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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
The child is the father of the man. Wordsworth, William
Make a fabulous personalised bracelet or other form of jewellery with this quote
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Quotes by Giovanni, Nikki
Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni, Jr. (born June 7, 1943, in Knoxville, Tennessee) is an African American poet and author..
"We love because it's the only true adventure."
Giovanni, Nikki on love
10 fans of this quote
"Mistakes are a fact of life it is the response to error that counts."
Giovanni, Nikki on mistakes
"it's a sex object if you're pretty and no love or love and no sex if you're fat"
Giovanni, Nikki on obesity
3 fans of this quote
"There're two people in the world that are not likeable: a master and a slave."
Giovanni, Nikki on submission
"If you don't understand yourself you don't understand anybody else."
Giovanni, Nikki on understanding
7 fans of this quote
"White people really deal more with God and black people with Jesus."
Giovanni, Nikki on christians and christianity
Take a look at recent activity on QB!
Search Quotations Book
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Posts: 4 | Thanked: 0 times | Joined on Aug 2008
#1
I need your guys help! I am trying to launch a osso_xterm based program automatically at boot. I wrote a python script which calls the program and placed it into init.d. That works fine. However, when the program gets called it opens up a new osso_xterm window but the window is blank. Anyone know how to properly do this?
my command looks as follows
osso_xterm, [/usr/bin/osso-xterm, sudo, program, program args]
so really that looks like if it was a bash script
/usr/bin/osso-xterm sudo xterm_program
I also added the xterm_programs into /etc/sudoers
THank you so much. Even if you have an example of when you have done something similar would be awesome.
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Talk:Apalachicola National Forest
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
This page is for discussing the corresponding article or guide. For questions, comments, or personal stories about this destination or topic, visit Wikitravel Extra. For more about using talk pages check out Wikitravel:Using talk pages.
[edit] Comments
Public Domain text, images, and maps from the US Forest Service is located here and here Current images on Wikitravel shared for this article. gamweb 12:30, 30 September 2008 (EDT)
[edit] VFD discussion
[edit] Apalachicola_National_Forest
Only content is copied straight from wikipedia. Too fine grained, corrected information can fit as a single listing in Florida Panhandle. Jtesla16 20:20, 8 September 2008 (EDT)
• Keep - Statement above is ridiculous. The two pages are not even closely related: 18,139 bytes on Wikitravel vs. 2,871 bytes on Wikipedia? All content is either Public Domain or my own creation. Perhaps you have some other agenda? Someone could just as easily claim that Disneyworld and Everglades National Forest are copied from Wikipedia. gamweb 02:47, 12 October 2008 (EDT)
• Keepvalid article, I don't see any copyvios. --Peter Talk 12:56, 12 October 2008 (EDT)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1504.0 - Methodological News, Sep 2008
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/09/2008
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
ASB Staff Members Report on Recently Attended Seminars and Courses
COPPS Awardees give seminars in UOW
In July, MDMD staff were invited to attend seminars presented by two past winners of the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies (COPSS) Award. The seminars were hosted by the University of Wollongong's Centre for Statistical and Survey Methodology.
Raymond J. Carroll, Professor of Statistics, Nutrition and Toxicology at Texas A&M University, spoke on "Score Tests in Semi-Parametric Models". He explained that, when working with semi-parametric models, performing score tests using the kernel method presents some problems. He explained how these problems can be overcome, and demonstrated, using an example involving the relationships between incidence of cancer, several genes and smoker status, that the use of his method increases the power of significance tests when there is an interaction between the effect of interest and the nuisance effect.
Xiao-Li Meng, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Statistics at Harvard University, spoke on "Statistics Can Lie But Can Also Correct for Lies: Reducing Response Bias in NLAAS via Bayesian Imputation". He presented his recent work, which was aimed at correcting for the effect of a form design hypothesised to encourage respondents to lie. The seminar was followed by a lively discussion, which revolved around the questions "why would you do this, when we have always known, and accepted, that people lie on surveys?" and "is user demand a 'good enough' reason to do methodologically questionable things?".
For more information, please contact Charity Liaw on (02) 62525578 or charity.liaw@abs.gov.au.
AMSI delivers course on Statistics for Resource Management and Environmental Science
The Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute (AMSI) ran this year's Australian Graduate Theme Program in Mathematical Sciences at the St Lucia campus of the University of Queensland. Held for two weeks last July, the program offered two advance courses on the theme of 'Statistics for Resource Management and Environmental Science'.
There were two streams of lectures in the course, both presented by distinguished international researchers.
The first stream, "Statistical Tools for Environmental Problems" was presented by Peter Guttorp, Professor of Statistics and director of the Northwest Research Center for Statistics and the Environment, University of Washington. The lectures focussed on the use of spatial analysis techniques. Professor Guttorp supplemented the theory with plenty of examples using data on rainfall, carbon dioxide concentrations and ocean wave heights.
The second stream, "Modelling and Analysis of Event History Data and Applications" was presented by Vijay Nair, who is the Donald A. Darling Professor of Statistics and Professor of Industrial and Operations Engineering in University of Michigan. His lectures explained the parametric and non-parametric methods of event history analysis. Professor Nair used many examples from engineering to supplement his talks and demonstrated the applicability to many other sources of data.
Steve Lane, a staff member from the Analytical Services Branch, attended the course and reports that there are many research problems in ASB to which these types of analyses may be applied.
For more information, please contact Steve Lane on (02) 62527833 or steve.lane@abs.gov.au.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1367.5 - Western Australian Statistical Indicators, Mar 2005
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 20/04/2005
• Data Source
Directory of Statistical Sources
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6302.0 - Average Weekly Earnings, States and Australia, Nov 1985
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 27/03/1986
Past Releases
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6602.0 - Microdata: Longitudinal Labour Force, Australia, 2008-10 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/12/2012 First Issue
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
CONTENTS
Introduction
Available Products
Further Information
Data available on request
Survey Methodology
Concepts, sources and methods
Scope
Coverage
Sample design
Data collection
Population benchmarks
Estimation method
Reliability of estimates
File Structure
Level structure
Data availability by level
Longitudinal structure
Cross-sectional structure and supplementary data
Weighting
Using the CURF
About the CURF
Identifiers
Longitudinal analysis
CURF File Names
Information Files
Conditions of Use
User responsibilities
Conditions of sale
Price
How to apply for access
Further information
Suggestions and Feedback
Record Identifiers
Record ID [ABSRID]
Household ID [ABSHID]
Family ID [ABSFID]
Person ID [ABSPID]
Month Identifiers
Survey month ID [ABSMID]
First month of selection in survey [ABSFMTH]
Number of months captured in survey [ABSNMTH]
Geography
State or territory of selection and interview [STATSLCE]
State or territory of usual residence [STATURCE]
Survey
Respondent detail [RESPTYPC]
Residence status [URSTATC]
Demography
Sex [SEX]
Age [AGECE]
Age group [AGECB]
Social marital status [SOCMARCE]
Country of birth (SACC 2011) [COBCE]
Year of arrival [YOACE]
Household and Family
Household/Dwelling level characteristics
Family composition of household [FAMCHHCE]
Number of people in household (including visitors) [HHNUMWVC]
Number of usual residents in household (excludes visitors) [HHNUMURC]
Family level characteristics
Family composition [FAMCOMCE]
Number of family members in family [FAMNUMC]
Person level characteristics
Relationship in household [RELHHCE]
Number of children aged 0 to 4 years [FAMNINFC]
Number of children aged 0 to 14 years [FAMNKIDC]
Number of dependent students aged 15 to 24 years [FAMNDPSC]
Number of dependants aged 0 to 24 years [FAMNDEPC]
Number of non-dependent children aged 15 years and over [FAMNNDPC]
Age of youngest child [AGEYNGC]
Education
Educational attendance (full-time) [EDUSTATC]
Educational enrolment [EDUENROC]
Type of educational institution [EDINSTCE]
Highest year of school completed (ASCED 2001) [HYRSCHCE]
Level of highest non-school qualification (ASCED 2001) [LVHNSQCE]
Main field of highest non-school qualification (ASCED 2001) [MFHNSQCE]
Employment
Labour force status [LFSTATCE]
Full-time or part-time status of employment [FTPTEMPC]
Status in employment [STATEMCE]
Whether considered job to be casual [JOBCASUC]
Employment type [EMPTYPCE]
Whether an independent contractor [INDCONTC]
Whether held more than one job [MULTJOBC]
Hours Worked
Hours worked last week in all jobs [HRSWRKCE]
Hours worked last week in main job [HRAWMJCE]
Hours usually worked in all jobs [HRUWAJC]
Underemployment
Underemployment status [UNDREMPC]
Reason worked less than 35 hours [ABSENCEC]
Whether part-time and looking for and available to work more hours [LAMHFUTC]
Duration of Employment
Tenure of employment [TENUREC]
Whether employment is ongoing [ONGOINGC]
Industry and Occupation
Sector of main job [SECTRMJC]
Industry of main/last job (ANZSIC 2006 Division) [IND_06CB]
Industry of main/last job (ANZSIC 2006 Expanded) [IND_06CE]
Occupation of main/last job (ANZSCO 2006 Major group) [OCC_06CB]
Occupation of main/last job (ANZSCO 2006 Sub-major group) [OCC_06CE]
Trade union membership [TUMMJC]
Income and Earnings
Current weekly gross personal income from all sources [WINCALCE]
Weekly earnings in main job [WINCMJCE]
Main source of income [PRNINCCE]
Unemployment
Full-time or part-time status of unemployment [FTPTUNC]
Whether worked full-time for 2 weeks or more [FTJSTATC]
Reason for unemployment (basic) [REASUNCB]
Reason for unemployment (expanded) [REASUNCE]
Duration of Unemployment
Duration of unemployment (since any previous work - basic) [DURUNCB]
Duration of unemployment (since any previous work - expanded) [DURUNCE]
Duration of unemployment (since any previous full-time work - basic) [DURUNFCB]
Duration of unemployment (since any previous full-time work - expanded) [DURUNFCE]
Not in the Labour Force
Reason for not in the labour force [NLFSTATC]
Main activity when not in the labour force [NLFMNACC]
Whether wanted to work [NLFWWRKC]
Whether available to start work and with marginal attachment [NLFMGATC]
Reason for ceasing last job [REASNLFC]
Retirement
Retirement status [RETSTATC]
Age intends to retire [RETAGEC]
Intentions to retire from the labour force [RETPLANC]
Weighting and Benchmarks
Weight for the current month [WEIGHT]
Population count [POPCNTC]
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe accessibility on a three-dimensional DNA microarray surface and the effect of hybridization time on the accuracy of expression ratios
David R Dorris1,2, Allen Nguyen1,3, Linn Gieser1, Randall Lockner1,4, Anna Lublinsky1, Marcus Patterson1, Edward Touma1,4, Timothy J Sendera1,4, Robert Elghanian1,5 and Abhijit Mazumder1,6*
Author Affiliations
1 Motorola Life Sciences, Northbrook, IL 60062, USA
2 Present address: Ambion, Austin, TX
3 Present address: Affymetrix, Palo Alto, CA
4 Present address: Amersham Biosciences, Tempe, AZ
5 Present address: Nanoink, Chicago, IL
6 Present address: Advanced Diagnostic Systems, Johnson and Johnson, Raritan, NJ
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Biotechnology 2003, 3:6 doi:10.1186/1472-6750-3-6
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6750/3/6
Received:15 January 2003
Accepted:11 June 2003
Published:11 June 2003
© 2003 Dorris et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL.
Abstract
Background
DNA microarrays are now routinely used to monitor the transcript levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. However, the array fabrication method, hybridization conditions, and oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe length can impact the performance of a DNA microarray platform.
Results
We demonstrate solution-phase hybridization behavior of probe:target interactions by showing a strong correlation between the effect of mismatches in probes attached to a three dimensional matrix of a microarray and solution-based, thermodynamic duplex melting studies. The effects of mismatches in the probes attached to the microarray also demonstrate that most, if not all, of the oligodeoxyribonucleotide is available for hybridization. Kinetic parameters were also investigated. As anticipated, hybridization signals increased in a transcript concentration-dependent manner, and mismatch specificity increased with hybridization time. Unexpectedly, hybridization time increased the accuracy of fold changes by relieving the compression observed in expression ratios, and this effect may be more dramatic for larger fold changes.
Conclusions
Taken together, these studies demonstrate that a three-dimensional surface may enable use of shorter oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes and that hybridization time may be critical in improving the accuracy of microarray data.
Background
DNA microarrays have emerged as a powerful tool to monitor the transcript levels of thousands of genes simultaneously [1,2]. This parallel analysis permits tumor prognosis and classification [3,4], drug target validation [5], toxicology evaluations [6,7], and functional discovery [8,9].
The microarray fabrication method can play a key role in the performance of a DNA microarray platform. For example, oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes can be covalently attached to a surface [10], synthesized in situ [11-13], or retained via electrostatic interactions with a positively charged surface [14]. A recent study examining the effect of mismatches along the length of in situ synthesized 60 mer oligodeoxyribonucleotides demonstrated a lack of an effect of mismatches for the first ten to fifteen bases at the 3' (surface) end of the oligodeoxyribonucleotide, suggesting that these bases may not be accessible during the hybridization reaction [12]. Other problems may exist when oligodeoxyribonucleotides are adsorbed to a positively-charged surface. Oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes have been found to form duplexes with non-helical properties on positively charged surfaces [14]. These duplexes are highly asymmetrical and unwound, possibly incurring a significant loss in base stacking which may subsequently affect the energetics of duplex formation. Such noncanonical structures may not be restricted to oligodeoxyribonucleotide arrays. Spotting of amplified cDNAs onto glass is another method commonly used to fabricate arrays [15]. Interestingly, multi-stranded DNA structures have been found to form on the surface of such arrays [16]. Furthermore, a low concentration of amplified cDNA in the dispense plate can generate a compression in the expression ratios, underscoring the importance of this parameter [15]. Although PCR preparation is not a factor in the fabrication of oligodeoxyribonucleotide arrays, a similar problem exists, namely, surface probe density. Probe density may result in steric effects [17] and could affect the efficiency of duplex formation and kinetics of target capture [18].
The microarray hybridization conditions can also affect the performance of a DNA microarray platform. An early study on DNA microarray hybridization found that hybridization was strongly dependent on the rate constants for DNA adsorption/desorption in the non-probe covered regions of the surface, the two-dimensional diffusion coefficient, and the size of probes and targets and also suggested that sparse probe coverage may provide results equal to or better than those obtained with a surface totally covered with DNA probes [19]. A theoretical analysis of the kinetics of DNA hybridization demonstrated that diffusion was important in determining the time of required to reach equilibrium and was proportional to the equilibrium binding constant and to the concentration of binding sites [20]. A recent theoretical and experimental analysis of competitive hybridization in a two-color system demonstrated the need for the hybridization kinetics of the two probes to be the same [21]. An elegant study on the use of hybridization kinetics to differentiate specific from non-specific binding was recently published [22]. This study found that the hybridization kinetics for specific and non-specific binding of labeled cRNA to surface-bound oligodeoxyribonucleotides were significantly different, with specific binding requiring longer to reach hybridization equilibrium than non-specific binding. This property was exploited to estimate and correct for the level of hybridization contributed by non-specific binding, enabling the selection of optimal oligodeoxyribonucleotides and the reduction of false positives in exon identification. Lastly, a longer hybridization time was previously shown to marginally increase relative fluorescence, potentially increasing detection of rare transcripts [23].
Lastly, oligodeoxyribonucleotide length can impact the performance of a DNA microarray platform. Early studies with high density arrays suggested the use of 25 mer in situ synthesized oligodeoxyribonucleotides [1]. A more recent study using covalently attached oligodeoxyribonucleotides found that 30- and 35 mer oligodeoxyribonucleotides generated signals two- to five-fold higher than 25 mers, and signals obtained form 60 mers were only two-fold higher than those obtained from 30 mers but ten-fold higher than those obtained from 25 mers [24]. In fact, in situ synthesized 60 mer oligodeoxyribonucleotides, hybridized in 30–32% formamide, have been shown to represent a compromise between maximal sensitivity and specificity compared to other lengths and hybridization conditions [12]. Lastly, a study employing in situ synthesis via maskless photolithography demonstrated an increase in signal intensity with increasing oligodeoxyribonucleotide length, up to 50 mers, followed by a plateau above that length [13].
