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“Groundhog Day” star Bill Murray may join “St Vincent De Van Nuys” comedy
PanARMENIAN.Net - Bill Murray is in early talks for St Vincent De Van Nuys. The actor is in line to star in Ted Melfi's comedy-drama, Digital Spy reports citing Variety.
The film centres around a 12-year-old boy who strikes up an unlikely friendship with the man next door when his parents are busy fighting through their divorce.
The retiree veteran is a gambling, hard-drinking and whoring misanthrope who learns as much from his new friend as the boy does from him.
The 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment project is based on Melfi's script, which appeared on the 2011 Black List.
Murray was last seen in frequent collaborator Wes Anderson's Moonrise Kingdom and will next play President Franklin D Roosevelt in Roger Michell's period pic Hyde Park on Hudson.
Partner news
Top stories
The jewels were to be loaned to celebrities who have arrived on the French Riviera town for its famous annual film festival.
The list of the finalists also includes Hungary, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Romania, Norway, Iceland, Finland and others.
Set in the gritty blue-collar neighborhood of God’s Pocket, story follows a man stuck with a debt he can't pay.
"Catching Fire" follows Katniss and fellow Hunger Games victor Peeta as they embark on a "Victor's Tour" throughout 12 districts of Panem.
Partner news
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
He, who every morning plans the transactions of the day, and follows that plan, carries a thread that will guide him through a labyrinth of the most busy life. Hugo, Victor
This quote is about planning · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Hugo, Victor ...
We don't have a biography.
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
The critical ingredient is getting off your butt and doing something. It's as simple as that. A lot of people have ideas, but there are few who decide to do something about them now. Not tomorrow. Not next week. But today. The true entrepreneur is a doer, not a dreamer. Bushnell, Nolan
This quote is about action · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Bushnell, Nolan ...
Nolan Bushnell (born February 5, 1943 in Clearfield, Utah) is the founder of Atari, Inc. (now owned by Infogrames) and the Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza-Time Theaters chain. He and Ralph Baer are widely recognized as leading pioneers of the video game industry.
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Air America Radio
From RationalWiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Is it news?
Media
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Resources
The Latest News
Air America Radio, then "Air America Media", was a basically failed attempt to create a network that provided a 24/7 feed of liberal talk radio. The business model was flawed, the founders ran away, and they kicked out all their more interesting hosts. In their early days, they aired crazy, edgy, people like Mike Malloy, but in the end, they screwed him for many dollars.
After a Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceeding, the network was bought by investors Stephen L. and Mark J. Green, endured a significant restructuring, and then seemed to be chugging on tolerably well.
Or maybe not, as it ceased providing live shows on January 21, 2010, and filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation proceedings shortly thereafter.
Liberal talk radio alternatives still exist. However, they are no match for the (probably corporate powered) conservative media engine that promotes such wonderful people as Glenn Beck anywhere and everywhere in the United States.
The most well-known personalities to emerge from Air America Radio are Ed Schultz and Rachel Maddow.
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New Scientist
From RationalWiki
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The Latest News
New Scientist is a British popular science magazine based in London and published weekly (on a Wednesday or Thursday, depending on timezones). It features new developments in pure and applied science as well as technology. The magazine covers a wide range of scientific work ranging from speculative material to hard science. Both scientists and lay readers value New Scientist, as do news reporters who frequently base newspaper articles on material originally published in the magazine. There are also editions in Australia and the United States.
Contents
[edit] Professor Lenski
The New Scientist article on Professor Richard Lenski's E. coli experiment[1] launched the "Lenski affair", accelerating him to 15 minutes of internet fame and an email exchange described as "All time classic creationist pwnage".[2]
[edit] "Darwin Was Wrong"
New Scientist is not a scientific journal. Although its articles are usually well-written and report quite respectable science, it does have a bad habit of sensationalizing things a little. Often trivial things will be quote mined to produce a fancy cover and headline. The most controversial being the "Darwin Was Wrong" cover.[3] This was criticised by many evolutionary scientists in the blogosphere as being potentially misrepresenting scientific discovery.[4]
In fact the article revealed nothing of the kind,[5] and the supposed breakthrough on the cover was actually a fairly minor point in regards to changing the theories of natural selection — specifically the "tree of life," used by Darwin in developing his theory but now mostly rejected.
Why would any self-respecting magazine do this sort of thing? Firstly, sensationalism sells and most of the media openly admits it.[6] Like any other magazine, New Scientist relies on selling copies in order to remain a profitable business. Secondly, writers never get the chance to write their own headlines; there are specialist staff writers and sub editors for that. Any evolutionary biologist writing for New Scientist would have known that the headline was misleading, and would provoke a backlash from those on the front line of the origins debate, but the headline writers may not have cared.
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"A REALLY INTELLIGENT INTERVIEWER." -- Lance Henriksen
"QUITE SIMPLY, THE BEST HORROR-THEMED BLOG ON THE NET." -- Joe Maddrey, Nightmares in Red White & Blue
**Find The Vault of Horror on Facebook and Twitter, or download the new mobile app!**
**Check out my other blogs, Standard of the Day, Proof of a Benevolent God and Lots of Pulp!**
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
The Tuesday Top 10: Scariest Pro Wrestlers
As part of the extended surreality that is my life, I've spent a number of years working in the wrestling business. And even before that, I was a lifelong die-hard fan (working in the business cured me of that). So I know a thing or two about the ol' grunt 'n groan game--and I figured, why not marry that knowledge to another great passion of mine, horror?
And so, this week's Tuesday Top 10 was born. If you're a fan of both wrestling and horror, maybe you'll get a kick out of this list of the most frightening professional wrestlers of all time. And if not, maybe you'll at least get a morbid thrill at gawking at this gaggle of oiled-up freaks...
10. Waylon Mercy
I've got to hand it to the boys in WWF creative--creating a wrestling gimmick built around DeNiro's Max Cady character in Cape Fear was a touch of brilliance. Veteran wrestler Dangerous Danny Spivey donned this persona during his mid 1990s run at the big W.
9. Big Van Vader
This Rocky Mountain behemoth wreaked havoc in Japan (appropriately) in the early '90s, then WCW, where he once broke a guy's back (legit), and finally the WWF, where his name was shortened to Vader (hello, Lucasfilm lawsuit). His early demonic headgear was particularly terrifying.
8. Gangrel
Known as the Vampire Warrior early in his career, David Heath was christened with this name--inspired by (read: stolen from) the popular horror role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade. He was known to douse his opponents with a "blood bath" from the rafters from time to time...
7. Papa Shango
Inspired by voodoo mysticism, the Shango character injected an element of the supernatural not really seen in rasslin up to that point. Who can forget the time he made the Ultimate Warrior puke, or made black goo poor from Mean Gene's shirtsleeves? Ironically, Charles Wright would later transform into, of all things, a pimp character called The Godfather.
6. The Boogeyman
A decade later, WWE took the Shango concept to the next level, giving us this worm-eating, walking nightmare, whose pre-match gyrations always reminded me of something out of The Serpent and the Rainbow. And take it from someone who witnessed the backstage "worm-wranglers" first-hand--those critters were real.
5. Kane
The psychotic "half-brother" of the Undertaker, the Big Red Machine is one of WWE's longest running "monster heel" characters. Supposedly burned as a child, but later revealed to simply be real ugly (sorry, Glenn!) He loses some points for his flirtations with the good-guyness, as well as the "Katie Vick incident" (you die-hards know what I'm talking about).
4. The Swedish Angel
An oddity of the 1940s, this poor wretch was one of several so-called "Angels", acromegaly victims marketed as monsters by notorious schiester promoter Jack Pfefer. The Swedish one is probably the most famous, due in part to his appearance in the original Mighty Joe Young.
3. Killer Kowalski
One of the most feared and despised brawlers of the 1950s, '60s and '70s, Walter Kowalski once tore off a man's ear in a match--then visited him in the hospital and laughed in his face. True story. I guess he just had a sick sense of humor, because most have told me that the real man behind the legend was actually a total teddy bear.
2. The Undertaker
One of the true triumphs of character creation in the world of wrestling, WCW also-ran Mark Callous was taken by the WWF and turned into a character that has been going strong in the business for the past 19 years. Inspired by the stereotype of the gruesome Old West mortician, Undertaker's character has nevertheless morphed considerably over the years, and is much more "human" these days (hence, no #1).
1. Abdullah the Butcher
The Madman from the Sudan. For nearly half a century, this rampaging lunatic terrorized fans and opponents alike, all over the world--never breaking character once, never being "humanized". His ungodly shrieking was known to send crowds into hysteria, and his trademark maneuver was jabbing a fork into his adversary's face. When Abdullah was in the house, the blood was sure to flow--and for you uninitated out there, when you see that crimson pouring out, it ain't no blood capsule. Trust me.
Honorable Mention:
• Goldust (Ah, exploiting wrestling fans' sexual insecurities. Good times.)
• Kharis the Mummy (yes, he wrestled in bandages)
• Leatherface (a Memphis wrestler of the '80s who adopted the TCM gimmick)
• Mankind (lost points for becoming the adorable Mick Foley later on)
• The Original Sheik (no one ever figured out how he threw those fireballs...)
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Tuesday, November 20, 2012
Self-dilution
So what happens if the cake you serve made using this Coca-Cola bottle shaped pan is terrible?
Also, browsing the Coca-Cola rewards pages suggests that there's no such thing as an unlicenseable product. A Diet Coke scarf? A Diet Coke makeup bag? (Gender is also a big thing. You can't get a Coke makeup bag, but you can get a Coke Zero apron to go with your chips 'n dip.)
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Corine Land Cover
From OpenStreetMap Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Introduction
The Corine Land Cover (Coordination of Information on the Environment Land Cover, CLC) is referring to a European programme establishing a computerised inventory on land cover of the 27 EC member states and other European countries, at an original scale of 1: 100 000, using 44 classes of the 3-level Corine nomenclature.
It is produced by the European Environment Agency (EEA) and its member countries and is based on the results of IMAGE2000, a satellite imaging programme undertaken jointly by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission and the EEA ([1]).
The specific terms of use page redirects to the general license page which allows commercial reuse. The download page, Corine Land Cover 2000 seamless vector data - version 13 (02/2010) says: " EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency." As such it can be imported into OpenStreetMap.
Technical parameters of Corine Land Cover
Technical parameters of Corine Land Cover:[2]
• CLC mapping scale is 1:100.000
• minimum mapping unit (MMU) is 25 hectares
• minimum width of linear elements is 100 metres
• MMUS for Land Cover Changes (LCC) since 2000 is 5 hectares.
• 38 countries with a total area of 5.8 Mkm2 participate
• the standard CLC nomenclature includes 44 land cover classes, grouped in a three-level hierarchy. Five main categories are "artificial surfaces", "agricultural areas", "forest and semi-natural areas", "wetlands", "water bodies"
Tagging
The following table details the suggested tag conversion during import. The WikiProject Corine Land Cover/Corine Data Import page gives details of suitable code to do so.
Code Description Comment
1 Artificial surfaces
1.1 Urban fabric
1.1.1 Continuous urban fabric landuse=residential
1.1.2 Discontinuous urban fabric landuse=residential
1.2 Industrial, commercial and transport units
1.2.1 Industrial or commercial units landuse=industrial;retail + note=CLC import: update the tag landuse with either industrial or retail after survey
1.2.2 Road and rail networks and associated land No compatible tag found (mix road and rail landuse; landuse=highway doesn't exist)
1.2.3 Port areas landuse=harbour Can be replaced by leisure=marina after survey
1.2.4 Airports aeroway=aerodrome
1.3 Mine, dump and construction sites
1.3.1 Mineral extraction sites landuse=quarry
1.3.2 Dump sites landuse=landfill
1.3.3 Construction sites landuse=construction
1.4 Artificial, non-agricultural vegetated areas
1.4.1 Green urban areas Not translated (mix too many things)
1.4.2 Sport and leisure facilities Not translated (mix too many things)
2 Agricultural areas
2.1 Arable land
2.1.1 Non-irrigated arable land landuse=farm
2.1.2 Permanently irrigated land landuse=farm
2.1.3 Rice fields landuse=farm can be replaced later if a specific tag is created (attach the CLC code on the polygons)
2.2 Permanent crops
2.2.1 Vineyards landuse=vineyard
2.2.2 Fruit trees and berry plantations landuse=orchard
2.2.3 Olive groves landuse=orchard + trees=olive_tree
2.3 Pastures
2.3.1 Pastures landuse=meadow
2.4 Heterogeneous agricultural areas
2.4.1 Annual crops associated with permanent crops No compatible tag found
2.4.2 Complex cultivation patterns No compatible tag found
2.4.3 Land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation No compatible tag found
2.4.4 Agro-forestry areas No compatible tag found
3 Forest and seminatural areas
3.1 Forests
3.1.1 Broad-leaved forest landuse=forest + wood=deciduous Deciduous is not equivalent to Broad-Leaved CLC class, see Discussion page.
3.1.2 Coniferous forest landuse=forest + wood=coniferous
3.1.3 Mixed forest landuse=forest + wood=mixed
3.2 Scrub and/or herbaceous vegetation associations
3.2.1 Natural grasslands natural=grassland
3.2.2 Moors and heathland natural=heath
3.2.3 Sclerophyllous vegetation natural=scrub
3.2.4 Transitional woodland-shrub natural=wood + wood=mixed
3.3 Open spaces with little or no vegetation
3.3.1 Beaches, dunes, sands natural=beach
3.3.2 Bare rocks natural=rock
3.3.3 Sparsely vegetated areas natural=scrub
3.3.4 Burnt areas
3.3.5 Glaciers and perpetual snow natural=glacier
4 Wetlands
4.1 Inland wetlands
4.1.1 Inland marshes natural=wetland + wetland=marsh
4.1.2 Peat bogs natural=wetland + wetland=bog
4.2 Maritime wetlands
4.2.1 Salt marshes natural=wetland + wetland=saltmarsh
4.2.2 Salines landuse=salt_pond (See Proposed features/Salt Pond )
4.2.3 Intertidal flats water=tidal (See Proposed_features/Water_cover)
5 Water bodies
5.1 Inland waters
5.1.1 Water courses waterway=riverbank
5.1.2 Water bodies natural=water
5.2 Marine waters
5.2.1 Coastal lagoons natural=water
5.2.2 Estuaries No compatible tag found
5.2.3 Sea and ocean No compatible tag found
See also
References
1. Corine land cover 2000 brochure
2. CLC2006 Technical Guidelines
External links
France
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Overberg
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Fynbos flowers
Overberg is an area rich in biodiversity between Cape Town and the Garden Route
[edit] Cities
Gansbaai harbour
[edit] Other destinations
[edit] Understand
[edit] Talk
[edit] Get in
From Cape Town, either take the N2 highway, or drive around False Bay to Pringle Bay, then cruise along the coast to Kleinmond and beyond.
[edit] Get around
• The R43 and R44 connects all the towns to the N2.
[edit][add listing] See
[edit][add listing] Do
• Go SCUBA Diving, Blue Rock, Sir Lowry's Pass Road, Somerset West, 0790837654, [1]. There are loads of awesome dive sites along this route. SCUBA Academy specializes in diving these sites! Contact them on info@scubaacademy.co.za. edit
• Go Diving with SCUBA Academy!!, Blue Rock, Sir Lowry's Pass, Somerset West, 0790837654, [2]. This route has some really amazing dive sites! If you are keen to check them out contact SCUBA Academy on info@scubaacademy.co.za! If you have no experience in SCUBA Diving you can to a quick crash course or you can get certified! edit
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit][add listing] Drink
[edit] Stay safe
[edit] Get out
Take the N2 through Swellendam and on to the Garden Route.
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Aït-Benhaddou
From Wikitravel
Moroco : Aït-Benhaddou
Revision as of 19:28, 7 July 2007 by NJR ZA (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Ksar of Ait-Benhaddou
Ait-Benhaddou is a city in Morocco.
This is a traditional Mud Brick city on the edge of the High Atlas Mountains. It is on the UNESCO World Heritage List and has featured in many films, mostly as a replacement for Jerusalem.
Get in
Ait-Benhaddou is accessable from Ouarzazate and Marrakesh
• Busses do not run direct to Ait Benhaddou but can drop you off at the turn off about 7km away from where you will have to get a lift.
It may be better to organise a private hire of a taxi for the trip.
• Car: Ait Ben Haddou is 9km off the main Tizi n Tichka road, which links Ouzaarzarte to Marrakech. Coming from Ouazazarte, you turn off to the right after about18km from the town. It's quite a scenic drive to Ait Ben Haddou. On the way into town there is a slight turnoff to the right , which is a popular spot for great views over the town and the Kasbah.
• From Marrakesh it will be a full day trip and the best advice is to organise a private tour if you do not have much time.
Morocco Explored offers a well priced private trip which includes stops in the High Atlas Mountains.
Get around
Once inside th Ksar you can only walk/ climb To get from the newer part of the town you will have to cross a river via Stepping stones
See
• The town itself is the main attraction, with mud buildings climbing up the side of the hill.
• The Granary at the top of the hill provides impressive and well worth the effort to get up there.
• The Mausoleum of Ben-Haddou is at the base of the hill on the oppsite side to the town.
Do
Climb upto the top of the hill for the great views
Buy
There are several shops within the town that sell souveniers from all over the Sahara, particularly prevelent are Models of the Ksar and wooden artifacts from the Dogon people in Mali. There is a very friendly carpet shop in the newer part of town near the post office
Eat
Hotel la Baraka in the newer part of town has a resturant with a nice courtyard
Drink
Sleep
• Hotel la Baraka
• Hotel le Kasbah
Get out
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Difference between revisions of "Dallas"
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==Understand==
==Understand==
Dallas was built primarily on commerce, white-collar endeavors and convention business, and has a reputation as being "less Texan" than Houston or San Antonio. If you want to see a cowboy hat, you'll have to venture into a Hispanic part of town or head to a honky-tonk. [[Fort Worth]] is 30 miles away and a much better bet for "cowboy culture."
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Dallas was built primarily on commerce, white-collar endeavors and convention business, and has a reputation as being '''"less Texan"''' than Houston or San Antonio (though if you talk to some one from those cities they will tell you that Dallas is '''"more Texan"'''). If you want to see a cowboy hat, you'll have to venture into a Hispanic part of town or head to a honky-tonk. [[Fort Worth]] is 30 miles away and a much better bet for "cowboy culture."
With no geographical features to limit its growth, Dallas has accrued suburban sprawl that is among the worst in North America. The "real Dallas" experience is to be had in the large area roughly described by the Dallas North Tollway to the west; White Rock Lake to the East; I-30 to the south; and Northwest Highway to the north. Within that area, it is perfectly possible to get around on public transit, but as in any Sunbelt boomtown (think Atlanta), you're best off with a car at your disposal.
With no geographical features to limit its growth, Dallas has accrued suburban sprawl that is among the worst in North America. The "real Dallas" experience is to be had in the large area roughly described by the Dallas North Tollway to the west; White Rock Lake to the East; I-30 to the south; and Northwest Highway to the north. Within that area, it is perfectly possible to get around on public transit, but as in any Sunbelt boomtown (think Atlanta), you're best off with a car at your disposal.
Revision as of 17:05, 26 February 2007
Dallas Skyline
Dallas [1] [2] is the third largest city in Texas.
Contents
Understand
Dallas was built primarily on commerce, white-collar endeavors and convention business, and has a reputation as being "less Texan" than Houston or San Antonio (though if you talk to some one from those cities they will tell you that Dallas is "more Texan"). If you want to see a cowboy hat, you'll have to venture into a Hispanic part of town or head to a honky-tonk. Fort Worth is 30 miles away and a much better bet for "cowboy culture."
With no geographical features to limit its growth, Dallas has accrued suburban sprawl that is among the worst in North America. The "real Dallas" experience is to be had in the large area roughly described by the Dallas North Tollway to the west; White Rock Lake to the East; I-30 to the south; and Northwest Highway to the north. Within that area, it is perfectly possible to get around on public transit, but as in any Sunbelt boomtown (think Atlanta), you're best off with a car at your disposal.
Get in
Most people who come to Dallas are going to come by air since Dallas is home to DFW, the Dallas-Fort Worth International airport. If you want to drive, good luck. If you come into Dallas by I-35, keep in mind that, a few dozen miles both north and south of the "metroplex," the interstate splits into I-35W (which runs north/south through Fort Worth) and I-35E (the branch that runs north/south through Dallas). Miss the split and you'll wind up in a different city.
By plane
There are two major airports in the Dallas / Fort Worth area, DFW, and Love Field (DAL). Love Field is within the city limits not far northwest of downtown, but has certain restrictions on flights in and out. Love Field is home to Southwest airlines [3], so if you are flying from within Texas, a nearby state or don't mind connecting, you might check with them.
Otherwise, you will probably end up flying into DFW [4]. DFW, one of the largest airports in the country by passenger volume, is physically large as well, reasonably clean, and during tourist-travel type times, lines are short and staff are friendly. Equally positioned between Dallas and Fort Worth, DFW is a great airport to fly into. Don't forget that as you drive out of the airport, you will have to pay a toll to leave.
No matter which airport you are flying into or out of, if it is during rush hour, traffic will be a factor. Make sure you budget at least 2-3 hours to get to/from the airport if you are traveling on I-635, the Bush turnpike (SH-190), or 75 (Central Expressway). It will probably only take you an hour (and traffic has been getting better lately), but it is far better to have that extra hour of cushion than to be stuck on the one road that will get you where you need to go, and to be moving at a crawl.
Once you've arrived at the airport, you will probably do best to take one of the Shared Ride shuttle services. They offer door to door pickup and drop off, probably costing ~$30 for ~20 miles, which will get you to most places.
For DFW, there are courtesy phones that will let you ring them directly (for free), and they are usually pretty quick about pickups and drop offs. (at most adding an extra 30-40 minutes while you wait for them to pick up more people, or to drop your fellow passengers off on the way to your place or hotel).
A less expensive option, to some places, would be DART [5], Dallas Area Rapid Transit, which offers regular daytime bus service from DFW Airport to a commuter rail station located South of the airport.
By train
• There are two Amtrak [6] routes which serve Dallas/Fort Worth, the Texas Eagle between San Antonio and Chicago, and the Heartland Flyer between Fort Worth and Oklahoma City.
By car
To get here from Oklahoma, take I-35 or US 75 south. To get here from Houston, it's ~250 miles north on I-45 (which turns into US 75). To get here from Austin, take I-35 North. To get here from Louisiana, take I-20 east. Dallas is the junction-point for most cities within a 200-300 mile radius, with good road service to and from. Any map of the United States should have enough information to get you into Dallas with no problems.
However, once you are here, watch out for traffic. Traffic tends to go towards the city centers in the morning, and away from the city centers in the evening. Major choke points are 75 South in the morning (what takes 20 minutes with no traffic, ends up taking 1-2 hours with traffic). I-635 near US-75 is also usually a mess since I-635 (being the beltway that runs all around Dallas) is an often-traveled road. Also watch out for I-35E southbound in the mornings.
Also expect DFW drivers to drive discourteously. Local drivers often disregard the "Left Lane for Passing Only" rule. Strings of vehicles going ~5 MPH over the speed limit stay in the left lane to pass the 5% of drivers who travel ~5 MPH UNDER the speed limit in the right lane. A savvy driver can use this to his advantage as the right lane is often the least congested.
When stopped at a traffic light in DFW, be sure to give 1-2 seconds delay after the light turns green. DFW drivers are notorious for running red lights.
• US-75 is also called "Central" or "Central Expressway", and turns into I-45 just south of Downtown
• I-635 is sometimes called LBJ, which stands for Lyndon B Johnson.
• There are two branches of I-35. I-35 splits into I-35W at Denton (30 miles north of Dallas) through Fort Worth to Hillsboro (50 miles south of Dallas), and I-35E that runs from Denton through Dallas to Hillsboro. After I-35W and I-35E reach Hillsboro, they simply rejoin as I-35.
By bus
• Dallas' Greyhound terminal [7] is near the center of downtown at 205 S. Lamar.
• Buses also run to and from Shreveport on the weekends, which is sponsored by the casinos. This is more for the locals to go and get their gambling fixes, but ask around if you're interested.
Get around
Reunion Tower and the Trinity Railway Express
The best way to get around Dallas is by car. There is public transportation in the form of buses and trains (light rail), but again, these best serve the local needs (commuting to work, etc), and are very difficult to get good timings if you are trying to get anywhere exotic.
The transportation system is called DART, and they do an excellent job of catering to special events (Cowboys games, State Fair), or special places (Dallas Zoo, West End, Arboretum) and will instantly give you a trip plan if you call them up (214-979-1111) or use their website. You will usually want to get a day pass, since it will probably take you a lot of buses to get where you need to go.
The bus system, not unlike in many large cities, can be quite confusing. Because mass transit is still far behind in popularity than that of other countries, foreigners may be surprised that Dallasites will be unable to help direct them very well. The train system is easiest to understand, and connects to several suburban areas. Therefore, if it is at all possible, try to get an automobile. Prices are relatively cheap, especially for train travel. On DART, bus drivers check tickets at the door, but on the trains, tickets are checked by DART security officers who sporadically board trains between stations. Being caught on the train without a valid ticket usually results in you being asked to immediately depart at the next stop, but you can also receive a fine not to exceed $500. Tickets are not as likely to be checked while the train is downtown or on excessively crowded trains, but it is always a risk to go for a free ride.
• Car rentals are the most convenient for transportation for visitors, with local companies offering better prices but national chains offering more convenience vis-a-vis return policies and times.
Car Rental Companies include:
• Alamo Rent A Car, Toll free: 1-800-462-5266, [8].
• Avis Rent A Car, Toll free: 1-800-331-1212, [9].
• Budget Rent A Car, Toll free: 1-800-527-0700, [10].
• Dollar Rent A Car, Toll free: 1-800-800-3665, [11].
• E-Z Rent-A-Car, Toll free: 1-800-277-5171, [12].
• Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Toll free: 1-800-261-7331, [13].
• Hertz Car Rental, Toll free: 1-800-654-3131, [14]].
• Thrifty, Toll free: 1-800-847-4389, [15].
See
• The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza411 Elm Street, Suite #120, Tel. (214)747-6660 or toll-free: 888-485-4854, fax (214)747-6662, [16]. Open daily from 9am - 6pm. An unfortunate part of Dallas' history is that it is the site of the assassination of President Kennedy. The Texas Book Depository is the site where shots were fired by Lee Harvey Oswald, and the museum is located on the sixth floor of the same building. It is an incredibly moving experience with videos, full-wall descriptions and photographs, along with artifacts from the event. Even with repeat visits, there is always something new and interesting to see. For an alternative viewpoint see the Conspiracy Museum below.
• The Conspiracy Museum This museum presents alternative information regarding the conspiracies around JFK's assassination, Lincoln's assassination, and other presidential assassinations. The museum is closing December 30, 2006 [17].
• Dallas Museum of Art, 1717 North Harwood St, Tel. (214) 922-1200, [18]. Open Tuesday-Sunday, 11AM-5PM, Thursday 11AM-9PM, Closed Mondays, New Year's Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day. Great works of art from eastern and western cultures, from all ages. Admission $6, free on Thursdays from 5pm to 9pm.
• Meadows Museum of Art
• Nasher Sculpture Center, 2001 Flora St., Tel. 214-242-5100, [19]. This collection of sculpture provides a fantastic outdoor oasis in the heart of the downtown arts district. The Renzo Piano designed facility pulls in the surrounding light and energy of the district but does not overwhelm. The indoor-outdoor collection of renowned Dallas collector Raymond Nasher is truly astounding. Ask about the combined admission ticket to see the Nasher and the Dallas Museum of Art, located directly across Harwood St.
• Dallas Cowboys [20]. Dallas' famous football team.
• Dallas Mavericks, Dallas' professional basketball team, plays at the American Airlines Center, located at 2500 Victory Ave in Dallas. You can come to the games by your own car, by Dallas Area Rapid Transit (Dart), or by Trinity Railway Express (TRE). The ticket prices vary from $10 up to $240 for a seat very close to the action. In the 2005-06 season the team went to the NBA finals.
• Dallas Stars, Dallas' professional hockey team, also plays at the American Airlines Center.
• Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Gardens, [21]. Located along the south banks of White Rock Lake.
• Dallas Aquarium at Fair Park - Hours 9 AM-4:30 PM. See over 6,000 aquatic animals at this aquarium located on the state fairgrounds. Admission $4.
• Dallas World Aquarium, 1801 N. Griffin St., Dallas. Tel.214-720-2224, [22]. More than just an aquarium, this unique zoo tour starts at the canopy level of a rain forest. Visitors wind their way down past many types of animals to find the aquarium at the bottom. Admission $15.95 Adults and $8.95 Children.
• Dallas Zoo, 650 South R.L. Thornton Freeway (I-35E), Phone: (214) 670-8443, [23]. Over 8,000 animals can be seen at this 97-acre zoo in south Dallas.
Do
Big Tex at the State Fair of Texas
• State Fair, [24]. In September and October, State Fair is held at Dallas. It takes place in Fair Park,which is a 277-acre city park that is just two miles east of downtown Dallas, and is held for 24 days every year starting in mid to late September. The fair is open from 10AM until 10PM. You can come to the fair by car and the parking is only $10 per car. The ticket prices are $13 for general admission, $9 for kids under 48" tall, children 2 and under, seniors 60 and older are free. At the State Fair, there are many entertainments and events for example, "Looney Tunes Hollywood Screen Test", "Budweiser Oktoberfest", "Backyard Circus", "Milking Parlor", "College Football", and "Hot Diggity Dog Shows". Not only kids but also adults can enjoy the events. Don't miss the corndogs.
• Six Flags Over Texas, [25]. Arlington, just to the west is home to the famous amusement park's flagship location. 10 new rides have opened in 2006 alone.
• Six Flags Hurricane Harbor, [26]. Just across the way from Six Flags' amusement park is the best waterpark in the area. Don't forget the sunblock.
• White Rock Lake. Escape the city bustle for a stroll at this large park in east Dallas.
Learn
Southern Methodist University [27]
University of Texas at Dallas [28], in Richardson.
University of Dallas [29], in Irving.
University of Texas at Arlington [30]
Buy
Shopping is big in Dallas. In days of yore, folks would come from all over the country to shop in Dallas' exclusive shops. Neiman Marcus was founded in Dallas, supplying dresses and diamonds to debutants and family scions.
• The West Village offers trendy shopping for the 20/30-somethings.
• Highland Park Village offers something for the silver spooned set.
• Galleria Mall [31] 13350 Dallas Parkway. An upscale shopping mall located in North Dallas. There are over 200 stores and restaurants at the Galleria, including an ice rink and The Westin Hotel. It is located at the intersection of Interstate 635 and the Dallas North Tollway.
• Grapevine Mills [32] 3000 Grapevine Mills Pkwy, in Grapevine. Large outlet shopping mall with close to 200 stores, restaurants, and entertainment venues.
• Downtown Neiman Marcus- Not a very common place to shop and kind of isolated, but nice.
• Willow Bend Mall - Like the Galleria but farther north in Plano and with fewer shops.
• West Village Shopping Center - Very trendy, many restaurants as well.
• North Park Mall - The largest and nicest mall in Dallas. Expect to spend some money if you go there.
• Highland Park Village - Located in one of the most upscale parts of town and has some exclusive stores.
• There are some good antique stores in the Knox-Henderson area.
• Mockingbird Station [[33]] - For urban-planning and real-estate types, this is a must-see: a premier example of transit-oriented development on the DART Rail line. A mixed-use area featuring loft apartments with retail and restaurants at the ground level, Mockingbird Station also boasts one of Dallas's best arthouse/independent cinema theaters, the Angelika. There is some nice shopping, including Victoria's Secret, and Virgin Megastore.
• First Saturday [34] - An electronics flea market that is a must for geeks. Begins at midnight on the first Saturday of every month and is held near the West End. Be prepared to find more flea-market-style garbage than actual computer equipment.
Eat
McKinney Avenue
It must be said that a bona fide "foodie" would be remiss to skip the fabulous restaurants that line McKinney Avenue and environs -- if there's one arena in which Dallas merits its own pretentions to "world-class" status, it's in its varied, creative restaurants, where quasi-celebrity chefs hold forth with true flair. Just to the north of McKinney is the Knox-Henderson area. It is similar but more laid-back. The west side of highway is Knox Street. This is just on the edge of Highland Park, and it features a plethora of home-decorating boutiques as well as eateries and watering holes. Cross the freeway and Knox becomes Henderson -- bastion of hip but laid-back eateries, check out Hibiscus, Cuba Libre, and Fireside Pies.
Barbeque
• Back Country Bar B Q 6940 Greenville Ave., Tel.214-696-6940. A favorite in Dallas as one of the best BBQ restaurants.
• Sonny Bryans [35] is probably Dallas' most famous barbeque restaurant. Although there are now several locations, the original, and many say the best, is at 2202 Inwood, between Maple and Harry Hines. Get there early, though, because they close when they run out of food, which pretty much always happens at lunchtime.
• Spring Creek Barbeque [36] - Spring Creek Barbeque has 15 Texas style restaurants across the North Texas area. The menu is very simple. Beef, ham sausage, turkey, chicken, and ribs are available for entrees (you can have combinations also). All of them come with corn, beans, potato salad, cole slaw, and baked potatoes for side orders. Also, fresh homemade breads are served with all of them too. Even with large servings, the most expensive menu is only about $10 so all of the dishes are available at a reasonable price.
Brazilian
• Delicias Brasil, 2315 W. Airport Freeway (at Story Road), Irving, Tel: 972-255-3714 Homestyle Brazilian buffet sold by weight.
• Fogo de Chao, 4300 Beltline Road, Addison. Tel: 972-503-7300, [37]. Authentic Brazilian-style churrascaria (barbeque). A franchise of the world-famous Sao Paulo restaurant. 40-item salad bar, and incredible cuts of meat. Expensive but worth it. A very similar restaurant called "Texas de Brasil" sits across the street a block down.
Cajun
• Mardi Gras Cafe, 2720 N. Stemmons Frwy (I-35E, northbound service road north of Motor Street), Dallas. (214)404-8425. New Cajun restaurant with plenty of lighted parking and a dedication to the blues. Aaron Burton acoustic jam Tuesday night, Hash Brown jam Wednesday night, KM Williams invitational acoustic jam Thursday night. Good food, plenty of paved parking. Located on the ground floor of the SOUTH tower (closest to the freeway) in the Stemmons Towers complex. Look for the awning.
Brunch
The West Village is a great place to eat brunch on Sunday. There are many restaurants with patios that are great for people-watching. It gets very crowded, so get there early or expect to wait a while.
Tex-Mex
• Amado's Mexican Cuisine, 5290 Belt Line Rd., (972) 789-1711, Delivery: (469) 330-9700.[38] Mexican restaurant serving excellent Tex Mex and other menu selections of Mexican dishes. Full bar, patio seating, catering services, happy hour 3pm to 7pm Monday thru Friday with complementary appetizers at the bar. 2 banquet rooms for private parties and celebrations. Sunday brunch that will bring you back week after week.
• Blue Goose, 2905 Greenville, Tel: 214-823-6786. This great local Mexican place has an earthy atmosphere and serves a great weekend brunch. For some indiscernible reason it is also popular with bikers.
• Gloria's is probably the best and most well known Tex-Mex in Dallas with locations in UpTown, Addison, & Bishop Arts Disctrict. Great food & Margaritas. Definitely try a Meltdown. Very cheap.
• Herreras, The epitome of TexMex. Herreras began as a tiny, ten-table restaurant in a very shady neighborhood; its main location is now a huge gaudy place in a less shady neighborhood. Caters to those who enjoy gigantic proportions; they serve simple but delicious food that should scare you silly if you're on a diet. The bean soup is stupendous.
Addison
This suburb just north of I-635 is centered on Beltline Road. It has perhaps the most restaurants per-capita in the U.S. If there is a type of food you like then you can probably find it there. [39]
• Freebirds World Burrito, [40]. Moderate pricing for burritos of huge proportions, yet no trade-off in taste especially since you can customize it to your liking. Nice, sometimes loud atmosphere has the feel of a college student hang-out.
• La Calle Doce, 1925 Skillman Ave., Tel: 214-824-9900, [41]. Some of the best Mexican seafood food in town.
• Mi Cocina. Arguably the best Tex-Mex in Dallas. Without question the best frozen margarita. The flagship restaurant is in the most fashionable shopping district in Dallas, the Highland Park Village. Mi Cocina has other locations throughout Dallas, including Preston at Forest and in West Village.
• Primos!. This is some of the best tex-mex in Dallas, off McKinney. Delicious and good for people-watching on the patio.
• RJ Mexican Cuisine, 1701 N. Market St. Suite 102, Tel: 214-744-1420, [42]. Kind of classy Mexican food in the West End. Try the quail.
• Sol's Nieto Fajitas, Excellent traditional Tex-Mex with two restaurants around the North Texas area, considered a local favorite of Garland and other cities around Dallas.
Indian
• India Palace, 12817 Preston Road, [43]. Just north of I620 on Preston Road. Food and service are both excellent. The chicken tikka masala and kofta nawabi are recommended. $9-$15 per plate.
• Chettinaad Palace, Central Expwy Service Rd @ W Parker Rd, Plano. [44]. Cheap and delicious South Indian joint in suburban Plano. Check it out.
Lower Greenville
Greenville Avenue south of Mockingbird Lane. This is a genuine neighborhood strip, or series of strips, with a semi-urban atmosphere and businesses that range from pawn shops to sushi bars. The area has evolved more organically than most in Dallas, featuring neighborhood corner Lebanese restaurants, age-old greasy spoons and other urban niceties. During the week you will find many area residents who tend toward the bohemian, but the weekend draws a party-hardy crowd. As one travels north along Greenville, the strips (there are several, each two or three blocks long and around half a mile apart) become somewhat more mature in tone, though the atmosphere still ranges from laid-back to drunken.
Italian
• Besa's Pizza & Pasta, 14856 Preston Rd. (972) 233-7227, Delivery: (469) 330-9700. Comfort food and comfortable prices. Some of the best Italian food in the metroplex.
• La Paesana, 4326 Lovers Lane. (214) 890-1811, Located in University Park along the "Miracle Mile", offering a cozy and relaxed setting while serving the finest in Italian cuisine. Popular Sunday Brunch where you will find a variety of egg dishes served along with many Italian favorites and Specialty drinks, Margaritas, Champagne Mimosas, Bellinis and Bloody Marys.
Japanese
• Genki Sushi & Steak, 14902 Preston Rd #512B, (972) 788-2629, Delivery: (469) 330-9700. The newest Sushi bar in North Dallas and once you try the food, you'll never go anywhere else for Sushi. Their fish is extremely fresh and the portions are always generous. Features Rotating Sushi Bar, Live Lobster Special. Favorites include the Escobar Tartar, the Surf Clam Sashimi, the Ton-Katsu, the Hamachi Rolls [Yellowtail w Scallions], Spider Rolls, Bluefish and the Seared Tuna. The four-plate sushi special for lunch is only $9.99. House Special Rolls include the Cherry Blossom Roll and the Volcano Special Roll. Sip Sake on the Outdoor Patio. Hours: Mon-Fri 11am-2:30pm, 5pm-10:30pm Sat & Sun 11am-2:30, 5-10:30pm.
