bits of this 32 bit register are the data to be sent to the receiver, while the lower 4 bits specify the channel (channel 1 is the frame buffer, but there are others).
To send data via the mailbox:
1. Wait for space in the mailbox
2. Write ((data << 4) | channel) to the write register
To receive data via the mailbox:
1. Wait for the mailbox to be non-empty
2. Execute a memory barrier
3. Read from the read register
4. Check the lowest 4 bits of the read value for the correct channel
5. If the channel is not the one we wish to read from (i.e: 1), go to step 1
6. Return the read value >> 4
Notes
• This will not work if we're interested in reading from more than one channel as it does not handle the reception of other channels' data
• The address of the frame buffer structure must be at least a multiple of 16 (in order to be accurately transmitted in the 28 bits available in the mailbox). I used (1 << 22) as the address of this structure.
• The 32 bit value we actually send over the mailbox (including the channel) is (ADDRESS | 1) where ADDRESS is the address of the structure. This is equivalent to sending as the data (ADDRESS >> 4) (remember we do data << 4)
• The mailbox channel for the GPU is channel 1.
Memory mapped registers
The bus address for the mailbox memory mapped registers is 0x7E00B880. This corresponds to an ARM physical address of 0x2000B880 (the address we use from the ARM processor, and hence here). We use three registers from the mail box:
• The read register for mailbox 0 at offset 0x00
• The status register for mailbox 0 at offset 0x1C
• The write register for mailbox 0 at offset 0x20 (this is actually the read register for mailbox 1).
Format of GPU Framebuffer Structure
The structure expected by the GPU for initializing the frame buffer is as follows:
Bytes Name (as used on this page) Description
0-3 width Width of the requested frame buffer. My code uses a value of 640 here.
4-7 height Height of the requested frame buffer. My code uses a value of 480 here.
8-11 virtual_width Virtual Width -- easiest thing to do is to set this to width
12-15 virtual_height Virtual Height -- easiest thing to do is to set this to height
16-19 pitch Number of bytes between each row of the frame buffer. This is set by the GPU; in my code, I set it to zero before passing the structure to the GPU.
20-23 depth The number of bits per pixel of the requested frame buffer. I have not managed to make this work with anything other than a value of 24, however the Linux source seems to use 16 bit?!
24-27 x_offset Offset in the x direction. The easiest thing to do is to set this to zero.
28-31 y_offset Offset in the y direction. The easiest thing to do is to set this to zero.
32-35 pointer The pointer to the frame buffer into which your code should write. This is set by the GPU. I set this to zero before passing the structure to the GPU.
36-39 size The size of the frame buffer. Set by the GPU. I set this to zero before passing the structure to the GPU.
Each of the 32-bit values should be little endian (i.e: that of the included ARM processor). Hence a simple C struct with a data type of uint32_t for each of these fields will suffice.
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"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Territoire-de-Belfort",
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Territoire-de-BelfortEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
France Territoire-de-Belfort
Contents
Prefecture
(add address here)
History
Historic Province
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Arrondissements
Cantons
Populated Places
Neighboring Departments
Resources
Cemeteries
Census
Church
Civil Registration
Court
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Newspapers
Probate
Taxation
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 19 December 2012, at 05:53.
• This page has been accessed 170 times.
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://hitchwiki.org/en/User:Jonathaneo"
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User:Jonathaneo
From Hitchwiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Hye all, I'm begginnners on hitchhiking but I'm gonna have my black belt sure!
I went to Netherland, and part of france with myt friend by hinch I `m more in the french hitch wiki and esperanto, french and other wikipedia with the same name
Cities
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{
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"url": "ipkitten.blogspot.com/2005/09/dead-cat-diesel-and-ic-spat.html",
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"warc_url": "http://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2005/09/dead-cat-diesel-and-ic-spat.html"
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Tuesday, 13 September 2005
DEAD CAT DIESEL AND AN "IC" SPAT
1 Tiger in the tank?
The IPKat is perturbed to discover from Ananova that Dr Christian Koch, of Kleinhartmannsdorf in Germany, says he's found a way to make cheap diesel fuel out of dead cats. They are apparently heated up to 300 degrees Celsius, to filter out hydrocarbon which is then turned into diesel by a catalytic converter. He said the resulting "high quality bio-diesel" costs just 15 pence per litre. The cadaver of a fully grown cat can yield 2.5 litres of fuel, which suggests that around 20 cats are needed for an average full tank. Said Koch:
"I tank my car with my own diesel mixture and have driven it for 105,000 miles without any problems".
The IPKat is all in favour of the environment; it's just that he doesn't want to be part of it just yet ...
2 I see, it's ICU
According to an OHIM Board of Appeal decision recently posted on the OHIM website, AOL's application to register the letters ICU as a Community trade mark for goods and services in Classes 9, 35 and 38 was thwarted by the earlier registration of the mark ICQ for goods and services in Classes 9, 38 and 42. Remarkably the Opposition Division didn't consider the marks to be similar, on the basis that they would be read as "I see you" and "I seek you" respectively. The Board considered that ICQ had secured a special degree of distinctiveness on acocunt of its high degree of use in instant messaging services. Then, in assessing the risk of confusion, the Board said this:
"35 The signs are visually identical with respect to the first two letters, which being the beginnings, customers are inclined to pay more attention to. The marks are also similar phonetically. Moreover, because of the intended meaning of ICQ (‘I seek you’) being well known among the large consumer base, it is likely that these same consumers, on encountering the applicant’s sign ICU for the same or similar goods and services will read it, at least in English speaking parts of the Community as ICU, ‘I see you’. Therefore, given the degree of similarity between the signs, and the principle of "interdependence’ the Board finds there is a likelihood of confusion between the signs in the Community, on the part of the relevant public for the contested goods and services which were found, above, to be identical or similar.
36 Furthermore, given the reputation of the earlier sign, and hence its increased scope of protection due to its heightened distinctiveness, it is likely that the relevant consumers will believe both signs derive from the same trade source, or the same family of marks, even when the conflicting services do not have a high degree of similarity. All of the applicant’s ‘retail’ service activities in Class 35 may make use of the appellant’s ‘provision of access’ to ‘shopping databases’ across the Internet. Similarly, the applicant’s ‘advertising and management services; business management and operations; office functions; import and buying services; sales promotion’ in Class 35 may all make use of the various databases and their access provided by the appellant".
The IPKat thinks this must be the case and is pleased that the puzzling factual finding of the Opposition Division has been laid to earth.
Subscribe to the IPKat's posts by email here
Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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BISC 111/113:Labs 3-6: Plant Biology
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
BISC 111/113: Introductory Organismal Biology
Labs 3-6 - Anatomy and Physiology of Plants
In this series of four weeks of experiments you will learn:
1. How to think, work, and write as scientists
2. To use basic scientific equipment and techniques
3. To make careful, unbiased observations that lead to hypothesis driven investigation
4. To design controlled experiments to answer questions that come from observations
5. To collect, analyze, and show data in effective figures
6. To make and articulate conclusions from experimental results
Experimental subjects of the plant series. From left to right, Rhoeo spathacea, Moses in the cradle; Eichhornia crassipes, water hyacinth; Helianthus annuus, sunflower; Scindapsus aureus, pothos.
Lab 3: Transpiration in High Light/High Wind and Low Light/Low Wind Habitats
Lab 4: Plant Anatomy
Lab 5: Measurement of Chlorophyll Concentrations and Rates of Photosynthesis in Response to Increasing Light Intensity
Lab 6: Group Oral Presentations
Personal tools
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"warc_url": "http://openwetware.org/wiki/Harvard:Biophysics_101/2009"
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Harvard:Biophysics 101/2009
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
Biophysics 101: Genomics, Computing, and Economics
Home People Schedule Project Assignments Python Help
Contents
FALL 2009 Course overview
Focuses on modern technologies with exponential growth and their impact on global quality of life through weekly updated Wiki class project (in-depth case studies on synthetic biology and personal genomics). Integrating knowledge, tools for research, and commercial decision-making concerning new aspects of bioengineering, personalized medicine, genetically modified organisms, and stem cells. Interplays of biophysical, ecological, economic, and social/ethical modeling will be explored through multi-disciplinary teams of students, and individual brief reports.