Besides the effects on performance parameters such as sensitivity and specificity, fabrication methods can also affect the accuracy of a microarray platform. A sophisticated analysis of the Affymetrix platform was recently presented [25]. The authors used a relative error calculation to describe the dependence of the accuracy of the platform on the number of probe pairs per transcript. Furthermore, data was gathered, but not presented, regarding the increase in the relative error as a function of the fold-change (expression ratio). Such issues are important in all microarray platforms and impact oligodeoxyribonucleotide design as well as microarray data interpretation.
Thus, it is apparent that many factors can impact the performance of a microarray system and that these factors should be assessed prior to gathering large amounts of microarray data. The fact that the hybridization kinetics of specific and non-specific binding differ [22] raises the questions: what is the optimal hybridization time and could the hybridization time affect the accuracy of microarray data? Moreover, in order to take advantage of the large body of solution-phase hybridization data when designing oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes for microarrays and when optimizing hybridization conditions, the probes attached to the microarray surface or matrix must show solution-phase hybridization properties. In this report, we show solution-phase hybridization behavior on a three-dimensional microarray surface [10] and demonstrate that hybridization conditions, specifically the time allowed for hybridization, can impact the accuracy of fold-change calculations.
Results
The specificity on the CodeLink platform was previously demonstrated to result in less than 5% of the initial signal being retained when a 3-base mismatch is present in the middle of the 30-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe [10]. We used this information to test whether the DNA:RNA duplex formation is affected by the probe's attachment to the DNA microarray surface and to determine how much of the probe is accessible for hybridization. A series of 2-base and 3-base mismatches were designed across the length of 30-mer probes to assess its availability for hybridization. Labeled cRNA, prepared from total RNA isolated from kidney, was hybridized to DNA microarrays consisting of a series of 2-base and 3-base mismatches across the length of 30-mer probes containing the mismatches (Fig. 1). The profile of these mismatches showed that mismatches near the 3' (solution) or 5' (surface) end of the probe affected the hybridization signal nearly equivalently, demonstrating that the surface did not generate steric effects in the hybridization. For example, M62388 showed a symmetrical profile, with the greatest effect of the mismatches in the middle of the oligodeoxyribonucleotide (Figure 1A). M86443 showed approximately eight bases at the 3' (solution) end which exhibited only a small effect of mismatches (Figure 1B). This lack of an effect could be due to the fact that the mismatches at those positions did not significantly destabilize the duplex or due to the effect of the surface. The latter possibility is unlikely but will be addressed later. Lastly, NM013226 showed approximately 3 bases at the 5' (surface) end which did not affect the signal intensity significantly (Figure 1C). This lack of an effect could be due to the same reasons outlined for Figure 1B. A total of ten genes were designed and tested in this manner. Three of those are shown in Figure 1, and the other seven genes showed patterns similar to those shown in Figure 1 and, therefore, were not shown for the sake of brevity.
Figure 1. Comparison of microarray hybridization versus solution-phase melting temperatures. DNA microarrays containing 2-base (diamonds) or 3-base (squares) mismatches across the entire length of the 30-mer oligonucleotide probe for multiple transcripts were hybridized to complex target prepared from total RNA isolated from kidney. The intensity for each mismatch, represented as a percent of the perfect match signal, for three probes, (A) M62388, (B) M86443, and (C) NM013226, is shown. The change in melting temperature of a 3-base mismatch of a DNA oligonucleotide with a complementary RNA oligonucleotide (triangles) is plotted for measurements made in stringency wash buffer in (A) and (B). Bases are numbered starting from the 5' end. The surface (5') and solution (3') ends of the oligonucleotide probe are indicated by the arrows.
To show that these hybridization results were similar to a solution phase hybridization, melting curve measurements were taken in solution using a standard temperature-controlled spectrophotometer. The Tm of the perfect match and 6 mismatches scanning across the 30-mer probe were measured in both the hybridization buffer and in the stringency wash buffer. Significantly, the difference in the Tm measurements (ΔTm) between the perfect match and the mismatches in solution followed the same pattern as the decrease in the hybridization signal on the arrays (Fig. 1). The strong correlation in the array and solution data in Figure 1B demonstrate that the mismatches at the 3' end of the oligodeoxyribonucleotide did not destabilize the duplex significantly, explaining the lack of a decrease in the signal intensity of these mismatches compared to the perfect match. Additionally, the patterns for the ΔTm calculations from measurements in the hybridization buffer (data not shown) and in the stringency wash buffer were nearly identical, suggesting that both the hybridization and the stringency wash conditions produced equivalent stringency. Due to the expense of oligoribonucleotide synthesis, a total of two genes (both of which are shown in Figure 1) were examined for concordance of microarray and melting temperature data. However, all six data points for the first gene and all six data points for the second gene (12 out of 12 or 100%) showed good concordance between the two measures. We conclude that the three-dimensional surface enables solution phase-type hybridization behavior and that most, if not all, of the oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe is available for hybridization with the target in solution.
The solution phase-type hybridization behavior on the microarray surface suggested that probes on this surface should exhibit typical hybridization kinetics, where the reaction rate is dependent on the second order rate constant, the target concentration, and the probe concentration [19,20]. In other words, increases in the target concentration should generate proportional increases in the signal intensity. We therefore prepared serial dilutions where four control transcripts were spiked into a total RNA sample. In subsequent samples, two-fold serial dilutions of this spiked total RNA into fresh total RNA generated a dilution series consisting of ten concentrations of each transcript for a final range of 1:100,000 to 1:51,200,000 (10 microM to 20 nM). We prepared labeled cRNA targets from each of these samples and hybridized them to Codelink microarrays. These microarrays contained three bacterial probes which were designed to hybridize to each of the four spiked transcripts, for a total of twelve signals (six shown in Figure 2A and six shown in Figure 2B) which were measured at each serial dilution. Any errors in the measurements will include all aspects of the microarray platform. We plotted the signal intensity as a function of the spiked transcript concentration for oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes on the array that were complementary to these control transcripts. We found a linear response in the signal intensity from a transcript concentration of 20 nM to 10 microM, approximately three logs (Figures 2A and 2B). This signal linearity is consistent with a previously published report on the Codelink platform [10]. The average R2 value was found to be 0.998 ± 0.001. The fact that all twelve of these probes (100%) demonstrated this behavior suggests that this observation is general. However, we could not ascertain what portion of the probes which were designed to measure the endogenous human transcripts showed this behavior because it is not possible to vary the target concentration for each of those transcripts in a controlled, quantitative manner. In summary, these data verified the array signal was indeed dependent on the transcript concentration, as anticipated. They also demonstrated the precision and low variability of the entire microarray process (target prep, labeling, hybridization, and detection).
Figure 2. Standard curves for the CodeLink DNA microarray. The signal obtained for a 2-fold serial dilution series (1:100,000 through 1:51,200,000 = 10 μM through 19.53 nM) is plotted for multiple probes for (A) araB and entF, and (B) fixA and gnd.
Mismatched duplexes generally exhibit larger dissociation rates than their perfectly matched counterparts [27]. We therefore examined the effect of one-, two-, and three-base mismatches as a function of hybridization time in two different probe sequences. A hybridization time course was performed by hybridizing the same cRNA sample to separate arrays, each array hybridized for different times, and examining the hybridization intensities for endogenous transcripts. The data in Figure 3 demonstrate that the effect of a one- and two-base mismatch is maximal using a hybridization time equal to or greater than sixteen hours. For example, in probe sequence X69550 (Figure 3A), the hybridization signal of a one-base mismatch was 72% of that of the perfect match after four hours but was only 39% of that of the perfect match after sixteen hours. Similarly, the hybridization signal of a two-base mismatch was 35% of that of the perfect match after four hours but was only 14% of that of the perfect match after sixteen hours. Identical results were seen for the effects of a three-base mismatch (data not shown). Consistent with previous findings [10], the effect of a one-base mismatch was found to be variable, reducing the hybridization signal to 39% (Figure 3A) or 47% (Figure 3B) of that of the corresponding perfect match signal. Also consistent with previous findings [10], a two-base mismatch had a greater effect, reducing the hybridization signal to 14% (Figure 3A) or 9% (Figure 3B) of that of the corresponding perfect match signal. We note that other array platforms may generate different effects of mismatches due to probe length or to the fact that the cRNA used in our experiments was fragmented to about 100 bases. Therefore, the actual probe/target duplex length was primarily dictated by the length of the 30 base probe (the shorter of the two single strands).
Figure 3. Specificity against mismatches increases with hybridization time. (A and B) The intensity of a one-base (diamonds, left y-axis) or two-base (squares, right y-axis) mismatch, as a percent of the perfect match signal, is plotted as a function of time for two different probe sequences. (C and D) The intensity of the perfect match (diamonds), one-base mismatch (squares), or two-base mismatch (triangles) are plotted as a function of time for the same probe sequences shown in A and B.
Two scenarios could generate the increased specificity with time. First, at longer hybridization times, a greater proportion of mismatched duplexes (versus perfectly matched duplexes) may have dissociated, resulting in lower hybridization intensities for the mismatched duplexes. Secondly, the intensity of the perfect match may increase more significantly than that of the mismatch. To determine whether one or both scenarios exist, we plotted the intensity versus time for the perfect match, one base mismatch and two base mismatch probes (Figures 3C and 3D). While the intensity of the perfect match probe for X69550_1561 increases with time, reaching a plateau around 16 hours, the intensity of both the mismatch probes decreases with time, reaching a plateau around 16 hours (Figure 3C). In contrast, while the intensity of the perfect match probe for X79067_3352 increases by 80% between 4 and 16 hours, the intensity of the one base mismatch probe increases only 40% between 4 and 16 hours and the intensity of the two base mismatch probe decreases by 20% between 4 and 16 hours (Figure 3D). Thus, specificity can be generated in different ways. These data provide further evidence of solution phase hybridization behavior in the Codelink microarray system and demonstrate that short hybridization times could result in decreased specificity.
It is important to note that the data in Figures 2 and 3 do not address the accuracy of the microarray platform. For example, the results in Figure 2 showed a relative error ([fold change expected – fold change observed]/fold change expected) of 17% which is low compared with higher errors reported elsewhere [25]. However, the data exhibited a low but consistent compression of the ratios (obtained from comparing the signal obtained from one transcript concentration to that obtained from the next dilution). Therefore, a hybridization time course was performed to find the time which would generate the lowest compression in the ratios. A simple approach to calculate ratios for multiple genes at once (>1000 genes) is to vary the amount of cRNA used in the hybridization and compare the calculated and expected ratios of every probe. This approach eliminates bias which might be introduced when solely using control transcripts and it prevents systematic errors introduced by the sample preparation method. Importantly, the total nucleic acid concentration was kept constant by varying the amount of labeled cRNA and supplementing the lower amount of labeled cRNA with unlabeled cRNA. Therefore, the only variable in these experiments was the hybridization time.
Using this method, a ratio of five would be expected from each probe if the signal intensity generated from 20 micrograms of labeled cRNA was compared to that obtained from 4 micrograms of labeled cRNA. We acknowledge that this is an oversimplification given that some probes will reach equilibrium faster than others and that saturation of pixels may arise for high signals. However, as a global approach, the compression of the ratio, as a function of the hybridization time, was investigated. A hybridization time of 24 hours generated a ratio of 5 (Fig. 4A). Significant compression was found if the hybridization time was too short or was too long. These results suggested that hybridization time could affect the accuracy of ratios by introducing a compression effect at shorter times.
How does the hybridization time affect ratios smaller or larger than five? Does this compression effect (or the relative error) increase with larger ratios? Lastly, how do these data compare with other platforms? To address these questions, we repeated the dilution series experiments presented in Figure 2 but performed the hybridization for 24 hours instead of the 18 hours that were used to generate the data in Figure 2. We analyzed both sets of dilution series data according to the method of Zhou and Abagyan [25], using the highest concentration of the dilution series and determining how the relative error changed over a large range of differential expression ratios. We also analyzed the Affymetrix data from the Zhou and Abagyan publication in this format. We plotted the relative error as a function of the fold change for the Codelink platform, using either an 18- or 24-hour hybridization time (Figure 4B). The data points were fit with a second order polynomial, and the R2 values (0.968 and 0.988 for the 18- and 24-hour hybridization times, respectively) showed a good fit of the data to the curve. Lastly, when data from an analogous Affymetrix experiment were plotted in this format, the relative error also increased as a function of the fold change. The Affymetrix data plotted were based on twelve to 154 data points for each expected fold change, thus representing a total of 366 data points. We note that, due to the very different conditions used to generate the Affymetrix data and to the fact that it is derived from only one publication, these data should not be compared with the Codelink data. However, these data do demonstrate that the increase in relative error with increasing fold changes may be a common feature of multiple microarray platforms.
Figure 4. Accuracy of expression ratios: (A) Accuracy of expression ratios as a function of hybridization time. The incubation time was varied from 4 to 42.5 hours for hybridizations containing a total of 20 μg of cRNA target (4 μg of labeled cRNA + 16 μg of unlabeled cRNA) versus 20 μg of labeled cRNA. (B) Examination of the relative error for two platforms as a function of the fold change. The relative error for the Affymetrix GeneChip data from Zhou and Abagyan is shown versus the relative error for the CodeLink data from the 2-fold dilution series in Figure 2. The GeneChip data be obtained at the following web site: http://carrier.gnf.org/publications/MOID/spike.html webcite.
The data in Figure 4B highlighted several points. First, the data using the spiked control transcripts (Figure 4B) agreed with the data presented in Figure 4A using the endogenous transcripts when the 18 and 24 hour timepoints were compared and demonstrated that a 24 hour hybridization time produced more accurate data (less compression or lower relative error) than an 18 hour hybridization time. We note that the 42 hour time point in Figure 4A can not be compared to a similar time point in Figure 4B. Secondly, a 24 hour hybridization time consistently outperformed an 18 hour hybridization time, with respect to the relative error, for all fold changes examined on the Codelink platform. Thirdly, the relative errors in all three conditions (Codelink 18- and 24-hour and Affymetrix platform) increased with the larger ratios. There are two important points that should accompany these conclusions. First, different platforms use different oligonucleotide lengths (from 25 to 60 bases in length) and even amplified cDNA products [1,2,10,12,13,22,24], with different accessibilities of the array-bound nucleic acid. Therefore, it is impossible to generalize that a time which is optimal on one platform will be optimal on the second platform. Secondly, more studies on the Codelink arrays will be required to verify that 24 hours is indeed the optimal. We only know that it outperforms the 18 hour time points. We conclude that a longer hybridization time (e.g., 33% longer) may generate microarray data with lower relative errors (while hybridization times of 42 hours could generate more compression), and this kinetic parameter merits further investigation as a simple method to increase both performance (signal intensity and mismatch specificity) and accuracy.
Discussion
Much debate exists regarding the optimal oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe length. However, a more functional way of thinking about the probe length may be how many bases of the probe are actually available for hybridization and if these bases are exhibiting solution phase biophysical behavior. In this manner, linker length and surface effects must also be considered. For example, bases at the surface end of some in situ synthesized 60 base oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes may not be accessible for hybridization [12] while other in situ synthesized probes may require linkers for optimal performance [13]. We present evidence, using 30 base oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes, that most, if not all, of the probe is available for hybridization and that the surface does not introduce significant steric effects. We note that the three-dimensional Codelink arrays used in this study are different from standard surface-bound arrays, and, therefore, it is not unexpected that the observations presented in this report are different from those generated on other array platforms. Furthermore, we show, for the first time on a microarray platform, a strong concordance of microarray hybridization mismatch data with solution phase duplex melting experiments (Figure 1).
Another important consideration in microarray experiments is the time allowed for the hybridization reaction. Recent data has shown that specific binding takes longer to reach equilibrium than non-specific binding [22], suggesting that a longer hybridization time may be beneficial. Implicit in such findings is the fact that the accuracy of a fold change may also increase with a longer hybridization time. We present evidence demonstrating that hybridization time can in fact increase the accuracy of expression ratios (fold changes), relieving the observed compression in ratios, and that this effect may be more dramatic for larger fold changes (Figure 4). In retrospect, these data make sense from a biophysical perspective because, at the longer hybridization times, the mismatched duplexes will have dissociated due to their faster dissociation rates (Figure 3), leaving primarily the perfectly matched duplexes. The optimal hybridization time on different platforms could vary, depending on probe length and accessibility, diffusion coefficients, and detection methods, but the basic premise of increased accuracy with increased hybridization time should hold. Thus, we believe that this parameter merits further investigation.