• Masami, 116 Richardson Heights Shopping Center, Richardson West of US 75 on Beltline, Tel: (972) 783-6800, [45]. Serves high quality Thai and Japanese food including sushi. No hibachi. Relatively small, traditional Japanese seating and standard western style seating both available. $10-$18 per plate.
• Nobu, 400 Crescent Ct., Tel: 214-252-7000, [46]. Excellent Sushi.
Middle Eastern
• Taboon Grill, Tel: 214-596-0908, [47]. Serves middle-eastern and Mediterranean food in a very small shop that looks like an ethnic convenience store from the outside. Located near the airport just west of Belt Line Rd and north of SR 183 (the Airport Fwy) in a strip-mall that the 70s forgot.
Southwest
• Mansion on Turtle Creek, 2821 Turtle Creek Blvd, Tel: 214-559-2100, [48]. 1.4 Miles North of Downtown. 5-Star American/Southwestern restaurant with a 6-Star price. No tennis shoes, jeans or shorts.
Steak
• Nick & Sams. A great steakhouse with very good service, be sure not to miss the bone-in filet. Dark, romantic atmosphere. Dress code enforced. It also has a great bar scene for anyone over thirty that wants something a little more sophisticated.
• Bob's Chophouse - The only other place to eat the best steaks in Dallas besides Nick & Sams. With locations in Dallas and Plano.
Drink
The Dallas Observer [49] is the local alternative weekly. You can pick up a free copy at many places around town. It is full of useful information on Dallas nightlife and its music-scene offerings.
West End
Please note that the West End Marketplace recently closed and the crowds are going elsewhere, especially in the evening.
This is an attractive enough historic neighborhood with buildings in a turn-of-the-century redbrick vernacular -- the notorious Book Depository is one of them -- in the northwest quadrant of downtown. The area is mostly popular with suburbanites and tourists out for dinner and a quick stroll around the neighborhood. There are tons of restaurants, or a couple dozen anyway, including TGI Friday's, Joe's Crab Shack, Dick's Last Resort, Landry's Seafood House, and On the Border. There are a couple of popular local establishments as well. This area does not make the list of must-see places in Dallas but is a convenient place for dinner or a drink if you are already in the area. Unfortunately the West End is undergoing redevelopment and access may be difficult for the time being.
• Dick's Last Resort [50] - Tel.214-747-0001
• Froggy Bottoms - Tel.214-969-0300
• Gator's [51] - Tel.214-748-0243
• Honky Tonk Heaven - Tel.214-969-0300
• West End Pub - Tel.214-748-5711
Deep Ellum
This is a district of bars, dance clubs, music venues and tattoo shops. located just east of downtown on Main, Elm and Commerce streets. It is a hipster haven for young people and a weekend destination for music lovers of all ages. Lately, it has been stigmatized by a purported "crime wave," be sure to go in groups if you go on a weeknight.
• Bar of Soap - 3615 Parry Avenue. At the far east end of Deep Ellum near Fair Park, this unique place is a combination of a laundromat and a live music bar featuring many local acts.
• Blind Lemon - 2805 Main Street. Despite apparently being named for blues legend "Blind Lemon" Jefferson, this place plays mostly 70's and 80's music. Part of the Club Clearview complex.
• The Bone [52] - 2724 Elm St. This spacious New Orleans-style bar hosts live jazz and blues. It can be quite crowded on the weekends. Admission for men is $5 after 11 PM.
• Club Clearview [53] - 2800 Main St. This very large club has been a staple of the Deep Ellum club scene since long before it became popular with the fraternity crowd. It is part of a complex in which you can find many styles of music.
• Club Dada [54] - 2720 Elm St. One of the oldest live music venues in Deep Ellum, with shows Wednesday through Sunday. They have a nice patio in back.
• Curtain Club [55] - 2800 Main St. Live music venue which hosts both local and national acts.
• Galaxy Club [56] - 2808 Commerce St. Another live music venue with both local and national acts.
• Gypsy Tea Room [57] - 2548 Elm St. Perhaps one of the best venues to catch great national bands of the type that will never appear on TV.
• Lizard Lounge [58] - 2424 Swiss. Pass under the bridge on Good Latimer to find this spacious 2-story dance club. On Thursday and Sunday nights they have popular gothic/industrial events known as The Church. [[59]]
• Poor David's Pub [60] - 1313 S Lamar St. Actually a bit away from Deep Ellum on the south side of downtown. One of Dallas' oldest live music venues, this joint has been open since 1977. Moved to its spartan Lamar St location from longstanding Greenville Av location a few years ago.
• Sambuca [61] - 2120 McKinney. This eclectic restaurant has live music seven nights a week.
• Sons of Hermann Hall [62] - 3414 Elm. On the far east edge of Deep Ellum. This venue hosts live music of all types from both local and national acts.
Uptown / McKinney Ave
Bound by Haskell on the north, Woodall Rogers Freeway on the south, Turtle Creek on the west and Central Expressway on the east. This is where Dallas' beautiful people go to see and be seen. Trendy to the nth degree, this neighborhood contains very upscale fashionable clubs. Some of the hottest clubs, Medici, the Candleroom, and Sense are private. If you want to check out one of these places be sure to go with someone that is a member or have a concierge call ahead for you. Wish and Republic are also cool nightspots, with no membership required. No shorts, jeans, team jerseys, tennis shoes, or flip-flops.
• Candleroom - 5039 Willis Ave., Tel.214-370-4155
• Medici [63] - 2404 Cedar Springs Rd., Tel.214-855-0202
• Republic Restaurant and Bar [64] - 2922 N Hall St., Tel.214-740-1111
• Sense - 3001 N Henderson. Tel. 214-370-4445
• Wish Ultra Lounge - 3001 Knox St Ste 210, Tel.214-389-5723
Oak Lawn/Cedar Springs
This is the predominantly gay area of town. All the bars are in a 2-block strip on Cedar Springs. Take a cab as the area is not safe late at night. Also, the police are on the lookout for intoxicated drivers.The farther one strays from the Cedar Springs strip, the more the neighborhood becomes merely "gay-friendly." It's reasonably funky, by Dallas standards, with vegetarian restaurant and yoga centers, sleekly fashionable restaurants and, a bit north on Oak Lawn Avenue, expensive boutiques.
• JR's Bar and Grille [65] - 3923 Cedar Springs. This 2-story bar is perhaps the center for gay life in Dallas.
• Station 4 [66] - 3911 Cedar Springs Road. A very bustling gay dance club.
• Throckmorton Mining Company [67] - 3014 Throckmorton St., Tel. 214-521-4205. Another very popular gay bar.
• Roundup Saloon [68] - 3912 Cedar Springs Road. Tel. 214-522-9611. Western-themed gay bar.
• Sue Ellens [69] - 3903 Cedar Springs Road. Tel. 214-559-0707. Dallas' most popular lesbian establishment.
• Mickey's - 3851 Cedar Springs Rd. Tel. 214-219-6425. A popular video bar.
• Havana's Bar and Grille - 4006 Cedar Springs Rd. Tel. 214-526-9494. Gay bar which caters to the Latino crowd.
• The Rose Room [70] - 3911 Cedar Springs Road. Tel. 214-526-7171. Female impersonators.
Lower Greenville
• Blarney Stone - 2116 Greenville Ave. Tel.214-821-7099. A rowdy Irish pub. Four TVs.
• Dubliner - 2818 Greenville Ave., Tel.214-818-0911. A friendly Irish pub. Good jukebox.
• The Old Monk - 2847 N Henderson Ave., Tel.214-821-1880. British pub with good fish and chips and a wide selection of beers.
• Service Bar - 1919 Greenville Ave. Tel.214-824-8599. This bar with a nice outdoor patio display local artwork.
• Stan's Blue Note - 2908 Greenville Ave., Tel.214-827-1977. Popular locally for bachelorette parties. Women who donate their bra at the door can get a free drink. Nice patio for people-watching.
• Whiskey Bar - 1930 Greenville Ave., Tel.214-828-0188. As its name might suggest, this cigar-smoke-filled joint has a fine collection of single-malt bourbons.
• Those wishing to bar-hop and catch a cab back to the hotel are advised to hit the strip south of Richmond; this is the densest part of Greenville and the strip extends nearly a full mile.
• Two-thirds of a mile east of Lower Greenville down La Vista Street is a small cluster of wine bars, pubs. Two-thirds of a mile further east down La Vista is a larger cluster of similar places in downtown Lakewood, heralded by the spire of the historic Lakewood Theater. Check out the Balcony Club[71] on the second floor for jazz and cocktails.
Addison
• The Flying Saucer [72] - 1499 Montford Drive, Addison. Tel.972-934-2537 The original location. 250 kinds of beer, over 100 of them on tap.
• Duke's Roadhouse - 4180 Belt Line Road, Addison. Tel.972-503-2337. Huge patio. Can be crowded.
Mockingbird Station
• Trinity Hall Pub [73] - A laid back Irish pub.
Gentlemen's Clubs
If you are so inclined, Dallas has an overabundance of "Gentlemen's Clubs." Most of these places are nice and safe, and usually located off the Highway 35 and Northwest Highway area. Bring cash along or go to an ATM beforehand-- if using a credit card, you have to sign the tabs in triplicate with a photocopy of your ID. One can have a good time for $100-$200 at all the clubs, but if you want to spend more, the ladies will certainly help you do so. Here is a list of some of the clubs starting with the nicest ones.
• The Lodge - Has a Safari motif inside and actually has good food too.
• The Men's Club - A Nice club with pretty girls. The best night is Thursday.
• Silver City - Good club.
• Baby Doll's - An enormous club that sells more alcohol than any other bar in Texas. Has pretty decent priced drinks for a "Gentlemen's Club."
• The Million Dollar Saloon - A lot of history behind this place. Really the first of it's kind in Dallas or all of Texas.
Sleep
Budget
• Microtel Inn & Suites Plano (Dallas), 19373 Preston Rd., in Plano, Tel. 972-248-7045, [74] Free continental breakfast from 6:00am util 10:00am.
Mid-range
• AmeriSuites Dallas/Near the Galleria, 5229 Spring Valley Road, Tel: (972) 716-2001, [75] Two blocks from the Galleria Mall and 15 miles west of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.
• AmeriSuites Dallas/Park Central, 12411 N Central Expressway, Tel: (972) 458-1224 [76] Centrally located in north Dallas and conveniently situated near all downtown Dallas venues.
• Crowne Plaza Market Center, 7050 Stemmons Freeway, Tel: 214-630-8500, [77]. This hotel is located only six miles from downtown Dallas and right next to I-35 providing swift access to Dallas city center and the neighboring attractions of Fort Worth.
• Crowne Plaza, 7800 Alpha Road, Tel: 972-233-7600, [78]. An all-suite hotel that combines space, comfort and convenience with upscale amenities and a central location. Just minutes from downtown Dallas, adjacent to the Richardson / Plano business district and 18 miles from Dallas Fort Worth Airport.
• DoubleTree - Campbell Center, 8250 North Central Expressway, Tel: 214-691-8700, [79]. One of the best-placed Dallas hotels for business and leisure travelers, being situated between the main airports just north of downtown Dallas. Hotels in this location, just off US-75, also provide easy access to the DART network and Richardson / North Dallas.
• Embassy Suites - Park Central Area 13131 North Central Expressway, Tel.972-234-3300, [80]. Situated at the intersection of I-635 and the North Central Expressway, in North Dallas. Hotels in this location are just 16 miles from DFW Airport and ten miles from Dallas Love Field Airport, and are close to the Galleria and Northpark Malls.
• Embassy Suites - Market Center, 2727 Stemmons Freeway, Tel: 214-630-5332, [81]. Right by the Market Center, just north of central Dallas, 18 miles from DFW Airport, and three miles from Dallas Love Field. There is a complimentary shuttle from this Embassy Suites Hotel to destinations three miles around, including the Dallas Market Center and downtown Dallas.
• Fairfield Inn, 1575 Regal Row, [82]. Closely situated to some of the main tourist attractions like the University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, downtown Dallas, American Airlines Center, Dallas Convention Center, the Kennedy Memorial, Six Flags and the Texas Stadium, which is home to the Dallas Cowboys.
• Hawthorn Suites Dallas (Market Center), 7900 Brookriver Drive, Tel: 214-688-1010, [83]. The spacious one- and two-bedroom suites are as comfortable.
• Hilton Garden Inn, 2325 North Stemmons Freeway, Tel: 214-634-8200,[84]. Located next to the Dallas Market Center complex - including the World Trade Center, Market Hall and the Dallas Apparel Mart.
• Westin Park Central, 12720 Merit Drive, Tel: 972-385-3000, [85]. Conveniently located just a few minutes away from downtown Dallas and the Dallas Convention Center. The hotel also just a short drive away from the Galleria, Texas Stadium, the Dallas Aquarium, the Dallas Museum of Art and is just 18 miles from Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport.
• Embassy Suites, 3880 West Northwest Highway, Tel: 214-57-4500, [86]. Conveniently situated just outside Dallas Love Field airport and 30 minutes from DFW airport, and 8 miles north of central Dallas.
• Hotel Lawrence, 302 South Houston Street, Tel: 877-396-0334,[87]. An historic boutique hotel in the West End, which was built in 1925 and recently renovated. Across from the George Allen Courthouse and the closest hotel to Dealey Plaza and the Kennedy Sixth Floor Museum.
• Wyndham Anatole, 2201 Stemmons Freeway, [88]. Near downtown and adjacent to the Dallas Market Center and the American Airlines Center.
• Wyndham North Dallas, 4801 LBJ Freeway, [89]. In the heart of North Dallas by the Galleria, the Wyndham North Dallas Hotel is a 14-floor high rise.
• Wyndham Garden Hotel - Dallas Park Central, 8051 LBJ Freeway, [90]. Conveniently located near major business destinations like Texas Instruments, and shopping at Northpark Center or the Galleria.
• Wyndham - Market Center, 2015 Market Center Boulevard,[91]. In the heart of the Dallas Market District, just minutes from the Apparel Mart, Infomart and World Trade Center.
• Amerisuites - West End, 1907 North Lamar Street, Tel: 214-999-0500, [92]. A few blocks from downtown Dallas and 15 miles away from DFW International Airport and 8 miles from Love Field.
• The Wildwood Inn, 2602 Lillian Miller Parkway, Denton, Texas (TX) 76210, 866-840-0713 [93]. A quaint bed and breakfast located in the country, a short drive from Dallas.
Splurge
• The Crescent Hotel - 400 Crescent Court, Tel.214-871-3200. Right on the Edge of Downtown and Uptown. Within walking distance of many great restaurants in Dallas.
• Hotel Zaza - 2332 Leonard St., Tel: 214-468-8399. A Boutique hotel with different themed rooms. Checkout Dragonfly if you stay there.
• The Mansion on Turtle Creek 2821 Turtle Creek Blvd., Tel: 214-559-2100. It has been around for many years and is renowned for its luxury and service.
• The W Hotel, 2440 Victory Park Lane, Tel: 214-397-4100, [94]. Fax: 214-397-4105. Just opened, very nice and has a modern feel. Checkout Ghost Bar if you stay there.
Cope
• Dallas Central Library, 1515 Young St., Tel: 214-670-1400, [95].
Consulates
• Canadian Consulate General, 750 N. St. Paul Street, Suite 1700, Tel.214-922-9806.
• Consulate of The Federal Republic Of Germany, 4265 Kellway Circle, Addison, Tel.972-239-0707
• Consulate General of Mexico, 8855 N Stemmons Fwy., Tel: 214-252-9250, [96].
• Royal Danish Consulate, 2100 McKinney Avenue, Suite 700, Tel: 214-661-8399. Fax.214-661-8036.
• Royal Norwegian Consulate, 4605 Live Oak Street, Tel: 214-826-5231.
Stay Safe
Go out with a group at night and valet your car so that you don't have to walk far at the end of the night. If you are downtown after dark, there is a fair amount of homeless people in the area. Uptown and North Dallas are generally very safe after dark. South Side is generally a little bit more rough around the edges than the north sides. Also avoid driving on the highways on the weekends after 2:00 a.m. It can be unnerving because all the bars and clubs kick everyone out at two, so most of the drivers have been drinking and are in a hurry to get home. Cafe Brazil is a 24-hour restaurant that has decent food, much better than Denny's or IHOP, and is a good place to wait out the rush or if you're just hungry late at night. Multiple locations.
Contact
• Dallas Convention and Tourist Bureau [97]
Get out
• Southfork Ranch, 3700 Hogge Road, Parker, TX 75002, Tel. 972-442-7800, [98]. The ranch made famous by the TV series "Dallas". An easy daytrip from Dallas. Tours run 364 days a year (except Christmas).
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Santander (Colombia)
From Wikitravel
South America : Colombia : Andino : Santander
Revision as of 17:13, 4 May 2011 by 190.96.234.55 (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
Santander is a department in the Andino region of Colombia.
Understand
Get in
Get around
See
Do
• Ride one of the longest cable-car systems in the world and enjoy the magnificent view of the Chicamocha river canyon. Depart from either La Mesa de los Santos or Panachi.
• Bucaramanga has the bests shows and nightlife
• Do rafting At San Gil one of the faster rivers from the Colombian Eastern
Learn
• Rafting
Buy
• Aircrafts
• Chocolate
• Ruana
• Shoes
• Leather accesories
• Clothes
Eat
• Hormigas Culonas
• Arepa Santandereana
• Carne Oreada
• Carne Seca
• Cabro
• Mute
• Changua
• Yuca
Drink
• Chicha
• Chicha de maiz
• Chicha de corozo
• Masato
• Coat Milk
• Guarapo
• Aguardiente
• Panela's limonade
Sleep
Get out
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1300.1.55.001 - Statistics News NSW (Newsletter), Mar 2004
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/03/2004
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2004 NEW SOUTH WALES YEAR BOOK
The 2004 New South Wales Year Book (cat. no. 1300.1) is due for release in March 2004. It provides a comprehensive statistical overview of the economic and social conditions in NSW in 2003. This 84th edition of the Year Book includes new data on the environment, a range of service industries, and on aspects of social concern. A valuable resource for students, decision-makers and researchers; or simply a fascinating read for anyone interested in NSW.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1351.0 - Working Papers in Econometrics and Applied Statistics: No 2002/1 Experimental Estimates of the Distribution of Household Wealth, Australia, 1994-2000, 1994 to 2000
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/09/2002
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MEDIA RELEASE
September 30, 2002
Embargoed: 11:30 AM (AEST)
125/2002
New experimental estimates of household wealth
Today the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) released the findings of an exploratory study which has constructed experimental distributional wealth data for Australia. The findings are reported in the latest in the ABS series of working papers in econometrics and applied statistics (cat. no. 1351.0). The paper details how the estimates were constructed, provides an overview of the range of source data used (including surveys, administrative data sources and the Australian national accounts), describes the techniques used, and provides an overview of the first-cut experimental results which have emerged from the study.
In the study the wealth of Australian households is estimated to have increased by 45% between 1994 and 2000. In each year from 1994-2000 average and median household wealth increased as householders aged, peaked in the 55-64 age group, and then declined slowly as people retired. This pattern differed from the distribution of income across age groups which fell away more rapidly for older households.
Household wealth was also related to income levels, generally being higher for households with more than one income earner. Couple households had higher average wealth than lone-parent or lone-person households.
Average household wealth was closely tied to major assets such as family homes and superannuation. Growth in the value of these assets between 1994-2000 led to strong increases in the average wealth of households in middle and older age groups.
Average wealth grew in all states and territories between 1994-2000. New South Wales had the highest average wealth in 2000 ($345,400), with average home values considerably higher than in other states.
Further information can be found in Experimental Estimates of the Distribution of Household Wealth, Australia, 1994-2000 (Working Paper No. 2002/01). While the views expressed in the paper are those of its authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the ABS, the ABS would welcome comments and feedback on the methodology described in the working paper.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4306.0 - Report on Food Production and the Apparent Consumption of Foodstuffs and Nutrients in Australia, 1963-64
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 06/12/1965
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• About this Release
Followed by Apparent Consumption of Foodstuffs and Nutrients: Australia
A general overview of the supply and utilisation of approximately 130 basic foodstuffs (eg. flour, meat, fresh fruit, milk, vegetables, etc.); level of nutrient intake and estimated supply of selected types of nutrients (eg. protein, iron, Vitamin C, etc.) available for consumption.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6250.0 - Characteristics of Recent Migrants, Australia, Nov 2010 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 24/05/2011
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NOTES
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION
This publication presents information about the labour force status and other characteristics of 'recent migrants' and 'temporary residents'. For the purposes of this publication, recent migrants are defined as people who were born overseas, arrived in Australia after 2000, were aged 15 years and over on arrival, were not an Australian citizen or New Zealand citizen on arrival, do not hold New Zealand citizenship, and have permanent Australian resident status. Information is also included for temporary residents who planned to stay in Australia for 12 months or more. See the Glossary for more information.
ABOUT THIS SURVEY
The 2010 Characteristics of Recent Migrants Survey was conducted as part of the Australian Bureau of Statistics' (ABS) Monthly Population Survey. The survey was previously conducted in 1984, 1987, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2004 and 2007. However, the survey changed significantly between 2004 and 2007. For example, prior to the 2007 survey, information had been collected from migrants who arrived in the 20 years prior to the survey's enumeration. Information in 2007 and 2010 was collected from migrants who arrived in the 10 years prior to the survey's enumeration. The name of the survey changed in 2010, from 'Labour Force Status and Other Characteristics of Recent Migrants' to 'Characteristics of Recent Migrants'.
Unless otherwise specified, differences between data items highlighted in the Summary of Findings are statistically significant. See Technical Note (paragraphs 9 to 10) for further details.
ROUNDING
As estimates have been rounded, discrepancies may occur between sums of the component items and totals.
INQUIRIES
For further information about these and related statistics, contact the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Software
Exome-assistant: a rapid and easy detection of disease-related genes and genetic variations from exome sequencing
Qi Liu1, Enjian Shen1, Qingjie Min1, Xueying Li1, Xin Wang1, Xianfeng Li1, Zhong Sheng Sun1,2* and Jinyu Wu1*
Author Affiliations
1 Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
2 Beijing Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Genomics 2012, 13:692 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-692
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/692
Received:3 February 2012
Accepted:22 November 2012
Published:11 December 2012
© 2012 Liu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Protein-coding regions in human genes harbor 85% of the mutations that are associated with disease-related traits. Compared with whole-genome sequencing of complex samples, exome sequencing serves as an alternative option because of its dramatically reduced cost. In fact, exome sequencing has been successfully applied to identify the cause of several Mendelian disorders, such as Miller and Schinzel-Giedio syndrome. However, there remain great challenges in handling the huge data generated by exome sequencing and in identifying potential disease-related genetic variations.
Results
In this study, Exome-assistant (http://122.228.158.106/exomeassistant webcite), a convenient tool for submitting and annotating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion/deletion variations (InDels), was developed to rapidly detect candidate disease-related genetic variations from exome sequencing projects. Versatile filter criteria are provided by Exome-assistant to meet different users’ requirements. Exome-assistant consists of four modules: the single case module, the two cases module, the multiple cases module, and the reanalysis module. The two cases and multiple cases modules allow users to identify sample-specific and common variations. The multiple cases module also supports family-based studies and Mendelian filtering. The identified candidate disease-related genetic variations can be annotated according to their sample features.
Conclusions
In summary, by exploring exome sequencing data, Exome-assistant can provide researchers with detailed biological insights into genetic variation events and permits the identification of potential genetic causes of human diseases and related traits.
Keywords:
Next generation sequencing; Mendelian disease; Single nucleotide polymorphisms; Insertions and deletions; Variation filtering; Minor allele frequency
Background
Genome-wide genotyping has been very successful in elucidating the genetic basis of phenotypic traits, such as diseases [1]. One of the major goals of genotyping studies is to identify variants, especially disease-associated variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions and deletions (InDels). The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies is a great leap forward in DNA sequencing because of their capacity to generate massive amounts of data in a short time at low cost. Thus, they are very useful in genome-wide genotyping and associated studies [2]. Currently, however, whole genome sequencing of large numbers of individuals is still too expensive for many researchers. As an alternative, we employed exome sequencing, which targets the protein-coding regions, involved in approximately 85% of disease-causing mutations [3,4].
Indeed, exome sequencing has been successfully applied to the identification of allelic variants in the context of rare monogenic diseases. For example, exome sequencing was applied to a small number of unrelated, affected individuals and successfully identified a causative gene for Freeman-Sheldon syndrome [4]. Ng. et al. illustrated the utility of exome capture to search for variants causing Miller syndrome in three unrelated families [5]. Recently, using genome-wide linkage and whole exome sequencing, a homozygous missense mutation in the Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) gene was found to be associated with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS).
However, the large amount of data generated by exome sequencing has still posed a bioinformatics challenge in mining the potential biological implications. Subsequently, several tools have become available for the detection of genetic variants from sequenced reads, such as Genome Analysis Tool-kit (GATK) [6], SAMtools [7], SOAPsnp [8], VarScan [9], SNVer [10], VAAST [11], SeqGene [12], Pindel [13] and BreakDancer [14]. The detected genetic variants need to be further annotated and require substantial bioinformatics experience to use them. Although some tools have been developed for the annotation of variations, such as WGAViewer [15], ANNOVAR [16], CandiSNPer [17], GAMES [18], SNPnexus [19], SeqAnt [20], TREAT [21], NGS-SNP [22], F-SNP [23], SNAP [24], variant tools [25], and VAR-MD [26], identifying of a small subset of functionally important sites from large amounts of detected variation data remains a challenge.
In this study, Exome-assistant was developed to provide the research community with a user-friendly and efficient tool for analyzing large amounts of genetic variants identified from exome sequencing studies. Exome-assistant provides researchers with detailed biological insights into genetic variation events and facilitates the identification of the potential genetic causes of human diseases and related traits from exome sequencing.
Implementation
Exome-assistant consists of four modules: single case, two cases, multiple cases and re-analysis. The single case module is responsible for functional annotation and variations filtering. Two cases and multiple cases modules, which are based on the single case module, aim to identify the shared and unique variations between or among samples. In the multiple cases module, family-based study and Mendelian filtering can also be performed by Exome-assistant. The re-analysis module is designed to run previous submitted jobs with different parameters, which avoids resubmitting the sample data.
The basic principle of the single case analysis is to annotate the SNPs/InDels based on the information from public databases (Figure 1), which include: CCDS [27] and dbSNP (v.137) [28] for site/region-specific annotation, KEGG pathway [29] and Gene Ontology for gene-based annotation. In the dbSNP database, the SNPs flagged as ‘clinically associated’ are considered as disease-related SNPs and excluded from the database. The human reference gene definition was downloaded from UCSC (http://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu webcite) and integrated into Exome-assistant. Also integrated are the HapMap data, which are a resource of genotype data from ~4 million common SNPs derived from four human populations (African YRI, Japanese JPT, Han Chinese CHB and European CEU). It is used to calculate minor allele frequency (MAF) of SNPs in different populations and estimate whether a significant difference exists between the samples (p < 0.05) using a chi-square test. To better understand if the variations, especially non-synonymous variations, lead to functional alterations to the corresponding genes, the SIFT algorithm [30] was also integrated into Exome-assistant.
Figure 1. The workflow of the Exome-assistant pipeline.
Exome-assistant first scans the reference genome and the CCDS database to perform site/region specific annotations, and classifies the variations into missense variations, nonsense variations, read-through variations and synonymous coding variations. In addition, the variations are also searched against dbSNP and those that are not present in dbSNP are assigned as novel SNPs/InDels. The novel variations, plus the known disease-associated variations, are then further classified as intergenic variations, intronic variations, 5/3-UTR variations and splice site variations, based on gene model definitions.
To explore the potential genetic variations involved in disease and traits, it is essential to reduce large numbers of variations into small subsets. The single case module provides users many criteria to filter the raw variation data. The criteria for filtering SNPs include: 1) whether the variation is novel or known to be disease-related; 2) whether the allele frequency is distinct from that in HapMap; 3) SNP mutation type; 4) SNP classification; and 5) impact of the SNP on the protein product. Meanwhile, the InDel filtering criteria include: 1) whether the InDel is novel or known to be disease-related; 2) whether the InDel is located in the coding region; 3) the mutation type of the InDel; and 4) the impact of InDel on the protein product.
Sample comparison, which aims to identify phenotype-associated variations, especially those associated with disease, is widely used in genetic studies, where the different annotated variations are scanned among or between samples. Exome-assistant includes two cases and multiple cases analysis. The primary motivation for developing the two cases module was to identify potential rare disease causal variations and genes, as well as to provide the ability to consider lower frequency gene disorders. In the multiple cases analyses, after filtering by single case module, the variations shared by disease samples are selected and those present in control samples (if they are submitted) are excluded from further analysis. In addition, the variations shared by disease samples, whose number can be custom-defined and must be minimum of two, are considered as potential disease-causing genetic variations. Moreover, family-based analysis can be performed, in which the candidate disease-related SNPs/InDels shared by family can be detected by setting the family trios. In addition, the Mendelian filtering parameters were added for users, which allows supporting the Mendilian filtering of SNPs/InDels in rare Mendelian disease families.
Results and discussion
Input
Exome-assistant supplies users with simple, user-friendly interface for analyzing extensively their variations from exome sequencing studies. The input of Exome-assistant is the SNPs/InDels calling results, which are generated by SNPs/InDels calling tools, such as SAMtools [7], SOAPsnp [8], GATK [6], BreakDancer [14], and Pindel [13]. Exome-assistant accepts text files as input (VCF, SOAPsnp, Pileup format for SNPs and VCF, Pileup format for InDels), in which each line represents one genetic variation. It takes ~0.5 hour to finish the analyses of one sample. Exome-assistant has a queuing module to control user-submitted jobs, where it executes two jobs in parallel and puts the remaining jobs into a queue. When the submission is finished, the server provides users with a job ID number, which can be used to retrieve the results once the job is finished or to reanalyze previously submitted data.
Output
Exome-assistant provides flexible and intuitive windows for convenient analysis and viewing of the results. In addition, all the results, including the input list, intermediate annotation results and the last results can be downloaded in a gzip-compressed format from the results webpage. A typical result of a single case analysis contains three parts for SNPs/InDels: the summary information of input variations, the distribution of variation annotation and the detailed annotation of each variation (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Screenshot of Exome-assistant.
The summary information provides an overview of input variations, including the number of input variations, unavailable variations (erroneous variations records), effective variations, and the parameters set by user to filter the variations. The distributions of variations are shown in the form of a histogram and show the percentages of each category of variations before and after variation filtering. The categories consist of intergenic, UTR-3, intron, syn-code, nonsense, splice site, UTR-5, read through, missense for SNPs, and AA-insertion, Non-coding, Frame shift, an AA-deletion for InDels.
The detailed annotations of each variation are shown in a table format. The annotations of SNPs include dbSNP rs ID, gene name, transcript ID, amino-acid changes, frequency of SNP, mutation type, SNP functions (e.g. missense), prediction of functional damage to the protein product, etc. The annotations for InDels include SN (session number), coordinates on the chromosome, mutated strand, InDel sequence, substitution class, dbSNP ID, support frequency, gene name, and region of occurrence. In addition, links to other related databases, such as the gene annotation database, are also provided.
In two cases and multiple case analyses, apart from the above information for each sample, the summary information of comparison between samples describes the percentages of shared and unique variations between the samples. Meanwhile, the detailed annotations of shared and unique variations are shown in separate tables, which enable choosing variations for further study.
Performance
We used Exome-assistant to identify and characterize disease-related genes in Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), based on a six exome sequencing sample data (three ALS samples B340, B350 and B360 and three normal samples B270, B310, B330). The results identified a novel Cys146X mutation of SOD1 that is highly correlated with ALS [31]. ALS, also called Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of the motor cells in the spinal cord and brain (central nervous system) [32]. To compare the performance of Exome-assistant with other similar tools, we used the multiple cases module of Exome-assistant, ANNOVAR and VAAST to perform a comparative analysis on the ALS sample SNPs/InDel data (28917/5733, 38232/5313 37216/5142, 39142/6115, 37444/4875 and 38113/5300 SNPs/InDels for B340, B350, B360, B270, B310 and B330, respectively). Firstly, the SNPs/InDels detected in the samples were annotated. Then, the missense/nonsense/splice site novel SNPs and novel InDels in coding region were picked out. Homozygous sites and the variations that were not significantly different within the CHB population in HAPMAP CHB were filtered out.
As results, Exome-assistant obtained 711/36, 623/37 and 837/36 candidate SNPs/InDels in three ALS samples B340, B350 and B360, respectively. 129/5 candidate SNPs/InDels were shared by three ALS samples, among which 29/2 SNPs/InDels were novel and contained the reported disease-related SOD1 Cys147X variation. Meanwhile, ANNOVAR obtained 419/46, 438/43, and 513/52 candidate SNPs/InDels in the three ALS samples, respectively, and 88/5 were shared by three ALS samples, in which the SOD1 gene variation was also contained in the 12/1 novel shared SNPs/InDels. VAAST obtained 687/36, 604/37 and 799/36 candidate SNPs/InDels in the three ALS samples, and 90/5 were shared by three samples. In the annotated 50/0 novel shared SNPs/InDels, the SOD1 gene variation was also identified. The results supported the efficiency of Exome-assistant compared with other widely-used tools.
Conclusions
Recent technological advances in next-generation sequencing have greatly benefited studies on genetic variation. Exome sequencing offers a cost effective method for comprehensively screening variations in complex samples. The analysis of these variations and the selection of those contributing to the phenotype, especially disease-related phenotypes, from a large amount of variation data present both challenges and promises. In this study, Exome-assistant was developed as a public resource to permit the annotation and analysis of genetic variants identified from exome sequencing studies.
The main purpose of Exome-assistant is to provide a deep insight into genetic variation events. Exome-assistant provides a flexible and easy-to-use framework for annotating the variation results from next-generation sequencing platforms. Exome-assistant enables users to leverage the throughput and accuracy of the analysis, while facilitating its translation into biologically and biomedical meaningful results. Currently, Exome-assistant only supports the human genome, additional genomes of interest will be added in the future. Exome-assistant is free for non-commercial use and will be updated regularly. We welcome feedback from the user community. In the future, annotations of structural variations will be incorporated into Exome-assistant, and we will try to develop an FTP module, which allows users with limited internet connections to submit their data. In addition, further reference databases and parameters will be added in the future version of Exome-assistant, which will enable the user to filter non-disease related SNPs/InDels sites as much as possible, thus making the identified sites much more reliable. In summary, we believe that Exome-assistant will provide the scientific community with an integrated tool to assist their research into potential genetic variations contributing to diseases, based on data generated from exome sequencing.
Availability and requirements
Project name: Exome-assistant
Availability: http://122.228.158.106/exomeassistant webcite
Operating system: Exome-assistant is a web server hosted on an Apache 2.0 HTTP server under Linux operating system. The server of Exome-assistant is equipped with four Quad-Core AMD processors (2.2 GHz each) and 32 GB of RAM.
Programming Language: The front-end is implemented in PHP language, while the back-end pipeline is implemented in Perl language.
License: None required
Any restrictions to use by non-academics: No
The web application is implemented independently of operating system and has been successfully tested with Microsoft Internet Explorer 8.0 and Firefox 2/3 (under different versions of Linux, Microsoft Windows and MacOS).
Abbreviations
SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; InDels: Insertions and deletions; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; GO: Gene ontology; ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
QL and EJS developed the Exome-assistant web server and analysis pipeline, and drafted the manuscript. QJM, XW and XFL participated in pipeline development. XYL participated in drafting the manuscript and made substantial contributions to the conception of the study. ZSS and JYW were involved in planning of experiments and headed the project. ZSS and JYW revised the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31100917, Qi Liu; Grant No. 31171236, Jinyu Wu) and International S&T Cooperation Program of China (2011DFA30670, Zhong Sheng Sun).
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http://www.fides.org
Asia
2012-10-25
ASIA/SYRIA - The Orthodox priest kidnapped in Damascus found dead
Damascus (Agenzia Fides) - The body of the Greek-Orthodox priest Fr. Fadi Jamil Haddad, pastor of the church of St. Elias in Qatana, was found today in the Jaramana neighborhood (north of Damascus) not far from the place where he was kidnapped, on October 19, by unidentified armed group (see Fides 24/10/2012). This was confirmed to Fides by Fr. Haddad’s Greek-Orthodox confrere, who asked for anonymity. "His body was horribly tortured and his eyes gouged out," he told Fides. "It is a purely terrorist act. Fr. Haddad is a martyr of our church. "
With regards to the responsibilities of the terrible act there is an ongoing rebound of responsibilities between the opposition forces and government authorities, that accuse the armed gangs of armed rebellion in the army. According to Fides sources, the kidnappers had asked the priest’s family and his church a ransom of 50 million Syrian pounds (over 550 thousand euro). It was, however, impossible to find the money and meet this exorbitant demand. A source of Fides condemns "the terrible practice, present for months in this dirty war, of kidnapping and then killing innocent civilians."
Among the various Christian communities in Syria, the Greek-Orthodox is the largest (with about 500 thousand faithful) and is concentrated mainly in the western part of the country and in Damascus. (PA) (Agenzia Fides 25/10/2012)
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1st 3D Hydrogeology Workshop 2009
Products
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Over 45 geoscientists from around Australia participated in the first 3D Hydrogeology Workshop, held on 31 August and 1 September 2009, at Geoscience Australia in Canberra.
The program included presentations on the following themes:
• Potential and reasons for 3D hydrogeology in Australia
• Building consistent and accessible 3D hydrogeology datasets
• Case studies from around Australia
• Software and visualisation experiences
• 3D hydrogeology for the user and administrator: The social dimension
The workshop was enhanced by interactive activities such as 3D visualisation demonstrations, held in Geoscience Australia's dedicated 3D visualisation room and the use of portable equipment.
Contributions to the workshop showcased the innovative work currently being done, as well as the potential of emerging techniques to improve groundwater resource knowledge and understanding.
The workshop highlighted the importance of multi-disciplinary collaborations between hydrogeologists, geologists, computer programmers, mathematicians, spatial scientists and social scientists in exploring the potential of this new field.
Attendees from across Australia
1st 3D Hydrogeology Workshop 2009
© Geoscience Australia
Abstracts
Topic contact: feedback@ga.gov.au Last updated: May 31, 2012
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Openings for DotNet Developer
Newbie Member
8Jan2007,13:41 #1
Greetings from Vshreyas!!!
We are Staffing Solution in IT industry Bangalore.
We have a good lot of Clients.
Further to our telecom kindly forward your UCV for the following Details
Skills: Asp.Net, C#
Loc: Bangalore
Exp : 6-10 yrs
1.CTC
2.ECTC
3.NP
thanks and regards
Saran C
IT-Recruiter
Human Resource
Vshreyas Infotech
Mail: saravanan@vshreyas.com
Last edited by shabbir; 8Jan2007 at 14:17.. Reason: Confine links to signatures only
Go4Expert Founder
8Jan2007,14:17 #2
Confine links to signatures and welcome to the forums.