This course can be cross-registered through MIT under HST.510
Potential course projects
Synthetic Biology for Personalized Medicine (H. sapiens 2.0)
Logistics
• Meeting time: Tue & Thu 4:00-5:30pm
• Location: HMS, TMEC L-007 (Tosteson Medical Education Building, Lower Level, Room 007)
• First class meets on Sept 3, 2009
• No exams
• No prerequisites
• Grading: Based on problem assignments and project milestones.
Previous Course Links
Recent updates to the course
Documentation
Please visit the Documentation page for organized information on the group project.
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/10460/"
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Democracy with its semi-civilization sincerely cherishes junk. The artist's power should be spiritual. But the power of the majority is material. When these worlds meet occasionally, it is pure coincidence. Klee, Paul
This quote is about democracy · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Klee, Paul ...
Paul Klee (December 18, 1879 June 29, 1940) was a Swiss painter.
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/4308/"
}
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Behold, I was shapened in iniquity; and in sin did my mother conceive me. [Psalms 51:5] Bible
This quote is about birth · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Bible ...
The Bible (sometimes The Holy Bible, The Book, Good Book, Word of God, The Word, or Scripture), from Greek, (ta) biblia, "(the) books", is the classical name for the Hebrew Bible of Judaism or the combination of the Old Testament and New Testament of Christianity ("The Bible" actually refers to at least two different Bibles). It is thus applied to sacred scriptures. Many Christian English speakers refer to the Christian Bible as "the good book" (Gospel means "good news"). For many people their Bible is the revealed word of God, or an authoritative record of the relationship between God, the world and humankind.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32344",
"uncompressed_offset": 183157380,
"url": "quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/20990/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/gift/20990/"
}
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32387",
"uncompressed_offset": 251627634,
"url": "wikitravel.org/wiki/shared/index.php?action=history&title=Category%3AHigh_Atlas",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://wikitravel.org/wiki/shared/index.php?title=Category:High_Atlas&action=history"
}
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"Wikitravel has a speed and convenience the books' publishers can only envy." Time Europe
Revision history of "Category:High Atlas"
Jump to: navigation, search
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32393",
"uncompressed_offset": 261044099,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/66f306f503e529a5ca25697e0017661f/d778ce1c470f534aca256dba0081590a!OpenDocument",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
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"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/66f306f503e529a5ca25697e0017661f/d778ce1c470f534aca256dba0081590a!OpenDocument"
}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
5514.0.55.001 - Australian System of Government Finance Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2003
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/10/2003
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Chapter 4: Methods of compilation
Warning - this document is a previous issue of this product and is out of date. An acrobat version of this document have been released. Please use the acrobat version for the most up to date information Australian System of Government Finance Statistics: Concepts, Sources and Methods (5514.0)
This section contains the following subsection :
Introduction
Data analysis
Input editing
Output editing
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32394",
"uncompressed_offset": 261064254,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/Previousproducts/1308.8Main%20Features2Aug%202008?issue=Aug+2008&prodno=1308.8&tabname=Summary",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1308.8Main%20Features2Aug%202008?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1308.8&issue=Aug%202008&num=&view="
}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1308.8 - In fACT - Statistical Information on the ACT and Region, Aug 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/08/2008
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
NOTES
FORTHCOMING ISSUES
ISSUE (QUARTER) Release Date
November 2008 27 November 2008
INQUIRIES
For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070.
SUMMARY COMMENTARY
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32395",
"uncompressed_offset": 261071187,
"url": "www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/Previousproducts/3401.0Main%20Features9999Apr%202011?issue=Apr+2011&prodno=3401.0&tabname=Summary",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
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"warc_url": "http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3401.0Main%20Features9999Apr%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3401.0&issue=Apr%202011&num=&view="
}
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3401.0 - Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia, Apr 2011 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 03/06/2011
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Comprises a summary of monthly data by category of movement. For visitors arriving and residents departing short term, the intended length of stay, main purpose of journey, principal destination (departures) or country of usual residence (arrivals) and state and territory in which most time was spent. For settler arrivals -- region of birth.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32397",
"uncompressed_offset": 322162762,
"url": "www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijps/article/view/12064",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijps/article/view/12064"
}
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Toward Renewed Constructions of Masculinity and Femininity: Measuring Significant Psychological Differences between Young Men and Women’s Subjective Experiences in Their Romantic Relationships
Nicolas Gabbay, Marie-France Lafontaine, Claude Lamontagne
Abstract
The present study focuses on newly conceptualized and observed significant differences between men and
women regarding their subjective experience of their intimate relationships. The experimental paradigm was
based on a new theory of masculinity and femininity developed by Lamontagne (2010), proposing one respective
factor per dimension. This study (1) re-evaluates Lamontagne’s initial findings using a modified qualitative tool
and a new quantitative measure: The Questionnaire of Objectality and Subjectality (QOS; Gabbay, 2010); (2)
verifies the QOS’ psychometric properties; (3) evaluates inter-sex differences on proposed factors; and (4)
examines complementarity of femininity and masculinity between romantic partners. The modified qualitative
tool, the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974), and the QOS were administered to 134 individuals.
Findings supported a theoretically coherent factor structure. Subscales demonstrated good reliability and the
expected correlations with the BSRI. Gender differences were qualitatively and quantitatively significant. Within
couples, partners’ relative femininity and masculinity were complementary.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Psychological Studies ISSN 1918-7211 (Print) ISSN 1918-722X (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32398",
"uncompressed_offset": 322168128,
"url": "www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijps/article/view/2250",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijps/article/view/2250"
}
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Organizational Citizenship Behavior Factor Structure among Employees in Hotel Industry
Shaiful Annuar Khalid, Hassan Ali, Mohammad Ismail, Norshimah Abdul Rahman, Kamsol Mohamed Kassim, Rozihana Shekh Zain
Abstract
Most of the literature on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) was developed in the West, mainly North America. Not much is known about the meaningfulness and categories of OCB in other cultural environment such as Malaysia. This study investigates the dimensionality of OCB using a sample of hotel employees. Factors analysis of OCB items as rated by superiors revealed 5 dimensions, labeled as helping behavior, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, patience and civic virtue. Factor analysis of OCB items based on self- ratings (non manager employees) resulted in six dimensions, named as altruism, courtesy, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, effort expended and civic virtue. These results show that the forms of OCB seem to hold relatively well in another international context, although there are some differences.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Psychological Studies ISSN 1918-7211 (Print) ISSN 1918-722X (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32403",
"uncompressed_offset": 344064418,
"url": "www.crummy.com/2009/09/02/0",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://www.crummy.com/2009/09/02/0"
}
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< Demix
Next >
The Vish-Meister -- Revealed!: Almost a year ago I showed you some funny Internet videos made by the mysterious KleistGeistZeit. Yesterday Sumana discovered that KleistGeistZeit is our friend Toby Siegel! In fact, if you go to her webpage it's obvious.
We didn't meet Toby until a few months ago, but Toby does know Dara Weinberg, who I originally suspected of being behind the videos. In a comment on the original piece, Dara played it pretty coy. Sumana ultimately discovered the connection in conversation with Beth, another friend of Toby's who we met last night.
[Main] [Edit]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32406",
"uncompressed_offset": 371024870,
"url": "www.eea.europa.eu/atlas/eea/ecovillage/photos/ecovillage-9.jpg/view",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://www.eea.europa.eu/atlas/eea/ecovillage/photos/ecovillage-9.jpg/view"
}
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Personal tools
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Phone: +45 3336 7100
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32408",
"uncompressed_offset": 383168899,
"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Lindon_Utah_Family_History_Center/Center_Resources",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Lindon_Utah_Family_History_Center/Center_Resources"
}
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Lindon Utah Family History Center/Center ResourcesEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Lindon Family History Center Main Page
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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• This page was last modified on 26 July 2012, at 03:07.
• This page has been accessed 135 times.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32409",
"uncompressed_offset": 383180434,
"url": "www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Pjedsted_Parish,_Vejle,_Denmark",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Pjedsted_Parish,_Vejle,_Denmark"
}
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Pjedsted Parish, Vejle, DenmarkEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Denmark > Vejle > Pjedsted
Contents
History
(Write information such as: how old the parish is, interesting facts about the parish, what alternate names it has, or any boundary changes.)