Various computational and statistical measures have been used to improve and filter microarray data. For example, locally weighted linear regression (lowess) normalizations have been used to correct the systematic dependence of the log2 of the red/green expression ratios on hybridization intensity [28]. The finding that competitive hybridization in a two-color system requires the hybridization kinetics of the two targets to be the same [21] may help explain the need for such normalizations. Thus, understanding the hybridization behavior of probes and targets in a microarray platform may obviate the need for large amounts of data manipulation.
Moreover, a recent study found that both cDNA and oligodeoxyribonucleotide arrays underestimated the relative changes in mRNA expression between experimental and control samples, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction [29]. This underestimation (or ratio compression) increased as the relative change increased, consistent with our observations (Figure 4B). Such comparative studies underscore the need to understand the root cause(s) for ratio compression in microarray platforms in order to design effective solutions. The fact that specific binding takes longer to reach equilibrium [22] and that a longer hybridization time may alleviate compression in expression ratios (this report) is one example of how fundamental studies may eventually improve microarray data.
Conclusions
The data in this report demonstrate, for the first time, a strong concordance between the effect of mismatches in probes attached to a three dimensional matrix of a microarray and solution-based, thermodynamic duplex melting studies. Moreover, an increased hybridization time was shown to increase the accuracy of fold changes by relieving the compression observed in expression ratios, and this effect may be more dramatic for larger fold changes. Studies such as these may ultimately help improve microarray data quality.
Methods
Array experiments
Target preparation, CodeLink™ DNA microarray hybridization, and processing were performed as described previously [26] except as described. A single, labeled nucleotide, biotin-11-UTP, was used in the cRNA labeling reactions at a concentration of 1.25 mM. Unlabeled UTP was present at 3.75 mM, while GTP, ATP, and CTP were at 5 mM. cRNA was fragmented prior to the hybridization reaction as previously described [10,26]. Hybridization time studies followed the above procedures with the following exceptions. The first sample consisted of 20 ug of labeled, cRNA target. The second sample consisted of 4 ug of labeled cRNA target and 16 ug of unlabeled cRNA target for a total of 20 ug of cRNA. Each target was hybridized to an array for 4, 8, 14, 18, 24, or 42.5 hours.
Serial dilutions were prepared by adding the ≅1000 base transcripts from the E. coli genes araB, entF, fixA, and gnd at a final concentration of 10 μM for each transcript in kidney total RNA. This 10 μM dilution was then diluted into kidney total RNA in a 2-fold series to a lowest concentration of 19.53 nM for each transcript. The 78 nM dilution is approximately equal to 1 copy per cell, assuming an mRNA population which is 2.5% of the total RNA, 300,000 mRNAs/cells, and an average mRNA length of 1,000 bases [10].
Array design
The data shown in Figure 1 were generated using the mismatch scanning array. This array consisted of ten probe sets where each probe set was designed to hybridize to either a spiked, bacterial transcript or an endogenous transcript present in a complex human polyA+ RNA sample (e.g., from human liver or human brain). Each probe set consisted of the perfect match to the targeted transcript and two subsets. The first subset consisted of thirty probes, each having a two-base mismatch. The position of the mismatch was shifted one base for each probe in this subset, generating a subset of probes with two-base mismatches scanning the length of the 30 base sequence. The second subset also consisted of thirty probes, each having a three-base mismatch. The position of the mismatch was shifted one base for each probe in this subset, generating a subset of probes with three-base mismatches scanning the length of the 30 base sequence.
The data shown in Figures 2 through 4 were generated using the Codelink™ Human Uniset I arrays. These arrays contain 9,589 probes (representing approximately 9200 unique accession numbers) designed to hybridize to human transcripts present in polyA+ RNA and approximately 386 control probes (designed to hybridize primarily to bacterial transcripts). The noncontrol probes (those designed to measure relative expression levels of the endogenous human transcripts) were each designed based on the paradigm of one probe per gene. However, three to ten bacterial control probes were designed to hybridize to each bacterial transcript. These bacterial probes can be used as negative controls or a subset of these can be used as positive controls when the corresponding bacterial transcripts are spiked into the human polyA+ RNA. The latter scenario, in which four bacterial transcripts were spiked into the polyA+ RNA, was used to generate the data shown in Figure 2. The hybridization signal from each of the three bacterial probes on the array was measured for each of the four spiked transcripts, for a total of twelve signals which were measured at each serial dilution. In addition, the set of control probes contains five probe sets, each of which contain the perfect match, one-, two-, three-, and four-base mismatches to either a bacterial transcript or an endogenous human transcript. The intensities of these probe sets was measured after different array hybridization times to generate the data shown in Figure 3. Lastly, the probes on the Human Uniset I arrays which were designed to measure the endogenous human transcripts in polyA+ RNA were measured after different array hybridization times and with different amounts of labeled cRNA to generate the data shown in Figure 4A. The twelve probes on these arrays which were designed to hybridize to the four spiked bacterial transcripts were measured after different hybridization times and with serial dilutions of the bacterial transcripts to generate the data shown in Figure 4B.
Tm determination
The solution-phase melting temperatures were measured with an Agilent 8453 UV-VIS spectroscopy system with added Peltier thermostated single cell holder using a 1.5 ml quartz cuvette. Each probe-target set contained a perfect DNA:RNA 30-mer match and 6 DNA:RNA pairs with 3-base mismatches incorporated into the oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The oligoribonucleotides (IDT Technologies) were incubated at room temperature with equimolar amounts of the oligodeoxyribonucleotide in either in stringency wash solution (75 mM Tris-Cl, 112.5 mM NaCl) or in hybridization buffer (50% formamide/6 × SSPE), then the melting profile was performed in 1°C increments with constant monitoring at 260 nm. The Tm was determined for each DNA:RNA pair by calculating the first derivative of the A260 profile.
Authors' Contributions
DD and AN conducted data analysis and helped with experimental design. LG, AL, MP, ET, and RE performed all of the experiments. RL and TJS conducted all of the bioinformatics, designed probes, and helped with the fabrication of arrays used. AM wrote the paper, generated most of the figures, suggested most of the experiments, and provided overall technical guidance. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Nucleic Acids Res 1997, 25:1155-1161. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
18. Peterson AW, Heaton RJ, Georgiadis RM: The effect of surface probe density on DNA hybridization.
Nucleic Acids Res 2001, 29:5163-5168. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
19. Chan V, Graves DJ, McKenzie SE: The biophysics of DNA hybridization with immobilized oligonucleotide probes.
Biophys J 1995, 69:2243-2255. PubMed Abstract
20. Livshits MA, Mirzabekov AD: Theoretical analysis of the kinetics of DNA hybridization with gel-immobilized oligonucleotides.
Biophys J 1996, 71:2795-2801. PubMed Abstract
21. Wang Y, Wang X, Guo S-W, Ghosh S: Conditions to ensure competitive hybridization in two-color microarray: a theoretical and experimental analysis.
Biotechniques 2002, 32:1342-1346. PubMed Abstract
22. Dai H, Meyer M, Stepaniants S, Ziman M, Stoughton R: Use of hybridization kinetics for differentiating specific from non-specific binding to oligonucleotide microarrays.
Nucleic Acids Res 2002, 30:e86. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
23. Chudin E, Walker R, Kosaka A, Wu SX, Rabert D, Chang TK, Kreder DE: Assessment of the relationship between signal intensities and transcript concentration for Affymetrix GeneChip arrays.
Genome Biology 2001, 3(1):0005.1. BioMed Central Full Text
24. Relogio A, Schwager C, Richter A, Ansorge W, Valcarcel J: Optimization of oligonucleotide-based DNA microarrays.
Nucleic Acids Res 2002, 30:e51. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
25. Zhou Y, Abagyan R: Match-only integral distribution (MOID) algorithm for high-density oligonucleotide array analysis.
BMC Bioinformatics 2002, 3:3. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
26. Dorris DR, Ramakrishnan R, Trakas D, Dudzik F, Belval F, Zhao C, Nguyen F, Domanus M, Mazumder A: A highly reporducible, linear, and automated sample preparation method for DNA microarrays.
Genome Res 2002, 12:976-984. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
27. Young S, Wagner RW: Hybridization and dissociation rates of phosphodiester or modified oligodeoxynucleotides with RNA at near-physiological conditions.
Nucleic Acids Res 1991, 19:2463-2470. PubMed Abstract
28. Quackenbush J: Microarray data normalization and transformation.
Nature Genetics Suppl 2002, 32:496-502. Publisher Full Text
29. Yuen T, Wurmbach E, Pfeffer RL, Ebersole BJ, Sealfon SC: Accuracy and calibration of commercial oligonucleotide and custom cDNA microarrays.
Nucleic Acids Res 2002, 30:e48. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Maps and graphs / Intensity of the damage caused by wind storms (Tatras region, Slovak Republic)
Intensity of the damage caused by wind storms (Tatras region, Slovak Republic)
Created : Nov 12, 2009 Published : Aug 04, 2008 Last modified : Nov 29, 2012 11:41 AM
Topics: ,
The map shows the intensity of the damage caused by wind storms (Tatras region, Slovak Republic)
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Filed under: , ,
European Environment Agency (EEA)
Kongens Nytorv 6
1050 Copenhagen K
Denmark
Phone: +45 3336 7100
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England, Sussex, Church of England, Church Records (FamilySearch Historical Records)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
This article describes a collection of historical records scheduled to become available at FamilySearch.org.
Contents
Collection Time Period
This collection covers records for the years from 1530 until 1900.
Record Description
These parish registers were acquired from the East and West Sussex Record Offices under multiple projects. The source list contains a total of (263) unique rolls of microfilm - (231) of these rolls of microfilm have never been indexed. The remaining rolls have only partial indexes and should be re-indexed as a part of this project. The contract with the East and West Record Offices limit the publication of images. Because of these restrictions, we are moving this forward as "Publish Index" only project.
Baptisms (christenings), marriages, and burials were recorded on blank pages in a bound book called a register. The events of baptism, marriage, and burial were all recorded in one volume until 1754, when a law required that marriages be recorded in a separate book. Banns, or proclamations of “an intent” to marry, were recorded in yet another book. Starting in 1812, preprinted registers were introduced and separate registers were kept for baptisms, marriages, and burials. Before 1812, bishops’ transcripts were usually recorded on loose pieces of paper. Following that year, the transcripts were recorded on the same preprinted forms as parish registers.
In 1537 the Church of England mandated that parishes begin keeping church registers by the next year (1538). These church registers continue to the present. Bishops’ transcripts, or copies of parish registers, were required beginning in 1598 and continued to the mid-1800s. The vast majority of the English population belonged to the Church of England. Only since the mid-19th century have other religious groups made headway.
Record Content
Church of England parish register baptism records usually contain:
• Baptism date
• Name of the child
• Sex of the child
• Legitimacy of the child
• Marital status of the parents
• Social class of the parents
• Name of the father and often mother’s given name
• May list the residence of the parents, especially after 1812
Church of England parish register marriage records usually contain:
• Marriage date
• Name of the bride and groom
• Age of the bride and groom
• May list names of parents or other relatives
• Residence of the bride and groom
• Marital status of individuals and couples
• May list the dates that the marriage was announced (also called “banns published”). This normally took place on three separate occasions prior to the marriage and gave anyone with a valid reason a chance to object to the marriage.
• After 1754, the full names of witnesses
• After 1837, the full names of the fathers
• May note if a spouse is single or widowed at the time of the marriage.
Church of England parish register burial records usually contain:
• Burial date
• Name of the deceased.
• If the deceased is a child, might give the father’s name
• If the deceased is a married woman, might give the husband’s name
• Age of the deceased
• Residence of the deceased
• May give the sex of the deceased
• Residence of the deceased
How to Use the Record
Parish registers are one of the best sources for identifying individuals and connecting them to parents, spouses, and other generations. In July 1837, the government instituted the civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths. However, parish registers continue to play an important role because they are often more readily available than civil registers. Bishops’ transcripts are a backup source for parish registers that are missing or illegible. If possible, you may want to search both the parish registers and the bishops’ transcripts since one is a handwritten copy of the other and might contain differences.
Baptism or christening records list the parents’ names, making it possible for you to connect your ancestor to an earlier generation. You may find a birth date listed or be able to approximate a birth date.
The following are several ways you can use these records:
• After 1812 the baptismal records list a place of residence, making it easier to identify your family by where they lived.
• Use the father’s occupation to identify your ancestor's family when more than one family with the same name lived in the parish.
• You can use marriage the residence for the bride and groom to look for their baptisms and to identify the children of this couple.
• Sometimes the groom’s occupation is listed, which could help you find more records about the groom.
• Marriage records after 1754 list the names of witnesses, who were often family members, and can help you identify your ancestor’s family.
• Signatures in the records might be used to identify a particular individual by the handwriting style.
• After 1812, and sometimes before, burial records include the age of the deceased, which you can use to approximate the person’s birth year and to find the baptismal record.
• If the deceased is a child, the parents’ names might be given, which can help to extend your family another generation.
• The occupation of a deceased male might be given (especially after 1812) and can help identify your ancestor when there is more than one person by that name in the area.
• Knowing your ancestor's occupation might also provide you the opportunity to find other records about your ancestor.
• Banns indicate the parish of residence of the bride and groom and often lead to the records of another parish.
• You can search for the baptisms of the bride and groom in the parishes of residence since these might also be the parishes where they were born.
To search for a person in a Church of England parish register, you must know the following:
• Where the person lived and the corresponding parish
• When the person lived (If you do not know the time period, you must estimate it from what you know of more recent generations.)
A useful means of locating parishes prior to 1851 is England Jurisdictions 1851 available at maps.familysearch.org
Record History
In 1530, King Henry VIII established the Church in England, also known as the Anglican Church, the State Church, or the Episcopal Church. A law passed in 1537 required ministers to record the baptisms, marriages, and burials that took place in their parishes. Priests recorded these events in registers and kept them at the parish level, which is the lowest level of authority in the Church of England. Within some parishes, chapelries were created to provide for the worship needs of the parishioner when the parish church was not easily accessible. Chapelries sometimes had the authority to perform baptisms, marriages, and burials, so they kept their own registers. Several parishes formed a deanery (presided over by a dean), several deaneries formed an archdeaconry (presided over by an archdeacon), and several archdeaconries formed a diocese (presided over by a bishop).
Beginning in 1598, ministers were required to annually send copies of their registers to an archdeacon or bishop. These copies are referred to as bishops’ transcripts, or sometimes archdeacon transcripts. As a result, two copies of many parish registers exist from 1598 to about the mid-1800s. After civil registration began in 1837, the value of keeping bishops’ transcripts diminished, so by 1870 most parishes had stopped making them.
Banns are proclamations of an intent to marry. After 1754 these banns were required to be read for three consecutive Sundays before a marriage so that anyone with reasons against the marriage could oppose it. Banns were read in both the bride’s parish and the groom’s parish. An alternative was to apply for a license to marry either to the local Diocese or to the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Most bishops’ transcripts of Church of England parish registers have been preserved. Many have also been copied to microfilm or microfiche. The condition of the records is relatively good considering their age and their storage conditions over the centuries. In 1598 ministers were required to copy their registers onto parchment. If the minister failed to make such a copy, the register for that parish and its records did not survive. During the Commonwealth period, 1649–1660, many parish registers disappeared, and many transcripts were not kept because ministers were deposed from their parishes.
The Diocese of Chichester Bishop's Transcripts are held at West Sussex Record Office as the Diocesan registry. The Transcripts for West Sussex parishes begin from 1570 onwards whereas those in East Sussex date from 1606; few parishes have a complete series prior to 1641. From approximately 1700 to 1850, the Chichester Diocese has a rather full surviving collection for nearly all parishes in the diocese. In common with other diocese in England incumbents after 1837 did not record marriages due to the introduction of the civil registration marriage return to the local registration district.
As the transcript is contemporary with the parish register entry handwriting problems are present and as any transcript is prone to human error the parish register entry and transcription may not concur on the names or details of the event and some transcripts may have missing years or part thereof if the intended transcription did not take place for part of the year.
Why this Record Was Created
Parish registers were created to record church events of baptism or christening, marriage, and burial. Baptismal entries usually list the person’s birth date, and burial entries list the death date. In the Church of England, baptism, which was also called christening, was performed soon after the birth of a child. Marriage in the church legally united a man and a woman for civil legal reasons and for the purpose of founding a religiously sanctified family. Burial is a function of the church to inter the deceased soon after death.