Go4Expert Member
26Feb2008,19:06 #3
still there are openings
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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[40]
In the second book of his Commentaries, Hipparchus, having again mooted the question concerning the mountains of the Taurus, of which we have spoken sufficiently, proceeds with the northern parts of the habitable earth. He then notices the statement of Eratosthenes concerning the countries situated west of the Euxine,1 namely, that the three [principal] headlands [of this continent], the first the Peloponnesian, the second the Italian, the third the Ligurian, run from north [to south], enclosing the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Gulfs.2 After this general exposition, Hipparchus proceeds to criticise each point in detail, but rather on geometrical than geographical grounds; on these subjects, however, the number of Eratosthenes' errors is so overwhelming, as also of Timosthenes the author of the Treatise on the Ports, (whom Eratosthenes prefers above every other writer, though he often decides even against him,) that it does not seem to be worth my time to review their faulty productions, nor even what Hipparchus has to say about them; since he neither enumerates all their blunders, nor yet sets them right, but only points out how they falsify and contradict each other. Still any one might certainly object to the saying of Eratosthenes, that Europe has but three headlands, and considering as one that which terminates by the Peloponnesus, notwithstanding it is broken up into so many divisions. In fact, Sunium3 is as much a promontory as Laconia, and not very much less south than Malea,4 forming a considerable bay,5 and the Thracian Chersonesus6 and Sunium 7 form the Gulf of Melas,8 and likewise those of Macedonia.9 Added to this, it is manifest that the majority of the distances are falsely stated, thus arguing an ignorance of geography scarcely credible, and so far from requiring geometrical demonstration that it stands out prominent on the very face of the statements. For example, the distance from Epidamnus10 to the Thermaic Gulf11 is above 2000 stadia; Eratosthenes gives it at 900. So too he states the distance from Alexandria to Carthage at 13,00012 stadia; it is not more than 9000, that is, if, as he himself tells us, Caria and Rhodes are under the same meridian as Alexandria,13 and the Strait of Messina under the same as Carthage,14 for every one is agreed that the voyage from Caria to the Strait of Sicily does not exceed 9000 stadia.
It is doubtless permissible in very great distances to consider as under one and the same meridian places which are not more east and west of each other than Carthage is west of the Strait;15 but an error of 3000 stadia is too much; and when he places Rome under the same meridian as Carthage, notwithstanding its being so far west of that city, it is but the crowning proof of his extreme ignorance both of these places, and likewise of the other countries farther west as far as the Pillars of Hercules.
1 μετὰ τὸν πόντον, literally, after the Pontus.
2 Gosselin observes, that Eratosthenes took a general view of the salient points of land that jutted into the Mediterranean, as some of the learned of our own time have done, when remarking that most of the continents terminated in capes, extending towards the south. The first promontory that Eratosthenes speaks of terminated in Cape Malea of the Peloponnesus, and comprised the whole of Greece; the Italian promontory likewise terminated Italy; the Ligurian promontory was reckoned to include all Spain, it terminated at Cape Tarifa, near to the middle of the Strait of Gibraltar. As the Ligurians had obtained possession of a considerable portion of the coasts of France and Spain, that part of the Mediterranean which washes the shores of those countries was named the Ligurian Sea. It extended from the Arno to the Strait of Gibraltar. It is in accordance with this nomenclature that Eratosthenes called Cape Tarifa, which projects farthest into the Strait, the Ligurian promontory.
3 Cape Colonna.
4 Cape Malio, or St. Angelo.
5 Strabo means the Saronic Gulf, now the Bay of Engia.
6 The peninsula of Gallipoli by the Dardanelles.
7 ποͅὸς τὸ σούνιον. Strabo's meaning is, that the entire space of sea, bounded on the north by the Thracian Chersonesus, and on the south by Sunium, or Cape Colonna, forms a kind of large gulf.
8 Or Black Gulf; the Gulf of Saros.
9 The Gulfs of Contessa, Monte-Santo, Cassandra, and Salonica.
10 Durazzo, on the coast of Albania.
11 The Gulf of Salonica.
12 Read 13,500 stadia.
13 It was an error alike shared in by Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, and Strabo, that Alexandria and Rhodes were under the same meridian, notwithstanding the former of these cities is 2° 22′ 45″ east of the latter.
14 This is an error peculiar to Eratosthenes The meridians of Carthage and the Strait of Messina differ by 5° 45′.
15 The Strait of Messina.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
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Saturday, September 01, 2012
Upside for eCommerce in the Middle East and Africa
The number of mobile phone users worldwide will continue to grow through 2016, and smartphone users, in particular, are on the rise. This year, there will be 950 million smartphone users around the world, reaching 1.94 billion by 2015.
In the developing nations of the world, a mobile device may be the first and only way that many of their consumers will access the internet. As people prosper and move upward in the local economy, their expectations and related product or service needs evolve.
According to the latest market study by eMarketer, business-to-consumer (B2C) ecommerce sales in the Middle East and Africa (MEA) -- including sales of travel, digital downloads and event tickets -- are growing much faster than in any other region in the world by a margin of nearly 10 percentage points.
But the growth in this region is somewhat limited by a very low base of online spending. eMarketer estimates online buyers in the region will spend $20.61 billion this year, making MEA the most underdeveloped regional ecommerce market in the world.
By comparison, in Latin America, the second-smallest ecommerce market, online buyers will spend $36.82 billion -- that's nearly twice as much. Spending in all of the Middle East and Africa combined is comparable to that in just one highly developed nation -- South Korea.
The underdeveloped market in MEA is primarily due to a small number of internet users, low penetration and high cost of broadband internet access, and an apparent lack of familiarity with online shopping.
To date, the online goods and services that are available to users in this region are extremely limited. At the same time, there is a shortage of stable online payment systems and very low credit card use among consumers.
That being said, there are few regions of the globe that have this amount of pent-up demand and untapped raw potential for new consumer-driven ecommerce growth. Meanwhile, savvy marketers will continue to develop m-retail solutions that harness very basic mobile communications capabilities, such as SMS capabilities.
eMarketer forms its estimates of B2C ecommerce sales worldwide based on the analysis of estimates from other research firms, historical trends, consumer online buying trends and macro-level economic conditions.
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nnet (7.3-6)
5 users
Feed-forward Neural Networks and Multinomial Log-Linear Models.
http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/pub/MASS4/
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/nnet
Software for feed-forward neural networks with a single hidden layer, and for multinomial log-linear models.
Maintainer: Brian Ripley
Author(s): Brian Ripley <ripley@stats.ox.ac.uk>.
License: GPL-2 | GPL-3
Uses: MASS
Reverse depends: abc, ascrda, BaBooN, BaM, BayesTree, BCA, biomod2, caMassClass, car, CBPS, chemometrics, ChemometricsWithR, classifly, DAMisc, dave, depmixS4, effects, epicalc, forecast, fRegression, gamlss.add, gamlss.mx, HIest, ImpactIV, introgress, ipred, ipw, KsPlot, MDM, Metabonomic, mi, mice, mixedQF, nnc, partialOR, pocrm, rasclass, rminer, RTextTools, simPopulation, spls, VBmix, VIM
Reverse suggests: AER, AICcmodavg, BiodiversityR, biomod2, caret, ChemometricsWithR, e1071, flexmix, glmulti, GSIF, HandTill2001, Hmisc, MASS, MatchIt, mlogit, MuMIn, ordinal, pmml, psychomix, R2HTML, race, rattle, Rcmdr, RcmdrPlugin.BCA, RcmdrPlugin.IPSUR, relimp, ROSE, SuperLearner, vcdExtra, Zelig
Released about 1 month ago.
3 previous versions
Ratings
Overall:
3.2/5 (6 votes)
Documentation:
3.2/5 (5 votes)
Log in to vote.
Reviews
Related packages: boot, Matrix, nlme, mgcv, MASS, bootstrap, car, dyn, dynlm, Hmisc, lmtest, micEcon, MNP, pscl, quantreg, sandwich, sem, systemfit, RSNNS, rpart(20 best matches, based on common tags.)
Search for nnet on google, google scholar, r-help, r-devel.
Visit nnet on R Graphical Manual.
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Dickenson County, Virginia
From FamilySearch Wiki
(Difference between revisions)
(*[http://www.cyndislist.com/us/va/counties/bland/ Cyndi's List])
m (adding FHC links)
Line 152: Line 152:
== Societies and Libraries ==
== Societies and Libraries ==
+
+
==== Family History Centers<br> ====
+
+
*[[Introduction to LDS Family History Centers]]
== Websites ==
== Websites ==
Revision as of 00:43, 28 October 2011
United States Virginia Dickenson County
Southwest Virginia county.
Location of Dickenson County, Virginia
Dickenson County Boundary Map
Contents
County Courthouse
History
Parent County
1880--Dickenson County was created 3 March 1880 from Buchanan, Russell and Wise Counties.
County seat: Clintwood [1]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Census
Historical populations
Census Pop.
18905,077
19007,74752.6%
19109,19918.7%
192013,54247.2%
193016,16319.4%
194021,26631.6%
195023,39310.0%
196020,211−13.6%
197016,077−20.5%
198019,80623.2%
199017,620−11.0%
200016,395−7.0%
201015,903−3.0%
1890 Union Veterans
1900
• Vanover, Gregory Lynn, Joan Short Vanover, and Barbara Kendrick Vanover. Dickenson County, Virginia, 1900 Federal Census. Pound, Virginia: G.L. Vanover, 1984. Available at FHL.
Church
Baptist
• Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. Sand Lick Primitive Baptist Church, the First Hundred Years, 1837-1937: A History of the Oldest Religious Organization in Dickenson County, Virginia. 1937; reprint, [Clintwood, Virginia?]: Mullins Printing, 1985. Available at FHL.
Court
Genealogy
It is anticipated that this bibliography will eventually identify all known family histories published about residents of this county. Use this list to:
• Locate publications about direct ancestors
• Find the most updated accounts of an ancestor's family
• Identify publications, to quote Elizabeth Shown Mills, about an ancestor's "FAN Club" [Friends, Associates, and Neighbors]
General
As of November 2010, a query for individuals born in Dickenson, Virginia at World Connect, results in more than 10,000 entries.
Dickenson County, Virginia Surnames (courtesy: Linkpendium) contains links to several online resources about this county's families, including compiled genealogies.
Compiled genealogies that treat multiple Dickenson County families include:
• Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. E. J. Sutherland Collection, Dickenson County, Virginia, 1650-1965. MSS., FHL Collection [Includes Dickenson Co. families, 1650-1964 and Dickenson Co. genealogy 1732-1933.]
• Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. Some Sandy Basin Characters. Clintwood, Va.: E.J. Sutherland, 1962. 1985 reprint: FHL Collection
Bibliography
• [Amburgey] Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. E. J. Sutherland Cllection, Dickenson County, Virginia, 1650-1965. MSS., FHL Collection
• [Beverly] Adkins, Frank M. "A Historical Sketch of the Beverlys," The Southwest Virginian, Vol. 4, No. 19 (Feb. 1981):14-20. FHL Book 975.57 D25s v. 4 (1981).
• [Colley] Boardman, Elizabeth Joye Mabe. Thomas Colley Family: Russell County, Virginia; Washington County, Virginia; Dickenson County, Virginia; Buchanan County, Virginia; Smyth County, Virginia. [Palm Coast, Florida]: J. Boardman, 2001. FHL Collection; digital version at BYU Family History Archives.
• [Counts] See Amburgey.
• [Crabtree] Steele, Fannie Lane and Ina Jean Stanley Dotson. The Crabtree-Stanley Collection: A Memorial, a Collection of the Ancestry and Descendants of James Crabtree and James Stanley. Wise, Virginia: F.L. Steele, 1996. FHL Collection
• [Ervin] Ervin, Maxwell. Clan Ervin: Russell and Dickenson Counties, Virginia. Springfield, Massachusetts: M. Ervin, 2008. FHL Collection
• [Fuller] Wilcox, Roxie Hammill. Some Fullers of Buchanan and Dickenson Counties in Virginia: And Their Descendants. Portland, Oregon: R.H. Wilcox, 1977. FHL Collection
• [Kiser] Kiser, Esther. Sandy Ridge Kiser - Powers Kinsfolks. Cleveland, Va.: E. Kiser, 1986. FHL Collection
• [Lane] Steele, Fannie Lane. The Lane Family: The Ancestry and Descendants of General Jackson Lane and Allied Families: Crabtree, Estep, Hutchinson, Powers, Ritchie, Roberson, Russell. Wise, Virginia: F.L. Steele, 1991. FHL Collection
• [Mullins] Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. "The Mullins Family in Dickenson County," The Cumberland Empire, Vol. 4 (Oct. 1932). FHL Collection
• [Rose] Johnson, Denver G. My Rose Family of Dickenson County, Virginia -- and Beyond: A Genealogy of My Mother’s Rose Family of Southwest Virginia. n.p.: D.G. Johnson, 2009. FHL Collection
• [Stanley] See Crabtree.
• [Sutherland] See Amburgey.
• [Taylor] Owens, Jane E. Bolton. Owens Family: And Related Families. San Diego, Calif.: J.B. Owens, 1989. FHL Collection
Land
Local Histories
• Giles, Albert William. The Geology and Coal Resources of Dickenson County, Virginia. University of Virginia, 1921. Digital version at Google Books (full-view).
• Schwab, W.G. The Forests of Dickenson County, Virginia. Charlottesville, Va., 1917. Digital version at Google Books (full-view).
• Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. Meet Virginia's Baby: A Brief Pictorial History of Dickenson County, Virginia, from Its Formation in 1880 to 1955, with Stress on Pioneer Background. Clintwood, Va.: E.J. Sutherland, 1955. 1975 reprint available at FHL.
• Sutherland, Elihu Jasper and Hetty Swindall Sutherland. Pioneer Recollections of Southwest Virginia. Clintwood, Va.: H.S. Sutherland, G.L. Vanover, and J.S. Vanover, 1984. Available at FHL.
Maps
Military
Civil War
• Gobble, Lillian and Rhonda Robertson. Between Brothers: Civil War Soldiers of Wise & Dickenson County [Virginia]. [Big Stone Gap, Virginia: L. Gobble & R. Robertson, 200-?]. Available at FHL.
Newspapers
Private Papers
• Dickenson County, Virginia, Family Bible Records, 1934-1935. Clintwood, Virginia: Mullins Printing, 1999. Available at FHL.
Probate
Research Guides
• "A Guide to the Counties of Virginia: Dickenson County," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep. 1964):124-126. Available at FHL; digital version at New England Ancestors ($).
Taxation
Vital Records
• Sutherland, Elihu Jasper. E. J. Sutherland Collection, Dickenson County, Virginia, 1650-1965. MSS., available at FHL. [Includes Dickenson County Vital Statistics, 1830-1938.]
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Websites
References
1. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
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Custom Query (6 matches)
Filters
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Show under each result:
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#6649 open conflict toggle dialog after creating conflict with relation manager conflict relation open toggle dialog new team enhancement normal
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POLOS PACKING DENSITY AND EFFECT OF RELATIVE BLOCK DENSITY
J.A. Zwamborn
Abstract
Accuracy and compatibility of measuring and testing techniques are discussed briefly and a plea is made for standardization to avoid, as far as possible, deviations in test results of different laboratories. One of the main causes of these differences is inconsistency in Dolos packing densities and corresponding layer thicknesses or shape factors. In an attempt to alleviate this problem three placing densities, namely 'light', 'mean' and 'dense' have been defined and their physical properties determined. Flume tests with regular waves, and Dolos armour units at these packing densities, showed very little difference in stability and, considering practical limitations during construction, it is suggested that the 'mean' packing density be used for a 'first design', followed by proper model tests. The results of tests with model Dolosse using three different unit densities were inconclusive and further tests using a wider range of densities are underway.
Keywords
dolos; packing density; block density; dolos density
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
Re: [libreoffice-design] Windows 8 version?
I'm glad that Metro/Win8 won't be supported soon.
For one thing I think this kind of Desktop is a really bad Idea and the
second thing is that I doubt, that the metro desktop will gain a
relevant user number.
On Desktop computers people will continue using the classic desktop with
windows and on tablet computers Windows doesn't have a chance anyway.
So thanks to the LO developers for this decision!
best regards
Christopher
On 13.04.2012 20:59, Alberto Delgado wrote:
>>>> I don't think the developer team plans to support Windows 8 Metro
>> anytime
>>>> soon, so any work on it would be futile right now.
> Too bad, it would be a great opportunity to enter the marketplace
> but i guess it's ok. However, the link i posted called "Metro
> style guidelines has pretty good ideas that could be applied
> to the android version, like side-scrolling menus with "semantic zoom"
>
--
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Re: [libreoffice-design] Windows 8 version?"Stefan Knorr (Astron)" <heinzlesspam@googlemail.com>
Re: [libreoffice-design] Windows 8 version?Jonathan Aquilina <eagles051387@gmail.com>
Re: [libreoffice-design] Windows 8 version?Alberto Delgado <albertoeda@gmail.com>
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State Roundup, October 25, 2012
October 25, 2012 at 7:45 am
VOTING GLITCHES: Nearly 300 Maryland residents who thought they had successfully registered to vote using the state’s new online system actually had not, and the glitch will force them to file provisional ballots on Election Day, reports the Post’s Aaron Davis.
Meanwhile, the state Board of Elections has acknowledged sending out some incomplete absentee ballots and some with incorrect address information, but officials say both problems were limited to a handful of voters in Montgomery and Prince George’s counties and have been resolved, write Alison Knezevich and Annie Linskey for the Sun.
Gov. Martin O’Malley said yesterday that the board has confirmed that less than 20 absentee voters are missing a second page, according to the Post.
‘VICIOUSLY ANTI-GAY:’ The leader of the group trying to defeat Maryland’s same-sex marriage law yesterday downplayed the significance of comments made by a pastor at a recent town-hall meeting that gay rights activists have called “viciously anti-gay,” writes John Wagner in the Post.
Annie Linskey reports the story for the Sun. You can view the video of the pastor making his comments at the top of the page
Sun columnist Dan Rodricks writes about that controversy, asking how Jesus would have handled gays and gay marriage. You can read reader comments on the Rodricks’ column at the bottom.
GAMBLING GETS PERSONAL: The referendum campaign to expand gambling in Maryland is deeply felt and intensely personal for some voters. “Bo” Vogt, a union construction worker, believes the effort would create jobs in a field in which work has been scarce. But attorney Tamara Davis Brown thinks it would tarnish the economic future of the county she has called home since 1988, writes Michael Dresser in the Sun.
$65 MILLION GAMBLED: The Post’s John Wagner is reporting that companies with a stake in Maryland’s ballot measure on expanded gambling have now shelled out more than $65 million for dueling campaigns, according to the latest disclosure reports
MGM Resorts International Inc., which wants to build a Las Vegas-style casino at National Harbor in Prince George’s, deposited a check for $7.7 million into the ballot issue committee For Maryland Jobs and Schools Inc., Alexander Pyles reports in the Daily Record. That brought MGM’s spending on its pro-expansion campaign to $29.5 million.
COMMON CAUSE ON REDISTRICTING: Common Cause Maryland, the bipartisan watchdog group that usually remains above the political fray, is wading into one of the most bitterly partisan fights of this election year by registering as an independent expenditure committee to fight to overturn the congressional redistricting map crafted by Gov. Martin O’Malley, writes Michael Dresser in the Sun.
BARTLETT’S NEW DISTRICT: Two years ago, U.S. Rep. Roscoe Bartlett’s 6th Congressional District was 47% Republican and 36% Democrat. After the state redrew the congressional map in a once-a-decade redistricting process, the district lost Carroll and much of Frederick counties and gained part of liberal Montgomery County, becoming 44% Democrat and 33% Republican, Rachel Baye reports in the Washington Examiner.
FOR & AGAINST: You can read the Laurel Leader’s editorial stands on marriage equality and the expansion of gambling.
GUN LAW APPEAL: On a roll in recent years, a gun-rights group pressed its advantage in a federal appeals court yesterday, seeking to extend Second Amendment rights through a challenge to Maryland’s handgun permit laws. Instead of challenging the licensing, writes Ian Duncan in the Sun, the group is arguing that Maryland unnecessarily restricts the right to carry firearms.
Attorneys for Maryland argued that a law requiring residents to provide a “good and substantial reason” for seeking handgun permits is a reasonable restriction that promotes safety without violating the Second Amendment, reports David Hill of the Post.
FRACKING MORATORIUM: Sens. Brian Frosh and Jamie Raskin, both of Montgomery County, are adding their voices to the call for a moratorium on natural gas drilling through hydraulic fracturing in Maryland, reports Holly Nunn in the Gazette.
Alexander Pyles of the Daily Record reports that Frosh said that a majority of the state Senate would support a legislative moratorium on hydraulic fracturing if such a bill is released from committee.
SENATE LINEUP: In their very first forum of the U.S. Senate campaign, the four candidates offered varying views on three of the state’s most controversial ballot questions Wednesday on Larry Young’s Morning Show on WOLB radio in Baltimore, reports Sam Smith for MarylandReporter.com.
The Sun’s John Fritze details how the Senate candidates differed on other issues.
RUPPERSBERGER-JACOBS DEBATE: In Monday’s debate between U.S. Rep. Dutch Ruppersberger and his Republican challenger for Maryland’s 2nd Congressional District, Sen. Nancy Jacobs, Ruppersberger questioned why the safe room in the Benghazi compound where U.S. Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens died of asphyxiation did not have an air supply, Sam Smith reports for MarylandReporter.com.
GOVERNOR’S RACE: Maryland Juice posts video of the current crop of 2014 Democratic gubernatorial candidates, interviewed during the Maryland’s teachers union an annual convention. Compare and contrast Lt. Gov. Anthony Brown, Comptroller Peter Franchot, Attorney General Doug Gansler, Delegate Heather Mizeur, and Howard County Executive Ken Ulman.
CECIL FORUM: Cheryl Mattix of the Cecil Whig writes about the candidates forum of the Cecil County Chamber of Commerce, where candidates for county executive and county council fielded rehearsed questions from the chamber and a few impromptu ones from citizens.
CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS: Kaustuv Basu of the Hagerstown Herald Mail writes that the Washington County Commissioners are considering asking the local delegation to the Maryland General Assembly for permission to borrow $60 million in bond money to fund the county’s Capital Improvement Plan through 2018.
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CRI Genomics Core
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 04:41, 11 May 2007 by Jamesh008 (Talk | contribs)
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General
We are located in the new Cancer Research UK: Cambridge Research Institute. The Genomics Core in the CRI will offer nucleic acid preparation, sequencing, real-time PCR and microarray hybridisation services for CRI researchers. These core services allow CRI researchers to concentrate on data analysis, rather than the generation of genomic data.
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It doesn't matter what we do until we accept ourselves. Once we accept ourselves, it doesn't matter what we do. Heavenrich, Charly
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Sometimes you wonder how you got on this mountain. But sometimes you wonder, How will I get off? Manley, Joan
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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There are men whose manners have the same essential splendor as the simple and awful sculpture on the friezes of the Parthenon, and the remains of the earliest Greek art. Emerson, Ralph Waldo
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212 - The Extra Degree
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Play Hard, Really Hard
RedsArmyAdmin June 23, 2008 Uncategorized 4 Comments
The roster for the U.S. Olympic Men's Basketball team is set:
MVP Kobe Bryant will be heading to his first Olympics, and he'll have LeBron James and Dwyane Wade with him.
They will lead a U.S. Olympic basketball team that was announced Monday — one that hopes to capture the gold medal in Beijing in August after a third-place showing in Athens four years ago. They'll have plenty of help.
Carmelo Anthony and Jason Kidd were among the 12 players placed on the squad. They were joined by Tayshaun Prince, Carlos Boozer, Chris Bosh, Dwight Howard, Chris Paul, Michael Redd and Deron Williams.
I applaud those guys for representing our country and shooting for Olympic gold. Unlike 1992, the Olympics aren't a coronation for Team USA. They will have to play their asses off and play together (could be tough for Kobe) to win. They are sacrificing much needed rest for their country. Injuries might not heal or new ones could occur. With that said, I'm extremely pleased that not a single Celtics player is headed to Beijing. I'm going to get real selfish and say Banner 18 means much more to me than an Olympic medal.
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Skip to content
The Social Network Parody (about Pubmed)
I guess you’ve seen The Social Network which presents how Facebook was really born.Well now here is the parody focusing on how Pubmed, the biomedical database, was born.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
8731.3 - Building Approvals, Queensland, Mar 1999
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 05/11/1999
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First Release
• First Issue: Apr 1947
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Correspondence
Brokered dialogue: A new research method for controversial health and social issues
Janet A Parsons1,3* and James V Lavery2,4
• * Corresponding author: Janet A Parsons ParsonsJ@smh.ca
• † Equal contributors
Author Affiliations
1 Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
2 Centre for Research on Inner City Health and Centre for Global Health Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
3 Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
4 Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Medical Research Methodology 2012, 12:92 doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-92
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/92
Received:22 September 2011
Accepted:2 July 2012
Published:2 July 2012
© 2012 Parsons and Lavery; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Dialogue is a foundational feature of social life and an important way in which we come to understand one another. In situations of controversy dialogue is often absent because of a range of social barriers. We have developed a new film-based qualitative research method for studying controversial issues in healthcare and social policy. We call this method Brokered Dialogue. Theoretically informed by the traditions in narrative inquiry and visual anthropology, the method is premised on the idea that dialogue possesses features making it unique as a generator of new knowledge and opportunities for social intervention. Film is not only an extraordinarily rich data source, but an excellent medium for knowledge transfer and dissemination.
Discussion
The paper introduces the Brokered Dialogue method. We outline its critical steps, including the procedures for sampling, data collection and data analysis of both textual and visual data. Participants in a Brokered Dialogue engage in filmed interviews that capture their perspectives on a given topic; they then share their perspectives with, and pose questions of, one another through the medium of film. Using a participatory editing process, only footage that participants feel comfortable showing to others is incorporated. This technique offers participants a ‘safe’ space for respectful interaction. The editing process itself is analytic, and the final assembly of footage approximates a dialogue on the topic at hand. A link to a film produced from a project piloting the method is provided to demonstrate its real world application.
Summary
Brokered Dialogue is a method for promoting respectful interactions among those with seemingly divergent views on a controversial topic and for discovering critical points of divergence that may represent pathways for improvement. While the end product is a ‘film’, the goal is to have these films used as catalysts for ongoing respectful dialogue and problem-solving concerning the topic at hand informing relevant practice and policy change. In this paper, we consider Brokered Dialogue’s potential future uses and impacts, and how these might be evaluated.
Background
Dialogue, which means literally “through words”, is a foundational feature of social and political life, and one that we often take for granted. Dialogue reveals individuals’ fundamental values and interests. It is how we come to know one another. It is also an important feature of deliberative democracy. It is through dialogue that we confront and accommodate diverse interests in a range of public contexts.
Dialogue entails conversation, but it is also a performance [1,2]. We portray ourselves to others when we interact, both verbally and non-verbally, and we interpret their portrayals of themselves in turn. How we understand the portrayals of others and how they understand our own is vital to how the dialogue unfolds, what is communicated, how it is interpreted, the tone of the interaction, and our impressions of the other person. As such, it can entail many auditory, visual and embodied cues for both teller and listener [3].
Dialogue offers enormous potential as a research tool. Analyzing dialogue can reveal critical points of disagreement, as well as opportunities for resolution and reconciliation in socially controversial issues.
In healthcare, when communication breaks down and fault lines arise between and among affected parties, the consequences may be substantial. This occurs frequently across the spectrum, from research and clinical practice contexts to complex issues in health policy and bioethics. But despite the pervasive rhetoric about the importance of good communication as a foundational principle of quality healthcare, anecdotal evidence abounds about communication breakdowns throughout the healthcare enterprise, and about the lack of opportunities for authentic dialogue among affected parties. For example, the clinical encounter is a situation where dialogue may be impeded for a host of reasons, including social structural factors, and differences in understanding of disease processes between patient and clinician [4]. Both parties approach the encounter informed by their own contexts and assumptions. Another example is in the field of knowledge translation: initiatives aimed at changing clinicians’ practice behaviours sometimes meet with limited or no success, precisely because no one asks the end-users why they behave in the ways they do. Both practitioners and patients frequently do not do what they are ‘supposed’ to do for very informed and logical reasons that are consistent with their own perspectives and contexts. Dialogue provides opportunities for communicating underlying assumptions, sharing lived experiences, and fostering understanding of the perspectives of others.
In this paper we describe a new method called Brokered Dialogue which we have developed to understand and address absences of dialogue in healthcare and other social settings. It is designed to study controversial situations where the lack of opportunities for dialogue has given rise to significant disagreement, or has been an obstacle to progress, or has been an impediment to developing constructive relationships. In this paper, we describe the methodological features of Brokered Dialogue.
In separate publications we will describe the application of the Brokered Dialogue method in various contexts.
Brokered Dialogue is premised on the idea that there are features of dialogue that make it unique as a generator of new knowledge and opportunities for social intervention:
1) Dialogue can isolate and help to clarify the nature and scope of disagreements and differences of perspective and values among interested parties involved in an issue.
2) Dialogue can reveal where positions/perspectives may be susceptible to change/revision/refinement. This is likely most important in cases where the assumptions underlying the various positions seem most polarized or entrenched (‘hardened’).
3) Dialogue can concretize and contextualize abstract concepts such as ‘fairness’ and ‘justice’ and make these ideas meaningful for stakeholders confronted with complex social challenges in their everyday experience [5].
4) Dialogue can illuminate opportunities for reconciling divergent perspectives.
5) Dialogue can illuminate pathways to potentially effective solutions or resolutions to issues for which there is entrenched disagreement among the interested parties.
Barriers to dialogue
There are a host of reasons why dialogue about controversial issues in healthcare and other contexts may be difficult, or not occur at all. Many of these are interrelated. One barrier is the lack of appropriate contexts for dialogue. For example, the structure of fee-for-service medical practice may present a barrier to meaningful dialogue between physicians and patients. With only minutes available to interact with each patient within the demands of a busy clinical practice, the free exchange of perspectives and interests may appear impossible to both patient and clinician. For example, Britten and colleagues identified that physicians assumed patients presenting with cold symptoms would settle for nothing less than an antibiotic prescription, while patients did not want to appear to contradict or burden their ‘busy’ doctors even though they said they did not see the antibiotic as effective treatment [6]. The assumptions were unspoken between both parties and remained hidden until Britten asked each group of participants to explain their behaviour and assumptions. Arthur Frank has eloquently described the potential benefits of dialogue within the clinical encounter [4]. He argues that the inability to enter into meaningful dialogue is ‘de-moralizing’ for both patient and physician [4]. Conversely, when genuine dialogue happens, patients feel empowered and engaged in their own care, and physicians are able to treat their patients as whole people, more than ‘just’ their diagnoses [4]. This sense of partnership, fostered by dialogue, makes for a more mutually satisfying experience for clinician and patient [4].
Another barrier to dialogue may arise from disparities in education and/or language skill. Lay people may feel unqualified to comment on health policy matters and may be content to defer to perceived experts, despite what may be important stakes for them in how these matters are managed. These attitudes fuel power imbalances, which determine whose perspectives are taken into consideration in crafting policy solutions. Frank [4] and others [2] have argued that the perspectives of biomedicine have traditionally been privileged in considerations of disease and illness, and it is only comparatively recently, and still only in certain circles, that lay and patient perspectives have begun to be valued.
Another critical barrier to dialogue in healthcare occurs as a result of stigma and marginalization. For example, a homeless person may be reluctant to enter into dialogue with an affluent health professional, because of the personal trauma experienced over time by ‘damaging stories’ about homeless people [7,8]. This experience of a ‘spoiled’ identity was central to Goffman’s initial conceptualization of stigma, which emphasized that stigmatized individuals feel that others do not really accept them and are not ready to make contact with them on equal grounds [1,9].
Lack of dialogue can perpetuate the avoidance of others perceived to be different, or having views counter to their own. An extreme example of this is seen in ‘gated communities’, which drastically reduce the likelihood of social interactions between affluent and non-affluent citizens of a region, and effectively foreclose any dialogue in which they might otherwise engage. The result is a loss of experience with different perspectives, which can contribute to an insular world view, on the one hand, and experiences of social exclusion and devaluation on the other [10].
The positive power of dialogue
The Brokered Dialogue method is premised on the idea that there is something unique about dialogue as a generator of new knowledge [11]. We hypothesized that if we could identify important issues in which barriers to communication had arisen, and if we could encourage interested parties to engage in dialogue with one another—especially when that dialogue would likely not otherwise have occurred—then opportunities for new insights and increased understanding would result. By providing a hub to link people with divergent perspectives, the Brokered Dialogue method can also serve as a social intervention, potentially contributing to the resolution of disagreements through a variety of applications, discussed in greater detail below. This aspect of Brokered Dialogue draws on the narrative theories of Levinas and Ricoeur, which emphasize that it is through stories and dialogue that we come to recognize ‘oneself in another’ [12,13]. As such, dialogue may foster recognition of similarities between our own perspective and those of others, which may help to temper the emphasis on differences that often occur in controversial issues, and open new avenues for progress.
The stories we tell in sharing our perspectives serve both descriptive and prescriptive functions [13]. We articulate not only our ‘take’ on the problem, but we also offer suggestions for, or directions towards, what we believe ‘ought’ to happen. The sharing of stories and perspectives does not stop with the individual perspective, but the power rests in how such stories are taken up by others, interpreted, responded to, and incorporated into their own perspectives [4,14]. Underlying many controversies is a perspectival distancing between parties with ‘opposing’ views. Drawing on Trede’s conceptualization of critical transformative dialogues, parties engaged in dialogue may discover the opportunity to explore beyond their own horizons [15]. Dialogue reveals, and confronts the participants with, the values, power relationships and full range of personal stakes in a given issue and thereby bridges the personal and public spheres.
Brokered Dialogue is a method for capturing a representative range of interests and perspectives on a controversial issue, promoting respectful interactions among those with seemingly divergent views, and identifying potential pathways through which the issue might be solved or improved. We view the act of recognizing the interests and perspectives of ‘others’ in a polarized debate as a critical first step towards resolving disagreements which can present obstacles to progress. Recognizing points of agreement serves to legitimize the perspectives of others, as well as one’s own, and provides opportunities for bridging the distance between self and others [12,13]. Trede describes this process of mutual recognition as a ‘fusion of horizons’, or the ability to see, and possibly share, the ‘horizons’ of others. It is here where meaningful dialogue becomes possible. It is also the ability to engage freely in critical reflection with one’s own and others’ perspectives that is potentially transformative [15].
The virtual space for interaction created through the sharing of film clips that is central to the Brokered Dialogue method is both literally and figuratively a ‘fusion of horizons’ into a ‘safe’ space for a respectful and thoughtful dialogue.
Why film? accessibility, representation and audience
Film is the main vehicle by which the Brokered Dialogue method converges the perspectives at play in any controversial issue. We use it both as a research tool in its own right, and as a means for public engagement, social intervention and knowledge translation. Film is an accessible and familiar medium, which makes it a particularly useful vehicle for public engagement on complex social issues [16-18]. Beyond this however, it provides a much richer data source than purely text-based or even audio-based data. Our method is informed by the long tradition within anthropology and sociology of using film to record observations, interviews and interactions; to illuminate similarities and differences between cultural groups; and to engage viewers [16,18-20]. Using a visual medium like film situates the method within an arts-based approach to research that attempts to emphasize interconnectedness and relational aspects of experience, bringing affective and cognitive understanding together [21].
There is also a theoretical rationale for including film. Levinas and Ricoeur argued for narrative’s—and dialogue’s–important role in allowing one to recognize another person, of seeing ‘oneself in another’ while acknowledging their sovereignty or separateness from us [12,13]. Levinas used the concept of ‘face’ to describe this process [12]. Seeing the faces of others is important for recognizing our common humanity and for fostering obligations to listen and respond to other persons respectfully [22]. In order to offer participants an opportunity to engage with and reflect upon the perspectives of others, and to articulate their own perspectives with care and respect, the participants in our Brokered Dialogues do not meet face to face. Brokered Dialogue employs a participant-driven editing process, described below, which allows participants in the dialogue to represent their perspectives on a topic in a way that they feel comfortable sharing with other people. Meeting face-to-face might be uncomfortable or awkward, especially in the context of controversies or social situations in which there are power imbalances among the interested parties, such as a homeless patient questioning an emergency room physician’s attitude towards her. The use of film, with its highly accessible editing capabilities, provides a ‘safe’ and exploratory space for sharing, and being confronted by, the stories and perspectives of others.
Film is also an important medium for representation. Representation of an issue and representation of key stakeholders’ perspectives can occur seamlessly and efficiently on film. As Michael Bérubé comments, “representations matter” [23]. They shape the experiences of those who are represented (or misrepresented), how the various stakeholders understand an issue, and how they interpret the accounts of others. Through the editing process, participants in a Brokered Dialogue are not required to share any footage or commentary that they feel would either misrepresent their position on a topic, or that might cast them ‘in a bad light’. As researchers, we track participants’ editing choices and how they respond to their own ‘raw’ footage, what they choose to include and exclude. The material that is not included in a finished ‘cut’ of the resulting film(s) can still be used in traditional qualitative analysis, providing us with useful insights about how concerns about representation might contribute to the dynamics of a given issue, including insights about obstacles to dialogue itself. There is a democratizing impulse therefore to the method, in that participants and researchers both play a role in shaping the meta-narrative of the resulting film, which approximates a dialogue among the stakeholders.
‘Creative applications’
There may be instances where a film is not the most appropriate end product for widespread public dissemination of research findings resulting from a given Brokered Dialogue study. In cases of severe stigmatization for example, where the identification of research participants might result in important and potentially detrimental consequences for them, we may need to use a variety of ‘creative applications’ that remain true to the study findings, but disseminate them in another equally engaging format. For example, instead of a film, actors could be used to produce re-enactments of the interview data, in order to protect the identity of participants. Animation might be another option for such creative applications. We intend to explore these options as appropriate in future projects.
Use and impact
Ideally, the resulting films produced via Brokered Dialogue should be rich conceptually, and should clearly reflect the four goals of analysis: 1) they should reveal an in-depth understanding of the positions from which participants begin the dialogue; 2) they should demonstrate what the major points of contention are or where the relevant perspectives diverge significantly regarding the topic at hand; 3) they should consider whether the participants’ perspectives changed considerably by engaging in the Brokered Dialogue; and 4) hopefully, they will propose novel solutions or pathways towards resolution or at least promote greater understanding of the perspectives between the ‘players’. The real power of the method lies not in the creation of the film itself, but in using the films as catalysts for further dialogue and promoting greater understanding out in the ‘real world’ beyond the dialogic circle under study. As such, the film once distributed/disseminated is not a conclusion but rather a beginning, resulting in an ongoing multiplier effect as different audiences engage with it, take it up and participate in further dialogue and practice/policy change. We see it as a tool for facilitating social innovation, one that is informative to the fields of not only health practice and policy, but also knowledge translation, conflict resolution, change management, and community and public engagement.
In terms of measuring potential ‘impacts’ of the films (and additional creative applications), we are currently devising methods for identifying the metrics to evaluate such impacts. Relatively few evaluation strategies exist for assessing impacts of arts-based research methods, and virtually none involving research-based film [22,24]. The extent to which it changes viewers’ perceptions on the topic, whether it increases understanding between those with divergent perspectives, and whether the solutions identified are recognized by viewers are all potential features of change we would be interested in assessing [2]. For example, interactive survey technologies could be used prior to a screening of the film and then immediately afterwards to gauge shifts in opinion on particular features of the controversy. These strategies could be complemented with in-depth interviews or focus groups, to gain a better understanding of the impact of the Brokered Dialogue method on attitudes, opinions and on behavior changes. Repeated measures over time might help us understand the temporal duration of any impact. Future studies will build an evaluation framework.