Add here
Jurisdictions
Stift Add here
Pastorat Add here
Amt 1662 - 1793 Koldinghus
Amt 1794 - 1970 Vejle
Herred Holmans
Kommune Add here
1788 – 1793 Lægd number 9
1794 – 1869 Lægd number 9
Retskreds Add here
Skifteretten Add here
Gods Add here
Place Names:
Balle, Ballegaard, Dorthealund, Fiskbæk, Fruertoft, Gammeleje, Gammel Pjedsted, Hvolgaard, Møllersminde, Pjedsted, Pjedsted Kær, Pjedsted Spang, Pjedstedgaard, Skovbølling, Surkær, Søndervang, Tangskovgaard, Thomasminde, Østerskov
To see what kind of place it is you will need a Danish Gazetteer.
• Surrounding Parishes
Collections
(write information about the different collections, or tips on using them)
• Census Records
• Church Records
• Court Records
• Military Records
• Probate Records
Related Sources
• Digital
• Printed
Societies and Libraries
References:
-Krabsen & Medici. "Krabsens Stednavnebase."
http://www.krabsen.dk/stednavnebase/, Dec 2011
-Trap, J. P., ed. Kongeriget Danmark, 4d ed. Vol.7, Aarhus og Vejle Amt,
København: G. E. C. Gads Forlag, 1920
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 24 February 2012, at 02:44.
• This page has been accessed 137 times.
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32414",
"uncompressed_offset": 411889765,
"url": "www.go4expert.com/articles/write-protection-flash-drive-t16880/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://www.go4expert.com/articles/write-protection-flash-drive-t16880/"
}
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Make write protection Your Flash-Drive
This is an article on Make write protection Your Flash-Drive in Windows.
Goto-->Run, then type regedit.
Navigate to the following Registry key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Contro l\
Look at the sub-keys and see if a key named StorageDevicePolicies is listed. If it is skip this paragraph and read the next. If it is not create the key by right-clicking Control and selecting New > Key
See if there is an entry named WriteProtect. It can be easily created if it is not present by right-clicking in the right window and selecting New > DWord from the menu. The following values are allowed for this entry:
• 0 - This will allow write processes on USB Flash Drives
• 1 - This will block write processes on USB Flash Drives.
Go4Expert Founder
11Apr2009,17:15 #2
Can you specify the OS . I mean WinXP / Vista
Go4Expert Member
15Apr2009,07:10 #3
your idea is so great, it works on my Flash Disk.. let me ask you something if its ok with you do you have any such nice idea as this when it comes to write protecting my HDD's partition? i really want to write protect one of the partition of my HDD which is intended for windows installation only and windows utitlities which i installed.. I just wanna know your side about this .. hope i do have a respond from you soon
P>S< tnx a lot bravo!!!
Light Poster
15Apr2009,09:07 #4
Quote:
Originally Posted by shabbir
Can you specify the OS . I mean WinXP / Vista
I used WinXP only.
Go4Expert Founder
3May2009,11:57 #5
Nominate this article of the month for April 2009
Banned
11May2009,17:02 #6
it's good information
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32415",
"uncompressed_offset": 411902092,
"url": "www.go4expert.com/forums/adwords-vouchers-work-t20515/",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://www.go4expert.com/forums/adwords-vouchers-work-t20515/"
}
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adwords vouchers work?
Security Expert
27Dec2009,00:31 #1
i see people seel adwords vouchers.... i have never used adwords... so do they really work?
Light Poster
30Jan2010,15:44 #2
Me too have a same prob .. if you get pls remind me via reply.. thanks for sharing... meet again..
Go4Expert Founder
30Jan2010,20:25 #3
Yes It does work but mainly for new accounts or accounts not older than 14 days.
Go4Expert Member
24May2010,05:56 #4
Yes, google often limits vouchers for new accounts only. So experienced people may have no use for them and sell them to less experienced people with new accounts.
Also google is sneaky! When i did sign up for a new Adwords account I did get the voucher credit, but also had to provide a credit card for a "setup fee" not covered by the voucher. The minimum fee they could take from the credit card was $20 even though the setup fee was maybe $5. So the voucher is not as free as it may look...
- Ben
Newbie Member
26Jun2010,20:28 #5
Yes.. For new accounts they are sending vouchers...
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:32416",
"uncompressed_offset": 417097147,
"url": "www.grandtheftwiki.com/Alan_Crawford",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:22:53.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:7921d345-5a8e-4d97-9b8c-1b76b89bd1d9>",
"warc_url": "http://www.grandtheftwiki.com/Alan_Crawford"
}
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Alan Crawford
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Character
Alan Crawford
Appearances GTA San Andreas
Full Name Alan Crawford
Aliases Scipio
Status
Deceased
Gender Male
Date of Death 1992 (in Management Issues)
Nationality American
Home Los Santos
Main Affiliations Madd Dogg (until 1992)
Vehicles Elegant
Voiced by Uncredited
Alan Crawford, also known as Scipio, is a character in the Grand Theft Auto series appearing as a minor character in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (set in 1992). His voice artist is not credited.
Character history
Alan Crawford, at an unknown time, became involved in music management and became the manager of the successful rapper Madd Dogg, helping him on his way to success. A jealous Jeffrey "OG Loc" Cross, an aspiring rapper, hires Carl Johnson to kidnap and then kill Crawford in an attempt to sabotage Madd Dogg's career. Johnson steals the limousine scheduled to pick Crawford up and then, after an awards ceremony, drives the car into the nearby bay, bailing out just before the car enters the water. The death of Crawford sees Madd Dogg slowly turn to drugs and, as a consequence, becomes extremely depressed and attempts to kill himself after losing his mansion to Big Poppa of the Los Santos Vagos.
Mission appearance
GTA San Andreas
Trivia
• Crawford claims to know Ballas OG's, saying that they are 'like brothers'.
• His character model appears on the poster for The Mainframe in Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories.
• He has the same character model as a pedestrian. In addition, the character model looks strikingly similar to American rapper Will Smith.
• His outfit is based on that of Tre Styles on the front cover of the film Boyz n' The Hood.
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Bibliography: Egnaro
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Title: Egnaro
Author: M. John Harrison
Year: 1981
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novelette
ISFDB Record Number: 62162
Note: First published in Winter's Tales #27, 1981.
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Inactive
Estimated Cost
Analyzed 6 days ago based on code collected 6 days ago.
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[51] When this epistle of the king was brought to Eleazar, he wrote an answer to it with all the respect possible: "Eleazar the high priest to king Ptolemy, sendeth greeting. If thou and thy queen Arsinoe, 1 and thy children, be well, we are entirely satisfied. When we received thy epistle, we greatly rejoiced at thy intentions; and when the multitude were gathered together, we read it to them, and thereby made them sensible of the piety thou hast towards God. We also showed them the twenty vials of gold, and thirty of silver, and the five large basons, and the table for the shew-bread; as also the hundred talents for the sacrifices, and for the making what shall be needful at the temple; which things Andreas and Aristeus, those most honored friends of thine, have brought us; and truly they are persons of an excellent character, and of great learning, and worthy of thy virtue. Know then that we will gratify thee in what is for thy advantage, though we do what we used not to do before; for we ought to make a return for the numerous acts of kindness which thou hast done to our countrymen. We immediately, therefore, offered sacrifices for thee and thy sister, with thy children and friends; and the multitude made prayers, that thy affairs may be to thy mind, and that thy kingdom may be preserved in peace, and that the translation of our law may come to the conclusion thou desirest, and be for thy advantage. We have also chosen six elders out of every tribe, whom we have sent, and the law with them. It will be thy part, out of thy piety and justice, to send back the law, when it hath been translated, and to return those to us that bring it in safety. Farewell."
1 When we have here and presently mention made of Philadelphus's queen and sister Arsinoe, we are to remember, with Spanheim, that Arsinoe was both his sister and his wife, according to the old custom of Persia, and of Egypt at this very time; nay, of the Assyrians long afterwards. See Antiq. B. XX. ch. 2. sect. 1. Whence we have, upon the coins of Philadelphus, this known inscription, "The divine brother and sister."
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Menu Bar
Home Calendar Topics Just Charlestown About Us
Saturday, June 23, 2012
Get off your butt! Your schedule for today
Get caffeinated early because we have a lot to do today. The schedule is so crowded that you have to make choices and your day will be full.
There are so many choices that we wrote an entire article for this day. You can look up details there and we narrow down your choices with your day's schedule here.
So let's go!
First: Spectate or paddle
We start off with a choice to make. Many of you will want to head to the beach to watch the skim board competition. This could become an annual event and it's great to see something new that has the potential to draw more summer guests (with money to spend) to our town. Plan to arrive at either the Town Beach or Breachway parking lot a little after 8 am to catch a likely-stylishly-delayed start to the competition a little after 8:30. You'll have to walk a little because the competition will be on a town-owned strip of beach down near the Breachway.