Record Reliability
Church of England parish registers are the most reliable and accurate family history source until July 1837, when the government instituted the civil registration of births, marriages, and deaths. Information in parish registers and Bishop's Transcripts can be verified against each other. There are often variations in Bishop's Transcripts of names and spellings. Bishop's Transcripts may also omit years or part of years and are incomplete according to Diocesan practice and preservation.
Transcription is a human process and can include error. If you are searching a computer data base which has been indexed exactly as viewed it may be necessary to search on variants of the given name and surname. The transcriber may have faithfully rendered Thos. or a Latin spelling like Xpher and your search for Thomas or Christopher may not produce a search result.
Parish register entries may not correspond with post 1837 Civil Registration certificates. The registration of Marriages involves a quarterly return from each authorized person (Registrar General approved) to the local Registry Office and each Registry Office in turn to form a National Index. The transcription of information from the event may not correspond to the original entry.
Since Civil Birth registrations are only partial in the early decades of Civil registration parish registers may be the only source of record for infant birth and death in a period of high infant mortality rates.
Parish Coverage
Parishes intended to be indexed in both East and West Sussex are included in the following pages
Parishes in Hove are explained in: Hove, Sussex
Additional Church development in Worthing and other parishes in the town is explained in Worthing, Sussex.
The 207 parishes of East Sussex and 223 parishes of West Sussex included in the Online Parish Clerks database for Sussex are being included in the FamilySearch Research wiki pages. For further information about Sussex Online Parish Clerks (OPC) visit Sussex Online Parish Clerks(OPC) which is free online database volunteer effort to transcribe not only parish register material but all types of records for the two counties.
The Family Search Research Wiki pages also contain references to the existing volunteer effort in East and West Sussex by local Wikipedia contributors over the last decade to provide details of places of worship in both counties which may assist research. These include demolished or disused places of worship and reflect the diverse use of worship buildings to the present day.
Related Websites
West Sussex Record Office
Related Wiki Articles
Contributions to This Article
We welcome user additions to FamilySearch Historical Records wiki articles. Guidelines are available to help you make changes. Thank you for any contributions you may provide. If you would like to get more involved join the WikiProject FamilySearch Records.
Sources of Information for This Collection
“England, Sussex, Church of England, Church Records,” database, FamilySearch (http://familysearch.org/); from West Sussex Record Office, Chichester. FHL microfilm 255 reels, Family History Library Salt Lake City, Utah.
Citing FamilySearch Historical Collections
When you copy information from a record, you should also list where you found the information. This will help you or others to find the record again. It is also good to keep track of records where you did not find information, including the names of the people you looked for in the records.
A suggested format for citing FamilySearch Historical Collections, including how to cite individual archives is found in the following link: How to Cite FamilySearch Collections
Citation Example for a Record Found in This Collection
• United States. Bureau of the Census. 12th census, 1900, digital images, From FamilySearch Internet (www.familysearch.org: September 29, 2006), Arizona Territory, Maricopa, Township 1, East Gila, Salt River Base and Meridian; sheet 9B, line 71
• Mexico, Distrito Federal, Catholic Church Records, 1886-1933, digital images, from FamilySearch Internet (www.familysearch.org: April 22, 2010), Baptism of Adolfo Fernandez Jimenez, 1 Feb. 1910, San Pedro Apóstol, Cuahimalpa, Distrito Federal, Mexico, film number 0227023
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
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You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 23 July 2012, at 17:03.
• This page has been accessed 1,141 times.
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Henry County, IowaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States Iowa Henry County
Guide to Henry County Iowa genealogy. Birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, and military records.
Iowa
Online Records
Henry County, Iowa
Map
Location in the state of Iowa
Location of Iowa in the U.S.
Facts
Founded December 7, 1836
County Seat Mount Pleasant
Courthouse
Contents
County Courthouse
History
Parent County
1836--Henry County was created 7 December 1836 from Des Moines County. County seat: Mount Pleasant [1]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Des Moines | Jefferson | Lee | Louisa | Van Buren | Van Buren
Resources
Cemeteries
Church
Court
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Newspapers
• NewspaperArchive.com ($) has historical newspapers online including Burlington newspapers dating back to the 1840's that may have included Henry County residents. This database is free at some libraries.
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
You're invited to explain your rating on the discussion page (you must be signed in).
• This page was last modified on 17 April 2013, at 16:57.
• This page has been accessed 1,218 times.
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}
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Category:Davie County, North CarolinaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:42, 25 November 2012 by Sandralpond (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Pages in category "Davie County, North Carolina"
This category contains only the following page.
D
Media in category "Davie County, North Carolina"
The following 2 files are in this category, out of 2 total.
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:bff6c356-e7aa-4738-afba-a394f9ff4462>",
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uninstalling normally not uninstallable programs
This is an article on uninstalling normally not uninstallable programs in Windows.
Rated 5.00 By 2 users
This article focuses mainly on uninstalling things such as windows messenger, WordPad and other similar components that cannot be uninstalled by any normal means.
To normally remove XP utilities and components, you would normally go to control panel>add or remove programs>add/remove windows components. But wait windows messenger is not there! Neither is WordPad, like omg!
This is what you do. Find your sysoc.inf file. It is usually located in the C:\WINDOWS\INF folder. (The C:\WINDOWS\INF might be hidden, so go to tools>folder options>view and choose show hidden files and folders to unhide it). Open sysoc.inf in notepad. When you open the file you’ll see something like this:
program=program.dll,Ocentry,program.inf,,numeral
Programs that are not uninstallable have the word ‘hide’ or ‘HIDE’ somewhere in there. All you have to do is get rid of the word ‘hide’ and it becomes uninstallable.
Ex. Pinball=ocgen.dll,Ocentry,pinball.inf,HIDE,7 should be changed to Pinball=ocgen.dll,Ocentry,pinball.inf,,7
Ta da!!! Now you can delete all of those unnecessary utilities/programs/components or whatever you call ‘em, that come with windows XP.
And because I’m such a nice guy I’ll even include this so that you know what those crazy names are referring to
AccessOpt-Accessability Wizard
MultiM-Multimedia components, including Media Player, Volume Control, and Sound Recorder
CommApps-Communications components, including Chat, Hyperterminal, and Phone Dialer
AutoUpdate-Windows Automatic Update
TerminalServer-Terminal Server
Dtc-Distributed Transaction Coordinator
Dom-COM+
WBEM-Windows Management Instrumentation
Pinball-Pinball game
MSWordPad-WordPad
Msmsgs-Windows Messenger
Team Leader
30Aug2005,16:05 #2
Very nice. It helped me remove the Wordpad that was causing all the problem.
Newbie Member
29Jan2006,18:45 #3
hey thanx a lot dude
Newbie Member
19Dec2006,02:26 #4
Thanks for this information.
Go4Expert Member
25Jan2007,19:36 #5
Thanks, very interesting information
Last edited by shabbir; 25Jan2007 at 21:30.. Reason: Confine links to signatures only.
Newbie Member
5Feb2007,12:18 #6
thank u
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what does -(A7) or (A7)+ mean
Go4Expert Member
27Nov2008,07:35 #1
Hi
I'm a beginner at assembly language and I have a piece of code I'm trying to understand. I understand most of it but I still am not sure what -(A7) or (A7)+ mean.
I know An are address registers and so A7 is the last 32 bit address register (coldfire processor). But whats the -/+ before and after?
Is it decrementing or incrementing?
If so, what is being incremented or decremented? The address registers themselves?
e.g. does -(A7) mean A6?
Thanks.
Mentor
27Nov2008,13:31 #2
-(A7) dereferences and predecrements A7, in C++ this would be *(--A7)
(A7)+ dereferences and postincrements A7, in C++ *(A7++).
-(A7) decreases the value in A7 by 1, then looks up in memory what is at address A7. So if we have the following memory layout:
0012bcad 41
0012bcae 37
0012bcaf 26
and A7 contains 0012bcae, move.b -(A7),d0 will change A7 to 0012bcad and load 41 into d0.
Mirroring that, if A7 contains 0012bcae, move.b (A7)+,d0 will load 37 into d0 and change A7 to 0012bcaf.
Go4Expert Member
28Nov2008,00:55 #3
That helped a lot, thank you
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PayPal Notification: Reversed Transaction
Go4Expert Founder
4Feb2010,12:24 #1
I got a very interesting email today from Paypal
Quote:
Hello shabbir bhimani,
Your payment of XXX has been sent back to the sender of the payment.
We reversed this payment because we have stopped allowing personal payments to be sent to or from India.
If this was a payment for a purchase of goods or services, and not a personal payment, then you may contact the buyer and have him or her resend the payment as follows: (a) click the Send Money tab, (b) select "Goods," and (c) provide a shipping address.
If this payment was a personal payment such as a gift, then we have requested that the sender find another payment method until we restore personal payments to and from India.
We are trying to resolve this issue as quickly as possible and we're sorry for any inconvenience.
Thank you,
PayPal
Now I am not sure how many and of what amount of payments are reversed but I see my total not matching.
Skilled contributor
4Feb2010,12:30 #2
all d best for ur rest money dear admin..
Go4Expert Founder
5Feb2010,10:15 #3
Its not only me but many here as well as others from on many other forums.
I also go this when had a talk over phone / email
Quote:
We are currently experiencing an issue processing bank transfers to India bank accounts. I sincerely regret the inconvenience it has caused you. As a result there may be some delays in both withdrawals and random deposits. We are doing everything we can to process your withdrawal as soon a possible; however, we do not have a specific timeframe to share at this time.
Our technicians are working to resolve this matter. We appreciate your patience and understanding.
So Indian Paypal account are all on a halt theoretically.
Team Leader
5Feb2010,22:04 #4
Yes. I also read the same. http://www.techcrunch.com/2010/02/05...l-halts-india/
Light Poster
6Feb2010,13:38 #5
i do not uderstand it
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 783476, 21 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/783476
Research Article
A Cost-Effective Planning Graph Approach for Large-Scale Web Service Composition
1Institute of Information Management, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan
2Faculty of Computing and Engineering, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
Received 16 November 2011; Revised 25 January 2012; Accepted 28 January 2012
Academic Editor: Jung-Fa Tsai
Copyright © 2012 Szu-Yin Lin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Web Service Composition (WSC) problems can be considered as a service matching problem, which means that the output parameters of a Web service can be used as inputs of another one. However, when a very large number of Web services are deployed in the environment, the service composition has become sophisticated and complicated process. In this study, we proposed a novel cost-effective Web service composition mechanism. It utilizes planning graph based on backward search algorithm to find multiple feasible solutions and recommends a best composition solution according to the lowest service cost. In other words, the proposed approach is a goal-driven mechanism, which can recommend the approximate solutions, but it consumes fewer amounts of Web services and less nested levels of composite service. Finally, we implement a simulation platform to validate the proposed cost-effective planning graph mechanism in large-scale Web services environment. The simulation results show that our proposed algorithm based on the backward planning graph has reduced by 94% service cost in three different environments of service composition that is compared with other existing service composition approaches which are based on a forward planning graph.
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Sustainability 2012, 4(10), 2639-2649; doi:10.3390/su4102639
Discussion
Sustainable Technology Research and Demonstration Center for Earth Structures
MU Design Inc., 176-0026, Tokyo, Japan
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 26 July 2012; in revised form: 7 August 2012 / Accepted: 17 August 2012 / Published: 15 October 2012
Download PDF Full-Text [178 KB, uploaded 15 October 2012 15:08 CEST]
Abstract: This is a discussion paper that the authors presented at the International Workshop on Rammed Earth Materials and Sustainable Structures and Hakka Tulou Forum 2011: Structures of Sustainability, 28–31 October 2011, Xiamen University, China. A Sustainable Technology Research and Demonstration Center for Earth Structures is proposed to study, preserve, advance, promote, and implement rammed earth structures. The Center concept including the objectives, scope of activities and benefits of the proposed center are outlined. The Center for Alternative Technology in Wales, UK has been examined as a good base model along with a few successful environmental sustainability initiatives in China. The funding options to establish the proposed center have been discussed. The breadth of activities ultimately depends on funding capability. It is believed that the proposed center development will require significant government support at the initial stage but once corporate sponsorships are in place, the proposed center will potentially become self-supporting. The strategies, for the establishment of the proposed center are also addressed.
Keywords: rammed earth; earth structures; sustainable technology; green buildings; Hakka Tulou; center for earth structures; environmental sustainability
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Ueda, J.; Ueda, M. Sustainable Technology Research and Demonstration Center for Earth Structures. Sustainability 2012, 4, 2639-2649.
AMA Style
Ueda J, Ueda M. Sustainable Technology Research and Demonstration Center for Earth Structures. Sustainability. 2012; 4(10):2639-2649.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Ueda, Judy; Ueda, Minoru. 2012. "Sustainable Technology Research and Demonstration Center for Earth Structures." Sustainability 4, no. 10: 2639-2649.
Sustainability EISSN 2071-1050 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Micromachines 2011, 2(1), 69-81; doi:10.3390/mi2010069
Article
Self-Assembly of Microscale Parts through Magnetic and Capillary Interactions
1 Sensors & Electron Devices Directorate, US Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA 2 Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 1 January 2011; in revised form: 20 February 2011 / Accepted: 23 February 2011 / Published: 1 March 2011
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Assembly)
Download PDF Full-Text [964 KB, Updated Version, uploaded 3 March 2011 09:47 CET]
The original version is still available [677 KB, uploaded 1 March 2011 14:38 CET]
Abstract: Self-assembly is a promising technique to overcome fundamental limitations with integrating, packaging, and general handling of individual electronic-related components with characteristic lengths significantly smaller than 1 mm. Here we describe the use of magnetic and capillary forces to self-assemble 280 µm sized silicon building blocks into interconnected structures which approach a three-dimensional crystalline configuration. Integrated permanent magnet microstructures provided magnetic forces, while a low-melting-point solder alloy provided capillary forces. A finite element model of forces between the magnetic features demonstrated the utility of magnetic forces at this size scale. Despite a slight departure from designed dimensions in the actual fabricated parts, the combination of magnetic and capillary forces improved the assembly yield to 8%, over approximately 0.1% achieved previously with capillary forces alone.
Keywords: self-assembly; solder; magnetic forces
Article Statistics
Click here to load and display the download statistics.
Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Morris, C.J.; Isaacson, B.; Grapes, M.D.; Dubey, M. Self-Assembly of Microscale Parts through Magnetic and Capillary Interactions. Micromachines 2011, 2, 69-81.
AMA Style
Morris CJ, Isaacson B, Grapes MD, Dubey M. Self-Assembly of Microscale Parts through Magnetic and Capillary Interactions. Micromachines. 2011; 2(1):69-81.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Morris, Christopher J.; Isaacson, Brian; Grapes, Michael D.; Dubey, Madan. 2011. "Self-Assembly of Microscale Parts through Magnetic and Capillary Interactions." Micromachines 2, no. 1: 69-81.
Micromachines EISSN 2072-666X Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Activity Not Available
Project Summary
Process Memory Dumper it's developed for IT Consultants IT Security Consultants that need to dump the entire memory of a process and/or save informations about all running processes and modules
It's developed in C++ using MFC
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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Physics307L F08:Assignments
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 13:45, 24 August 2009 by Bill Flanagan (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ←Older revision | Current revision (diff) | Newer revision→ (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
Physics 307L, Fall 2008
Home Schedule People Interactions Labs Assignments Grading Safety Help
Winter Break Lab Fest
Contents
Individual Lab Summaries
Individual lab summaries have a deadline of before you begin the subsequent lab. You should write up the summary as a linked sub-page of your "Physics307L F08:People/Name" page. See Koch's page for an example.
What is required in the lab summary? You will be given a "practice" grade on your first lab summary--combined with talking with the instructor, this is the best way to learn what is expected. Here is some guidance for lab summaries. Also, you can ask me what I am looking for specifically with your lab!
Formal lab report
Rough draft
November 17 is the due date for a rough draft of your formal lab report. Comments on your rough draft will let you know what you need to do to perfect your final report
Final report
The final report will be due the final week of regular classes. The report will be completely electronic, on the wiki.
