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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8109.0 - Research and Experimental Development, Government and Private Non-Profit Organisations, Australia, 2006-07 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/07/2008
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QUALITY DECLARATION - SUMMARY
INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT
Statistics presented in this release have been compiled from data collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) from government and private non-profit organisations in the Survey of Research and Experimental Development (R&D). The data were collected under the authority of the Census and Statistics Act 1905.
For information on the institutional environment of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), including the legislative obligations of the ABS, financing and governance arrangements, and mechanisms for scrutiny of ABS operations, please see ABS Institutional Environment.
RELEVANCE
R&D statistics produced by the ABS enable the nature and distribution of R&D activity in Australia to be monitored and analysed for policy formulation, allocation of funds and determination of research priorities. The major users of R&D data are Commonwealth and State government organisations: mainly the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research (DIISR) and the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR). R&D data are also used extensively by the Productivity Commission and for international comparison purposes.
TIMELINESS
Data are collected from government and private non-profit organisations in the Survey of R&D on a biennial basis, with the reference year being the financial year (i.e. year ended 30 June). Statistics compiled from the data collected are released approximately 12 months after the reference period.
ACCURACY
Two types of error can occur in survey estimates: sampling error and non-sampling error. R&D surveys do not have a sample component, therefore only non-sampling error is relevant to this release. The ABS makes every effort to minimise non-sampling error by careful design and testing of the collection instrument, use of efficient operating procedures and systems, and use of appropriate methodologies.
For the Government and Private non-profit sectors, reliability and comparability of R&D statistics may be affected by the following specific non-sampling errors:
• Many organisations provided estimates due to a lack of separately recorded data on R&D activity. This was most prevalent for government organisations without a specific research focus.
• Data were subjectively classified by organisations to Research fields, Socio-economic objectives and Type of activity at the time of reporting. Some organisations may experience difficulty in classifying their R&D projects. The ABS makes every effort to ensure correct and consistent interpretation and reporting of these data by applying consistent processing methodologies.
• The estimation method of R&D related overheads varied across organisations and reference periods.
Revisions to previous cycle data occur on discovery of errors in previously reported data. Errors identified are typically a result of the specific non-sampling errors outlined above. This release includes revised data for the 2004-05 reference period. Revisions were primarily the result of: provider reassessment of application of definitions and classifications; and differences in interpretation due to changes in personnel. The effect of revisions is most noticeable in component item data. Revisions have been applied where the impact on:
• R&D expenditure is equal to $5 million or more;
• Human resources devoted to R&D is equal to 25 person years of effort or more; or
• Published level data is of proportional significance.
While every effort is made to ensure that all government and private non-profit organisations with expenditure on R&D are included in the survey (refer to the Coverage section of the Explanatory Notes), complete coverage cannot be guaranteed.
In 2006-07, the Survey of R&D for the Government and Private non-profit sectors achieved a 90% response rate. The impact of non-response is estimated to be less than 1% of total expenditure on R&D for both sectors.
COHERENCE
There are no other data sources with which ABS R&D data for the Government and Private non-profit sectors can be directly compared. However, some observations can be made which suggest the survey outputs give a reasonable indication of real world expectations and events. For example, trends in data aligning with expectations due to government policy R&D funding increases.
While the ABS seeks to maximise consistency and comparability over time by minimising changes to the survey, sound survey practice requires ongoing development to maintain the integrity of the data, its relevance to the changing needs of users and the efficiency of the collection.
Comparability of R&D estimates for the Government and Private non-profit sectors over time may have been affected by changes in imputation methods, concepts, data item definitions and classifications. For example, ABS R&D collections use classifications specific to R&D, the Australian Standard Research Classification (ASRC), which are periodically updated. With updates to ASRC in 1998, previous estimates (for classification level data) were not revised and, therefore, the introduction of updated classifications represents a break in the relevant time series.
INTERPRETABILITY
R&D as collected by the ABS is defined in accordance with the OECD standard as 'creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications'.
The ABS Survey of R&D also uses classifications specific to R&D (ASRC). These have recently been updated from ASRC 1998 to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC) 2008. Results presented in this release are based on ASRC 1998.
Statistics shown are classified by: Socio-economic objective; Research fields, courses and disciplines; and Type of activity. Data providers self-classify R&D expenditure based on their interpretation of OECD/ABS definitions. The ABS makes every effort to ensure correct and consistent interpretation and reporting of these data and applies consistent processing methodologies. See also the Reliability of Statistics and Revisions sections of the Technical Note.
Further important contextual information, to be considered when interpreting the results presented in this release, is provided in the Explanatory Notes (including the Technical Note and Glossary). Additionally, for a more comprehensive interpretation of the definitions and classifications relating to R&D activity, refer to:
• Australian Standard Research Classification (ASRC), 1998(cat. no. 1297.0); and
• the OECD publication Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development ('Frascati Manual' 2002).
ACCESSIBILITY
Concurrent with the 2006-07 release, in addition to main features (which include key findings commentary) resulting from the Survey of R&D for government and private non-profit organisations, time series data in spreadsheet format are included on the ABS website free of charge.
Links to other data releases relating to the Research and Experimental Development Survey can be found on the ABS website, via the Innovation, Science and Technology Home page under Themes/Industry.
If the information you require is not available as a standard product, inquiries can be made by contacting the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070 or Kirsty Rothenbury on (08) 9360 5382.
• © Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1300.1.55.001 - Statistics News NSW, Mar 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/03/2008
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT STRATEGY
The first major statistical collection to include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people was the 1971 Census of Population and Housing, yet many Indigenous people could not take part due to barriers such as remoteness, literacy levels, language and cultural factors.
Since this time there have been significant improvements in the quality of statistics available on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander population. These improvements would not have been possible without a number of key initiatives, one of which is the ABS Indigenous Community Engagement Strategy.
The ABS Indigenous Community Engagement Strategy was established to enhance ABS engagement with Indigenous communities in both data collection and dissemination. The strategy is managed by Indigenous Engagement Managers in each ABS State and Territory office who facilitate a range of survey and Census activities, which in turn lead to better quality data.
One recent publication on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population is Housing and Infrastructure in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities, 2006 (cat. no. 4710.0). This survey provides information on housing and infrastructure for discrete Aboriginal communities and Indigenous housing organisations throughout Australia. The information in the survey can be used to identify and assess community and housing needs in discrete Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and contribute to the process of planning for future development.
If you would like further information on Indigenous statistical collections or the Indigenous Community Engagement Strategy, please contact Charmaine Smith, Indigenous Engagement Manager for NSW and ACT on (02) 9268 4206 or email client.services@abs.gov.au.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Software
Multi-agent systems in epidemiology: a first step for computational biology in the study of vector-borne disease transmission
Benjamin Roche1*, Jean-François Guégan1,2 and François Bousquet3
Author Affiliations
1 UMR 2724 Génétique et Évolution des Maladies Infectieuses, IRD-CNRS-Université de Montpellier I, Montpellier, France
2 French Center on Globalization and Infectious Diseases, French School of Public Health, Montpellier, France
3 Centre International de Recherche en Agronomie pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Bioinformatics 2008, 9:435 doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-435
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/9/435
Received:26 April 2008
Accepted:15 October 2008
Published:15 October 2008
© 2008 Roche et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Computational biology is often associated with genetic or genomic studies only. However, thanks to the increase of computational resources, computational models are appreciated as useful tools in many other scientific fields. Such modeling systems are particularly relevant for the study of complex systems, like the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases. So far, mathematical models remain the main tool for the epidemiological and ecological analysis of infectious diseases, with SIR models could be seen as an implicit standard in epidemiology. Unfortunately, these models are based on differential equations and, therefore, can become very rapidly unmanageable due to the too many parameters which need to be taken into consideration. For instance, in the case of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in wildlife many different potential host species could be involved in the life-cycle of disease transmission, and SIR models might not be the most suitable tool to truly capture the overall disease circulation within that environment. This limitation underlines the necessity to develop a standard spatial model that can cope with the transmission of disease in realistic ecosystems.
Results
Computational biology may prove to be flexible enough to take into account the natural complexity observed in both natural and man-made ecosystems. In this paper, we propose a new computational model to study the transmission of infectious diseases in a spatially explicit context. We developed a multi-agent system model for vector-borne disease transmission in a realistic spatial environment.
Conclusion
Here we describe in detail the general behavior of this model that we hope will become a standard reference for the study of vector-borne disease transmission in wildlife. To conclude, we show how this simple model could be easily adapted and modified to be used as a common framework for further research developments in this field.
Background
In a reductive way, computational biology is often assimilated to the study of genomes, genetic networks, or other subjects at intra-host level. In this field, a deep insight has been reached in phylogenetic reconstructions for instance [1]. However, oddly enough, computational biology is rarely associated with the study of larger systems such as ecosystem dynamics. More specifically, despite a huge amount of mathematical models which increasing complexity, little work has been done in computational biology to understand the transmission of disease agents in natural populations and communities of hosts. In the current context of disease emergence [2], computational modeling could become the tool of choice for dissecting the complexity of mechanisms that can be at work to produce disease outbreaks.
So far, mathematical models have been mainly used for epidemiological modeling. The prolific development of mathematical models has been mostly caused by the existence of a standard model, the so-called SIR (or SEIR) model. This "toy" model has been extensively studied and applied [3,4] and it has proved to be particularly accurate for many different biological questions, both in epidemiology [5,6] and evolution [7,8]. The strength of this model relies on its adaptability [3] and simplicity of formulation, despite its current complexity in generated patterns [9].
Spatial modeling suffers of a dramatic lack of this type of reference models except for directly-transmitted diseases. These diseases, where pathogens are transmitted between individuals by close contacts, can be spatially analyzed using an implicit standard model based on cellular automata [10-13]. Some more complex models exist for avian influenza [14], but they have been done in a prospective way. Other kinds of diseases have been poorly studied in a spatial context, especially vector-borne diseases. These pathogens are transmitted between reservoir individuals, which are generally vertebrate hosts, by the bite of one vector individual, which is generally an haematophagous insect, such as a tick or a mosquito. Despite an huge literature in a non-spatial context [15,3,16], spatial models are rare for vector-borne disease [17-19]. However, these models, built upon the framework of cellular automata, involve very simple systems with only one vector and one reservoir species, when typically vector-borne diseases can locally involve several vector and reservoir species [20]. Hence, current approaches, i.e. mathematical modeling or cellular automata modeling, seems to be unable to study vector-borne diseases with a large host spectra within an heterogeneous environment. We thus develop a spatial model, based upon the framework of multi-agent systems [21], for multi-host vector-borne diseases in realistic environments.
Four main categories of spatial models can be distinguished [11,12], depending on the kind of tools used and the biological questions considered. The first one is the reaction-diffusion system that is based on physical processes, and has been mainly used for vector-borne diseases and more specifically for vector spreading [22]. It assumes a continuous diffusion of vectors but it is likely to be not the most suitable for realistic environments. The second is a model based on the network theory [23]. This theory has supported studies on the impact of transport networks in disease dynamics [24,25] and focuses on the properties of the network studied. The third method is based on metapopulation theory [26]. This conceptual framework has been widely used for the study of spatio-temporal dynamics of infectious diseases, especially childhood diseases [27,28]. However, despite that this theory has been widely applied in conceptual frameworks, it focuses mainly on a nation-wide scale [29,30] or at least on large-surface areas. The last available tools are multi-agent systems [31], that are based on cellular automata [32], but that are applied in a more "cognitive" way. Boundaries between multi-agent and cellular automata often seem mostly philosophical and semantic. An extensive literature on multi-agent systems exists, especially in social sciences [33] and ecology [21]. In epidemiology, despite some individual-based models for directly-transmitted diseases [34,14], multi-agent systems have not yet been used to study vector-borne disease dynamics in spatial contexts.
Here, we describe a simple and robust multi-agent model which can be easily extended to the study of more complex situations. Then, we show three extensions of our model in the section "Examples of adaptability". The first one is the possibility to integrate a real landscape derived from a Geographical Information System (GIS) software. Since this kind of input often requires highly-intensive computing, we have then developed a parallel version of our model. Finally, we show how the evolutionary dynamics dimension of host-parasite systems can be integrated into our model.
Methods
Philosophy of this model
Earlier individual-based systems [14,34] were quite complex and used the computational framework to produce very complicated models. The main target of these models was to make predictions about possible future dynamics of a given disease. We followed a totally different approach in order to build a very simple model, and in this paper we will: (i) give a clear and detailed description of our simple spatial model to be used as a "reference" for vector-borne diseases, (ii) define the core mechanisms of vector-borne diseases in a spatial context that, hopefully, will be used as reference for future studies (Additional file 1, section 2.1) and (iii) explain how this model could be easily adapted to other disease situations. The theoretical analysis putted in the supplementary informations has been done with an high (and unrealistic) value of pathogen transmission to allow us an analysis without an huge number of host individuals, both vectors and reservoirs.
Additional file 1. Supplementary informations. Biological analyses explained in the main text, all algorithms of the model, procedure for input files loading and communication protocol for distributed behavior.
Format: PDF Size: 104KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Adobe Acrobat Reader
Our epidemiological framework was inspired by the classical model proposed first by Kermarck and McK-endrick [35] and most popularized by Anderson and May [3]. Accordingly, we classified the two types of hosts, i.e. vectors and reservoirs, involved in disease transmission into four categories. Individuals are born in a "Susceptible", not infected, state. Upon infection, individuals become "Infected", but at this stage they are unable to infect other hosts. Then, after a given "latency period", those individuals become "Infectious" and can infect other subjects. Finally, after an "infectious period", individuals become "Recovered" and they are immune against the disease agent, with the exception of vector individuals which remain infectious until their death [36]. However, some vector-borne pathogen, like Plasmodium falciparum, could develop an immunity in mosquito species. To remove this limitation, an adaptation of "step" function is needed. We assume that an immunity is developed into reservoir individuals despite that some pathogens do not lead to immunity for reservoir individuals [3]. To remove this immunity, the field "infectious period" could be filled with zero. It is important to note that this model has been developed to study, in its current form, a virus transmitted by mosquitoes species. However, our model is easily adaptable for other kind of vector-borne diseases as we discuss for different assumptions.
This model could be analyzed in both ways : (i) a conceptual way to study, for instance, the structure of spatio-temporal dynamics of vector-borne diseases and (ii) an applied way by integrating real data, from a GIS for instance, which allow us to track, and eventually to predict, the spatio-temporal dynamics of a given disease in a given environment, like West Nile Fever in Southern France for instance.
From an ecological point of view, the present model is supported by a strong theoretical and empirical framework [37]. We assumed that host species were distributed spatially and clustered within different specific ecological habitats. Hence, host species within a habitat could not leave their original habitat except within a given range of tolerance value. This important parameter will be further developed, especially in Additional file 1, section 2.2.
We developed this model in order to be able to study dynamics of vector-borne diseases when multiple host species are involved (Additional file 1, section 2.3); however it might also be applied to assess other scientific questions with similar objectives.
Components of the multi-agent system
We used an oriented-object approach in which a "class" is an abstract pattern of a physical representation and an "object" an instance of a class. Each class could be linked to other classes by "attributes", which represent the properties of a class, or by "methods", which represent the different functions applicable to each object. Our model was implemented with the support of the SWARM platform [38] and was developed in Java language.
The structure of our model, i.e. the relationships among classes, is described in Figure 1. This UML (Unified Modeling Language) modeling shows the different parts of our model. A "Host", which could be a vector or a reservoir individual, can host one "Parasite" agent. All "Host" objects are contained within a "World" object, which comprises the computing representation of that physical world. "Parasite" agents are also contained within this "World" object. All these parts, and the most important functions and attributes used, will be detailed hereafter.
Figure 1. Static UML modeling of our model. The "Model Swarm" class, which contains the representation of the virtual world where the pathogen agent circulates, contains links to all "Host" objects. The "Host" object can contain, or not, one "Parasite" object if Host is infected, infectious or has been infected. All attributes and functions are detailed in the main text.
Parasite
The "Parasite" class includes different characteristics related only to the disease agent and the illness, such as "Infectious Period", "Latency Period" and "Virulence". These features can be applied to both vector and reservoir species individuals. Since disease characteristics are in reality a by-product of host and parasite life history-traits, this simplification leads to some limitations of the model, as we assume that parasite characteristics are exactly identical within vectors and reservoirs species. This approximation is acceptable for diseases with multiple vector and reservoir species if parasite's influences are similar among the different host species [3,39]. However, this approximation needs to be reduced if we want to address disease transmission by different strains of a given parasite. Since the main goal of the current work is to deal with a simple disease system without evolutionary dynamics, this issue will be discussed in the final "Examples of adaptability" section.
Host
The "Host" class is the most important class in our model and has different groups of attributes. The first one concerns the geographic localization of individuals. Hence, host contains "x and "y" attributes that represent its geographical localization. For update purposes, we added also the "future X" and "future Y" attributes, which contain future positions of a given host individual. These attributes will be dynamically updated over time. The second group concerns species characteristics that do not change over time. Within this group, we can distinguish ecological life-history traits, such as "Offspring Size", "Lifespan" and "Biting Rate", and spatial features, such as "Moving Capacity" and "Habitat Tolerance". "Moving Capacity" represents the area in pixels in which one host is allowed to move, and "Habitat Tolerance", a core parameter of our model, quantifies for each host species how far, in pixels, one host is allowed to diffuse outside its original habitat. To distinguish between vector and reservoir individuals, the "Biting Rate" attribute will be equal to "-1" for reservoir individuals and to the corresponding biting rate for vectors. This attribute is assumed to be constant for mosquito-borne pathogens, but it could evolve dynamically for tick-borne disease regarding the abundance of reservoir hosts involved. To study this kind of vector-borne pathogen, this attribute have to be replaced by a function involving the reservoir abundance.
We could have distinguished two different "Vector" and "Reservoir" classes which inherit from the "Host" class. However, we think that new classes inheriting from a super-class should be created only in the presence of certain conditions. The first case is when the number of inheriting classes is high or could be high. This is clearly not our case since only two classes are definitively needed. The second case is when the number of functions, which have to be inherited from a super-class, is high. In our case, only the function "recovering" would have to be developed differently and the function "Move" partly in a different way. Moreover, many functions of the "Model Swarm" class use general properties of the host and do not need to know whether a given individual is a vector or a reservoir. Therefore, we chose to integrate "Vector" and "Reservoir" particularities into a single "Host" class.
Finally, the "Index Habitat" and "Index Species" attributes are used for computational purposes. These different characteristics will be the same among all individuals within a given host species. However, a given "Index Species" could have links with different "Index Habitats" (see Additional file 1, section 3, to understand how files are loaded). As already said for the "Parasite" class, host reactions (e.g. immune responses, mechanical responses,...) against the parasite are not considered here, and all host-parasite interactions are accepted as being static in the "Parasite" class but not for the "Competence" parameter. This parameter is integrated into the "Host" class and represents the probability for a host individual to become "Infectious" after a contact with an "Infectious" individual.
Landscape of habitats
Finally, landscape will be simply an array with the size of the virtual world. This array will be contained into a class, "Model Swarm", which contains different functions that impact on the landscape. This is an array of Integer values that correspond to indexes of habitats that will be linked to the Host's "Index Habitat" attribute. Thus, with these two parameters, we can characterize the whole spatial distribution of the host species, and will be able to address any landscape configuration. This array could be assimilated to a picture that describes the category of habitats occurring at each pixel.
Dynamical interactions between components
So far we have defined the static part of our model. Now we need to address the dynamic interactions among all these attributes. Indeed, each object will interact with all the others both in space and time using simple dynamical functions. To keep our model as simple as possible, we have modeled only three functions that are scheduled by a main algorithm and are implemented in the "Host" class.
Host with landscape: Moving function
There are two options in the moving function. The first one is a basic type of movement and each individual has a given "Moving Capacity" that will allow that subject to move from its initial position to ((MovingCapacity + 1) * 2)2 new locations. At each time step, a new position will be randomly selected. If it is not within the individual's habitat (with respect to the "Tolerance value"), the nearest position into the habitat will be then selected. We begin with movement with a square, but this function could be easily modified to take into account different behaviors.
The other option concerns only the vectors. Each vector individual has a "Biting Rate" which is converted into the probability of biting at each time step and is equal to 1/BitingRate when "Biting Rate" is expressed with the time step used in simulations. When this event is selected, the number of available reservoir individuals in ((MovingCapacity + 1) * 2)2 possible positions is computed. A reservoir individual is then chosen randomly from a uniform distribution, and the vector will move to this selected position and bite the chosen reservoir individual for a potential transmission between vector and reservoir.
Host with parasite: Infection function
Potential infection is the second function, and it could be involved at each time step. Each individual, both from vector and reservoir species, has a "Competence" value, which represents the probability that an individual becomes infectious after an infectious contact. Hence, a random number will be generated according to a uniform law and, if this number is inferior to the "Competence Value", the "next Parasite" field receives a "parasite" input. At each time step, "current Parasite" has a 1/latencyPeriod probability to receive the "next Parasite" object if this object is not null. If successful, "next Parasite" will receive a "null" value. Similarly, at each time step, "past Parasite" has a 1/infectiousPeriod probability to receive a "current Parasite" object. Hence, the "next Parasite", "current Parasite" and "past Parasite" fields will determine the infectious status as follows: (i) if the three fields are "null", that individual is in the "Susceptible" status; (ii) if "next Parasite" is not null and the others are null, that subject is "Infected", but not infectious (iii) if "current Parasite" is not null and the others are null, the individual is "Infectious" and can transmit the disease agent, and finally (iv) when "past Parasite" is not null and the others are null, the individual is "Recovered" and can not be infected again.
Table 1. Summary of infection status
Host: Birth and death functions
The last important functions concern demography. Each individual from a same species has an "Offspring Size" mean which represents the number of new hosts created at each birth event. To simplify, we assume that each "Host" object has, on average, only one birth event during its life. Hence, at each time step, there is a 1/lifeSpan probability that new "Offspring Size" "Host" objects will be created for each individual. In the same way, individuals die with a probability equals to 1/lifeSpan at each time step. To keep our populations constant, as we assumed in the rest of this paper, we set "Offspring Size" to one. Thus, on average, each host will produce one new host before its death. This assumption could be easily relaxed by adding a specific attribute representing a birth rate, which could be also a function to cope with dynamical demography.
Main algorithm
Finally, each individual has a main algorithm which schedules all the previously described different functions. This algorithm is split in two main functions: "Step" and "Update". The "Step" function is called first. In this function, the "Move" function will be applied for both vectors and reservoirs. For vector individuals, a search of available reservoir hosts will be launched only if the event "Bite" is selected. Only three fields can be modified during this function: "future X", "future Y", and "next Parasite". After "Step" is done for all host individuals, the "Update" function is applied to each individual. The "x" and "y" fields are filled by "future X" and "future Y" respectively, the "current Parasite" field by the "future Parasite" value with a 1/latencyPeriod probability. The "past Parasite" field is filled by the "current Parasite" value with a 1/infectiousPeriod probability, and birth and death functions are called with 1/lifeSpan probability.
All functions are detailed in the pseudo-code shown in Additional file 1, section 2. All objects re filled from relevant case-studies. Data format is explained in Additional file 1, section 3. The most important point of the data format features remains its capacity to quantify for each habitat a different moving capacity for each vector and reservoir species, leading to the integration of heterogeneous environments. All parameters used in this model are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Parameters of our model. Each parameter is described in detail in the main text.
Results and Discussion
Adaptability examples: Outcomes for modifying system studied
To simplify the identification and modeling of the core mechanisms of our system, we have chosen a simple epidemiological context with only one vector species and one (or two) reservoir species in a landscape with some classes. However the main idea of our model is to be as general as possible. Hence, we developed the possibility to integrate real data coming from real epidemiological situations. In this section, we propose three main (and simple) additions to our basic model. The first one concerns the integration of maps from the Geographical Information System (GIS). This integration allows future studies to integrate real landscapes and to analyze how a pathogen agent can be transmitted within that landscape. However, often, landscapes from GIS require very high resolution that could make impossible the computability of our model. To overcome this problem, we have integrated the implementation of a parallel behavior that transforms our model into a client/server software and allows us to distribute host objects to several computers. Thus, the computability of our model will only depend on the number of available computers. Parallelization makes our model suitable to be used to study disease transmission in really complex environments, and for that reason we can integrate also the last extension which concerns evolutionary dynamics. With the help of these three easy to implement additions, our model becomes a very adaptable tool for the analysis of a wide range of ecological and epidemiological situations.
Integration of data from a GIS
The way our model has been constructed allows data integration without additional developments. Moreover, as most of the GIS software integrate an output in raster format, we could fill in our habitats, which represent the "virtual world", with the values contained in the GIS output file. This output should indicate values, in terms of habitat classification, for each pixel. Then, as a last step, we would associate each habitat to each vector and reservoir species involved in our landscape.
Outcomes for intensive computing: Parallelization
When the number of individuals increases too much or when the space to be modeled is too detailed, like in the case of high-resolution maps, computing resources become quickly the limiting factor. To address this issue, we present here a parallel version of our model. This is a first version of parallelization which involves communication between different computers and does not accept a "resume" of the current simulation. Thus different computers can be easily replaced by other chipsets just by substituting communication via "Socket" (a classical method in network programming) by communication via internal memory. The introduction of a "resume" function in a future version of our model should integrate also a better management of unexpected events. Similarly, implementing different moving behaviors requires to adapt the parallelization algorithm.
This parallelization is quite simple and is based on a classical multi-thread client/server model. As all operations to access the "virtual world" are done by different functions in the "Model Swarm Mother" class, we extended our model to two new classes which inherited from the first one (see Figure 2).
Figure 2. Distributed behavior of our model. Each function acting on the virtual world or on scheduling is in the "Model Swarm" class. These are virtual functions and each behavior is implemented in one of the inheriting classes. "Model Swarm Alone" contains the same functions as the "Model Swarm" class and is applied in a stand-alone use. "Model Swarm Client" and "Model Swarm Sever" are called in the case of parallelization. On the server side, a thread is created for each client and communication is done via an established communication protocol (See Additional file 1, section 4). On the client side, each client can focus on a given number of "Host" objects and a thread is created to communicate with the Server component.
In the "Model Swarm Client" class, each client contains a given number of individuals. These clients have also one thread to receive requests from the server. There are four synchronization messages for clients : (i) "GO STEP", which indicates that the client can launch the "Step" function for each individual ; (ii) "END STEP" which is sent by the client to alert the server when all its individuals have completed the "Step" function ; (iii) "GO UPDATE" which is received by the client to launch the "Update" function for all its individuals and (iv) "END UPDATE" which is sent by the client to indicate to the server that a given time step is completed for that client.
In the "Model Swarm Server" class, upon loading of a GIS file, each new individual is assigned to the less busy client (i.e., the client with the lowest number of individuals). Afterward, a thread is created for communication with each client using the described synchronization messages. When clients need to know some characteristics about one neighboring host or about the habitat value of a given pixel, the server receives a message indicating which value is wanted. A communication protocol has been developed and it is described in Additional file 1, section 4.
This implementation underlines the capacity of an oriented-object program. Indeed, the "Model Swarm Alone" class is used in the case of a non-parallel model. This class inherits from the "Model Swarm Mother" class and it is filled only with "virtual functions" that allow accessing the virtual world or managing task scheduling. These virtual functions will be developed differently for a stand-alone execution, a server execution or a client execution. In this way, we know that the model behavior has not been modified upon parallelization because it is implemented in the Host class and only functions of scheduling and space access can be modified in the parallel version.
Integration of evolutionary dynamics
So far, evolutionary dynamics of host-parasite interactions in real landscapes have been poorly studied. However, our model could easily cope with this additional complexity. To integrate evolutionary insights, we have to relax the assumption that all disease characteristics are contained in the "Parasite" class. Therefore, we have to model the infection process as a by-product between the host and the parasite. To do that, we have integrated the theoretical framework proposed by Girvan and collaborators [40] to study pathogen evolution. Accordingly, we represented the pathogen and host genomes as binary strings (0 or 1) with a length n for the pathogen genome and with a longer string for the host genome. We then computed the Hamming's distance between the two strings to measure the adequation between host and pathogen, and hence the probability of infection. If we then integrate a mutation rate to the pathogen's genome, applied at each new infection, we can also study the evolutionary dynamics of pathogens in space and time. Finally, if we apply also a mutation rate to the host's genome at each new birth, we can analyze the co-evolutionary dynamics as well. This last extension shows once again the adaptability of our model. Just by modifying the "Infection" function and with a conceptual representation of the host and parasite genomes, we can analyze a wide range of evolutionary dynamics in space and time, for and within different vector and reservoir species in a real landscape.