Alternatively, you can head down Ram Island Road with your kayak for a guided paddling tour around Green Hill Pond.
Second: Take a hike
If you get done with your first choice in time, head up Old Coach Road to the South Farm Preserve. Take a guided walk and see the restored sheep barn. Enjoy one of our open-space areas that people are actually encouraged to visit.
Third: Garden Tour
The Cross Mills Public Library holds an annual garden tour fund-raiser. It's a great event for a great cause so follow at least part of the tour.
Fourth: Choices, choices
For the late afternoon and evening you have to choose one of three options.
1. Wakefield's downtown street festival on main street
2. The artist reception at Charlestown Gallery followed by dinner in Charlestown.
3. The Chorus of Westerly Summer Pops which has been written up extensive in our newspapers.
Fifth: Collapse
At least that will be my next stop after the first four.
Have a great day!
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Google Buys BumpTop, A 3D User Interface For Chrome OS & Android?
May 4, 2010 • 8:07 am | (1) by | Filed Under Other Google Topics
A few days ago, Google acquired a company named BumpTop. The company basically created a 3D user interface for a computer desktop - in fact, some TV stations use it to be cute. Here is a video demo of what it does:
Why would Google buy them? Well, maybe to be used for their Chrome OS project? Maybe to be used on Android mobile devices? Maybe to be used to acquire desktop and mobile user interface patents so they have more of a case against Apple's iPhone and multi-touch interfaces?
This is however an interesting development that may creep into the search realm down the road. Maybe 6 months, maybe 6 years but I can definitely see this creeping into search, some how.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld and DigitalPoint Forums.
Previous story: Yahoo Says Users Not Searching More Often
blog comments powered by Disqus
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Family:Abraham Doolittle and Joan Alling (1)
Facts and Events
Marriage[1] bef 1648 New Haven, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (probably)Based on estimated date of birth of eldest known child.
Children
BirthDeath
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
References
1. Doolittle, in Jacobus, Donald Lines, and Helen D. Love Scranton. Families of Ancient New Haven. (Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1974), 3:546.
"Abraham (Doolittle) … m (1) Joan da. James Allen."
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Person:John Libby (4)
Browse
• HJohn Libbyest 1602 - bet 1682
• WUnknown1608 - 1661
1. John Libby1636 -
2. James Libbyabt 1638 - 1677
3. Joanna Libby1640 - 1740
4. Samuel Libbyabt 1641 - 1677
5. Henry Libby1647 - 1732
6. Anthony Libbyabt 1649 - 1718
7. Rebecca LibbyABT 1651 - BEF 1722
8. Sarah Libbyest 1654 - aft 1729
9. Hannah LibbyABT 1655 -
10. David Libby1657 - bef 1736
11. Abigail Libbyabt 1659 -
12. Mary Libbyabt 1661 -
• HJohn Libbyest 1602 - bet 1682
• WMary1614 - 1678
m. 1661/62
1. Mary Libbyabt 1661 -
2. Matthew Libby1663 - bef 1740/41
3. Daniel LibbyABT 1665 -
Facts and Events
Name John Libby
Gender Male
Birth[1][2][4] est 1602 Fowey, Cornwall, England (possibly)
Alt Birth[2] est 1615
Emigration[2] 1636 On the Hercules
Marriage 1661/62 to Mary
Death[2][4] bet 9 Feb 1682 and 5 May 1683 Scarborough, Cumberland, Maine, United States (probably)Between date of will and date of inventory.
Will[2] 9 Feb 1682/83
Estate Inventory[4] 5 May 1683
John came on the Hercules bringing ship's letters dated 30 Nov. 1636 and arriving at Richmond Island 13 Feb. 1636/7. He was in the fishing company of John Winter from 15 Dec. 1636 to 13 Feb. 1639 and also for six weeks in 1643. He was then in the service of John Sparke, merchant and Mayor of Plymouth, England. Some money was paid for him to John Sparke by Trelawny.
John settled near "Libby's common landing place" at Anthony's hole near the eastern point of the "Old Neck" in Scarborough. Before 1 Jan. 1663/4 he moved inland and built on the bank of Libby's River on the 283 acres which he purchased from Henry Jocelyn.
In 1661 John along with William Sheldon were appraisers of Andrew Heffer's estate. In 1664 John was constable and in 1669 a selectman.
In 1675 John had to move to the garrison for safety, the crops being gathered under protection of soldiers from Boston. A petition against Captain Scottow was taken to the General Court 9 Aug. 1676 complaining that Mr. Scottow got the soldiers from Boston upon his own responsibility, that he refused to use or have others use the soldiers to preserve the lives and estates of others, that he used the soldiers mostly for his own security and advantage, attending and strengthening his garrison, paving his yard, moving his barn, cleaving his wood, etc. John and his son John Jr. were some of the townspeople who liked him and had a petition sent in favor of Captain Scottow telling of all the good things he had done for the town. The Captain was acquitted and the men who had made the complaint had to pay the costs of the court. On 7 Sept. 1675 the Indians burned John's house. In Oct. 1676 the Black Point garrison was deserted all having left for Boston. The following were at the Black Point garrison 12 Oct. 1676; James Lybbey, John Lybbey, Anthony Lybbey and Samuel Lybbey. John deposed in Boston 10 July 1677 age 75 years that he had come to this country 47 years before and that his four sons had kept himself, his wife and eight small children from want but, that the enemy had burned their homes and destroyed cattle and corn. He stated that one of his sons had lately been killed at Black Point another wounded, had since died, and the other two were at Black Point. He asked that the latter might be discharged from the garrison having served there the extraordinary period of nine months. The petition was granted, Henry and Anthony were released and John returned to Scarborough. A treaty was signed with the Indians and the trouble stopped.
John's estate on 28 Nov. 1681 consisted of 70 acres of land, 30 acres of marsh, 4 hogs, 3 yearlings, 3 cows, 1 horse and 2 steers. His will provided for his wife and especially for his two younger sons Matthew and David.
Issue-
2I. JOHN- b. 1637, m. AGNES ______, d. 1718 II. James- d. in Philip's War 1676/7 III. Samuel- d. in Philip's War July 1677 IV. Joanna- m. Thomas Bickford V. Henry- b. 1648, m. Honor Hinkson (d. 24 Aug. 1724), d. 21 Oct. 1732 Scarborough, Maine VI. Abigail- m. John Fickett VII. Anthony- b.c.1649, m. 1. Sarah Drake of Hampton, NH (b. 20 Aug. 1656, d. 12 June 1716) 2. 6 Jan. 1717/8 Jane Rackley of Portsmouth, NH, d. 1718 VIII. Sarah- b.1654, m.1. Robert Tidy 2. Richard Rogers 3. Christopher Banfield IX. Mary- m. John Slaughter 3X. DAVID- b. 1657, m. 1690 ELEANOR ______, d. 1736" 4XI. HANNAH- b. 1660, m. DANIEL (4) FOGG, d.c.1735 5XII. MATTHEW-b.1663, m. ELIZABETH (2) BROWN, d.March 1740/1 XIII. Daniel- b. 1666, m.23 Feb. 1687 Mary Ashton (d. after 1737), d. after 1735 XIV. Rebecca- m. Joshua Brown
History and Description of New England: Maine- A.J. Coolidge Genealogical Dictionary of Maine & New Hampshire- p.432 The Genealogy of Herbert Cornelius Graves- Clara Edith Baker, pp.324-34 York County Registry of Deeds- Vol.5, p.23
John Libby's Wives
"That John Libby had two wives is certain. Of the first, nothing is known but that she was the mother of all his sons except Matthew and Daniel, and probably all his daughters. Of the second there is nothing known but her christian name, which appears from the mention in bounding a town grant, 1 May 1686, of "Mary Libby's marshes." How long Mary Libby outlived her husband is uncertain; but she probably lived to be again driven from her home by the Indians, as no attempt was made to settle her estate."[4]
"Only once is either w. named in the records, 'Mary Libby's marshes.' Poss. she m. 2d Wm. Green."[2]
References
1. Burrage, Henry Sweetser; Albert Roscoe Stubbs; and George Thomas Little. Genealogical and family history of the state of Maine. (New York, New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, c1909), 307.