Some guidance for the formal report
Wiki assignment 1, due before Monday, September 8
See this page
Personal tools
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PART 24
XXIV. Such, in outline and in general, is the character of Europe and of Asia. In Europe too there are tribes differing one from another in stature, in shape and in courage. The differences are due to the same causes as I mentioned above, which I will now describe more clearly. Inhabitants of a region which is mountainous, rugged, high, and watered,
[p. 135] where the changes of the seasons exhibit sharp contrasts, are likely to be of big physique, with a nature well adapted for endurance and courage, and such possess not a little wildness and ferocity. The inhabitants of hollow regions, that are meadowy, stifling, with more hot than cool winds, and where the water used is hot, will be neither tall nor well-made, but inclined to be broad, fleshy, and dark-haired ; they themselves are dark rather than fair, less subject to phlegm than to bile. Similar bravery and endurance are not by nature part of their character, but the imposition of law can produce them artificially. Should there be rivers in the land, which drain off from the ground the stagnant water and the rain water, these1 will be healthy and bright. But if there be no rivers, and the water that the people drink be marshy, stagnant, and fenny, the physique of the people must show protruding bellies and enlarged spleens. Such as dwell in a high land that is level, windy, and watered, will be tall in physique and similar to one another, but rather unmanly and tame in character. As to those that dwell on thin, dry, and bare soil, and where the changes of the seasons exhibit sharp contrasts, it is likely that in such country the people will be hard in physique and well-braced, fair rather than dark, stubborn and independent in character and in temper. For where the changes of the seasons are most frequent and most sharply contrasted, there you will find the greatest diversity in physique, in character, and in constitution.
[p. 137] These are the most important factors that create differences in men's constitutions ; next come the land in which a man is reared, and the water. For in general you will find assimilated to the nature of the land both the physique and the characteristics of the inhabitants. For where the land is rich, soft, and well-watered, and the water is very near the surface, so as to be hot in summer and cold in winter, and if the situation be favourable as regards the seasons, there the inhabitants are fleshy, ill-articulated, moist, lazy, and generally cowardly in character. Slackness and sleepiness can be observed in them, and as far as the arts are concerned they are thick-witted, and neither subtle nor sharp. But where the land is bare, waterless, rough, oppressed by winter's storms and burnt by the sun, there you will see men who are hard, lean, well-articulated, well-braced, and hairy ; such natures will be found energetic, vigilant, stubborn and independent in character and in temper, wild rather than tame, of more than average sharpness and intelligence in the arts, and in war of more than average courage. The things also that grow in the earth all assimilate themselves to the earth. Such are the most sharply contrasted natures and physiques. Take these observations as a standard when drawing all other conclusions, and you will make no mistake.
1 The people or the rivers ? Probably the former, in which case "bright" will mean "of bright (clear) complexion."
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
An XML version of this text is available for download, with the additional restriction that you offer Perseus any modifications you make. Perseus provides credit for all accepted changes, storing new additions in a versioning system.
load focus Greek (W. H. S. Jones, 1868)
load focus English (Charles Darwin Adams, 1868)
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Place:Waco, Jasper, Missouri, United States
Watchers
NameWaco
TypeTown
Coordinates37.246°N 94.599°W
Located inJasper, Missouri, United States
source: Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Waco is a city in Jasper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 87 at the 2010 census, at which time it was a town. It is part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Research Tips
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Waco, Missouri. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
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Staying Involved
If you got involved in the election at any level, you might have gotten a feel for the excitement and passion that political discussion and activism brings. If you're candidate lost, you likely a little depressed. Even if your candidate won, you may be feeling down a little right now simply because its over. I want to take a moment to plead with you to stay involved.
The problem with presidential elections is that they only come along every four years. Sure, they're big and exciting, and full of complex and important issues, but your chances of having a significant impact are pretty small. But there are plenty of other causes where you can make a difference. Tip O'Neill said, famously, that all politics is local and that's more true than you might expect.
You state legislature, county commission, school board, and city council are full of important issues, many of which would benefit from your technical expertise. They're also full of people who, for the most part, are willing to listen and appreciate all the help they can get. So, how do you get involved?
• Read the papers on local issues and find things that interest you and about which you have an informed opinion. Electronic voting, telecom policy, broadband issues, spyware legislation, identity theft, and cable television franchising are examples of issues on which you can have a real impact.
• Talk about local public policy issues on your blog and use your blog to shape your opinions and to gather feedback on them.
• Start a mailing list or RSS feed for like minded people. Start to form a community in your community around technically oriented, public policy issues.
• Become acquainted with people in your local government and your local legislators. In most jurisdictions, these people are part time, so they have other jobs and probably work close by. Invite them to lunch and spend the time listening to them about the problems they're facing.
• Show up for legislative committee meetings where issues you care about are being discussed, listen to the debate and speak up in the public comment periods.
• In everything you do, be polite, respectful, and non-confrontational. For the most part, these people will welcome you help. They're not evil or power hungry monsters; they go home at the end of the day yo their kids, order pizza, and watch Monday Night Football. My experience is that they want your help and will take it if you offer it respectfully--even when its not what they want to hear.
• Write guest opinion pieces for the paper. Most people know you can write a letter to the editor, but don't realize that most of the guest opinion pieces, which have more impact, are largely unsolicited as well. Call the opinion page editor and explain that you're like to write an opinion piece on a particular topic. This works best if its close to some other news event that it ties into or offers a counter point to another editorial in the same paper on that topic. Often you'll get a positive response.
• Hold a news conference. If you've got an opinion informed by your technical expertise about a local issue, write up a press release and create an event. This works best when a group has created the document and has to be about an issue that the press is interested in right now. Call the local newspaper, radio, and TV stations and ask them to come. You'd be surprised that this can work. If nothing else, you'll get them to read the press release and may get some interviews from it.
These are just a few ideas. There are plenty more. The most important thing is to realize that you can make a difference in issues and that your expertise is sorely needed in public policy. There's much public policy today that has a technical angle to it and too few public officials who understand it in sufficient detail to do it by themselves. If the dream of connected democracy becomes a reality, it won't just be because it has the power to affect national events once every four years--it will be because it is effective at changing public policy for the better on a day-by-day basis and that is most likely to happen when smart people get involved in local issues.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6416.0 - House Price Indexes: Eight Capital Cities, Dec 2000
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 01/03/2001
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
ABOUT THIS RELEASE
Provides estimates of changes in housing prices in each of the eight capital cities of Australia. The information is presented in the form of price indexes constructed separately for established houses and for project homes.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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1. Skip to navigation
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/5878/please-stamp-here/
Please Stamp Here
November 11, 2006 by
11/9/06
Ted Roberts
2101 Aftonbrae Dr.
Huntsville, AL 35803
Recently, I had a stimulating discussion with the IRS about some bonds which matured in 2004. The discussion had to do with the fact that X dollars worth of bond repayment was NOT, as my IRS friends insisted, a profit demanding capital gain taxes. It was simply a return of my loan of ten years ago. Of course, taxes were paid on the bond interest.
We smilingly agreed on my 2004 return, after I conceeded paying some small penalty on another accounting peccadillo that involved my Sunday School teaching: mileage back and forth to Alaska, where I donated my charitable spiritual services.
Anyhow, everybody smiled and they sent me a highly convoluted form to fill out and accompany my check. (Alaska IS 4800 miles from Huntsville, Alabama – and I taught EVERY Sunday. That’s a lot of miles.)
With the form is an envelope. And in the Northeast corner of that envelope was the only denigrating statement the IRS people had made in our two months of discussion. It insults my intelligence with the following statement: “Please stamp here. Post Office will not deliver mail without proper postage.†How true. And without gas, the car won’t go. And Walmart will not give me a pair of new shorts unless I give them $7.95 and KFC won’t give me three pieces of chicken, taters, and slaw unless I fork over $4.95. I KNOW THAT! Why do these civil servants – who want to dispute my charitable services and have a deficient knowledge of geography (Alaska IS a long way from Huntsville) – think I’m so stupid? Yes, I must put a stamp on the envelope or the envelope won’t go!
But let’s be fair and not stomp on our government friends. (I love the IRS – they read these blogs, too, ya know.) Businesses – large and small – use the same kind of annotated envelopes. I prefer the unspoken assumption that my IQ is over 70 and I’m familiar with the concept of postage. You can call collect, OK, but you can’t mail collect. Hmmm, on second thought, why not? Don’t they still do “postage dueâ€?
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Investigation on Influential Factors of Volatile Oil and Main Constituent Content from Curcuma kzoangsiensis S. G. Lee C. F. Liang. In Guangxi Producing Areas
Xu Chen, Jianhong Zeng
Abstract
To quantitatively analyze volatile oil in curcuma kzoangsiensis S. G. Lee C. F. Liang. produced in different places and seasons, and to quantitatively analyze crucumol by gas chromatographic (GC). The volatile oil was distilled by the steam distillation(XD) and the crucumol was determined by GC on a HP-5 column (0.32 mm!`30m, 0.2|m), Inlet
-1 temperature 200!aC, FID 250!aC, flow 1.0 ml!/ , splitless. Temperature programming started at 60!aC holding for 4
-1 min, then increased to 210!aC at a rate of 3!aC!/ . The quantity of volatile oil in Curcuma kzoangsiensis S. G. Lee C. F. Liang. in different places and collecting time were detected. The contents of volatile oil and crucumol was the hightest
in Bingyang place. The quantity of volatile oil was the richtest in January and February, and the same result was
obtained for crucumol. As a result, January and February was the best time for the collection of Curcuma kzoangsiensis
S. G. Lee C. F. Liang.. The contents of volatile oil and crucumol should be taken as a standard for the evaluation of the quantity 0f curcuma phaeocaulis val.. and the determination of its collecting time.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Modern Applied Science ISSN 1913-1844 (Print) ISSN 1913-1852 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
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Wikia
SRD:Multiclass Characters
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 06:31, August 11, 2009 by Surgo (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
This material is published under the OGL
Contents
Multiclass CharactersEdit
A character may add new classes as he or she progresses in level, thus becoming a multiclass character. The class abilities from a character’s different classes combine to determine a multiclass character’s overall abilities. Multiclassing improves a character’s versatility at the expense of focus.
Class and Level FeaturesEdit
As a general rule, the abilities of a multiclass character are the sum of the abilities of each of the character’s classes.
LevelEdit
“Character level” is a character’s total number of levels. It is used to determine when feats and ability score boosts are gained.
“Class level” is a character’s level in a particular class. For a character whose levels are all in the same class, character level and class level are the same.
Hit PointsEdit
A character gains hit points from each class as his or her class level increases, adding the new hit points to the previous total.
Base Attack BonusEdit
Add the base attack bonuses acquired for each class to get the character’s base attack bonus. A resulting value of +6 or higher provides the character with multiple attacks.
Saving ThrowsEdit
Add the base save bonuses for each class together.
SkillsEdit
If a skill is a class skill for any of a multiclass character’s classes, then character level determines a skill’s maximum rank. (The maximum rank for a class skill is 3 + character level.)
If a skill is not a class skill for any of a multiclass character’s classes, the maximum rank for that skill is one-half the maximum for a class skill.
Class FeaturesEdit
A multiclass character gets all the class features of all his or her classes but must also suffer the consequences of the special restrictions of all his or her classes. (Exception: A character who acquires the barbarian class does not become illiterate.)
In the special case of turning undead, both clerics and experienced paladins have the same ability. If the character’s paladin level is 4th or higher, her effective turning level is her cleric level plus her paladin level minus 3.
In the special case of uncanny dodge, both experienced barbarians and experienced rogues have the same ability. When a barbarian/rogue would gain uncanny dodge a second time (for her second class), she instead gains improved uncanny dodge, if she does not already have it. Her barbarian and rogue levels stack to determine the rogue level an attacker needs to flank her.
In the special case of obtaining a familiar, both wizards and sorcerers have the same ability. A sorcerer/wizard stacks his sorcerer and wizard levels to determine the familiar’s natural armor, Intelligence score, and special abilities.
FeatsEdit
A multiclass character gains feats based on character levels, regardless of individual class level
Ability IncreasesEdit
A multiclass character gains ability score increases based on character level, regardless of individual class level.
SpellsEdit
The character gains spells from all of his or her spellcasting classes and keeps a separate spell list for each class. If a spell’s effect is based on the class level of the caster, the player must keep track of which class’s spell list the character is casting the spell from.
Power PointsEdit
If you have levels in more than one psionic class, you combine your power points from each class to make up your reserve. You can use these power points to manifest powers from any psionic class you have.
PowersEdit
While you maintain a single reserve of power points from your class, race, and feat selections, you are still limited by the manifester level you have achieved with each power you know.
Base ClassEdit
One of the standard eleven classes.
Caster LevelEdit
Generally equal to the number of class levels in a spellcasting class. Some prestige classes (see below) add caster levels to an existing class.
Favored ClassEdit
A character’s favored class doesn’t count against him or her when determining experience point penalties for multiclassing.
Prestige ClassesEdit
Prestige classes offer a new form of multiclassing. Unlike the basic classes, characters must meet Requirements before they can take their first level of a prestige class. The rules for level advancement apply to this system, meaning the first step of advancement is always choosing a class. If a character does not meet the Requirements for a prestige class before that first step, that character cannot take the first level of that prestige class. Taking a prestige class does not incur the experience point penalties normally associated with multiclassing.
Epic Prestige ClassesEdit
These are classes that characters cannot pursue until they have already become epic characters in some other fashion. Characters add levels of epic prestige classes using the same rules as when multiclassing into a new character class at epic levels. As with other epic classes, a character can take as many levels in an epic prestige class as he or she desires.
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentClasses
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BeagleBoard/BugAdapter
From eLinux.org
Revision as of 12:49, 20 July 2009 by Jkridner (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Jump to: navigation, search
The BeagleBoard Bug Adapter is a board that adds a Bug Module Interface to the BeagleBoard, enabling addition of Bug Modules and development of software for those Bug Modules.
Links
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Apr 122011
I’ve talked of the Humble Bundle 2 in this post, and now you have around 14 days to buy 5 good games and choose the price you want to pay for them, this seem too good to be true?
Then I add also that you can decide whether, and to what percentage, allocate part of the sum for the charity in two associations.
Yes The Humble Frozenbyte Bundle is arrived !
As usual there are 5 games in this bundle but while Trine, Shadowgrounds, and Shadowgrounds: Survivor are very polished games and ready to play on all platforms, the Splot and Jack Claw bonuses are different.
Splot is still under development and will be added to your bundle once it is completed. Jack Claw is a prototype of a game Frozenbyte was developing but canceled before completion.
From a very quick first glance I must say that between the 3 full games the one that attracts me more, is Trime:
Trine is a physics-based action game where three characters allow clever solutions to challenges created by hazardous puzzles and threatening enemies. The gameplay is based on fully interactive physics – each character’s different abilities and tactics can be used to invent new ways to overcome obstacles and save the kingdom!
So, go on the site and make your offer, you’ll be able to help 2 charity associations, support independent games makers and for this you’ll get 5 great games !
Popular Posts:
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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
Re: [tdf-discuss] Unsupported Components (@Karl Morten Ramberg <kmr@ofs.no>)
On 10/03/2011 06:20 PM, Harold Fuchs wrote:
It's the last sentence "Impress, draw and base is as of now totally
unsopported" that I'm concerned about. Does this sentence mean that LO
is not currently doing *anything* to support/enhance these components or
*only* that there is no work being done on them in relation to HTML5?
The sentence refers to a plugin supposed to read ODF documents inside a browser, which - so far - is reading only Writer and Calc files. It is not developed by TDF, so the sentence is not referring to LibreOffice development.
--
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A leading Egyptian jihadist, who fought in Afghanistan on the side of militant Taliban, has called for the removal of the world-famed Pyramids and the Sphinx, branding them idols.
Al Gohari...told the privately owned Egyptian Dream TV: “We destroyed the Buddha statues in Afghanistan and will destroy the Sphinx and the Pyramids because they are idols. “The Muslims are obliged to apply the Sharia (Islamic law), including the removal of the idols.”
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User:Holly Tjaden
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Holly Tjaden (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from my professor, and I've joined because to be more educated.
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
Personal tools
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Andy Garcia, Vera Farmiga to star in “Admissions” romcom
PanARMENIAN.Net - Andy Garcia and Vera Farmiga are set to star in indie romantic comedy “Admissions,” which Garcia will also produce through his CineSon Productions, Deadline reported.
“Admissions” centers on a once-in-a-lifetime relationship that develops between two strangers over the course of a single day. Farmiga portrays Edith, a free-spirited mom taking her driven daughter Audrey on a walking tour of a beautiful small college. Garcia plays buttoned-up heart surgeon George, who’s taking his son Conrad on the same tour. Failing comically to connect with their respective children, George and Edith decide to play “tour hooky” together for the rest of the afternoon. The result is a surprising romance and the greatest half-day of their lives.