Conclusion
The model we describe in this paper is one of the simplest for vector-borne diseases. This simplicity, which leads to a model comparable to the classical SEIR stochastic model, allows us to analyze the core mechanisms involved in the spatial features of vector-borne disease dynamics. The analysis of these spatial features (Additional file 1, section 2) show that the spatio-temporal dynamics of vector species are a crucial factor for disease understanding. Moreover, to decrease the intensity of disease transmission, a drastic reduction of vectors' moving capacity has to be applied to produce a significant effect on disease patterns.
The high flexibility of our model allowed us to easily integrate data coming from GIS, thus moving away from theoretical studies to handle real-life situations. However, since real situations need often high-resolution GIS, we have developed a parallel version of our model to cope with all kinds of epidemiological situations. Finally, to strengthen our model's adaptability, we integrated a simple way to study evolutionary and co-evolutionary dynamics.
Of course, our model is not the "magic model" that could be used to model anything, any time and anywhere. Nevertheless, the dramatic increase of vector-borne diseases [41], such West Nile fever, Lyme disease, Chickungunya or others, strongly justifies the generation of this kind of models for a better understanding of complex-system diseases. These theoretical developments have to be continued to fully appreciate the overall impact of spatial features on disease dynamics.
Other spatial modeling methods could be applied as well. The most used model in vector-borne diseases is the reaction-diffusion framework that is really attractive for simple cases. However, when landscape is highly fragmented and the diversity of local habitats could impact on the moving capacity of vector species, tractability of this model could become a problem. Moreover, if the disease studied involves several vector and reservoir species, the number of equations then becomes a critical issue. This limitation also exists for the metapopulation and network models. Hence, the most generic model is probably represented by an individual-based model such as the one we have developed in the present work.
Our main goal is to provide a generic and highly customizable model for vector-borne diseases. Its structure could be applied on a wide range of vector-borne disease, but the different functions and attributes have to be updated to study specific cases. But our model opens new opportunities for the study of infectious diseases. As mathematical epidemiology builds on SEIR framework, we hope that our study has underlined how computational biology could be also well applied to the study of vector-borne diseases. Our model, freely accessible on http://roche.ben.googlepages.com webcite under GPL license, is proposed as a first standard version. This model could, and should, be improved to increase the interest in the study of spatio-temporal dynamics of vector-borne diseases in realistic situations.
Availability and requirements
Project name: Tinain
Project home page: http://roche.ben.googlepages.com webcite
Operating system(s): Platform independent
Programming language: Java
Other requirements: Swarm platform http://www.swarm.org webcite
License: GNU GPL
Authors' contributions
BR participated to study conception, carried out the model programming, carried out the analysis of the model and drafted the manuscript. JFG participated to study conception and improved the manuscript. FB participated to study conception, model analysis and improved the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We sincerely acknowledge different colleagues which reviewed this manuscript and helped to its improvement. In particular, we thank Roman Biek, Scott Duke-Sylvester, Leslie A. Real and Marc Choisy for their helpful comments. BR and JFG are sponsored by the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and are supported by the EDEN project (EU grant GOCE2003010284 EDEN). This publication is catalogued by the EDEN Steering Committee as EDEN094 http://www.eden-fp6project.net/. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and don't necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. FB is sponsored by the Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement.
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40. Girvan M, Callaway DS, Newman MEJ, Strogatz SH: Simple model of epidemics with patogen mutation.
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Article Marketing The Way You Have To Do It These Days
Posted by veron under Online Marketing
From http://wealthmagnate.com 105 days ago
Made Hot by: techmedia on February 5, 2013 8:00 am
Article marketing is the only method that could be considered free. plus it will always be extremely effective if done right... here is how to do it not to waste your time
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Nursing Students' Perceptions, Beliefs and Attitudes: A First Study on Special Pedagogic Activities
Vassiliki Ioannidi, Petros Kolovos, Sofia Vasileiadou, Maria Malliarou, Antonios Travlos, Sofia Zyga
Abstract
Background: Studying nursing students' opinions could be a useful guide for the formation of their professional
role as well as their education and training.
Aim: The present study's aim is to examine nurse students' opinion, beliefs and attitude regarding the concepts
of health, health care, health education, health ethics, illness, safety in health care and quality in health care, in
an educational environment which promotes cooperative activities in class.
Methodology: Seventy four nurse students of the University of Peloponnese participated in the present study
during the winter semester of 2008-2009. They were asked to describe shortly the meaning of the study concepts,
writing down their opinion on a questionnaire that included six questions. Their answers were evaluated using
the method of content analysis and sorted to exhaustive and mutually exclusive categories.
Results: Nursing Students were asked to describe the meaning of the concept of health, health care, health
education, health ethics, illness, safety in health care and quality in health care. The result of the students'
opinion reveals the way they conceive their professional role, their education and their attitude in real working
conditions and, therefore, the quality of the services they provide and how well prepared they are to demand and
to put in a claim for the quality in health care.
Conclusions: Further empirical research could aim to replicate or contradict these findings, using a larger sample
and recruiting more university departments.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Global Journal of Health Science ISSN 1916-9736(Print) ISSN 1916-9744(Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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< Previous
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: The fourth anniversiary issue of the Apache Week newsletter consists of an article talking about the fact that it is the fourth anniversiary issue. It reminds me of the tenth issue of the BWAH! newsletter, in which the publication of the tenth issue of BWAH! was commemorated.
[Main] [Edit]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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Regulation of toxic chemicals
Regulation of toxic chemicals
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Sidney Draggan Ph.D.
Introduction
The need for government attention to and regulation of chemicals increased as the chemical and Industrial Revolution progressed, and as the human-chemical relationship intensified. As will become clear in this article, the great majority of chemical control laws, from limits on pesticide residues (up until very recently) to ‘allowable’ concentrations of chemicals in surface or drinking waters, have focused on control of individual chemicals. Several of the chemical control laws are reviewed below (Figure 1).
Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
Figure 1
Prior to the late 19th-early 20th centuries in the United States, there were virtually no controls on food additives, drug efficacy, or the safety of either. One of the earliest laws concerning chemical or drug use and development was the Drug Importation Act of 1848. Apparently short-lived, this early law was enacted to protect the public from impure, degraded, or ineffective drugs that were produced elsewhere in the world and exported to the U.S. (Figure 1). With the development and sale of unregulated ‘remedies’ and all sorts of food preservation schemes (refrigerators as we know them were not developed until the last quarter of the 19th century), it soon became clear that some kind of regulation was necessary for consistent consumer protection. Concerns about adulteration, including use of preservatives in foods, spurred some of the early human studies on the health effects of adulterants. Under the direction of Dr. Harvey Wiley, the second chief chemist of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Division of Chemistry, preservatives were tested by his now infamous “poison squad,” a group of USDA employees who apparently volunteered to ingest to test the toxicity of several commonly used food preservatives of the day (formaldehyde and sulphites, for example, were amongst the first to be explored). These studies resulted in the creation of such early food and drug control laws as the Food and Drug Act of 1906. Our current Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) authorizes assessments of the safety of new drugs, food additives, and colors; and it specifies tolerance levels for pesticides and other chemicals that may occur in foods.
Not surprisingly, from the earliest tests conducted by Wiley to many current toxicity tests required of new food additives, chemicals are tested and regulated on a single-chemical basis. Pesticide tolerances for a particular fruit or vegetable, for example, include consideration of the reference dose (RfD) for the pesticide (as an individual chemical), and consumption rates, maximum pesticide residues found during experimental exposures, and other uses and residue levels on other crops. Concern for multiple or mixed, pesticide residues in foods, however, has prompted the FFDCA recently to act in concert with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to address the issue of chemical mixture exposure in foods.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
Prior to the 1970’s the early Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) under the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) was geared essentially towards protecting consumers from ineffective products. It really was not until amendments to the law in the 1970s that FIFRA was re-directed to consider the environmental fate and toxic effects of these chemicals and to protecting consumers and the environment from these products. The changes in FIFRA gave a boost to the newly emerging field of environmental toxicology. Nonetheless, fulfilling the regulatory requirements to evaluate adverse environmental effects of individual pesticides, and building upon the existing body of toxicology, environmental toxicologists focused, once again, on the evaluation of single chemicals.
Recent amendments made to both FIFRA and the FFDCA by the way of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), have been hailed as groundbreaking approaches to pesticide regulation, for their departure from regulation based upon single chemicals. The FQPA is changing the way pesticide residues are regulated by setting ‘health-based’ standards for ALL pesticides in foods. ‘All’ in this case means combined residues from several different pesticides, or, chemical mixtures. The importance of this amendment, with respect to chemical mixtures should not be underestimated. This is one of the first attempts to regulate the permitting of individual chemicals based on their potential for combined toxicity. It will require development of innovative and reliable techniques to address combined toxicity. Although we will discuss the methodology used to determine new pesticide limits later, we should point out that this combined approach for now is limited to similarly acting pesticides. Currently, the FQPA does not address pesticide mixtures that act through different mechanisms. For example, several different organophosphate pesticides may occur in combination along with arsenic. The mixtures assessment will consider the combination of organophosphates, but nonetheless will assess arsenic separately. The rational for only extending combined toxicity to similarly acting pesticides should become clear as we discuss the toxicological tools available for such work.
Together, the FFDCA and FIFRA regulate a large share of chemicals to which humans are likely to be exposed, by setting tolerances and allowable concentrations for chemicals, one chemical at a time, up until 1997. This is almost a one hundred year history of single chemical regulation. Not only does toxicology and regulatory policy have a long history based upon the single-chemical approach, but they must now address the reality of chemical mixtures. Although clearly the single-chemical approach has provided a strong foundation for chemical control, the utility or relevance of these techniques for addressing multiple chemical exposures is currently unclear.
Occupational Health and Safety Act
The Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA), enacted in 1970, is relevant to our discussion because it set forth some of the first risk assessment techniques for dealing with chemical mixtures. It is interesting to note that occupational toxicology, one of the earliest branches of toxicology, was one of last to regulate the use of and exposure to chemicals. OSHA was designed, in part, to protect workers from exposure to harmful chemicals through establishment of standards and guidelines combined with monitoring of exposure levels in the workplace. This is not to say that industrial guidelines for exposure did not exist prior to OSHA. Industry, industrial hygienists (or occupational toxicologists), and workers alike recognized the need for worker protection from chemicals and other hazards, although depending on whose history you read, the degree and desire for protection varies widely. Without going into the details, in the early 1940s, prior to any federal regulation, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), began developing what eventually became known as Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for exposure to industrial chemicals. As these were set prior to the founding of OSHA, there has been some controversy over the degree of industrial influence in the setting of TLVs.
Since industrial workers were seldom exposed to one chemical at a time, the ACGIH established a forward-looking methodology to address exposure to chemical mixtures in 1963. The method was fairly simple: unless there was evidence to the contrary, mixtures of chemicals that act on the same organ were to be treated in an additive manner using what they called “dose addition”. It is this methodology, along with the TLVs, that was adopted by OSHA when it was enacted in 1970, and which has been modified for use today by such agencies as the EPA. It is important to note this early consideration of mixtures, at least for the relatively high levels of exposure experienced in occupational settings, even though 40 years later we are still grappling with how to advance beyond the simple concept of additivity.
Toxic Substances Control Act
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), passed in 1976. TSCA was developed to fill in the gaps of previously existing laws, all of which were designed to protect human health and the environment from chemicals released by industry and by all of us each day (such as through driving, flushing the toilet, and even taking pharmaceuticals). Under TSCA, the EPA can evaluate the toxic effects of new and existing chemicals on both humans and on the environment. Also, it mandates the tracking of the thousands of chemicals that are produced or imported into the country. Although TSCA mentions testing and assessment of individual chemicals and mixtures, there are no apparent guidelines for assessment of mixtures. Additionally, when referring to mixtures, the language of TSCA seems to refer to commercial or industrial mixtures (an intentionally prepared, and likely well defined mixture).
In 2006 the European Union (EU) enacted REACH, (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) a new approach to chemical regulation, that became effective in 2007. REACH is essentially a mirror image of TSCA. While TSCA requires the EPA to demonstrate that a chemical is a risk to human or environmental health, REACH requires that the manufacturers test and ensure that chemicals do not pose such risks. Additionally, under REACH many old or existing chemicals will also require testing, unlike TSCA. Since chemicals imported into the EU also fall under REACH, the legislation may impact some chemicals produced in the U.S. as well.
A recent and evolving challenge for EPA is the regulation of nanoscale materials. A nanomaterial is defined as having at least one dimension that is 100 nanometers or smaller (though this definition is evolving as researchers and regulators become more familiar with the universe of nanomaterials currently under development). According to the Project on Emerging Nanotechnology, there are over 1000 nanotechnology-based consumer products in use, as identified by manufacturers. Some of these nanomaterials are versions of larger bulk material regulated already under TSCA—for example, nano-size titanium dioxide used in sunscreens—while others (for example, quantum dots containing mixtures of metals, polymers and other organic materials) represent new combinations. Although new chemical substances are subject to review and reporting under TSCA—existing substances even if manufactured as nanomaterials are not. Some scientists are concerned that nanosized particles may behave differently than their larger "bulk" counterparts (this difference in behavior is, in part, why some chemicals are useful as nanomaterials) and as such should be reviewed as new materials. This is an area of active research for toxicologists and regulators alike.
Together, these chemical control laws—FFDCA, FIFRA, OSHA and TSCA—make up the bulk of laws that govern the production, use, and disposal of chemicals found in drugs, food, consumer products, and the workplace. It makes some sense that these laws, enacted for the most part in the early-mid 20th century, focused on individual chemicals. A great deal of energy and funding was channeled towards the further use and development of single-chemical testing and the rapid growth of the field of toxicology as a result of these laws. Further, other than OSHA, regulation of chemicals based on consideration of combined effects is a very recent development.
Environmental toxicology: a regulatory beginning?
With the establishment of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970, several other laws and regulations were enacted or strengthened. The intention of these laws was to control the release of chemicals in the air, water and terrestrial environments, and direct remediation or cleaning up of those chemicals already released. While still regulating release or cleanup on an individual chemical basis, these laws are also designed to evaluate the impact of all toxic chemicals released on health and environment.
Clean Air Act
The oldest of these laws is the Clean Air Act (CAA), enacted in 1955. The CAA was created to ameliorate increasing smog problems across the country, most unfortunately exemplified in the Donora Smog of 1948. The Donora incident occurred in a small steel mill town, and it sickened and killed many of the town’s residents (this story was recently recounted by Devra Davis in "When Smoke Ran Like Water". Early regulations sought to control particulate matter released from factory smokestacks. Subsequent amendments, however, provided the newly formed EPA a chance to develop criteria and set standards that would be protective of the public. Interestingly, these later additions to the CAA allowed for:
• the cumulative impact of specific chemicals from multiple sources;
• consideration of particularly vulnerable or susceptible populations; and
• consideration of other pollutants that may interact with the pollutant under consideration.
Clean Water Act
Once again it was not until unavoidably blatant examples of environmental degradation—this time of the nation’s surface water—that the legislative branch initiated the process of tightening up laws to protect and remediate our waters. This included the now infamous Cuyahoga River fire, and the James River Kepone incidents—the latter resulting in the closing of the river to all fishing following large releases of the insecticide Kepone into water discharges and soil by a local manufacturer. The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the result of years of revision and amendments to earlier acts that were clearly ineffective towards protection of surface waters. Amendments in 1972 and later in 1977 resulted in an Act regulating release of chemicals into the nation’s waterways, and required EPA to develop criteria on a chemical-by-chemical basis, to be used by individual states in setting water quality standards.
The Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) approach is also a requirement under the CWA. It requires regulators to take into account water quality, water chemistry, and the cumulative impacts of individual chemicals, providing a more holistic means of evaluating water quality than simply regulating individual chemicals. Apparently, the application of TMDLs required legal action by citizens’ organizations against the EPA. The TMDL concept is one of the few acts acknowledging the presence of chemical mixtures, multiple impacts, and the potential for interaction amongst chemical contaminants.
It is currently unclear how often the impacts of multiple chemicals are actually addressed by the EPA. The CWA does however have one tool in its arsenal that does directly address chemical mixtures at least as complex mixtures, the Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) test. Here, point source or “end of pipe” discharges are tested as a whole using various aquatic organisms, rather than relying solely upon water quality criteria developed for individual chemicals within the effluent (although EPA recommends using the two together for water quality protection). The WET test could be categorized as a test of complex mixtures (many uncharacterized chemicals), since it is not necessary that individual components of the mixture be identified.
To date, the majority of chemical control laws for our nation’s waters remains on an individual chemical basis, even though, as recent surveys clearly indicate, many watersheds or surface water systems are contaminated with mind-boggling combinations of both regulated (those chemicals with EPA-established criteria and state standards) and unregulated chemicals (those that no one ever expected to turn up in measurable quantities in our water systems).
Safe Drinking Water Act
The other portion of our water supply is drinking water. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), enacted in 1974 and subsequently amended in 1986 and 1996, was intended to protect drinking water and fill gaps left by the “surface water”-focused Clean Water Act (CWA) (i.e., to protect groundwater resources in addition to any surface waters that serve as drinking water resources). As with the other regulatory acts, the SDWA regulates on an individual chemical basis, with no consideration for combined effects of chemical mixtures that may occur in drinking water.
These chemical release laws, much like many of the chemical control laws, regulate on a single chemical basis. Much of the underlying toxicology and testing that support these laws is very similar to the methodology used to develop the earlier chemical control laws. While it is easy, in hindsight, to criticize the creators of this approach, it really is merely the outgrowth of decades of single-chemical study designed to regulate one chemical at a time from industrial or municipal dischargers—whether or not they are commonly released alongside many other chemicals. The single-chemical approach seemed to be based on a common assumption for many toxicologists and regulators: that for chemicals below levels known to cause effects (e.g., the No Observed Adverse Effect Level[NOAELs]), interactions would either not occur or not be important. There was no need, therefore, to be concerned with interactions if chemicals regulations and criteria were based upon the NOAELs. There is, however, growing concern among toxicologists and regulators that regulating chemicals one chemical at a time is not adequately protective of humans and the environment.
The RCRA and The CERCLA
The laws previously discussed deal with “allowable” releases into our air or water. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 and the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), or “Superfund,” of 1980, were enacted to reduce the potential for industrial chemicals to get to the point of release, and to cleanup currently existing contamination. Within these laws, the potential health impacts associated with combined chemical exposure is addressed through EPA’s Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
The primary goal of RCRA is to protect humans and the environment from contaminants by providing the EPA with the ability to control chemicals from their production to their disposal (or reuse). RCRA applies to both active and future facilities (including many federal facility or military sites). Authority for ‘corrective action for hazardous releases’ (or remediation) under RCRA came in 1984 with the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA). This allowed for remediation of facilities seeking RCRA permits and “compels corrective action for releases that have migrated beyond the facility property boundary.” Additionally, the guidance document for RCRA facility investigation acknowledges that in many situations it is appropriate to consider impacts of combined chemical exposures, even if concentrations of individual chemicals do not exceed action levels.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
CERCLA, or Superfund, enacted in 1980, was designed to deal with hazardous waste that was for the most part not regulate under RCRA or any other environmental law—those chemicals released into the environment by closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites. Under CERCLA, hazardous waste sites are ranked according to cleanup priority (based on the degree of hazard they present); those deemed most hazardous are placed on the National Priorities List or NPL.
Further Reading
Citation
Emily Monosson (Lead Author);Sidney Draggan Ph.D. (Topic Editor) "Regulation of toxic chemicals". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth February 10, 2010; Last revised Date August 28, 2012; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/articles/view/155695/Clean_Air_Act,_United_States/>
The Author
Associate Editor The Encyclopedia of Earth Dr. Emily Monosson's interest is the interface between toxic chemicals and life, and how living things respond to chemicals of either natural or anthropogenic origin. She has extensive experience reviewing and synthesizing literature pertaining to toxicology and environmental toxicology and has researched and reported on a range of chemicals from legacies like PCBs to emergent chemical toxicants including nano-chemical ... (Full Bio)
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The Crime on SEO
Newbie Member
24Dec2009,16:33 #1
Crab mentality or crab in a bucket syndrome is when a person makes an effort to pull down another person out of jealousy of his success. This is the root of all evil. This happens in our daily lives. The same way, it also happens in search engine optimization.
There are many ways on how to execute this. Here are some of them for you to be familiarized and help protect your website from culprits:
The Third Party
This is when another website puts your link in their page but looks really spammy. This is usually caused by porn sites. This can have a drastic effect on your rankings when search engines notice these links. To be able to avoid in getting in this kind of situation, you should constantly keep track of your inbound links. Google webmaster central can do the work for you. If you already know the culprit, send a message requesting to take down your links.
CoderByNature
24Dec2009,17:13 #2
But what if we found such criminally done links for our site? whom to report? can we report to Google?
Contributor
28Dec2009,12:47 #3
I periodically run the Xenu link checker on my site and know that it is pretty clean for internal links
Newbie Member
21Jan2010,17:31 #4
Hi Buddy!!!
What are thing's called seo crime...??? reply me soon... meet again...
Go4Expert Member
31Jan2010,04:37 #5
Isn't this called Google Bowling?
I have never seen it really work but then never have been attacked?
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ER Diagram Help
Newbie Member
15Sep2012,10:41 #1
Hello Im a student and we were given a business rule to draw an ER diagram from.
"Each employee here is required to work in a single department. Departments can have many computers, but each computer belongs to only one department. Each employee uses at most one computer, but each computer may be used by several employees.” HINT: There are three entity sets here. In your diagram, do not make two copies of any entity set. One entity set will be in two different relationships."
I managed to get some of it (I believe) but the part Im struggling on is Each employee uses at most one computer, but each computer may be used by several employees I know part of it is incorrect but just cant piece it all together. Can anyone assist? We are not using the "crow's feet method"
Please see my attachment. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Attached Files
Question8.doc (32.5 KB, 3 views)
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 109856, 5 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/109856
Research Article
Self-Assembled BaTiO3-MnZnFe2O4 Nanocomposite Films
State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, China
Received 11 March 2012; Accepted 7 May 2012
Academic Editor: Rupesh S. Devan
Copyright © 2012 Guo Yu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Self-assembled nanocomposite BaTiO3-Mn0.4Zn0.87Fe2O4 magnetodielectric films have been grown on (001)-oriented SrTiO3 substrates by a pulsed laser deposition method. High resolution X-ray diffraction shows that both BaTiO3 and MnZn-ferrite phases are epitaxial along the out-of-plane direction with a 0–3 composite structure in spite of very large lattice mismatch. The magnetic, ferroelectric, and dielectric properties of the nanocomposite films are reported. A saturated magnetization of 330 emu/cc and double remanent polarization of 40 μC/cm2 were obtained. Structural and compositional factors limiting the effective permeability and the dielectric constant will be discussed.
1. Introduction
Ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials individually provide magnetic and electrical tunability for adaptive RF and microwave devices, [1, 2]. Recently, a promising approach for tunable microwave devices, which combines the advantages of ferrite and ferroelectric devices, has been developed [35]. The technique involves the excitations of hybrid-spin-electromagnetic waves in ferrite-ferroelectric-layered structures. A number of bilayer-structured films, including Y3Fe5O12/Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (YIG/BST), Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3/BaFe12O19 (BST/BaM), YIG/Pb(ZrTi)O3 (PZT), NiFe2O4/BST, and PZT/NiFe2O4 have been fabricated and investigated based on this mechanism [612].
Another approach of utilizing epitaxial films with ferromagnetic nanostructure embedded in ferroelectric matrix may have even superior properties. First, the low thickness of nanocomposite films can push the dimensional resonance to much higher frequency, therefore greatly expanding the working frequency of ferrite. Secondly, the ferroelectric phase has an enhanced c/a ratio due to the constraint from substrate and therefore; enhanced dielectric constant can be achieved [13]. Finally, the effective resistance of nanocomposite films is several magnitudes higher than bulk ferrite, and therefore a low eddy-current loss and a simultaneously high initial permeability are expected. The growth of such nanocomposite films has been demonstrated in BaTiO3-CoFe2O4, [14] BiFeO3-CoFe2O4 [15], BiFeO3-NiFe2O4 [16]; and other systems grown on SrTiO3 substrates.
In current work, our attention was given to BaTiO3-(MnZn)Fe2O4 (BTO-MZF) system. MnZn-ferrite has simultaneous giant capacitance (dielectric constant ~105) and a rather large static permeability referred to as giant permeability [17]. However, due to its low electrical resistivity and the dimensional resonance effect, the working frequency of bulk MZF is lower than 2 MHz [18]. BaTiO3 has high permittivity and high-quality factor thus low loss factor. The combined merits of nanocomposite films mentioned above may pave the way to applying MnZn feirrite in RF or even microwave frequency. In addition, to our best knowledge, such system has not been grown and investigated in the literature. It is thus the objective of current work to explore the flexibility to grow epitaxial BTO-MZF nanocomposite and perform initial studies of the magnetic and dielectric properties of the thin film.
2. Experiment
BTO-MZF nanocomposite films were grown onto (001)-oriented SrTiO3 (STO) single-crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) from a two-phase target having the composition 0.6BaTiO3-0.4Mn0.4Zn0.87Fe2O4. STO was selected because of its good lattice match with that of BTO phase. Excess amount of Zn was used to compensate its deficiency during deposition. SrRuO3 was chosen as the lattice-matched bottom electrode to enable heteroepitaxy. The deposition temperature varied from 800 to 850°C and a film thickness of ~200 nm was obtained. The oxygen pressure was maintained at 100 mTorr during deposition. After the deposition, some samples were further annealed at 1020°C for one hour. High-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) was performed using a Phillips X’Pert MPD system. DC magnetization was characterized using a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer (SQUID, Quantum Design, model XL7). Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) studies were carried out using a Vecoo DI 3100a system employing silicon cantilevers with standard MESP tips coated with a CoCr film. All domain studies were carried out at ambient temperature with the tip magnetized normally to the specimen surface. The dependence of dielectric constant on frequency measurements were taken on an Agilent-4294A impedance analyzer.
3. Results and Discussion
Figures 1(a) and 1(b) show the (00l) line scans of as-deposited and after-annealed BTO-MZF films obtained by HRXRD. In the as-deposited state, the very diffuse MZF peak indicates that the phase looks more like amorphous. We have varied the deposition temperature from 800 to 850°C, and similar amorphous phase peaks have been found. Further increase of the deposition temperature was limited by our equipment. The peak center of BTO (002) is about 45.3°, very close to that of bulk phase [19]. After the sample was annealed at 1020°C for one hour, a distinct peak appeared at ~42.94°, corresponding to (004) peak of MZF. In addition, the peak intensity of BTO (002) also increased. Pole figure analysis further revealed that both the BTO and MZF phases in the annealed sample were epitaxial (see the inset of Figure 1(b)). However, the large full width at half maximum of peak (FWHM) may indicate either small grain size of MZF or the phase is not completely crystallized. According to [20], generally, very high deposition temperature is needed to grow well-crystalline MZF phase due to a large lattice mismatch between the MZF phase and the STO substrate.
Figure 1: (00l) line scans of BTO-MZF thin films by HRXRD, (a) as-deposited and (b) after annealed at 1020°C for one hour. The insert shows the (110) pole figure of the annealed sample.
Figure 2 shows the atomic force microscopy (AFM) and magnetic force microscopy (MFM) images of an annealed film at 1020°C for 1 h. The grain size is about 50 nm and the surface is very smooth according to AFM analysis. Figure 2(b) shows clear upward and downward magnetic phase contrasts. Diffuse magnetic domains across tens of grain size can be seen on the MFM image. However, if the sample is magnetized along the out-of-plane direction, isolated magnetic domain structure can be identified by MFM (not shown here). So it is difficult to determine whether the film is 1–3- or 0–3-type nanocomposite from AFM and MFM observation.
Figure 2: AFM (left) and MFM (right) images of an annealed BTO-MZF thin film.
We thus performed the magnetization versus applied magnetic field (M-H) measurement of the annealed BTO-MZF film by SQUID along both the in-plane and out-of-plane directions, as shown in Figure 3. Note that the contribution from STO substrate has been deducted and the volume ration of MnZn ferrite phase has been accounted. The measured remanent magnetization along out-of-plane direction is slightly higher than that along in-plane direction. However, the very similar M-H curves indicate that the nanocomposite film has a 0–3 composite structure instead of a 1–3 one. Such 0–3 nanocomposite films have also been reported in BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 film deposited by PLD at a temperature less than 850°C [14, 21]. Bulk MZF generally has a low saturation field, however, the measured saturation field of BTO-MZF is ~2000 Oe, which limits the maximum permeability. This can be partially explained by the large lattice mismatch between MZF and BTO phases. Another reason is that the MZF may not be fully decomposed from BTO matrix even after annealing at 1020°C for one hour. The latter can be confirmed by the measured saturated magnetization, 330 emu/cc, lower than the bulk value of 380 emu/cc [22].