"(I) John Libby, born in England about the year 1602, came to New England and was employed in the fisheries by Robert Trelawney, who has a grant of land embracing Richmond's Island and other land about Cape Elizabeth, Maine. The records of this industry show that John Libby was in the employ of Trelawney four years from the summer of 1635 to the summer of 1639. He had a grant of land in Scarborough, on the bank of a stream since called Libby river, and there built a house. Here he is supposed to have divided his time between fishing and agriculture. In 1663 he is described in a document as a "planter," and in the history of Scarborough he is said to have been "for many years one of the town's principal planters." He was constable in 1664, and his name stands first of the four selectmen in a town grant bearing date 1669. In King Philip's war (1675) he lost everything he had except his plantation. Captain Joshua Scattow's diary says: "Eight or nine deserted houses belonging to Libby and his children" were burned by the Indians September 7, 1675. John Libby and his wife and younger children were in Boston, July 10, 1677, and on his petition at that time his two sons, Henry and Anthony, were discharged from Black Point garrison. He probably soon after returned to Black Point, his old home in Maine, where he acquired a comfortable property, and died at the age of eighty years. He had two wives. Of the first nothing is known except that she was the mother of all of his sons except Matthew and Daniel, and probably all his daughters. Of the second nothing is known but her christian name, which was Mary. The children of John Libby, probably all born in this country except the eldest, were: John, James, Samuel, Joanna, Henry, Anthony, Rebecca, Sarah, Hannah, David, Matthew and Daniel."
2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 5 John Libby, in Noyes, Sybil; Charles Thornton Libby; and Walter Goodwin Davis. Genealogical Dictionary of Maine and New Hampshire. (Portland, Maine: Southworth Press, 1928-1939), 432.
5 John (Libby), the only early emigr. of this name, was by early trad. (transmitted by Dr. Benj. Libby, b. 1777, written down ab. 1855) 'Welsh,' that is native British, not Anglo-Saxon. By this trad. he came over with 'the Plymouth company,' meaning the plantation at Richmond Isl. estab. by Trelawny. This trad. is borne out by the plantation accounts. He came on -The Hercules-, bringing ship's letters dated 30 Nov. 1636, arr. at Rich. Isl. 13 Feb. He had been in the service of Mr. John Sparke, merchant and Mayor of Plymouth, whose wife was from Fowey, co. Cornwall, the seaport of the Fowey river valley, where Col. Banks found several John Libbys who might have been the emigrant, presum. b. as early as 1615. The petition to the Boston authorities to release his sons from the Scarb. garrison was the work of a professional, worded regardless of truth to accomplish its object, and unnec. even to be read to the petitioner. He came under contract for three yrs. service, which expired 13 Feb. 1639-40, aft. which he settled near 'Libby's common landing place' at Anthony's hole near the eastern point of 'the Old Neck,' a spot shut out from view of the Prout's Neck summer settlement by Black Rock. Sometime bef. 1 Jan. 1663-4 he rem. inland and built on the bank of Libby's River, on the spot now marked as his homestead. In Philip's War 'Libby's buildings' were burnt. In 1661 J. L. and Wm. Sheldon were appraisers of Andrew Heffer's est. In 1664 he was constable and in 1669 J. L. sr. is named first of the selectmen in a town gr.; selectman 1676. … His will 9 Feb.--5 May 1682-3 provides for 'my wife' and esp. for his 'two younger sonns' Matthew and Daniel. His sons David and Matthew were half-bros., acc. to early trad. in the fam. of their sister Hannah Fogg, all three liv. side by side in Eliot. Only once is either w. named in the records, 'Mary Libby's marshes.' Poss. she m. 2d Wm. Green. Heirship deeds and the div. of his est. in 1736 show that 12 of his ch. left ch., besides the two who lost their lives in Philip's War. Ch: John, b. 1637. James, garrison soldier in Philip's War, k. 1676-7. Adm. in N. H. court 9 Oct. 1688 to bro. Anthony. Samuel, soldier in Philip's War, sickened in Scarb. garrison, taken to Boston where he d. ab. July 1677. Joanna, m. Thomas Bickford. Henry, b. 1648. Abigail, m. John Fickett. Anthony. Sarah, b. ab. 1654; m. 1st Robert Tidy, 2d Richard Rogers, 3d Christopher Banfield. Mary, m. John Slaughter. David, b. 1658. Hannah, m. Daniel Fogg. Rebecca, m. Joshua Brown. Matthew, b. 1663. Daniel, b. ab. 1666.
3. Historical and Biographical Sketch of the Libbey, Libby Family- Historical Research Bureau, Washington, D.C., MS at Auburn Public Library, p. 2.
4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Libby, Charles T. (Charles Thornton). The Libby Family in America, 1602-1881. (Portland, ME: B. Thurston & Co., 1882), 21-25.
5. Pope, Charles Henry. The Pioneers of Maine and New Hampshire, 1623-1660. (Boston, Mass: Charles H Pope, 1908), pp 126-7.
6. Libbey, Dorothy Shaw. Scarborough becomes a town. (Freeport, Maine: Bond Wheelwright Co., c1955).
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Place:Shetland, Scotland
Watchers
NameShetland
Alt namesHjaltlandsource: Times Atlas of World History (1993) p 345
Shetsource: BIAB Online (1999-2000) accessed 16 Dec 2002; UK Counties and Regions Abbreviations [web site] (1997-98) accessed 16 Dec 2002
Shetland Islandssource: Macmillan Encyclopedia 2001 (2000) accessed 16 Dec 2002; Oxford English Reference Dictionary (1996); Rand McNally Atlas (1994) I-160
Shetlandssource: Oxford English Reference Dictionary (1996)
Shetldsource: Gazetteer of Great Britain (1999) xviii
SHIsource: Curious Fox: UK Counties and Shires [online] (2002).
Zetlandsource: Macmillan Encyclopedia 2001 (2000) accessed 16 Dec 2002; Webster's Geographical Dictionary (1984); Webster's Geographical Dictionary (1988) p 1108
TypeTraditional county
Coordinates60.5°N 1.25°W
Located inScotland ( - 1975)
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
Shetland (formerly spelled Zetland) formerly called Hjaltland, is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It is an archipelago to the north-east of Orkney and mainland Scotland, with a total area of approximately 1466 km². It forms part of the division between the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east. The administrative centre and only burgh is Lerwick.
The largest island, known as the Mainland, is the third largest Scottish island and also the third largest island surrounding Great Britain. It has an area of 374 square miles.
Shetland is also a lieutenancy area, comprises the Shetland constituency of the Scottish Parliament, and was formerly a county.
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Google Apps for the iPhone: Much Improved
Apple iPhone
(click to enlarge)
Since yesterday's announcement that Google had released an iPhone-ready look and feel for it's Google Apps, I've been playing with GMail and Google Reader quite a bit on the iPhone. This is a much improved experience. I'm impressed. The apps are responsive and function well on the reduced real estate of the iPhone screen.
Because GMail pre-loads recent messages, clicking on a message to read it brings it up nearly instantaneously. The address fields also auto-complete. I could see myself using GMail on the iPhone instead of the built in Mail application and getting along very nicely.
Reader still isn't my favorite way to read news. I've used NetNewsWire on the Mac for a long time and have a style of reading news that Reader just doesn't seem to support. Still, it's snappy and clean on the iPhone and that's a real plus.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
All,
I am wondering whether there are tendency for someone to build a startup using the technology their former employer use. So do you use the technology your former employer use or some other technology that you think more hip than what your former employer use? What are your reason to use one and not the other?
share|improve this question
5 Answers
up vote 3 down vote accepted
One of the main reasons I started my own business was to get experience in the technologies that my employer wasn't using. The possibility of making a profit from your new skills can be a great motivator to try something new.
share|improve this answer
Most probably.
If some employee is working for given employer, he is an expert in a given technology that the employer use. So, it is expected that he will use his knowledge in the startup latter.
Another question is the usage of proprietary technology and non-competitive clauses that are part of the work contract.
share|improve this answer
Both approaches can be fine. If you have a good reason to switch technology, starting over is a great opportunity, but it's an additional risk. If you think you can attain your goals with the technology you already know, it's one less risk and you'll be ready to go faster.