Academy Award nominee Farmiga (“Up In The Air,” “The Departed,” “Higher Ground,” “Safe House”) has recently wrapped New Line Cinema’s “The Warren Files.” Academy Award nominee Garcia (“The Godfather: Part III”, “The Untouchables”, “Ocean’s 11”), who produced and starred in the critically-acclaimed indie hit “City Island,” toplines two soon-to-be released films—“For Greater Glory” and “The Truth.”
Rodgers’ most recent film as director, “The Response,” was short-listed for the Academy Awards as Best Live Action Short Film.
Partner news
Top stories
The jewels were to be loaned to celebrities who have arrived on the French Riviera town for its famous annual film festival.
The list of the finalists also includes Hungary, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Romania, Norway, Iceland, Finland and others.
Set in the gritty blue-collar neighborhood of God’s Pocket, story follows a man stuck with a debt he can't pay.
"Catching Fire" follows Katniss and fellow Hunger Games victor Peeta as they embark on a "Victor's Tour" throughout 12 districts of Panem.
Partner news
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MrsRJ's bookmarks
"Reading is a basic tool in the living of a good life."
Adler, Mortimer J. on books - reading
20 fans of this quote
"In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get through to you."
Adler, Mortimer J. on books - reading
22 fans of this quote
RJ McGill's quote collection
I'm female and made my book on 1st November 2009.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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Monday, May 22, 2006
Iran nuclear plans may be environment hazard -UAE
Heba Kandil, Reuters:
The United Arab Emirates said on Monday Gulf countries planned to hold talks with Iran over concerns that Tehran's nuclear programme could pose an environmental threat to them. READ MORE
Foreign Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed al-Nahayan raised the environmental issue at a joint news conference with German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, who echoed long-held Western fears Iran was secretly trying to build nuclear weapons.
Unlike Iran, Arab states in the region rely on sea water desalination plants for drinking water. The desert Arabian Peninsula has no rivers and limited underground water resources.
"If this Gulf is polluted in any way from their nuclear programme it will affect life and the life style of the people in this region," said Abdullah.
He said a delegation from the U.S.-allied Gulf Cooperation Council -- a political and economic alliance comprising Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates -- would visit Tehran but did not give a date.
"Iran the neighbour, the Islamic state, the partner in trade and in social ties ... should be patient and show understanding towards the fears in this region," said Abdullah.
Steinmeier, on a tour of Gulf states, said: "I think we are in concrete agreement about the threats resulting from a nuclear programme in Iran. We cannot rule out that Iran will be using this programme to develop nuclear weapons."
Gulf Arab states, wary of Iran since its 1979 Islamic Revolution, share Western concerns that Tehran may be trying to make nuclear weapons but fear being caught up in a new military conflict in the region while Iraq remains violence plagued.
Iran says its nuclear programme is solely for power generation and has vowed revenge if attacked by the United States or Israel.
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Home Browse About Contact Help
Lepers Begging in Old Cairo
Files in this item
Files Size Format View Description
EgyV7_0017r.jpg 79.58Kb image/jpeg Front
EgyV7_0017v.jpg 36.52Kb image/jpeg Back
About this item
Dublin Core Field Metadata
coverage.spatial Cairo (Egypt)
creator Unknown
date.accessioned 2006-10-31T23:33:46Z
date.available 2006-10-31T23:33:46Z
date.issued n.d.
identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/1911/5558
description front: "Lepers Beggin in Old Cairo"
description.abstract Painting of four lepers leaning on a wall in Old Cairo
format stereograph
language.iso en
publisher Electronic version published by Rice University, Houston, Texas.
relation.ispartofseries Forms part of the Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA)
relation.isreferencedby Locate TIMEA places on a GIS map
relation.isreferencedby Browse more TIMEA resources related to this location
relation.isreferencedby Find more information on sites that appear in TIMEA
relation.isreferencedby Find a TIMEA research module, "History through the Stereoscope: Stereoscopy and Virtual Travel",
rights.uri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/
subject.lcsh Leprosy--Patients--Egypt--Cairo
subject.lcsh Beggars--Egypt--Cairo
subject.lcsh Cairo (Egypt)
subject.lcsh Stereographs
subject.other People
title Lepers Begging in Old Cairo
type Still Image
digitization.specifications 600dpi; 24 bit color; tiff
source.original Original stereograph: "Lepers Begging in Old Ciaro." 7.75 x 4.2 inches. From the collection of Dr. Paula Sanders, Rice University.
contributor.funder Funded by the Institute for Museum and Library Services (IMLS) and Rice University's Computer and Information Technology Institute (CITI).
date.digital 2006
identifier.citation Unknown. (n.d.). "Lepers Begging in Old Cairo."
Citation
Unknown Lepers Begging in Old Cairo (n.d.).
From Travelers in the Middle East Archive (TIMEA). http://hdl.handle.net/1911/5558
For more on properly formatting citations, see Citing TIMEA Resources.
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
• TIMEA Visual Materials [1769]
This collection contains book illustrations, postcards, stereocards, photographs, and ephemera related to travel in the Middle East, primarily Egypt.
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Posts: 1 | Thanked: 0 times | Joined on Dec 2012
#1
Hey guys. I have a problem with my N810. One day I was reading some E-book and my cigarette dropped on the screen. Yeah I know, it was a stupid mistake. The LCD screen works perfectly fine, but it's the touch that is messed up and the part where the burn happened is a little warped. I've tried calibrating the screen but everything is still messed up clicks in wrong places and everything. I've been searching for months for a replacement digitizer( hope that's what I need). Can anyone give me any ideas where I could possibly find a replacement if there is possibly a replacement at all? Would a n800 digitizer work in the n810? Are there different models with the same part that my model has? Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Posts: 64 | Thanked: 28 times | Joined on Dec 2007 @ Chester, CA
#2
im in the same boat, except mine slowly died over about 2 months a year a go. havent been able to find any replacement digitizer/screens worth the money.
Im on the line about buying a new n810, or some kind of tablet pc/device that i can put linux on, nothing over ~$150 though.
Kinda sol on this one, i thought about a bt/usb host mouse for my n810, but cant seem to figure that out either.
you can vnc into it, but for my application that defeats the purpose as a tablet device.
I think its possible to use a mouse, or perhaps even a ps3 controller to provide inputs, but couldn't find the info/put forth the effort. Personally something with a bit more beefier cpu/gpu is what i'm looking for, but thats a tough bill to fit if you want linux, querty hardware kb, and a high res screen like the n810 has.
The $79 new n810s offered at buy.com are tempting, and i check ebay every now and then. I'd love to replace mine, but i dont want to sink alot of cash into a new tablet.
Wish we had a sucessor to the n810, that was like a n900 light w/out the gsm, cheaper, bigger screen (capacitive amoled would be tits), and on par or a bit less powerful than a n900.
I love my n900, but i also loved my n810 in its own special way.
Theres plenty of alternative uses for it though, webserver, ddwrt, some arduino stuff, ect.
EDIT-
http://www.ebay.com/itm/Nokia-N810-R...item5652893d2d
Used screen/kb replacement, but tested as working. Too pricey for me considering a used mint/new device though.
Last edited by eleseur; 03-01-2013 at 02:55 AM.
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Chiayi County
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Asia : East Asia : Taiwan : Southern Taiwan : Chiayi County
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Chiayi County (嘉義縣) is in the south of Taiwan.
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[edit] Get around
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Sydney/North West
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North West Sydney is the largely residential and industrial suburbs west of the Sydney/North Shore and north of the Parramatta River and to the north west of the city centre. It includes the Hills District area around Castle Hill and Baulkham Hills. Sydney's Silcon Valley, around Macquarie Park, North Ryde and Macquarie University, and the Ryde, Epping and Caringford areas.
[edit] Understand
[edit] Macquarie Park
Macquarie Park is generally regarded as the newer area around Macquarie shopping centre and extending towards the city including the area around the western end of Delhi rd. Macquarie Park includes the Australian offices of some very large companies including Microsoft, Optus and Canon. Macquarie Park would be regarded as being bounded by Epping rd, the M2 motorway, Macquarie University and Lane Cove National Park. Macquarie Park was officially designated a suburb and assigned the name on the 5th of Feb. 1999. Northern Suburbs Cemetery (circa 1922) abandoned it's earlier name in October 2003 to become Macquarie Park Cemetery. Lane Cove River Tourist Park, also known as Lane Cove Caravan Park, is also an early establishment in the Macquarie Park area having been a camping ground since the 1940s. A common problem for older locations in Macquarie Park is the confusion caused by being known as North Ryde and Macquarie Park. North Ryde is one of the oldest areas of Sydney and includes the traditional residential areas of the postcode 2113.
[edit] The Hills
The Hills District has been gradually metamorphosing from a more-or-less rural area to a part of suburban Sydney over the past 30 years, so you will encounter elements of both lifestyles here. Travelers may be more interested in the rural qualities and, especially, the nearby National and Regional Parks. However, it can be very convenient indeed to have access to the 'creature comforts' of civilization that are right next door in a modern city of more than 4 million people. Once the main vegetable growing region for Sydney, The Hills District continues to be the centre for plant nurseries, both large and small. You can still find vegetables and flowers for sale alongside the road in many places. Lots of people drive out to the northwest on weekends, visiting antique shops and art galleries and checking out the local markets. Increasing numbers of private schools, alternative centres, churches, etc. have re-located here. Traffic is therefore steadily increasing, but most of the the area still has a rural feel, especially at its outer edges. In short, you can enjoy the bush and still have wireless internet and a good cappuccino!
[edit] Official Tourist Information
• Sydney Hills Visitor Information Centre [1] - located at 'The Pines' (which includes the 1856 Roughley House) 656A Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-4411. Free tourist information about the area.
[edit] Get in
[edit] By car
The area is connected to Sydney City by the Gore Hill Freeway, Lane Cove Tunnel and M2 Motorway. Travel outside of peak hour if possible, as the roads get congested during the commute hours into Sydney.
[edit] By train
CityRail [2] runs three train lines into Sydney's North West.
Trains on the Northern Line connect the city to suburbs as far south as Meadowbank on the northern side of the Parramatta River, up to Epping, Pennant Hills and Hornsby in the North of Sydney, with trains every half hour and more frequently in peak hours. The suburbs of Eastwood and Epping are also served by regular intercity trains on the Newcastle and Central Coast Line which connect Newcastle and the Central Coast with Sydney.
The suburbs of Carlingford, Telopea and Dundas in the west of the Northern Districts are served by the Carlingford Line. Carlingford Line trains do not run directly to and from the city. To get to these suburbs, take a Western Line train to Clyde and change to platform 1. Note that Carlingford Line trains only run once an hour.
The Macquarie Park and North Ryde area is served by a shuttle train service running between Chatswood and Epping, and also stopping at North Ryde (the stop for Lane Cove River Tourist Park) Macquarie Park, and Macquarie University(the stop for Macquarie Shopping Centre).
There is no train service out further. To access the residential areas of Baulkham Hills, Castle Hill, and further afield, you will need to catch a bus from Pennant Hills Station, or Parramatta station.
[edit] By bus
Buses from the city(departing from the Queen Victoria Building near Town Hall train station also departing from wynyard station and central station) travel frequently out to Macquarie Park, Epping, and the Macquarie Shopping Centre. The 545 bus also travels between Chatswood train station and Parramatta on a very regular basis.
Outer areas such as the Hills District are less well serviced.( except for all the city buses. 610 610x 612 612x 619 etc etc. but other than that there arent many ways to get to the exact same place.in fact short of 4am you can get a bus from the centre of the cbd to the middle of the hills area about 1 every 10 minutes )The most convenient railway station for the is located at Pennant Hills, however, in general, it's much more convenient to have your own car for traveling around the area. Hillsbus [3]] services the area. It runs connecting buses to stations at Paramatta, Seven Hills, Pennant Hills. It also runs services directly to the Sydney City.
The transport infoline [4] will calculate the end-to-end trip details for you.
[edit] Get around
[edit][add listing] See
• Ambarwell Studio & Gallery - 120 year old building with working pottery studio and gallery (in Japanese tradition) at 12 Garemyn Road, Middle Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-1361.
• Dural Galleries [5] - Local, rare and investment art at 937 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-2196.
• Dural Musical Society [6] - Dural Soldiers Memorial Hall at 604 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: 0413-441-813.
• Kenthurst Galleries [7] - Fine art plus outdoor sculptures at 39 Kenthurst Road, Kenthurst, NSW 2156. Tel: +61-2-9654-2258.
• Koala Park [8] - If you don't have time to go out a look in the bush by yourself, you can get up close and personal with a koala or kangaroo at the Koala Park Sanctuary. You can see the koalas being fed at 10:20am, 11:45am, 2:00pm and 3:00pm. Admission is $18 adults and $8 children. 84 Castle Hill Road, West Pennant Hills, NSW 2120. Tel: +61-2-9484-3141. Fax: +61-2-9484-8009.
[edit][add listing] Do
• Berowra Valley Regional Park [9] - Walking trails leading to the Great North Walk [10] can be entered at the very end of Quarry Road, Dural, NSW 2158. No motorcycles or dogs allowed.
• Cumberland State Forest [11] - Walking trails through a eucalypt forest, picnic areas, information centre and forest shop, kiosk and coffee shop, native plant nursery. Free admission. Dogs welcome. 95 Castle Hill Road, West Pennant Hills, NSW 2124. Tel: +61-2-9871-3377.
• Sydney Ice Arena. Conveniently located just 5 minutes from the M2 Motorway and next door to Norwest Markettown Shopping Centre. Sydney Ice Arena is the fun place to go ice skating with unrivaled facilities. It is located at 11 Solent Circuit, Baulkham Hills.
• Calma Connections - 2 Kenthurst Road, Round Corner (Dural Mall). Tel: +61-2-9651-5755. Bowen Therapy, remedial massage, various therapies and meditation sessions. ATMS accredited.
• Dural Golf Driving Range - 260 New Line Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-1999. Two tiers of driving bays and lots of parking. Children and families welcome.
• Dural Putt Putt Mini-Golf [12] - 2 mini golf courses plus coffee shop in a garden setting at Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-1334.
• Dural Squash and Fitness Centre - 895 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651- 2511. Lots of facilities for keeping fit. Includes yoga classes.
• Hills Leisure Centre [13] - Children's playland, indoor climbing, gymnasium, day spa and ten-pin bowling at 10 Hudson Avenue, Castle Hill, NSW 2154. Tel: +61-2-9766-0200.
• Muirfield Golf Club [14] - at Barclay Road, North Rocks, NSW 2151. Tel: +61-2-9871-1388.
• Swami Sarasvati Health Farm - Yoga, meditation, stress management and Tai Chi with one of Australia's foremost instructors at 183 Pitt Town Road, Kenthurst, NSW 2156. Tel: +61-2-9654-9029. Set on 60 acres of bushland, with a spa, pool, gym and tennis facilities.
• Lane Cove National Park, Plassey rd North Ryde (Enter from Lane Cove rd, Lady Game Dr, Delhi rd or Plassey rd), 0298889133, [15]. A beautiful national park located close to the city with Lane Cove River running through the heart of it. Ideal for bush walking, cycling and exploring nature. An abundance of native wildlife and historical features. edit
[edit][add listing] Buy
[edit] Local produce
• Berry Good Farms - Hydroponically-grown strawberries at 53 Arcadia Road, Galston, NSW 2159. Tel: +61-2-9653-1511.
• Galston Strawberries - Grown by the Barba family at 359 Galston Road, Galston, NSW 2159. Tel: +61-2-9653-1082.
• Warrah Farm Shop [16] - Bio-dynamic and organic produce grown and sold to support charity, at 20 Harris Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-3869. Open Monday through Friday.
[edit] Shopping Malls
There are several large shopping centres in the area.
• Castle Towers Shopping Centre [17] - Huge shopping centre in the centre of Castle Hill at 4 Castle Street, Castle Hill, NSW 2154. Tel: +61-2-8858-9700.
• Macquarie Centre
[edit] Antiques
• Dural Antiques - 857 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-2113. Open Friday, Saturday and Sunday.
• Stewart Antiques - 934 Old Northern Road, Glenorie, NSW 2157. Tel: +61-2-9652-1662. Open Wednesday to Sunday.