Discussion
Table 1 summarizes the critical steps involved in the Brokered Dialogue method.
Table 1. Critical Steps inBrokered Dialogue
The method begins with the selection of a socially significant issue or controversy in which there is a lack of dialogue among the relevant stakeholders. Participants are selected based on the particular perspective they are anticipated to bring to the dialogue (purposive sampling) [25]. For example, we might conduct a Brokered Dialogue about seasonal influenza vaccination among healthcare workers, since vaccination rates remain low worldwide despite explicit recommendations that they be vaccinated [26]. We might begin by interviewing frontline practitioners who had and had not been vaccinated and perhaps an occupational health clinician involved in promoting staff vaccination and surveillance at a given institution.
Once participants have been identified, in-depth open-ended filmed interviews are conducted with each participant in order to elicit their experiences and perspectives on the topic. Drawing on interactive narrative methods, the positionality or ‘footing’ of given participants is recognized as important [27]. Based on our preliminary thematic analysis, and a combination of theoretical and sequential referral sampling [25,28-30] we might decide to interview representatives of public health agencies engaged in establishing influenza vaccination policies for healthcare organizations, representatives from the vaccine manufacturer, and hospital administrators.
Data collection and data analysis occur in conjunction with one another, in a recursive process [17,25,29,31,32]. Analysis of introductory interviews combines the review of filmed footage and written transcripts to identify codes, themes and concepts, as well as patterns of ideas that may serve as points of intersection for developing dialogue [15,17,29,31-33]. Comparisons within and across interviews are made (‘constant comparison’) [32-34]. A non-finalizing dialogic approach to analysis is adopted from this initial stage, whereby selections of the first interviews are compiled and compared, and points of divergence and convergence on the research topic identified [35]. The potential for a multiplicity of interpretations is recognized [35]. Based on this initial analysis, first ‘clips’a of the individual interview films are assembled, highlighting each participant’s perspective, and how it may fit with others [2,35]. Interviewees participate with us in editing their own film clips to ensure:
(a) that they accurately reflect their perspectives; (b) that they reflect a balance between the general narrative of the participant’s perspective, and specific points of contention; and (c) that they feel comfortable showing them to others. This iterative editing process is the visual equivalent to the textual ‘report’ generation described by Frank in textual dialogic analysis, creating “an opening … to further representations” [35, p. 44].
Following the creation of each participant’s edited and distilled initial interview (the resulting “film clip”), it is shown to each of the other participants. Participants view each others’ clips individually, reflect on their meaning and implications, and frame their questions, comments and responses, which they later share with us on film. This ‘responsive interview’ session is also filmed, analysed, and then reviewed and edited with the participant’s input, until they feel comfortable showing the material to the other participants. This process is repeated a second time and a ‘second clip’ is assembled.
Finally, we review all approved footage and related transcripts. We go back and forth between the transcripts and the film clips. This allows us to examine the important narrative elements of the participants’ contributions textually within the transcripts and to analyse the degree to which the narrative lines we have identified as the core axes of the emerging dialogue actually ‘work’ on film. Subsequent analysis meetings involve sharing our views on how best to represent the dialogue based on the available data. We view preliminary assemblies of all the participants’ film clips and make decisions about which clips and which particular sequences contribute most to the clarity and coherence of the dialogue, and to the visual flow and pacing of the film, according to our analytic criteria (see below).
The ‘first cut’ assembles the final selections of clips from all the participants into a single dialogue. This cut of the film is shown to all participants individually for their review and approval. Participants offer further editorial feedback and can suggest edits to their own footage to ensure that they are comfortable with how they are portrayed in the resulting film. We incorporate this final round of feedback and make any necessary changes, taking care to preserve the integrity and meaning of the dialogue. This process can take several iterations (cut 2), and can require additional filming in some cases in order to clarify specific points or to fill logical gaps in the dialogue. Once all participants are satisfied with the final assembled film—the final cut or cut 3—we seek their permission to disseminate the film. Depending on the context and the sensitivity of the topic, we may seek permission for unrestricted dissemination, or for each specific instance of dissemination. Brokered Dialogue participants have been extremely supportive of this level of control over the representation of their own views, though it raises challenges in terms of the efficiency of production for the final films.
Analysis
Brokered Dialogue is a qualitative research method with four specific analytic goals: 1) where do participants start? The goal is to understand differences and similarities in perspectives that participants bring to a given topic, i.e. their ‘baseline’ positions; 2) where do they diverge? The goal is to identify points of issue or contention within a chosen topic that can serve as moments of intersection among the participants’ perspectives and therefore also as key elements upon which to build a dialogue; 3) how do they change? The goal is to look for signs of evolution or change in individual participants’ perspectives that could be attributable to participating in the dialogue; and 4) what are the pathways to progress? The goal is to identify promising or novel pathways for progress towards solution or resolution of the issue under consideration that are revealed through dialogue.
Interviews are videotaped and audio taped to allow us to capture interactions between researchers and participants that occur off camera and incorporate them into the analysis. Audio tapes of all interviews are transcribed verbatim. We work from the text-based data to document emerging themes initially and to inform the editing process. We review the developing iterations of the film footage and use both written transcripts and the visual footage to inform the final rounds of edits.
Transcripts are reviewed and coded independently by all members of the project team. The dialogic narrative analysis is reviewed at team meetings and consensus reached. Editing decisions also incorporate the emerging analysis in order to organize the raw footage thematically as the resulting film is constructed. Accepted techniques for ensuring analytic rigour and trustworthiness for qualitative studies are employed, adopting a ‘relativist’ approach as characterized by Sparkes and Smith (2009) and others [3,36,37].
Narrative analysis of textual data
We use narrative analysis to identify common themes and patterns in the written transcripts [31,33,34] and employ a combined approach of thematic, interactive and dialogic narrative strategies [27,35]. This approach analyses “how protagonists interpret things” [33, p. 5] and is concerned not only with the content of what participants say, but the form and tone of their accounts as well [5]. The experiences and perspectives offered by participants in the Brokered Dialogue (the protagonists) reveal important aspects of social life [34]. The interactive narrative approach [27] is particularly useful for studying the interactions of these perspectives, which is central to the Brokered Dialogue method. In particular, points of uptake and resistance to others’ perspectives are highlighted as potential moments of intersection of perspectives. A strategy of multiple readings of each transcript is adopted [35], with some readings undertaken to analyse the transcript as a story in its entirety, and others entailing line-by-line coding [32,34]. Constant comparison within and between transcripts is employed [38]. The embodied, emotional work of this kind of analysis is recognized [3].
In keeping with the narrative and dialogic narrative underpinnings of the method, we believe that judgments of inquiry quality should be grounded in Frank’s framework (2012), with its commitment to dialogic rather than monologic design (seeking multiple accounts from numerous tellers), a recognition of polyphony (interaction of each teller’s voice with specific others, both heard and anticipated), a recognition of the differing narrative resources at the disposal of differently positioned participants, and a recognition of the fluid and ongoing evolution of stories offered [2,35,39]. Along the same lines, Brokered Dialogue analysis is less about summarizing ‘findings’, and instead “aims at increasing people’s possibilities for hearing themselves and others” [35]. Prolonged and intensive engagement with participants is central and allows the researchers to interact with them and determine the degree to which they are comfortable with their accounts as represented on film and to gauge how their perspectives may have shifted over time. Quality is also assessed based on the coherence of the emerging film, the insights generated, and addressing the narrative tensions that emerge [40].We do employ techniques of constant comparative analysis, using multiple analysts, record keeping (of both data collection and analytic decisions), but always employing a narrative and non-finalizing lens throughout the project [35,37,38].
Analytic approach to film editing
Analytic sessions focused on film editing are conducted in addition to the extensive analysis of textual data to determine which thematically-based segments should be incorporated into the final Brokered Dialogue films. Considerations of flow, pacing, timing and length constraints, visual and sound quality, and relative contribution to the resulting meta-narrative are incorporated into the crafting of the final film. The process is analogous to the writing up of qualitative research findings, marshalling evidence for themes through example quotes from participants. However the interaction of participants’ perspectives with one another is also portrayed in order to demonstrate the interests at stake in the topic, the resistance and uptake of other perspectives by particular participants.
The ‘brokering’ process is embedded within the method, as described above. However the core aspect of brokering is analytic – it is the analysts’ role to identify ‘points of intersection’ between particular participants’ accounts which contribute to ‘core axes’ for the dialogue. ‘Points of intersection’ occur within participants’ accounts, where they identify similarities between their perspective and those of other participants, or may emphasize a perspective differing significantly from those of other participants. Evidence of convergence and/or divergence of perspective are important to understanding the controversy and for illuminating possible pathways to solutions or resolutions. As analysts we then bring these convergences/divergences together on screen to make the key insights and opportunities for further dialogue explicit for the viewer. One further brokering role fulfilled by the researchers is to ensure respectful exchanges between participants, and to probe/challenge their positions on the topic at hand, in order to enhance clarity and to improve the efficiency of the dialogue.
Research ethics considerations
Our Brokered Dialogue projects involve human research participants and therefore undergo ethics review by the St. Michael’s Hospital Research Ethics Board. The research ethics implications of conducting filmed interviews are considerable. All participants give written informed consent. All those invited to participate are told repeatedly that the nature of film means that they cannot be anonymous, and must agree to being filmed in order to participate. Consent is seen as an ongoing process, not a one-time event. Because they are recognizable on film, participants are reminded repeatedly that they have considerable editorial control over what gets shown to others. We use a participatory editing process. Because our goal is to promote in-depth and respectful interaction between key stakeholders with varying perspectives on a topic, we emphasize that they are not obliged to share any filmed segments that they would feel uncomfortable showing another person. They are invited to edit out any segments that they would not wish another person to see, or that they worry might be construed as offensive to other interested parties. No material is viewed by anyone other than members of the research team without the participants’ input and approval. Unlike documentary filmmaking, concerns of respect and abiding by participants’ wishes override those related to film quality. This core feature of Brokered Dialogue has been extremely well received by our participants.
Limitations
While the method is innovative and has numerous strengths, it is not without its challenges. This technique presupposes a familiarity with qualitative narrative analysis and dialogic and interactive approaches to narrative analysis specifically [2,27,35] . For those less familiar with such approaches it may require a considerable investment of time and intellectual energy. In addition there are technical challenges inherent in working with filmmaking equipment, film editing, and visual data and analysis. We work extensively with experienced documentary filmmakers who are skilled in editing, directing, and camera work. We have found such interdisciplinary collaboration to be very rewarding. Finally, the technique itself, and particularly the participant-driven editing process can prove time consuming and labour-intensive. We intend to explore options for improving efficiency in future work.
Summary
This paper has described the Brokered Dialogue method, a new approach we have developed to construct and analyse dialogue around controversial social issues. We have outlined the method’s theoretical foundations, its underlying assumptions, its key methodological features, and some reflections on potential uses and impact of the method. Two versions (a short 15-minute version and a longer 35-minute version) [41] of our pilot work, in which we studied a public drug funding policy controversy related to a diabetes drug are available for viewing via the following link: http://www.vimeo.com/brokereddialogue webcite.
Our experiences in developing these pilot films have been our ‘laboratory’ for understanding and refining the core features of Brokered Dialogue. As such, the films do not fully reflect all the features of the method, as described above, but they provide a useful view of the origins of the method. Our current Brokered Dialogue projects better reflect the full scope of the method and these will be published and made available as they are completed.
We believe Brokered Dialogue is applicable in any context in which there is controversy, or where significant barriers to dialogue exist. It could be used to promote dialogue between homeless parents and children’s aid workers, between shelter users and neighbourhood residents, between patients and clinicians, and between injured workers and compensation board staff, or between researchers and policy makers, to name but a few examples. Our hope is that it will be used widely. This paper has served to introduce the method. In subsequent papers we will report on specific applications of Brokered Dialogue and also share our evolving views about how the method can be employed as an intervention strategy, in addition to its potential value as a research method.
Endnotes
aA note on terminology: to clarify, we use the term ‘clip’ to denote film segments from individual participants’ interviews. ‘Cut’ refers to assemblies of footage that incorporate the perspectives of all the participants.
Competing interests
The manuscript submitted does not contain information about medical devices or drugs. No benefits in any form have been, or will be, received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this manuscript.
Authors’ contributions
Both JAP and JVL contributed equally to the conceptual and methodological development of this new method. JVL had the original idea for Brokered Dialogue and JAP provided important theoretical and methodological insights early on in its development. They have been research collaborators for the past five years. Both authors contributed equally to the subsequent data collection, data analysis and film editing during the study piloting the method and continue to do so in the subsequent projects where it is currently being applied. Both authors contributed equally to the preparation of this manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the important contributions of Wendy Rowland, documentary filmmaker, who has worked closely with us and assisted us significantly in the development of the Brokered Dialogue method. Funding for the pilot project was generously provided by the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/12/92/prepub
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Climate change (Primary topic)
Tags:
climate | CLIM2008 | climate change | CLIM041 | CLIM | flooding | coastal areas
DPSIR: Impact
Typology: Descriptive indicator (Type A – What is happening to the environment and to humans?)
Indicator codes
• CLIM 041
Dynamic
Temporal coverage:
1961-1990, 2080-2089
Contents
Key policy question:
Key messages
• Coastal flooding can lead to important losses. By 2100, the population in the main coastal European cities exposed to sea-level rise and associated impacts on coastal systems is expected to be about 4 million and the exposed assets more than EUR 2 trillion (without adaptation).
• Future projections of sea-level rise and associated impacts on coastal systems show potentially large increases in the risk of coastal flooding. These could have significant economic costs (without adaptation), with recent estimates in the range of 12 to 18 billion EUR/year for Europe in 2080 under the IPCC SRES A2 scenario. The same estimates indicate that adaptation could significantly reduce this risk to around EUR 1 billion.
Modelled number of people flooded across Europe's coastal areas in 1961-1990 and in the 2080s
Note: The map shows the modelled number of people flooded across Europe's coastal areas
Data source:
JRC PESETA project: http://peseta.jrc.ec.europa.eu/docs/Costalareas.html
Downloads and more info
Key assessment
DINAS-COASTS DG research project results show impacts increasing significantly without adaptation: in the 2080s under the A2 SRES scenario, it is estimated that around 2 000 to 17 000 km2 of land in Europe could be permanently lost, leading to 0.1 to 1.3 million people in Europe experiencing coastal flooding each year, depending on the climate sensitivity. The economic costs of these events are estimated in the range of 12 to 18 billion euro/year for Europe in 2080 (current prices). Large areas of coastal wetlands are also threatened, with the highest relative losses on the Mediterranean and Baltic coasts.
ABI (2006) estimates that a 40 cm rise in sea levels will put an extra 130 000 properties at risk of flooding in the United Kingdom. In total 400 000 properties will be at risk, up nearly 50 % on the current number. Without improvements to existing flood defences, the costs of a major coastal flood could soar by 400 % to as much as GBP 16 billion. Essential services and lives will also be at risk, e.g. 15 % of fire and ambulance stations and 12 % of hospitals and schools are in flood-risk areas. The elderly will be particularly affected as the number living on, or moving to, the coast is well above the national average.
Using the same climate and sea-level projection as above (A2 scenario in the 2080s), with hard adaptation measures (dike building and beach nourishment) included, the DINAS-COAST Consortium and the PESETA project suggest that the land loss falls to less than 1 000 km2 and the economic costs to around 1 billion euro/year. The adaptation costs (mainly coast protection with dikes) are estimated at some 1 billion euro/year, but these achieve considerable reductions in the residual damage.
ABI (2006) also estimates that spending around GBP 6-8.5 billion on improving coastal defences would have a substantial impact on damages, both now and in the future. In other words, they would virtually pay for themselves in a single incident, ignoring the wider social and economic costs that arise from regional damage. But of course sea defences do not simply operate on a single occasion: in reality defences would prevent many less severe storm surges from causing damage. Typically this type of capital investment may deliver benefits over its lifetime worth seven times the cost. The benefits from this investment will be even greater if the frequency of storms increases in line with predictions.
Recent work (OECD, 2008) assessed exposure to a 1 in 100 year flood event, looking at population and asset value exposed now and with sea-level rise in 2100 for the following cities: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Hamburg, London, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Marseille-Aix-en- Provence, Athens, Napoli, Lisbon, Porto, Barcelona, Stockholm, and Glasgow. For these cities, the exposed population increases from 2.3 million to 4.0 million, and the exposed assets from EUR 240 to EUR 1 400 billion (the values are dominated by London, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam).
Data sources
More information about this indicator
See this indicator specification for more details.
Contacts and ownership
EEA Contact Info
Hans-Martin Füssel
Ownership
EEA Management Plan
2008 2.3.1 (note: EEA internal system)
Dates
First draft created: 2009/01/20 09:13:9.462000 GMT+1
Publish date: 2008-09-08T00:00:00+02:00
Last modified: 2012/09/11 16:51:13.345009 GMT+2
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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Death certificateEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:05, 9 September 2012 by Sabwoo (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
A Death Certificate is a document describing the deceased state of a person (date, place and cause of death). It is usually later entered in an official register of deaths. A death certificate may also include other information obtained from an informant (such as birth, marriage and burial info). It may be issued by
• A medical practitioner who attended the deceased
• A person such as a Registrar of Vital records
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
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Fremont County, WyomingEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 17:31, 4 October 2012 by Jaburgess (Talk | contribs)
United States Wyoming Fremont County
Fremont County Wyoming.png
Contents
County Courthouse
Fremont County Courthouse
450 N 2nd Street
Lander, WY 82520
Phone: 307.332.2405
County Clerk has marriage and land records from 1884,
burial and military records; Clerk Distric Court has divorce,
probate and court records[1]
History
Parent County
'1884--'Fremont County was created 5 March 1884 from Sweetwater County. County seat: Lander [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Arapahoe Ethete Lysite Riverton
Atlantic City Fort Washakie Madden Saint Stephens
Bonneville Hudson Midvale Sand Draw
Boulder Flats Jeffrey City Milford Shoshoni
Boysen Johnstown Moneta South Pass City
Burris Kinnear Morton Sweetwater Station
Crowheart Lander Myersville (hist.) Wind River
Dubois Lost Cabin Pavillion
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Census
For tips on accessing Fremont County, Wyoming census records online, see: Wyoming Census.
Church
LDS Ward and Branch Records
• Riverton
Court
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Migration
Early migration routes to and from Fremont County, Wyoming for European and African American settlers included:
Military
Newspapers
Probate
The bulk of the probate case files from the 1880's to the 1940's have been transferred to the Wyoming State Archives in Cheyenne. Check their website for additional details.
Taxation
Vital Records
477 marriages from 23 Jul 1867 to 31 Jan 1904 are listed on the Western States Marriage Index.
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. The Handybook for Genealogists : United States of America, 10th ed., (Draper, UT: Everton Publishers, 2002), p. 766. Fremont County, Wyoming
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
3. Jim Tompkins, "The Oregon Trail 1841-1848 Map III" in Oregon Trail Landmarks at http://www.oregonpioneers.com/OTMap3.jpg (accessed 18 July 2011).
4. "Oregon California Trails Association" at http://octatrails.micromaps.com/ (accessed 18 July 2011).
5. "The Pioneer Story: The Mormon Pioneer Trail" in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at http://lds.org/gospellibrary/pioneer/pioneerstory.htm (accessed 18 July 2011).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
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11th BirthDay
Go4Expert Founder
27Sep2009,11:36 #1
Today is the 11th Birthday of Google and check the logo
How has the Google changed your life in this time.
For me they have made me an entrepreneur.
nimesh likes this
Skilled contributor
27Sep2009,12:22 #2
yeah..now I got the answer of question.
Invasive contributor
27Sep2009,21:27 #3
there is definitely a great of Google for what I'm today.
life is impossible without Google.
Sometimes I just think how did people managed before Google
Skilled contributor
29Sep2009,22:56 #4
Funny, indeed. Some of my friends were confused to see 'Googlle'. Some thought it was a spelling error.
Ambitious contributor
13Oct2009,09:34 #5
Wishing you all the best GOOGLE!
Happy Birthday!
Skilled contributor
13Oct2009,12:33 #6
u shud wish belated happy birthday yar
Mentor
13Oct2009,15:16 #7
Quote:
Originally Posted by nimesh
Sometimes I just think how did people managed before Google
AltaVista.
Very accurate search engine, but very prone to keyword abuse. Google wasn't that great in its early days because the links database hadn't built up, but after it had reached a usable mass then search results for Google were always more like what you were after than if the same string were given to AltaVista.
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Displaying a character's ascii in assembly? (pep8)
Newbie Member
29Aug2012,18:28 #1
Hai,
I'm using Pep8 which is a simulator for my assembly class. For the 1st step of the project I need to find a way to display a character's ascii number.
'h' is 104
so
deco 'h',i (decimal output 'h' immediately) will output 104.. but note that I need to manually enter 'h'.. How to I input it through like chari or on the console... if you see what i mean ...help
When I enter:
chari ascii,d ; Character input and store it in the "variable" ascii
deco ascii,d ; Decimal output of the "variable" ascii
stop
ascii : .block 2 ;
.end
I get 26624 instead of 104!! My teacher said it's 104 times 256 = 26624.. but why times 256.. I need to do something but I don't know what!!
HELP!
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Molecular Imaging
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 501579, 10 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/501579
Review Article
Engineering Molecular Beacons for Intracellular Imaging
1Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface and Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
2State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Received 7 August 2012; Accepted 21 September 2012
Academic Editor: Xiaoyuan Chen
Copyright © 2012 Cuichen Sam Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Molecular beacons (MBs) represent a class of nucleic acid probes with unique DNA hairpin structures that specifically target complementary DNA or RNA. The inherent “OFF” to “ON” signal transduction mechanism of MBs makes them promising molecular probes for real-time imaging of DNA/RNA in living cells. However, conventional MBs have been challenged with such issues as false-positive signals and poor biostability in complex cellular matrices. This paper describes the novel engineering steps used to improve the fluorescence signal and reduce to background fluorescence, as well as the incorporation of unnatural nucleotide bases to increase the resistance of MBs to nuclease degradation for application in such fields as chemical analysis, biotechnology, and clinical medicine. The applications of these de novo MBs for single-cell imaging will be also discussed.
1. Introduction
Over the past decade, the molecular processes inside cells have been intensively investigated, including, for example, translocation of proteins and the dynamics of transcription and translation, directly affecting the fields of molecular cell biology, drug discovery, and medical diagnostics [1]. The key to the effective and successful monitoring of single-cell dynamics is the development of ultrasensitive and quantitative imaging with specific recognition of targets in living cells. To accomplish this, various nucleic acid (NA) probes, in particular, molecular beacons, have been proposed on the basis of their facile synthesis, unique functionality, molecular specificity, and structural tolerance to various modifications [2]. Since the first report of MBs in 1996 [3], they have become widely used for real-time observation of RNA distribution and dynamics in living cells.
As shown in Figure 1, molecular beacons are hairpin-shaped oligonucleotides with a fluorescence donor on one end and an acceptor on the other end. Generally, molecular beacons are composed of a 15–30 base loop region for target recognition and a double-stranded stem containing 4–6 base pairs. The signal transduction mechanism of molecular beacons is mainly based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). A fluorescence donor in the excited state transfers the absorbed energy to a nearby fluorescence acceptor via dipole-dipole coupling, causing fluorescence emission by the acceptor and/or quenching of fluorescence donor. Because the efficiency of energy transfer is significantly affected by the distance between the donor and the acceptor, the decrease in donor fluorescence and/or the increase in acceptor fluorescence can be used to study the binding events between a single-strand nucleic acid and its target. Therefore, in the absence of target DNA, RNA, or protein, molecular beacons maintain the loop-stem structure, resulting in quenching due to the close proximity between fluorescence acceptor and donor (OFF state). However, upon target binding, a spontaneous conformational change occurs to open the stem and restore the fluorescence signal (ON state). By monitoring the change of fluorescence intensity, molecular beacons have been used for the detection of DNA and RNA in living systems [3, 57], design of biosensors [8, 9], and investigation of protein-DNA interactions [1012].
Figure 1: Schematic design of a molecular beacon. Hairpin-shaped MBs have a fluorophore (orange) and a quencher (blue) on the 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively. In the absence of target sequences, the fluorescence of MBs is quenched due to the close proximity between the fluorophore and quencher. After introduction of the complementary sequence, the cDNA will force the stem helix to open, resulting in a fluorescence restoration [4].
After nearly two decades of development, MBs have attracted interest for real-time intracellular monitoring based on their unique properties, including, for instance, possibility of RNA detection without the need to separate the bound and unbound probes, high sensitivity, and the selectivity required to differentiate between sequences with single-base mismatches [4]. However, when applied in intracellular environments, MBs continue to be hindered by: (1) low signal intensity from a single fluorophore and vulnerability to photobleaching, which limit sensitivity; (2) unquenched high background signal from the MB itself, which causes limited increase of the signal-to-background ratio upon target binding; (3) tendency toward instability in living cells by the degradation by endogenous nucleases and nonspecific binding of cytoplasmic proteins, events which result in false-positive signals. To solve these problems, molecular engineering of MBs has been introduced using, for instance, water-soluble conjugated polymers (CPs) [13] and artificial nucleotides, such as locked nucleic acid (LNA) [14] and L-DNA [15], as well as molecular assembly of an array of quencher molecules to produce superquenchers (SQs) [16] or hybrid molecular probes (HMPs) [17]. This paper will first describe the recent developments in molecular engineering that improve MBs for use in intracellular imaging, including increasing signal intensity, reducing interfering background fluorescence, and enhancing biostability. This will be followed by a discussion of how these newly engineered MBs are applied in intracellular imaging to achieve simultaneous monitoring of target molecules.
2. Molecular Engineering of Molecular Beacons
2.1. Conjugated Polymer (CP-) Modified MBs to Increase Fluorescence Signal
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are polyunsaturated macromolecules in which all backbone atoms are sp- or sp2-hybridized. They are known to exhibit photoluminescence with high quantum efficiency [18]. A unique and attractive property of fluorescent CPs is their fluorescence superquenching effect [19, 20], allowing a hundred- to a millionfold more sensitivity to fluorescence quenching compared to that of their low molecular weight analogues. Among these CPs, water-soluble poly(phenylene ethynylene)s (PPEs) are particularly attractive candidates for optical biosensing applications by their high fluorescence quantum yields in aqueous solutions [21]. PPEs can be prepared through palladium (Pd) catalyzed cross-coupling of bisacetylenic and diiodoaryl monomers in an amine environment [22]. After synthesis of MBs on a DNA synthesizer through solid phase phosphoramidite chemistry, a 5I-dU residue is introduced into each MB as a monomer of polymerization, followed by cross-coupling of the polymer chain with MBs (Figure 2) [13]. Based on the superquenching property of the conjugated polymer, the CP-modified MBs have greatly amplified the signal/background ratio compared to traditional MBs.
Figure 2: Schematic solid state synthesis procedure of PPE-labeled molecular beacons [13]. (Q: DABCYL quencher).
2.2. Reduction of Background Fluorescence
Although MBs are designed for their specific complementary targets, incomplete quenching can occur due to a variety of reasons. First, the probe itself cannot be perfectly quenched even by the close proximity of acceptor and donor, thus limiting signal enhancement. Second, false-positive signals arise from degradation by nucleases or nonspecific binding of proteins. Third, traditional molecular beacons easily suffer from interruption of the stem structure. This can be explained by: (1) the complicated cellular environment, in which chances abound for undesired intermolecular interactions between stems and their complementary sequences or (2) the thermodynamic conformational switch between hairpin and nonhairpin structures. To address the problem of high background fluorescence, the Tan group has adopted a variety of successful strategies, as discussed in this section.
To improve the signal-to-background ratio of MBs, the most straightforward method involves increasing the number of quenchers. By the molecular assembly of different numbers of quenchers on one end of MBs, while keeping only one fluorophore on the other end, Yang et al. achieved high sensitivity and specificity [16]. Multiple quenchers improve absorption efficiency and increase the probability of dipole-dipole coupling between the quenchers and fluorophore (Figure 3). The quenching efficiency of DABCYL increased as the number of DABCYL moieties increased: 92.9% for single DABCYL, 98.75% for dual DABCYLs, and 99.7% for triple DABCYLs, as a superquencher (SQ). Such superquencher MB assemblies demonstrated a 320-fold fluorescence enhancement upon a target binding, a significant improvement compared to a single-quencher with only 14-fold enhancement. Superquencher-labeled MBs showed great sensitivity, higher thermal stability, and slightly improved specificity compared to regular MBs. This strategy can also be used for other nucleic acid probes, such as aptamers [2325], which generated a 49000-fold signal increment when PDGF aptamers bound to PDGF proteins.
Figure 3: Schematic of a molecular beacon conjugated with a superquencher consisting of triple DABCYLs. The signal-to-background ratio of molecular beacons increases as the number of quenchers increases [16].
Negative signals of molecular beacons typically result from sticky-end pairing between hybridized MBs [26]. This was solved with the introduction of the hybrid molecular probe (HMP) developed by Yang et al. [17]. Two single-stranded DNA sequences, each complementary to part of the target DNA, were linked by a flexible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer. The fluorescence acceptor and donor moieties are labeled on each terminus (Figure 4). Upon hybridization to target, the 5′ and 3′ ends of the HMP are brought into close proximity, resulting in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) signal. False-positive signals due to nucleases and nonspecific binding to proteins were greatly reduced even in cancer cell lysate. Compared to conventional MBs, HMPs have intrinsic advantages. First, its special loop-stem structure, which is based on the sequence of target NA, is easier to design. Second, while MBs are hindered by the energy barrier of the self-complementary stem structure, which slows down hybridization kinetics, HMPs respond to target DNA/RNA more rapidly due to the absence of stem structures in HMP. Third, although unmodified MBs cannot avoid false-positive signals or nonspecific protein binding, HMP can easily overcome these obstacles by linking two oligonucleotides with a PEG spacer.
Figure 4: Working principle of hybrid molecular probe (HMP) binding to target nucleic acid sequence. Fluorescence kinetic study of HMP to the target and control sequence [17].
Incorporation of unnatural enantiomeric L-DNA in the stem of a molecular beacon is another strategy to prevent the occurrence of false-positive signals caused by the undesired intermolecular interactions between stems and their complementary sequences (Figure 5(a)) [15]. While L-DNA and D-DNA have identical physical properties, they cannot form stable duplex structures as expected for D-DNA complementary strands. MBs with D-DNA loop and L-DNA stem have better sensitivity and stability, for example, higher signal-to-background ratio and melting temperature. More importantly, MBs with L-DNA-modified stems can effectively prevent false-positive signals caused by nonspecific hybridization of D-DNA sequences to the stems of conventional MBs with D-DNAs.
Figure 5: (a) Schematic of molecular beacon using L-DNA for the stem part (red) and D-DNA for the loop part (blue) [15]. (b) Principle of caged molecular beacons (cMBs) locked by covalent bonding or biotin-avidin interaction via photocleavable linkage. After light illumination, activated MBs will recover the hybridization to complementary target [27].
Incomplete quenching can also be checked by locking the stem of a molecular beacon with a photo-labile molecular interaction or covalent bond. Without light irradiation, the light-activatable MBs are inactive, even in the presence of target sequence. After unlocking with a quick light illumination, the decaged MBs recover their ability to hybridize to complementary DNA/RNA. Inspired by this design, Wang et al. made use of a biotin-avidin interaction or triazole to lock the stem of MBs via a photocleavable linker (PC linker) bearing an o-nitrobenzyl moiety [27]. The cMBs have lower background fluorescence based on the tighter distance between fluorophore and quencher that results from the covalent linkage or high affinity interaction in the stem part (Figure 5(b)). This photocaged technique will find wide application in the study of gene expression, protein synthesis, and cell signaling with high temporal and spatial resolution.
Apart from the molecular probe itself, significant background interference also arises from the native fluorescence in complex biological fluids. Species in the physiological environment can have a strong autofluorescence background, which may reduce the sensitivity of NA probes. To address this issue, Yang et al. molecularly engineered NA probes with a spatially sensitive fluorescent dye, such as pyrene, to monitor proteins, RNA, and small molecules in complex biological environments [2830]. Excited state dimers (excimers) are formed when an excited-state pyrene encounters a ground state pyrene [31]. The excimer emission is a broad, featureless band centered at 480 nm to 500 nm, which can be easily differentiated from the pyrene monomer that emits in the range from 370 nm to 400 nm. The excimer also has a very long fluorescence lifetime compared to other potential fluorescent species (as much as 100 ns or longer), while most biological background species have lifetimes of at most 5 ns. In the case of pyrene-labeled MBs, varied numbers of pyrene molecules are conjugated on the 5′ end of the MB sequence (Figure 6) [28]. In the absence of complementary DNA, the fluorescence of the pyrene monomer and excimer is quenched by the close proximity of pyrenees and DABCYL. However, the pyrene excimer fluorescence is restored after introduction of cDNA, which induces opening of the loop and hence, separates the pyrenees from DABCYL. Compared to FAM-labeled MBs, MBs labeled with multiple pyrenees have higher signal enhancement after addition of equimolar target. More importantly, time-resolved fluorescence was able to differentiate the fluorescence signal from the pyrene-labeled probe and complex biological species, for example, cell growth media. During the first 10 ns, the excimer emission spectra were hidden by the severe background fluorescence from cell media, similar to the emission spectrum of steady-state measurement. However, because of the different lifetimes among pyrene excimer, pyrene monomer and background fluorescence, the signal from pyrene excimer emission could be differentiated from the intense background interference 40 ns after the excitation pulse. In the chosen time window, much of the excimer emission still occurred, while most of the background autofluorescence had decayed [28, 30]. Using time-resolved methods, multiple pyrene-labeled MBs have the potential for sensitive measurement of low nanomolar target DNA in complex biological environments.
Figure 6: (a) Scheme of a dual pyrene-labeled molecular beacon hybridized with complementary target sequence (green ball = pyrene; red ball = DABCYL quencher). (b) Chemical structure of dual-pyrene-modified molecular beacon with pyrene monomer and DABCYL on the 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively [28].
2.3. Biostability Enhancement
Intracellular nuclease degradation and nonspecific protein binding thwart the use of traditional NA probes. To solve this problem, many chemically modified nucleotides have been proposed to increase the biostability of molecular beacons and prevent false-positive signals. For example, Wang et al. designed a molecular beacon using a locked nucleic acid (LNA) base, which has a methylene bridge connecting the 2′-oxygen of the ribose and the 4′-carbon (Figure 7(a)) [14]. The LNA possesses unique properties relative to a normal nucleotide. First, the LNA-LNA duplex has tighter binding and maintains s stable structure at 95°C. Second, LNA MBs are superior to DNA MBs in discriminating single-base mismatches. Finally, LNA MBs can resist interference by nonspecific proteins, such as single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) and the degradation by nucleases in the cell environment. However, the hybridization kinetics of LNA MBs are relatively slow compared to DNA MBs. Therefore, Yang et al. synthesized DNA/LNA chimeric MBs, which significantly improved the hybridization rates and maintained resistance to nonspecific protein binding and nuclease digestion [32].
Figure 7: (a) Chemical structure of a molecular beacon and a LNA sequence [32]. (b) Schematic of MBs with a dZ : dP-modified stem [33].
Artificial nucleotides, which rely on an artificially expanded genetic information system (Aegis), have also been used to design molecular beacons. Sheng et al. synthesized 6-amino-5-nitro-3-(1′-beta-D-2′-deoxyribofuranosyl)-2(1H)-pyridone (dZ) and 2-amino-8-(1′-beta-D-2′-deoxyribofuranosyl)-imidazo [1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4(8H)-one (dP) as the Aegis pair and incorporated this pair into the stem part of MBs (Figure 7(b)). The dZ : dP pair-modified MBs have excellent enzymatic resistance compared to normal MBs, as well as a hybridization interaction stronger than that of the dC : dG pairs, which provides the potential for effective discrimination against mismatched bases in short DNA duplexes [33].
2.4. Molecular Beacon Functionalized Nanomaterials
The rapid development of nanotechnology further facilitates the wide application of molecular beacons in disease diagnosis [34], biological visualization in living cells [35], and measurement of ribozymal catalytic activity [36]. The unique chemical and physical properties of nanomaterials, especially gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), including easy preparation, precise control of size and shape, facile modification with different ligands, and the binding-induced alteration in surface plasmon resonance, conductivity, or redox behavior [37], as well as the excellent biocompatibility and delivery efficiency into living cells [3840], make metal nanomaterials outstanding candidates for the design of biosensors and molecular imaging. To solve the issue of molecular beacons in high instrument cost and requirement of well-trained operators, Mao et al. developed a dry-reagent strip-type nucleic acid biosensor (DSNAB) based on the assembly of MB-modified gold nanoparticles and a lateral flow test strip [34]. A DSNAB device consists of a sample pad, a conjugate pad for the specific hybridization between target DNAs and biotin-labeled MB-AuNPs, a nitrocellulose membrane with one test line and other control line, and an absorption pad. When an unknown sample solution with target DNA is applied on the sample pad, it starts to migrate to the conjugate pad by capillary action. Target DNA opens the MB hairpin structure resulting in activation of biotin on the area of conjugate pad, followed by the binding between these activated biotin-labeled MBs and preimmobilized streptavidin in the test line, causing an intense red band. The excess biotin MB-AuNPs are captured in the control zone causing another red band. Without target DNAs in unknown solution, only one red band can be observed at the control line, which shows that the device is functioning properly. This low-cost and sensitive detection device was able to achieve a detection limit of 50 pM nucleic acids with a portable strip reader in 15 min.
Another strategy to overcome the photobleaching and photodegradation of organic fluorophores in molecular beacons is preparation of MB-quantum dot conjugates, because semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are brighter and more resistant to photobleaching than organic fluorophores [41]. Yeh et al. developed AuNP-modified nuclease-resistant MBs and quantum dot hybrid nanoprobes for real-time visualization of virus replication in living cells [35]. The fluorescence emission of quantum dot is quenched by almost 100% by nearby gold nanoparticles. But hybridization with the viral genome in coxsackievirus (CVB6-) infected Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cells moves the AuNPs away from the quantum dots, and the QD fluorescence signal is restored. This nanoprobe can be taken into viral infected cells to monitor newly synthesized viral RNA in real time.
In another application, a nanometal surface energy transfer (NEST) method was employed as a molecular ruler to analyze the conformational changes of hammerhead ribozymes in real time. The NEST method was preferred to conventional FRET due to the larger energy transfer distance in NEST [36]. The hammerhead ribozyme has a core loop flanked by three stems (stems I, II, and III) after binding with substrate. Jennings et al. modified a 1.4 nm AuNP at the 5′ end of the ribozyme and a FAM fluorophore at the 5′ end of the substrate to monitor the distance changes during different steps of the ribozyme-catalyzed reaction (binding between ribozyme and substrate, folding and final cleavage). The results showed separation distances of nm and nm between the FAM fluorophore and gold nanoparticle for relaxed and activated hammerhead complexes, respectively, confirmed by the classical FRET measurement of nm and nm. Furthermore, the rate constants of ribozyme binding to substrate and cleavage were μM−1 min−1 and min−1, respectively, in close agreement with previous reports.