Figure 3: Magnetization versus applied magnetic field of an annealed BTO-MZF nanocomposite film along the in-plane (filled circle) and the out-of-plane (square) directions.
Figure 4 shows the change of polarization as a function of the applied electrical field of the annealed BTO-MZF at a constant frequency of 1 kHz. The apparent asymmetric hysteresis loops along -axis come from the very different work functions of the top (gold) and the bottom electrode (SrRuO3) relative to the BTO-MZF film. With increasing the applied field from 10 MV/m (2 V) to 30 MV/cm (6 V), the remanent polarization 2 increases to 40 C/cm2. In order to eliminate the contribution from leakage current, we have further performed the positive-up negative-down (PUND) pulse polarization test, which shows 2 of 9.68 C/cm2.
Figure 4: Polarization versus applied electrical field of an annealed BTO-MZF nanocomposite film, different voltages of 2 V, 4 V, and 6 V were applied.
Finally, we have compared the dielectric constant of the as-deposited and the annealed BTO-MZF in a frequency range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz with an applied ac field of 1 V. The results are shown in Figure 5. High dielectric constant about 300 can be measured in the as-deposited sample at low frequency, but it decreases to only 120 at 1 MHz, apparently because of the leakage current of the sample. After the sample was annealed at 1020°C for one hour, the dielectric constant increases significantly to >150 at 1 MHz. In addition, the loss factor also reduces for the annealed film in the whole measured frequency range. For a frequency of 1 MHz, the dielectric loss factor is less than 0.05. It is worth noting that BTO-MZF has a 0–3-dimensional embedding structure, so the low resistivity may come from the relatively high volume ratio of the MZF phase. So it is necessary to lower the molar ratio of MZF phase in order to improve the ferroelectric and dielectric properties of the nanocomposite film.
Figure 5: The dependence of dielectric constant (filled square) and loss factor (open square) on the frequency of applied ac field, from (a) the as-deposited and (b) the after-annealed BTO-MZF nanocomposite films.
4. Conclusion
In summary, the growth of epitaxial BaTiO3-Mn0.4Zn0.87Fe2O4 nanocomposite films has been demonstrated by a PLD method at <850°C in spite of very large lattice mismatch between the two phases. It is shown that postannealing is necessary to promote the decomposition and crystallization of the MnZn ferrite phase from the BTO phase. Structure and magnetic property analysis indicate that BTO-MZF have a 0–3 embedding structure instead of a 1–3 one. Magnetic measurements show that the nanocomposite film has a relatively low permeability due to large strain from both substrate and the BaTiO3 matrix. It is suggested that reduction of the volume ration of MnZn-ferrite phase is necessary to reduce the leakage current and improve the dependence of dielectric constant on frequency.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant no. 2012CB933104, the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Fund of China under Grant no. 61021061, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the Education Ministry for Returned Chinese Scholars, China.
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11. M. I. Bichurin, I. A. Kornev, V. M. Petrov, A. S. Tatarenko, Y. V. Kiliba, and G. Srinivasan, “Theory of magnetoelectric effects at microwave frequencies in a piezoelectric/magnetostrictive multilayer composite,” Physical Review B, vol. 64, no. 9, Article ID 094409, 2001. View at Scopus
12. C. W. Nan, “Magnetoelectric effect in composites of piezoelectric and piezomagnetic phases,” Physical Review B, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 6082–6088, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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16. S. P. Crane, C. Bihler, M. S. Brandt, S. T. B. Goennenwein, M. Gajek, and R. Ramesh, “Tuning magnetic properties of magnetoelectric BiFeO3-NiFe2O4 nanostructures,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 321, no. 4, pp. L5–L9, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
17. N. Benatmane, S. P. Crane, F. Zavaliche, R. Ramesh, and T. W. Clinton, “Voltage-dependent ferromagnetic resonance in epitaxial multiferroic nanocomposites,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 96, no. 8, Article ID 082503, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. F. G. Brockman, P. H. Dowling, and W. G. Steneck, “Dimensional effects resulting from a high dielectric constant found in a ferromagnetic ferrite,” Physical Review, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 85–93, 1950. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
19. Y. Suzuki, R. B. Van Dover, E. M. Gyorgy et al., “Structure and magnetic properties of epitaxial spinel ferrite thin films,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 714–716, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
20. F. Bai, H. Zheng, H. Cao, et al., “Epitaxially induced high temperature (>900 K) cubic-tetragonal structural phase transformation in BaTiO3 thin films,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 85, pp. 4109–4111, 2004.
21. L. Yan, F. Bai, J. Li, and D. Viehland, “Nanobelt structure in perovskite-spinel composite thin films,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 17–20, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
22. S. Nakagawa, S. Saito, T. Kamiki, and S. H. Kong, “Mn-Zn spinel ferrite thin films prepared by high rate reactive facing targets sputtering,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 93, no. 10, pp. 7996–7998, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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Publication Listing
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Contents (view Concise Listing)
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Verified by Swfritter on 2007-10-28 18:50:04
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Freaks' Amour
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Title: Freaks' Amour
Author: Tom De Haven
Year: 1979
Type: NOVEL
ISFDB Record Number: 12747
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Reviews:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Atmosphere 2011, 2(3), 256-270; doi:10.3390/atmos2030256
Article
Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation and Origin of Ammonia Nitrogen Volatilized from Cattle Manure in Simulated Storage
Department of Dairy and Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16803, PA, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 30 June 2011; in revised form: 20 July 2011 / Accepted: 25 July 2011 / Published: 2 August 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Emissions from Agricultural Practices)
Download PDF Full-Text [418 KB, uploaded 2 August 2011 12:12 CEST]
Abstract: A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to establish the relationship between nitrogen (N) isotope composition of cattle manure and ammonia emissions, potential contribution of nitrogenous gases other than ammonia to manure N volatilization losses, and to determine the relative contribution of urinary- vs. fecal-N to ammonia emissions during the initial stage of manure storage. Data confirmed that ammonia volatilization losses from manure are most intensive during the first 2 to 3 days of storage and this coincides with a very rapid loss (hydrolysis) of urinary urea. Long-term (30 days) monitoring of δ15N of manure and emitted ammonia indicated that the dynamics of N isotope fractionation may be complicating the usefulness of the isotope approach as a tool for estimating ammonia emissions from manure in field conditions. The relationship between δ15N of manure and ammonia emission appears to be linear during the initial stages of manure storage (when most of the ammonia losses occur) and should be further investigated. These experiments demonstrated that the main source of ammonia-N volatilized from cattle manure during the initial 10 days of storage is urinary-N, representing on average 90% of the emitted ammonia-N. The contribution of fecal-N was relatively low, but gradually increased to about 10% by day 10. There appears to be substantial emissions of nitrogenous gases other than ammonia, most likely dinitrogen gas, which may account for up to 25% of N losses during the first 20 days of manure storage. This finding, which has to be confirmed in laboratory and field conditions, may be indicative of overestimation of ammonia emissions from cattle operations by the current emissions factors.
Keywords: cattle manure; ammonia; urinary urea; isotope fractionation
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Lee, C.; Hristov, A.N.; Cassidy, T.; Heyler, K. Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation and Origin of Ammonia Nitrogen Volatilized from Cattle Manure in Simulated Storage. Atmosphere 2011, 2, 256-270.
AMA Style
Lee C, Hristov AN, Cassidy T, Heyler K. Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation and Origin of Ammonia Nitrogen Volatilized from Cattle Manure in Simulated Storage. Atmosphere. 2011; 2(3):256-270.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Lee, Chanhee; Hristov, Alexander N.; Cassidy, Terri; Heyler, Kyle. 2011. "Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation and Origin of Ammonia Nitrogen Volatilized from Cattle Manure in Simulated Storage." Atmosphere 2, no. 3: 256-270.
Atmosphere EISSN 2073-4433 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Very Low Activity
Contributors : Xavier Decoster
Analyzed 1 day ago based on code collected 1 day ago.
Activity on NuGet.Analyze by Xavier Decoster (see full profile for Xavier Decoster)
All-time Commits: 27
12-Month Commits: 5
30-Day Commits: 0
Overall Kudo Rank:
First Commit: 14-Oct-2011
Last Commit: 31-May-2012
Names in SCM: xavierdecoster, xavierdecoster, SND\XavierDecoster_cp, Xavier Decoster
Commit history:
Recent Kudos...
... for NuGet.Analyze given by:
There are no kudos for this contributor at this time.
Project Commits
Approximately one year of commit activity shown
Project Languages
Language Aggregate Coding Time Total Commits Total Lines Changed Comment Ratio
XML 2m 18 812 6.1%
C# 2m 5 895 13.4%
XML Schema 1m 1 165 0.0%
All Languages 2m 27 1,872 9.7%
Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Nachury:Research
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 15:36, 11 January 2008 by Maxence V. Nachury (Talk | contribs)
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Home Research People Publications Contact Resources
Research
Vesicular transport to the primary cilium
The membrane of the primary cilium is continuous with the plasma membrane. Despite this continuity, ciliary and plasma membranes contain distinct complements of lipids and proteins, thus making the cilium a bona fide compartment exposed to the extracellular milieu. Consequently, the cilium has been compared to a "cellular antenna" that capture and transduces developmental signals to the inside of the cell. But how do the relevant signaling receptors reach the ciliary membrane instead of the plasma membrane? This question of vesicular targeting to the cilium has recently been illuminated by our discovery of two key ciliogenic factors, the BBSome and Rab8. Consistent with the general paradigm of the small GTPases of the Rab family, Rab8 likely mediates the docking and fusion of transport vesicles with the base of the primary cilium. But where and when does Rab8 precisely function in this transport process? What effectors does Rab8 utilize to specifically target vesicles to the primary cilium? How is the subsequent step of entry into the cilium proper linked to this fusion step? These are the questions we aim to study.
Conversely to Rab8, the molecular activity of the BBSome is still very poorly understood. The BBSome is a complex of 7 proteins encoded by genes defective in Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS), an obesity/retinopathy ciliopathy. We plan to develop in vitro and in vivo assays to pinpoint the role of the BBSome in transport to the cilium and to define what type of molecular machine the BBSome represents. Furthermore, a structural analysis of the BBSome has been initiated in collaboration with the lab of Chris Garcia.
Regulated traffic to and from the primary cilium
While constitutive transport to and from the cilium is required for ciliogenesis, the utilization of the cilium as a signaling organelle posits the existence of regulated transport to and from the cilium. Indeed, others have shown that distinct proteins in the Hedgehog signaling cascade move in and out of the cilium upon pathway stimulation. However, very little is known about the molecular processes that regulate protein targeting to the cilium. Since the proteomic analysis of the BBSome interactome uncovered known regulators of signaling, we will be pursuing the analysis of these factors in the context of a novel signaling pathway.
Discovery of novel ciliary signaling pathways
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Wilke:People
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 16:09, 11 February 2013 by Austin G. Meyer (Talk | contribs)
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THE WILKE LAB
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Current Lab Members
Principal Investigator
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• Art Covert [1]
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Postdocs
Graduate Students
Undergraduate Students
• Kevin Jia (2010-2011)
• Evan Koch (2009-2010)
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• Matthew Tien (2011-2012)
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Joining the Lab
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7.342:People
From OpenWetWare
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7.342: Reading the Blueprint of Life: Transcription, Stem Cells, & Differentiation
Home People Materials Schedule Discussion Help
Instructors
• Matthew Guenther (guenther AT wi DOT mit DOT edu)
• Roshan Kumar (roshan AT wi DOT mit DOT edu)
Students
Add a link to your user page here (at your option).
• Elizabeth Cook
• Amber Durrell
• Zachary Fallows
• Georgi Kolev Marinov
• Manpreet Singh
• Holly Standing
• Kathy Xie
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[27]
Pallene is a peninsula. On the isthmus of Pallene lies what was once Potidæa, but now Cassandra. It was formerly called Phlegra, and was inhabited by the fabulous giants, an impious and lawless race, who were destroyed by Hercules. It has upon it four cities, Aphytis, Mende, Scione, and Sana. EPIT.
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load focus English (1924)
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Citation URN: urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng2:7.fragments.27
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Starr Foundation
From SourceWatch
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The Starr Foundation is one of the wealthiest private foundations in the United States, with assets of approximately $1.25 billion.[1] The Starr foundation was created by Cornelius Vander Starr, who is also the founder of the American International Group, better known as A.I.G. The Starr Foundation is led by former AIG Chief Executive Officer Maurice Greenberg. In September, 2010 it was reported that the Starr Foundation gave $18 million in loans and grants to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's charitable, non-profit arm, the U.S. Chamber Foundation, to be used for lobbying.
Contents
Laundering funds
In September, 2010, the consumer watchdog group, U.S. Chamber Watch, filed a complaint with the Internal Revenue Service against the U.S. Chamber of Commerce alleging that the $18 million in loans and grants given to the U.S. Chamber Foundation by the Starr Foundation made its way into the coffers of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, where it was illegally used for lobbying. U.S. Chamber Watch alleges that $12 million of the $18 million was given in the form of loans that have never been repaid, and that this money was apparently given to the Chamber Foundation to be used as unrestricted funds. The money was then, in turn, funneled towards support for legal tort reform, to shield companies like A.I.G. from liability. [2]
Sourcewatch resources
External resources
• 2010 Complaint (pdf) to the Internal Revenue Service by U.S. Chamber Watch alleging that the Starr Foundation violated it's charitable status
Contact
The Starr Foundation
399 Park Avenue – 17th Floor
New York, NY 10022
Tel. (212) 909-3600
Fax (212) 750-3536
Web site:http://www.starrfoundation.org/index.html
References
1. Starr Foundation Starr Foundation Home Page, accessed September 17, 2010
2. Joshua Holland How the Chamber of Commerce Allegedly Laundered Millions in Charity Dollars to Beat Back Financial Reform and Reelect Republicans, Alternet.org/Economy, September 13, 2010
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Say Hello to Your New National ID Card
I've maintained for some time that Congress was unlikely to create a national ID card and instead force standards upon the states that created a de facto national ID card using driver's licenses. Last week's bill overhauling national intelligence did just that:
The intelligence bill, which stemmed from recommendations of the independent commission that investigated the 9-11 attacks, requires the U.S. Departments of Transportation and Homeland Security to establish minimum identification standards for drivers' licenses and other state-issued identification cards. If a state's license does not meet the standards in two years, federal agencies will not be allowed accept it as valid identification for such purposes as boarding airplanes and many other common transactions of daily life.
The bill also sets a two-year deadline for states to conform with minimum standards for birth certificates. Those will be set by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The intelligence bill would require that each license include a digital photograph of the holder as well as the holder's full name, date of birth, gender and drivers' license or personal identification number. While some states already meet all these requirements, others do not. States also will be required to meet stiffer standards for the documentation they accept as proof of identity from license applicants, for the processes by which they verify those documents and for the means by which licenses are issued.
There would have been a huge uproar if Congress had passed a national ID card program. This will sail by with nary a whimper.
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Tell me more ×
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What kind of cost/benefit metrics should be considered when trying to support one's local vendors. Mostly I am looking into the printing end of things, but what general metrics should I be weighing? Many particular vendors charge more than I am willing to support; but am I possibly missing a side benefit that might arise from the relationship?
For more background, I was trying to come up with a vendor/cart solution for a site where customers could order prints. In shopping around to local vendors, I found that their costs don't compete dollar for dollar with online shops (quality of product being basically equal). Yet in wanting to support my local economy, I am wondering if there are particular added value s to eating an amount of the cost. IE, "Even if the cost is 3% higher, this is balanced out by being able to [X]."
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3 Answers
up vote 1 down vote accepted
In my opinion, by far, the best reason for sourcing local is for the human connection. Actually getting to personally meet your vendors face to face is a huge benefit. Not only does it really help judge a persons character but once they know your face they will treat you better and feel much more obligated to do quality work. (For example: if you're a local client of mine, I don't do a job well, hard feelings emerge, and I see you in the mall the next week - that will be awkward. People know this and automatically treat you better as a result.)
I'm a co-founder of a web development company and we have to outsource certain aspects of projects all the time. I ALWAYS go with local talent if I can. The relationships build faster / stronger than with someone you never meet, they're more dedicated, and it's just great to be able to go out and celebrate your victories together.
Again, in my opinion, go local just for the increased dedication and long term reliable talent sources. It's gold.
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MGF, More background info would be beneficial. Readers may not understand what you are looking for.
Kind regards, Jed Regan
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Talk to the local printers. Maybe they have a certain expertise and you could use them in those instances. Can you offer/promise them a certain amount of volume and get a discount?
They may have slow periods dictated by the local customers. Your online customers may have a different wedding season than you do locally.
Develop some sort of local relationship. You never know when you need a favor.
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Research article
Mechanical signals control SOX-9, VEGF, and c-Myc expression and cell proliferation during inflammation via integrin-linked kinase, B-Raf, and ERK1/2-dependent signaling in articular chondrocytes
Priyangi M Perera, Ewa Wypasek, Shashi Madhavan, Birgit Rath-Deschner, Jie Liu, Jin Nam, Bjoern Rath, Yan Huang, James Deschner, Nicholas Piesco, Chuanyue Wu and Sudha Agarwal*
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2010, 12:R106 doi:10.1186/ar3039
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McDowell County, West VirginiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 17:10, 20 April 2012 by Jaburgess (Talk | contribs)
McDowell County, West Virginia
Map
Location in the state of West Virginia
Location of West Virginia in the U.S.
Facts
Founded 1858
County Seat Welch
Courthouse
United States West Virginia McDowell County
Contents
County Courthouse
McDowell County
90 Wyoming Street
#109 Welch, WV 24801 304-436-8344
• County Clerk has birth records from 1872
• Marriage records from 1861
• Death records 1894
• Probate and land records 1897
• Circuit Court Clerk has divorce records[1]
History
Parent County
1858--McDowell County was created 20 February 1858 from Tazewell County (Virginia).
County seat: Welch [1]
County seat first Perryville; changed to Welch in 1892.
Boundary Changes
See an interactive map of McDowell County boundary changes.
Record Loss
Places / Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
McDowell County Cemeteries
Census
For tips on accessing McDowell County, West Virginia census records online, see: West Virginia Census
McDowell Census
Church
Court
Land
Names Early Connected with the Land in McDowell County
Local Histories
Maps
Military
West Virginia, Civil War Service Records of Union Soldiers, 1861-1865
Naturalization
Newspapers
Welch Daily News
Box 569
Welch, WV 24801
304.436.3144
$7.50 mth./$75.00 year subscription (only archives back a few years)
Probate
McDowell County, West Virignia Will Books 1893-1968
West Virginia Will Books
Taxation
Vital Records
West Virginia Vital Records - Birth - Death - Marriages
Societies and Libraries
McDowell County Historical Society
HC 61 Box 37-B
Paynesville, WV 24873
President: Dr. Tom Hatcher
Secretary/Treasurer: Geneva Steele
Family History Centers
The closest family history centers are the Huntington Family History Center and Charleston Family History Center
Craft Memorial Library, Bluefield, WV
Web Sites
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Learning How to Edit our Wiki Sites
References
1. 1.0 1.1 The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
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Modify
Opened 3 years ago
Closed 3 years ago
#4632 closed defect (fixed)
Button Help puts help window under main window
Reported by: calibrator Owned by: team
Priority: normal Component: Core
Version: Keywords:
Cc:
Description
JOSM 3051. If press any Help BUTTON then Help window popup UNDER main window, not visible. See attached file.
Attachments (1)
HelpWindowInvisible.PNG (138.5 KB) - added by calibrator 3 years ago.
Download all attachments as: .zip
Change History (3)
Changed 3 years ago by calibrator
comment:1 Changed 3 years ago by stoecker
comment:2 Changed 3 years ago by bastiK
• Resolution set to fixed
• Status changed from new to closed
Modify Ticket
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User:Karmella Haynes/Notebook/PcTF Genomics/2013/01/07
From OpenWetWare
< User:Karmella Haynes | Notebook | PcTF Genomics | 2013 | 01
Revision as of 16:24, 8 January 2013 by Karmella Haynes (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
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Pc-TF Genomics Main project page
Previous entry Next entry
01/07/13
• Array Star analysis
Array Star analysis
1. Open Array Star. Windows only. This can be run on Parallels from a Mac.
2. Click "Start Chip-Seq project..."
3. Add Experiments to Import: Click [Add File..]
4. Select a ###.bam file from the ChiP seq data folder (shared desktop). Click [Next >].
5. Create binding proteins: Click [Create Binding Protein]. Binding protein label = the name of the protein that was pulled down by the antibody via ChIP. Binding site type = Unknown. Click [OK].
6. Assign Binding Proteins to Experiments: Protein label = the appropriate binding protein (created in previous step). Click [Next >].
7. Setup Preprocessing: Desired preprocessing = QSeq; Normalization method = none; Sequence files against which to quantify = browse to Desktop > Human Genome Ref > select all NC...gbk files.
1. Select "Use features of type(s)" and set to "gene".
2. Genome filtering = Discover peaks in the entire genome.
3. Configure Advanced Options: under General, Graphs > Create Wiggle (.wig). Set Location to ChIPseq Wig Files on desktop.
4. Configure Advanced Options: under General, Alignment Files > Create BED Alignment (.bed). Set Location to ChIPseq BED Files on desktop.
5. Configure Advanced Options: under Peak Detection, is set to Qseq Peak Finder by default. Leave this as-is for now.
6. Click [Next >]. Wait a while
8. Setup Attributes and Replicates: Show only grouping attributes (default). Click [Finish].
9. Window with Peak Table and other tabs should appear. Finished! Explore the data.
PcTF vs. H3K27me3
• Add Experiments to Import: added 1_aln_sorted.bam (PcTF), 2_aln_sorted.bam (PcTF mock), 6_aln_sorted.bam (H3K27me3), and 7_aln_sorted.bam (H3K27me3 mock)
• Create binding proteins: created "PcTF" for 1_aln_sorted, and "H3K27me3" for 6_aln_sorted.
• Set control 2_ and 7_aln_sorted as "yes" for "Is control?"
• Set 2_aln_sorted as control for 1_aln_sorted. Set 7_aln_sorted as control for 6_aln_sorted.
• This analysis required too much disk space
• Started over, but only used chromosomes 1-3 as reference templates (trying a few at a time).
• This worked
Results/ Notes:
• Peak Table: shows very few hits for PcTF, many more for H3K27me3, no overlap!
• Display wig file on UCSC Genome browser online - add file from "ChIPseq Wig Files" folder as a custom track; wig file shows raw data histogram
• 1_aln_sorted.wig, 6_aln_sorted.wig
• Display BED file on UCSC Genome browser online - add file from "ChIPseq BED Files" folder as a custom track; BED file shows
• 1_aln_sorted.bed, 6_aln_sorted.bed
Personal tools
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CNN: West Bank wall still triggers weekly protests in village
CNN
12 February 2010
Tear gas, stun grenades, rubber bullets and rocks: It must be Friday afternoon in the West Bank village of Bil’in.
It’s billed as a nonviolent protest against what Israel calls its security barrier, what the Palestinians call the apartheid separation wall.
The barrier separates the villagers from their farmlands. Protesters come from all over the world to support the Palestinian cause.
A few Palestinian youths covering their faces with scarves throw stones … Continue reading
Israel releases Palestinian boycott activists
Benjamin Joffe-Walt | The Media Line
14 January 2010
A prominent West Bank activist said by Palestinian groups to be the first Palestinian imprisoned for promoting an international boycott of Israel has been released after being detained by Israel for over 100 days without charge.
Mohammad Othman, a 34 year old resident of the West Bank village of Jayyous, was released Wednesday after 113 days in Israeli custody.
Palestinian advocacy groups believe Othman to be the first Palestinian imprisoned solely for advocacy of the international boycott movement against Israel.
“I was interrogated every single day for 75 days from 8am until 6.30pm and sometimes … Continue reading
Bil’in organizer Abdallah Abu Rahmah remanded until the end of legal proceedings
Popular Struggle Coordination Committee
10 January 2010
For immediate release:
Abdallah Abu Rahmah, coordinator of the Bil’in Popular Committee Against the Wall, was remanded until the end of legal proceedings today in an Israeli military court. Abu Rahmah is charged with incitement, stone-throwing and a ridiculous arms possession charge for collecting and displaying used tear gas canisters shot at demonstrators in Bil’in by the army.
A judge in the Ofer military court has ordered the remand of Abdallah Abu Rahmah until the end of legal procedures against him. Abu Rahmah, a high school teacher and the coordinator of the Popular Committee Against the Wall … Continue reading
Your Palestinian Gandhis exist… in graves and prisons
Alison Weir | Counterpunch
8 January 2010
Dear Bono,
In your recent column in the New York Times, “Ten for the Next Ten,” you wrote: “I’ll place my hopes on the possibility — however remote at the moment — that…people in places filled with rage and despair, places like the Palestinian territories, will in the days ahead find among them their Gandhi, their King, their Aung San Suu Kyi.”
Your hope has already been fulfilled in the Palestinian territories.
Unfortunately, these Palestinian Gandhis and Kings are being killed and imprisoned.
On the day that your op-ed appeared hoping for such leaders, three were languishing … Continue reading
Israel continues to violate rights of human rights defenders and peaceful activists
30 December 2009
Addameer * Al-Haq * Al Mezan Centre for Human Rights * Al Dameer Association for Human Rights * BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights * DCI – Palestine Section * ENSAN Center * Jerusalem Legal Aid Center * Women’s Centre for Legal Aid and Counselling
Israel has for too long been allowed to violate the rights of human rights defenders and activists. As an occupying power and State Party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Israel is obliged to respect the … Continue reading
Demonstrators to protest closure of Beituniya military checkpoint in solidarity with families of Palestinian political prisoners and in support of lawyers’ strike
29 December 2009
The Popular Struggle Coordination Committee and the Palestinian Society Prisoners’ Club called for a demonstration on Tuesday, 29 December 2009, to protest the closure of the Beituniya checkpoint, the only access route for many families and lawyers of prisoners held at Ofer military prison. All visitors must now go through the Qalandiya checkpoint, which however requires a permit to enter Israel. These permits are frequently denied to family members of political prisoners as well as their lawyers.
Jad Qudamani, director of the legal department of the Palestinian Society Prisoners’ Club, said: “Our lawyers, for many of whom the … Continue reading
Danger: Popular struggle
Amira Hass | Haaretz
23 December 2009
There is an internal document that has not been leaked, or perhaps has not even been written, but all the forces are acting according to its inspiration: the Shin Bet, Israel Defense Forces, Border Police, police, and civil and military judges. They have found the true enemy who refuses to whither away: The popular struggle against the occupation.
Over the past few months, the efforts to suppress the struggle have increased. The target: Palestinians and Jewish Israelis unwilling to give up their right to resist reign of demographic separation and Jewish supremacy. The means: … Continue reading
Tell President Obama to demand that Israel free Bil’in nonviolent leader Abdallah Abu Rahmah
Jewish Voice for Peace
On December 10, 2009 at 2am, the Israeli military surrounded the Ramallah home of Abdallah Abu Rahmah, a high school teacher and the Coordinator of Bil’in’s Popular Committee Against the Wall and Settlements, and arrested him. Abu Rahmah is among the leaders of the West Bank village of Bil’in’s nearly five-year nonviolent struggle of protests, lawsuits and boycotts aiming to save the village’s land from Israel’s wall and expanding settlements. Abdallah Abu Rahmah joins Mohammed Othman from the village of Jayyous, Adeeb Abu Rahmah from Bil’in and many other Palestinians who are currently jailed by Israel … Continue reading
New York carolers sing for boycott of Leviev while Israel jails protesters’ Palestinian allies
Adalah-NY
19 December 2009
For immediate release:
New York, NY, December 19, 2009 – On a snowy Saturday afternoon, forty-five human rights carolers serenaded Madison Avenue shoppers with familiar holiday tunes outside the storefront of Israeli diamond and settlement mogul Lev Leviev, but their lyrics called for the boycott of Leviev’s companies. The New York protest took place against the backdrop of a growing arrest campaign by the Israeli military against Palestinian protest and boycott activists from West Bank villages where Leviev has built settlements.
Ethan Heitner from Adalah-NY commented, “Today in New … Continue reading
A portrait of nonviolent resistance in one Palestinian village
Ellen Cantarow | Huffington Post
8 December 2009
At no time since its 1967 West Bank occupation have Israel’s seizures of Palestinian land and water resources seemed as shocking as the ones attending its construction of “the wall,” begun in 2002. Vast, complex, and shifting in form, the wall appears most dramatically as 25-foot-high concrete slabs punctuated by militarized watch towers, supplemented by electronically monitored electrified fences stretching over vast distances.