Of course, you should consider other aspects of that decision. Here are just a few:
• your ability to hire talent
• the ecosystem of third party tools and libraries
• your perception of what technology will serve you best over the next few years (e.g. will the answer to the previous two points change?)
share|improve this answer
I could see someone leaving a Microsoft or Oracle shop and start their own venture with LAMP or some other software stack with less expensive licensing.
share|improve this answer
When selecting the technology to use, in any new project, not just a new startup company - what should be most important, in my view, is what technology the team members are most skilled in. It doesn't have to be the latest, most hip, greatest technology. You want to be productive, and what makes you productive is using a technology you are experienced with.
Having said that, it's very likely that when starting a company you'll be using the technology your previous employer used. Not because that's what they used but because you worked there and used that technology and probably that's what you're most experienced with.
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Posts
Comments
Get Posts by E-mail
Archive for the 'my annual report' Category
My top two picks were interchangeable until the very end and my top selection, in the end, reflected my slight preference for minimal design over maximal design.
1. Frieder Knauss
I can add very little to the appreciation circulating on this site except to say that Mr. K manages the hat trick of a) personal retrospection, b) data design, and (the rarity) c) editorial.
That he does this in several thousand fewer pixels than all of his competitors is to his credit, as is the vomit-themed color palette which he somehow sells as an element of his NCLB nausea.
2. Sam Shah
That Sam didn't place speaks to the overall quality of the entire slate. From fonts to colors to axes and grids, none of his design choices cohere. Yet he tosses them all on the same wall with a stuffed buck and the whole thing looks like some kind of genius aneurysm. The herkyjerky, undistributed, unaligned tabs on his "Blog Hits" slide are a particular high point for me.
[link to his report]
An appreciation by Ben Wildeboer:
Simon Job knows what he's doing. First he grabs my attention by plastering his first slide with pictures of his adorable new baby and then goes on to use his four slides to tell a compelling story of his new life with his new daughter. I can sense the major changes his life has undergone after the birth of his first child through the information contained in his annual report- the photo sharing with family & friends, the frequent doctor visits, new sounds in his house, and the unenviable task of changing all those "nappies." Print out that Nappies slide and post it in every sex ed. classroom and it'd probably do more to prevent teen pregnancy than any method currently in use. The fusion of good, simple design around a coherent storyline made Simon Job's annual report stick out in my mind above all the rest. Of course, it could just be those adorable baby pictures.
[link to his report]
An appreciation by Sam Shah:
I ranked Mr. K at the absolute top of my list because his slides, simple and minimalist, speak volumes. With just four pieces of data, Mr. K has painted us a picture of a school flailing at the bottom of the rungs. Students are underperforming, the school's academic perfomance is not improving, and the school is undergoing administrative shifts too. Follow along with me here, for a short minute, because I think there's something moral about these slides. They aren't just statistics, but carefully chosen statistics. Mr. K could have written about the number of teachers in his school, or the number of students he teachers, or whatever. Numbers, as a math teacher, abound everywhere. But instead, he gives us this: somewhere underneath these slides is an imperative that things are not okay the way they stand, that things need to change.
Design-wise, Mr. K hit the mark. Using miniscule areas of simple geometric figures highlights, without being obnoxiously in-your-face, where his school and his students lie relative to other schools in California. The fact is simply that using this same technique four times over is synergistic — but only because four such simple and powerful statistics exist. Take a moment and look at each slide individually. They each say something about the place Mr. K spends a preponderance of his time. But as I said, together, they speak as one. And loudly.
[link to his report]
An appreciation by Simon Job:
In his Annual Report for 2008, Ben Wildeboer presented a lot of information with clarity, showing a keen eye for design. Each slide presents more than one set of data, yet this is achieved without overcrowding. The Photographs slide, for example, effectively uses bubbles to show not only the location of the photos, but the number at that location. The Running slide was particularly engaging, so much to look at. I really like how the background has been used as part of the data presented.
At this point, we offer each of the following contestants 48 hours (until 16:30 PST 2009 February 5) to send a ranking of their top three picks to dan@mrmeyer.com (excluding their own). A ranking seems almost vulgar in light of all this great introspection and design but these prizes won't give themselves away, etc.
Sarah Cannon
I like not having the scale shown on these. Full confession, I did not track all of this data, so some of the numbers are guessed. My personal favorite slide is the one with the least fact behind it and my least favorite is the one where I can tell you the numbers exactly. Go figure.
Collette Cassinelli
… this year I used the opportunity to play around with Photoshop – something I never take the time to do.
Simon Job
With Sarah, our first child, born this year – her arrival and impact on our lives defines 2008. These 4 slides show just some of what’s been happening so far.
Fred Knauss
I'm going to side with Don Norman, and say that In a proper design, both are important. Though, if there is some imperfection, I think that having beautifully laid out information that is incomprehensible is worse than an eyesore that tells a good story.
Erick Lee
George Mayo
Alice Mercer
I only had two infographics. Why? I don’t keep a spreadsheet with the minutiae of my life. I know that some consider this useful, or therapeutic. In my family, it usually comes with a three letter acronym diagnosis from the DSM IV. No aspersions on Dan or Mr. Feltron, but I’m not into that.
Alby Reid
Sam Shah
I’m slightly disappointed with this set of slides I made because they don’t tell a story. My slides from last year (2007) told a story — of moving to NYC and changing careers. There was text which explained the stages of my year. This year my slides — hastily done — don’t tell a coherent story.
Claire Thompson Thomas
Ben Wildeboer
Luckily I’m just dorky enough to keep track of a few data sets of interest to me. I was also lucky to have a snow day today- otherwise these would probably not be complete.
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » Compressible signals
About: Compressible signals
Module by: Marco F. Duarte, Mark A. Davenport. E-mail the authors
View the content: Compressible signals
Metadata
Name: Compressible signals
ID: m37166
Language: English (en)
Summary: This module describes compressible signals, i.e., signals that can be well-approximated by sparse signals.
Subject: Mathematics and Statistics
Keywords: Approximation, Best K-term approximation, Compressibility, Nonlinear approximation, Power law decay
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 3.0
Authors: Marco F. Duarte (mduarte@ecs.umass.edu), Mark A. Davenport (markad@stanford.edu)
Copyright Holders: Marco F. Duarte (mduarte@ecs.umass.edu), Mark A. Davenport (markad@stanford.edu)
Maintainers: Mark A. Davenport (markad@stanford.edu), Jared Adler (jca2@rice.edu), Daniel Williamson (dcwill@cnx.org)
Latest version: 1.5 (history)
First publication date: Mar 8, 2011 6:04 pm -0600
Last revision to module: Apr 14, 2011 12:44 pm -0500
Downloads
PDF: m37166_1.5.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
XML: m37166_1.5.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.5 Apr 14, 2011 12:44 pm -0500 by Mark A. Davenport
Changes:
Adjusted figures.
Version: 1.4 Apr 10, 2011 12:15 am -0500 by Jared Adler
Changes:
image fixes
Version: 1.3 Mar 25, 2011 10:29 am -0500 by Jared Adler
Changes:
google analytics
Version: 1.2 Mar 11, 2011 7:47 pm -0600 by Mark A. Davenport
Changes:
Added some links.
Version: 1.1 Mar 10, 2011 6:22 pm -0600 by Mark A. Davenport
Changes:
Initial publish.
How to Reuse and Attribute This Content
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• the Connexions URL where the work can be found: http://cnx.org/content/m37166/1.5/
See the citation section below for examples you can copy.
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American Psychological Assocation (APA) Publication Manual:
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Chicago Manual of Style (Bibliography):
Duarte, Marco, and Mark Davenport. "Compressible signals." Connexions. April 14, 2011. http://cnx.org/content/m37166/1.5/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Note):
Marco Duarte and Mark Davenport, "Compressible signals," Connexions, April 14, 2011, http://cnx.org/content/m37166/1.5/.
Chicago Manual of Style (Reference, in Author-Date style):
Duarte, M., & Davenport, M. 2011. Compressible signals. Connexions, April 14, 2011. http://cnx.org/content/m37166/1.5/.
Modern Languages Association (MLA) Style Manual:
Duarte, Marco, and Mark Davenport. Compressible signals. Connexions. 14 Apr. 2011 <http://cnx.org/content/m37166/1.5/>.
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Wikia
SRD:Xixecal
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
This material is published under the OGL
XIXECALEdit
Xixecal
Size/Type: Colossal Outsider (Chaotic, Cold, Evil, Extraplanar)
Hit Dice: 72d8+1,080 (1,676 hp hp)
Initiative: +11 (+7 Dex. +4 Improved Initiative)
Speed: 140 ft.