3. Molecularly Engineered Probes for Intracellular Imaging
Since the first report of molecular beacons for intracellular real-time monitoring of RNA by Tyagi and Kramer in 1996, numerous types of MBs have been developed for target measurement in living cells without the need for separation of unbound probes or additional signal amplification. As a result of cell-to-cell variation, intracellular imaging with MBs has usually employed the strategy of ratiometric measurement, whereby one MB was designed for a specific target of interest, and the other served as the reference probe. Drake et al. investigated the stochasticity of human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA expression in breast cancer cells using a molecular beacon that targeted MnSOD mRNA, while the reference MB targeted β-actin mRNA [42]. A -labeled scrambled DNA sequence was used as a negative control. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an inflammatory mediator involved in Escherichia coli bacterial sepsis and is proven to stimulate MnSOD mRNA expression in multiple mammalian cells. After LPS treatment, the MnSOD mRNA expression level in the MDA-MB-231 cell line, as detected by MnSOD mRNA MB, showed a distinct cell-to-cell variation, that is, to on average. On the other hand, for the β-actin MB, LPS treatment showed very little change relative to cell distribution, either before or after LPS induction.
In addition to probing one pattern of cancer-related mRNA expression, MBs can also monitor multiple gene expression in a single living cell. Medley et al. synthesized three MBs labeled with different fluorophores to monitor the expression level of human MnSOD and β-actin mRNA in a single MDA-MB-231 cell [43]. was chosen as the label for the reference probe in channel D, due to its stable emission fluorescence intensity and lack of fluorophore crosstalk. After microinjection, in channel B only a small amount of fluorescence signal was observed for control MB, which was designed to have no target complementary mRNA inside the cell. At min, a fluorescence signal was only barely observed for β-actin MBs; however, the fluorescence intensity increased as time elapsed, consistent with the high expression of β-actin in the MDA-MB-231 cell. In channel C of MnSOD MBs, the fluorescence intensity showed the same increasing trend but not to the extent seen in the β-actin MBs (Figure 8). Furthermore, the varied pattern of gene expression in a single cell can be determined by this method. LPS induction showed a significant impact on the expression of MnSOD relative to that of β-actin. Besides probing multiple gene expression, Medley et al. also applied MBs and a cell-permeant Fluo-4 calcium ion indicator to investigate both mRNA expression levels and ion concentrations and their relationships in the same living cell [44].
Figure 8: Real-time monitoring of multiple gene expression using different MBs in a single MDA-MB-231 cell. (a) Fluorescence imaging of the β-actin MB (green), (b) fluorescence imaging of control MB (red), (c) fluorescence imaging of MnSOD MB (blue), and (d) fluorescence imaging of reference probe (orange) [43].
To avoid interference from false-positive signals, for example, nonspecific protein binding and nuclease degradation, Martinez et al. used the HMP for intracellular studies of mRNA expression levels, as discussed in Section 2.2 [45]. Compared to MBs, HMPs have faster hybridization kinetics and greater resistance to nuclease degradation inside cells. Multiple mRNA sequences, such as β-tubulin, β-actin, and MnSOD, were chosen as targets for the design of three HMPs labeled with different fluorophores. After introduction into single cells by microinjection, the HMPs showed an intense FRET signal when hybridized to target mRNA, while the control HMP without cellular target showed only the signal of the fluorescence acceptor. This work indicated that HMPs had far less propensity for false-positive signals and performed better than traditional MBs inside living cells. The lifetime of molecular beacons in living cells is usually ~30 min, and after that, MBs will be digested by cellular nucleases and show false-positive signals. Therefore, investigators must address this problem if prolonged long-term real-time monitoring in single living cells is to be achieved. Inspired by locked nucleic acids (LNAs) [14, 32], Wu et al. developed LNA/DNA MBs with LNA-modified loops and LNA-/DNA-mixed stems to monitor mRNA expression in real-time for 5–24 h [46]. During treatment with LPS for 4 h, target MnSOD MBs showed a distinct increase in fluorescence intensity, while no change in the confocal fluorescence imaging was observed for control MBs. After injection into living cells over 24 h, the control MBs still retained their function and showed an intense fluorescence signal after introduction of their complementary target (Figure 9).
Figure 9: Time-lapse confocal fluorescence images of control MBs injected in a single cell for 24 h. At min, excess amount of cDNAs of control MBs was microinjected into the cell [46].
4. Conclusion
Nucleic acid probes, especially molecular beacons, have been increasingly developed for intracellular imaging of RNA, proteins, and small molecules over the last two decades. Based on their unique properties, including high sensitivity and selectivity for quantitative investigation of gene expression, as well as detection without separation of unbound probes inside cells, MBs have become an ideal molecular tool widely used in chemistry, biology, biotechnology, and medical science for biomolecular recognition [2, 4, 4752]. More research is expected in three areas. First, traditional strategies of introducing MBs, such as microinjection, are time consuming and rely on the operator’s skill. Other methods, like cationic polymers, suffer from toxicity and poor delivery efficiency. Therefore, development of safe and efficient delivery methods for MBs is essential for accurate measurement of gene expression in a large population of cells. Second, detection sensitivity of intracellular imaging in living cells should also be considered. Recently, a series of novel nucleic acid probes conjugated with nanomaterials, for example, graphene oxide (GO), have been developed to improve the detection limit [53, 54]. Third, and most challenging, is intracellular quantitative imaging of RNA, protein, and small molecule dynamics, which requires the implementation of new molecular probes and methodologies. Although many challenges remain, the work so far in the modification of molecular beacons and their application has resulted in advances in intracellular imaging that could not have been anticipated only ten years ago.
Acknowledgment
This work is supported by Grants awarded by the National Institutes of Health (GM066137, GM079359, and CA133086).
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Bibliography: Cover: Urania #223
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Remote Sens. 2010, 2(2), 579-590; doi:10.3390/rs2020579
Article
Artificial Neural Network Approach for Mapping Contrasting Tillage Practices
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India 2 USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012, USA 3 Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 18 December 2009; in revised form: 5 January 2010 / Accepted: 8 February 2010 / Published: 23 February 2010
Download PDF Full-Text [159 KB, uploaded 23 February 2010 13:47 CET]
Abstract: Tillage information is crucial for environmental modeling as it directly affects evapotranspiration, infiltration, runoff, carbon sequestration, and soil losses due to wind and water erosion from agricultural fields. However, collecting this information can be time consuming and costly. Remote sensing approaches are promising for rapid collection of tillage information on individual fields over large areas. Numerous regression-based models are available to derive tillage information from remote sensing data. However, these models require information about the complex nature of underlying watershed characteristics and processes. Unlike regression-based models, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) provides an efficient alternative to map complex nonlinear relationships between an input and output datasets without requiring a detailed knowledge of underlying physical relationships. Limited or no information currently exist quantifying ability of ANN models to identify contrasting tillage practices from remote sensing data. In this study, a set of Landsat TM-based ANN models was developed to identify contrasting tillage practices in the Texas High Plains. Observed tillage data from Moore and Ochiltree Counties were used to develop and evaluate the models, respectively. The overall classification accuracy for the 15 models developed with the Moore County dataset varied from 74% to 91%. Statistical evaluation of these models against the Ochiltree County dataset produced results with an overall classification accuracy varied from 66% to 80%. The ANN models based on TM band 5 or indices of TM Band 5 may provide consistent and accurate tillage information when applied to the Texas High Plains.
Keywords: tillage mapping; Landsat; Texas high plains
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MDPI and ACS Style
Sudheer, K.P.; Gowda, P.; Chaubey, I.; Howell, T. Artificial Neural Network Approach for Mapping Contrasting Tillage Practices. Remote Sens. 2010, 2, 579-590.
AMA Style
Sudheer KP, Gowda P, Chaubey I, Howell T. Artificial Neural Network Approach for Mapping Contrasting Tillage Practices. Remote Sensing. 2010; 2(2):579-590.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Sudheer, K. P.; Gowda, Prasanna; Chaubey, Indrajeet; Howell, Terry. 2010. "Artificial Neural Network Approach for Mapping Contrasting Tillage Practices." Remote Sens. 2, no. 2: 579-590.
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Remote Sens. 2012, 4(12), 3892-3919; doi:10.3390/rs4123892
Article
Evaluation of Broadband and Narrowband Vegetation Indices for the Identification of Archaeological Crop Marks
Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Remote Sensing Laboratory, Saripolou 2-8, 3603 Limassol, Cyprus
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 15 October 2012; in revised form: 3 December 2012 / Accepted: 5 December 2012 / Published: 7 December 2012
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Abstract: Several studies in the past have examined the spectral capability of multispectral and hyperspectral imagery for the identification of crop marks, while recent studies have applied different vegetation indices in order to support remote sensing archaeological applications. However, the use of vegetation indices for the detection of crop marks lacks in accuracy assessment and critical evaluation. In this study, 71 vegetation indices were indexed, from the relevant bibliography, and evaluated for their potential to detect such crop marks. During this study, several ground spectroradiometric campaigns took place, in a controlled archaeological environment in Cyprus, cultivated with barley crops, during a complete phenological cycle (2011–2012). All vegetation indices, both broadband and narrowband, were evaluated for their separability performance, and the results were presented through tables and diagrams. In the end, the use of more than one vegetation index is suggested in order to enhance the final results. In fact, several not widely used vegetation indices are suggested and evaluated using both Landsat TM and EO-1 Hyperion images.
Keywords: vegetation indices; remote sensing archaeology; ground spectroscopy; crop marks; Alampra test field
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Agapiou, A.; Hadjimitsis, D.G.; Alexakis, D.D. Evaluation of Broadband and Narrowband Vegetation Indices for the Identification of Archaeological Crop Marks. Remote Sens. 2012, 4, 3892-3919.
AMA Style
Agapiou A, Hadjimitsis DG, Alexakis DD. Evaluation of Broadband and Narrowband Vegetation Indices for the Identification of Archaeological Crop Marks. Remote Sensing. 2012; 4(12):3892-3919.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Agapiou, Athos; Hadjimitsis, Diofantos G.; Alexakis, Dimitrios D. 2012. "Evaluation of Broadband and Narrowband Vegetation Indices for the Identification of Archaeological Crop Marks." Remote Sens. 4, no. 12: 3892-3919.
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Nano Express
Performance evaluation on an air-cooled heat exchanger for alumina nanofluid under laminar flow
Tun-Ping Teng1*, Yi-Hsuan Hung1, Tun-Chien Teng2 and Jyun-Hong Chen1
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 162, Section 1, He-ping East Road, Da-an District, Taipei City 10610, Taiwan, Republic of China
2 Department of Mechatronic Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 162, Section 1, He-ping Eeast Road, Da-an District, Taipei City 10610, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:488 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-488
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/6/1/488
Received:27 April 2011
Accepted:9 August 2011
Published:9 August 2011
© 2011 Teng et al; licensee Springer.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
This study analyzes the characteristics of alumina (Al2O3)/water nanofluid to determine the feasibility of its application in an air-cooled heat exchanger for heat dissipation for PEMFC or electronic chip cooling. The experimental sample was Al2O3/water nanofluid produced by the direct synthesis method at three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt.%). The experiments in this study measured the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid with weight fractions and sample temperatures (20-60°C), and then used the nanofluid in an actual air-cooled heat exchanger to assess its heat exchange capacity and pressure drop under laminar flow. Experimental results show that the nanofluid has a higher heat exchange capacity than water, and a higher concentration of nanoparticles provides an even better ratio of the heat exchange. The maximum enhanced ratio of heat exchange and pressure drop for all the experimental parameters in this study was about 39% and 5.6%, respectively. In addition to nanoparticle concentration, the temperature and mass flow rates of the working fluid can affect the enhanced ratio of heat exchange and pressure drop of nanofluid. The cross-section aspect ratio of tube in the heat exchanger is another important factor to be taken into consideration.
Keywords:
alumina (Al2O3); heat exchange capacity; laminar flow; nanofluid; pressure drop
Introduction
As technology and energy products require higher standards of function and performance, the problem of heat dissipation is becoming a significant issue in many appliances. Using a working fluid with high heat transfer performance is a topic worthy of research, as it may solve this problem without costly changes in the structure of the equipment. Many researchers have recently investigated the issue of nanofluid thermal properties. Many studies show that nanofluids can enhance heat conduction performance due to their higher thermal conductivity than base fluids [1-6]. However, heat convection characteristics must also be considered in practical heat exchange applications. Many researchers have focused on heat transfer properties of convection for a single pipe with the different structures, and investigated the parameters of nanoparticles added, pipe cross-section structure, materials and concentration of nanofluid, flow conditions, and other factors [7-14].
Palm et al. [15] reported that the water/Al2O3 nanofluid with concentration of 4 vol.% enhanced the average wall heat transfer coefficient by 25% compared to base liquid in 2006. Furthermore, the average heat transfer coefficient increased with an increase in wall heat flux due to a decrease in the wall shear stress.
Nguyen et al. [16] used Al2O3 nanofluid with different nanoparticle sizes (36 and 47 nm) in an electronic liquid cooling system. The heat convective coefficient was enhanced by a maximum of 40% at an added particle concentration of 6.8 vol.%. The heat convective coefficient of the added nanoparticle size 36 nm was higher than that of 47 nm at the same concentration. These results show that nanofluid improve the heat transfer performance for electronic liquid cooling system, and smaller nanoparticles added to the based liquid more effectively enhanced the heat convective coefficient. Chein and Chuang [17] applied CuO/water nanofluid to a microchannel heat sink (MCHS) and found that a nanoparticle concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 vol.% enhanced the cooling performance of CuO/water nanofluid. Their experimental results show that the CuO/water nanofluid had low thermal resistance at lower flow rate (10 and 15 ml/min), and higher resistance at higher flow rate (20 ml/min). These results indicate that the flow rate is a very important factor to affect the heat convective performance of a nanofluid.
Kulkarni et al. [18] studied the specific heat of Al2O3/ethylene glycol and water (EG/W) nanofluid and its effect on the cogeneration efficiency of a 45-kW diesel electric generator (DEG) in 2008. Their experimental results show that applying nanofluid reduced cogeneration efficiency due to a decrease in the specific heat of the nanofluid. Further, the efficiency of waste heat recovery in the heat exchanger increased due to the higher convective heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid.
Pantzali et al. [19] adopted a 4 vol.% CuO nanofluid to investigate the effects of using nanofluid in a miniature plate heat exchanger with a modulated surface through both experimental and numerical calculations. Their results demonstrate that the CuO nanofluid enhanced the heat transfer rate and total heat transfer coefficient, and suggested that the required flow rate of nanofluid was lower than that of water to keep lower pressure drop. Jung et al. [20] studied the convective heat transfer coefficient and friction factor of Al2O3-water/ethylene glycol (50:50) nanofluid with different concentrations (0.6, 1.2, 1.8 vol.%) in rectangular microchannels. They also measured the Al2O3 nanoparticles size of 170 nm in nanofluid using light scattering equipment. The convective heat transfer coefficient of the Al2O3 nanofluid at 1.8 vol.% increased 32% compared to the base liquid without a major friction loss in a laminar flow regime (5 < Re < 300). The Nusselt number increased as the Reynolds number increased in a laminar flow regime. Nnanna et al. [21] adopted Al2O3/water nanofluid for heat dissipation in the heat exchanger of a thermoelectric module. The nanoparticle size and concentration of added nanoparticles in that study were 27 nm and 2 vol.%, respectively. The average thermal contact resistance was 0.18°C/W and 0.12°C/W for the deionized water and nanofluid, respectively. Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [22] reported an experimental study on forced convective heat transfer under varied heat flux boundary conditions and pressure drop characteristics of a nanofluid with 0.2 vol.% TiO2 nanoparticles (dp = 21 nm) flowing in a horizontal double-tube counter flow heat exchanger under turbulent flow regimes. Their results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid is approximately 6% to 11% higher than that of the base liquid. The heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid increased as the mass flow rate of the water and nanofluid increased.
Abu-Nada et al. [23] used an efficient finite-volume method to study the heat transfer characteristics of natural convection for CuO/EG/water nanofluid in a differentially heated enclosure. They presented various results for the streamline and isotherm contours and the local and average Nusselt numbers for a wide range of Rayleigh numbers (Ra = 103 to approximately 105), nanoparticle concentrations (0 < ϕ < 6 vol.%), and enclosure aspect ratios (1/2 ≦ A ≦ 2). Their results show that the enclosure aspect ratio had significant effects on the behavior of the average Nusselt number, which decreased as the enclosure aspect ratio increased. Ho et al. [24] investigated the forced convective cooling performance of a copper MCHS with Al2O3/water nanofluid as the coolant under laminar flow conditions (Re = 226 to approximately 1,676). Their results show that the dynamic viscosity and friction factor increased due to dispersing the alumina nanoparticles in water. The MCHS with Al2O3/water nanofluid also had higher average heat transfer coefficient, lower thermal resistance, and lower wall temperature at high pumping power. Feng and Kleinstreuer [25] presented numerical simulations for heat transfer between parallel disks with an Al2O3/water nanofluid flow. Their results indicate that the nanofluid had smoother mixture flow fields and temperature distributions. The Nusselt number increased with higher nanoparticle volume fraction, smaller nanoparticle size, reduced disk spacing, and larger inlet Reynolds number under a realistic thermal load. They also proposed the correlation of critical radial distance and minimization of total entropy generation analysis. Jwo et al. [26] adopted Al2O3/water nanofluid for heat dissipation experiments in a multi-channel heat exchanger (MCHE) to simulate its application to electronic chip cooling system. Results show that the overall heat transfer coefficient ratio was higher at higher nanoparticle concentrations. In addition, when the input temperature of nanofluid flowing into MCHE was lower, the mass flow rate had a greater effect on the overall heat transfer coefficient ratio than concentration. Farajollahi et al. [27] performed an experimental analysis to study heat transfer of nanofluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger. They used nanofluid Al2O3/water and TiO2/water nanofluid under turbulent flow conditions to investigate the effects of the Peclet number, volume concentration of suspended particles, and particle type on heat transfer characteristics. Their results indicate that the addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid enhances heat transfer performance. Notice that heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid increased significantly with the Peclet number. TiO2/water and Al2O3/water nanofluid exhibited better heat transfer behavior at lower and higher volume concentrations, respectively. The experimental results above are also in agreement with the predicted values of available correlation at the lower volume fractions of the nanoparticle.
Firouzfar et al. [28] recently used a methanol/Ag nanofluid to fill a thermosyphon heat exchanger and compared its effectiveness and energy saving with that of pure methanol. Their experimental results show that methanol/Ag nanofluid achieved an energy savings of approximately 8.8-31.5% for cooling and 18-100% for reheating the supply air stream in an air conditioning system, respectively. Zamzamian et al. [29] investigated the effects of forced convective heat transfer coefficient with Al2O3/EG and CuO/EG nanofluid in double pipe and plate heat exchangers. Their results indicate that increasing the nanoparticle concentration and temperature could enhance the convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid, leading to a 2% to 50% enhancement in convective heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid.
The literature review above clearly shows that using nanofluid can effectively improve the heat convective performance, but will also increase the pipeline pressure drop and pumping energy. Using nanofluid with a high heat convective performance for heat exchange can help reduce the volume of the heat exchanger. In addition, using nanofluid with higher heat transfer performance instead of the traditional working fluid for cooling can reduce the demand and cost of cooling system modifications. Most of the nanofluids used in previous studies were used in single pipe heat transfer, microchannel heat sinks, plate heat exchangers, double-tube heat exchangers, or heated enclosures, and seldom used in air-cooled heat exchangers. Since the ultimate goal of radiators is to discharge heat into the atmosphere, and the air-cooled heat exchanger is widely used in automotive, air conditioning, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and electronic chip cooling, and is therefore a worthy research direction. This study uses a two-step synthesis method to make Al2O3/water nanofluid, which can be used as coolant in an air-cooled heat exchanger to heat dissipation. Identifying the differences in nanofluid weight fractions, mass flow rates, and temperature effects on heat exchange performance and pressure drop of the air-cooled heat exchanger makes it possible to evaluate the feasibility of applying Al2O3/water nanofluid to PEMFC heat dissipation or electronic chip cooling in the future.
Calculation for heat exchange and flow conditions
This section evaluates the heat exchange capacity of the working fluid for an air-cooled heat exchanger based on the measured inlet and outlet temperature difference (Ti-To) for different mass flow rates () and specific heat (cp, f). The heat exchange capacity () of the heat exchanger can be written as follows:
(1)
Under the condition of actual application, the cross-section of pipe is not circular, so modification is needed. The characteristic length of a non-circular cross-section is called hydraulic radius (R), and can be expressed as
(2)
where A is the area of cross-section, and WP is the wetter perimeter (rectangle side lengths equal to a and b, then WP = 2a + 2b).
The Reynolds number (Re) of the flow in the non-circular cross-section pipe can be expressed as
(3)
According to the concept of solid-liquid mixture, the density (ρnf) and specific heat (cp, nf) of the Al2O3/water nanofluid is given by Equations 4 and 5, with volume fraction (ϕ), bulk fluid density (ρbf), nanoparticle density (ρp), bulk fluid specific heat (cp, bf), and nanoparticle specific heat (cp, p) [2,30,31]:
(4)
(5)
The volume fraction (ϕ) of the Al2O3/water nanofluid is given by Equation 6, with bulk fluid weight (Wbf), nanoparticle weight (Wp) and nanofluid weight (Wnf):
(6)
Equation 6 can be used to convert the weight fraction to volume fraction to calculate the density and specific heat of nanofluid by Equations 4 and 5. The density and specific heat of nanofluid and experimental data can then be used to calculate the Reynolds number and heat exchange capacity for the nanofluid.
Preparation of sample and experimental design
Preparation of alumina nanofluid
The base liquid was prepared by adding 0.2 wt.% of cationic dispersant (water-soluble chitosan) to distilled water as a dispersant to obtain good suspension for nanofluid. The Al2O3/water nanofluid produced by two-step synthesis method was then used as the experimental sample, and homogenization, electromagnetic agitation, and ultrasonic vibration were alternately used to disperse the Al2O3 nanoparticles into three weight fractions (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt.%) in the base liquid. The reason for using a lower concentration of nanofluid was to avoid blocking pipes and an overly high pressure drop caused by the sedimentation of nanoparticles and increased viscosity from a high concentration of nanofluid. The Al2O3/water nanofluid used in this study contains commercial nanoparticles (Al-13P, Yong-Zhen Technomaterial, Taipei, Taiwan). The real density of Al2O3 nanoparticles is approximately 3,880 kg/m3, which can be converted to be weight fraction and volume fraction by Equation 6.
Figures 1 and 2 respectively show field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, S-4800, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, H-7100, Hitachi) photographs of Al2O3 nanoparticles. These figures show that the nanoparticles exhibit an aggregate phenomenon, and the primary particle size is about 20 nm. The crystalline phase of Al2O3 nanoparticle was determined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD, APEX II, Kappa CCD, Monrovia, CA, USA). All peaks were measured by XRD and compared with those of the joint committee on powder diffraction standards data (PCPDFWIN 2.4, JCPDS-ICDD, Newtown Square, PA, USA) [32] (Figure 3). This figure confirms that the material used in this study was γ-alumina. All the completed experimental samples were allowed to remain static for 7 days to confirm suspension performance. Spectrometer analysis confirmed that the concentration of Al2O3/water nanofluid changed less than 5%.
Figure 1. FE-SEM images of Al2O3 nanoparticles.
Figure 2. TEM images of Al2O3 nanoparticles.
Figure 3. XRD patterns of Al2O3 nanoparticles.
Experimental procedure and design
This study investigates whether the Al2O3/water nanofluid can be used for PEMFC heat dissipation or electronic chip cooling in the future. Thus, the temperature of the test samples was set at 30°C to approximately 60°C to simulate the most common cooling temperature range in electronic cooling and PEMFC heat dissipation.
Firstly, in the thermal conductivity and viscosity experiments, a thermostatic bath (D-620, DengYng, Taipei, Taiwan) was stabilized the temperature of the sample until it reached the expected temperature (20°C to approximately 60 ± 0.5°C). A thermal properties analyzer (KD-2 Pro, Decagon Devices, Inc., Pullman, WA, USA) and rheometer (DVIII+, Brookfield, Middleboro, MA, USA) were then used to measure the thermal conductivity and viscosity in the nanofluid at various weight fractions and sample temperatures. The suspended particle size of Al2O3/water nanofluid was then measured using a dynamic light scattering (DLS) size/zeta potential analyzer (SZ-100, HORIBA, Kyoto, Japan) to determine clustering and suspension performance.
The heat exchange and pressure drop experiments in this study used a heated tank to simulate the heating source, and evaluated the cooling performance of nanofluid using air-cooled heat exchangers under the conditions for different concentrations, temperatures, nanofluid mass flow rates. Figure 4 shows the experimental setup for the heat exchange capacity experiment. Figure 5 shows the construction of the rectangular tube in the air-cooled heat exchanger used in this study. After 2,200 ml of test samples were poured into a 2.5-liter acrylic tank and the sample temperature was controlled by a PID temperature controller (TTM-J4, TOHO, Japan) with SSR (SSR-40DA, Manax, Taiwan) and heater (300 W), the nanofluid was pumped to an air-cooled heat exchanger for circulation.
Figure 4. Experimental setup for heat exchange capacity measurement.
Figure 5. Construction of the rectangular tube in air-cooled heat exchanger.
The heat exchange capacity of the liquid side was calculated based on measurements of the temperature difference and flow rate between the inlet and outlet of the liquid of heat exchanger. The air-cooled heat exchanger was made of aluminum, and its structure was of finned-tube type assembled with 11 rectangular tubes at 118 × 17.3 × 1.9 mm (L × W × H) each. The effective internal cross-sectional area was 2.17 × 10-5 m2. The pipe was covered by thermal insulation material at the thickness of 1.5 cm to reduce the influence of heat dissipation from other components. The mass flow rate of liquid side was controlled by the input voltage (GPC-6030D, GWINSTEK, Taipei, Taiwan) of circulating pump (MCP-655, Swifttech, USA). This experiment used a temperature controller to stabilize the temperature of the sample until it reached the expected temperature (30°C, 40°C, 50°C, and 60 ± 0.5°C). An environmental control system maintained the temperature and relative humidity at 25 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5% to ensure the constant environmental conditions at the air side of heat exchanger, and kept the air side conditions of each experiment the same under fixed air flow rate. A multifunction meter (Testo-400, Testo, Lenzkirch, Germany) monitored the environmental conditions to ensure the stability of the experiment. A data logger (TRM-20, TOHO, Japan), a pressure transducer (JPT-131LJ, Jetec, Taichung, Taiwan) and a flow meter (NF05, Aichi Tokei, Nagoya, Japan) were also employed to measure the temperature, pressure, and flow rate to coordinate with the relevant equations to calculate the heat exchange capacity.
Data and uncertainty analysis
The results of heat exchange capacity and pressure drop obtained with the distilled water were used as baseline values (Dbf) to allow easy comparison of experimental data after changing the Al2O3/water nanofluid (Dnf). In other words, the experimental data obtained with the Al2O3/water nanofluid was compared with baseline values. The differences between the before-and-after changes by the Al2O3/water nanofluid were presented as proportions (ER), and can be calculated as follows:
(7)
The uncertainty of the experimental results was determined based on the measurement deviation of the parameters, including thermal conductivity, viscosity, flow rate, input voltage, weight, and temperature. The thermal conductivity experiment calculated the thermal conductivity based on readings of the thermal property analyzer (k). The weight (W) of nanoparticles was measured by a precise electric balance (XT-620 M, Precisa Dietikon, Switzerland). The temperature of the isothermal bath (T) was measured by resistance temperature detector (RTD, pt-100).
(8)
The precision of the thermal property analyzer is ± 5%. The accuracy of the precise electric balance is ± 0.01 g. The precision of the RTD is ± 0.5°C Hence, the uncertainty of the thermal conductivity experiment was calculated to be less than ± 5.6%.
The viscosity experiment calculated the viscosity based on readings of the rheometer (μ). The weight (W) of nanoparticles was measured by a precise electric balance. The temperature of isothermal bath (T) was measured by resistance temperature detector (RTD, pt-100).
(9)
The precision of the rheometer is ± 1%. The accuracy of the precise electric balance is ± 0.01 g. The precision of the RTD is ± 0.5°C Hence, the uncertainty of the viscosity experiment was calculated to be less than ± 2.7%.
The Reynolds number (Re) experiment on nanofluid measured the flow velocity rate (vm) using a flow meter and cross-sectional area. The viscosity was determined based on readings of the rheometer (μ). The weight (W) of nanoparticles was measured by a precise electric balance, and the temperature was determined using thermocouples (T; T-type). Ignoring the calculation deviations generated by Equations 4, 5, and 6 and tube size, the uncertainty of these experimental results can be expressed as follows:
(10)
The accuracy of the flow meter is ± 2.0%. The precision of the rheometer is ± 1%. The accuracy of the precise electric balance is ± 0.01 g. The accuracy of the thermocouple is ± 0.5°C. Therefore, the uncertainty of the Re experiment was calculated to be less than ± 3.4%.
The pressure drop experiment on nanofluid measured the mass flow rate () using a flow meter and density of liquid. The pressure drop (dP) of the liquid was measured by a pressure transducer. The weight (W) of nanoparticles was measured by a precise electric balance, and temperature was determined using thermocouples (T-type, T). Ignoring the calculation deviations generated by Equations 4, 5. and 6, the uncertainty of these experimental results can be expressed as follows:
(11)
The accuracy of the flow meter is ± 2.0%. The accuracy of the pressure transducer is ± 0.5%. The accuracy of the precise electric balance is ± 0.01 g. The accuracy of the thermocouple is ± 0.5°C. Therefore, the uncertainty of the pressure drop experiment was calculated to be less than ± 3.3%.
The heat exchange capacity experiment on nanofluid measured the mass flow rates () using a flow meter and density of liquid. The weight (W) of nanoparticles was measured by a precise electric balance, and temperature was determined using thermocouples (T-type, T). Ignoring the calculation deviations generated by Equations 1, 4, 5, and 6), the uncertainty of experimental results can be expressed as follows:
(12)
The accuracy of the flow meter is ± 2.0%. The accuracy of the precise electric balance is ± 0.01 g. The accuracy of the thermocouple is ± 0.5°C. Therefore, the uncertainty of the heat exchange capacity experiment was calculated to be less than ± 3.3%.
Results and discussion
This study uses a dynamic light scattering size/zeta potential analyzer to determine the average size of the nanoparticle suspended in base liquid. Figure 6 shows the particle size distribution of the Al2O3 nanoparticles suspended in base liquid. The z-average particle size and zeta potential is 149.9/33.6 mV, 129.5/41.4 mV, and 135.1/42.1 mV at 0.5 wt.%, 1.0 wt.%, and 1.5 wt.%, respectively. These distributions have a single peak, and the particle size distribution concentrated between 80 to approximately 310 nm. The tested particle size from DLS size/zeta potential analyzer exceeded the particle size observed by FE-SEM and TEM for the following two reasons: (1) The particle size analyzer measures the nanoparticle size based on the principle of dynamic light scattering, and is therefore affected by the viscosity and refractive index of solution. This is because viscosity and refractive index both affect the mobility of nanoparticles in solution, causing deviations in the measurement. (2) Because the agglomeration of nanoparticles continues to occur as the nanoparticles are suspended in the base liquid, the tested particle size is greater than the particle size observed by FE-SEM and TEM (Figure 1 and 2).
Figure 6. The particle size distribution for the Al2O3 nanoparticles suspended in base liquid.
Figure 7 depicts the changes in thermal conductivity for nanofluid at various temperatures and concentrations over a temperature range of 20°C to 60°C. This figure reveals that as the temperature increases, the effect of increasing nanoparticle concentration on the thermal conductivity ratio is lower than changing the applied temperature. Increasing both the concentration and temperature raises the probability that nanoparticle-liquid collisions will produce a near quasi-convection phenomenon. Increasing random collision behavior helps increase the thermal conductivity of Al2O3/water nanofluid. However, some researchers believe that these factors do not cause a significant increase in thermal conductivity [33,34]. For a concentration of 0.5 wt.% and a temperature in the range of 20°C to 60°C, the thermal conductivity ratio increases by 1.1% to 17.2%. For concentration of 1.0 wt.%, the thermal conductivity ratio increases by 1.8% to 19.7%. For a concentration of 1.5 wt.%, the thermal conductivity ratio increases by 4.2% to 20.5% compared to water.
Figure 7. Thermal conductivity of Al2O3/water nanofluid at various temperatures and concentrations.
Figure 7 also reveals an underestimation between the Pak and Cho's model [30] and the current experimental results. The nanoparticle volume fraction was transformed into the nanoparticle weight fraction using the true density of nanoparticles to unify the concentration of units (Equation 6). Pak and Cho's model [30] was originally obtained with a temperature of 300 K, a particle size of 13 nm, and a concentration range of 1.34-4.33 vol.%. Because this model does not incorporate changes of temperature and particle size, it originally obtained at a higher concentration, and its deviation is a little higher. However, considering the uncertainty of the experiment in this study, this deviation is within an acceptable range under 20°C to 30°C.
Figure 8 depicts the changes in viscosity for Al2O3/water nanofluid at various temperatures and concentrations. In general, the nanofluid viscosity increases with increasing nanoparticle loading in the base liquid. For a concentration of 0.5 wt.% and within a temperature range of 20°C to 60°C, the viscosity ratio increases by 21.5% to 41.3%. For a concentration of 1.0 wt.%, the viscosity ratio increases by 32.7% to 47.8%. For a concentration of 1.5 wt.%, the viscosity ratio increases by 38.7% to 56.3%. These results show that the viscosity of Al2O3/water nanofluid is much higher than water. The pressure drop of pipeline-related issues must be considered when the Al2O3/water nanofluid is applied to heat exchange.
Figure 8. Viscosity of Al2O3/water nanofluid at various temperatures and concentrations.
Figure 9 shows the change in Reynolds number (Re) for Al2O3/water nanofluid at various temperatures and concentrations for different mass flow rates. This figure reveals that at the same mass flow rate, Re increases with the increasing temperature of nanofluid, but Re decreases with the increasing concentration of nanofluid. The whole experimental range of Re is limited to the laminar flow range (< < 2000). In general, the viscosity (Figure 8) and density (Equation 4) of nanofluid increases with increasing nanoparticle loading in the base liquid, and the viscosity ratio of the nanofluid is greater than the enhanced density ratio of the nanofluid. At the same mass flow rate, the higher density of the fluid leads to a lower flow velocity. Thus, the Re of the nanofluid will be lower than water at the same mass flow rate and temperature conditions.
Figure 9. Reynolds number of Al2O3/water nanofluid at various temperatures and concentrations under different mass flow rates.
Figures 10, 11, and 12 show the effects of different concentration, inlet temperature, and mass flow rates of nanofluid on the enhanced ratio of heat exchange capacity (ERhe). Results show that nanofluid can enhance the air-cooled heat exchange capacity ratio under all experimental conditions investigated in this study. This is primarily because the added nanoparticles improved the heat transfer performance of the fluid. The addition of nanoparticles reveals the following heat exchange enhancement mechanism: (a) Because nanoparticles have higher thermal conductivity, a higher concentration of nanoparticles results in a more obvious heat conduction enhancement. (b) Nanoparticle collisions with the base fluid molecules and the wall of the heat exchanger strengthen energy transmission. (c) The nanofluid increases friction between the fluid and the heat exchanger wall, and thus improves heat exchange capacity. On the above factors that influence the heat exchange capacity, the collision of these nanoparticles strengthens the movement of nanoparticles suspended in fluid due to higher temperature and the increased mass flow rate of fluid. Furthermore, the higher temperature and mass flow rate strengthen the collision of nanoparticles with the wall of heat exchanger. These effects influence the functions of the heat exchanger.
Figure 10. Enhanced heat exchange ratio for Al2O3/water nanofluid for different concentrations and temperatures at 0.040 kg/s.
Figure 11. Enhanced heat exchange ratio for Al2O3/water nanofluid for different concentrations and temperatures at 0.035 kg/s.
Figure 12. Enhanced heat exchange ratio for Al2O3/water nanofluid for different concentrations and temperatures at 0.030 kg/s.
Figures 10, 11, and 12 reveal that ERhe decreases with increasing temperature of nanofluid at different mass flow rates, but the concentration of nanofluid increases with increased ERhe. These results show that the enhanced ratio of heat exchange decreases at higher temperature. This seems to contradict the statement above that a high temperature increases the probability of collision between nanoparticles and liquid molecules, which can increase heat exchange. This contradictory phenomenon is mainly because the heat exchanger used in this study is a rectangular tube with a great cross-section aspect ratio (W/H = 17.3/1.9). The flow rate distribution of the fluid with higher viscosity is relatively uneven in such cross-section. Thus, the effective cross-sectional area of the pipe for heat exchange was decreased to decrease the enhanced ratio of heat exchange. Figure 8 shows that the decrease rate of viscosity of the nanofluid is lower than water at higher temperatures. This means that the viscosity of water is much lower than nanofluid at high temperatures. This strengthens the phenomenon of uneven flow rate distribution in the rectangular tube with a great aspect ratio, which in turn enhances the ratio of heat exchange at higher temperatures lower than the lower temperature for nanofluid. The maximum enhanced ratio of heat exchange was obtained at 30°C and 1.5 wt.% for various mass flow rates, and are about 33-39% compared with water. In addition, under various experimental conditions, a higher concentration of nanofluid led to an enhanced ratio of heat exchange increases.
Figures 13, 14, and 15 show the effects of different nanofluid concentration, inlet temperature, and mass flow rates on the enhanced ratio of pressure drop (ERdp). In general, the viscosity of nanofluid increases with increasing nanoparticle loading in the base liquid, and has a higher friction factor. The pressure drop experiment in this study shows a higher concentration of nanofluid for a higher enhanced ratio of pressure drop at different temperatures and mass flow rates. However, there is not a significant trend between the enhanced ratio of pressure drop and either the flow rate or temperature. In the whole range of experimental parameters, the largest enhanced ratio of pressure drop was 5.6%, occurring at the temperature of 30°C, mass flow rate of 0.035 kg/s and the concentration of 1.5 wt.%. The experiments on heat exchange and pressure drop show that the overall benefits significantly decrease when nanofluid is used in air-cooled heat exchanger at higher temperature. The enhanced ratio of pressure drop becomes even higher than the enhanced ratio of heat exchange under some conditions, which leads to an overall efficiency of cooling system using nanofluid that is lower than that using water. This is primarily because the enhanced ratio of heat exchange is lower at higher temperature. Therefore, the air-cooled heat exchanger operating at 30-40°C has the best overall efficiency in this study.
Figure 13. Enhanced pressure drop ratio for Al2O3/water nanofluid for different concentrations and temperatures at 0.040 kg/s.
Figure 14. Enhanced pressure drop ratio for Al2O3/water nanofluid for different concentrations and temperatures at 0.035 kg/s.
Figure 15. Enhanced pressure drop ratio for Al2O3/water nanofluid for different concentrations and temperatures at 0.030 kg/s.