In 2004, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) declared the wall illegal, but Israel ignored the ruling. Now, it undulates through the West Bank for over 280 kilometers, clasping Israel’s major … Continue reading
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esyc's bookmarks
I haven't bookmarked any quotes at the moment.
The Black Parade's quote collection
I'm male from the United States and made my book on 28th February 2007.
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I love reading, listening to music, sleeping, and enjoying life! Favorite band: My Chemical Romance. Have a great day!
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
I think there are only three things America will be known for 2, 000 years from now when they study this civilization: the Constitution, jazz music and baseball. Early, Gerald
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Talk:Camiguin
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[edit] Filipino Copyright
From wikipedia:
Aside from government documents, no work of the Philippine government, as well as the works of government-owned and/or controlled corporations, can be copyrighted (images, documents, and the like). However, prior approval is needed if a government work will be used for making a profit (most notably the Philippine constitution).
However, I haven't read the deleted content Sertmann 23:09, 10 November 2008 (EST)
The notice at the bottom of the page at http://www.camiguin.gov.ph/, where the content was copied, reads "© Provincial Government of Camiguin 2004". Texugo 23:16, 10 November 2008 (EST)
I did notice, but i'm quite confident that is illegal - or just an ill informed webdesigner or official. No big deal, just thought i'd bring it up - might be better suited for the country talk page anyway Sertmann 23:19, 10 November 2008 (EST)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6247.1 - Part-time, Casual and Temporary Employment, New South Wales, Oct 1997
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/03/1998 Ceased
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Summary of Findings
Persons whose main job is Part-time, casual or temporary
CHANGE SINCE 1991
In October 1997 in NSW, an estimated 685,000 persons were employed in their main job on a part-time, casual or temporary basis, this being 25% of all employed persons in NSW. Of the 685,000 persons, 33% were employed on a regular casual basis, followed by 23% employed as permanent part-time workers and 22% employed on a casual full-time basis.
Since 1991 there has been a 50% increase in the number of persons employed in their main job on a part-time, casual or temporary basis, from 455,200 persons in 1991 to 685,000 in 1997. While the numbers employed in this type of work have risen in all categories, most of the rise has been in casual full-time employment, from 14,400 in 1991 to 147,900 in 1997. In 1997 this included 41,200 persons who stated they were permanent when surveyed, but were classified as casual as they did not receive paid holiday leave.
The number of males employed as part-time, casual or temporary workers has more than doubled since 1991, from 100,900 in 1991 to 221,800 in 1997. The major part of the increase for males was in the category of casual full-time employment. The number of males in this category increased from 8,800 in 1991 to 94,800 in 1997. Males employed part-time also increased from 90,800 in 1991 to 123,200 in 1997.
The number of females employed as part-time, casual or temporary workers rose from 354,300 in 1991 to 463,200 in 1997, an increase of 31%. As with males, the biggest increase occurred in casual full-time employment from 5,600 in 1991 to 53,100 in 1997.
DISTRIBUTION BY SEX
Since 1991, the overall distribution by sex in this type of employment has changed. While the total number of males employed as part-time, casual or temporary workers has risen, the majority of workers employed under such arrangements are still female. In 1997, just over two thirds (68%) of the part-time, casual or temporary workers were female, as compared to 78% in 1991. In 1997, females comprised 86% of all permanent part-time workers, down from 91% in 1991. Females comprised 73% of regular casual workers in 1997, having fallen from 79% in 1991. In 1997, females made up 69% of irregular casual workers, which was around the same level as in 1991 (67%).
DISTRIBUTION BY AGE
In 1997 the total number of persons employed as part-time, casual or temporary workers is highest in the 15-24 year age group. The numbers in non-permanent full-time employment, comprised mostly of casual full-time, peaks in the 25-34 age group. This peak is made up mostly of male workers, 34,100 out of a total of 50,400. The number of persons employed as permanent and temporary part-time rises steadily across age groups, this rise consisting mostly of female workers. Persons in regular casual work are higher in the 15-24 age groups, which is reflected in the numbers for both male and females in this age group.
INDUSTRY
Persons who were employed in their main job on a part-time, casual or temporary basis were concentrated in five main industry sectors. These were Retail trade (24%), Health and community services (14%), Accommodation, cafes and restaurants (10%), Manufacturing (9%) and Education (9%). Regular casual workers accounted for most people in this type of employment in both Retail trade (57%) and in Accommodation cafes and restaurants (50%). Permanent and temporary part-time employment accounted for high proportions in Health and community services (59%) and Education (40%). Non-permanent full-time, comprised mostly of casual full-time, was the highest category (48%) in the Manufacturing sector.
OCCUPATION
The occupations with the largest numbers of persons in this type of employment were Elementary clerical, sales and service workers with an estimated 156,000 persons or 23% and Intermediate clerical, sales and service workers which also represented 23%. Other occupations with large numbers of workers in this type of employment were Labourers and related workers (16%) and Professionals (15%).
REASONS
The most common reason for choosing part-time, casual or temporary work as a main job was personal reasons (42% ) followed by employment reasons (32%) and family reasons (17%). Of women who worked on a part-time, casual or temporary basis, 44% did so for personal reasons, 28% for employment reasons and 25% for family reasons. Of men who worked on a part-time, casual or temporary basis, 43% did so for employment reasons and 37% for personal reasons.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6415.0 - Price Indexes of Materials Used in Coal Mining, Australia, Feb 1994
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Measures price movements of materials used in the mining of coal. Indexes are published separately for materials used in underground mining and in open-cut mining.
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Ecoregions of Tennessee (EPA)
Ecoregions of Tennessee (EPA)
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Mark McGinley
Ecoregions of Tennessee
Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources; they are designed to serve as a spatial framework for the research, assessment, management, and monitoring of ecosystems and ecosystem components. Ecoregions are directly applicable to the immediate needs of state agencies, such as the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC), for selecting regional stream reference sites and identifying high-quality waters, developing ecoregion-specific chemical and biological water quality criteria and standards, and augmenting TDEC’s watershed management approach. Ecoregion frameworks are also relevant to integrated ecosystem management, an ultimate goal of most federal and state resource management agencies.
The approach used to compile this map is based on the premise that ecological regions can be identified through the analysis of the patterns and the composition of biotic and abiotic phenomena that affect or reflect differences in ecosystem quality and integrity (Wiken 1986; Omernik 1987, 1995). These phenomena include geology, physiography, vegetation, climate, soils, land use, wildlife, and hydrology. The relative importance of each characteristic varies from one ecological region to another regardless of the hierarchical level. A Roman numeral hierarchical scheme has been adopted for different levels of ecological regions. Level I is the coarsest level, dividing North America into 15 ecological regions, with level II dividing the continent into 52 regions. At level III, the continental United States contains 99 regions (United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] 1997). Level IV is a further subdivision of level III ecoregions. Explanations of the methods used to define USEPA’s ecoregions are given in Omernik (1995), Griffith et al. (1994, 1997), and Gallant et al. (1989).
This level III and IV ecoregion map was compiled at a scale of 1:250,000; it depicts revisions and subdivisions of earlier level III ecoregions that were originally compiled at a smaller scale (USEPA 1996; Omernik 1987). The poster is part of a collaborative project primarily between the USEPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory - Corvallis, OR., and TDEC’s Division of Water Pollution Control. Collaboration and consultation also occurred with the United States Department of Agriculture - Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Service (USFS), USEPA Region IV, and with other State of Tennessee agencies.
This project is associated with an interagency effort to develop a common framework of ecological regions. Reaching that objective requires recognition of the differences in the conceptual approaches and mapping methodologies that have been used to develop the most commonly used existing ecoregion-type frameworks, including those developed by the USFS (Bailey et al. 1994), the USEPA (Omernik 1987, 1995), and the NRCS (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1981). As each of these frameworks is further developed, the differences between them lessen. Regional collaborative projects such as this one in Tennessee, where some agreement can be reached among multiple resource management agencies, is a step in the direction of attaining commonality and consistency in ecoregion frameworks for the entire nation.
65. Southeastern Plains
These irregular plains have a mosaic of cropland, pasture, woodland, and oak-hickory-pine forest. The Cretaceous or Tertiary-age sands, silts, and clays of the region contrast geologically with the older limestone, chert, and shale found in the Interior Plateau (71). Elevations and relief are greater than the loess plains of Ecoregion 74 to the west, but generally less than the Interior Plateau (71) to the east. Streams in this area are relatively low-gradient and sandy-bottomed.
65a. The Blackland Prairie, extending north from Mississippi, is a flat to undulating lowland region covering only a small portion of McNairy County, Tennessee. Although there is some of the Cretaceous-age chalk, marl, and calcareous clay that characterizes the region in Mississippi and Alabama, the northern extent of the Blackland Prairie in Tennessee is not distinct. To the south, the natural vegetation had dominant trees of sweetgum, post oak, and red cedar, along with patches of bluestem prairie. Today, the area is mostly in cropland and pasture, with small patches of mixed hardwoods.
65b. The Flatwoods/Alluvial Prairie Margins extend north from Mississippi, but the distinctiveness of this narrow ecoregion belt fades quickly from Ripley, Mississippi North into Tennessee. In Mississippi and Alabama, this is a transition region between the Blackland Prairie and the more forested plains and hills. Some areas, as the Flatwoods name implies, are heavily forested, but the prairie and alluvial areas now have significant amounts of cropland and pasture. In Tennessee, the small region stands out as lower, less hilly agricultural land compared to the forested Southeastern Plains and Hills (65e) that surround it.
65e. The Southeastern Plains and Hills contain several north-south trending bands of sand and clay formations. Tertiary-age sand, clay, and lignite are to the west, and elevations reaching over 650 feet, and more rolling topography and more relief than the Loess Plains (74b) to the west, streams have increased gradient, generally sandy substrates, and distinctive faunal characteristics for west Tennessee. The natural vegetation type is oak-hickory forest, grading into oak-hickory-pine to the south.
65i. The Fall Line Hills ecoregion, comprising the Tennessee or Tombigbee Hills in Mississippi and the Fall Line Hills in Alabama, is composed primarily of Cretaceous-age coastal plain sandy sediments. The sand and chert gravel surficial materials are covered by sandy loam topsoils. It is mostly forested terrain of oak-hickory-pine on open hills with 100-200 feet of relief. Elevations in the small Tennessee portion, roughly between Chambers Creek and Pickwick Lake in Hardin County, are 450-685 feet.
65j. The Transition Hills have the highest elevations in Ecoregion 65, and contain characteristics of both the Southeastern Plains and the Interior Plateau (71) ecoregions. Many streams of this transition area have cut down into the Mississippian, Devonian, and Silurian-age rocks and may look similar to those of the Interior Plateau (71). Cretaceous-age coastal plain deposits of silt, sand, clay, and gravel, however, overlie the older limestone, shale, and chert. It is a mostly forested region of oak-hickory-pine, and has had pine plantation activities associated with pulp and paper operations.
View of Ecoregion 65e’s rolling plains and hills from Natchez Trace State Park and Forest.
Pasture with some cropland is common on the better-drained land of the Flatwoods/Alluvial Prairie Margins (65b).
Clearcut on commercial forest land in Ecoregion 65e.
The Tennessee River is impounded by Pickwick Landing Dam in the Transition Hills (65j).
Beaver are common in Ecoregion 65 and are increasing in numbers in many of Tennessee’s ecoregions.
66. Blue Ridge Mountains
The Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee are characterized by forested slopes, high gradient, cool, clear streams, and rugged terrain on a mix of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary geology. Annual precipitation of nearly 80 inches can occur on the well-exposed high peaks of the Great Smoky Mountains that reach over 6000 feet. The southern Blue Ridge is one of the richest centers of biodiversity in the eastern U.S. It is the most floristically diverse ecoregion of the state, and includes Appalachian oak forests, northern hardwoods, and Southeastern spruce-fir forests. Shrub, grass, and heath balds, hemlock, cove hardwoods, and oak-pine communities are also significant.
66d. The Southern Igneous Ridges and Mountains occur in Tennessee’s northeastern Blue Ridge near the North Carolina border, primarily on Precambrian-age igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks. The typical crystalline rock types include granite, gneiss, schist, and metavolcanics, covered by well-drained, acidic brown loamy soils. Elevations of this rough, dissected region range from 2000-6200 feet, with Roan Mountain reaching 6286 feet. Although there are a few small areas of pasture and apple orchards, the region is mostly forested; Appalachian oak and northern hardwoods forests predominate.
66e. The Southern Sedimentary Ridges in Tennessee include some of the westernmost foothill areas of the Blue Ridge Mountains ecoregion, such as the Bean, Starr, Chilhowee, English, Stone, Bald and Iron Mountain areas. Slopes are steep, and elevations are generally 1000-4500 feet. The rocks are primarily Cambrian-age sedimentary (shale, sandstone, siltstone, quartzite, conglomerate), although some lower stream reaches occur on limestone. Soils are predominantly friable loams and fine sandy loams with variable amounts of sandstone rock fragments, and support mostly mixed oak and oak-pine forests.
66f. Limestone Valleys and Coves are small but distinct lowland areas of the Blue Ridge, with elevations mostly between 1500 and 2500 feet. About 450 million years ago, older Blue Ridge rocks to the east were forced up and over younger rocks to the west. In places, the Precambrian rocks have eroded through to Cambrian or Ordovician-age limestones, as seen especially in isolated, deep cove areas that are surrounded by steep mountains. The main areas of limestone include the Mountain City lowland area and Shady Valley in the north; and Wear Cove, Tuckaleechee Cove, and Cades Cove of the Great Smoky Mountains in the south. Hay and pasture, with some tobacco patches on small farms, are typical land uses.
66g. The Southern Metasedimentary Mountains are steep, dissected, biologically diverse mountains that include Clingmans Dome (6643 feet), the highest point in Tennessee. The Precambrian-age metamorphic and sedimentary geologic materials are generally older and more metamorphosed than the Southern Sedimentary Ridges (66e) to the west and north. The Appalachian oak forests and, at higher elevations, the northern hardwoods forests include a variety of oaks and pines, as well as silverbell, hemlock, yellow poplar, basswood, buckeye, yellow birch, and beech. Spruce-fir forests, found generally above 5500 feet, have been affected greatly over the past twenty-five years by the balsam woolly aphid. The Copper Basin, in the southeast corner of Tennessee, was the site of copper mining and smelting from the 1850’s to 1987, and once left more than fifty square miles of eroded bare earth.
Cades Cove in Ecoregion 66f and the Great Smoky Mountains of Ecoregion 66g.
Roan Mountain rhododendrons in the Southern Igneous Ridges and Mountains (66d).
Blue Ridge streams have a distinct fish fauna, with some containing brook trout, the only salmonid native to Tennessee.
The mixed forests of Chilhowee Mountain in Ecoregion 66e have a history of disturbance by Indians, settlers, loggers, and fire.
Most all of Tennessee’s black bears are found in the Blue Ridge Mountains (66).
67. Ridge and Valley
Also known as the Great Valley of East Tennessee, this is a relatively low-lying region between the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Cumberland Plateau on the west. As a result of extreme folding and faulting events, the roughly parallel ridges and valleys come in a variety of widths, heights, and geologic materials, including limestone, dolomite, shale, siltstone, sandstone, chert, mudstone, and marble. Springs and caves are relatively numerous. Present-day forests cover about 50% of the region. The ecoregion has great aquatic habitat diversity in Tennessee and supports a diverse fish fauna rivaled only by that of the Highland Rim.
67f. The Southern Limestone/Dolomite Valleys and Low Rolling Hills form a heterogeneous region composed predominantly of limestone and cherty dolomite. Landforms are mostly low rolling ridges and valleys, and the soils vary in their productivity. Landcover includes intensive agriculture, urban and industrial, or areas of thick forest. White oak forests, bottomland oak forests, and sycamore-ash-elm riparian forests are the common forest types, and grassland barrens intermixed with cedar-pine glades also occur here.
Landscape patterns of Ecoregions 67f and 67i include forested ridges, low rolling hills, and agricultural valleys.
Livestock, dairy, hay, corn, small grain, vegetables, and tobacco are the typical farm products of the Ridge and Valley (67).
Urban, industrial, and agricultural activities are common in the valleys of Ecoregion 67f.
Free-flowing aquatic habitats have been greatly reduced by impoundments on the Tennessee River and all of its major tributaries.
The largest known population of tall larkspur, an endangered plant species associated with cedar barrens of the Ridge and Valley, is found on federal land near Oak Ridge.
67g. The Southern Shale Valleys consist of lowlands, rolling valleys, and slopes and hilly areas that are dominated by shale materials. The northern areas are associated with Ordovician-age calcareous shale, and the well-drained soils are often slightly acid to neutral. In the south, the shale valleys are associated with Cambrian-age shales that contain some narrow bands of limestone, but the soils tend to be strongly acid. Small farms and rural residences subdivide the land. The steeper slopes are used for pasture or have reverted to brush and forested land, while small fields of hay, corn, tobacco, and garden crops are grown on the foot slopes and bottom land.
67h. The Southern Sandstone Ridges ecoregion encompasses the major sandstone ridges, but these ridges also have areas of shale and siltstone. The steep, forested ridges have narrow crests, and the soils are typically stony, sandy, and of low fertility. The chemistry of streams flowing down the ridges can vary greatly depending on the geologic material. The higher elevation ridges are in the north, including Wallen Ridge, Powell Mountain, Clinch Mountain and Bays Mountain. White Oak Mountain in the south has some sandstone on the west side, but abundant shale and limestone as well. Grindstone Mountain, capped by the Gizzard Group sandstone, is the only remnant of Pennsylvanianage strata in the Ridge and Valley of Tennessee.
67i. The Southern Dissected Ridges and Knobs contain more crenulated, broken, or hummocky ridges, compared to the smoother, more sharply pointed sandstone ridges of Ecoregion 67h. Although shale is common, there is a mixture and interbedding of geologic materials. The ridges on the east side of Tennessee’s Ridge and Valley tend to be associated with the Ordovician-age Sevier shale, Athens shale, and Holston and Lenoir limestones. These can include calcareous shale, limestone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate. In the central and western part of Ecoregion 67, the shale ridges are associated with the Cambrian-age Rome Formation: shale and siltstone with beds of sandstone. Chestnut oak forests and pine forests are typical for the higher elevations of the ridges, with areas of white oak, mixed mesophytic forest, and tulip poplar on the lower
68. Southwestern Appalachians
Stretching from Kentucky to Alabama, these open low mountains contain a mosaic of forest and woodland with some cropland and pasture. The eastern boundary of the ecoregion in Tennessee, along the more abrupt escarpment where it meets the Ridge and Valley (67), is relatively smooth and only slightly notched by small eastward flowing stream drainages. The western boundary, next to the Interior Plateau’s Eastern Highland Rim (71g), is more crenulated with a rougher escarpment that is more deeply incised. The mixed mesophytic forest is restricted mostly to the deeper ravines and escarpment slopes, and the upland forests are dominated by mixed oaks with shortleaf pine.
68a. The Cumberland Plateau’s tablelands and open low mountains are about 1000 feet higher than the Eastern Highland Rim (71g) to the west, and receive slightly more precipitation with cooler annual temperatures than the surrounding lower-elevation
ecoregions. The plateau surface is less dissected with lower relief compared to the Cumberland Mountains (69d) or the Plateau Escarpment (68c). Elevations are generally 1200-2000 feet, with the Crab Orchard Mountains reaching over 3000 feet. Pennsylvanianage conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale is covered by mostly well-drained, acid soils of low fertility. The region is forested, with some agriculture and coal mining activities.
The Plateau Escarpment (68c) of the Tennessee River Gorge.
Sequatchie Valley (68b) and Plateau Escarpment (68c).
Many waterfalls occur near the boundary of Ecoregions 68a and 68c where softer rocks erode under the sandstone cap.
Forest, pasture, and clearcut landscape mosaic of the Cumberland Plateau (68a).
The deeper ravines and gorges of Ecoregion 68c provide wet and cool environments that can harbor distinct plant communities.
68b. The Sequatchie Valley is structurally associated with an anticline, where erosion of broken rock to the south of the Crab Orchard Mountains scooped out the linear valley. The open, rolling, valley floor, 600-1000 feet in elevation, is generally 1000 feet and east valleys of Mississippian to Ordovician-age limestones, dolomites, and shales. Similar to parts of the Ridge and Valley (67), this is an agriculturally productive region, with areas of pasture, hay, soybeans, small grain, corn, and tobacco.
68c. The Plateau Escarpment is characterized by steep, forested slopes and high velocity, high gradient streams. Local relief is often 1000 feet or more. The geologic strata include Mississippian-age limestone, sandstone, shale, and siltstone, and Pennsylvanian-age shale, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate. Streams have cut down into the limestone, but the gorge talus slopes are composed of colluvium with huge angular, slabby blocks of sandstone. Vegetation community types in the ravines and gorges include mixed oak and chestnut oak on the upper slopes, more mesic forests on the middle and lower slopes (beech-tulip poplar, sugar maple-basswood-ash-buckeye), with hemlock along rocky streamsides and river birch along floodplain terraces.
69. Central Appalachians
The Central Appalachian ecoregion, stretching from northern Tennessee to central Pennsylvania, is primarily a high, dissected, rugged plateau composed of sandstone, shale, conglomerate, and coal. The rugged terrain, cool climate, and infertile soils limit agriculture, resulting in a mostly forested landcover. The high hills and low mountains are covered by a mixed mesophytic forest with areas of Appalachian oak and northern hardwoods forest. Bituminous coal mines are common, and have caused the siltation and acidification of streams.
69d. The Cumberland Mountains, in contrast to the sandstone-dominated Cumberland Plateau (68a) to the west and southwest, are more highly dissected, with narrowcrested steep slopes, and younger Pennsylvanian-age shales, sandstones, siltstones, and
coal. Narrow, winding valleys separate the mountain ridges, and relief is often 2000 feet. Cross Mountain, west of Lake City, reaches 3534 feet in elevation. Soils are generally well-drained, loamy, and acidic, with low fertility. The natural vegetation is a mixed mesophytic forest, although composition and abundance vary greatly depending on aspect, slope position, and degree of shading from adjacent land masses. Large tracts of land are owned by lumber and coal companies, and there are many areas of stripmining.
Coal mining in the Cumberland Mountains (69d).
White-tail deer populations have increased in many Tennessee ecoregions in recent decades.
The rugged Cumberland Mountains of the Frozen Head State Natural Area also contain 120 species of spring wildflowers.
71. Interior Plateau
The Interior Plateau is a diverse ecoregion extending from southern Indiana and Ohio to northern Alabama. Rock types are distinctly different from the coastal plain sands of western Tennessee ecoregions, and elevations are lower than the Appalachian ecoregions to the east. Mississippian to Ordovician-age limestone, chert, sandstone, siltstone and shale compose the landforms of open hills, irregular plains, and tablelands. The natural vegetation is primarily oak-hickory forest, with some areas of bluestem prairie and cedar glades. The region has the most diverse fish fauna in Tennessee.
71e. The Western Pennyroyal Karst is a flatter area of irregular plains, with fewer perennial streams, compared to the open hills of the Western Highland Rim (71f). Small sinkholes and depressions are common. The productive soils of this notable agricultural area are formed mostly from a thin loess mantle over residuum of Mississippian-age limestones. Most of the region is cultivated or in pasture; tobacco and livestock are the principal agricultural products, with some corn, soybeans, and small grains. The natural vegetation consisted of oak-hickory forest with mosaics of bluestem prairie. The barrens of Kentucky that extended south into Stewart, Montgomery, and Robertson counties, were once some of the largest natural grasslands in Tennessee.
Strip-cropping on Western Pennyroyal Karst (71e) agricultural land.
Tobacco is grown in large areas of 71e, and in smaller plots like this in the more hilly ecoregions of the Interior Plateau (71f, 71h).
Cropland, pasture, and an extensive ornamental nursery industry are found on the more level terrain of the Eastern Highland Rim (71g).
Woodland and pasture on the rolling hills of the Outer Nashville Basin (71h).
The regions of the Interior Plateau in Tennessee are remnants of a huge geological structure, the Nashville Dome, that fractured and eroded away, leaving a crater-like central basin.
71f. The Western Highland Rim is characterized by dissected, rolling terrain of open hills, with elevations of 400-1000 feet. The geologic base of Mississippian-age limestone, chert, and shale is covered by soils that tend to be cherty, acid, and low to moderate in fertility. Streams are characterized by coarse chert gravel and sand substrates with areas of bedrock, moderate gradients, and relatively clear water. The oak-hickory natural vegetation was mostly deforested in the mid to late 1800’s, in conjunction with the iron-ore related mining and smelting of the mineral limonite, but now the region is again heavily forested. Some agriculture occurs on the flatter interfluves and in the stream and river valleys: mostly hay, pasture, and cattle, with some cultivation of corn and tobacco.
71g. The Eastern Highland Rim has more level terrain than the Western Highland Rim (71f), with landforms characterized as tablelands of moderate relief and irregular plains. Mississippian-age limestone, chert, shale, and dolomite redominate, and karst terrain sinkholes and depressions are especially noticeable between Sparta and McMinnville. Numerous springs and spring-associated fish fauna also typify the region. Natural vegetation for the region is transitional between the oak-hickory type to the west and the mixed mesophytic forests of the Appalachian ecoregions (68, 69) to the east. Bottomland hardwoods forests were once abundant in some areas, although much of the original bottomland forest has been inundated by several large impoundments. Barrens and former prairie areas are now mostly oak thickets or pasture and cropland.
71h. The Outer Nashville Basin is a more heterogeneous region than the Inner Nashville Basin (71i), with more rolling and hilly topography and slightly higher elevations. The region encompasses most all of the outer areas of the generally non-cherty Ordovician limestone bedrock. The higher hills and knobs are capped by the more cherty Mississippianage formations, and some Devonian-age Chattanooga shale, remnants of the Highland Rim. The region’s limestone rocks and soils are high in phosphorus, and commercial phosphate is mined. Deciduous forest with pasture and cropland are the dominant land covers. Streams are low to moderate gradient, with productive, nutrient-rich waters, resulting in algae, rooted vegetation, and occasionally high densities of fish. The Nashville Basin as a whole has a distinctive fish fauna, notable for fish that avoid the region, as well as those that are present.
71i. The Inner Nashville Basin is less hilly and lower than the Outer Nashville Basin (71h), outcrops of the Ordovician-age limestone are common, and the generally shallow soils are redder and lower in phosphorus than those of the outer basin. Streams are lower gradient than surrounding regions, often flowing over large expanses of limestone bedrock. The most characteristic hardwoods within the inner basin are a maple-oak-hickoryash association. The limestone cedar glades of Tennessee, a unique mixed grassland/forest cedar glades vegetation type with many endemic species, are located primarily on the limestones of the Inner Nashville Basin. The more xeric, open characteristics and shallow soils of the cedar glades also result in a distinct distribution of amphibian and reptile species. Urban, suburban, and industrial land use in the region is increasing.
73. Mississippi Alluvial Plain
This riverine ecoregion extends from southern Illinois, at the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi River, south to the Gulf of Mexico. It is mostly a flat, broad floodplain with river terraces and levees providing the main elements of relief. Regionally, the soils tend to be poorly drained, although locally some sandy soils are well-drained. Winters are mild and summers are hot, with temperatures and precipitation increasing from north to south. Bottomland deciduous forest vegetation covered the region before clearance for cultivation.
73a. The Northern Mississippi Alluvial Plain within Tennessee is a relatively flat region of Quaternary alluvial deposits of sand, silt, clay, and gravel. It is bounded distinctly on the east by the Bluff Hills (74a), and on the west by the Mississippi River. Average elevations are 200-300 feet with little relief. Most of the region is in cropland, with some areas of deciduous forest. Soybeans, cotton, corn, sorghum, and vegetables are the main crops. The natural vegetation consists of Southern floodplain forest (oak, tupelo, bald cypress). The two main distinctions in the Tennessee portion of the ecoregion are between areas of loamy, silty, and sandy soils with better drainage, and areas of more clayey soils of poor drainage that may contain wooded swamp-land and oxbow lakes. Waterfowl, raptors, and migratory songbirds are relatively abundant in the region.
Reelfoot Lake, created by earthquakes in 1811 and 1812, provides important habitat for fish and birds.
Bald eagle populations have increased, but are still threatened by habitat loss and environmental contaminants.
Fields and forest along the lower Forked Deer River.
The banded water snake in Tennessee is found primarily in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (73).
Barges on the meandering Mississippi River.
74. Mississippi Valley Loess Plains
This ecoregion stretches from near the Ohio River in western Kentucky to Louisiana. It consists primarily of irregular plains, with oak-hickory and oak-hickory-pine natural vegetation. Thick loess tends to be the distinguishing characteristic. With flatter topography than the Southeastern Plains (65) to the east, streams tend to have less gradient and more silty substrates. In Tennessee, agriculture is the dominant land use.