[edit] Nurseries
• Dural Orchids - 702 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-1294. Closed Wednesdays.
• Geranium Cottage- A nursery growing geraniums and petargoniums at 828 Old Northern Road, Middle Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9652-0475.
• Hargraves Nursery - 630 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-1833.
• Highland Rose Nursery - 859 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-1243.
• Nati Brothers Roses - 790 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-1375. Open seven days since 1966.
• Swane's Nurseries [18] - One of Sydney's most famous plant nurseries, in business 84 years, with coffee shop and gift shop, at 490 Galston Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-1322.
• Virginia Farm Woolworks - Fibres, yarns and spinning equipment for the handspinner, felter and weaver at 112 Annangrove Road, Annangrove, NSW 2156. Tel: +61-2-9654-1219.
[edit][add listing] Eat
• Amaroo Seafood Restaurant [19] - 233 Annangrove Road, Annangrove. Tel: +61-2-9679-0790. Lunch and dinner from Wednesday to Sunday. Breakfast Saturday and Sunday. (On the site of the former Amaroo Park Raceway.) Seafood restaurant.
• Black Stump Restaurant - 243 New Line Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-1143. Steak house, not recommended for vegetarians!
• Butterfly Cafe - Has private gardens and running waterways in a rainforest setting. 628 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158 (next to Hargraves Nursey). Tel: +61-2-9651-1868. Open only Thursday through Sunday.
• Buoni Amici Italian Seafood Restaurant - 83 Annangrove Road, Kenthurst, NSW 2156. Tel: +61-2-9654-0222. Alfresco dining and take away. Pizza and pasta home delivery.
• Cafe Belle Fleur - 609 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9899-7783. Located inside the Flower Power Nursery. Open seven days.
• Cristina's Pizzeria - 14 Kenthurst Road, Round Corner, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-9651-2840. Eat in, take-away and home delivery.
• Dural Country Club [20] - 662 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-4272. Open for lunch and dinner seven days a week. Entertainment by local and international artists.
• Dural Terrace Chinese Restaurant - off the "Roundabout" at 268 New Line Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-2271.
• Gallery Two Cafe - 1 Porters Road, Kenthurst, NSW 2156. Tel: +61-2-9654-2233.
• Ironbark Cafe -- within Swanes Nursery at 490 Galston Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9653-9051. Open seven days for breakfast, lunch and afternoon tea. Closed Christmas Day and Good Friday.
• Journey to India Restaurant - 632 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-3700.
• Mother Earth Cafe - 1A Annangrove Road, Kenthurst, NSW 2156. Tel: +61-2-9654-1423. Located within plant nursery in an unusual mud brick building with a waterfall cascading off the roof! Open Tuesday through Sunday for breakfast, lunch and afternoon tea.
• Nobles Restaurant and Bar [21] - Located within The Hills Lodge Grand Mercure at corner of Windsor & Salisbury Roads, Castle Hill, NSW 2154. Tel: +61-2-9680-3800. Offers buffet breakfast, lunch and dinner seven days a week. Log fire, courtyard, children's menu.
• Puddle Cottage - Located within the Hills Garden and Landscape Centre at the corner of Sedger and Annangrove Roads, Kenthurst, NSW 2156. Tel: +61-2-9654-3068.
• Regals' Rendezvous Restaurant - Located in 100 year old cottage at 249 Annangrove Road, Annangrove, NSW 2156. Tel: +61-2-9679-0175. Indoor and outdoor dining, plus bar.
• Secret Garden Cafe - 658 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-1188. Located inside the Dural Garden Centre. Open seven days for breakfast, lunch and afternoon tea.
• Tandoori Sizzler Indian Restaurant - 524 Old Northern Road, Round Corner, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-4451.
• Waratah Cottage Cafe - Has a log fire in winter and alfresco dining year round at 272 Old Northern Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-5690. Open seven days a week.
• Ranch bistro and hotel, Epping rd North Ryde (Near Macquarie Shopping Centre). Great family orientated place to eat with a very large and popular bistro. This place is more bistro than a pub. edit
[edit][add listing] Drink
• Hillside Hotel, 273 Old Northern Road Castle Hill, (02) 9680 8788, [22]. Hillside Hotel offers patrons both an indoor and outdoor drinking and dining experience with great live entertainment. Relax over dinner in the bistro, grab a quick bite to eat before or after the cinema or simply catch up with friends over a glass of wine. Comfy leather lounges and chilled out background music. Upstairs sleek cocktail lounge. Modern decor. edit
• Dural Hotel Motel, 271 Old Northern Road, Dural, +61-2-9651-1811. Cozy pub that offers a bottle shop, sundeck bistro, gaming lounge. Has motel accommodation. edit
• Bull and Bush Hotel, Windsor Road, Baulkham Hills. A relaxed, friendly atmosphere. Casual drinking. Basically, your classic Aussie pub. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Crown Plaza Norwest [23] - 1 Columbia Court, Baulkham Hills, NSW 2153. Tel: +61-2-9634-9634. 132 rooms and two restaurants. Located within the new Norwest development. 24 hour reception desk. Wi-Fi internet in parts of complex. Multi-lingual staff.
• Dural Gardens Bed & Breakfast [24] - 24 Sagars Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9654-1424. Beautiful modern Georgian style residence set on 5 acres with formal gardens.
• Dural House at Round Corner - Bed and breakfast at 679 Old Northern Road, Round Corner, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-5777.
• Dural Village Cabin & Caravan Park [25] - Self-contained units and cabins as well as sites for caravans and tents, plus swimming pool, kiosk and laundry. 269 New Line Road, Dural, NSW 2158. Tel: +61-2-9651-2555.
• Hotel Ibis - 200 Pennant Hills Road, Thornleigh, NSW 2120. Tel: +61-2-9481-7500. 105 rooms and air conditioning. Wireless internet.
• Lauders Loft Bed and Breakfast [26] - 14 Blacks Road, Arcadia, NSW 2159. Tel: +61-2-9653-2422.
• The Hills Lodge Grand Mercure [27] - Boutique hotel at corner of Windsor & Salisbury Roads, Castle Hill, NSW 2154. Tel: +61-2-9680-3800. Includes restaurant and bar.
• Views at Kenthurst [28] - Bed and breakfast at 182 Pitt Town Road, Kenthurst, NSW 2156. Tel: +61-2-9654-9170. 2 rooms with ensuite. Views to Blue Mountains.
• Lane Cove River Tourist Park, Plassey Rd Macquarie Park NSW (Epping rd end of Delhi rd. Plassey rd is opposite Julius av), 0298889133, [29]. checkin: 1400; checkout: 1000. Voted the best Caravan Park & Campground in Australia 2008 by the National Tourism Industry. Only 10kms from the Sydney Harbour Bridge and located within the Lane Cove National Park. 300 caravan, campervan and tent sites. 28 fully self-cantained cabins with all linen and towels supplied. Fantastic public transport links. Very friendly and helpful staff. $34 to $145. (33º 47' 19.56S,151º 8' 34.14 E) edit
[edit] Contact
[edit] Get out
• Cattai National Park [30] - First Fleet surgeon Thomas Arndell's 1821 Cattai Farm and surrounds has grassy picnic areas, barbecues and shelter sheds beside the Hawkesbury River, and car-based camping is available year round (bookings essential). Tel: +61-2-9995-5000. Lots of walking tracks and the ruins of a windmill thought to be the oldest industrial building in NSW. About 30-40 minutes drive from the area, located north of Windsor.
• Marramarra National Park [31] - Well worth a visit, only about a 15 minute drive north of Dural, at the junction of Hawkesbury River and Berowra Creek. Canoeing, camping, bushwalking, picnicking or birdwatching. Tel: +61-2-9995-5000.
• Scheyville National Park [32] - near Windsor, is about a 30 minute drive. Conserves endangered ecologicial communities and species of the Cumberland Plain and Hawkesbury River catchment. Some colonial remnants and relics from old farms. Tel: +61-2-9995-5000.
This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Taguig
From Wikitravel
Asia : Southeast Asia : Philippines : Luzon : Metro Manila : Taguig
Revision as of 06:55, 18 January 2013 by Edralin (Talk | contribs)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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Taguig, a city part of the Metro Manila sector in the Philippines.
[edit] Get in
[edit] Get around
Jeepneys is the main way of transportation around the city and its shopping center in the fort
[edit] By bus
Take routes around the shopping center in a daily basis
[edit] By taxi
[edit][add listing] See
• Bonifacio High Street. A small mixed use area next to Serendra, Bonifacio High street contains numerous restaurants and retail establishments, as well as a small park area in the middle which sometimes features contemporary art exhibits. edit
• Manila American Cemetery and Memorial. World War II Memorial edit
• Libingan ng mga Bayani. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier edit
[edit][add listing] Do
[edit][add listing] Buy
• Market Market
• Serendra
• Fort Strip
• Fully Booked, Bonifacio High Street, [1]. Fully Booked's flagship store on Bonifacio High street contains 4 floors of books, magazines, and art supplies. Most books are in English, but there is a small foreign language section. edit
[edit][add listing] Eat
[edit] The Fort Strip
[edit] Mid-range
• Hossein's Persian Kebab Unit 5 & 6 Fort St. Bldg., Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City, (tel. nos. +632-816-11-65 or +632-816-11-67) (fax: +632-890-58-03) Located in front NBC tent. Serves authentic Indian, Arabian and Persian cuisine. HALAL certified.
[edit] Serendra
• Hossein 2nd Level, Serendra, McKinley Parkway, Fort Bonifacio Bonifacio Global City, (tel. nos. +632-856-06-32 or +632-856-12-78).
[edit][add listing] Drink
• Pier One, The Fort Square, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig Tel. No. 887-0115, [2]. 5:30pm to 2:00am. A cheap place to get a beer (45-60 Php) with friends. Pier One's claim to fame is it's original/kitchsy architectural design of being made out of redesigned shipping containers. edit
[edit][add listing] Sleep
• Our Awesome Hostel- Manila Hostel, ABBA Bldg., 5756 Kalayaan Ave, Makati, +63 927 3870267 (), [3]. A recently opened cosy hostel within walking distance to the nightlife and cosmo district of The Fort/Bonifacio Global City. Rooms are spacious and cosy and has its separate toilet and bath. Rates start at ₱550.00. Please see website for promotions. edit
• Best Western Premier F1 Hotel, 32nd Street, Bonifacio Global City, (63.2) 928.9888, [4]. Best Western Premier F1 Hotel offers superior room, deluxe king, deluxe double, city suite king and executive suite with air-conditioning, high-definition LCD TV and high-speed internet connection. Its facilities and services include Infinity lap pool, rejuvenation center, 24-hour room service and guest services. edit
• Class Studio (Fully Furnished 1BR), (11th Avenue and McKinley Parkway on both sides), [5]. checkin: 12:00pm; checkout: 12:00pm. Made out as a Bachelor's pad, this fully furnished studio can easily fit a couple. Ready for move-in, the unit offers the occupant an eyeful of the bustling city on one side, and the relaxing view of the children's pool and inner courtyard on the other. The unit comes with parking space for 1 car. USD25. edit
• Seda BGC, 30th Street corner 11th Avenue, (632) 9458888, [6]. All rooms have 40-inch LED HDTV, complimentary Wi-Fi internet access, work desk, mini-bar, coffee and tea making facilities, and in-room safe. Some of its facilities and services are meeting rooms, restaurant, swimming pool, gym, banquet services, WIFI, fax and printing services. Rates start at PHP 5513.10. edit
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10 Tips for a Better Online Business Community
Posted by Squawk Media under Strategy
From http://company.socialstrata.com 182 days ago
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The Censor in the Late Republican Empire and His Meaning for Modern Democracy
Nico P. Swartz
Abstract
In the Late Republican time, the censor was involved in maintaining and enforcing moral conduct amongst the citizenry. It had to guard the morals of the populace. The question to be asked now concerns the implications, for humanity in a modern democracy, of censuring the censor. This study determines that the functions of the censor display similarities with that of the Public Protector in a modern democracy. However, the functions of the censor belonged to the Late Republican time. Only centuries later, a bureaucracy, the Public Protector, appeared with functions similar to those of the censor. However, because of the constitutional demands of a modern democracy, the Public Protector had to fulfil additional and wider-ranging functions. Despite these larger and wider-ranging functions, the influence of the censor is clearly to be seen in the functions of the Public Protector.
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Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests
Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Mark McGinley
The Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago is an unusual sight viewed from the air. In this region of the Indian Ocean, many thin ring-shaped atolls stand out against blue ocean with their extensive reef system visibly spreading offshore. While it is this reef system that receives the majority of attention from the conservation community, the terrestrial portion of this system of thousands of islands serves as important habitat for several species. Many of the islands are major seabird rookeries and are also important turtle nesting areas. Two fruit bats and a few butterflies are endemic to the archipelago. Once covered in tropical rain forest, almost all native vegetation has been cleared.
Location and General Description
Maldives. (Photograph by Universal Resorts)
Maldives, Lakshadweep and Chagos are three island groups in the Indian Ocean that together form a vast submarine mountain range, the Chagos-Laccadive Plateau. This volcanic range lies just east of the Mid-Indian Ridge and west of the Mid-Indian Basin. The Vema Fracture Zone lies underwater to the southeast of Chagos. The chain of islands are aligned north to south between 72°-74° E. Altogether, the Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago comprises the most extensive coral reef and atoll community in the Indian Ocean as well as the largest atoll system in the world.
Lakshadweep is the closest group to the mainland, lying a little more than 300 kilometers (km) from the Kerala coast of India, at 8°-14° N. Thirty-six tiny islands make up Lakshadweep’s land area of 32 km2. A few of these islands are little more than sandbanks, and only ten are inhabited. These islands form the Lakshadweep Union Territory of India. Maldives, to the south of Lakshadweep, lies on the equator at 7° N and is the largest group of islands. There are approximately 1,190 Maldivian islands; the number fluctuates as islands come and go with climate and sea level change. All together, Maldives covers an area of 298 km2. Maldives gained independence from Britain in 1965. Two-hundred of the islands are inhabited, with a population estimated at 301,475 in 2000. Additionally, about 80 islands house tourist resorts. Chagos is the most remote group of islands, located at 5°-8° S. Roughly 500 km south of the Maldives, the Chagos Islands are uninhabited, aside from Diego Garcia, which is used as a US military base. More than 50 islands in the group cover a total area of 60 km2. Chagos is part of British Indian Ocean Territory, though the Seychelles disputes this, also claiming Diego Garcia Island.
The Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago is composed entirely of low atolls, associated coralline structures, and sandy islands, which have grown upon the crest of the submarine Chagos-Laccadive Ridge. Many islands compose each ring-shaped atoll, and the highest islands reach only 5 m above sea level. Therefore, smaller islands are often washed away or submerged with a small rise in sea level. The Maldivian atolls are a classic example of its kind, containing extensive and largely intact reefs, and comprising perhaps one of the world's most complex reef systems. The Chagos Archipelago has the largest expanse of undisturbed reefs in the Indian Ocean, as well as some of the most diverse. In addition to five atolls, including the Great Chagos Bank, the world's largest atoll in terms of area, there are two areas of raised reef and several large submerged reefs. There are no ancient rocks in the archipelago’s current geological structure. Exposed coral rock erodes into white coral sand that is shallow, alkaline, nutrient-poor, and that has low water retaining capacity. Generally, freshwater occurs about 1-3 m beneath the surface, floating above salt water. Though some of the islands have small lakes, fresh water can be a scarce resource.
The climate of this archipelago is monsoon tropical, with a dry season associated with the winter northeast monsoon lasting December to March and the rainy season of the southwest monsoon from April to October. Annual rainfall varies from lows around 1,600 millimeters (mm) in the drier Lakshadweep Islands, to highs over 3,800 mm in parts of the southern Maldives. Temperatures vary little this close to the equator, generally ranging between 24°C and 30°C. Humidity is usually high, though constant breezes are present to stir the air. Monsoons can be severe, occasionally causing tidal waves capable of uprooting large trees, flooding arable land with seawater, and destroying houses and piers.
The natural vegetation of the Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Islands with substantial enough soil is tropical rain forest. Islands with poorer soil support a shrub cover of hardy salt and drought resistant bushes and Cyperaceae species. However, very little of this native ecosystem remains undisturbed. Littoral trees were once prominent; now scattered remnants of the original vegetation are found on some islands. For example, stands of the shrub Scaevola and the treelet Argusia can be found at Lakshadweep. Chagos may be the least disturbed group, supporting broadleaved woodland of Ficus, Morinda and Terminalia (especially on smaller islands), Casuarina woodland, mixed coconut woodland, Scaevola scrub, and marsh communities. Many species have been introduced and are naturalized; coconut is cultivated extensively along with other fruit trees where viable.