Armor Class: 58 (–8 size, +1 Dex, +55 natural), touch 3, flat-footed 57
Base Attack/Grapple: +72/+116
Attack: Claw +95 (2d8+28/19-20) melee
Full Attack: 2 claws +95 (2d8+28/19–20) melee, bite +89 (4d6+14) melee, stamp +89 (4d6+14) melee
Space/Reach: 50 ft./50 ft.
Special Attacks: Rend 4d8+42, cold, spell-like abilities, breath weapon, summon white dragon, Constitution drain
Special Qualities: Abomination traits, cold immunity, fire vulnerability, dire winter, fast healing 30, regeneration 30, SR 48, DR 20/good and epic and adamantine
Saves: Fort +55, Ref +47, Will +39
Abilities: Str 66, Dex 13, Con 40, Int 12, Wis 8, Cha 34
Skills: Climb +103, Concentration +90, Hide -9, Jump +28, Knowledge (arcana, religion, the planes) +76, Listen +70, Search +76, Spellcraft +76, Spot +76
Feats: Alertness, Cleave, Dodge, Great Cleave, Great fortitude, Improved Critical (claw), Improved Initiative, Improved Sunder, Iron Will, Lightning Reflexes, Power Attack, Weapon Focus (bite), Weapon Focus (claw), Weapon Focus (stomp)
Environment: Any
Organization: Solitary or in the company of 1d4+1 old white dragons
Challenge Rating: 36
Treasure: Standard
Alignment: Always chaotic evil
Advancement: 73–150 HD (Colossal)
Level Adjustment:
A xixecal’s natural weapons are treated as epic, evil, and chaotic-aligned for the purpose of overcoming damage reduction.
CombatEdit
Rend (Ex): If the xixecal hits with both claw attacks, it latches onto the opponent’s body and tears the flesh. This attack automatically deals an additional 4d8+42 points of damage.
Cold (Su): A hit from a xixecal’s melee attack induces numbing cold. The opponent must succeed at a fortitude save (DC 58) or be affected as though by a slow spell for 10 rounds. The DC is Charisma-based.
Spell-Like At will—blasphemy, cone of cold, desecrate, greater dispell magic, dominate monster, hold person, greater invisibility, unholy aura, wall of ice; 5/day—haste, meteor swarm. Caster level 36th; save DC 22 + spell level. The DC is Charisma-based.
Breath Weapon (Su): Cone of cold, 300 feet, 3/day, damage 12d6, fort=half DC 61. The DC is Constitution-based.
Summon White Dragon (Sp): Five times per day a xixecal can summon an old white dragon.
Constitution Drain (Su): This effect permanently reduces a living opponent’s Constitution score by 4 when the creature hits with a slam, bite, or rend, or twice that amount on a rend or critical hit. The creature heals 20 points of damage (or 40 on a rend or critical hit) whenever it drains Constitution, gaining any excess as temporary hit points. These temporary hit points last a maximum of 1 hour. The attack allows a fortitude save (DC 58). The DC is Charisma-based.
Abomination Traits: Immune to polymorphing, petrification, and other form-altering attacks; not subject to Energy Drain, ability drain, ability damage, or death from massive damage; immune to mind-affecting effects; nondetection; true seeing at will; blindsight 500 ft.; telepathy out to 1,000 ft.
The standard fire resistance 20 most abominations have is not shared by xixecales
Dire Winter (Su): A xixecal always stands at the center of a permanent dire winter (epic spell) spell effect. If dispelled, the effect returns 1 minute later— the only way to permanently remove the effect is to slay the xixecal that generates it.
Regeneration(Ex): Xixecals take normal damage from Lawful weapons, and double damage from burning or fiery weapons.
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Research
Identification of cyanobacterial non-coding RNAs by comparative genome analysis
Ilka M Axmann1, Philip Kensche1,2, Jörg Vogel3, Stefan Kohl1, Hanspeter Herzel2 and Wolfgang R Hess1,4*
Author Affiliations
1 Humboldt-University, Department of Biology/Genetics, Chausseestrasse, D-Berlin, Germany
2 Humboldt-University, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Invalidenstrasse, Berlin, Germany
3 Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse, Berlin, Germany
4 University Freiburg, Institute of Biology II/Experimental Bioinformatics, Schänzlestrasse, Freiburg, Germany
For all author emails, please log on.
Genome Biology 2005, 6:R73 doi:10.1186/gb-2005-6-9-r73
Published: 17 August 2005
Abstract
Background
Whole genome sequencing of marine cyanobacteria has revealed an unprecedented degree of genomic variation and streamlining. With a size of 1.66 megabase-pairs, Prochlorococcus sp. MED4 has the most compact of these genomes and it is enigmatic how the few identified regulatory proteins efficiently sustain the lifestyle of an ecologically successful marine microorganism. Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) control a plethora of processes in eukaryotes as well as in bacteria; however, systematic searches for ncRNAs are still lacking for most eubacterial phyla outside the enterobacteria.
Results
Based on a computational prediction we show the presence of several ncRNAs (cyanobacterial functional RNA or Yfr) in several different cyanobacteria of the Prochlorococcus-Synechococcus lineage. Some ncRNA genes are present only in two or three of the four strains investigated, whereas the RNAs Yfr2 through Yfr5 are structurally highly related and are encoded by a rapidly evolving gene family as their genes exist in different copy numbers and at different sites in the four investigated genomes. One ncRNA, Yfr7, is present in at least seven other cyanobacteria. In addition, control elements for several ribosomal operons were predicted as well as riboswitches for thiamine pyrophosphate and cobalamin.
Conclusion
This is the first genome-wide and systematic screen for ncRNAs in cyanobacteria. Several ncRNAs were both computationally predicted and their presence was biochemically verified. These RNAs may have regulatory functions and each shows a distinct phylogenetic distribution. Our approach can be applied to any group of microorganisms for which more than one total genome sequence is available for comparative analysis.
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For the half-year to 30 June 2013, the IPKat's regular team is supplemented by contributions from guest bloggers Stefano Barazza, Matthias Lamping and Jeff John Roberts.
Two of our regular Kats are currently on blogging sabbaticals. They are Birgit Clark and Catherine Lee.
Wednesday, 15 December 2004
DILUTION'S SAVIN GRACE?
The IPKat wishes to draw your attention to a recent US case. Those of you who have been following US law will realise that the Supreme Court delivered a decision last year, Mosley v V Secret, which stated that, in order to succeed in a Federal dilution claim, claimants must prove actual dilution rather than mere likelihood of dilution. However, the court made a rather cryptic comment:
“It may well be, however, that direct evidence of dilution such as consumer surveys will not be necessary if actual dilution can reliably be proven through circumstantial evidence–the obvious case is one where the junior and senior marks are identical.”
There has been argument about whether this means that where the parties' marks are identical, this in itself constitutes circumstantial evidence of dilution and in that situation alone, there is no need to prove actual dilution OR whether circumstantial evidence can only be used to prove actual dilution if the marks are identical. In Savin v Savin, the District Court opted for the latter reading. However, the Savin court’s decision was overturned by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals on 10 December, which stated that where marks are identical, dilution can be assumed. Nevertheless, this presumption only applies where marks are identical and, according to the Second Circuit, the test for the identity of marks must be a very strict one – even marks containing the same words but in different typefaces may not meet it.
The IPKat thinks that this decision has an air of swings and roundabouts about it. While the actual dilution standard has become more lenient, claimants must undergo the difficult task of showing that their marks are identical in order to benefit from this loosening of the test. Merpel wonders what the position would be in the EU – certainly there are hints (such as the Advocate General in General Motors v Yplon) that actual dilution is needed for infringement in the EU, but no thought seems to have been given as to whether there would be a lesser standard for identical marks.