74a. The Bluff Hills consist of sand, clay, silt, and lignite, and are capped by loess greater than 60 feet deep. The disjunct region in Tennessee encompasses those thick loess areas that are generally the steepest, most dissected, and forested. The carved loess has a mosaic of microenvironments, including dry slopes and ridges, moist slopes, ravines, bottomland areas, and small cypress swamps. While oak-hickory is the general forest type, some of the undisturbed bluff vegetation is rich in mesophytes, such as beech and sugar maple, with similarities to hardwood forests of eastern Tennessee. Smaller streams of the Bluff Hills have localized reaches of increased gradient and small areas of gravel substrate that create aquatic habitats that are distinct from those of the Loess Plains (74b) to the east. Unique, isolated fish assemblages more typical of upland habitats can be
The Bluff Hills (74a) form a distinct boundary where they meet the level cropland of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (73).
Most streams in 74b have been channelized. The Hatchie River remains relatively unaltered, and its bottomland forest provides important wildlife habitat.
Rolling pasture land occurs in some eastern areas of the Bluff Hills (74a).
Agricultural landscape of the Loess Plains (74b) near Dyer.
74b. The Loess Plains are gently rolling, irregular plains, 250-500 feet in elevation, with loess up to 50 feet thick. The region is a productive agricultural area of soybeans, cotton, corn, milo, and sorghum crops, along with livestock and poultry. Soil erosion can be a problem on the steeper, upland Alfisol soils; bottom soils are mostly silty Entisols. Oakhickory and southern flooplain forests are the natural vegetation types, although most of the forest cover has been removed for cropland. Some less-disturbed bottomland forest and cypress-gum swamp habitats still remain. Several large river systems with wide floodplains, the Obion, Forked Deer, Hatchie, Loosahatchie, and Wolf, cross the region. Streams are lowgradient and murky with silt and sand bottoms, and most have been channelized.
Notes
• The full, original version of this entry is located here: http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/tn_eco.htm. That description contains additional maps, as well as information on the physiography, geology, soil, potential natural vegetation, and the land use and land cover of the ecoregion.
• PRINCIPAL AUTHORS: Glenn Griffith (USEPA), James Omernik (USEPA) and Sandra Azevedo (OAO Corporation).
• COLLABORATORS AND CONTRIBUTORS: John Jenkins (NRCS), Richard Livingston (NRCS), James Keys (USFS); Phil Stewart (TDEC), Greg Russell (TDEC), Alan Woods (Dynamac Corporation), Joy Broach (TDEC), Linda Cartwright (TDEC), Debbie Arnwine (Tennessee Department of Health), and Thomas Loveland (USGS).
Literature Cited:
• Bailey, R.G., Avers, P.E., King, T., and McNab, W.H., eds., 1994, Ecoregions and subregions of the United States (map) (supplementary table of map unit descriptions compiled and edited by McNab, W.H. and Bailey, R.G.): Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Agriculture - Forest Service, scale 1:7,500,000.
• Gallant, A.L., Whittier, T.R., Larsen, D.P., Omernik, J.M., and Hughes, R.M., 1989, Regionalization as a tool for managing environmental resources: Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency EPA/600/3-89/060, 152 p.
• Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., Wilton, T.F., and Pierson, S.M., 1994, Ecoregions and subregions of Iowa - a framework for water quality assessment and management: The Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science, v. 101, no. 1, p. 5-13.
• Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., and Azevedo, S.H., 1997, Ecoregions of Tennessee: Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA/600R-97/022, 51 p.
• Omernik, J.M., 1987, Ecoregions of the conterminous United States (map supplement): Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 77, no. 1, p. 118-125, scale 1:7,500,000.
• Omernik, J.M., 1995, Ecoregions - a framework for environmental management, in Davis, W.S. and Simon, T.P., eds., Biological assessment and criteria - tools for water resource planning and decision making: Boca Raton, Florida, Lewis Publishers, p. 49-62.
• U.S. Department of Agriculture - Soil Conservation Service, 1981, Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States: Agriculture Handbook 296, 156 p.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997, Level III ecoregions of the continental United States (revision of Omernik, 1987): Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Map M-1, various scales.
• Wiken, E., 1986, Terrestrial ecozones of Canada: Ottawa, Environment Canada, Ecological Land Classification Series no. 19, 26 p.
Citation
Glenn E. Griffith, James M. Omernik (Lead Author);Mark McGinley (Topic Editor) "Ecoregions of Tennessee (EPA)". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth April 22, 2009; Last revised Date April 22, 2009; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Ecoregions_of_Tennessee_(EPA)>
The Authors
A biography for this person is not yet available. We encourage authors to submit biographical information, if you have not done so and would like to, contact Arielle Conti. ... (Full Bio)
James M. Omernik is a retired geographer formerly with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory is Corvallis, OR. He currently works parttime for the U.S. Geological Survey. Omernik began his career in geography with the Defense Intelligence Agency in the early 1960's and was with the EPA from 1972 to 2002. At EPA he has led in the design and development of national and regional maps of stream nutrient concentrations attri ... (Full Bio)
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 801230, 7 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/801230
Research Article
Hydrogen Storage Enhancement Attained by Fixation of Ti on MWNTs
1Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, S.C. Subdirección de Investigación, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro-Sanfandila, 76703 Pedro Escobedo, QRO, Mexico
2Departamento de Metalmecánica, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Avenida Tecnológico s/n Esq. M. Escobedo, Col. Centro, 76000 Querétaro, QRO, Mexico
3División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro (UAQ), Centro Universitario, 76010 Querétaro, QRO, Mexico
4Programa de Ingeniería Molecular, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas 152, A. P. 14-805, 07730 México City, DF, Mexico
Received 23 March 2012; Revised 8 June 2012; Accepted 17 June 2012
Academic Editor: Jasmina Grbovic Novakovic
Copyright © 2012 J. J. Pérez-Bueno et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Nowadays, hydrogen has a preponderant position among the potentially sustainable energy sources. Due to its power density, its storage is of main concern when considering a broad use in practical applications. Carbon nanotubes constitute promising candidates for the design and construction of hydrogen storage devices. This work explores the use of some procedures involving electrochemistry, aimed to bond atomic Ti on the outer surface of MWNTs. Each titanium atom has the potential of hosting two hydrogen molecules and relinquishing them by heating. Nevertheless, nanotubes are difficult to handle due to electrostatic charge and agglomeration, and in this context, two routes were tested as procedures to spread and stick nanotubes on an electrode: (1) a functionalization capable of attaching gold was tested in two forms, as either using 4 nm particles or a flat gold electrode. The fixation of Au particles was confirmed by HRTEM. (2) A simpler route that consisted on drying a CH2Cl2/nanotubes solution previously spread on a glassy carbon flat electrode. CH2Cl2 was selected as the medium and TiCl4 as the precursor for attaching atomic Ti to the nanotubes. The results revealed that hydrogen adsorption, estimated from voltamperometry, was five times higher on Ti-MWNTs than on bare nanotubes.
1. Introduction
It is widely accepted that hydrogen possesses the potential to become the renewable energy source of the future. Nevertheless, some challenges must be addressed in order to allow its broad use in everyday items, and probably the one that stands out as the most important corresponds to the safe storage issue. Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes, countless attempts have been made in order to use them as cheap, safe, and practical materials for the storage of hydrogen [13]. Their capacity for direct hydrogen storage was determined to be around 6.5 wt% [46]. However, in order to increase this capacity, different MWNTs surface modifying methods have been proposed. In the case of surface functionalization for improving hydrogen storage, the main objective is to promote the fixation of metallic particles capable of attaching hydrogen atoms, which can be released when desired. In this way, there are reports of different metallic [711], nonmetallic, or bimetallic [1214] nanoparticles attached to nanotubes (carbon [710, 12], gold [11, 15], and others [16, 17]). Some reports are based on an increase in catalytic performance [7, 13, 14] or in the sensitivity [810, 12]. In this context, numerous groups have been studying electrochemical hydrogen storage [1824]. There are for instance reports on the catalytic effect of nickel nanoparticles located inside nanotubes for hydrogen dissociation [2527].
The basis of the present study lies on previous works that report the feasibility of attaching two hydrogen atoms to an each Ti atom bonded to the outer surface of a MWNT [2832]. In this way, each bonded titanium atom has the potential to host up to two hydrogen atoms or four hydrogen molecules and release them by heating. In this work, the functionalization of gold substrates was studied in order to find an alternative way to spread and stick nanotubes on an electrode surface. In addition, a simpler procedure based on drying a CH2Cl2/MWNT solution on the surface of a flat carbon electrode was studied.
2. Experimental
MWNTs are easier to obtain than single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by different techniques and therefore the former were chosen for this work. The MWNTs were synthesized by pyrolyzing ferrocene/melamine mixtures at 1050°C in an Ar atmosphere. The carboxylic functionalization of nanotubes implies a series of steps that progressively modifies the surface changing their inert nature [14]. In this way, MWNTs underwent chemical treatment using a sulfuric acid/nitric acid mixture (3 : 1 v/v) in an ultrasonic bath for two hours.
In a second step, the pretreated nanotubes were mixed with a cationic polyelectrolyte, polydiallyldimethylammonium (PDADMAC, mMw ~ 100,000–200,000) dissolved in an aqueous NaCl solution (5%) for 30 min. This process at the same time prevents the aggregation of the MWNTs and allows joining the polyelectrolyte with the modified nanotubes by electrostatic interaction of the formed carbonyl groups and the PDADMAC. Finally, the nanotubes were mixed with either an aqueous colloid of 4–6 nm gold particles for 30 min or deposited on a flat gold electrode (Au coated glass).
An alternative simplified route that allowed electrochemical attachment of the Ti species was also explored. This consisted of drying a previously sonicated nanotube solution carefully spread on a flat glassy carbon electrode. Four liquid media were tested for these experiments: toluene (C6H5–CH3, 99.8%), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2, 99.9%), dichloroethane (ClCl, 99%), and tetrahydrofuran (–CH2CH2–O–CH2CH2–) 99.9%), all from Sigma-Aldrich.
The MWNTs modified Au or glassy carbon electrodes were incorporated as working electrodes in a standard three-electrode glass cell, where Ag and Pt wires were used as reference and counter electrodes, respectively. High purity N2 and H2 gases were used in all the experiments (both 99.999% pure).
Electrochemical oxidation, by means of anodic polarization, provided functional groups susceptible to nucleophilic attack, which allowed interaction of the surface with a titanium precursor. This requires a high reactivity to effectively bond titanium atoms to nanotubes. The chosen titanium precursor was titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl4, Sigma-Aldrich 99.995%). In order to avoid titania formation, the procedure was conducted at 5°C in a glovebox with an Ar atmosphere.
Anodic polarization at different potentials between 0 and +1500 mV (versus Ag wire) for 5 min was therefore conducted in dry CH2Cl2. Then, 40 L of TiCl4 were injected directly in the electrochemical cell and mixed under constant stirring, in order to promote the immobilization of Ti atoms on the surface of the MWNTs. After 30 s of reaction, the electrode was withdrawn from the electrochemical cell and rinsed with sufficient CH2Cl2 to remove the TiCl4 excess. Later, the modified electrode was immersed in a H2-satured CH2Cl2 solution. Finally, the characterization was carried out by cyclic voltammetry, recorded from 1.5 to −2 V at a scan rate of 0.05 Vs−1 in a CH2Cl2 10 mM solution of Tetra n-butyl-ammonium hexafluoro-phosphate (TBAHFP) under N2-atmosphere. Glassy carbon electrodes without MWNTs or TiCl4 were used as control references.
The analysis of modified MWNTs was carried out using a Tecnai G2 F30 S-Twin HRTEM operating at 300 kV. The microscope is equipped with a Schottky-type field emission gun and an S-Twin objective lens (Cs, 1.2 mm; Cc, 1.4 mm; resolution, 0.20 nm). Samples were pulverized and suspended in 2-propanol at room temperature and dispersed with ultrasonic agitation. Subsequently, aliquots of the solution were dropped on 3 mm diameter lacey carbon copper grids.
3. Results and Discussion
The chemical treatment described in the experimental section promotes the oxidation of the MWNTs surface forming carbonyl (RR′C=O), carboxyl (–C(=O)OH), and hydroxyl (R–O–H) groups. As can be seen in Figure 1, the infrared spectrum shows the presence of characteristic peaks for carbonyl groups around 1600 cm−1. The band at 3300 cm−1 is related to carboxyl units while the bands at 1500 cm−1 and 1300 cm−1 correspond to C=C. The band at 1100 cm−1 is associated to the C–O vibration.
Figure 1: IR spectrum corresponding to functionalized nanotubes.
Although the Ti modification of MWNTs was not evident in the HRTEM image, the close examination of the synthesized carbon nanotubes mainly shows multiwall type structures (Figure 2). Figure 3(a) shows an X-ray diffraction analysis of the bare MWNTs, which shows C and Fe corresponding to the nanotubes and the residual iron, respectively. The modified MWNTs, on the other hand, showed no differences in the X-ray diffraction analysis. From this observation, the presence of copper was not clear since its main peak position coincides with that of iron. The full widths at half maximum (FWHM) for the peaks were 2.312 (C; 26.1; 2-Theta°), 1.54 (Fe; 44.7; 2-Theta°), and 1.55 (Cu; 43.6; 2-Theta°). The estimated composition (using the software TOPAS 4.2) was 67.16% graphite, 31.54% carbon, 1.0% iron, and 0.3% copper. The proportion of the MWNTs was around 70% with the remaining 30% of amorphous carbon, which coincides with that estimated for graphite and crystalline carbon, respectively. The corresponding crystallite sizes were 4.0 nm, 0.6 nm, 5.0 nm, and 38.2 nm, respectively. Similarly, in Figure 3(b), EDX analysis shows that C and Fe prevail but that another element appeared, copper.
Figure 2: Multiwall carbon nanotubes: (a) modified with Au particles, (b, c) modified with Ti (not evident in the image) after sample preparation procedure for HRTEM.
Figure 3: (a) Diffractogram of MWNTs indicating the corresponding JCPDS patterns, and (b) EDX corresponding to a point selected by HRTEM.
As it was previously mentioned, the PDADMAC functionalized MWNTs were obtained. The fixation of nanotubes to Au was attained as described in the experimental section. Two cases using PDADMAC were tested, either attaching 4 nm Au particles to the nanotubes, or by linking the nanotubes-polyelectrolyte complex to a gold electrode. The first case, already profusely reported in the literature, results in MWNTs decorated with Au nanoparticles (4 nm in diameter), which do not allow polarization to promote Ti attachment. The same procedure in a reversed condition allowed on the other hand, a proven way of attaching the MWNTs to a conducting Au electrode, where Ti implantation and polarization trough voltamperometry can be carried out. The test consisted of functionalizing the MWNTs with PDADMAC and attaching the resulting complex to a flat gold electrode in order to conduct a voltametry test. The resulting experiments established that the presence of the large chains of the polyelectrolyte probably screened the MWNTs charged groups, thus resulting in a hindering effect for the following step of titanium fixation. Therefore, the construction of a modified Au electrode with MWNTs anchored through PDADMAC functionalization, proved to be a nonconvenient route for Ti electrochemical attachment. Instead, another simplified route was chosen.
A simplified alternative procedure consisted of drying a sonicated MWNTs solution on a glassy carbon flat electrode as described in the experimental section. Once the carbon electrode surface was modified, anodic polarization for electrochemical oxidation was carried out. This step provided functional groups on the MWNTs susceptible to nucleophilic attack by the titanium precursor, TiCl4.
The titanium precursor requires high reactivity to effectively bond the titanium atoms to the nanotubes. At the same time, the synthetic protocol must avoid the formation of titania. In this context, titanium tetrachloride met these criteria and was chosen for this process. However, we required an inert medium, due to the precursor’s reactivity with moisture and oxygen. As an alternative to handling this situation, we kept the medium at a low temperature (around C), which allowed working even in an air atmosphere.
On a regular basis, the experiments were conducted in an Ar chamber with four liquid media at a temperature around C: toluene, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, and tetrahydrofuran. Dichloromethane was selected to be the best among them. TiCl4 showed precipitates with the other liquid media, titanium complex formations, or long time reactions probably occurred with the other solvents. In the case of dichloroethane, there was a sudden reaction with TiCl4 forming a white precipitate and the reaction kept going on for days. The THF-TiCl4 reaction formed a yellowish gel. Toluene reacted with TiCl4 in 24 hours, forming first an orange solution and, subsequently, a precipitate.
Figure 4(a) shows the voltamperograms with the bare carbon electrode using NaCl 5%/wt and with the polyelectrolyte (with waves at 0.74 V and 0.61 V). Figure 4(b) shows the voltamperogram (three cycles) of an electrode containing MWNTs, which showed a reduction characteristic wave located at −0.23 V.
Figure 4: Voltamperograms corresponding to (a) bare electrolyte and polyelectrolyte, as well as (b) functionalized nanotubes with the polyelectrolyte versus Ag/AgCl.
The use of an ultramicroelectrode, with aperture diameter of 11 m, was proposed for conducting the electrochemical study with the Ti modified MWNTs (Figure 5). The idea of using such a small electrode was to avoid the need to employ an electrolyte prevent impurities reduction, and/or incompatibilities with the Ti precursor. An ultra-microelectrode has a semispherical diffusion profile, which induces an improvement in the mass transport due to its small diameter. The MWNTs were placed on the electrode surface as described in the experimental section and typical voltamperometric responses are shown in Figure 5. However, the quantity of MWNTs in the ultra-microelectrode for each test was not reproducible and the associated voltamperogram currents were different in magnitude for each experiment. Also, the nanotubes surpassed the diffusion layer due to their length, which reduced the advantages of using an ultra-microelectrode for this study.
Figure 5: Ultramicroelectrode voltametry (a) without, and (b) with MWNTs. The inserted figures give a graphic representation of an ultramicroelectrode. Graphic representations of an ultramicroelectrode are shown.
As can be seen in Figure 6, the resulting voltamperograms show the redox process associated with hydrogen adsorption-desorption. It is important to note that a substantial increase in the current density is associated with the presence of Ti-modified MWNTs in the electrode surface. As previously mentioned, the carbon nanotubes have a reversible hydrogen storage capacity, but when Ti is incorporated in the MWNT surface, this capacity is considerably increased.
Figure 6: Voltamperometric profiles corresponding to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE): (a) without, and (b) with MWNTs.
On the other hand, the electrochemical response of a Ti-modified MWNT electrode, previously immersed in N2-satured CH2Cl2 was also obtained (see Figure 6). As expected, this modified electrode does not present any redox reactions associated with the hydrogen adsorption-desorption process.
Figure 7(a) shows the influence of anodic polarization on the modified MWNT electrode for Ti immobilization. The charge associated with hydrogen desorption in the voltamperograms was estimated by means of the integration of the area under the reduction peak located in the potential range of 0.1–1.8 V (Figure 7(b)) and adjusted by subtraction of the double-layer charging current. Each cyclic voltamperogram was obtained with Ti-modified MWNTs previously treated by application of different anodic potential values.
Figure 7: Profiles obtained by (a) voltamperometry of the nanotubes electrochemically modified with Ti as a function of the initial polarization, and (b) amount of load corresponding to nanotubes modified with Ti as a function of the initial polarization.
Therefore, anodic polarization pretreatment increased the capacity of Ti-modified MWTNs to attached H atoms on the electrode surfaces. This result could be directly related with the Ti coverage on the nanotube surfaces. Analysis of this data shows that when an anodic potential of 750 mV was imposed on the MWNT surfaces, the anchorage of Ti is more favorable than the other potentials surveyed, and as a consequence, hydrogen adsorption is greater. On the basis of these results, we identified this potential value as the electrochemical pretreatment of choice for the activation of the MWNT surfaces. In fact, the voltamperograms presented in Figure 6 were obtained by anodic polarization at this potential value. On the other hand, it is important to point out that the capacity for hydrogen adsorption on MWNTs is, for instance, approximately five times larger using Ti coverage than that corresponding to bare MWNTs.
4. Conclusions
The functionalization of MWNTs and titanium implantation were carried out. Even considering that the attachment of gold particles to nanotubes or, inversely the attachment of nanotubes to gold electrodes, was successfully achieved, the polyelectrolyte may interfere in the titanium fixing procedure. Also, the use of ultramicroelectrodes was unsatisfactory due to the lack of reproducibility in the amount of nanotubes and because the nanotubes length surpassed the diffusion layer. Aside from these results and the corresponding considerations, it was found that the procedure allowed five times higher hydrogen storage and may be susceptible to high improvement, mainly in the amount of atomic titanium bonded, which may cause a significant increase.
In this way, carbon surface functionalization by electrochemical oxidation may provide a great number of functional groups susceptible to nucleophilic attack. The best polarization potential was 750 mV. The degree of reactivity of the Ti precursor had a key role in achieving the bonding with nanotubes. The amount of recorded charge was related to the amount of H2 bonded for each potential studied. This was established, since the response of the modified MWNTs changed abruptly with the H2 saturated solution. Anodic pretreatment of the nanostructured surfaces facilitated the immobilization of Ti atoms, increasing the hydrogen adsorption of the nanotubes at least five times as compared with nanotubes alone.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Mexican Council for Science and Technology (CONACyT, Grant CB-2009-01 133157). K. M. Brieño Enriquez and J. Ledesma García also acknowledge CONACyT for their graduate fellowships. The authors are especially grateful for Darlene Garey of the US Peace Corps for her valuable suggestions to this work.
References
1. S. M. Lee and Y. H. Lee, “Hydrogen storage in single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 76, no. 20, pp. 2877–2879, 2000. View at Scopus
2. F. Lamari Darkrim, P. Malbrunot, and G. P. Tartaglia, “Review of hydrogen storage by adsorption in carbon nanotubes,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 193–202, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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17. F. Zuliani and E. J. Baerends, “Addition of titanium as a potential catalyst for a high-capacity hydrogen storage medium,” Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, vol. 20, no. 6, Article ID 064242, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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25. Ch. Nützenadel, A. Züttel, Ch. Emmenegger, P. Sudan, and L. Schlapbach, “Electrochemical storage of hydrogen in carbon single wall nanotubes,” in Science and Applications of Nanotubes, D. Tománek and R. J. J. Enbody, Eds., Fundamental Materials Research Series, pp. 205–213, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, NY, USA, 2002.
26. C. T. Hsieh, Y. W. Chou, and J. Y. Lin, “Fabrication and electrochemical activity of Ni-attached carbon nanotube electrodes for hydrogen storage in alkali electrolyte,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 32, no. 15, pp. 3457–3464, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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Bibliography: Camelot's Blood
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Title: Camelot's Blood
Author: Sarah Zettel
Year: 2008
Type: NOVEL
Select 2 publications to diff:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Geosciences 2012, 2(3), 157-177; doi:10.3390/geosciences2030157
Article
Homology and Potential Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms for the Development of Unique Feather Morphologies in Early Birds
1 Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, 142 Xizhimenwai Dajie, Beijing 100044, China 2 Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA 3 Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA 4 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, 3651 Trousdale Parkway ZHS 117, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 30 July 2012; in revised form: 30 August 2012 / Accepted: 3 September 2012 / Published: 14 September 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Paleontology and Geo/Biological Evolution)
Download PDF Full-Text [8419 KB, uploaded 14 September 2012 11:33 CEST]
Abstract: At least two lineages of Mesozoic birds are known to have possessed a distinct feather morphotype for which there is no neornithine (modern) equivalent. The early stepwise evolution of apparently modern feathers occurred within Maniraptora, basal to the avian transition, with asymmetrical pennaceous feathers suited for flight present in the most basal recognized avian, Archaeopteryx lithographica. The number of extinct primitive feather morphotypes recognized among non-avian dinosaurs continues to increase with new discoveries; some of these resemble feathers present in basal birds. As a result, feathers between phylogenetically widely separated taxa have been described as homologous. Here we examine the extinct feather morphotypes recognized within Aves and compare these structures with those found in non-avian dinosaurs. We conclude that the “rachis dominated” tail feathers of Confuciusornis sanctus and some enantiornithines are not equivalent to the “proximally ribbon-like” pennaceous feathers of the juvenile oviraptorosaur Similicaudipteryx yixianensis. Close morphological analysis of these unusual rectrices in basal birds supports the interpretation that they are modified pennaceous feathers. Because this feather morphotype is not seen in living birds, we build on current understanding of modern feather molecular morphogenesis to suggest a hypothetical molecular developmental model for the formation of the rachis dominated feathers of extinct basal birds.
Keywords: dinosaur integument; feathers; Mesozoic birds; Similicaudipteryx; rectrix; molecular development; Confuciusornis
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
O’Connor, J.K.; Chiappe, L.M.; Chuong, C.-M.; Bottjer, D.J.; You, H. Homology and Potential Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms for the Development of Unique Feather Morphologies in Early Birds. Geosciences 2012, 2, 157-177.
AMA Style
O’Connor JK, Chiappe LM, Chuong C-M, Bottjer DJ, You H. Homology and Potential Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms for the Development of Unique Feather Morphologies in Early Birds. Geosciences. 2012; 2(3):157-177.
Chicago/Turabian Style
O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Chuong, Cheng-ming; Bottjer, David J.; You, Hailu. 2012. "Homology and Potential Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms for the Development of Unique Feather Morphologies in Early Birds." Geosciences 2, no. 3: 157-177.
Geosciences EISSN 2076-3263 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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196 voters aged over 99 reported in Armenia – TIAC
PanARMENIAN.Net - Head of Transparency International Anti-corruption Center (TIAC), Varuzhan Hoktanyan briefed on the results of the electronic monitoring of Armenian presidential elections.
As Varuzhan Hoktanyan noted, the results revealed 196 voters aged above 99, as well as 17 addresses with over 100 voters registered.
The voting lists comprise 10773 addresses, with over 10 voters registered, while 49843 voters lack birth data.
Meanwhile, RA police explains that the voter register is based on exclusively the public register, with all the requirements related to the voting lists considered.
Partner news
Top stories
Earlier, ArmRosgasprom CJSC addressed Armenia’s Public Services Regulatory Commission with an offer to reconsider natural gas price.
Armenian defense ministry’s spokesman described the maneuvers as ordinary exercises conducted several times a year.
Participants will learn basic skills in protecting IT systems and data as well as how to investigate computer-facilitated crimes.
“I wish to further promote the beauty of Armenian art and its principles of tolerance and respect to diversity,” Mnatsakanyan said.
Partner news
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Place:New House, Durham, England
Watchers
NameNew House
Alt namesNewhousesource: Family History Library Catalog
TypeVillage
Located inDurham, England
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
New House, or "Newhouse" is a hamlet in County Durham, in England. It is situated on the north side of the River Wear, opposite Ireshopeburn and is linked to the main Weardale valley road by Coronation Bridge.
The onetime home of the Beaumonts, proprietors of the W.B. Lead mining company, is at New House, although it is no longer in the possession of the family following the end of lead mining in Weardale. This is probably the origin of the name since the other properties in the hamlet are contemporary with the Beaumont house, or built later.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at New House. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Place:Warren, Pennsylvania, United States
Watchers
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Warren County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of 2010, the population was 41,815, and makes up the entire Warren, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. It was formed in 1800 from parts of Allegheny and Lycoming counties; attached to Crawford County until 1805 and then to Venango County until Warren was formally organized in 1819. Its county seat is Warren.
Contents
Timeline
Date Event Source
1800 County formed Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1800 First census Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
1800 No significant boundary changes after this year Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
1819 Land records recorded Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
1820 Probate records recorded Source:Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources
Population History
source: Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790-1990
Census Year Population
1800 233
1810 827
1820 1,976
1830 4,697
1840 9,278
1850 13,671
1860 19,190
1870 23,897
1880 27,981
1890 37,684
1900 38,946
1910 39,573
1920 40,024
1930 41,453
1940 42,789
1950 42,698
1960 45,582
1970 47,682
1980 47,449
1990 45,050
Note: total for 1890 includes population (99) of Cornplanter Indian Reservation, reported separately.
Research Tips
External links
• Outstanding guide to Warren County family history and genealogy resources (FamilySearch Research Wiki). Birth, marriage, and death records, censuses, wills, deeds, county histories, cemeteries, churches, newspapers, libraries, and genealogical societies.
• www.warren-county.net/
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Warren County, Pennsylvania. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6202.0 - Labour Force, Australia, Preliminary, Apr 2002
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 09/05/2002
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6202.0 was published as Labour Force, Australia, Preliminary until March 2003. As the publication had provided final summary data for a number of years to that point, the misleading qualification preliminary was removed from the April 2003 issue onwards.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm building a myspace-like site for users and was wondering which method I should go with. I'm familiar with the SEO and technical aspects of a subdomain as opposed to a subdirectory setup. I'm basically wondering if users find username.mydomain.com/ for their profile page more attractive than mydomain.com/username. This would be a paysite, so I am trying to think of what's most attractive for users.