Conclusions
This study analyzes the characteristics of Al2O3/water nanofluid to determine the feasibility of its application in an air-cooled heat exchanger under laminar flow. Results confirm that Al2O3/water nanofluid offers a higher heat exchange capacity than water, and a higher concentration of nanoparticles provides an even greater enhancement ratio of the heat exchange. At higher temperature, however, the nanofluid does not provide greater enhanced ratio of the heat exchange due to rectangular tube with a large cross-section aspect ratio and enhanced viscosity ratio. In the whole range of experimental parameters in this study, the maximum enhanced ratio of heat exchange and pressure drop was approximately 39% and 5.6%, respectively. The air-cooled heat exchanger operating at 30-40°C had the best overall efficiency. Therefore, the temperature and mass flow rate of the working fluid can affect the enhanced ratio of heat exchange and pressure drop of nanofluid in addition to the nanoparticle concentration. The cross-section aspect ratio of the tube in the heat exchanger is also an important factor to be taken into consideration.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
TPT, YHH, and TCT designed the experiment. TPT and YHH fabricated the sample. TPT, YHH, and JHC carried out the measurements. TPT, YHH, TCT, and JHC analyzed the measurements. TPT, YHH, and TCT wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank National Science Council of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and National Taiwan Normal University for their financial support to this research under contract no.: NSC-99-2221-E-003-008- and NTNU-99091008, respectively.
References
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16. Nguyen CT, Roy G, Gauthier C, Galanis N: Heat transfer enhancement using Al2O3-water nanofluid for an electronic liquid cooling system.
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29. Zamzamian A, Oskouie SN, Doosthoseini A, Joneidi A, Pazouki M: Experimental investigation of forced convective heat transfer coefficient in nanofluids of Al2O3/EG and CuO/EG in a double pipe and plate heat exchangers under turbulent flow.
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34. Buongiorno J, Venerus DC, Prabhat N, McKrell T, Townsend J, Christianson R, Tolmachev YV, Keblinski P, Hu LW, Alvarado JL, Bang IC, Bishnoi SW, Bonetti M, Botz F, Cecere A, Chang Y, Chen G, Chen H, Chung SJ, Chyu MK, Das SK, Paola RD, Ding Y, Dubois F, Dzido G, Eapen J, Escher W, Funfschilling D, Galand Q, Gao J, et al.: A benchmark study on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.
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Part 4
Another method:-There grows upon the bleeding condyloma, a protuberance like the fruit of the mulberry, and if the condyloma be far without, an envelope of flesh is adherent to it. [p. 353]Having placed the man over two round stones upon his knees, examine, for you will find the parts near the anus between the buttocks inflated, and blood proceeding from within. If, then, the condyloma below the cover be of a soft nature, bring it away with the finger, for there is no more difficulty in this than in skinning a sheep, to pass the finger between the hide and the flesh. And this should be accomplished without the patient's knowledge, while he is kept in conversation. When the condyloma is taken off, streaks of blood necessarily flow from the whole of the torn part. It must be speedily washed with a decoction of galls, in a dry wine, and the bleeding vein will disappear along with the condyloma, and its cover will be replaced. The older it is, the more easy the cure.
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Google Maps Fixes Some Of The Location Not Supported Issues
Jul 2, 2012 • 8:19 am | (13) by | Filed Under Google Maps
There have been many businesses suffering with the we do not support your location bug hindering Google Maps businesses for a long time.
Google's Jade Wang said in a Google Business Help thread that they have fixed some of those who have issues with it. She wrote:
Good news -- we’ve been able to bring back some of the listings that incorrectly had the “We currently do not support this location” error. Many previously deleted service area businesses that had their addresses correctly hidden a few weeks ago are back.
If your listing’s not back yet, please know that we are still working on it. In the meantime, please review the quality guidelines and this article about service are businesses. Make sure your listing complies.
I wonder if this is all fixed.
Forum discussion at Google Business Help.
Previous story: Does The Yahoo Directory Still Have Value In 2012
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Place:Española, Rio Arriba, New Mexico, United States
Watchers
NameEspañola
Alt namesButsabi'isource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS35008505
Espaniolasource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS35008505
Espanolasource: Getty Vocabulary Program
TypeCity
Coordinates36.002°N 106.065°W
Located inRio Arriba, New Mexico, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
source: Family History Library Catalog
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Española , also known as Espanola (without the tilde), is a city primarily in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, in the United States. A portion of the central and eastern section of the city is in Santa Fe County. Española was founded in 1880 as a railroad village and incorporated as a city in 1925. The city is situated in an area Juan de Oñate declared a capital for Spain in 1598. Española has been called the first capital city in America. At the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 10,495.[1] Española is within the Santa Fe-Española Combined Statistical Area.
Culture and history
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Española, New Mexico. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Von Hippel-Lindau disease
(Redirected from Angiomatosis retinae)
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Von Hippel-Lindau disease
ICD-10 Q85.8
ICD-9 759.6
OMIM 193300
DiseasesDB 14000
eMedicine ped/2417 oph/354
MeSH C10.562.400
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Overview
Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a rare inherited genetic condition involving the abnormal growth of tumors in parts of the body which are particularly rich in blood supply.
Features
Features of VHL are:
Untreated, VHL may result in blindness and permanent brain damage; death is usually caused by complications of malignant tumors in the brain or kidney, cardiovascular disease secondary to pheochromocytoma. With early detection and appropriate treatment, there is more hope today for people with VHL than ever before.
Types
There are various subtypes:
• Type 1 (angiomatosis without pheochromocytoma)
• Type 2 (angiomatosis with pheochromocytoma)
• Type 2A (with renal cell carcinoma)
• Type 2B (without renal cell carcinoma)
• Type 2C (only pheochromocytoma and no angiomatosis or renal cell carcinoma)
Genetics
The disease is caused by mutations of the Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) gene on the short arm of third chromosome.
Von Hippel-Lindau disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.
VHL is an autosomal dominant disorder, but there is a wide variation in the age of onset of the disease, the organ system affected and the severity of effect. Most people with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome inherit an altered copy of the gene from one parent. In about 20 percent of cases, however, the altered gene is the result of a new mutation that occurred during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) or early in fetal development.
As long as one copy of the VHL gene is producing functional VHL protein in each cell, tumors do not form. If a mutation occurs in the second copy of the VHL gene during a person's lifetime, the cell will have no working copies of the gene and will produce no functional VHL protein. A lack of this protein allows tumors characteristic of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome to develop.
History
Eugen von Hippel described the angiomas in the eye in 1904.[1]. Arvid Lindau described the angiomas of the cerebellum and spine in 1927.[2]
In an article appearing in the Associated Press, it has been speculated by a Vanderbilt University endocrinologist that the hostility underlying the Hatfield-McCoy feud may have been partly due to the consequences of Von Hippel-Landau disease. The article suggests that the McCoy family was pre-disposed to bad tempers because many of them had a pheochomocytoma, which produced excess adrenaline and a tendency toward explosive tempers.[3] Pheochromocytomas produce surges of adrenaline which are more often perceived as panic attacks than rage attacks. Left untreated, they will cause serious cardiovascular disease, heart attack, and stroke. Only about 20% of people with VHL get pheochromocytomas.[4]
Nomenclature
Other names are: angiomatosis retinae, angiophakomatosis retinae et cerebelli, familial cerebello-retinal angiomatosis, cerebelloretinal hemangioblastomatosis, Hippel Disease, Hippel-Lindau syndrome, HLS, Lindau disease or retinocerebellar angiomatosis.
See also
References
1. Von Hippel E. Ueber eine sehr seltene Erkrankung der Netzhaut. Albrecht von Graefes Arch Ophthal 1904;59:83-106.
2. Lindau A. Zur Frage der Angiomatosis Retinae und Ihrer Hirncomplikation. Acta Ophthal 1927;4:193-226.
3. "Hatfield-McCoy feud blamed on ‘rage’ disease", MSNBC.com, 2007-04-05. Retrieved on 2007-04-05.
4. "'Pheochromocytoma Information'", vhl.org, 2007-04-05. Retrieved on 2007-04-05.
External links
<span id="interwiki-pl-fa" />
da:Von Hippel-Lindaus sygdom de:Morbus Hippel-Lindaunl:Ziekte van Von Hippel-Lindaufi:Von Hippel-Lindaun oireyhtymä
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Mesterolone
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Mesterolone
Systematic (IUPAC) name
?
Identifiers
CAS number 1424-00-6
ATC code G03BB01
PubChem 15020
Chemical data
Formula C20H32O2
Mol. mass 304.467 g/mol
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Bioavailability ?
Metabolism ?
Half life ?
Excretion ?
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?
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List of terms related to Mesterolone
Mesterolone is an orally applicable androgen, and DHT derivative. It is sold under the brand name Proviron, by Schering. In the late 70's and early 80's it was used with some success in controlled studies of men suffering from various forms of depression.
In one randomized, double-blind 4-week trial, 38 dysthymic men were administered 75mg daily. Itil & Colleagues reported an improvement of symptoms which included anxiety, lack of drive and desire. Next, they administered a high dose (450mg/day) or placebo in a 6-week randomized trial of 52 men with a mean age of 40 years, suffering from dysthymia, unipolar and bipolar depression. Both the mesterolone and placebo groups improved significantly and there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. In this series of studies mesterolone lead to a significant decrease in LH and testosterone levels. This is probably as a result of the extremely high dose used. In another, 100mg mesterolone cipionate was administered twice monthly. With regards to plasma T levels, there was no difference between the treated vs untreated group, and baseline LH levels were minimally affected.[1]
Mesterolone is a relatively weak androgen and rarely used for replacement therapies.[2]
References
1. Archives of Dermatological Research (1977), Testosterone levels and gonadotrophins in klinefelter's patients treated with injections of mesterolone cipionate
2. Human Reproduction Update (2004), Testosterone replacement therapy: current trends and future directions
Cost Effectiveness of Mesterolone
| group5 = Clinical Trials Involving Mesterolone | list5 = Ongoing Trials on Mesterolone at Clinical Trials.govTrial results on MesteroloneClinical Trials on Mesterolone at Google
| group6 = Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Mesterolone | list6 = US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on MesteroloneNICE Guidance on MesteroloneNHS PRODIGY GuidanceFDA on MesteroloneCDC on Mesterolone
| group7 = Textbook Information on Mesterolone | list7 = Books and Textbook Information on Mesterolone
| group8 = Pharmacology Resources on Mesterolone | list8 = AND (Dose)}} Dosing of MesteroloneAND (drug interactions)}} Drug interactions with MesteroloneAND (side effects)}} Side effects of MesteroloneAND (Allergy)}} Allergic reactions to MesteroloneAND (overdose)}} Overdose information on MesteroloneAND (carcinogenicity)}} Carcinogenicity information on MesteroloneAND (pregnancy)}} Mesterolone in pregnancyAND (pharmacokinetics)}} Pharmacokinetics of Mesterolone
| group9 = Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Mesterolone | list9 = AND (pharmacogenomics)}} Genetics of MesteroloneAND (pharmacogenomics)}} Pharmacogenomics of MesteroloneAND (proteomics)}} Proteomics of Mesterolone
| group10 = Newstories on Mesterolone | list10 = Mesterolone in the newsBe alerted to news on MesteroloneNews trends on Mesterolone</small>
| group11 = Commentary on Mesterolone | list11 = Blogs on Mesterolone
| group12 = Patient Resources on Mesterolone | list12 = Patient resources on MesteroloneDiscussion groups on MesterolonePatient Handouts on MesteroloneDirections to Hospitals Treating MesteroloneRisk calculators and risk factors for Mesterolone
| group13 = Healthcare Provider Resources on Mesterolone | list13 = Symptoms of MesteroloneCauses & Risk Factors for MesteroloneDiagnostic studies for MesteroloneTreatment of Mesterolone
| group14 = Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Mesterolone | list14 = CME Programs on Mesterolone
| group15 = International Resources on Mesterolone | list15 = Mesterolone en EspanolMesterolone en Francais
| group16 = Business Resources on Mesterolone | list16 = Mesterolone in the MarketplacePatents on Mesterolone
| group17 = Informatics Resources on Mesterolone | list17 = List of terms related to Mesterolone
}}
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Are books, videos, and blogs targeting startups really useful or are they just a distraction?
These days internet startups have gained a lot of popularity among young people and developers of all ages. Because of this same reason, many people have also started to benefit from this popularity ...
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202 views
Required meta skills for all entrepreneurs
What are the most important meta skills an entrepreneur should either have or develop to become more successful? When I refer to meta skills, I am referring to skills that can help a person develop ...
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"Which entrepreneurs have made $20mill+ in under a decade with a balanced lifestyle (no more than 50hrs work/wk)?
Do you think it’s possible to do it all? Myself and entrepreneur Martin Bjergegaard are making it our mission to find this out in hopes of writing a book outlining the lessons of our findings. We are ...
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2,644 reputation
715
bio website cornerstonetechnology.com
location United Kingdom
age 49
visits member for 3 years, 4 months
seen Oct 1 '12 at 16:07
stats profile views 418
Worked 13 years for Reuters (now Thomson Reuters) in a variety of roles, including technical support, sales, marketing and project management.
Left Reuters to start Solutionforge, a financial messaging specialist that was acquired by Danish software house SimCorp A/S in 2005. Stayed 4 years, the last two looking after their product architecture strategy.
Left SimCorp at the end of 2009 to start Cornerstone Technology, focusing on algorithmic trading and FIXatdl, releasing Atdl4net in Sept 2010.
stevew [at] cornerstonetechnology.com, or via LinkedIn.
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motmot (1.0.1)
0 users
Models of Trait Macroevolution on Trees.
http://seis.bris.ac.uk/~gt0027/code.html
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/motmot
motmot provides functions for fitting models of trait evolution on phylogenies for continuous traits. The majority of functions are based around tests of variation in the rates of trait evolution.
Maintainer: Gavin Thomas
Author(s): Gavin Thomas, Rob Freckleton
License: GPL (>= 2)
Uses: ape, caper, laser, MASS, mvtnorm
Released almost 2 years ago.
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Search for motmot on google, google scholar, r-help, r-devel.
Visit motmot on R Graphical Manual.
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Using Adobe Flex in Visual Studio
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Using Adobe Flex in Visual Studio (Unpublished)
You can now take advantage of the Flex framework from right within Visual Studio to build Rich Internet Applications (RIAs). We get you up to speed on what Flex is and a basic application talking to a web service.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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Wikia
SRD:Bracers of Epic Health
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Revision as of 06:38, August 11, 2009 by Surgo (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This material is published under the OGL
Bracers of Epic Health: These grant the wearer an enhancement bonus of +8 or higher to Constitution.
Caster Level: 20th; Prerequisites: Craft Wondrous Item, Craft Epic Wondrous Item, bear's endurance; Market Price: 640,000 gp (+8), 1,000,000 gp (+10), 1,440,000 gp (+12); Weight: 1 lb.
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Pixter Multimedia
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 12:50, 14 July 2007 by Chris (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Items of interest inside the device:
PCB Pads:
Primary side:
• TXD0, RXD0 these are incorrectly label on the pcb, they are actually UARTTXD1 and UARTRXD1
• CTS0, RTS0 (apparently extended to cartridge port)
• L16 (nCS0 PM0)
• A4 (PH5/ETHERTX1 I/O General Purpose I/O Signals -- Port H5; multiplexed with Ethernet Transmit Channel 1)
USB Pins:
• A16 USBDN I/O USB Data Negative (Differential Pair output, single ended and Differential pair input)
• A15 USBDP I/O USB Data Positive (Differential Pair output, single ended and Differential pair input)
Secondary side:
• Test1
• Vss
• Test2
• CS1 bridge (SMT pads for 0-ohm resistor with a line between them) opposite the big CoB blob
• M4 (PB4/SSPRX/I2SRXD/UARTRX0/UARTIRRX0) Port B4; multiplexed with SSP Data In, I2S Data In, UART0 Serial Data In, and UART0 Infrared Data In
• 1V8 (most likely 1.8v for the cpu core)
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Ireland
Country archive · 15 posts
Latest stories about Ireland
3 October 2012
Spain: Ryanair (aka Adventures in Flying)
Ryanair, the low-cost, no-luxury Irish airline is coming under fire once again. This time for the various incidents that have occurred in Spain and other countries in the last few weeks. The issue has not left netizens indifferent.
14 March 2012
Europe: Will ACTA Treaty Pass After Protests?
The ratification of the Anti-Counterfeiting Treaty (ACTA) by the European Parliament has been delayed in expectation of an opinion from the European Court of Justice on its conformity with fundamental rights.
7 January 2012
Eurozone Crisis: 2011 Citizen Media Responses
The year 2011 will be remembered for the European debt crisis and its impact on the global economy, but also for its hard consequences on everyday lives. We sum up Global Voices coverage and citizen media responses to the Eurozone crisis in the past year.
15 November 2011
Eurozone Crisis: Where Will the Economy Go?
Economists would be hard pressed to forecast the future of Europe's bailouts and the consequences of the current financial crisis. While opinions differ, reactions abound online to try to make sense of what future awaits the Eurozone.
30 June 2011
Palestine: Two Boats Sabotaged as Flotilla Floats Onwards
The Freedom Flotilla 2 to Gaza will be missing an Irish ship, it emerged today. The MV Saoirse has been reportedly sabotaged while at berth in the Turkish coastal town of Göcek and will now not be able to take part in the flotilla, aimed at breaking the Israeli blockade on Gaza and presenting humanitarian aid to the Palestinians.
14 June 2010
Global: Tweeting the USA/England Match
The Twittersphere was abuzz during the USA/England #worldcup match on June 12. The game was highly anticipated in the United States, where TV ads touted it as the "most anticipated" match of the World Cup, whereas in England, fans were nearly certain their team would win.
5 June 2010
Global: Rachel Corrie “Immortalized” With Ship's Mission
A humanitarian aid ship called the MV Rachel Corrie (named after a young American peace activist who was killed by a bulldozer Gaza in 2003) set sail for Gaza from Ireland carrying 11 passengers and 9 crew members from 5 countries, but was soon intercepted.
9 January 2010
Slovakia: First Slovak Terrorist Caught in Ireland, Sort Of
Tibor Blazko translates Slovak netizens' caustic remarks about the botched security test on a plane to Dublin.
4 January 2009
Global: Protests for Palestine
The world has come out in support of Gaza. Hundreds of thousands of people have turned up at rallies and demonstrations over the past five days, which have spanned the globe. From Boston to Beirut, Cape Town to Caracas, citizens have shown their solidarity and support for Gaza. Jillian York zooms in on Flickr for some photo action.
21 September 2008
Ukraine, EU: A Closer Relationship?
The EU's plan to finalize an Association Agreement with Ukraine in 2009 was made public at the EU-Ukraine Summit in Paris on Sept. 9. The media and bloggers greeted it...
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An unofficial blog that watches Google's attempts to move your operating system online.
Send your tips to gostips@gmail.com.
May 21, 2010
Google Tests a New Sidebar Without Icons
After many users complained that the new persistent sidebar from Google Search is distracting and takes away too much space, Google tests a new version of the sidebar that no longer includes icons. I don't think the icons were very helpful and removing them is a simple way to make the sidebar less annoying.
Here's the original layout:
Those who used the page http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=all to access the old interface probably noticed that Google redirected it to the new interface. You can still use the Hacker interface, the Linux-flavored interface, but the best thing to do is to try the new interface and learn about the tools and filters that could really improve your results. I constantly use the "updates" filter to search Twitter, the "discussions" filter to restrict the result to forums and the "past 24 hours/past week/past month" options to find recently updated pages.
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WAVE DIRECTION COMPUTATIONS WITH THREE GAGE ARRAYS
D. Esteva
Abstract
Wave direction is an important parameter in the solution of many coastal engineering problems such as the estimation of sediment transport and the response of coastal structures. Wave-gage arrays are among the most widely proposed systems for measuring wave direction. In late March 1970, the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) installed an array of five pressure sensors off the California coast. Figure 1 gives the location of the array, its geometry and dimensions. The water depth at the site was approximately 9.14 meters (30 feet) and the gages were positioned .76 meters (2.5 feet) from the bottom. One use for the array data would be to compare redundant values of wave direction and estimate the level of accuracy of the computations. Redundant values of direction were obtained from the ten three-gage arrays possible with five gages. Three-gage arrays offer some advantages over arrays involving a larger number of gages and have been proposed by many investigators. An obvious advantage involves economics. Non-linear arrays offer the advantage over linear arrays that straight forward mathematical expressions can be derived for the unambigous computation of direction. These expressions involve the phase differences between gage pairs for the waves present, no recourse to two-dimensional spectral analysis is necessary. However, it is necessary to assume long and relatively straight crested waves, traveling in well determined directions, and geometrically stationary over the array. The first two assumptions are supported by high altitude aerial photographs, Figure 2 and, by radar scans of the wave field, Figure 3. Fujinawa (1975) conjectures that narrow directional spread is responsible for the incomplete recovery of the true directional spectrum from field records in his computations using high directional resolution.
Keywords
wave direction; three gage array; direction computation
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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OVERTOPPING REDUCTION IN CROWNWALL DESIGN
Jose Luis Monso, Alfonso Vidaor, Cristina Cadevall, Cristina Garcia
Abstract
This study for overtopping reduction in crownwall design presents several results of 2D (wave flume) and 3D (wave basin) tests on irregular wave overtopping of different configurations for breakwater sections were obtained by the Applied Hydrodynamics Institute (INHA) in order to improve the design of the small-craft harbour at San Sebastian in the North of Spain (fig.l). San Sebastian is one of the most well-known and beautiful tourist cities in Europe and for that reason aesthetic as well as environmental aspects of construction had to be taken into account.
Keywords
overtopping; overtopping reduction; crownwall
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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"warc_url": "http://journals.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/6812/0"
}
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FREQUENCY-BASED HARBOR RESPONSE TO INCIDENT TSUNAMI WAVES IN AMERICAN SAMOA
Ziyi Huang, Jiin-Jen Lee
Abstract
September 29, 2009 Samoa tsunami attacked Pago Pago Harbor, the major harbor in American Samoa. The original tsunami waves were greatly amplified when they propagated into the harbor, causing extensive inundations and thus fatalities and village damages. A frequency-based numerical model developed by Lee and Xing (2010) was utilized to investigate the mechanism of the amplification. The fundamental resonance mode of the harbor was identified as 18-minutes period based on the average water depth; the computed amplification factor, defined as the ratio of responded wave amplitude to incoming wave amplitude, was quite large on the fundamental mode at the interior of the harbor. Tidal gauge measurements of several other tsunami events in Pacific Ocean verified the simulation results and further corroborated the local response due to the topography and bathymetry of the harbor is responsible for the amplification of incoming waves. An unfounded speculation was discussed to interpret the distinguishing frequency distribution of wave spectral density in the Samoa tsunami event.
Keywords
tsunami waves; American Samoa; Pago Pago Harbor; frequency-based model; fundamental resonance mode; local response; mode shape; near-field tsunami
References
Beavan, J., X. Wang, C. Holden, K. Wilson, W. Power, G. Prasetya, M. Bevis, and R. Kautoke. 2010. Near-simultaneous great earthquakes at Tonga megathrust and outer rise in September 2009, ature, 466, 959-963.
Berkhoff, J. C. W. 1972. Computation of combined refraction-diffraction, Proc. 13th Coastal Eng. Conf., ASCE, New York, 471-490.
Lay, T., C.J. Ammon, H. Kanamori, L. Rivera, K.D. Koper, and A.R. Hutko. 2010. The 2009 Samoa-Tonga great earthquake triggered doublet, ature, 466, 964-968.
Lee, J. J. and X. Xing. 2010. Computer modeling for harbor planning and design, Handbook of Coastal and Ocean Engineering, World Scientific, Singapore, Chapter 25, 699-722.
Okal, E.A., J. Borrero, and C. Chagué-Goff. 2011. Tsunamigenic predecessors to the 2009 Samoa earthquake, Earth-Science Reviews, 107, 128-140.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.12.007
Okal, E.A., H. M. Fritz, C. E. Synolakis, J. C. Borrero, R. Weiss, P. J. Lynett, V. V. Titov, S. Foteinis, B. E. Jaffe, P. L.-F. Liu, and I. Chan. 2010. Field survey of the Samoa tsunami of 29 September 2009, Seismological Research Letters, 81(4), 577-591.http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.81.4.577
Richmond, B. M., M. Buckley, S. Etienne, C. Chagué-Goff, K. Clark, J. Goff, D. Dominey-Howes, and L. Strotz. 2011. Deposits, flow characteristics, and landscape change resulting from the September 2009 South Pacific tsunami in the Samoan islands, Earth-Science Reviews, 107, 38-51.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.03.008
Roeber, V., Y. Yamazaki, and K. F. Cheung. 2010. Resonance and impact of the 2009 Samoa tsunami around Tutuila, American Samoa, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L21604.http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044419
U.S. Geological Survey. 2009. Poster of the Samoa islands region earthquake of 29 September 2009 -magnitude 8.0, (
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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20.109(F12):Student registration and questionnaire
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Last Name)
Line 5: Line 5:
===Last Name===
===Last Name===
+
*Chang
===First Name===
===First Name===
Revision as of 20:09, 10 September 2012
Please copy the source code from this page to your user page, fill in the answers and print out a copy for next time.
You do not need to keep the information on your user page once you've printed it out.
Contents
Registration/Questionnaire: 20.109 Fall 2012
Last Name
• Chang
First Name
Preferred name
Course/Minor
Year of Graduation
Telephone #
Email
username AT mit DOT edu
Have you taken or are you taking...
20.320 (Cell Kinetics)
7.05/5.07 (Biochemistry)
7.06 (Cell Biology)
5.310 (General Chemistry Lab)
Do you have any experience culturing cells (mammalian, yeast or microbial)?
Do you have any experience in molecular biology (electrophoresis, PCR, etc)?
Please briefly describe any previous laboratory experience
Please briefly describe any previous technical communication experience you have
• Written Communication
• Oral Communication
Anything else you would like us to know?
Personal tools
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Protein blot (Western) hub
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 13:23, 6 September 2006 by Crp724 (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Overview
A Western Blot allows for the semiquantitative determination of protein expression. Crude cell lysates are loaded into a polyacrylamide gel containing a denaturing agent which give all the proteins a net negative charge. A current can then be passed through the gel and the proteins will migrate through the gel, with the largest proteins traveling the slowest, resulting in a lane where proteins become separated on the basis of their weight. The proteins can then be transferred from the gel onto a membrane (often nitrocellulose or PVDF), which can then by incubated with an antibody directed against the protein of interest. By using a detector conjugated to an antibody one can now detect specifically the protein of interest.
Relevant lab protocols
Personal tools
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User:Jihwan Myung
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 19:59, 25 February 2013 by Jihwan Myung (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Jihwan Myung (an artistic interpretation)
• Jihwan Myung
• Hiroshima University School of Medicine / 1-2-3 Kasumi, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
• RIKEN BSI / 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198 JAPAN
• Email me through OpenWetWare
I currently work at Laboratory of Integrative Bioscience at Hiroshima University and will soon move to RIKEN BSI. I hope to share some tricks I learned while making software and hardware tools for customized measurement.
Education
• PhD, Life Sciences, Kyoto University
• MS, Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington
• MS, Physics, POSTECH
• BS, Physics, Korea University
Research interests
1. Circadian biology
2. Quantitative data acquisition and structuring
3. Affordable yet professional bioimaging solutions
Publications
1. Myung J, Hong S, Hatanaka F, Nakajima Y, De Schutter E, and Takumi T. . pmid:22745491. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. Hatanaka F, Matsubara C, Myung J, Yoritaka T, Kamimura N, Tsutsumi S, Kanai A, Suzuki Y, Sassone-Corsi P, Aburatani H, Sugano S, and Takumi T. . pmid:20937769. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
3. Kim TD, Kim JS, Kim JH, Myung J, Chae HD, Woo KC, Jang SK, Koh DS, and Kim KT. . pmid:15798208. PubMed HubMed [Paper3]
gene expression and nuclear transport modeling
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Personal tools
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User:Pakpoom Subsoontorn
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 05:31, 28 January 2009 by Pakpoom Subsoontorn (Talk | contribs)
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I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Pakpoom Subsoontorn
• Pakpoom (Ton) Subsoontorn
• Ph.D student, Bioengineering Stanford
• Address: 73 Barnes Apartment 106 Stanford CA 94305
• Phone: (626)-375-2764
• Email: tons[at]stanford.edu, pakpoomTon[at]gmail.com
• Official Website
• I'm on facebook and hi5, just search my full name. There is only one pakpoom subsoontorn!
• Email me through OpenWetWare
Education
• 2008-, PhD, Bioengineering, Stanford University
• 2004-2008, BS (Biology and Computer Science), California Institute of Technology
Research interests
• Every week, month, quarter and year, I will summarize my current interest, direction, what I have done and the next plans in the following page: Strategic Summary
Current Research Projects
Teaching Project
Here are some imaginary courses I think should exist,
Note
Publications
Useful links
Personal tools
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brittanynicole001's bookmarks
"The learner always begins by finding fault, but the scholar sees the positive merit in everything."
Hegel, Georg on scholars and scholarship
"If you want to love you must serve, if you want freedom you must die."
Hegel, Georg on service
"The irrationality of a thing is no argument against its existence, rather a condition of it."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on absurdity
23 fans of this quote
"What doesn't kill us makes us stronger."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on adversity
31 fans of this quote
"How people keep correcting us when we are young! There is always some bad habit or other they tell us we ought to get over. Yet most bad habits are tools to help us through life."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on age and aging
12 fans of this quote
"Whatever is done for love always occurs beyond good and evil."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on deeds and good deeds
23 fans of this quote
"One must learn to love oneself with a wholesome and healthy love, so that one can bear to be with oneself and need not roam."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on egotism
18 fans of this quote
"He who lives by fighting with an enemy has an interest in the preservation of the enemy's life."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on enemies
19 fans of this quote
"Existence really is an imperfect tense that never becomes a present."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on existence
5 fans of this quote
"There are no facts, only interpretations."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on facts
21 fans of this quote
"There are no eternal facts, as there are no absolute truths."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on facts
13 fans of this quote
"When one has not had a good father, one must create one."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on fathers
8 fans of this quote
"Fear is the mother of morality."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on fear
17 fans of this quote
"Everything in woman hath a solution. It is called pregnancy."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on feminism
5 fans of this quote
"And if your friend does evil to you, say to him, I forgive you for what you did to me, but how can I forgive you for what you did to yourself?"
Nietzsche, Friedrich on forgiveness
20 fans of this quote
"We are franker towards others than towards ourselves."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on frankness
16 fans of this quote
"What is rational is actual, and what is actual is rational."
Hegel, Georg on reason
"Truth in philosophy means that concept and external reality correspond."
Hegel, Georg on philosophers and philosophy
3 fans of this quote
"We may affirm absolutely that nothing great in the world has ever been accomplished without passion."
Hegel, Georg on passion
7 fans of this quote
"Medicine heals doubts as well as diseases."
Marx, Karl on medicine
"Necessity is blind until it becomes conscious. Freedom is the consciousness of necessity."
Marx, Karl on necessity
"The only antidote to mental suffering is physical pain."
Marx, Karl on pain
10 fans of this quote
"We never become really and genuinely our entire and honest selves until we are dead -- and not then until we have been dead years and years. People ought to start dead and then they would be honest so much earlier."
Twain, Mark on death
12 fans of this quote
"Let us endeavor so to live that when we come to die even the undertaker will be sorry."
Twain, Mark on death
49 fans of this quote
"I believe that our Heavenly Father invented man because he was disappointed in the monkey."
Twain, Mark on evolution
24 fans of this quote
"It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people think you are a fool than to open it and remove all doubt."
Twain, Mark on fools and foolishness
48 fans of this quote
"There is only one good -- knowledge; and only one evil -- ignorance."
Socrates on evil
5 fans of this quote
"Call no man unhappy until he is married."
Socrates on happiness
5 fans of this quote
"One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing."
Socrates on knowledge
13 fans of this quote
"By all means marry. If you get a good wife you will become happy, and if you get a bad one you will become a philosopher."
Socrates on marriage
11 fans of this quote
"Do not be angry with me if I tell you the truth"
Socrates on truth
4 fans of this quote
"Slanderers do not hurt me because they do not hit me."
Socrates on slander
4 fans of this quote
"I became insane, with long intervals of horrible sanity."
Poe, Edgar Allan on insanity
27 fans of this quote
"Education is the art of making man ethical."
Hegel, Georg on education
5 fans of this quote
"The history of the world is none other than the progress of the consciousness of freedom."
Hegel, Georg on freedom
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"An idea is always a generalization, and generalization is a property of thinking. To generalize means to think."
Hegel, Georg on generalizations
"The future influences the present just as much as the past."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on the future
10 fans of this quote
"Where does one not find that bland degeneration which beer produces in the spirit!"
Nietzsche, Friedrich on alcohol and alcoholism
"Every philosophy is the philosophy of some stage of life."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on philosophers and philosophy
4 fans of this quote
"To forget one's purpose is the commonest form of stupidity."
Nietzsche, Friedrich on purpose
8 fans of this quote
But wait... my book has more: prev 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 next
Brittany's quote collection
I'm female and made my book on 21st March 2010.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
You have it easily in your power to increase the sum total of this world's happiness now. How? By giving a few words of sincere appreciation to someone who is lonely or discouraged. Perhaps you will forget tomorrow the kind words you say today, but the recipient may cherish them over a lifetime. Carnegie, Dale
This quote is about words · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Carnegie, Dale ...
Dale Carnegie (November 24, 1888 - November 1, 1955) was a pioneer in self-improvement, salesmanship, and corporate training programs, and became famous for courses he developed that emphasized public speaking and interpersonal skills. Born in poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of How to Win Friends and Influence People, first published in 1936, which has sold over 15 million copies through many editions and remains popular today. He also wrote a biography of Abraham Lincoln titled Lincoln the Unknown and several other books.
These people bookmarked this quote:
More on the author
This quote around the web
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Search Quotations Book
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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The good fellow to everyone is a good friend to no one. Proverb, Jewish
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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At every trifle take offense, that always shows great pride or little sense. Pope, Alexander
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
It is good taste, and good taste alone, that possesses the power to sterilize and is always the first handicap to any creative functioning. Dali, Salvador
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Skip to content
Social Media in Medicine course: The Announcement!
I launched a course at the University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center in 2008 in order to help medical and public health students learn more about social media. Now, after several semesters, the course developed a lot and I still teach students about the basics of social media, through blogging, Twitter, Facebook, searching and many other topics. Here are the weekly summaries of this semester. This was the last semester in Debrecen and I’ve got two announcements to make.
1) From February, I will teach the course at Semmelweis University of Budapest, the oldest medical school in Hungary (1769) with even more students (hundreds of them) and through 14 weeks instead of 10.
2) I will make the course totally online in February! It means any students, medical professionals or even patients could watch the Prezis, take the course and get the certification that they know what they have to know about social media and medicine. More details later!
I’m very excited about these and I hope you are also looking forward to seeing the site online!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1301.6.55.001 - Tasmanian Statistical News, Jun 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 12/06/2009
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HOW CAN WE HELP
ARE YOU STATISTICALLY LITERATE?
In today's information-rich society, we encounter statistical information on a daily basis, ranging from unemployment rates, retail figures and cancer rates, to football ladders and cricket scores. Statistics tell interesting stories and enable us to make sense of the world. Statistics are essential for research, planning and decision-making purposes.
While it may be the issues rather than the statistics that grab people's attention, it should be recognised that it is the statistics that inform the issues. Being statistically literate means being equipped/having the ability to accurately understand, interpret and evaluate the data that inform these issues.
A lack of statistical literacy can result in misunderstandings and misrepresentation of data which can lead not only to erroneous conclusions, but a mistrust of statistics themselves.
If you are uncomfortable with using statistics, you are not alone. Many people shy away from using statistics because of their perceived complexity. People may:
• not know where to look to find the information they need;
• be unfamiliar with the terminology; and/or
• lack confidence in their ability to make sense of the numbers.
You do not have to be an expert at maths to work with statistics!
Numeracy implies a basic competence in mathematics, a basic understanding of numbers and figures. It is certainly a prerequisite to being statistically literate, but statistical literacy is not about being adept at formulating or understanding the methodology behind the numbers. Statistical literacy requires a basic understanding of statistical concepts and is the ability to interpret the numbers and express that understanding in words.
Statistics may be presented in different ways, including tables, graphs, maps or text, or through numbers and symbols; they are not scary or boring if you know what they mean. For someone to be considered statistically literate, they need to be comfortable and competent with all of these forms.
There are several concepts that recur throughout the literature on statistical literacy. These fall into four key areas and can be considered in a practical manner as ‘criteria’ on which to base statistical literacy:
• Data Awareness
• The ability to understand statistical concepts
• The ability to analyse, interpret and evaluate statistical information
• The ability to communicate statistical information and understandings
In upcoming issues of Tasmanian Statistical News we will discuss these concepts in more detail. Meanwhile, if you would like to know more about statistical literacy and its relevance to you, check out the article: What is statistical literacy and why is it important to be statistically literate? as featured in Tasmanian State and Regional Indicators (cat. no. 1307.6).
GENERAL STATISTICAL ENQUIRIES
We can help you to make a more informed decision...
Our consultants are available to discuss your information needs, and assist you to obtain the data which will best meet your requirements.
A range of published data is available free of charge on our website and more detailed data can be tailored to your requirements as part of our priced information consultancy service. Contact our consultants who will discuss your needs in detail and provide you with an obligation free quote.
Phone: 1300 135 070 (between 8.30am-5.00pm EST)
Email: client.services@abs.gov.au
Fax: 1300 135 211
Post: Client Services, ABS, GPO Box 796, Sydney, 2001
Online Enquiry Form
To find out more about how we can customise data tailored to meet your needs check out our Information Consultancy Services brochure online.
STATISTICAL TRAINING
Our training programs are conducted by ABS staff with expertise in designing questionnaires, analysing data and managing the survey process. The courses teach practical skills by involving participants in individual and group exercises. In addition, courses can be tailored to meet the specific needs of your organisation. We also hold regular seminars which may focus on statistical developments, publications, trends or issues.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
9314.0 - Sales of New Motor Vehicles, Australia, May 2007
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/06/2007
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Contains monthly information on sales of new motor vehicles in each state/territory sourced from the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries. Data are provided in original, seasonally adjusted and trend estimated terms. Sales data will be available for passenger vehicles, sports utility vehicles, other vehicles and total vehicles at the state/territory and national levels.
See also 1350.0
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1345.4 - SA Stats, Mar 2011
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 29/03/2011
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CONTENTS
Feature Articles
NEW THIS MONTH -
This month's SA Stats presents two feature articles; Patterns in South Australian Retail Turnover and Emotional Well-being in South Australia.
Demography
Includes: Estimated resident population, Components of population change
South Australia's estimated resident population (ERP) increased by approximately 20,000 for the year ended 30 June 2010.
Labour Force
Includes: Contents, Employed persons, Unemployment, Participation rate
SA's total number of employed falls for the third consecutive month to 813,400 persons.
Incomes
Includes: Average weekly earnings
Female full-time earnings in SA increases 5.3% in the 12 months to November 2010 compared to 1.6% for males.
State Accounts
Includes: State accounts, Household final consumption expenditure (HFCE)
SA's State Final Demand increased 0.6% between the September and December quarters 2010.