Lots of discussion of actual dilution here
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Just pop your email address into the box and click 'Subscribe':
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ESTUftRINE RESPONSE TO DREDGING IN THE TWEED RIVER, AUSTRALIA
Bruce M. Druery
Abstract
Between mid 1974 and mid 1975,760,000 m3 of sand was dredged from the bed of the Tweed River for the purpose of nourishing cyclone damaged beaches of the Gold Coast (Queensland). A comprehensive field data programme was established in 1976 to record the changes in the hydraulic processes of the Tweed River brought about by the dredging. The field measurements demonstrated that the dredged area was being infilled with sediments of both marine and estuarine origin. The dredging increased tidal ranges throughout the lower estuary, the effect being more pronounced at low water. Sediment bedload rates were estimated from detailed measurements of bedforms and used to calibrate a sediment transport formula. The formula was used in conjunction with a 1 Dim. numerical model of tidal hydraulics to simulate estuarine shoal dynamics by means of a simple sediment routing technique. The results showed that the dredging had altered the tidal hydrodynamics so as to enhance the ebb transport of sediment towards the dredged hole. In the long term it was found that the sediment transport switched to a weak net upstream movement of sediment. The detailed hydraulic mechanisms involved are discussed. The study demonstrates that the impact of dredging can be minimised by location upstream of the entrance plug of marine sand.
Keywords
estuarine response; dredging; Tweed River; Australia
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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[tdf-announce] TDF 2011 Election: Voting Credentials Sent
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Villagers in Bihar State, India, received relief packages dropped by helicopter in August. The flooding in Bihar washed away homes, crops and cattle. (Credit: Prashant Ravi, Associated Press)
The new United Nations Human Development Report is the first of these annual surveys to focus on the intersection of climate change and efforts to improve the human condition.
Its conclusions, as I wrote today, largely follow those of other United Nations assessments of the challenges posed by human-caused climate change — particularly the call for prompt aggressive reductions in greenhouse gases by developed countries, along with a lot more aid for poor countries most in harm’s way.
The report also echoes themes laid out in a package of stories in The Times earlier this year showing the deep “climate divide” that splits the world into sharply delineated camps — most notably wealthy countries with huge emissions of greenhouse gases and vulnerable poor countries with scant emissions.
Reactions of all kinds are pouring in. I’m posting a few of the first responses below. They should not be seen as reflecting some ratio of critics and supporters of the document.
The report itself is worth a deeper look, particularly the excellent online resources, including maps showing per-capita and total emissions of greenhouse gases, and creative animated graphics showing how the hugely variegated development tracks of a host of nations complicate the search for agreement on next steps under the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change after the Kyoto Protocol’s terms expire in 2012.
There is a also a selection of videotaped interviews with report contributors and the lead author, Kevin Watkins of the United Nations Development Program.
Comments begin below. Add yours. I hope a discussion here can help reveal which policy choices really could work and which are well-intended wishful thinking.
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Synthetic Society
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 22:19, 27 February 2007 by John Cumbers (Talk | contribs)
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Note: You do *not* need permission to edit these pages; if you have something constructive to add or change, go for it!
Contents
Overview
The Synthetic Society Working Group (SSWG) is a group of individuals who are working to directly address societal issues embedded and surrounding the emerging field of synthetic biology. Everybody is welcome to participate either via contributions to the pages hosted on this wiki, by visiting Boston for a meeting, or by arranging a local workshop elsewhere. At MIT, participants include scientists and engineers engaged in synthetic biology research, scholars expert in considering societal issues associated with emerging technologies, community leaders, and interested individuals. One goal of the SSWG is to make unbiased progress on the issues. Another goal is to collect and organize resources in order to facilitate widespread understanding and consideration of the issues.
Upcoming Meetings
Upcoming Events
TBA
Past Meetings
2006 iGEM Jamboree (MIT, November 4-5, 2006)
Synthetic Biology 2.0
May 20-22, 2006 (Berkeley, CA)
Day 3 of this conference is devoted to societal issues
Security Town Hall, with Steven Mauer of Berkeley
Friday, 21 April, 5-7p, see webcast
MIT 32-D463
PoET Meeting
Wednesday 1 February 2006
Full Meeting
Wednesday 25 January 2006
3-5p
Planning Meeting
Thursday 5 January 2006
3:30-5:30p
MIT 68-574
One person's meeting notes
Background
What is synthetic biology?
The limited, working definition of synthetic biology that we are using in our discussions is (i) the design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems and (ii) the re-design of existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes. That is, we are now primarily interested in considering the impact of new, engineered biological systems that are encoded via standard four-base DNA (that is, A, T, C, G). This "definition" leaves out certain aspects of synthetic biology research (for example, understanding the origins of life by re-creating a cell from raw chemicals in the lab). Two reasons encourage us to use of a focused definition. First, we believe that the direct engineering of living systems via standard DNA will have the widest societal impact over the near term. Second, we are likely already at risk of trying to do too much.
What issues are you considering?
We are considering four classes of issues: (i) Biological Risks and Security, (ii) Understanding and Perception, (iii) Ownership, Sharing, and Innovation, and (iv) Community Organization and Culture. Each of these issues is introduced in detail below. If there's an additional class that you think should be considered please let us know.
What approach are you taking?
• Identifying the questions & issues
• Identifying and describing points of uncertainty
• Empirics and relation to past experience (anchoring speculation via history)
Are we taking benefits and applications for granted? Should this be an additional topic?
What's reality? What can be done today?
ETC Group's introduction to synthetic biology
[editorial note: the sections below should likely move to their own independent pages as soon as we start making real progress]
Biological Risks and Security
See the Biological Risks & Security page.
One imaginable future depiction of today's biodefense strategy
Place holder questions
• How could synthetic biology make the biological risk & security landscape worse?
• How could synthetic biology make the biological risk & security landscape better?
• What are biological risks and why do they exist?
• Can humans engineer pathogens that are more dangerous than those found in nature?
• Is there a useful list of "top 100" biological risks or do such lists themselves pose a dangerous distraction from recognizing a dynamic, agile threat landscape?
• Is biological safety possible?
• Should pathogen research be conducted in secret?
• Can defensive pathogen research be successfully conducted in secret?
• Should synthetic biology researchers be subject to government background checks?
• Can one country successfully implement a biological security program in isolation?
• Should biological security measures be open or closed? Centralized or distributed?
Background Materials
Point of Contact
Rocco Casagrande
Drew Endy
Alex Mallet
Gautam Mukunda
11a Monday 9 January 68-580 or thereabouts
Synthetic Society/Understanding, Perception & Ethics
For more information, see this page on Understanding, Perception & Ethics
A biofilm photograph of a Flying Spaghetti Monster automobile icon.
Place holder issues (collected/presented by Laurie Zoloth)
Background Materials
Point of Contact
Scott Mohr
Barry Canton
Frank Field
Natalie Kuldell
Austin Che
Larry McCray
Meagan Lizarazo
3p Monday 9 January (Austin will reserve room and send email)
I've reserved 32-397 from 3-5. --Austin 17:49, 5 January 2006 (EST)
Ownership, Sharing, and Innovation
See the Ownership, sharing and innovation page.
Place holder questions
• Programming in DNA will require a library of basic biological functions that can be used over and over again in combination.
• Who is going to make such libraries? [Can it be made?]
• Who is going to own such libraries? [Will anybody?]
• DNA synthesis lets you convert genetic information into genetic material.
• How cheap will gene/genome synthesis become?
• Will anybody pay attention to material transfer agreements for DNA?
• Can copyright be still further munged so that it applies to DNA?
• How do ownership terms impact perception and public acceptance of biological technologies?
• Something that is hard today (for example, designing a protein) will become easier tomorrow. How to best incentivize such work?
• Something that is hard to do once (for example, designing the first copy of a synthetic protein) is easy to reproduce...
• More TBD.
Background Materials
• Drew Endy's talk at OSCON 2005
• Meeting notes from Nov 2005 SynBio conference at Duke Law's Center for Study of the Public Domain [available, email endy@mit.edu]
• Innovation & Incentives by Suzanne Scotchmer.
• Notes & FAQ from the pre-historic days of the BioBricks Foundation.
• Arti Rai and James Boyle article on legal status of Synthetic Biology [draft pending, email endy@mit.edu]
Point of Contact
Ken Oye
Reshma Shetty
Frank Field
Sriram Kosuri
Jason Kelly
Gautam Mukunda
2p Friday E38 6 January
Community Organization and Culture
See the Community Organization and Culture page.
3rd annual meeting of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1855
Place holder questions
• Are there any actions or standards of practice (celebratory, proscriptive, or restrictive) that should be coordinated on a community-wide basis?
• If yes, would such actions benefit from (require?) one or more forms of community organization?
Background Materials
• TBD
Point of Contact
Sophia Roosth
Sri Kosuri
Reshma Shetty
Larry McCray
Austin Che
11a 9 January (location TBD)
I've reserved 32-397 from 11-1. I may not be able to make this time or may be late. --Austin 17:49, 5 January 2006 (EST)
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