Any thoughts on this? If you want to remind me of the SEO/technical differences too, I'm all ears. :)
Thank YOU!
share|improve this question
3 Answers
For me, personally, it depends on whether there's one page or multiple pages. If it's just a single profile page, mydomain.com/username. If there are multiple pages, though, such as a blog and bio or bio and contribution statistics, I decidedly prefer username.mydomain.com unless there are non-user subdomains (e.g. meta.mydomain.com, guest.mydomain.com).
[Note: I'm giving you my take because I think I'm fairly representative, but I haven't performed market research to back up that conviction.]
share|improve this answer
I can tell you from a performance standpoint, using subdomains is slower just because the dns lookup takes longer, since myname.yousite.com is not the same dns lookup as secondname.yoursite.com This is as opposed to if you only had yoursite.com, that lookup can be cached and would be faster. However I am no expert in dns so someone please correct me if I'm wrong.
One great reason to use subdomains is if you ever want to use domain mapping. That is if you ever want to allow your users to map domain names to their profiles. So rather than go to user.yoursite.com/coolpage, a user can map his domain to work like so : customdomain.com/coolpage which would work seamlessly on both ends. (which is very cool)
If you have no intention to offer custom domains, my advice would be to use yoursite.com/user because its easier to implement and because depending on your user demographic, not all people are accustomed to omitting "www" and entering a subdomain to access websites - it's just unatural.
share|improve this answer
Technically, If you allow user content on their pages
subdomain.yoursite.com is easier to isolate for security purposes.
Cookies do not (so security token) span other users sites.
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Users/GJC02
Info
Search:
Comments:
Note: You must be logged in to add comments
2009-11-11 11:53:30 Hello there and welcome to Davis Wiki. I see you've created ["Ace - Dixon Hardware & Lumber"]. For the most part, we write about Davis on here, with a few exceptions where things outside of Davis have a particular relevance to Davisites. For example, we have a page for Wal-Mart about the Woodland and Dixon Wal-marts because Davis doesn't have a Wal-mart and it's a place that plenty of Davisites want to go to. Considering that Davis has an Ace Hardware, do you think a page on the Dixon Ace is needed or relevant here? Personally, I think we should just add the information about the Dixon Ace to the existing Ace Hardware page.—WilliamLewis
2009-11-28 17:09:40 Okey Dokey —GJC02
This is a Wiki Spot wiki. Wiki Spot is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that helps communities collaborate via wikis.
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Error!
Success!
One PowerShell Script to download PDC2008 Videos, Code and PowerPoints
0
kicks
One PowerShell Script to download PDC2008 Videos, Code and PowerPoints (Unpublished)
Yes I did it. I downloaded all 65,563,667,714 bytes and saved them as 407 files on my nice new WD Passport hard drive that I brought home from the PDC2008. And, yes I did it the old fashioned manual way: Right-Click on link and Save-As. But you don't have to do it. In this blog post I provide the metadata of all the files I downloaded and a PowerShell script that will help you automating the download process. Besides the PDC content you also get to a treasure trove of PowerShell scripting techniques ranging from dynamically generating Regular Expressions to loading meta-data form XML and CSV files.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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If you wish to help EDRI promote digital rights, please consider making a private donation.
France: Biometric ID database found unconstitutional
28 March, 2012
»
This article is also available in:
Deutsch: Frankreich: Biometrie-Datenbank verfassungswidrig
The French Constitutional Council found the law proposing the introduction of a new biometric ID for French citizens as unconstitutional. The law was referred to the Constitutional Council on 7 March 2012, by more than 200 members of the French Parliament, a day after the French National Assembly passed the 10-article law under the pretext of combating "identity fraud".
According to the bill, more than 45 million individuals in France would have their fingerprints and digitized faces stored in what would be the largest biometric database in the country. The biometric ID card was to include a compulsory chip containing personal information, such as fingerprints, a photograph, home address, height, and eye colour. A second, optional chip was to be implemented for online authentication and electronic signatures, to be used for e-government services and e-commerce.
The opposing parliamentarians challenged the compatibility of the bill with the citizens' fundamental rights including the right to privacy and the presumption of innocence. In passing the bill, the National Assembly ignored CNIL's (French Data Protection Authority) report of October 2011 that was criticizing the creation of the centralized biometric database. It also entirely ignored the general opposition at the European level. In 2011, EDRi and 80 other civil liberties organizations asked the Council of Europe to study whether biometrics policies respect the fundamental rights of every European.
Moreover, previous experiences in France with biometric passports (highly criticised as well) have proven entirely unreliable with about 10% of the issued passports having been fraudulently obtained. The bill does not take into consideration either the position of the European Court of Human Rights which in 2008 condemned UK for breaching the right to privacy after the creation of a file including data on all people involved in a crime, irrespective of their position (victim, witness, suspect or guilty).
On 22 March, the Constitutional Council found unconstitutional four articles of this law, as well as part of other two articles. The council reminded that "the collection, registration, preservation, consultation and communication of personal data have to be justified by a general interest reason and carried put properly and proportionally".
While the Council found no problem related to the general interest, it clearly raised the issue of proportionality. "Regarding the nature of the recorded data, the range of the treatment, the technical characteristics and conditions of the consultation, the provisions of article 5 touch the right to privacy in a way that cannot be considered as proportional to the meant purpose".
The Council also had objections against the creation of the huge biometric database considering the fact that the National Assembly had authorized the use of the database by the police for extended purposes from the identification of an accident victim to finding the authors of law infringements or crimes.
The confusion in the bill text between an identity document and an electronic payment means was also sanctioned by the Council. The idea was that the ID could contain data allowing the owner to apply an electronic signature in view of electronic transactions. The Council drew the attention on the fact that the law did not specify the nature of the data and did not provide any guarantee for the integrity and confidentiality of these data and considered that the legislator has exceeded its competence in this matter. In other words, that the government did not really know what they were talking about.
The new electronic identity card judged as unconstitutional (only in French, 23.03.2012)
http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2012/03/23/la-nouvelle-carte-d-i...
France: Constitutional Council censors the database created to fight the identity theft (only in French, 23.03.2012)
http://www.rfi.fr/france/20120323-france-conseil-constitutionnel-censu...
Decision n° 2012-652 DC on the Law regarding the identity protection (only in French, 22.03.2012)
http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais...
"A Time Bomb For Civil Liberties": France Adopts a New Biometric ID Card (8.03.2012)
https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/03/french-national-assembly-propose...
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Changes related to "Lindon Utah Family History Center/Upcoming Classes and Events"
From FamilySearch Wiki
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Wednesday, September 13, 2006
Did you guys miss me???
Well, I don't know if yo do or not, but I do know that I haven't been here too much since Monday. I seem to be taking a break away from here as often as every couple of days or so.
Either way I have been out there in the bloggosphere. At least among my Blogger network of blogs as well as the larger community known as Illinoize. Either way check out some of my handiwork.
BTW, I've been doing some work at my Blogger Beta blog It's My Mind in Beta. It seems more current than this blog.
Also check out these two fairly recent posts that I authored over at Illinoize.
The bix box veto and the aftermath also posted at It's My Mind in Beta
The conviction of George Ryan...
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Mimulus Community
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 23:07, 24 June 2010 by Lowry (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Mimulus guttatus
Contents
The Mimulus Community
Become a member today.
Announcements
Mimulus Meeting 2006 at Duke University
Mimulus Meeting 2007 at NESCent
• The Mimulus guttatus IM62 genome assembly and preliminary annotation is now available for search and download from Phytozome.
• Download the contact info for people who attended the 2007 Mimulus meeting in Durham, NC.
• There are now 436 Mimulus populations currently stored at the Duke University Seed Stock Center, as of March 2009
The Genus Mimulus
The genus Mimulus (historically "Scrophulariaceae," order Lamiales) has been a model plant system for ecological and evolutionary genetics for over 50 years (Vickery, 1951).
• Check out the poster of the phylogeny of the Mimulus genus.
The Mimulus Genome
The Joint Genome Institute (JGI/DOE) completed 7X coverage of the Mimulus genome in Spring 2007. An assembly of the 7x genome was completed in Summer 2008. Members of the Mimulus Community are currently annotating the Genome and working on a final assembly of the sequenced scaffolds. The Mimulus Genome can be accessed though Phytozome.
People
Mimulus lewisii and Mimulus cardinalis with hybrids
Labs
Post-Docs
Grad Students
Seed Collections
Duke University is now the home to the collection of seeds from over 425 populations of Mimulus. The seed collections are primarily composed of seeds from within the Mimulus guttatus complex. Most of these seeds can be made available for upon request. Please allow a few weeks for orders to be fulfilled. Mimulus collections list
Techniques
1. DNA Extraction Protocol
2. Microsatellite Recipes
3. Seed Sterilization
Personal tools
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
I may have faults, but being wrong ain't one of them. Hoffa, Jimmy
This quote is about faults · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
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Quotation added by Kathy83
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
'Impossible' is not a scientific term. Bonta, Vanna
This quote is about impossibility · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Bonta, Vanna ...
Vanna Bonta is an American novelist and poet noted for Flight: A Quantum Fiction Novel (1995), the first definitive work that coined the 21st century literary genre "quantum fiction." Bonta wrote poetry and short fiction from the age of six, penning several prize-winning poetry collections and essays. Bonta played a cameo role as the hero's young mother in the fantasy feature film, The Beastmaster. She is credited as a voice talent in feature movies such as Disney's Beauty and the Beast, Demolition Man, and The Twilight Zone. She is the inventor of the 2Suit, a spacesuit which she tested in zero gravity on The Universe series for the History Channel documentary episode about humanity colonizing planets beyond Earth.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Gulf Coast (Mississippi)
From Wikitravel
South : Mississippi : Gulf Coast
Jump to: navigation, search
The Mississippi Gulf Coast is the southernmost region of Mississippi along the Gulf of Mexico.
[edit] Regions
[edit] Cities
[edit] Unincorporated
[edit] Other destinations
[edit] Understand
The Mississippi Gulf Coast was devastated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. While much of the area along the coast has not yet redeveloped back to pre-disaster levels as of 4 years later, the casinos are back bigger than ever, and there are a variety of hotels, restaurants, and shops open.
[edit] Talk
[edit] Get in
U.S. Highway 90 is the main route right by the coast, with Interstate 10 paralleling it several miles inland.
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
The beach, casinos.
[edit] Itineraries
[edit][add listing] Do
• The casino resorts along the Gulf Coast of Mississippi are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. They offer slots, all types of tables, high limits and liberal rules. The resorts also offer buffets, fine dining, boutique shops, entertainment for children and headlining entertainment.
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit] Stay safe
[edit] Get out
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Florida Lighthouses
From Wikitravel
North America : United States of America : Florida : Florida Lighthouses
Revision as of 07:14, 7 September 2008 by Gamweb (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is a travel topic
Ponce de Leon Inlet Lighthouse in Ponce Inlet
Visiting and photographing Florida lighthouses are celebrated hobbies and popular travel destinations, as the buildings are maintained as tourist attractions. National Lighthouse and Lightship Weekend is celebrated in the US on the first weekend of August, and International Lighthouse and Lightship Weekend is celebrated on the third weekend. Many lighthouses are open to the public and amateur radio operators often communicate between them on these days.
Florida Panhandle
• Cape San Blas Light
• Cape St. George Light
• Crooked River Light
• Pensacola Light
• St. Marks Light
North Florida
St. Augustine Lighthouse
• Amelia Island Light
• St. Augustine Light
• St. Johns River Light
Central Florida
• Anclote Keys Light
• Cape Canaveral Light
• Egmont Key Light
• Ponce de Leon Inlet Light - at 175 feet high, this is the tallest lighthouse in Florida, located in the town of Ponce Inlet. The site includes a lighthouse museum.
South Florida
Key West Lighthouse
• Alligator Reef Light
• American Shoal Light
• Cape Florida Light
• Carysfort Reef Light
• Dry Tortugas Light
• Fowey Rocks Light
• Gasparilla Island Lights
• Hillsboro Inlet Light
• Jupiter Inlet Light
• Key West Light
• Sand Key Light
• Sanibel Island Light
• Sombrero Key Light
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Changes related to "Talk:Rostov-on-the-Don"
Jump to: navigation, search
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Difference between revisions of "Travel news/2008"
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Western Cape
From Wikitravel
Africa : Southern Africa : South Africa : Western Cape
Revision as of 11:07, 24 May 2009 by Babbelas (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
The Western Cape winelands produce very good wine.
The Western Cape[1] is the most south western province in South Africa, covering most of South Africa's tourist destinations and attractions.
Regions
Western Cape
Cities
Other destinations
• Cape Agulhas - the southernmost point of Africa
• Gansbaai - on the majestic Walker Bay and with an unspoilt and untouched hinterland, ruled by floral abundance
• Hermanus - famous for the whale-watching
• Knysna - a beautiful city in the Garden Route
• Montagu - a small town in the little (Klein) Karoo with many fine examples of Dutch-Cape architecture
• Mossel Bay - stunning beaches
• Oudtshoorn - the ostrich capital of the country, near the Cango Caves
• Swellendam - one of the oldest European settlements in South Africa houses some fine examples of Dutch-Cape architecture
• Yzerfontein - Spring flowers, whales, a sixteen mile beach and west coast hospitality
• Wupperthal - A tiny beautiful village near the Cederberg Wilderness area
• Paternoster - A tiny fishing village on the West Coast, an area with stunning flowers
• Storms River- Near the Tsitsikamma National Park
National Parks
A Bontebok.
Other nature reserves
Islands
Understand
Western Cape is one of the most popular tourist destinations in South Africa and offers a broad range of attractions. From the tourism hot-spot of Cape Town to the lovely scenery of the Garden Route the region offers something for everyone. So this is the right place for starting your South Africa experience.
Get in
By Plane
Cape Town's international airport is the country's second largest after Johannesburg. There is also an airport in George which offers connections to most major cities in South Africa.
By Train
Spoornet [4] operates regular inter-city trains from Cape Town to Johannesburg, Worcester, Beaufort West, Durban, Kimberley, Bloemfontein, Pietermaritzburg and East London.
MetroRail [5] operates frequent commuter trains to towns and suburbs near Cape Town, such as Simon's Town, Bellville, Malmesbury, Somerset West, Stellenbosch, Strand, Worcester and Paarl.
By Car
The Western Cape is easily accessible from the rest of the country by car.
Get around
By Bus
The main bus companies offer regular services in the Western Cape (e.G. Intercape, Greyhound, Translux) as does the Baz Bus.
By Car
There is a good road network and as some places are not accessible by public transport this is a good way to travel the Cape. Car rental is available in Cape Town and in the larger towns.
By a guide
There are a few hundred registered and qualified guides who know their way in Cape Town and the Western Cape. The Cape Tour Guides Association [6] can provide travellers with a list of all tour guides and their specialities.
Car Rental
• CABS Car Hire, Cape Town International Airport, +27 (0)21 386 5500 (), [7]. Always open.
• Tempest Car Hire, Cape Town International Airport, +27 (0)21 934-3853 (toll free: 0861 836 7378), [8]. Always open.
• Hertz, Cape Town International Airport, +27 (0)21 935-3000, [9]. Always open.
• Thrifty, Cape Town International Airport, +27 (0)21 936 2116, [10]. Always open.
• Penny K`s economical car hire, 24 Van Ryneveld Rd, Devilspeak, +27 (0)72 736 69 57, [11].
Please note that you can't pay for petrol or diesel with a credit card, only with cash or a South African bank issued 'Garage' card.
See
Do
The Western Cape offers nearly everything a traveler could want. From buzzling night-life in Cape Town and Stellenbosch to wonderful beaches and many outdoor options. So the basic itinerary should include some days in Cape Town, a visit to the Cape of Good Hope (and don`t miss the penguins at Boulders Beach), wine tasting in Paarl or Franschhoek or Robertson, Swartland and Overberg, and a trip along the Garden Route. There are also a number of smaller National Parks with hiking trails for a day out. One of the newer 'primary unusual destinations' is Soekershof Walkabout [12] located in Klaas Voogds along Route 62. This place consists among others of the largest permanent hedge maze in the world; a philosophers garden and unique succulent gardens with the oldest cactus -anno 1910- of South Africa. Visitors can earn a memento by fulfilling a quest. In the Robertson Valley are diverse hiking trails such as Arrangies Kop and Die Vrolijkheid
Eat
Cape Town offers everything you want. Along the coast look-out for some fish and oysters, while in the Cape Winelands head for some of the countries finest dining experiences.
Drink
This is the region to taste South Africa`s best wine. Tour the cellars around Paarl, Stellenbosch and Franschhoek but check for a driver before ... Recently the wine producing areas in the Overberg, Swartland and Robertson are gaining international recognition. Not only is the wine tasting in these areas for free. While the wine of the traditional wine producing areas of South Africa are moved to the lower shelves of the European supermarkets the ones from the upcoming areas can be found in top restaurants and special liquor stores and wine boutiques in Europe and North America as premium brands.
Get out
This is a usable article. It gives a good overview of the region, its sights, and how to get in, as well as links to the main destinations, whose articles are similarly well developed. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Ooops! You have arrived on a page that does not exist!
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Relative Truth Degree of Logic Formulas and Graded Fuzzy Logic
Li Fu
Abstract
The concept of logic proposition induced functions is proposed in the present paper, then the concept of relative truth degree of propositions with respect to a logic theory is introduced by means of infinite product of evenly distributed probability spaces and integrated semantics respectively w.r.t. discrete and continuous situations, and a graded approximate reasoning theory is established. Next, theory of consistency degrees of finite logic theories is also proposed. Finally, the simple application of graded fuzzy logic in fuzzy inference is given by examples.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Computer and Information Science ISSN 1913-8989 (Print) ISSN 1913-8997 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Decomposed Approach of Market Orientation and Marketing Mix Capability: Research on Their Relationships with Firm Performance in the Korean Context
Sohyoun Shin
Abstract
The notion that market orientation provides firms a source of competitive advantage seems to be widely accepted since the effects of market orientation on business performance have been extensively researched and many studies have confirmed their affirmative relationships. However, aggregated approach of market orientation as one single construct has left the detailed investigations yet unexplored despite its tremendous contribution in marketing strategy arena. Thus, decomposed properties of market orientation and their relationships with various components of firm success were explored to precisely examine the paths in this study. Furthermore, to resolve conflicting arguments on whether market orientation has a direct influence on firm level consequences, marketing mix capability was suggested as a critical mediator to complete a resource deployment system rather than a resource possession approach, which is equivalent to resource-based view. From an analysis of a survey data of 285 Korean organizations, three dimensions of market orientation, namely customer orientation, competitor orientation, and interfunctional coordination, and four sub-constructs of marketing mix capability, such as product, communication, channel and pricing capability, along with their impacts on business performance were investigated in detail. This study revealed that customer orientation and interfunctional coordination had a direct impact on only customer satisfaction while all three dimensions of market orientation failed to directly link to other firm performance variables like market effectiveness, adaptability, and profitability. To bridge these relationships product and communication capabilities were proven to be a necessary condition while channel capability and pricing capability showed interesting relationships. Findings and implications were discussed and limitations and further research directions were also suggested.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ibr.v5n1p22
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International Business Research ISSN 1913-9004 (Print), ISSN 1913-9012 (Online)
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
: Made tasty butternut squash soup tonight. I forgot to get ingredients for my crazy squash soup idea! That idea being to bread and fry sliced zucchini, and to float it on the soup as a garnish. Now no one will ever know how that would taste! Until the next time I get a chance to try it.
I used to hate squash and zucchini. I still hate bell peppers, but I might not in a year.
Tomorrow: I plan to make the ice cream of madness. Turn back!
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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Guilford County, North CarolinaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 23:56, 30 March 2011 by Melungeon (Talk | contribs)
Guilford County, North Carolina
Map
Location in the state of North Carolina
Location of North Carolina in the U.S.
Facts
Founded December 5, 1770
County Seat Kenansville
Courthouse
Adopt-a-wiki page
This page adopted by:
NCGenWeb Project
who welcome you to contribute.
County Coordinator
Guilford Co. NCGenWeb
Adopt a page today
United States North Carolina Guilford County
Contents
County Courthouse
History
Parent County
1770--Guilford County was created 5 December 1770 from Orange and Rowan Counties, but it did not start administration of its territory until 1 April 1771, so no Guilford records exist before that date.
County seat: Greensboro [1]
Boundary Changes
The law creating Guilford County was passed in 1770, and the county started administration of its territory on April 1, 1771. Any land records prior to that time will be in the records of other counties. Approximately, the western two-thirds of the county came from Rowan County, and the eastern one-third came from Orange County. Rowan was created in 1753 from Anson County, and Orange was created in 1752 from parts of Johnston, Bladen, and Granville counties.
"Old Guilford County" was three times larger than present-day Guilford County, since Randolph County was created from the southern third of Guilford in 1779, and Rockingham County was created from the northern third of Old Guilford in 1785.
Record Loss
1872--Courthouse fire resulted in some loss of records.
Places/Localities
Populated Places
• Archdale (part)
• Browns Summit
• Forest Oaks
• Gibsonville
• Greensboro (Wikipedia link)
• High Point
• Jamestown
• Kernersville (part)
• McLeansville
• Oak Ridge
• Pleasant Garden
• Sedalia
• Stokesdale
• Summerfield
• Whitsett
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Church
LDS Ward and Branch Records
• Greensboro
Court
Land
Local Histories
• Arnett, Ethel Stephens, Greensboro, North Carolina: The County Seat of Guilford, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1955, 1983 (excerpt) (Google Books link)
• Arnett, Ethel Stephens, The Saura and Keyauwee in the Land that Became Guilfod, Randolph, and Rockingham, Greensboro, North Carolina: Media, 1975.
• Batchelor, John, The Guilford County Schools: A History, Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, 1991.
• Bowles, David, Spring House (Book 1 in the Westward Sagas), Plum Creek Press, 2006.
• Greensboro Business Directory, 1886 (GenWeb Archives)
• Guilford County Bicentennial Commission, Guilford County, a Brief History, Greensboro, North Carolina: Guilford County Bicentennial Commission, 1971.
• Guilford County, NC GenWeb Local History (includes links to book excerpts)
• Hatch, Charles E., Jr., The Battle of Guilford Courthouse, Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1971.
• Haworth, Cecil E., Deep River Friends: A Valiant People, Greensboro, North Carolina: North Carolina Friends Historical Society, 1985.
• Haworth, Sara A., Springfield, 1773-1940: A History of the Establishment and Growth of the Springfield Monthly Meeting of Friends, High Point, North Carolina: Barber-Hall Printing Company, 1940.
• High Point Business Directory, 1886 (GenWeb Archives)
• Hill, Jane Smith, An Annotated Digest of Will Book A, Guilford County, North Carolina, 1771-May Court 1816, Heritage Books, 2007. (Google Books link)
• Hughes, Fred, Guilford County: A Map Supplement, The Custom House, 1988. (Google Books link)
• Jordan, Pauls Stahls, Women of Guilford County, North Carolina: A Study of Women's Contributions, 1740-1979, Greensboro, North Carolina: Women of Guilford, 1979. (Google Books link)
• Kars, Marjoleine, Breaking Loose Together: The Regulator Rebellion in Pre-Revolutionary North Carolina.
• Pegg, William Wesley, Sr., Something of the Story of Deep River, Greensboro, North Carolina: Self-published, 1980.
• Robinson, Blackwell P., and Alexander R. Stoesen, ed. by Sydney M. Cone, Jr., The History of Guilford County, North Carolina, U.S.A. to 1980, A.D., 1981.
• Salsi, Lynn, and Burke Salsi, Guilford County: Heart of the Piedmont (The Making of America series), Arcadia Publishing, 2002. (Google Books link)
• Scarlette, Gladys, Summerfield, North Carolina: A Pictorial History, Greensboro, North Carolina: Younts, 1995.
• Sharpe, Stella Gentry, Tobe, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1939.
• Sloan, John Alexander, Reminiscences of the Guilford Grays, Co. B, 27th N.C. Regiment, Washington, D.C.: R.C. Polkinhorn, 1883.
• Stockard, Sallie Walker, The History of Guilford County, North Carolina, 1902 (complete text in Google Books) (complete text in Internet Archive)
• Stoesen, Alexander R., Guilford County: A Brief History, 2000 (Google Books link) (NC Office of Archives & History Publications Shop)
• Teague, Bobbie T., Cane Creek: Mother of Meetings, North Carolina Friends Historical Society, 1995.
• Weatherly, Andrew Earl, The First Hundred Years of Historic Guilford, 1771-1871, Greensboro, North Carolina: Greensboro Print Company, 1972.
• Zopf, Paul E., The People of Guilford: Growth and Changes in the Population of Guilford County, Greensboro, North Carolina: Chamber of Commerce, 1972.
Maps
Military
Newspapers
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Yearbooks
Societies and Libraries
Web Sites
References
1. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
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SAFE Boot Disk
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 19:08, 23 September 2009 by DDucharme (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
SAFE Boot Disk
Maintainer: ForensicSoft
OS: Windows
Genre: Live CD
License: Commercial
Website: http://www.forensicsoft.com/catalog/product.php
The System Acquisition Forensic Environment (SAFE) Boot Disk is the first and only commercially available forensically sound Windows Boot disk by ForensicSoft. SAFE is a fully licensed version of Windows PE protected that is protected by the proven SAFE Block XP software write blocking technology.
SAFE Boot Disk now allows you to boot any x86-based computer without the need to remove the drives or worry about the need for special adapters or controller cards. Because SAFE Boot Disk is based on Windows PE it includes built in driver support as well as the ability to easily install any drivers that may be missing. This also means the Safe Boot Disk includes built in support for the NTFS file system without the need for third party tools and has the ability to write to NTFS and NTFS compressed file systems, taking advantage of larger partition sizes, larger file size limits and the advantage of native NTFS compression.
In order to ensure the SAFE Boot Disk is a forensically sound Live CD it has the proven write blocking technology used by SAFE Block XP built in to ensure that upon booting every attached disk and flash device are automatically blocked without any required user interaction. Unlike some of the Linux Live CD's this is true write blocking and not just mounting read-only or not auto-mounting.
Finally SAFE Boot Disk provides access to Host Protected Areas (HPAs) and Device Configuration Overlay (DCOs) on IDE (PATA and SATA) disks, has built in Case Logging and built in tools for exploration, viewing, and simple forensics functions.
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Google continues to increase market share
Team Leader
30Mar2006,07:18 #1
Google is increasing its lead over Yahoo and Microsoft in the U.S. Web search market while a rebranded Ask.com is inching up, according to the latest statistics from ComScore Networks.
Google's domestic market share rose to 42.3 percent in February, up from 36.3 percent a year earlier, ComScore said.
Yahoo's search market share in the United States fell to 27.6 percent from 31.1 percent a year ago, while Microsoft's MSN fell to 13.5 percent from 16.3 percent and Time Warner's America Online fell to 8 percent from 8.9 percent.
IAC Search & Media's Ask.com, which unveiled a new brand and interface last month, rose to 6 percent from 5.3 percent.
Analysts predicted continued gains for Google and Ask.
"We see little to stop Google from reaching 70 percent market share eventually; the question, really, comes down to, 'How long could it take?" RBC Capital Markets analyst Jordan Rohan wrote in a research note Tuesday.
Merrill Lynch analyst Lauren Fine predicted that Google's increased market share and better monetization of queries will lead to an increased share of ad dollars relative to competitors in the first half of this year.
"Furthermore, we believe the company's clear strategic focus on search will continue to provide a competitive advantage for the company over the next several months as leading competitors struggle to overhaul/improve their search platforms," she wrote in a research note.
Fine said she is optimistic that rebranding and marketing investments at Ask will result in further share gains this month.
Meanwhile, Yahoo's improvements to relevancy and search monetization "appear to have had minimal effect on market share trends," she said. In addition, it will take a few more months to determine if Microsoft's new search technology, introduced just over a year ago, is "improving the consumer experience," she wrote.
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Win a complete website including hosting + domain name
Newbie Member
15Oct2009,19:25 #1
At webmasterserve forum there is a new contest where you can win a complete website including hosting + domain name.
The website is hosted on a domain that is over 1 year old, with an alexa ranking of 2.6 million. The website resolves to its name so its not blacklisted by search engines. You can start making money from the day you take ownership of this domain in the form of selling adverts or adding Adsense to it. You can continue to use it as a free image hosting site or change it to whatever you like. Our friends at Velnet UK web hosting have agreed to host the site free of charge for at least one year.
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narm4xdze6zwo2w24zlpzr6ictr6supg
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Blow Job!