Consumption
Includes: Retail trade, New motor vehicle sales
SA's retail turnover estimate up 2.4% in January 2011; 0.4% above the sales recorded in January of 2010.
Investment
Includes: Private new capital expenditure, Mineral and petroleum exploration expenditure
SA's chain volume estimate of private new capital expenditure rose 7.6% in December quarter 2010.
Construction
Includes: Building approvals, Construction work done
Dwelling unit approvals in SA fall 6.5% in January 2011.
Price Indexes
Includes: Contents, Consumer price index, Wage price index, House price index
SA Wage Price Index increases 1.1% in December quarter 2010; the equal largest of all states and territories.
Housing Finance
Includes: Housing finance commitments
SA's average home loan commitment for non-first home buyers marginally above that for first home buyers.
International Merchandise Trade
Includes: Exports and Imports
Wheat remains SA's number one export commodity in January 2011.
Water
Includes: Rainfall, Reservoir levels
South Australia's summer 2010-11 was the third wettest on record.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
3218.0 - Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2009-10 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 31/03/2011
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
ABS Home
Indigenous Statistics for Schools
GLOSSARY
A – D
E – N
O – Z
A – D
Aboriginal people
People who identify as being of Aboriginal origin. May also include people identified as being of both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin. See also Indigenous people, Torres Strait Islander people and Indigenous status.
Administrative data
Data that are routinely collected in the course of general administration. Includes data from the Registrars of Births, Deaths and Marriages, hospital morbidity data, housing assistance data and child protection data.
Age Standardisation
A method of removing the influence of age when comparing populations with different age structures. Where appropriate, estimates in this publication are age standardised to the age composition of the total estimated resident population of Australia as at 30 June 2006. The age standardised rate is that which would have prevailed if the studied population had the standard age composition.
Alcohol consumption risk level
Alcohol risk levels were derived from the average daily consumption of alcohol in the seven days prior to interview and are grouped into relative risk levels as defined by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) as follows:
Alcohol Consumption per day
Relative Risk
Males
Females
Low risk less than 50ml Less than 25ml
Risky 50-70ml 25-50ml
High Risk More than 75ml More than 50ml
Note: One standard drink contains 12.5ml of alcohol
It should be noted that risk level as defined by the NHMRC is based on regular consumption levels of alcohol, whereas indicators derived in the NATSIHS do not take into account whether consumption in the reference week was more, less or the same as usual.
Drinking status information was also collected for those who did not consume any alcohol in the seven days prior to interview. Categorised as:
• Last consumed more than one week to less than 12 months ago;
• Last consumed 12 months or more ago;
• Never consumed.
ANZSCO
The Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO) has been developed for use in the collection, analysis and dissemination of occupation statistics in Australia and New Zealand.
ANZSCO was developed jointly by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Statistics New Zealand (Statistics NZ) and the Australian Government Department of Employment and Workplace Relations (DEWR) to improve the comparability of occupation statistics between the two countries and the rest of the world.
ANZSIC
The Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) has been developed for use in the compilation and analysis of industry statistics in Australia and New Zealand.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics and Statistics New Zealand jointly developed this classification to improve the comparability of industry statistics between the two countries and with the rest of the world.
Average equivalised gross household income
Average equivalised gross household income is applicable to occupied private dwellings. It excludes households where at least one member aged 15 years and over did not state an income and households where at least one member aged 15 years and over was temporarily absent on Census Night. It excludes 'Visitors only' and 'Other not classifiable' households.
Average number of persons per bedroom
Applicable to occupied private dwellings only. It excludes 'Visitors only' and 'Other not classifiable' households
Average household size
Applicable to number of persons usually resident in occupied private dwellings. It includes partners, children, and co-tenants (in group households) who were temporarily absent on Census Night. A maximum of three temporary absentees can be counted in each household. It excludes 'Visitors only' and 'Other not classifiable' households.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
This index is calculated from reported height and weight information, using the formula weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared. To produce a measure of the prevalence of overweight or obesity in adults, BMI values are grouped according to the table below which allows categories to be reported against both the World Health Organization and National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines.
Classification of Body Mass Index
BMI range
Underweight
Less than 18.5
Normal range
18.5 to less than 20
20 to less than 25
Overweight
25 to less than 30
Obese
30 and over
Canadian National Occupancy Standard for housing appropriateness
A standard measure of housing utilisation that is sensitive to both household size and composition. Based on the following criteria used to assess bedroom requirements, households requiring at least one additional bedroom are considered to be overcrowded:
• there should be no more than two persons per bedroom
• a household of one unattached individual may reasonably occupy a bed-sit (i.e. have no bedroom)
• couples and parents should have a separate bedroom
• children less than five years of age, of different sexes, may reasonably share a room
• children five years of age or over, of different sexes, should not share a bedroom
• children less than 18 years of age and of the same sex may reasonably share a bedroom
• single household members aged 18 years or over should have a separate bedroom.
Census
A census is a count of a whole population. The Census of Population and Housing measures the number of people and dwellings in Australia and their key characteristics, at a given point in time. The ABS conducts a Census every five years.
Clan, tribal group or language group
A group of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people who share a common language or tribal membership.
Clerical and Administrative Worker
Includes Office Managers & Program Administrators; Personal Assistants and Secretaries; Clerical Workers and Receptionists, (see page 545 of ANZSCO).
Community and Personal Service Worker
Includes Health and Welfare Support Workers; Carers and Aides; Hospitality Workers; Protective Service Workers; Sport and Personal Service Workers, (see page 472 of ANZSCO).
Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) scheme
The CDEP scheme enables participants (usually members of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander communities) to exchange unemployment benefits for opportunities to undertake work and training in activities which are managed by local Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander community organisation. Participants in the program are classified as employed.
Contributing Family Member
Is a person who works without pay in an economic enterprise operated by a relative.
Crime
In Australia, crimes are punishable by the state, and recorded in accordance with the Australian Standard Offence Classification (ASOC).
Current daily smoker
A person who was smoking one or more cigarettes (or cigars or pipes) per day, on average, at the time of interview. See also Smoker status.
Days away from work or study
Refers to days where the respondent was away from work, school or other educational institution (as appropriate) for at least half the day. Absences included days away due a respondent's own illness or injury, or to care for another person with illness or injury. Data in the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (NATSIHS) 2004–05 (cat no. 4715.0) only refer to days away due to own illness or injury.
Discrete Indigenous community
A geographical location with a physical or legal boundary that is inhabited or intended to be inhabited predominantly by Indigenous people, with housing and infrastructure that is either owned or managed on a community basis.
Dwelling
A building or structure which is intended to have people live in it, and which is habitable on Census Night. Some examples of dwellings are houses, motels, flats, prisons, tents, and houseboats.
E – N
Educational attainment
The highest level of education attained. Includes both primary and secondary school, and non-school qualifications.
Employed
Persons aged 15 years or over who, during the week prior to survey, worked for payment or profit; who had a job from which they were on leave or otherwise temporarily absent; were on strike or stood down temporarily; or worked as unpaid helpers in a family business. See also Labour force status.
Employed full time
A person aged 15 years or over who worked 35 hours or more, in all jobs, during the week prior to Census night. See also Employed.
Employed part time
A person aged 15 years or over who worked less than 35 hours, in all jobs, during the week prior to Census night. See also Employed.
Employee
An employee is a person who works for a public or private employer and receives remuneration in wages or salary; or is paid a retainer fee by his/her employer, while working on a commission basis; or works for an employer for tips, piece-rates or payment in kind; or, is a person who operates his/her own incorporated enterprise with or without hiring employees.
Employment/population ratio
The number of employed persons expressed as a percentage of the population aged 15 years and over, excluding persons whose labour force status is unknown. See also employed.
Estimated Resident Indigenous Population
The official ABS experimental estimate of Australia's Indigenous population. The estimates are based on the Census usual residence counts, adjusted for undercount and non-response, and are compiled as at 30 June. Further information is available in Population Distribution, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians (cat. no. 4705.0).
Estimated Resident Population
Estimated resident population (ERP) is the official measure of the population of Australia, based on the concept of usual residence within Australia.
Equivalised disposable household income
To calculate the equivalised disposable income of a household, each member of the household is allocated 'equivalence points'. Taking the first adult in the household as having a weight of 1 point, each additional person aged 15 years or older is allocated 0.5 of a point, and each child under the age of 15 years is allocated 0.3 of a point. Equivalised disposable household income is then derived by dividing disposable household income by a factor equal to the sum of the 'equivalence points' allocated to the household members.
The equivalised disposable income of a single person household is the same as its unequivalised disposable income.
Equivalised gross household income
Equivalised household income is a measure used to take differences in household size and composition into account for comparison purposes.
Family
Two or more persons, one of whom is at least 15 years of age, who are related by blood, marriage (registered or de facto), adoption, step or fostering, who are usually resident in the same household.
Family Household
A household containing two or more persons, one of whom is at least 15 years of age, who are related by blood, marriage (registered or de facto), adoption, step or fostering. There may be more than one family living in a single household therefore the total number of families may exceed the total number of family households. See also Household.
Gross household income per week
The sum of the personal incomes of each resident aged 15 years or over who was present in the household on Census night. Persons who were temporarily absent on Census night, or had nil or negative income, or did not state their income, do not contribute to household income. See also Equivalised gross household income per week.
Gross individual income per week
The usual gross weekly income of persons aged 15 years or over. Gross weekly income is income before tax, superannuation, health insurance, or other deductions are made. Income includes: family payments, pensions, unemployment benefits, student allowances, maintenance (child support), superannuation, wages, overtime, dividends, rents received, business or farm income (less operating expenses) and workers' compensation received.
Health related actions
Refers to specific health related action(s) respondents reported they had taken in the two weeks prior to interview (except for admitted to hospital which had a 12 month time frame), including:
• Admitted to hospital;
• Visits to casualty/emergency units at hospitals;
• Visits to outpatients department at hospital;
• Consultation with general practitioner (GP) and/or specialist;
• Consultation with dentist;
• Consultations with other health professionals (OHP): see separate reference;
• Days away from work or study (due to own illness or injury);
• Other days of reduced activity (days other than days away from work or school/study) due to own illness or injury.
Health risk factors
Health risk factors are those behaviours or environments which can increase the chance of developing a disease.
Highest year of schooling
This refers to the recorded highest level of primary or secondary school a person has completed. It is classified to the Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED) (see cat. no. 1272.0). This classification has changed since the 2001 Census. In 2001 it included a category 'Still at school'. The 'Still at school' category is excluded from the 2006 classification. This allows the highest level of education attainment to be determined for people still at school.
Home owner
A person who is purchasing or owns the dwelling in which he/she was enumerated on Census Night.
Homelands/traditional country
An area of land with which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have ancestral and/or cultural links.
Homelessness
The ABS uses the cultural definition of homelessness to enumerate the homeless population. The cultural definition contends that 'homelessness' and 'inadequate housing' are cultural concepts that only make sense in a particular community at a given historical period. Cultural standards are embedded in the housing practices of a society. The minimum community standard is considered to be a small rental flat with a bedroom, living room, kitchen, bathroom and some security of tenure. Exceptions to this definition include prisons, student halls of residence, seminaries, etc.
See the Chris Chamberlain and David MacKenzie definition in Australian Census Analytic Program: Counting the Homeless, Australia, 2006 (cat no 2050.0).
Household
A household is defined as one or more persons, of whom is at least 15 years and over, usually resident in the same private dwelling. Under this definition, all occupants of a dwelling form a household and complete one form. Therefore, for Census purposes, the total number of households is equal to the total number of occupied private dwellings as a Census form is completed for each household from which dwelling information for the household is obtained. See also Family household, Lone person household, and Other household.
Imprisonment
Offenders are held in prisons and additionally persons pending court hearings may be held in prisons, detention centres or other custodial facilities.
Income
See Gross household income per week, Gross individual income per week, Income quintiles and Equivalised gross income.
Income quintiles
Groupings that result from ranking all households or people in the population in ascending order according to their income and then dividing the population into five equal groups, each comprising 20% of the population.
Indigenous household
Any household that had at least one person of any age as a resident at the time of the Census who identified as having Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origins.
Indigenous housing organisations
Any Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander organisation which is responsible for managing housing for Indigenous people. This includes community organisations, such as Resource Agencies and Land Councils, that amongst their range of functions, manage housing for Indigenous people.
Indigenous people
People who identified themselves, or were identified by another household member, as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. See also Indigenous status.
Indigenous status
The Census asks, for each person in a household or non-private dwelling, whether they are of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin and the response(s) to this question determines their Indigenous status. People may identify, or be identified, as being in one of four categories:
• Aboriginal;
• Torres Strait Islander;
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander; or
• not Indigenous (non-Indigenous).
Where this question is unanswered, Indigenous status is coded as 'not stated'.
Industry of employment
The industries in which employed people aged 15 years and over work, coded according to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 2006 (cat. no. 1292.0).
Internet access
Whether or not the Internet can be accessed from a dwelling and if so, what type of connection. The options are:
• Broadband connection including ADSL, Cable, Wireless, and Satellite connection;
• Dial-up connection including analog modem and ISDN connection; and
• Other including Internet access through mobile phones, set-top boxes, games machines or connections other than dial-up or broadband.
Labourer
Includes Cleaners, Laundry, Construction and Mining Workers; Factory Processors; Farm, Forestry and Garden Workers; Food Preparation Assistants and other Labourers, (see page 695 of ANZSCO).
Labour force
Comprises employed and unemployed people aged 15 years and over.
Labour force participation
The number of persons in the labour force expressed as a percentage of the population aged 15 years and over, excluding persons whose labour force status was unknown.
Labour force status
Classifies people aged 15 years and over as employed working full-time, part-time or away from work, unemployed looking for full-time work, unemployed looking for part-time work, or not in the labour force.
Labour Force Survey (LFS)
The LFS contains estimates of employed and unemployed persons classified by sex, full-time/part-time status, states and territories and some age groups; and persons not in the labour force.
Life expectancy
Life expectancy may be compiled for any particular age or age group. Thus, life expectancy at birth refers to the average number of years a group of new-born babies could expect to live if the age-specific death rates of the given period, e.g. 2005-2007, were to continue throughout his or her remaining lifetime. This does not equate to the number of years of life any one person or group of persons will actually live.
Long term health condition
A medical condition (illness, injury or disability) which has lasted 6 months or more, or which the respondent expects to last for six months or more. Some reported conditions were assumed to be long-term, including:
• asthma;
• arthritis;
• cancer;
• osteoporosis;
• diabetes;
• rheumatic heart disease;
• heart attack; and
• stroke.
Major cities
Geographical areas within the 'Major cities of Australia' category of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) Remoteness structure. See also Remoteness Areas.
Machinery Operators and Drivers
Machinery operators & drivers operate machines, plant, vehicles and other equipment to perform a range of agricultural, manufacturing and construction functions, move materials, and transport passengers and freight (see p 644 ANZSCO, 2006)
Managers
Includes Chief Executives, General Managers and Legislators, Farmers and Farm Managers, Specialist, Hospitality, Retail and Service Managers, (see page 70 of ANZSCO)
Mean (Average)
The mean is a summary number that measures one type of midpoint in a range of numbers. In statistical terms determining the midpoint in a range of numbers is called the Measure of Central Tendency. The mean is also known as the arithmetic average. It equals the sum of all values, divided by the number of values.
Mean income
The total income received, divided by the number of contributory units.
Median
Median is one of the three measures of central tendency. A median is the middle score that separates the higher half of a data set from the lower half. If all numbers were put into order from lowest to highest value, the median is the middle value.
Median Age
Median age of persons is the middle value in a series of ages placed in ascending or descending order.
Median housing loan repayment
Applicable to occupied private dwellings being purchased and includes dwellings being purchased under a rent/buy scheme. It excludes 'Visitors only' and 'Other not classifiable' households.
Median rent
Applicable to occupied private dwellings being rented. It excludes 'Visitors only' and 'Other not classifiable' households.
Median gross weekly individual income
Median income is the level of income which divides the units in a group into two equal parts, one half having incomes above the median and the other half having incomes below the median. Medians have been established for each income range using data from the Survey of Income and Housing.
Non-private dwellings
A non-private dwelling is a dwelling that provides communal or transitory type of accommodation. Examples include hotels, motels, prisons, hospitals, boarding schools, etc.
Non-remote
Geographical areas within the 'Major cities of Australia', 'Inner regional Australia' and 'Outer regional Australia' categories of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) Remoteness structure. See also Remoteness Areas.
Non-response
Despite the efforts of question designers and Census collectors, not all of the questions on the Census form are answered for every person. Unanswered questions are generally referred to as non-response.
Non-school qualification
Any post-school qualifications. A non-school qualification is awarded for post-school educational attainment. Includes Certificates, Diplomas, Bachelor degrees, Graduate certificates, Graduate Diplomas and Postgraduate degrees. Non-school qualifications may be attained concurrently with school qualifications.
For detailed information please refer to Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED) (cat. no. 1272.0).
Not in the Labour force
Persons who, during the week prior to being asked, were neither employed nor unemployed. They include persons who were keeping house (unpaid), retired, voluntarily inactive, permanently unable to work, in gaol, trainee teachers, members of contemplative religious orders, and persons whose only activity during the week prior to Census Night was jury service or unpaid voluntary work for a charitable organisation.
O – Z
Occupied private dwellings
A privately owned dwelling which is inhabited on Census Night. Some examples are houses, flats and houseboats. All occupied dwellings are counted in the Census.
Other health professionals
Includes consultation, for own health reasons, in the two weeks prior to interview with one or more of the following:
• Aboriginal health worker;
• Accredited counsellor;
• Acupuncturist;
• Alcohol and drug worker;
• Audiologist/audiometrist;
• Chemist;
• Chiropodist/podiatrist;
• Chiropractor;
• Dietitian/nutritionist;
• Herbalist;
• Hypnotherapist;
• Naturopath;
• Nurse;
• Occupational therapist;
• Optician/optometrist;
• Osteopath;
• Physiotherapist/hydrotherapist;
• Psychologist;
• Social worker/welfare officer;
• Speech therapist/pathologist; or
• Traditional healer.
Other household
Households in which there were no residents identified as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin on Census night. These households may include residents whose Indigenous status was unknown.
Outer regional
Geographical areas within the 'Outer Regional Australia' category of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) Remoteness structure. See also Remoteness areas.
Place of enumeration
This is used for Census counts. The place of enumeration is the place at which a person is counted on Census night, i.e. where he/she spent Census Night, which may not be where he/she usually lives.
Place of usual residence
Census counts based on where people usually lived at the time the Census was conducted. 'Usual residence' refers to the place where the person has lived or intends to live for a total of six months or more. Counts on this basis are used to minimise the effect of seasonal fluctuations in holiday/resort areas and, in remote areas, the effect of visitation and mobility issues and events such as festivals, funerals, hunting or other cultural activities.
Professionals
Includes Arts and Media, Business, Human Resource, Marketing, Design, Engineering, Science, Transport, Education, Health, Information and Computer Technology, Legal, Social and Welfare Professionals, (see page 140 of ANZSCO).
Professional, Scientific and Technology Services
Includes units mainly engaged in providing professional, scientific and technical services.
Units in this division specialise and sell their expertise. These services include scientific research, architecture, engineering, computer systems design, law, accountancy, advertising, market research, management and other consultancy, veterinary science and professional photography.
Post Enumeration Survey
A survey following shortly after each Census which aims to estimate the extent of undercount or overcount in the Census. In 2006, remote areas, including discrete Indigenous communities, were included in the scope of the survey for the first time.
Private Dwelling
A private dwelling is a structure which is intended to have people live in it, and which is habitable on Census night. It includes houses, flats, residences in caravan /residential parks, tents, houseboats, rooms above shops and self-contained retirement village dwellings.
Prime working age group
The working population can be divided into 3 groups: youth (15–24), prime working age (25–44) and older working age (45–66).
Rate Ratio
Indigenous to non-Indigenous rate ratios are calculated by dividing the proportion of Indigenous people with a particular characteristic by the proportion of non-Indigenous people with the same characteristic.
A rate ratio of 1.0 indicates that the prevalence of the characteristic is the same in the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations.
Rate ratios greater than 1.0 indicate higher prevalence in the Indigenous population, and rate ratios less than 1.0 indicate higher prevalence in the non-Indigenous population.
For example, if the age standardised proportion of Indigenous people with asthma was 18% while the comparable proportion for non-Indigenous people was 15%. Dividing 18% by 15% produces an Indigenous to non-Indigenous age standardised rate ratio of 1.2. That is, after taking into account the age differences between the populations, the asthma rate for Indigenous people is 1.2 times that of non-Indigenous people.
Rate ratios produced for the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (NATSIHS) 2004–05(cat. no. 4715.0) were based on proportions to one decimal place.
Remote
Geographical areas within the 'Remote Australia' and 'Very remote Australia' categories of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) Remoteness structure. See also Remoteness areas.
Remoteness Area
Within a state or Territory, each Remoteness Area represents an aggregation of non-contiguous geographical areas which share common characteristics of remoteness, determined in the context of Australia as a whole.
The delimitation criteria for Remoteness Areas are based on the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) developed by the then Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care and the National Key Centre for Social Applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). ARIA measures the remoteness of a point based on the physical road distances to the nearest Urban Centre in each of the five size classes. Therefore, not all Remoteness Areas are represented in each state or territory.
For more information, see Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC), 2006 (cat.no.1216.0). Chapters 2 and 8.
Sales worker
Sales workers sell goods,services and property, and provide sales support in areas such as operating cash registers and displaying and demonstrating goods. ICT and Technical Sales Representatives are excluded from this major group (see p612 ANZSCO, 2006)
Sample
A sample is part of a population. It is a subset of the population, often randomly selected for the purpose of studying the characteristics of the entire population.
Self assessed health status
A person's general assessment of their own health against a five point scale from excellent through to poor.
Self employment
A person who operates his/her own unincorporated economic enterprise or engages independently in a profession or trade.
Technicians and Trade Workers
Includes Engineering, Science Technicians, Automotive and Engineering Trades Workers, (see page 335 of ANZSCO).
Tenure Type
Tenure type describes whether a household is purchasing, rents or owns, the dwelling in which it was enumerated on Census Night, or whether the household occupies it under another arrangement.
Torres Strait Islander people
People identified as being of Torres Strait Islander origin. May also include people identified as being of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal origin. See also Indigenous and Aboriginal people.
Undercount
Despite the efforts of Census collectors, some people are missed each Census (undercount) and some are counted more than once (overcount). The net effect of overcount and undercount is called net undercount.
Unemployed
Persons aged 15 years and over who, during the week prior to Census night, did not have a job but were actively looking for work (either full-time or part-time) and were available to start work. See also Labour force status.
Unemployment rate
For any group, the number of unemployed persons expressed as a percentage of the labour force. See also Labour force status.
Usual daily serves of fruit
Refers to the number of serves of fruit (excluding drinks and beverages) usually consumed each day, as reported by the respondent. A serve is approximately 150 grams of fresh fruit or 50 grams of dried fruit. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) have recommended a minimum of two serves of fruit per day for adults. The number of serves of fruit consumed was not collected in remote areas. In remote areas a general question was asked regarding whether they usually eat fruit each day.
Usual daily serves of vegetables
Refers to the number of serves of vegetables (excluding drinks and beverages) usually consumed each day, as reported by the respondent. A serve is approximately half a cup of cooked vegetables or one cup of salad vegetables — equivalent to approximately 75 grams. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) have recommended a minimum of five serves of vegetables per day for adults. The number of serves of vegetables consumed was not collected in remote areas. In remote areas a general question was asked regarding whether they usually eat vegetables each day.
Very Remote
Geographical areas within the 'Very Remote Australia' category of the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) Remoteness structure. See also Remoteness Areas.
Voluntary Work
The provision of unpaid help willingly undertaken in the form of time, service or skills, to an organisation or group, excluding work done overseas. Examples of groups are: an organised sporting group/team; a youth group, such as guides, scouts, a choir; a charity organisation or cause, etc.
Wellbeing
Is a concept that describes the life experiences of the individual or group of individuals, that include the interactions with their physical and socio-economic environments. No single measure of wellbeing is adequate to measure change in living conditions over time, rather a range of measures related to specific areas of concern (such as health or work) may be used. In the Australian Indigenous context, those areas of concern to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples may differ somewhat in context or emphasis to those of the non-Indigenous Australian population; for example conceptions of family structure and and kinship.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2008
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Instead of AdBlock, enjoy ad-free CAN by becoming a member. Everybody wins!
glsl
17/08/2012 / Mac
Doing spectacular things with very little code has a long tradition in the demoscene. Born out of necessity when home computers were slow and memory space scarce, pushing against artificial boundaries became a popular “sport” when PC hardware power blew ...
17/06/2012 / Processing, Tutorials
I’ve wanted to learn more about GLSL shaders for a while now. GLSL is a high-level shading language created to give developers more direct control of the graphics pipeline. In short, you can tell your GPU directly what it should be doing. ...
10/05/2012 / Java, Windows
Worthy winner of the PC 4kB intro competition at Revision 2012 and latest example of the compact-coding tradition exercised within the demoscene, Hartverdrahtet by Akronyme Analogiker is a three minute long audio-visual trip into a procedural fractalverse, compressed into a ...
24/04/2012 / Processing
If you recall "Soak, Dye in Light" project by everyware, Cloud Pink is the latest iteration, taking on the analogy of cloud rather than paint soaked fabric. The installation invites participants to "touch the pink clouds" drifting on a giant fabric screen suspended in ...
12/01/2012 / c++, Cinder, Featured, Tutorials
By Stephen Schieberl and Joshua Noble We've heard it plenty of times when people are talking about working with the Kinect: "we'll just get the point cloud and turn it a mesh". You may have even thought that yourself at some ...
26/05/2011 / Processing
These are recent experiments by Alvin C, working with OpenGL/GLSL Bloom & Blur filters in Processing. The demos feature Alvin generating interesting complex structures from simple behaviours/rules. He writes: This exercise experiments with a particle field where different forms may emerge as ...
07/03/2011 / WebApp
Created by Tom Beddard aka subblue, Fractal Lab is a WebGL based web application for rendering 2D and 3D fractals in real-time and the latest in Tom's research in complex and visually stunning 3D fractal structures. As we already reported ...
22/10/2010 / Cinder
Created by Marcin Ignac and yet another project selected for the WrittenImages book, Cindermedusae is a generative encyclopedia of imaginary sea creatures. I wanted to explore generating organic and believable forms so I have chosen to try with a jellyfish. I have ...
01/06/2010 / Mac, openFrameworks
An element that is part of a bigger project call BioRhythm, Reza Ali created this beautiful generative openFrameworks application to render noised form with various shaders included. This is glsl noise distortion on a sphere in real-time and you can ...
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< Constellation Games Progress Report
The MST3K-IMDB Effect, Quantified >
(1) Late Adopter: I started posting about my writing progress on identi.ca, mirrored to Twitter. This is two years after Sumana started using identi.ca, so you know I'm behind the curve.
Anyway, today at work I merged those two characters, and although there are still some rough spots to fix, it was easier than I'd feared. I don't even miss Bruce, which is confirmation for me that he needed to go. Bruce was kind of the novel's straight man, and that's not a position that needs filling. Any given scene needs a straight man, but it doesn't need to be the same person every time.
Filed under:
Comments:
Posted by Susie at Fri Aug 05 2011 08:41
Goodbye, Bruce.
[Main]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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advanced search
Category: Organizations > Environmental Education > Environmental Studies
Missouri Environmental Education Association
The website of Missouri Environmental Education Association (MEEA).
Ratings/Review of this resource:
Address:
P.O. Box 104505
Jefferson City , MO 65110-4505
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Contact Person: Celeste Prussia
Phone: 314-577-5117
Fax: 314-577-9435
E-Mail: celeste.prussia@mobot.org
Website: http://www.meea.org
Detailed Information:
The website of Missouri Environmental Education Association (MEEA) describes the membership, benefits, and services of the organization. MEEA's mission is to advance environmental education in Missouri by providing innovative professional development and networking opportunities. Our vision is to develop an environmentally responsible citizenry.
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Training Courses and Providers
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 06:44, 17 June 2010 by Frnzxguy (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
This is the list of Training Providers, who offer training courses of interest to practitioners and researchers in the field of Digital Forensics. Conferences which may include training are located on the Upcoming_events page.
PLEASE READ BEFORE YOU EDIT THE LIST BELOW
Some training providers offer on-going training courses that are available in an on-line "any time" format. Others have regularly scheduled training that is the same time each month. Others have recurring training but are scheduled at various times throughout the year. Providers training courses should be listed in alphabetical order, and should be listed in the appropriate section. Non-Commercial training is typically offered by governmental agencies or organizations that directly support law enforcement. Tool Vendor training is training offered directly by a specific tool vendor, which may apply broadly, but generally is oriented to the vendor's specific tool (or tool suite). Commercial Training is training offered by commercial companies which may or may not be oriented to a specific tool/tool suite, but is offered by a company other than a tool vendor.
Some training opportunities may be limited to Law Enforcement Only or to a specific audience. Such restrictions should be noted when known.
Contents
On-going / Continuous Training
Title Date/Location Website
DISTANCE LEARNING
Basic Computer Examiner Course - Computer Forensic Training Online Distance Learning Format http://www.cftco.com
Linux Data Forensics Training Distance Learning Format http://www.crazytrain.com/training.html
SANS On-Demand Training Distance Learning Format http://www.sans.org/ondemand/?portal=69456f95660ade45be29c00b0c14aea1
Champlain College - CCE Course Online / Distance Learning Format http://extra.champlain.edu/cps/wdc/alliances/cce/landing/
Las Positas College Online Computer Forensics Courses http://www.laspositascollege.edu
RECURRING TRAINING
MaresWare Suite Training First full week every month
Atlanta, GA
http://www.maresware.com/maresware/training/maresware.htm
Evidence Recovery for Windows Vista™ First full week every month
Brunswick, GA
http://www.internetcrimes.net
Evidence Recovery for Windows Server® 2003 R2 Second full week every month
Brunswick, GA
http://www.internetcrimes.net
Evidence Recovery for the Windows XP™ operating system Third full week every month
Brunswick, GA
http://www.internetcrimes.net
Computer Forensics Training and CCE™ Testing for Litigation Support Professionals Third weekend of every month(Fri-Mon)
Dallas, TX
http://www.md5group.com
NON-COMMERCIAL TRAINING
Title Website Limitation
Defense Cyber Investigations Training Academy (DCITA) http://www.dc3.mil/dcita/dcitaAbout.php Limited To Certain Roles within US Government Agencies(1)
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center http://www.fletc.gov/training/programs/technical-operations-division Limited To Law Enforcement
MSU National Forensics Training Center http://www.security.cse.msstate.edu/ftc Limited To Law Enforcement
IACIS http://www.iacis.com/training/course_listings Limited To Law Enforcement and Affiliate Members of IACIS
SEARCH http://www.search.org/programs/hightech/courses/ Limited To Law Enforcement
National White Collar Crime Center http://www.nw3c.org/ocr/courses_desc.cfm Limited To Law Enforcement
TOOL VENDOR TRAINING
Title Website Limitation
AccessData (Forensic Tool Kit FTK) http://www.accessdata.com/courses.html
ASR Data (SMART) http://www.asrdata.com/training/
BlackBag Technologies (Macintosh Forensic Suite and MacQuisition Boot Disk) http://www.blackbagtech.com/training/forensics/
Cellebrite (UFED) http://www.forwarddiscovery.com
CPR Tools (Data Recovery) http://www.cprtools.net/training.php
Digital Intelligence (FRED Forensics Platform) http://www.digitalintelligence.com/forensictraining.php
e-fense, Inc. (Helix3 Pro) http://www.e-fense.com/training/index.php
Guidance Software (EnCase) http://www.guidancesoftware.com/computer-forensics-training-courses.htm
Micro Systemation (XRY) http://www.msab.com/training/
Nuix (eDiscovery) http://www.nuix.com.au/eDiscovery.asp?active_page_id=147
Paraben (Paraben Suite) http://www.paraben-training.com/training.html
Software Analysis & Forensic Engineering (CodeSuite) http://www.safe-corp.biz/training.htm
Technology Pathways(ProDiscover) http://www.techpathways.com/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=6&tabid=9
SubRosaSoft (MacForensicsLab) http://www.macforensicslab.com/ProductsAndServices/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=2
WetStone Technologies (Gargoyle, Stego Suite, LiveWire Investigator) https://www.wetstonetech.com/trainings.html
X-Ways Forensics (X-Ways Forensics) http://www.x-ways.net/training/
COMMERCIAL TRAINING
Title Website Limitation
Computer Forensic Training Center Online (CFTCO) http://www.cftco.com/
CCE Bootcamp http://www.cce-bootcamp.com/
Dera Forensics Group http://www.deraforensicgroup.com/courses.htm
e-fense Training http://www.e-fense.com/training/index.php
Forward Discovery, Inc. http://www.forwarddiscovery.com
H-11 Digital Forensics http://www.h11-digital-forensics.com/training/viewclasses.php
High Tech Crime Institute http://www.gohtci.com
Hoffmann Advanced Forensic Sessions http://en.hoffmannbv.nl/index.cfm/t/Hoffmann_Advanced_Forensic_Sessions/vid/990B3B29-FD6A-6F79-58B3C841381DB7AF
Infosec Institute http://www.infosecinstitute.com/courses/security_training_courses.html
Intense School (a subsidiary of Infosec Institute) http://www.intenseschool.com/schedules
ManTech Computer Security Training http://www.mantech.com/capabilities/comptraining.asp
Mobile Forensics, Inc http://mobileforensicsinc.com/
NTI (an Armor Forensics Company) http://www.forensics-intl.com/training.html
Security University http://www.securityuniversity.net/classes.php
Steganography Analysis and Research Center (SARC) http://www.sarc-wv.com/training.aspx
SysAdmin, Audit, Network, Security Institute (SANS) http://computer-forensics.sans.org/course/
Zeidman Consulting (MCLE) http://www.zeidmanconsulting.com/speaking.htm
Personal tools
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Navigation:
About forensicswiki.org:
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 802625, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/802625
Research Article
Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Neuroprotective Compounds from Uncaria rhynchophylla against Beta-Amyloid-Induced Neurotoxicity
1School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
2Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607, USA
Received 27 March 2012; Accepted 12 May 2012
Academic Editor: Karl Wah-Keung Tsim
Copyright © 2012 Yan-Fang Xian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Uncaria rhynchophylla is a component herb of many Chinese herbal formulae for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous study in our laboratory has demonstrated that an ethanol extract of Uncaria rhynchophylla ameliorated cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease induced by D-galactose. However, the active ingredients of Uncaria rhynchophylla responsible for the anti-Alzheimer’s disease activity have not been identified. This study aims to identify the active ingredients of Uncaria rhynchophylla by a bioassay-guided fractionation approach and explore the acting mechanism of these active ingredients by using a well-established cellular model of Alzheimer’s disease, beta-amyloid- (Aβ-) induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. The results showed that six alkaloids, namely, corynoxine, corynoxine B, corynoxeine, isorhynchophylline, isocorynoxeine, and rhynchophylline were isolated from the extract of Uncaria rhynchophylla. Among them, rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline significantly decreased Aβ-induced cell death, intracellular calcium overloading, and tau protein hyperphosphorylation in PC12 cells. These results suggest that rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline are the major active ingredients responsible for the protective action of Uncaria rhynchophylla against Aβ-induced neuronal toxicity, and their neuroprotective effect may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibiting intracellular calcium overloading and tau protein hyperphosphorylation.
1. Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of learning, memory, and other cognitive functions, is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. The pathological hallmarks of AD are extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles [1]. It is well known that deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) is a pivotal event in initiating the neuronal degeneration of AD [2]. Aβ aggregates into amyloid fibrils, which have been reported to be neurotoxic in vitro [3] and in vivo [4]. In this connection, the toxic effect of Aβ on a cultured neuronal cells can be used as a screening tool for identifying potential therapeutic agents for AD.
Current clinical treatments of AD patients use acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA) to slow down the progress of the deterioration of AD. However, effective approaches for delaying the progression of AD are yet to be found to date. Thus, searching for safer, better-tolerated, and effective drugs for the treatment of AD remains an important area of drug discovery.
Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has been practiced in China for thousands of years, and vast experience has been accumulated for using medicinal herbs for clinical treatment of diseases. Thus, Chinese herbal medicine may be a promising source of effective drugs for treating AD. Uncaria rhynchophylla has been extensively used in Chinese herbal medicine to relieve headache, dizziness, tremors, and hypertension-induced convulsion [57]. In recent years, Uncaria rhynchophylla has been shown to be effective for inhibiting Aβ fibril formation, disassembling performed Aβ fibrils [8] and antiacetylcholinesterase [9]. Previous study in our laboratory demonstrated that an ethanol extract of Uncaria rhynchophylla significantly reversed cognitive deficits induced by D-galactose, a mouse model of AD [10]. Phytochemical study has shown that alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids are the major chemical ingredients of Uncaria rhynchophylla [7]. However, the bioactive principles responsible for the protective action of Uncaria rhynchophylla have not been identified. The present study aims to identify the active constituents of Uncaria rhynchophylla using bioassay-guided fractionation. Furthermore, the acting mechanism of these active ingredients is explored by using a well-established cellular model of Alzheimer’s disease, beta-amyloid- (Aβ-) induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
Nerve growth factor (NGF), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and the fragment of β-amyloid peptide (A) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fura 2-AM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), horse serum, fetal bovine serum, and a penicillin/streptomycin mixture were purchased from Gibco-Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY, USA). All other solvents and chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade.
2.2. Plant Material
The dried stem with hooks of Uncaria rhynchophylla was purchased from Zhixin Pharmaceutical Co., a GMP-certified supplier of Chinese medicinal herbal materials (Guangzhou, China). It was authenticated to be the dried rhizome of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil. by Ms. Y. Y. Zong, School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, where a voucher specimen (no. 091220) has been deposited.
2.3. Preparation of Aggregated
The aggregated A was prepared according to a method described previously [11]. Briefly, A was dissolved in sterile distilled water at a concentration of 1 mM and incubated at 37°C for 4 days to form the aggregation. It was stored at −20°C until use.
2.4. Extraction, Fractionation, Isolation, and Identification
Uncaria rhynchophylla (1 kg) was macerated in 6 L of 70% aqueous ethanol for 24 h at room temperature and then refluxed for 30 min. The extraction was repeated twice. The pooled fractions were concentrated using a rotary evaporator at reduced pressure at 40°C to yield 140 g of extract (UR-E). The extract was resuspended in water and then transferred into a separatory funnel. The solution was partitioned with ethyl acetate and 1-butanol successively to obtain the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction (UR-E-EA, 43 g), the 1-butanol-soluble fraction (UR-E-B, 28 g), and the water-soluble fraction (UR-E-W, 67.5 g), respectively. The UR-E-B was further separated by column chromatography on a Diaion HP-20 column eluted with H2O-MeOH (100 : 0, 80 : 20, 70 : 30, 60 : 40, 40 : 60, 30 : 70, 20 : 80, 10 : 90, and 0 : 100) and acetone, successively, to yield 10 major fractions (UR-E-B-Fr. 1–10). The fraction eluted by H2O/MeOH (30 : 70) (UR-E-B-Fr. 6) was further separated by a semipreparative HPLC column (Alltima C18 column, mm, 5 m) and eluted with 0.01 mmol/L triethylamine in 80% (v/v) aqueous methanol at a flow rate of 3 mL/min to obtain four fractions (UR-E-B-Fr. 6–1 to 4). UR-E-B-Fr. 6–2 was then separated by a semipreparative HPLC column and eluted with 0.01 mmol/L triethylamine in 70% (v/v) aqueous methanol at a flow rate of 2 mL/min to obtain corynoxine (20 mg) and corynoxine B (20 mg). Corynoxeine (63 mg), isorhynchophylline (50 mg), isocorynoxeine (138 mg), and rhynchophylline (100 mg) were purified from UR-E-B-Fr. 6–3 using the semipreparative HPLC column under the following condition: mobile phase, 0.01 mmol/L triethylamine in 70% (v/v) aqueous methanol; flow rate, 3.0 mL/min.