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Mission
Blow Job!
Game GTA 2
For Billy Bob Bean, Rednecks
Location Mobile RV Park, Residential District, Anywhere City
Reward $30,000
Blow Job!, also known as Blow-Up! is a mission in Grand Theft Auto 2 given to protagonist Claude Speed by Redneck boss Billy Bob Bean. The mission is available from the bottom of the two green Redneck phones in the Mobile RV Park of the Residential District.
Contents
Mission
The Rednecks have been experimenting with their own home-made explosives in hopes of a method of destroying the Zaibatsu's barricade. Billy Bob Bean asks Claude to test them out by destroying Fat Boy Jim's trailer before blowing up the barricade itself.
Script
Billy Bob Bean: "Hey, Rooster, it's Billy Bob Bean. Montana has wired some new explosives to the ass of a Pickup and I want you to collect it."
(Claude drives over to the Pickup and enters it)
Billy Bob Bean: "Fat Boy Jim has hauled his crusty ass out bowling. Park the rigged Pickup by his trailer and we can test the explosives."
(Claude drives to Fat Boy Jim's trailer and parks the Pickup outside before arming it)
Billy Bob Bean: "The clock's tickin'! Get ya ass outta the Pickup, Rooster - she's gonna blow!"
(Claude runs from the pickup before it explodes, destroying the trailer)
Billy Bob Bean: "This is makin' progress, Rooster. Montana has another Pickup rigged to do some damage. Go 'n' get it."
(Claude drives to the second Pickup and takes it)
Billy Bob Bean: "The Zaibatsu have barricaded the key access point to their territory. Gettin' rid o' the barricade could be helpful in the future."
(Claude drives to the barricade)
Billy Bob Bean: "Arm the explosives with your trigger finger, Rooster!"
(Claude parks the Pickup by the barricade and activates the bomb)
Billy Bob Bean: "Get out of the Pickup - she's gonna blow!"
(Claude gets out of the pickup and runs away, after which the bomb goes off, destroying the Zaibatsu barricade)
Billy Bob Bean: "Yee-ha! Them Zaibatsu don't know what hit 'em! Here's $30,000. Keep this up and you could end up one of the Good Ol' Boys. An' there's always plenty work for them, Rooster."
Reward
The reward for completing the mission is $30,000.
External link
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
BioMed Research International
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 189352, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/189352
Research Article
Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Low-Dose Cisplatin in the Treatment of Ehrlich Carcinoma
Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Al Gammaa Street, Giza 12613, Egypt
Received 8 November 2012; Revised 25 December 2012; Accepted 26 December 2012
Academic Editor: Kazim Husain
Copyright © 2013 Nihal S. El-Bialy and Monira M. Rageh. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The present study examines the therapeutic efficacy of the administration of low-dose cisplatin (cis) followed by exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF), with an average intensity of 10 mT, on Ehrlich carcinoma in vivo. The cytotoxic and genotoxic actions of this combination were studied using comet assay, mitotic index (MI), and the induction of micronucleus (MN). Moreover, the inhibition of tumor growth was also measured. Treatment with cisplatin and ELF-MF (group A) increased the number of damaged cells by 54% compared with 41% for mice treated with cisplatin alone (group B), 20% for mice treated by exposure to ELF-MF (group C), and 9% for the control group (group D). Also the mitotic index decreased significantly for all treated groups (). The decrement percent for the treated groups (A, B, and C) were 70%, 65%, and 22%, respectively, compared with the control group (D). Additionally, the rate of tumor growth at day 12 was suppressed significantly () for groups A, B, and C with respect to group (D). These results suggest that ELF-MF enhanced the cytotoxic activity of cisplatin and potentiate the benefit of using a combination of low-dose cisplatin and ELF-MF in the treatment of Ehrlich carcinoma.
1. Introduction
Platinum-based chemotherapeutic regimens have been widely used against many human cancers including oral, lung, head and neck cancer, metastatic tumors of testis and ovaries and many other solid tumors [1, 2]. The anticancer activity of cisplatin comes from its interactions with DNA. The drug binds with N7 of purine bases forming monoadducts which are later transformed into inter and intrastrand cross links by reaction of second reactive site of the drug with the second nucleobase. Such cisplatin-DNA adducts can inhibit fundamental cellular processes including replication, transcription, translation, and DNA repair [3].
Cisplatin must be used with a very high dose to maximize its antineoplastic effect. Such dose has been impeded by its sever toxicities, including nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, peripheral neuropathy, and ototoxicity [46]. The impairment of kidney function is considered as the main side effect of cisplatin, which is able to generate reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical [7, 8]. Also nephrotoxicity is closely associated with an increase in lipid peroxidation in the kidney tissues [9]. Additionally, cisplatin-based chemotherapy induces a fall in patient plasma concentrations of various antioxidants [10]. This may lead to failure of the antioxidative defense mechanism against free-radical-mediated organ damage and genotoxicity. Accordingly, the significant risk of cisplatin frequently hinders its use with such effective dose. To address this problem, attention has been focused on finding a novel combination of anticancer agents with nonoverlapping mechanisms of action to achieve enhanced efficacy with decreased side effects.
Consequently, [11] reported the possible synergism between ELF-MF and chemotherapy, where a low dose of cisplatin was administrated followed by exposure to ELF-MF in order to reduce the drug side effects while keeping its therapeutic efficiency. The study hypothesized that static and extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) selectively act on cell signaling through their effects on charged matter motion.
The influence of static and ELF-MF on tumor growth, apoptosis, and P53 immunohistochemical expression have been studied in a series of independent reports. Their results indicated that simultaneous use of static and extremely low frequency magnetic fields with an average intensity higher than 3.59 mT, significantly inhibited tumor growth, decreased tumor cell mitotic index, and lowered the proliferative activity. Moreover, an increase in apoptosis and a corresponding reduction of immunoreactive P53 expression were also observed [1215].
Therefore, the aim of the present work is to investigate the effectiveness of administration of low-dose cisplatin followed by exposure to ELF-MF, with an average intensity of 10 mT, on the growth of Ehrlich Carcinoma by studying cytotoxicity and DNA damage in tumor cells.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture and Tumor Inoculation
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (obtained from National Cancer Institute “NCI”, Cairo University) containing cells were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected into female mice. Ascites fluid was collected on the 7th day after injection. The Ehrlich cells were washed twice and then resuspended in 0.09 saline ( viable cells). Female BALB mice (obtained from the animal house of NCI, with a body weight 22–25 g, 7-8 weeks old) were injected subcutaneously in their right flanks where the tumor was developed in a single and solid form. Tumor growth was monitored postinoculation until the desired volume was about 0.3 to 0.6 cm3. All animal procedures and care were performed using guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [16] and approved by animal Ethics Committee at Cairo University.
2.2. Treatment Protocols
The experiment was run on a total of 40 mice. Ten days after tumor cell inoculation, mice were randomly assigned to experimental groups. Mice of group (A) were treated three times on experimental days 1, 4, and 7 with 0.1 mL cisplatin (3 mg/kg i.p.) followed by exposure to 50 Hz, 10 mT ELF-MF, 1 hr daily for 2 weeks. Mice of group (B) were treated three times on experimental days 1, 4, and 7 with 0.1 mL cisplatin (3 mg/kg i.p.). Mice of group (C) were injected with 0.1 mL saline (instead of cisplatin) three times on experimental days 1, 4, and 7 followed by exposure to 50 Hz,10 mT ELF-MF, 1 hr daily for 2 weeks. Mice of group (D) were neither injected with cisplatin nor exposed to ELF-MF. During the treatment protocol, the tumor growth was monitored every three days over a period of 12 days for all the experimental groups A, B, C, and D. At the end of the treatment protocol, the mice of each group were divided so that 5 mice were sacrificed for the assessment of both comet and micronucleus and the other 5 mice were used to evaluate mitotic index.
2.3. Magnetic Field Exposure
The exposure was performed by a magnet with a fixed magnetic field value of 10 mT ±0.025. The magnetic field was generated by a solenoid carrying current of 18 A (ampere) at 50 Hz from the main supply (220–230 Volt) via a Variac (made in Yugoslavia). The magnet consisted of a coil with 320 turns made of electrically insulated 0.8 mm copper wire. The coil was wounded around a copper cylinder of 2 mm thickness, 40 cm diameter, and 40 cm length. The cylinder wall was earthed to eliminate the electric field. The magnetic field was measured at different locations to find out the most homogenous zone inside the solenoid core. This was done using Gauss/Tesla meter model 4048 with probe T-4048 manufactured by Bell Technologies Inc. (Orlando-Florida USA). Plastic cages containing groups (A) and (C) were placed in the middle of the exposure chamber prior to ELF-MF exposure.
2.4. Comet Assay (Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis)
Comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis) is considered as a rapid, simple, visual, and sensitive technique to assess DNA fragmentation typical for toxic DNA damage and early stage of apoptosis [17, 18]. The comet assay was performed under alkaline conditions () according to the method developed by Singh et al. [19] and Tice et al. [20]. Briefly, a small piece of tumor tissues () from each group were placed in 1ml cold HBSS containing 20 mM EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)/10% DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide, Qualigens, CPW59). The tissues were minced into fine pieces and let settled. 5 μL of aliquot was mixed with 70 μL of 0.7% low melting point (LMP) agarose (Sigma, A9414). This agarose was prepared in Ca2+, Mg2+ free PBS (phosphate buffered saline, HiMedia, TS1006) at 37°C and placed on a microscope slide, which was already covered with a thin layer of 0.5% normal melting point (NMP) agarose (HiMedia.RM273). After cooling at 4°C for 5 min, slides were covered with a third layer of LMP agarose. After solidification at 4°C for 5 min, slides were immersed in freshly prepared cold lysis solution (2.5 M NaCl, 1 mM Na2 EDTA, 10 mM tris base, pH 10, with 1% Triton X-100 and 10% DMSO added just before use) at 4°C for at least 1 h. Following lyses, slides were placed in a horizontal gel electrophoresis unit and incubated in fresh alkaline electrophoresis buffer (1 mM Na2EDTA, 300 mM NaOH, pH 13). Electrophoresis was conducted for 30 min at 24 V (~0.74 V/cm) and 300 mA at 4°C. Then, the slides were immersed in neutralized buffer (0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5) and gently washed three times for 5 min at 4°C. All the above procedures were performed under dimmed light to prevent the occurrence of additional DNA damage. Comets were visualized by 80 μL, 1X ethidium bromide staining (SigmaE-8751) and examined at 400 x magnification using a fluorescent microscope. Comet 5 image analysis software developed by Kinetic Imaging, Ltd. (Liverpool, UK) linked to a CCD camera was used to assess the quantitative and qualitative extent of DNA damage in the cells by measuring the length of DNA migration and the percentage of migrated DNA. Finally, the program calculates tail moment and Olive tail moment. In all the samples, 100 cells were analyzed and classified into 5 types (0–4) depending on their tail moment. Type 0 represents the cells without visible damage, while cells of type 4 have total degradation of DNA (long, broad tail, poorly visible head of the comet). Types 1, 2, and 3 represent the symptoms of increasing DNA damage. To calculate the extent of DNA damage, three types of the comet: numbers 2, 3, and 4 were selected.
2.5. Micronucleus Test
Bone marrow slides for micronucleus assay from 5 mice of each group were prepared and stained according to the method described by Schmidt [21] using the modifications of Agarwal and Chauhan [22]. The bone marrow was flushed out from tibias using 1mL fetal calf serum and centrifuged at 2000 xg for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded. Evenly spread bone marrow smears were stained using the May-Grunwald and Giemsa protocol. Slides were scored at a magnification of 1000x using a light microscope. 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal were scored, and the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) was determined. In addition, the number of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) was counted in fields that contained 100 cells (mature and immature) to determine the score of PCE and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE).
2.6. Mitotic Index Determination
Chromosomes were prepared according to the method described by Adler [23] with some modification. Briefly, 5 mice from control and treated groups were injected i.p with colchicine (2 mg/kg) 2 hours prior to tissue sampling. Bone marrow cells were collected from the tibia by flashing in KCl (0.075 M, at 37°C) and incubated at 37°C for 25 min. Material was centrifuged at 2000xg for 10 min, fixed in aceto-methanol (acetic-acid: ethanol. 1 : 3, v/v). Centrifugation and fixation (in the cold) were repeated five times at an interval of 20 min. The material was resuspended in a small volume of the fixative, dropped onto chilled slides, flame-dried, and stained the following day in 5% buffered Giemsa (pH 6.8). Slides were scored at a magnification of 1000x using a light microscope. At least 1000 cells were examined in each mouse and the number of dividing cells including late prophase and metaphase was determined. The mitotic activity is expressed by the mitotic index (MI), which is the number of dividing cells in 1000 cells per mouse.
2.7. Tumor Size Measurements
Due to the high growth rate in Ehrlich tumor model, change in tumor volume (Δ) was monitored over a period of 12 days for the four groups A, B, C, and D. Ellipsoidal tumor volume () was assessed and calculated using the formula (), where and are the long and short axes, respectively, measured with a digital caliper (accuracy 0.01 mm). Each data point was the average of 10 measurements taken every three days.
2.8. Statistical Analysis
Data were expressed as error. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way variance analysis ANOVA using SPSS (version 17.0). Difference were considered significant when .
3. Results
The levels of DNA damage in cells of Ehrlich tumor showed a significant increase in treated groups (A, B, and C) compared to control group (D) (Figures 1 and 2). For type (0), the data revealed that about 70% of Ehrlich tumor cells did not exhibit any DNA damage in control group (D) compared to 19, 28 and 57% in treated groups A, B, and C, respectively. Meanwhile in type (4) about 16, 9 and 4% of Ehrilch tumor cells showed complete DNA damage in treated groups A, B, and C, respectively, relative to 1% for control group (D). The total percent of DNA damage in Ehrlich tumor cells represented by types (2, 3, and 4) showed five-, four- and twicefold increases for treated groups A, B, and C, respectively, with respect to control group (D). Also Figure 3 showed a significant increase () in Olive tail moment for all treated groups compared to the control one.
Figure 1: Typical comet images of Ehrlich carcinoma cells for (a) mice group (A) treated with cisplatin followed by exposure to ELF-MF, (b) mice group (B) treated with cisplatin, (c) mice group (C) treated by exposure to ELF-MF, and (d) mice group (D) the control one.
Figure 2: The level of DNA damage in Ehrlich tumor cells for mice group (A) treated with cisplatin followed by exposure to ELF-MF, mice group (B) treated with cisplatin, mice group (C) treated by exposure to ELF-MF, and mice group (D) the control one assessed by comet assay. Each value represents the mean ± SE (, )
Figure 3: The values of olive tail moment assessed by comet assay for mice group (A) treated with cisplatin followed by exposure to ELF-MF, mice group (B) treated with cisplatin, mice group (C) treated by exposure to ELF-MF, and mice group (D) the control one. Each value represents the . (, ).
Table 1 shows the frequencies of MNPCEs, PCEs, and NCEs in bone marrow cells of tumor bearing mice for both control group (D) and treated groups (A, B, and C). The results showed a significant increase in the formation of PCE for treated groups compared with that of control one. Also, MNPCEs induction showed an about 50% increase for treated groups (A and B) compared with the control group (D).
Table 1: PCEs, NCEs, MNPCEs induction in bone marrow cells of tumor bearing mice for control and treated groups.
The results of mitotic index (used to evaluate cell cycle kinetics) are summarized in (Figure 4. MI of bone marrow cells showed a significant decrease in the treated groups (A, B and C) (). The percent of decrement for the treated groups A, B, and C was about 75, 60, and 25%, respectively, in comparison with the control group (D).
Figure 4: The values of mitotic index in bone marrow cells for mice group (A) treated with cisplatin followed by exposure to ELF-MF, mice group (B) treated with cisplatin, mice group (C) treated by exposure to ELF-MF, and mice group (D) the control one. Each value represents the . ().
Figure 5 shows the average change in tumor volume measured for mice of control group (D) and that of treated groups (A, B and C) over a period of 12 days. Under our experimental conditions, after 3 days, a significant decrease () in tumor growth rate was observed in mice of groups A and B, while group (C) showed a slight delay in tumor growth rate () compared with control group (D). The control group (D) showed a marked increase in tumor volume (growth) throughout the experimental time and the same behavior was observed for group (C), but with lower rate which is probably due to the existence of few viable tumor cells (Figure 5). The average tumor growth at day 12 for treated groups (A and B) was significantly less than that observed in control group (D) ().
Figure 5: Average changes in Ehrlich tumor volume throughout a period of 12 days for mice group A (blue, ()) treated with cisplatin followed by exposure to ELF-MF, mice group B (green, (▲)) treated with cisplatin, mice group C (red, (•)) treated by exposure to ELF-MF, and mice group D (black, (■)) the control one. Each value represents the . ().
Table 2 shows correlation coefficients between DNA damage, evaluated by comet assay, and cytogenic damage, measured by MN test. Both types of damage assessment are in good correlation, but the comet parameter, % DNA in tail, has a lower correlation with the MN values.
Table 2: Correlation coefficients between DNA and MN.
Table 3 shows correlation coefficients between the average change in Ehrlich tumor volume () and MI. Both parameters are highly correlated.
Table 3: Correlation coefficients between MI and average change in Ehrlich tumor (ΔV).
4. Discussion
Cisplatin is one of the most widely used anticancer drug for the treatment of various cancers and solid tumors [24]. However, its major side effects are the main limiting factors of its clinical use for long-term treatment [9, 25]. Various treatment strategies and curing agents have been tried and used to monitor or control its side effects.
Many anticancer agents exert their cellular toxicity through DNA damage [26], mainly DNA double-strand breaks. It is well known that DNA is the major target of cisplatin either as a result of its direct or indirect action through the generation of reactive oxygen species [10, 2729].
The current study had revealed that administration of low dose of cisplatin followed by ELF-MF exposure disrupts the integrity and the amount of intact DNA. Comet results emphasized the increase in the number of cells with damaged DNA types (2, 3, and 4) (Figures 1, 2, and 3) in treated group (A), this damage might be due to the involvement of free radicals even if their concentration has not yet been measured. Such observed DNA damage is in agreement with previous studies [3032] who reported that cisplatin forms covalent platinum DNA adducts and also acts as a DNA alkylator. In addition, cisplatin generates reactive oxygen species, which trigger the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore that permits the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol and hence activates the mitochondria-dependent pathway leading to apoptosis [33, 34]. Also Tofani et al. [35] explained the synergistic activity observed between ELF-MF exposure and cisplatin by hypothesizing its ability to influence free radical chemistry exerted by the ELF-MF treatment.
Micronucleus test is a very reliable, widely used assay to measure not only DNA damage but also chromosomal instability and cell death [36]. Our results showed that ELF-MF alone did not cause MN induction in bone marrow cells of tumor bearing mice, while treatment by both cisplatin combined with ELF-MF (group A) and cisplatin alone (group B) increased the induction of MN by about 50% compared to the control (group D) (Table 1). These results are in consistent with previous work by Miyakoshi et al. [37]. Moreover, correlation coefficients between MN test and the three measured parameters, determined by comet assay, pointed to a good relationship between DNA damage and MN induction induced by cisplatin and ELF-MF (Table 2).
The observed inhibition of mitotic index (Figure 4) in tumor-bearing mice bone marrow indicated that ELF-MF enhanced the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of low dose cisplatin. These results were in good agreement with previous report on the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of ELF-MF [13]. Moreover, the tumor growth suppression observed in treated groups A and B (Figure 5) and the high correlation between tumor growth inhibition and mitotic index (Table 3), emphasized that the treatment protocol used in this work is therapeutically beneficial as most likely enhanced the effectiveness of low dose cisplatin. The improvement in treated group A was superior to treatment with the same dose of cisplatin administrated to group B, which might be attributed to the increase in cell/tumor permeability induced by ELF- MF.
Consequently, our results indicated that increased damage of DNA by administrating low dose of cisplatin followed by ELF-MF exposure enhanced cell cytotoxicity as observed by the significant increase in micronucleus induction, in addition to a significant inhibition in both mitotic index and tumor growth. These results are in accordance with the commonly accepted assumption that extremely low frequency magnetic field enhanced the chemotherapeutic efficiency of cisplatin by increasing the production of oxygen species that caused more oxidative DNA damage.
5. Conclusion
The data presented here seem to indicate that exposure to ELF-MF may be a useful adjunct to chemotherapy. However, further investigations are needed to optimize ELF-MF physical parameters, chemotherapy schedule, and combination of both.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Journal of Aging Research
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 306818, 30 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/306818
Review Article
Flexibility Training and Functional Ability in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
1Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, 3M Centre 2225, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
2School of Physical Therapy, Elborn College 1400, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
Received 9 July 2012; Accepted 11 September 2012
Academic Editor: Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko
Copyright © 2012 Liza Stathokostas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Toward Resilience: A Guide to Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation is an introductory resource for staff of development and humanitarian organizations working with people whose lives and rights are threatened by disasters and climate change.
This strategy developed by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) along with UNICEF focuses on increasing knowledge and perceived importance of sanitation and hygiene practices, with the long term objective of changing the way society thinks so that open defecation is no longer acceptable in India.
More people practice open defecation in India than anywhere in the world – more than 600 million individuals. Although access to improved sanitation is steadily increasing in India since the year 2000 the pace of change is too slow.
This report provides an analysis of the tools and tactics advocacy groups use to influence policy responses to climate change at international, regional, national and sub-national levels.
JAIPUR: On the backdrop of the 2011 Census, which showed noticeable decline in the sex ratio in the state, the state government has started exercise for damage control.
The committee, constituted by the state government to prepare the Vision 2021 for proper implementation of Pre-Conception and Pre-natal diagnostic techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994, has decided to sought suggestions and inputs from
The purpose of this handbook is to help civil society and those working on water and sanitation issues to adopt a human rights-based approach to advocacy, so that they can improve water and sanitation service regulation and provision at international, national and local levels.
Amid growing concerns over the impact of the economic downturn, the International Labour Office (ILO) warned in a new study called 'Accelerating action against Child Labour' that efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labour are slowing down and called for a
Officials in the Chinese city of Xiamen were forced to suspend plans for a paraxylene plant, after the town's residents organised a digital campaign that included blog posts, online signature
This document address the value-added of the right to water, its basis in international law and provide an overview of the content of the right.
Democracy
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Medicine » Gastroenterology » "Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Advances in Pathogenesis and Management", book edited by Sami Karoui, ISBN 978-953-307-891-5, Published: January 27, 2012 under CC BY 3.0 license
Chapter 13
A 9-Year Retrospective Study of Hospitalized IBD Patients in Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital
By Tianle Ma, Lulu Sheng, Xiaodi Yang, Shuijin Zhu, Jie Zhong, Yaozong Yuan and Shihu Jiang
DOI: 10.5772/29265
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Publication Listing
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• Title: Anthem
• Authors: Ayn Rand
• Year: 1999-12-00
• ISBN-10: 0-452-28125-3
• ISBN-13: 978-0-452-28125-7
• Publisher: Plume / Penguin
• Price: $13.95
• Pages: 253
• Binding: tp
• Type: CHAPTERBOOK
• Title Reference: Anthem
• Cover: Nick Gaetano
• ISFDB Record Number: 218253
• Notes: This follows the 1995 Dutton anniversary edition, even to the “expanded 50th anniversary edition” on the cover - Locus1.
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (NTHMZMNFMR1999)
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Bibliography: Vegas Odds
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Title: Vegas Odds
Author: Karen Chance
Year: 2009
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novella
Series: Lia and Cyrus
Series Number: 2
Webpage 1: http://www.karenchance.com/books_sb.html
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 1060826
Synopsis: "Lia de Croissets, half-human, half-Were, isn't considered an ideal employee. But her bosses at the War Mage Corps, the supernatural community's version of a police force, have found the solution-- make her the mentor to a group of raw recruits. It's a thankless job designed to keep her busy, useful and out of trouble. And it seems to be working--until Lia receives an early morning visit from her suddenly homicidal students." (from the author's site)
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Very Low Activity
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Quotes
From OpenWetWare
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"I love the feeling in your fingers after a long vortex." -Conor (6/11/10 4:03pm)
"Make it work." -Tim (6/11/10 2:17pm)
"Theoretically, this is all correct" -Christoph (5:40, 14 June 2010)
"Just see how it smells..." -Christoph, to a naive Amy, holding chloroform in her hand (4:03, 17 June 2010)
"It's like trying to reverse engineer a space shuttle when you're a caveman. You gotta start with rocks!" -Tim, when talking about trying to engineer mammalian cells as opposed to choanos. (5:06pm, 21 June 2010)
"It's not cheating if everybody's doing it" -Christoph when using a dictionary while playing online scrabble
"Wait! I thought I already miniprepped these! No, I miniprepped them in my dream..." -Amy (10:56 7/7/10)
"Freakin' NINJAS!"-Amy (3:21pm 7/20/10)
"Hey! Ninjas are sketch" -Christoph (3:22pm 7/20/10)
"ORGO" -
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Tales of Mr. Collector
Even Mr. Moon can't hold back this level of excitement!!
Wow! You just found yourself the Tales of Mr. Collector, a limited edition story collection from Dr. Wondertainment!
Read them all and become Mr. Reader!!
As compiled by Salman Corbette and TheDeadlyMoose, Associate Compilers: Dexanote and TroyL
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Harris Bank
From SourceWatch
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Harris Bank, the U.S. branch of Bank of Montreal, is owned by the Canadian BMO Financial Group.
Contents
Executive Summary
In 2011, BMO Financial Group/Bank of Montreal began its acquisition of M&I Bank, all stocks and its TARP debt for $4.1 billion.[4] M&I had $51.9 billion in assets at the time of acquisition. The Bank of Montreal operates out of Harris Bank in Chicago, IL and is looking to expand its Midwest business with M&I Bank's assets.
Harris Bank also bought Amcore Bank.[1]
Harris Bank (U.S.), Bank of Montreal/BMO Financial Group
Type Financial Services
Headquarters Canada
Number of locations Illinois, Wisconsin, Arizona, Florida, Minnesota, Indiana
Revenue $200,755,200 in 2010
Golden Parachutes Paid to M&I Bank Executives
Federal law prohibits executive raises while TARP money is still owed to the government. The Bank of Montreal will pay the $1.7 billion owed and pay the executives contingent on the finalization of the acquisition.
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported in February 2011 that CEO and Chairman Mark F. Furlong, who is being retained by BMO as president and chief executive of Harris Bank, will $18 million upfront and also "receive a $6 million "transition completion payment" on the first anniversary of the merger if he still is with the company. Under a three-year contract with BMO, Furlong will receive a base salary of $600,000, be eligible for an incentive payment of up to $800,000 and be in line for stock awards. According to the document, M&I executives to receive "deferred compensation" after the merger is complete are: Gregory A. Smith, chief financial officer, $5.5 million; Thomas R. Ellis, senior vice president, $4.1 million; Kenneth C. Krei, chairman and CEO of M&I Trust Co., $5.5 million; and Thomas J. O'Neill, senior vice president, $5.1 million. Another $26.7 million will be distributed among 12 other executive officers."
In a response these publicly-dubbed "golden parachute" payouts, CtW Investment Group released a report in conjunction with a Bank of Montreal shareholders meeting in March 2011. The report, entitled “Why is Bank of Montreal Making ‘Golden Parachute’ Payments to Failed Executives at M&I Corporation?” was given to BMO directors.
The report address the following:
• The over $18 million award Mr. Furlong will receive substantially exceeds the $5.3 million M&I estimated Mr. Furlong was entitled to in 2009. • BMO has promised these benefits regardless of whether the recipients’ positions are terminated as a result of the merger. BMO has set up a special deferred compensation account to hold “severance” funds that executives will receive when they leave the company, even if such a departure is on the basis of an ordinary retirement twenty years in the future. • BMO has further agreed to pay any tax liabilities generated by these payments to Furlong or other top executives. Hundreds of companies that once offered such provisions have eliminated them as a wasteful and inappropriate use of shareholder assets. Even companies that still provide them generally offer them only to a few executives. All told, BMO will pay these taxes for up to 17 executives. • The severance packages include other unusual and arcane provisions, including making payments of three times taxable employer-provided car-related expenses and club dues. Many companies have eliminated perquisites such as club dues even for current executives.