The structures of corynoxine, corynoxine B, corynoxeine, isorhynchophylline, isocorynoxeine, and rhynchophylline were identified by comparing their 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopic data (Bruker NMR spectrometer, 400 MHz) with published data [1216].
2.5. Cell Culture and Drug Treatment
Rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA) and cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with penicillin (100 unit/mL), streptomycin (100 μg/mL), 6% fetal bovine serum, and 6% horse serum at 37°C in humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2. PC12 cells were seeded on poly-D-lysine-coated 96 wells (Coring Incorporated, USA) at a density of cells/well and allowed to adhere for 24 h at 37°C with the culture medium. PC12 cells were differentiated with 50 ng/mL NGF in serum-free DMEM for 3 days [17]. Thereafter, the culture medium was replaced by fresh serum-free DMEM (without NGF) with or without different concentrations of drugs for 2 h. Then 20 M of A was added to the cells and incubated for another 24 h. The extracts and isolated compounds were reconstituted in DMSO to produce respective stock solutions and then diluted with culture medium to various concentrations for cell culture experiments. The final DMSO concentration in each sample was less than 0.1%.
2.6. Cell Viability Assay
Cell viability was measured by MTT method as described previously [11]. Briefly, after drug treatment, 20 μL of MTT solution (final concentration, 1 mg/mL) was added into each well, and the cells were incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The culture medium was removed, and the formazan crystals were dissolved with 150 L of DMSO. The optical density of each well was measured using a microplate reader (FLUOstar OPTIMA, BMG Labtech, Germany) at 570 nm. Cell viability was expressed as percentage of nontreated control.
2.7. Measurement of Intracellular Calcium Concentration
The concentration of intracellular calcium was determined by a method described previously [18]. Briefly, PC12 cells were differentiated with NGF for 3 days. The cells were pretreated with rhynchophylline (100 μM) or rhynchophylline (100 μM) for 2 hours and then treated with 20 M of A for 24 hours. At the end of the treatment, the cells were collected and incubated with the culture medium containing 5 M Fura-2/AM at 37°C for 50 min. Subsequently, the cells were washed twice with HBSS and resuspended in HBSS solution containing 0.2% bovine serum albumin. The intracellular calcium concentration was determined by setting excitation wavelengths at 340 nm and 380 nm; emission wavelength at 510 nm, using a fluorescence spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, RF-5301, Japan). The concentration of intracellular calcium was expressed as percentage of nontreated control.
2.8. Western Blotting Analysis
The PC12 cells were seeded onto 100 mm2 dish at 5 × 16 cells/dish. The cells were washed twice with D-Hanks solution after drug treatment. The cells were harvested and lysed with lysis buffer. Protein samples were separated by SDS-PAGE for 2 h at 80 V. The separated proteins were transferred to PVD membranes using a transblotting apparatus (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA) for 30 min at 15 V. The membranes were blocked with 5% (w/v) nonfat milk in TBS-T (Tris-buffer saline containing 0.1% Tween-20) at room temperature for 2 h and subsequently incubated at 4°C overnight with appropriate amount of primary antibody against Tau, p-Tau (Ser 396), p-Tau (Ser 404), p-Tau (Thr 205), and β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., USA). Then the membrane was washed with TBS-T for three times, and probed with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody at room temperature for 1 h. To verify equal loading of samples, the membranes were incubated with monoclonal antibody β-actin, followed by a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG. The membrane again was washed with TBS-T for three times and finally, the protein bands were visualized by the ECL western blotting detection reagents (Amersham Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, UK). The intensity of each band was analyzed using Image J software (NIH Image, Bethesda, MD, USA).
2.9. Statistical Analysis
Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. Multiple group comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test to detect intergroup differences. GraphPad Prism software was used to perform the statistical analysis (Version 4.0; GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA). A difference was considered statistically significant if the value was less than 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Isolation and Structural Determination of the Isolated Compounds
Figure 1 schematically depicted the extraction procedure leading to the isolation of the pure compounds. The structures of these compounds were identified as corynoxine, corynoxine B, corynoxeine, isorhynchophylline, isocorynoxeine, and rhynchophylline, respectively, based on the detailed interpretation of their 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopic data. The chemical structures of these isolated alkaloid compounds were shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1: Extraction scheme for the isolation of the six alkaloids from Uncaria rhynchophylla. * Biologically active fractions or compounds.
Figure 2: Chemical structures of the six alkaloids isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla.
3.2. Effect of Different Fractions and Isolated Compounds on A-Induced Cells Death in PC12
As shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b), treating the cells with 20 μM of A for 24 h caused a significant decrease in cell viability (54% of the control). Treating PC12 cells with different fractions (50 g/mL) or isolated compounds (100 M) from Uncaria rhynchophylla had no effect on cell viability as compared to the control group (Figures 3(a)3(c)). Pretreatment of the cells with UR-E, UR-E-B, and UR-E-B-Fr.6 (10 and 50 μg/mL) significantly increased cell viability when compared with A-treated control, while other fractions from Uncaria rhynchophylla had no effect on cell viability in A-treated PC12 cells. UR-E-B fraction elicited more effective protection against A-induced cell death in PC12 cells when compared with UR-E, UR-E-EA, and UR-E-W fractions. Among these isolated compounds, only rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline significantly increased the cell viability in A-treated PC12 cells (Figure 3(c)), suggesting that rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline may be the key active components of .
Figure 3: Effect of different extracts (a), fractions (b), and isolated compounds (c) from Uncaria rhynchophylla on cell viability in A-treated PC12 cells. Values given are the mean ± SEM (). # compared with the control group; * and ** compared with the A-treated control.
3.3. Effect of Rhynchophylline and Isorhynchophylline on Intracellular Calcium Concentration in A-Treated PC12 Cells
As shown in Figure 4, treating PC12 cells with 20 M A for 24 h caused a significant increase in the intracellular calcium level (230% of the control), while pretreating the cells with rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline (100 M) significantly decreased the intracellular calcium level in A-treated PC12 cells.
Figure 4: Effect of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline on intracellular calcium level in A-treated PC12 cells. Values given are the mean ± SEM (). # compared with the control group; * and ** compared with the A-treated control.
3.4. Effect of Rhynchophylline and Isorhynchophylline on Tau Hyperphosphorylation in -Treated PC12 Cells
As shown in Figure 5, tau protein hyperphosphorylation at Thr 205, Ser 396, and Ser 404 sites was significantly increased (144%, 160%, and 176% of the control, resp.) when treating the cells with 20 M A for 24 h. However, phosphorylation of tau protein was significantly inhibited by pretreating the cells with rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline (100 M) for 2 h. Meanwhile, the total tau protein did not change significantly for all treatments.
Figure 5: Effect of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline on tau protein hyperphosphorylation in A-treated PC12 cells. The tau protein hyperphosphorylation was assessed by measuring the phosphorylated tau protein (at Thr 205, Ser 396, and Ser 404 sites) and total tau. Values given are the mean ± SEM (). # compared with the control group; * and ** compared with the A-treated control.
4. Discussion
In Chinese herbal medicine, Uncaria rhynchophylla is classified as a liver-pacifying and wind-extinguishing herb and is commonly used for treating central nervous system-related symptoms such as tremor, seizure, and epilepsy [19]. Although the neuroprotective effect of Uncaria rhynchophylla has been well studied [2022], this is the first evidence to report for the identification of active anti-AD ingredients from Uncaria rhynchophylla by using the bioassay-guided fractionation approach. Six alkaloid compounds including corynoxine, corynoxine B, corynoxeine, isorhynchophylline, isocorynoxeine, and rhynchophylline were isolated and characterized from the Uncaria rhynchophylla. Among these compounds, only rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline, the major tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids present in Uncaria rhynchophylla [23], significantly attenuated A-induced cell death, the intracellular calcium overload, and tau protein hyperphosphorylation in PC12 cell. Recently, the protective effects of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline on different models of neurotoxicity have been described [11, 23, 24]. Based on these findings, rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline may be the major active ingredients of Uncaria rhynchophylla for its anti-AD activity.
The intracellular calcium concentration plays a critical role in the neuron development. Recent researches have revealed that the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ is mediated by the overloading of intracellular calcium in primary neurons such as hippocampal neurons [25] and cortical neurons [26]. In addition, the accentuation of the intracellular calcium has been considered as one of the activating pathways for Aβ-induced neurotoxicity [27]. Therefore, the blockage of intracellular calcium overloading might provide neuroprotection against Aβ-induced cell death in PC12 cells. Our finding indicated that treating PC12 cells with A significantly increased intracellular calcium levels, whereas pretreating the cells with rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline was able to inhibit the intracellular calcium influx which may contribute to the neuroprotective effect of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline.
Continuous calcium influx can induce the phosphorylation of tau protein [28]. Neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein which is commonly known as a primary pathological hallmark of AD. It has been reported that hyperphosphorylation of tau protein is an essential element for Aβ-induced neurotoxicity [29]. Upon Aβ stimulation, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein is significantly increased at the AD-related epitope and paired helical filament, resulting in a cytoskeletal destabilization, memory dysfunction, and death of the neurons [30, 31]. It has been suggested that tau phosphorylation is the limiting factor in Aβ-induced cell death [32]. In addition, it has been reported that tau hyperphosphorylations is increased significantly in postmortem brain tissues of AD patients [33]. Thus, pharmaceutical agents that can inhibit Aβ-induced tau phosphorylation are potential candidates for the effective treatment of AD. In this study, Aβ was found to cause a marked elevation of tau protein hyperphosphorylation in PC12 cells, while pretreating the cells with rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline significantly decreased the level of tau hyperphosphorylation. The results suggest that the inhibition of tau protein hyperphosphorylation rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline may be one of the acting mechanisms for the protective effect of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity.
5. Conclusions
In summary, our results demonstrated that rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline significantly decreased A-induced cell death, calcium overloading, and tau protein hyperphosphorylation in PC12 cells, suggesting that rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline may be the major active ingredients of Uncaria rhynchophylla for the treatment of AD, and their neuroprotective effect may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of intracellular calcium overloading and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Further investigation on the potential use of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline in animal model of AD is warranted.
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by a Direct Grant for Research from The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
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Bibliography: Letter (Crypt of Cthulhu #25)
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Title: Letter (Crypt of Cthulhu #25)
Author: Basil M. Bourque, Jr.
Year: 1984
Type: ESSAY
ISFDB Record Number: 1307981
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Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
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Mar. Drugs 2010, 8(2), 269-284; doi:10.3390/md8020269
Review
Alkaloids in Marine Algae
1 Istanbul Aydın University, Inönü Cad., 40, Sefaköy, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Laboratoire de Dynamique, Interactions et Réactivité (LADIR), UMR 7075 CNRS–UPMC Univ Paris 06, 2 rue Henry Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Hipodrom Ankara, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Turkey
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 10 December 2009; in revised form: 20 January 2010 / Accepted: 25 January 2010 / Published: 4 February 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alkaloid Analogs)
Download PDF Full-Text [349 KB, uploaded 4 February 2010 11:23 CET]
Abstract: This paper presents the alkaloids found in green, brown and red marine algae. Algal chemistry has interested many researchers in order to develop new drugs, as algae include compounds with functional groups which are characteristic from this particular source. Among these compounds, alkaloids present special interest because of their pharmacological activities. Alkaloid chemistry has been widely studied in terrestrial plants, but the number of studies in algae is insignificant. In this review, a detailed account of macro algae alkaloids with their structure and pharmacological activities is presented. The alkaloids found in marine algae may be divided into three groups: 1. Phenylethylamine alkaloids, 2. Indole and halogenated indole alkaloids, 3. Other alkaloids.
Keywords: alkaloids; phenylethylamine alkaloids; indole alkaloids; halogenated indole alkaloids; other alkaloids
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Güven, K.C.; Percot, A.; Sezik, E. Alkaloids in Marine Algae. Mar. Drugs 2010, 8, 269-284.
AMA Style
Güven KC, Percot A, Sezik E. Alkaloids in Marine Algae. Marine Drugs. 2010; 8(2):269-284.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Güven, Kasım Cemal; Percot, Aline; Sezik, Ekrem. 2010. "Alkaloids in Marine Algae." Mar. Drugs 8, no. 2: 269-284.
Mar. Drugs EISSN 1660-3397 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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NANO EXPRESS
Nanostructured Systems Containing Rutin: In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Photostability Studies
Juliana S Almeida1, Fernanda Lima2, Simoní Da Ros2, Luis OS Bulhões3, Leandro M de Carvalho1,2 and Ruy CR Beck4*
Author Affiliations
1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
2 Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
3 Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
4 Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2010, 5:1603-1610 doi:10.1007/s11671-010-9683-1
Published: 15 July 2010
Abstract
The improvement of the rutin photostability and its prolonged in vitro antioxidant activity were studied by means of its association with nanostructured aqueous dispersions. Rutin-loaded nanocapsules and rutin-loaded nanoemulsion showed mean particle size of 124.30 ± 2.06 and 124.17 ± 1.79, respectively, polydispersity index below 0.20, negative zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency close to 100%. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by the formation of free radical ·OH after the exposure of hydrogen peroxide to a UV irradiation system. Rutin-loaded nanostructures showed lower rutin decay rates [(6.1 ± 0.6) 10−3 and (5.1 ± 0.4) 10−3 for nanocapsules and nanoemulsion, respectively] compared to the ethanolic solution [(35.0 ± 3.7) 10−3 min−1] and exposed solution [(40.1 ± 1.7) 10−3 min−1] as well as compared to exposed nanostructured dispersions [(19.5 ± 0.5) 10−3 and (26.6 ± 2.6) 10−3, for nanocapsules and nanoemulsion, respectively]. The presence of the polymeric layer in nanocapsules was fundamental to obtain a prolonged antioxidant activity, even if the mathematical modeling of the in vitro release profiles showed high adsorption of rutin to the particle/droplet surface for both formulations. Rutin-loaded nanostructures represent alternatives to the development of innovative nanomedicines.
Keywords:
Antioxidant activity; Nanocapsules; Nanoemulsions; Nanoparticles; Photostability; Rutin
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Yerevan - Marseilles new cooperation agreement to be signed
PanARMENIAN.Net - Yerevan Mayor Taron Margaryan held a meeting with Deputy Mayor of Marseilles Didier Parakian.
Dwelling on Yerevan-Marseilles cooperation areas and joint programs, Mayor Margaryan stressed the need to review the agreement signed between the two cities in the view of the existing potential and development prospects.
He expressed hope for a new agreement to be signed in the framework of his French counterpart’s official visit to Yerevan.
Mayor Margaryan further confirmed Armenian delegation’s participation in EU Cultural Capital 2013-Marseille celebrations.
Upon completion of the meeting, Yerevan Mayor invited Marseilles city administration representatives to partake in Erebuni-Yerevan celebrations due in October, Yerevan Municipality press service reported.
Partner news
Top stories
Earlier, ArmRosgasprom CJSC addressed Armenia’s Public Services Regulatory Commission with an offer to reconsider natural gas price.
Armenian defense ministry’s spokesman described the maneuvers as ordinary exercises conducted several times a year.
Participants will learn basic skills in protecting IT systems and data as well as how to investigate computer-facilitated crimes.
“I wish to further promote the beauty of Armenian art and its principles of tolerance and respect to diversity,” Mnatsakanyan said.
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Google honors Maria Montessori’s 142nd birthday with doodle
PanARMENIAN.Net - Google has come up with a new doodle to honor the 142nd birthday of Maria Montessori who gave the world a unique educational method which is still adopted in public and private schools throughout the world, The International Business Times reports.
The Google homepage shows educational tools which form the essential part of the teaching method propagated by Montessori, arranged in a manner to depict the logo of the tech giant.
The "Montessori system" of education which bears her name gives importance to the creative potential of a child while emphasizing independent thinking. It is aimed at bringing out the natural mental development of the child.
Born on August 31, 1870 as Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori, in Chiaravalle, Italy, she grew up to become a physician and an educator.
She is credited with being the first Italian woman to get a degree in medicine. Monessori graduated from the University of Rome in 1896.
Montessori opened her first preschool in 1907, the success of which followed many Montessori schools and she travelled to several countries to spread her method of education.
Montessori came to England in 1919, where her training method was met with both enthusiasm and controversy.
A major feature of the Montessori system of education is the discovery model where students learn concepts from working with materials, instead of direct instruction.
On May 6, 1952, Montessori died of cerebral haemorrhage in the Netherlands at the age of 81.
Partner news
Top stories
It’s not the first time Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer has been interested in the New York-based hipster blogging service.
The number of new smartphones delivered with Android jumped to 162.1 million in the first three months in 2013.
“We believe Samsung generates more revenue and profit from the Android platform than Google does,” Neil Mawston said.
The service now also makes it easier for users to add new contacts sent to them by friends, and has support for Simplified Chinese.
Partner news
Employers and job seekers: how to find each other
Arpine Grigoryan։ each job seeker should understand why to apply for this “x” job in this “x” company but not for “y” job in “y” company.
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CALIFORNIA ENDOWMENT AND KONAMI PARTNER TO GET CALIFORNIAS KIDS UP AND ON THE MOVE
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The Endowment's 'Health Happens in Schools' Initiative Brings KONAMI's Dancing Video Game Sensation to Fresno Classrooms
During an event designed to get kids moving in schools held at Tehipite Middle School, The California Endowment and Konami Digital Entertainment, Inc. today announced a joint effort to reduce childhood obesity and increase student's access to fun physical activities by bringing KONAMI's new DanceDanceRevolution (DDR) Classroom Edition to Fresno Unified School District. DDR Classroom Edition is the latest iteration of the wildly popular dance game that has shown to encourage physical activity among adults and children.
DDR Classroom Edition is an interactive video game that combines physical activity with energetic music and visuals, also known as an exergame. The game and associated hardware technology, which was developed by Performance Designed Products, enables up to 48 students to participate simultaneously, using wireless mat controllers that feature a smart card reader that tracks each student's individual progress. While students move to the beat, teachers receive vital information about their students' health including, steps, body mass index (BMI) and caloric burn rate. The project was funded by a grant from The California Endowment.
The KONAMI partnership is part of The California Endowment's Building Healthy Communities plan-- a ten-year, comprehensive community initiative that is creating a revolution in the way Californians think about and make health happen in their communities. In 14 places across California, including Fresno, residents are proving that they have the power to transform the health of their neighborhoods, and schools.
Citing data that shows only one in three California students scored in the "health zone" on California's most recent FitnessGram physical fitness test and fewer than half of all school districts provide the amount of physical education required by state law, the Endowment's Building Healthy Communities sites are bringing partners together to create more opportunities for students to be active at school.
Effective today, all eight middle schools in the Fresno Unified School District will receive DDR Classroom Edition. The participating schools, with assistance from KONAMI and The California Endowment, will use the game to track its impact on students' health, well-being and exercise habits.
"KONAMI recognizes the impacts of childhood inactivity and the need to keep children engaged in a healthy and active lifestyle," said Clara Baum, senior director of strategic marketing and partnerships, KONAMI. "By partnering with The California Endowment to bring DanceDanceRevolution Classroom Edition into Fresno schools, we're taking a progressive approach to keep kids in California up and moving and providing educators with new tools to make getting kids hearts pumping fun."
"When students are healthy, academic achievement improves, schools perform better overall, and students live happier and more complete lives," said Kathlyn Mead, executive vice president and chief operating officer for The California Endowment. "We would like to see all children pass all aspects of the state's most physical fitness test. Exercise is a key component to overall wellness and as such it is crucial that we provide access to innovative programs such as DanceDanceRevolution Classroom Edition. We are delighted that the Fresno Unified School District is taking up this new opportunity and looking forward to engaging students in play that benefits their health."
"As a district we are always looking for ways to get our students to exercise. This is a fun way to accomplish that and the students love it. We are so appreciative to The California Endowment for partnering with us in this project to support the health of our young people," said Superintendent Michael Hanson
The partnership builds on KONAMI's deep expertise in developing fun and innovative gaming experiences that encourage children to be active. Studies indicate "exergaming," which refers to video games such as DDR Classroom Edition that are also a form of exercise, have the potential to reduce the growing obesity epidemic among children and adults. Recognized by leading researchers, schools, and doctors as an innovative and fun solution to promoting a healthy lifestyle and fighting childhood obesity; DDR Classroom Edition launches with support from key partners, including the American Diabetes Association and Sony Music, who provides the soundtrack that features chart-topping artists of today and hits from yesterday.
About The California Endowment
The California Endowment is a private, statewide health foundation, which was established in 1996 to expand access to affordable, quality health care for underserved individuals and communities, and to promote fundamental improvements in the health status of all Californians. Headquartered in downtown Los Angeles, The Endowment has regional offices in Sacramento, Oakland, Fresno and San Diego, with program staff working throughout the state. The Endowment challenges the conventional wisdom that medical settings and individual choices are solely responsible for people's health. The Endowment believes that health happens in neighborhoods, schools, and with prevention. For more information, visit The Endowment's homepage at www.calendow.org.
About DanceDanceRevolution
DanceDanceRevolution is the definitive music and motion game that combines fun, fitness, competition, dance and music. Since it was first introduced to North American video game consoles in 2001, DanceDanceRevolution has received a tremendous amount of exposure for its health benefits. A major part of the new trend in gaming that takes players off of the couch and away from the joystick; DanceDanceRevolution Classroom Edition has recently been introduced as part of the physical fitness curriculum in multiple school districts in the United States. Additionally, it has been a part of numerous research studies on childhood obesity.
News Source : CALIFORNIA ENDOWMENT AND KONAMI PARTNER TO GET CALIFORNIAS KIDS UP AND ON THE MOVE
Copy this html code to your website/blog and link to this press release.
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Yahoo! Publisher Network Not to Launch in India Soon
Oct 13, 2006 • 8:29 am | (5) by | Filed Under Yahoo Publisher Network
Two days ago there were rumors that Yahoo! Publisher Network is Coming To India but I got Yahoo! to comment on it and they are not.
YahooSarah said;
Hi All,
The YPN Self Serve Beta program is not set to launch in India. When we are ready to launch in other markets, we'll be sure to notify you through an official announcement.
Last month, we launched Yahoo! Search Marketing operations in India. As with other markets our Sponsored Search and Content Match listings in that market are placed on Yahoo! India. Additionally, they will be distributed to Yahoo! India's partner sites as agreements are signed.
YahooSarah
So there you have it. No YPN India soon.
Forum discussion continued at DigitalPoint Forums.
Previous story: Google Base in Web Search Results Are Broken Links
blog comments powered by Disqus
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it’s not too late to blow that sh@t up
Adorn your tree with grenades from suck uk. I love that the photo includes little kids and these are the perfect gift for the collector in your family. If the grenades are a bit much, then pick up the Koziks smorkin’ labit ornaments we told you about a while ago.
via
santa burns down
Santa Claus burns down. Witness the cremation of 50ft Santa in Santa Catarina Brazil. Click here for video and more images.
mickey f@cking Rourke rocks so hard
This is the song of the day! Mickey raps on the closing credits for Bethesda’s Rogue Warrior. Well not really raps more like they edited his voice over to play over the credits and closing track. Brilliant! Bloody Brillant!
via
wear a seatbelt and get a free chicken sandwich
You always hear about police officers taking on extra work to pay the bills… this is a twist. South Carolina Police in Berkeley, Charleston and Dorchester counties will be handing out free chicken sandwiches from Chick-Fil-A to drivers who are wearing there seat belts.
“You might get stopped for having a headlight out, or even for speeding,” he said. “You’ll still get a speeding ticket, but if you’re wearing a seat belt, you’ll get a free sandwich too.”
How fucked up is that. But, you could be so lucky and have the case of the munchies and get pulled over…Awesome!
via
Galileo’s Fingers
This is crazy weird. Just the idea that his fingers still exist is enough.
CNN reports:
“Two fingers cut from the hand of Italian astronomer Galileo nearly 300 years ago have been rediscovered more than a century after they were last seen”
via, boingboing
Mini Obama statue made out of hair
Hair.
See more here
There, I fixed it
Take a look at a slice of photos from the website There I Fixed It, user-submited photos of do-it-yourself fixes.
Samhainophobia, fear of Glenn?
No but there is a phobia, called Samhainophobia. …”Your fear of Halloween can result in the following symptoms: breathlessness, excessive sweating, nausea, dry mouth, feeling sick, shaking, heart palpitations, inability to speak or think clearly, a fear of dying, becoming mad or losing control, a sensation of detachment from reality or a full blown anxiety attack”
Who knew of such a thing, for the full breakdown, go here. This site has TWBE URL, http://www.phobia-fear-release.com
what’s so creepy about this page?
I’ll tell you what. The striking resemblance of American Idol reject, Adam… and Rihanna. I was checking out Billboard this morning and was a little creeped out. Proof after the jump.
[Read more]
Oh, You mean the guy who is like Bob from Twin Peaks?
Of course I’ve seen him in my dreams..
“In January 2006 in New York, the patient of a well-known psychiatrist draws the face of a man that has been repeatedly appearing in her dreams. In more than one occasion that man has given her advice on her private life. The woman swears she has never met the man in her life.
That portrait lies forgotten on the psychiatrist’s desk for a few days until one day another patient recognizes that face and says that the man has often visited him in his dreams. He also claims he has never seen that man in his waking life.
The psychiatrist decides to send the portrait to some of his colleagues that have patients with recurrent dreams. Within a few months, four patients recognize the man as a frequent presence in their own dreams. All the patients refer to him as THIS MAN.”
Peep the creepy website here
[Read more]
be careful what you reach for
WTF? After a long day chasing tail, I mean your dog is chasing it’s tail, crack open a dog beer for your little buddy. “Made-in-the-USA brew is crafted with beef and chicken broths”. Hmmmmm that sounds good. Well, if you’re into pet products check out, 10 Unbelievable Pet Products. All I have to say this is crazy! Do you or your animal really need that?
This is very reminiscent of shprockets, no?
[Read more]
Poor Taco Bell
First your chihuaha dies, and now you have to pose and rip-off the whole Kid Robot Dunny vinyl thing. I think they should come with the big people’s meals too. Check it.
[Read more]
This Guy
who needs a hummer?
DIY Limo.
via
deep red
Most awesome trailer ever!
ADVERTISING OVERLOAD
Went over to Juxtapoz today and was greeted by this (above). It’s almost impossible to find if there is any content as it looks more like Times Square than anything else. Oh, and when did they start reviewing movies and Nike shoes?
bizarroland theme parks
Concierge.com has compiled a list of crazy bizarre theme parks, Hello Kitty to Stalin land.
This is so awesome
Personal Urns, does Kiss make these?
Here’s the pitch….
Personal urns are a new and exciting way to memorialize your loved one. Now we can create a custom urn in the image of your loved one or favorite Celebrity. New advances in facial reconstruction and 3D printing have made it possible to have an urn made in the image of anyone from just a photograph. Never forget a face. Personal Urns combine art and technology to create a family heirloom that will be cherished for generations.
Available in Two Sizes: Full sized will hold all of the ashes of any adult. Keepsake size is about 1/4 of the full sized and will hold about 25 cubic inches”
I’m stuck, I cannot commit to which celebrity I am going to use. May I also suggest in your last will you should request some f’d up celebrity. Like one of the two Corey’s or Webster, or Arnold from Different Strokes, Knight Rider, a character from Star Wars, it’s endless. So many options.
via
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Place:Jacksonville, Indiana, Pennsylvania, United States
Watchers
NameJacksonville
Alt namesKentsource: USGS, GNIS Digital Gazetteer (1994) GNIS42012616
TypeCensus-designated place
Coordinates40.56°N 79.293°W
Located inIndiana, Pennsylvania, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Jacksonville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 637 at the 2010 census. It was formerly an independent borough, until January 1, 1993 when it was returned to Black Lick Township, Pennsylvania.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Jacksonville, Pennsylvania. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
What is the US law that deals with regulations for incorporated entities? In India, we have the Indian Companies Act, 1956.
I am an entrepreneur. I want to know if I can register my business as a company in the US? That means, I want to register my business with the registrar of companies in the US as an incorporated body in the US. It will then be a US company, and I'll slowly build presence in the US.
For a start, I'll be conducting business from India. Is that possible? Do you know anyone that has done that?
Any help in this matter, of experience or legal counsel, I would highly appreciate. Thank you.
share|improve this question
2 Answers
Yes, it is possible to do what you want to do - I have helped ~30 foreign companies and entrepreneurs, from a variety of countries (including India), through the process.
In the U.S., corporations are formed pursuant to state, rather than federal, laws.
I recommend that you use my blog's Foreign Countries page (http://danashultz.com/blog/foreign-countries/) as a starting point. If you examine the posts linked to (directly and indirectly) from there, most of your questions probably will be answered.
Disclaimer: This information does not constitute legal advice and does not establish an attorney-client relationship.
share|improve this answer
Dana Shultz is right- it doesn't matter where the owner/founder/etc. lives or is from. (Excluding North Korea, etc.)
share|improve this answer
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1. Skip to navigation
2. Skip to content
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/14983/the-fed-the-chicago-schools-achilles-heel/
The Fed: The Chicago School’s Achilles Heel
December 13, 2010 by
Conservative Republicans are justified in switching their allegiance to the Austrian economists, because supply-side monetarists have a glaring blind spot when it comes to the Federal Reserve. FULL ARTICLE by Robert P. Murphy
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Connexions
Sections
You are here: Home » Content » CNXML Reference Extensions
About: CNXML Reference Extensions
Module by: Adan Galvan. E-mail the author
View the content: CNXML Reference Extensions
Metadata
Name: CNXML Reference Extensions
ID: m11215
Language: English (en)
Summary: A module describing the use of bibtexml with cnxml, as well as as introduction to the glossary tag.
Subject: Science and Technology
Keywords: bibtexml, definition, glossary
License: Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 1.0
Authors: Adan Galvan (agalvan@gmail.com)
Copyright Holders: Adan Galvan (agalvan@gmail.com)
Maintainers: Adan Galvan (agalvan@gmail.com), Connexions (cnx@cnx.org)
Editors: Connexions (cnx@cnx.org)
Latest version: 1.8 (history)
First publication date: Jun 1, 2003 7:00 pm -0500
Last revision to module: Sep 6, 2010 10:10 am -0500
Downloads
PDF: m11215_1.8.pdf PDF file, for viewing content offline and printing. Learn more.
XML: m11215_1.8.cnxml XML that defines the structure and contents of the module, minus any included media files. Can be reimported in the editing interface. Learn more.
Version History
Version: 1.8 Sep 6, 2010 10:10 am -0500 by Connexions
Changes:
Changed "src" to "target-id" to be consistent with CNXML 0.7.
Version: 1.7 Sep 6, 2010 9:49 am -0500 by Katherine Fletcher - Connexions Project Manager
Changes:
Adding Connexions
Version: 1.6 Feb 24, 2004 11:37 am -0600 by Charlet Reedstrom
Changes:
fixed cnxn to cnxml-0.5 spec
Version: 1.5 Feb 24, 2004 11:35 am -0600 by Charlet Reedstrom
Changes:
fixed cnxn to cnxml-0.5 spec
Version: 1.4 Jul 29, 2003 4:47 pm -0500 by Brent Hendricks
Changes:
- fix example spacing
Version: 1.3 Jun 3, 2003 12:00 am -0500 by Charlet Reedstrom
Changes:
new module
Version: 1.2 Jun 2, 2003 12:00 am -0500 by Charlet Reedstrom
Changes:
changed some wording and cnxns, fixed typos
Version: 1.1 Jun 2, 2003 12:00 am -0500 by Adan Galvan
Changes:
initial creation of module
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:4677",
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"url": "crantastic.org/packages/medAdherence",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:06.000Z",
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medAdherence (1.03)
0 users
Medication Adherence: Commonly Used Definitions.
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/medAdherence
Medication Adherence: Commonly Used Definitions
Maintainer: Xiangyang Ye
Author(s): Xiangyang Ye, Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, University of Utah
License: GPL-2
Uses: Does not use any package
Released about 1 year ago.
2 previous versions
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{
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"warc_date": "2013-11-22T14:51:06.000Z",
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"warc_url": "http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/11/113?fmt_view=mobile"
}
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Comment
What if Watson had said "Apes evolved from man"?
Gregory A Petsko
Author affiliations
Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
Citation and License
Genome Biology 2007, 8:113 doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-11-113
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/11/113
Published:30 November 2007
© 2007 BioMed Central Ltd
Comment
I should have kept my big mouth open. I don't think it was largely cowardice that prevented me from speaking up; at least, I'd like to believe it wasn't. I think it was a combination of excessive politeness, shock-induced paralysis, misplaced reverence, and not knowing what to do. But if I'm honest with myself, I have to admit that there was an element of fear in there, somewhere.
By now, unless you read this column via satellite transmission to some distant galaxy, you probably know most of the facts about the forced resignation of James Watson, the legendary co-discoverer of the double helical structure of DNA, as Chairman of the Board of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. You know Watson was forced to resign because, during an interview with a journalist in Britain, he made some outrageous comments about the intellectual capacity of black people - and I don't have to say "allegedly" here because there is a tape record and besides, he never denied it. When confronted about it later, he simply said that he couldn't believe he had said it. He never said he didn't believe what he said. And in the flood of stories that broke about the incident, there were many comments to the effect that people weren't all that surprised - that he had a history of making disparaging public comments about women and ethnic minorities.
Now, the purpose of this column is not to pile further approbation on someone who's down. His legacy has been tarnished and he's had to step down in disgrace; anyone who wants more punishment is being vindictive. Nor is it to lament the ammunition that someone with the cachet of a Nobel Prize, the godfather of the Human Genome Project, has given the racists and bigots. In matters of racial prejudice no one is going to be swayed by some authoritarian figure (if you don't believe me, look up William Shockley the Nobel prize-winning physicist who is also remembered for his offensive racial views). Nor is it to discuss freedom of speech versus political correctness. I think most people agree that Watson has the right to say what he said, but that Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory also has the right to choose the public face of their institution. Nor is it to debate the nonsensical idea that there are racial differences in native intelligence: a friend of mine put it perfectly when she said that Watson's remarks were not only beneath contempt; they were also beneath comment.
No, I want to talk about something that nearly all the newspaper stories and outraged editorials passed over: why this incident has made me feel awful. You see, I can personally vouch for the truth of the statement that James Watson had a history of making disparaging remarks about women and minorities, because I was present on three occasions when he did. I was present, I heard him say those things, and I kept silent. As did everyone else.
How could someone of James Watson's stature have made so many hurtful remarks for so long and not been called to account sooner? Thinking back on the times I sat there and said nothing, I have to believe it's in large part because we enabled his behavior. Why? Certainly not because we agreed with it. A large part, I think, was not knowing exactly how to respond. I come from a generation raised to avoid public commotion, to be polite in the face of poor manners, and not to drag the discussion down to the lowest level. That can make for civilized discourse, but it also makes for paralysis in such situations. Having neither the training nor the experience in handling this kind of confrontation the right way, the default is silence. And, as any law student will tell you, qui tacit consentiere videtur (he who keeps silent is assumed to consent).
Part of it also was respect, misapplied. There have been few iconic figures in science and even fewer in biology, but Watson certainly is one. He's probably one of the greatest biologists of all time - he's told us so himself. Who am I to challenge him, berate him, make an enemy of him?
But I have to be honest, though I was afraid of saying anything, it wasn't Watson I was afraid of. It was everybody else. I have strong feelings about many things, and I know that expressing those feelings about issues of morality and ethics, right and wrong, lays me open to the charge of being self-righteous. If I didn't know that before, the nearly eight years I've been writing this column have taught me. It's the most common complaint I receive, and the most wounding. Because it wounds, it also can inhibit. The fear is not just that someone will say you're being preachy, acting like you think you're better than they are; the fear is that they may be right. It's an insidious charge, because it attacks the style without addressing the substance of what's been said. It redirects a critical discussion into an hominem attack on the critic.
Yet, I remain convinced that it's the life without principles, not the unexamined life, that is really not worth living. Put simply, I think you have to stand for something. The question is how to do it. Interestingly, we scientists don't have a problem when the issue is a scientific one.
What if, instead of making a remark that carried with it all the enormous baggage of race, class, prejudice and intolerance, Watson had said "apes evolved from man"? Is there a biologist worthy of the name who wouldn't have stood up and demanded, politely but firmly, to see the data on which such an outlandish statement was based? And wouldn't the absence of any such data, and the presentation of data that clearly indicated the opposite, expose the idea for the nonsense it was? Why couldn't I have done the same thing? The fact that the issue was morally charged might have been difficult - I am flawed and might feel that I have no moral platform from which to preach to others. But that should not have prevented me from acting as a scientist. Science is about evidence, and now, thanks in large part to the field of molecular biology and genomics, which James Watson, ironically, largely co-founded, we have the data to refute the claims that one race is superior and another inferior or that gender is linked to intellectual fitness. If someone says something different, we can challenge them to produce the evidence that supports their assertions, and we can cite the facts that prove them false. If we don't know those facts well, then I think we owe it both to ourselves and to our fellow humans to learn them.
Our status as genome biologists gives us both ammunition and a powerful line of attack when we are confronted with ignorance, prejudice, and bigotry. It gives us a way of calling such attitudes to account and exposing them for the fallacies they are without necessarily falling into the trap of self-righteousness, real or apparent. That's what I should have done the first time I heard James Watson make a remark of the kind that got him fired, and that's what I hope I will have the presence of mind to do the next time someone else says something similar.
Look, I am well aware that most of the trouble I've gotten into in my life - and believe me, I've gotten into my share - has either been caused or compounded by my inability to keep my big mouth shut. But the Watson case is humbling because it's reminded me of all the times that I should have kept it open.
I hope I'll find a way to do it without seeming to be holier-than-thou. I hope I won't come across like a pompous, moralistic ass. I hope somehow I can make it clear that I know full well that dark thoughts and wrong notions are no stranger to me, that my feeling that I should speak up stems not from the sense that I'm better than anyone else but from wanting not to be worse than I am. And that it's being a scientist, not a saint, that gives me the right to challenge an idea, because I am trained to do so on the basis of the facts behind it.
But most of all, I hope that I won't let the fear of being called self-righteous or taken for a pompous jerk cause me to be silent again. If I come across that way and make a fool of myself, it'll hurt. I don't like any part of the idea of embarrassing either myself, or those who might be with me. But if the outcome turns out to be that I feel embarrassed, I guess I can live with it. Because I think it would still be better than the way I feel right now, which is - ashamed.
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