“Canadian shareholders have good reason to be troubled by these payments,” says Rosanna Weaver, an analyst for the Office of Investment. “When Toronto-Dominion Bank purchased South Financial Group, employment agreements were amended to eliminate severance and other benefits. Why was the Bank of Montreal board unable or unwilling to make similar demands?”[2]
Financial Statements
2010[3]
Total Assets: $411,640,000
Securities Borrowed or Purchased Under Resale Agreements:$28,102,000
Loans: $176,643,000
2009[4]
$388,458,000
Securities Borrowed or Purchased Under Resale Agreements: $36,006,000
Loans: $167,829,000
• In Canadian Dollars
Executives
Officers: Chairman: David A. Galloway President, CEO, and Director: William A. (Bill) Downe EVP and Chief Risk Officer: Thomas E. (Tom) Flynn
References
1. Locks changed on disputed home,"The Milwaukee State Journal. April 26, 2011.
2. CtW Investment Group Report Highlights Concerns RE: M&I Golden Parachutes at BMO Annual Meeting,"Tuesday, March 22, 2011."
3. http://www.bmo.com/ar2010/fin_cfs_balance.html BMO Consolidated Financial Statements]
4. http://www.bmo.com/ar2010/fin_cfs_balance.html BMO Consolidated Financial Statements]
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Heimlich Maneuver
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Topic > Mining
Statistics by Topic
Exports
A Portrait of Australian Exporters: A Report Based on the Business Longitudinal Survey, 1997-98 (cat no. 8154.0)
Australia at a Glance, 2008 (cat no. 1309.0)
Australian Capital Territory in Focus, 2007 (cat no. 1307.8)
Australian Economic Indicators, Jul 2012 (cat no. 1350.0)
Australian Harmonized Export Commodity Classification (AHECC) - Electronic Publication, Jan 2012 (cat no. 1233.0)
Australian Harmonized Export Commodity Classification (AHECC) (Replacement Pages) (Website Version), Jan 2006 (cat no. 1233.0.00.001)
Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia, Dec 2012 (cat no. 5302.0)
Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia -- Time Series on Floppy Disk, Dec 2004 (cat no. 5302.0.15.001)
Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011 (cat no. 5331.0)
Directory of Mining Statistics, 1999 (cat no. 8416.0)
Directory of Mining Statistics, 2002 (cat no. 1144.0)
Information Paper: A Methodology for Estimating Regional Merchandise Exports - Including Experimental Estimates for Three Queensland Regions, 1994-95 to 1996-97 (cat no. 5492.0)
Information Paper: Changes on 1 January 2007 to Statistical Codes in the AHECC and the Customs Tariff, 2007 (cat no. 1233.0.55.001)
Information Paper: Changes to Ausstats Tables for Balance of Payments and International Investment Position, Australia, Dec 2004 (cat no. 5302.0.55.001)
Information Paper: International Merchandise Trade Statistics, Australia: Data Confidentiality, 1999 (cat no. 5487.0)
International Merchandise Trade, Australia, Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2001 (cat no. 5489.0)
International Merchandise Trade: Confidential Commodities List, Apr 2013 (cat no. 5372.0.55.001)
Key Economic Indicators, 2012 (cat no. 1345.0)
Mineral Account, Australia, 1996 (cat no. 4608.0)
Mineral Account, Volume Change Tables, Australia, 1994 to 1996 (cat no. 4608.0.40.001)
Mining Indicators, Australia, Dec 2009 (cat no. 8417.0)
NSW State and Regional Indicators, Dec 2010 (cat no. 1338.1)
Pocket Year Book, Australia, 2000 (cat no. 1302.0)
Publications and Products Released in January 2002, Jan 2002 (cat no. 1102.0)
Queensland at a Glance, Jan 2012 (cat no. 1312.3)
Queensland in Review, 2003 (cat no. 1387.3)
Queensland Pocket Year Book, 2001 (cat no. 1302.3)
Queensland Year Book (Hard cover), 2001 (cat no. 1301.3)
Regional Indicators, South Australia, 1998 (cat no. 1314.4)
SA Stats, Jun 2011 (cat no. 1345.4)
South Australia at a Glance, 2009 (cat no. 1306.4)
South Australian Economic Indicators, Mar 2005 (cat no. 1307.4)
South Australian Year Book, 1999 (cat no. 1301.4)
Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC), 2011 (cat no. 1269.0)
Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC) -- on Floppy Disk, 1998 (cat no. 1269.0.15.001)
Statistical Trends, NSW, 2007 (cat no. 1338.1.55.001)
Statistics - Tasmania, 2008 (cat no. 1384.6)
Statistics Victoria, Jun 2011 (cat no. 1100.2)
StatSearch, A Reference Guide to Western Australian Statistics, 1998 (cat no. 1359.5)
Tasmania at a Glance, 2011 (cat no. 1305.6)
Tasmanian Pocket Year Book, 2002 (cat no. 1302.6)
Tasmanian Statistical Indicators, Jun 2004 (cat no. 1303.6)
Western Australian Statistical Indicators, 2010 (cat no. 1367.5)
Year Book Australia on CD-ROM, 2006 (cat no. 1301.0.30.001)
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1. Skip to navigation
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/16806/making-it-tough-to-create-jobs/
Making it Tough to Create Jobs
May 5, 2011 by
There’s a struggle that goes on everyday across America. While what Washington does makes headlines, entrepreneurs are tangling with municipalities all over the country: Building departments, licensing, code enforcement, departments of inspections and permits; the list goes on and on.
Most of the time these struggles don’t make news. Many would-be business owners just give up, some tough it out if they have the patience and resources, while others hire former local politicians who provide the service of ‘greasing the skids downtown’ and call it business consulting.
For those that wonder about the divergent economic worlds we live in: Wall Street’s prosperity and Main Street’s depression, Timothy Aeppel’s Wall Street Journal story about the trials and tribulations of Chesapeake Bay Candle provides a glimpse as to why so many millions are unemployed.
Mei Xu and David Wang sell candles to places like Kohl’s and Target. During the past 16 years they’ve been shipping candles from their three factories in Asia. But times have changed. “To do well in this market, you need to be able to produce and ship the next day,” Ms. Xu told the WSJ. “That means making it here.”
Plus, the cost of labor and transportation has soared in Asia.
The U.S. plant will employ 100 people, and more than a year ago the company bought a former liquor warehouse outside of Baltimore, thinking they would be open in nine months. But it’s 13 months and counting. Xu and Wang have already spent $1 million more than planned and they don’t yet have an occupancy permit.
The storage room Wang and Xu budgeted to cost $25,000, would have cost $250,000 to comply with the city’s requirements, so the company will not store as many fragrance oils on site, making it more difficult to meet orders.
The building has to be equipped with fire sprinklers and handicapped restrooms. In total, code compliance is estimated to be 30% of the $3.5 million the company has spent on the plant.
A spokeswoman for Anne Ardundel County claims they jumped right on the candle maker’s applications, saying it was the company that was slow to respond after the county objected to the plant’s design.
However if the county essentially tears up your plans, it takes time to respond. In this case it was six weeks.
Ms. Xu is wisely taking the high road, not blaming county officials. She doesn’t need anymore delays and the Certificate of Occupancy that will allow her to open and hire workers looks to be close at hand.
The experience has made Ms. Xu wonder if government is “really ready for business to come back from Asia.”
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Corporate Code of Ethics and Reporting Wrongdoing In Private Sector Organizations in Malaysia
Zeinab Amini Yekta
Abstract
With rapid changes in technology and the borderless global environment, organizations need to have ethical guiding principles. Malaysia as a developing country needs to focus on and be aware of the ethics codes and guidelines in organizations as well as minimize wrongdoings. Ethical behaviors which should be emulated need to be portrayed instead of negative behaviors being emphasized. Strategic implementation and commitment to organizational change with proper communication channels and having ethical safeguards in place are expected to enhance the application of ethical guidelines. Effective communication is important for successful implementation of code of ethics programs which will ultimately improve reporting wrongdoing in organizations. The results show that, employee relationship is the most important determinant of reporting wrongdoing. Having ethical codes and guidelines alone without being effective will not benefit the organization. It indicate that to be effective when having code of ethics and reporting wrongdoing, the organization must invest time and effort in building good strong employee relationships.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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{
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Effects of Some Heavy Metals on Seed Germination Characteristics of Canola (Barassica napus), Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Safflower (Carthamus tinctorious) to Evaluate Phytoremediation Potential of These Crops
Seyed Amir Moosavi, Mohammad Hossain Gharineh, Reza Tavakkol Afshari, Amin Ebrahimi
Abstract
Heavy metal pollutants are the main concern of new agricultural productions. Industrial products and using synthetic materials leads to drastically increase in concentration of different heavy metals in the environment. Lead and Cadmium are two famous heavy metals which are largely used in electronic industries thus the waste water of factories could pollute agricultural lands. Different heavy metal solutions were investigated for their effects on seed germination characteristics and phytoremediation potential of two oil crops ( canola, Brassica napusandsafflower, Carthamustinctorious) and a cereal crop (wheat, Triticumaestivum). The Canola, Safflower and Wheat seeds were germinated after treatments in solutions containing varying concentrations of heavy metals. Five different concentrations of heavy metals including (BiNO3, BiNO3, CdNO3, Sr (NO3)2, ZnNO3) at 50, 200, 350, 500, 1000 ppm and distilled water considered as control treatment. Results showed that in all treatments the percentage of seed germination, root and shoot length decreased as concentrations of solution increased. No germination was observed at 1000 ppm of cadmium level. Root and seedling vigor increased by application of 200 ppm of BiNO3. There were no seedling growth at 350 and 500 ppm of cadmium and lead concentration.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/jas.v4n9p11
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Journal of Agricultural Science ISSN 1916-9752 (Print) ISSN 1916-9760 (Online)
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{
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data.table (1.7.1)
Extension of data.frame for fast indexing, fast ordered joins, fast assignment, fast grouping and list columns..
http://datatable.r-forge.r-project.org/
http://rwiki.sciviews.org/doku.php?id=packages:cran:data.table
http://crantastic.org/packages/data.table
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/data.table
Enhanced data.frame. Fast indexing, fast ordered joins, fast assignment, fast grouping and list columns in a short and flexible syntax. i and j may be expressions of column names directly, for faster development. Example: X[Y] is a fast join for large data.
Maintainer: Developers
Author(s): M Dowle, T Short, S Lianoglou
License: GPL (>= 2)
Uses: chron, ggplot2, hexbin, plyr, testthat
Reverse depends: FAOSTAT, postgwas, randomNames, RecordLinkage, SGP, survMisc, tabplot, treemap
Reverse suggests: Lahman, pcrsim, ProjectTemplate
Released over 1 year ago.
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{
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"warc_url": "http://crantastic.org/packages/gstat"
}
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gstat (1.0-16)
1 user
spatial and spatio-temporal geostatistical modelling, prediction and simulation.
http://52north.org/geostatistics
https://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/gstat/
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/gstat
variogram modelling; simple, ordinary and universal point or block (co)kriging, sequential Gaussian or indicator (co)simulation; variogram and variogram map plotting utility functions.
Maintainer: Edzer Pebesma
Author(s): Edzer Pebesma [aut, cre], Benedikt Graeler [ctb]
License: GPL (>= 2.0)
Uses: lattice, sp, spacetime, xts, zoo, fields, lattice, mapdata, maptools, rgdal, rgeos
Reverse depends: automap, geospt, GSIF, hydroTSM, intamap, ndvits, palaeoSig, plotKML, prevR, RSAGA, rtop
Reverse suggests: agridat, dismo, palaeoSig, pgirmess, plotKML, RSAGA, sos4R, spacetime, spcosa
Released 3 months ago.
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Search for gstat on google, google scholar, r-help, r-devel.
Visit gstat on R Graphical Manual.
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"url": "dotnetkicks.com/stories/34395/Making_the_Most_of_Silverlight_Text_Rendering",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:25:23.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:d14122cc-b5ef-48c2-b81b-5879a2ea17a3>",
"warc_url": "http://dotnetkicks.com/stories/34395/Making_the_Most_of_Silverlight_Text_Rendering"
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Error!
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Making the Most of Silverlight Text Rendering
0
kicks
Making the Most of Silverlight Text Rendering (Unpublished)
There really isn’t a single rendering methodology that is going to look great for all fonts in all situations. So, I thought I’d share some of my (highly subjective) opinions. Here are a couple of things that I do get better text rendering in Silverlight.
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{
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Maryland, Naturalization Indexes (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 15:06, 22 July 2011 by Joycebevans (Talk | contribs)
This article describes a collection of historical records available at FamilySearch.org.
Contents
Collection Time Period
These indexes are for records that cover the years from 1797 to 1951.
Record Description
The card index is for naturalization records in the circuit and district courts of Maryland. The cards are arranged alphabetically by surname.
The actual naturalization volumes vary in size and format. Prior to 1906 each document was usually handwritten on one page. From the late 1800s and on, printed forms were used. After 1906 many entries were typewritten.
While there were various types of naturalization records, the Declaration of Intent and Naturalization Petition usually had the most complete genealogical information.
Record Content
The cards include the following:
• Petition number
• Date of petition
• Volume and page number of the petition
Some of the cards also show:
• Declaration number
• Date of declaration
• Volume and page number of the declaration
• Certification number
• Date of issuance
Declaration of Intent and Naturalization Petitions usually included the following:
• Name of the immigrant
• Country of birth
• Arrival date
• Date of Declaration of Intent or Naturalization
• Names of witnesses
• Signature of judge or court official
In post-1906 records, you may also find:
• Birth date
• Birthplace
• Age
• Race
• Last foreign residence
• Current residence
• Arrival place
• Marital status
• Name of spouse
• Maiden name of wife
• Birth date of spouse
• Residence of spouse
How to Use the Record
Begin your search by finding your ancestors in the card index. Name indexes make it possible to access a specific record quickly. Check the index for the surname and then the given name. You may need to look at many cards to find the one you are seeking. Remember that these indexes may contain inaccuracies, such as altered spellings, misinterpretations, and optical character recognition errors if the information was scanned.
When searching the index it is helpful to know the following:
• The full name of your ancestor.
• The approximate immigration and naturalization dates.
• The ancestor’s residence.
If you do not know this information, check the 1900 census and then calculate the possible year of naturalization based on the date of immigration. The 1920 census may tell you the exact year of immigration or naturalization.
Use the locator information found in the index (such as name of court, page, entry, or certificate number) to locate your ancestors in the records. Compare the information in the record to what you already know about your ancestors to determine if this is the correct person. You may need to compare the information of more than one person to make this determination.
When you have located your ancestor’s record, carefully evaluate each piece of information given. These pieces of information may give you new biographical details that can lead you to other records about your ancestors. Add this new information to your records of each family. For example, you can use naturalization records to:
• Learn an immigrant’s place of origin
• Confirm their date of arrival
• Learn foreign and “Americanized” names
• Find records in his or her country of origin such as emigrations, port records, or ship’s manifests.
You may also find these tips helpful:
• Look for the Declaration of Intent soon after the immigrant arrived, and then look for the Naturalization Petition five years later, when the residency requirement would have been met. Look for naturalization records in federal courts and then in state, county, or city courts.
• An individual may have filed the first and final papers in different courts and sometimes in a different state if the person moved. Immigrants who were younger than 18 when they arrived did not need to file a Declaration of Intent as part of the process.
• If your ancestor had a common name, be sure to look at all the entries for a name before you decide which is correct.
• Continue to search the naturalization records to identify siblings, parents, and other relatives in the same or other generations who may have naturalized in the same area or nearby.
• The witnesses named on naturalization records may have been older relatives of the person in the naturalization process. Search for their naturalizations.
• You may want to obtain the naturalization records of every person who shares your ancestor’s surname if they lived in the same county or nearby. You may not know how or if they are related, but the information could lead you to more information about your own ancestors.
If you do not find the name you are looking for, try the following:
• Check for variant spellings. Realize that the indexes may contain inaccuracies, such as altered spellings and misinterpretations.
• Try a different index if there is one for the years needed. You may also need to search the naturalization records year by year.
• Search the indexes of nearby counties.
Record History
The first naturalization act was passed in 1802. Immigrants to the United States were not required to apply for citizenship. Of those who did apply, many did not complete the requirements for citizenship.
Naturalization to become a U.S. citizen was a two-part process: the Declaration of Intent to Naturalize, or First Papers, and the Naturalization Record (including the Naturalization Petition), or Final Papers. The First Papers were normally filed five years before the Final Papers because of the five-year residency requirement to become a citizen.
No centralized files existed before 1906. In 1906 federal forms replaced the various formats that had been used by the various courts. Copies were sent to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), creating a central file for naturalization papers. The INS is now known as the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).
Naturalization records are generally well preserved, but some records may have been lost to fire or other disasters.
Why this Record Was Created
Naturalization is the process of granting citizenship privileges and responsibilities to foreign-born residents. New York’s counties recorded naturalization procedures in the court records as legal proof of citizenship. The courts handling naturalizations changed several times so the card index was created as a way to quickly access specific records.
Record Reliability
The index is very accurate and the information that was current at the time of naturalization was usually reliable. However, there was always a chance for misinformation. Errors may have occurred because of the informant’s lack of knowledge or because of transcription errors or other circumstances.
Related Web Sites
Maryland State Archives
Related Wiki Articles
Maryland
Maryland Naturalization and Citizenship
Contributions to This Article
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should also list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for keeping track of records that you have searched is found in the Wiki Article: How to Cite FamilySearch Collections.
Examples of Source Citations for a Record in This Collection
• "Maryland, Naturalization Indexes, 1797-1951." index and images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org): accessed 25 March 2011. entry for George Kendall, 1874; citing Naturalization Indexes, NARA publication M1168; United States Federal Archives and Records Center, Washington, D.C.
Sources of Information for This Collection
• “Maryland Naturalization Indexes, 1797-1951,” index, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org); from United States Federal Archives and Records Center. NARA M1168. FHL Digital images, Family History Library Salt Lake City, Utah.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Cicero Guedes, Brazilian Landless Leader is Murdered in Rio
This post also available in:
Português · Cicero Guedes, líder do MST é assassinado no Rio
Español · Cicero Guedes, líder de los brasileños sin tierra es asesinado en Río de Janeiro
Français · Cicero Guedes, leader du Mouvement des travailleurs sans terre, assassiné à Rio
One of the main leaders of the landless movement in Brazil was shot dead on Saturday as he was cycling home in Rio de Janeiro state. Publishing a picture he took of Cicero Guedes, Marcos Pedlowski [pt] emphasises that “the loss is not only human, but deeply political. Besides being an exemplary man, husband and father, Cicero embodied the best qualities that true leaders must have”. According to the Catholic Church's Pastoral Land Commission (CPT), the number of land activists threatened has jumped from 125 to 347 between 2010 and 2011.
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User:David J. Gifford
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 01:53, 30 January 2013 by David J. Gifford (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
David J. Gifford (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University.[[]] I learned about OpenWetWare from references in iGem, and I've joined because I would like to set up an OpenWetWare wiki for our GenoCon project http://genocon.org.
Education
• 1981, BA, Harvard College, History of Science
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Personal tools
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User:Jenny Novina Sitepu
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 12:31, 1 October 2012 by Jenny Novina Sitepu (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Jenny Novina Sitepu (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from from my lecture, and I've joined because because i'll use it to study.
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Personal tools
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Old age cannot be cured. An epoch or a civilization cannot be prevented from breathing its last. A natural process that happens to all flesh and all human manifestations cannot be arrested. You can only wring your hands and utter a beautiful swan song. Winegarten, Renee
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Quotation added by staff
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The world does not need tourists who ride by in a bus clucking their tongues. The world as it is needs those who will love it enough to change it, with what they have, where they are. Fulghum, Robert
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Quotes by Hepburn, Audrey
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"I probably hold the distinction of being one movie star who, by all laws of logic, should never have made it. At each stage of my career, I lacked the experience."
Hepburn, Audrey on experience
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Greymouth
From Wikitravel
Oceania : New Zealand : South Island : West Coast : Westland : Greymouth
Revision as of 07:01, 19 December 2009 by Dave.mcc (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Greymouth is on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island at the west end of the road through Arthur's Pass.
Understand
Greymouth is at the western terminus of the TranzAlpine line. Although it is located on the South Island's west coast, locals say the town has its "back" to the ocean. Rather than being built directly along the shore, the town sits along the riverbank, about two miles inland. The town has several scenic walkways along the river and parks, and is a good launching point for other nearby destinations.
Get in
By Car
Approximately 2.5 hours drive north of Fox Glacier.
By Train
See also Train travel in New Zealand
Greymouth Train Station, the western terminus of the TranzAlpine line from Christchurch.
The world famous TranzAlpine, operated by Tranz Scenic departs from Christchurch station at 8.15 and arrives at Greymouth at 12.45pm daily. Trains depart Greymouth at 2:00pm for Arthur's Pass National Park and Christchurch.
By Bus
Naked Bus [1] operate daily services to and from Nelson, Fox Glacier, Franz Josef and Queenstown with fares starting at $1.
West Coast Shuttle offers a daily return service to Christchurch.
By Air
Greymouth does have an airport (code GMN), at the present time no regularly scheduled flights arrive or depart here, although charter flights can be arranged.
Get around
Greymouth is a small town and you can easily walk to inns and restaurants within the town. If you want to go further afield, your choices are:
• Taxi - Greymouth Taxis, 138 Mackay Street, phone (3) 768-7078. A block or two from the train station, Greymouth Taxis can arrange trips to nearby destinations.
• Rental Car - The Greymouth train station has rental car counters from Hertz, Budget and a variety of discount agencies. Advance reservations are recommended.
• Organized Tours - Several tour companies will pick you up at your inn, take you to nearby destinations, then return you to your hotel (or to the train station in time for your departing train). Check brochures in the train station or at your hotel.
See
Do
• Monteith's Brewery. Tours.
Go cave rafting.
Shantytown
Buy
A large supermarket, as well as "The Warehouse", a large general goods type store, are located next to the train station, making Greymouth a good place to stock up on essentials for your trip. (Note you must walk around the station to enter their parking lot; do not cross the railroad tracks at the station and try to climb over the fence).
Eat
• Bonzai Pizza, 31 Mackay Street, phone (03) 768-4170. Good pizza in a friendly casual atmosphere. Order at the counter then sit down at a table or booth.
Drink
Sleep
Backpackers
• Global Village Backpackers, 42-54 Cowper Street, Greymouth, [2]. $NZ 17 - 44. Lowest prices offered to BBH members. Very clean, friendly backpackers.
Bed & Breakfast
• Golden Coast B&B [3] 10 Smith Street, Greymouth, phone (03) 768-7839 The first B&B to open in Graymouth, in 1967. Three clean rooms and with shared bathrooms, plus ensuite unit. Friendly owner. NZ$75 - $130 per night, depending on room and number of guests. Breakfast included. Located 200 meters above the train station (from train station, take sidewalk up to bridge, do not cross river, instead turn right and walk up to Smith Street.)
Communicate
Wireless Internet is available for free at the public library (18 Albert Street, just off Mackay Street) as well as at certain hostels and hotels.
Get out
A nice hike, the Point Elizabeth Trail, connects Rapahoe, just north of Greymouth, to a northerly "suburb" of Greymouth, on the north side of the river. This is probably most practical if you can be dropped off at one end and picked up at the other end.
Visit the biggest and less crowded glacier - the Fox Glacier located 2.5 hours drive south of Greymouth.
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7215.0 - Livestock Products, Australia, Jun 2008 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/08/2008
Page tools: RSS Search this Product
Publications
7215.0 - Livestock Products, Australia
Time Series Spreadsheets
TABLE 1A. Livestock Slaughtered - Australia (Excluding Chickens: All Series ('000)
TABLE 1B. Livestock Slaughtered - Australia (Chickens): All Series ('000)
TABLE 2A. Livestock Products, Australia - Red Meat: All Series (Tonnes)
TABLE 2B. Livestock Products, Australia - Chicken Meat: All Series (Tonnes)
TABLE 2C. Livestock Products, Australia - Whole Milk Intake by Factories: All Series (ML)
TABLE 2D. Livestock Products, Australia - Brokers and Dealers Receivals of Taxable Wool (Tonnes)
TABLE 3. Number of Livestock Slaughtered, Bulls, Bullocks and Steers: All Series ('000)
TABLE 4. Number of Livestock Slaughtered, Cows and Heifers: All Series ('000)
TABLE 5. Number of Livestock Slaughtered, Total Cattle (Excluding Calves): All Series ('000)
TABLE 6. Number of Livestock Slaughtered, Calves: All Series ('000)
TABLE 7. Number of Livestock Slaughtered, Sheep: All Series ('000)
TABLE 8. Number of Livestock Slaughtered, Lambs: All Series ('000)
TABLE 9. Number of Livestock Slaughtered, Pigs: All Series ('000)
TABLE 10. Number of Chickens Slaughtered: All Series (thousands)
TABLE 11A. Number of Livestock Slaughtered (Excluding Chickens): Original ('000)
TABLE 11B. Number of Livestock Slaughtered (Chickens): Original ('000)
TABLE 12. Red Meat Produced, Beef: All Series (Tonnes)
TABLE 13: Red Meat Produced, Veal: All Series ( Tonnes)
TABLE 14: Red Meat Produced, Mutton: All Series (Tonnes)
TABLE 15: Red Meat Produced, Lamb: All Series (Tonnes)
TABLE 16: Red Meat Produced, Pig Meat: All Series (Tonnes)
TABLE 17: Total Red Meat Produced: All Series ( Tonnes)
TABLE 18. Chicken Meat Produced: All Series (Tonnes)
TABLE 19A: Red Meat Produced: Original (Tonnes)
TABLE 20: Exports of Fresh, Frozen, and Processed Meat - Australia: Original (Tonnes)
TABLE 21: Exports of Live Sheep and Cattle, Australia: Original
TABLE 22: Whole Milk Intake, By Factories: All Series (ML)
TABLE 23. Market Milk Sales, By Factories: All Series (ML)
TABLE 24. Brokers and Dealers Receivals of Taxable Wool: All Series (Tonnes)
TABLE 25A: Livestock Products - Whole Milk Intake by Factories: Original (ML)
TABLE 25B: Livestock Products - Market Milk Sales by Factories: Original (ML)
TABLE 25C: Livestock Products - Brokers and Dealers Receivals of Taxable Wool - Original (Tonnes)
Data Cubes
Livestock slaughtered, Australia: All Series
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS, Australia: All Series
Number of livestock slaughtered, Bulls, bullocks and steers: All Series
Number of livestock slaughtered, Cows and heifers: All Series
Number of livestock slaughtered, Total cattle (excluding calves): All Series
Number of livestock slaughtered, Calves: All Series
Number of livestock slaughtered, Sheep: All Series
Number of livestock slaughtered, Lambs: All Series
Number of livestock slaughtered, Pigs: All Series
NUMBER OF CHICKENS SLAUGHTERED: All Series
Number of livestock slaughtered: Original
RED MEAT PRODUCED, Beef: All Series
RED MEAT PRODUCED, Veal: All Series
RED MEAT PRODUCED, Mutton: All Series
RED MEAT PRODUCED, Lamb: All Series
RED MEAT PRODUCED, Pig meat: All Series
TOTAL RED MEAT PRODUCED: All Series
CHICKEN MEAT PRODUCED: All Series
MEAT PRODUCED: Original
EXPORTS OF FRESH, CHILLED, FROZEN AND PROCESSED MEAT, Australia: Original
EXPORTS OF LIVE SHEEP AND CATTLE, Australia: Original
WHOLE MILK INTAKE, By Factories: All Series
MARKET MILK SALES, By Factories: All Series
BROKERS AND DEALERS RECEIVALS OF TAXABLE WOOL: All Series
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS: Original
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1370.0 - Measures of Australia's Progress, 2006 (Reissue)
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/05/2006 Reissue
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• Publication (I-Note)
Reissue - Measures of Australia's Progress
This re-issue corrects a small number of errors in the Work chapter of Measures of Australia's Progress 2006. No other chapters in the publication are affected.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1370.0 - Measures of Australia's Progress, 2010
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 15/09/2010
Page tools: Print Page RSS
Communication, while not given headline status, has nevertheless been included as a supplementary dimension because of its relevance to whether life in Australia is getting better.
In 2008-09, 72% of Australian households had home Internet access, more than four times the proportion in 1998 (16%). The proportion of households with a broadband Internet connection increased from 16% in 2004-05 to almost two-thirds (62%) in 2008-09. For those households that had Internet access, 86% had a broadband connection in 2008-09.
Between 1998 and 2008-09, the proportion of households that had access to a computer increased from 44% to 78%.
Household Internet access
Household broadband access
Household computer access
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Methods & Standards > Directory of Statistical Sources by Topic > Finance
Directory of Statistical Sources by Topic
Personal¸ Commercial and Lease Finance
Commercial Finance
Financial Information (Survey of) - Quarterly
Housing Finance for Owner Occupation
Lease Finance
New Lending Activity (Coverage Collection)
Personal Finance
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Great inbound marketing is integrated marketing. Social networking can’t be a remote tactic and succeed. Rather it needs to participate a general inbound online marketing strategy which includes seo, blogging, e-mail marketing, marketing automation, along with other methods. Probably the most effective points [...]
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