Rao and Shastry classified the vegetation of the Lakshadweep Islands as Strand Coral. This includes an open pioneer zone, woodland zone, and coastal zone, each with a dominant tree or plant. Again, little of the original vegetation is left, as much of the land is cultivated for coconuts. One tract of the native mangrove Bruguiera parviflora remains on Mincoy Island, covering only 2,500 meters squared (m2). Neither flora nor fauna of these islands has any significant endemism. Rather, the vegetation is typical of Indo-Pacific coral island flora. The plants present are primarily of pantropical or cosmopolitan distribution, the main components being Sri Lankan (44%), African (28%), Malaysian (25%), and the remainder from distinct coral habitats.
Biodiversity Features
Terrestrial animals are limited on these islands, and most species are not unique but are widely distributed throughout other oceanic Indo-Pacific atolls. The only native mammals on the islands are two species of fruit bat, Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus ariel) and a subspecies of variable flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus maris). Both are of conservation concern; the latter is quite rare with only a few recordings. Important marine mammals are short-beaked saddleback dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and a subspecies of Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris indicus).
The islands are particularly important for resident and breeding birds. Birds of special concern include an endemic subspecies, the Maldivian pond heron (Ardeola grayii phillipsi), white tern (Gygis alba monte), lesser frigate (Fregata ariel iredalei), black-naped tern (Sterna sumatrana), brown-winged tern (S. anaethetus), and large-crested tern (S. bergi). Thirteen to fourteen seabirds are known to nest on Maldives, and large rookeries are also present on Chagos and Lakshadweep. Important populations of red-footed booby (Sula sula) inhabit Chagos.
The Maldives and Chagos islands are important nesting sites for the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Other sea turtles likely using the islands are the Olive Ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea), leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriancea), loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta gigas), and hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys ambricata). Reptiles and amphibians recorded from the islands include 2 geckoes (Hemidactylus spp.), 2 agamid lizards including the common garden lizard or blood sucker (Calotes versicolar), the snake skink (Riopa albopunktata), common wolf snake (Lycodon aulicus), another snake, Typhlos braminus, a short-headed frog, Rana breviceps, and a larger toad, Bufo melanostictus. Many invertebrates are recorded from the islands, including two endemic butterflies, Hypolimnas bolina euphorioides and Junonia villida chagoensis.
Current Status
Due to their isolation, fragile ecosystems, and great vulnerability to environmental deterioration, the biodiversity of islands worldwide is critically threatened. This is true even more so in the case of islands such as these, which are very small and far offshore. It is believed that humans have been living on the islands of this archipelago as early as the 5th century B.C. in the case of Maldives. Their presence has dramatically changed the nature of the islands in several ways. Most native vegetation was cleared by the early 19th century and replaced by coconut plantations and other crops. These now include banana, coconut (Cocos nucifera), sweet potatoes, mango (Mangifera indica), chico (Pouteria sapota), yams, taro, millet, watermelon, and citrus and pineapples on more fertile islands. Introductions of domestic animals such as cat, chicken, goat, rabbit, house mouse, black rat, Indian house shrew and donkey has had a severe effect on native fauna. Sand mining was once common, and coral mining has caused significant damage to the reefs. The collection of birds and eggs has long been a source of food for islanders, but the activity has grown past a sustainable point in many areas. For example, local fishermen have always collected eggs from Tern Sanctuary on the island of Pitti, Lakshadweep. Though it is now illegal, the activity continues and increased demand has lead to unsustainable quatities being removed. The two endemic fruit bats on the islands (Pteropus giganteus ariel and Pteropus hypomelanus maris) are thought to cause damage to crops such as almond, mango and guava, and thus are severely threatened by targetted culling.
Other threats include pollution from factories, increased shipping traffic with the risk of oil spills and dumping, depletion of freshwater aquifers, inadequate waste disposal, and the overuse of water pumps and fertilizers for agriculture. The only protected areas on these island groups are several islands of Chagos, which were designated as strict nature reserves after the forced evacuation of inhabitants in the early 1970’s when the military base was established on Diego Garcia. Tourist activities are not allowed on the protected islands.
Types and Severity of Threats
An immediate threat to the Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Islands may come from the relatively rapid establishment and growth of the tourist industry. Natural vegetation is often cleared to make the islands "more attractive". On several islands the organic litter is burned and thus lost to the island ecosystem. The introduction of mechanized fishing is a primary concern in the health of the vast reefs surrounding the islands, and may have some level of effect on the islands as well. A general change in the lifestyles of the islanders towards more modern practices has brought with it serious conservation concerns. For example, trash from plastic and aluminum packaging has become an overwhelming problem for some of these tiny islands, which cannot afford room to dispose of it and have difficulty removing any trash from the island.
The foremost future threat to the island chain is potential global climate change. The low level of these islands makes them very sensitive to sea level rise. 1998 was the warmest year on record and the 1990s were the warmest decade since temperature recording began about 150 years ago. Additionally, 1998 saw the strongest El Nino ever recorded. The consequences of this were felt strongly in the tropical Indian Ocean, often with temperatures of 3-5°C above normal. Severe coral bleaching occurred during 1998, with mortality rates as high as 90% in some parts of the Maldives. Rising sea levels could lead to potentially acute erosion, particularly in the Maldives. Some islands in this region of the Indian Ocean could conceivably disappear into the sea as a result of global warming.
Justification of Ecoregion Delineation
The Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago is comprised of three offshore island groups in the Indian Ocean that together form a vast submarine mountain range, the Chagos-Laccadive Plateau. Altogether, these islands form the most extensive coral reef and atoll community in the Indian Ocean as well as the largest atoll system in the world. Their isolation and coralline structure contributes to a habitat unique from that of the mainland or other nearby islands.
References
• Mathew, D. N. and T. Gandhi. 2000. Prioritising Sites for Biodiversity Conservation in Lakshadweep Islands. Pages 94-103 in Biodiversity Support Program (BSP), editor. Setting Biodiversity Conservation Priorities For India: Vol. 1 & 2.
• Olson, D. and E. Dinerstein. 1998. The global 200: a representation approach to conserving the earth’s distinctive ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C.
• Rao, T.A. and J.L. Ellis. 1995. Flora of Lakshadweep Islands off the Malabar coast, peninsular India, with emphasis on phytogeographical distribution of plants. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 19:235-250.
• Saldanha, C.J. 1989. Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep: An Environmental Impact Assessment. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. ISBN: 8120403908
• UNEP. 1998. United Nations Environment Programme - Island Directory. Retrieved (2001).
• Wilkinson, C., O. Linden, H. Cesar, G. Hodgson, J. Rubens, and A.E. Strong. 1999. Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of 1998 coral mortality in the Indian Ocean: an enso impact and a warning of future change? Ambio 28:188-196.
• Zuhair, M. 1997. Biodiversity Conservation in Maldives: Interim Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved (2001).
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the World Wildlife Fund. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the World Wildlife Fund should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
Citation
World Wildlife Fund (Lead Author);Mark McGinley (Topic Editor) "Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth September 24, 2008; Last revised Date December 29, 2011; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos_Archipelago_tropical_moist_forests>
The Author
Known worldwide by its panda logo, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) leads international efforts to protect endangered species and their habitats. Now in its fifth decade, WWF works in more than 100 countries around the globe to conserve the diversity of life on Earth. With nearly 1.2 million members in the U.S. and another 4 million worldwide, WWF is the world's largest privately financed conservation organization. WWF directs its conservation efforts toward three global goals: 1) saving endangered ... (Full Bio)
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2012-03-29
ASIA/TAIWAN - The diocesan Eucharistic Congress of Kao Hsiung to awaken the love for the Eucharist
Kao Hsiung (Agenzia Fides) - The Eucharistic Congress of the Diocese of Kao Hsiung will be held on April 21 on the theme "Mystery of Faith", in view of the 50th International Eucharistic Congress in Dublin (Ireland from 10 to 17 June), to awaken in the faithful the zeal and love for the Eucharist. According to information gathered by Fides, the principal moments of the day will be the Eucharistic Adoration, the Eucharist Procession and the prize-giving ceremony of extraordinary Ministers of communion in the diocese. The Congress will be held at the Shrine of the Beatitudes, which was inaugurated in December 2010 and is now a known place of spirituality and faith. Through the preparation and celebration of the Eucharistic Congress, the diocese intends to promote the spiritual life of believers centered on the Eucharist, which is the center of Christian life. According to information provided by the diocese, the first extraordinary Ministers of Communion in the dioceses were established in 1992. After 20 years, today they are the main collaborators of the Church in the pastoral and social work (visiting the sick, the elderly ...). On the occasion of the Eucharistic Congress the diocese therefore wants to reward their work, also giving a boost to young people to devote themselves to this mission. (NZ) (Agenzia Fides 29/3/2012)
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http://www.fides.org
America
2012-11-14
AMERICA/COLOMBIA - "Peace process is necessary but difficult," said Cardinal Salazar Gomez
Bogota (Agenzia Fides) - "Peace process is a necessary process. In Colombia it is very difficult to achieve a military victory, not because our army is not adequately prepared, but for the geographical conditions and for the guerrillas, who have become a terrorist group ": This is the opinion of the Archbishop of Bogotá (Colombia ), Ruben Salazar Gomez, who will receive the biretta in the next Consistory, interviewed by the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo. The text of the interview was sent to Fides Agency.
Besides being President of the Episcopal Conference, Bishop Salazar Gomez was also President of the Commission for Reconciliation, therefore the question whether the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) have been brought to the dialogue also by the blows inflicted by the army, he replied: "Undoubtedly. This was a decisive factor. But there is still their presence. When I talk to the Bishops of the outlying areas, such as Orinoquia, Nariño, Putumayo, they confirm the strong presence of the guerrillas. One cannot always continue to kill, thinking only about destroying us. All this has cost the country too many victims, too many tears, too much pain. It is horror that Colombia has five million displaced! "
The Archbishop of Bogota adds: "the main problem of our fighters is that they have lost all sense of reality. They live in another world ... They still live in the 60s, when Che Guevara and Fidel were guerrillas and there was a completely different political world. Maybe living in the jungle prevented them from hearing the news or understanding its meaning."
With regard to the widespread phenomenon of corruption, the future Cardinal defines it "the cancer that is eating the country, on an unprecedented scale" and believes that the crisis of justice depends on the fact that "it is not really justice because it is slow, does not arrive or arrives distorted. It does not stop crime and rehabilitate the criminal. "
On Monday, November 19 (not Thursday 15 as previously expected) dialogue for peace in Havana (Cuba), between the government of President Santos and the FARC will re-open. The sponsors are Cuba and Norway and witness countries are Chile and Venezuela (see Fides 18/10/2012). (CE) (Agenzia Fides 14/11/2012)
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Victoria Miller
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My interest in geoscience began in a geology class at high school when I discovered how my love for science could be combined with my natural curiosity for the surrounding environment.
I completed my undergraduate studies in Environmental Geology at the University of Plymouth, in England. My Honours project looked at how geodetic methods can be used to monitor active volcanoes, with my fieldwork undertaken on Mount Etna volcano, in Sicily.
I subsequently completed a Masters degree in Geophysics at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand. My research included the development of a new technique to monitor volcano activity using earthquake data and an assessment of whether the global positioning system (GPS) could be used to monitor New Zealand’s Mount Ruapehu volcano.
I recently completed a PhD at the Pennsylvania State University, in the USA. My dissertation examined data from the Soufrière Hills volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat focusing on what earthquakes can tell us about the response of the Earth’s crust to changes in the magmatic system beneath the volcano.
I was attracted to Geoscience Australia’s Graduate Program because of the opportunity to diversify my skill set and to participate in research which offers both direct and broad impacts for the public.
For my first rotation I am working in the Geothermal Section on a project locating and characterising hot springs across Australia. Establishing a database of hot springs will provide additional targeting information to help identify potential geothermal opportunities.
Meet the 2012 graduates
Topic contact: recruitment@ga.gov.au Last updated: April 11, 2013
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 878595, 10 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/878595
Research Article
Self-Optimization of Coverage and Capacity in LTE Networks Based on Central Control and Decentralized Fuzzy Q-Learning
Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Received 4 May 2012; Accepted 18 July 2012
Academic Editor: Yiqing Zhou
Copyright © 2012 Jingyu Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
To reduce capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX) in network operations, self-organizing network (SON) has been introduced as a key part of long-term-evolution (LTE) system. Self-optimization of coverage and capacity is one of the most important tasks in the context of SON. This paper proposes a central control mechanism that utilizes the fuzzy Q-learning algorithm in a decentralized fashion for this task. In our proposed approach, each eNB is a learning agent that tries to optimize its antenna downtilt automatically using information from its own and its neighboring cells, and the initialization and the termination of the optimization processes of all agents are in the control of the central entity. The simulation results verify that our proposed approach can achieve remarkable performance enhancement as well as fast convergence, indicating that it is able to meet different levels of demands defined by 3GPP for coverage and capacity optimization.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Neural Plasticity
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 797295, 10 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/797295
Review Article
Activity-Dependent Callosal Axon Projections in Neonatal Mouse Cerebral Cortex
1Department of Biophysics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Science, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
2CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
Received 31 July 2012; Accepted 21 October 2012
Academic Editor: Matteo Caleo
Copyright © 2012 Yoshiaki Tagawa and Tomoo Hirano. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Callosal axon projections are among the major long-range axonal projections in the mammalian brain. They are formed during the prenatal and early postnatal periods in the mouse, and their development relies on both activity-independent and -dependent mechanisms. In this paper, we review recent findings about the roles of neuronal activity in callosal axon projections. In addition to the well-documented role of sensory-driven neuronal activity, recent studies using in utero electroporation demonstrated an essential role of spontaneous neuronal activity generated in neonatal cortical circuits. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic neuronal activities are critically involved in the axon development. Studies have begun to reveal intracellular signaling pathway which works downstream of neuronal activity. We also review several distinct patterns of neuronal activity observed in the developing cerebral cortex, which might play roles in activity-dependent circuit construction. Such neuronal activity during the neonatal period can be disrupted by genetic factors, such as mutations in ion channels. It has been speculated that abnormal activity caused by such factors may affect activity-dependent circuit construction, leading to some developmental disorders. We discuss a possibility that genetic mutation in ion channels may impair callosal axon projections through an activity-dependent mechanism.
1. Introduction
For developmental neuroscientists, interhemispheric axons (callosal axons) have been an excellent model to study how long-range axonal projections develop in the brain. Callosal axons form one of the major axonal tracts in the mammalian brain, the corpus callosum, which visibly connects the two cerebral hemispheres. In the past decades, detailed anatomical and physiological studies in animal models have improved our understanding of the organization and development of callosal connections [18]. Recent genetic studies have revealed molecular signals critical for the identity specification of callosal projection neurons [912] and axon guidance during the midline crossing [1327]. These findings have been relevant for not only basic neuroscientists but also clinical neuroscientists, because malformations such as partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum are associated with many human congenital disorders [18, 22].
In general, during formation of connections in the developing brain, there is an early phase relying on activity independent mechanisms (such as those involving axon guidance molecules) and a later phase requiring neuronal activity [2833]. As for callosal connections, an important role of neuronal activity in their formation is well established. For example, in the visual cortex, sensory-driven neuronal activity is crucial for the formation of callosal connections [7, 3437]. In addition, recent studies using mice as a model have begun to reveal critical roles of neuronal activity spontaneously generated in neonatal cortical circuits [3841]. Sophisticated in vivo Ca2+ imaging and multiunit recordings have uncovered several distinct patterns of neuronal activity occurring in neonatal mouse cortex during the periods when callosal axon projections develop [4250]. Interestingly, some of the activities occurring in both hemispheres are synchronized [47]. These new findings suggest that callosal axon projections and connection formation are shaped not only by sensory-driven neuronal activity but also by spontaneous neuronal activity generated in the developing cerebral cortex.
In this paper, we focus on activity-dependent mechanism of callosal projection formation. First, we review recent findings about the role of spontaneous neuronal activity in callosal axon projections. We then summarize the patterns of neuronal activity observed in the developing cerebral cortex, which might play a role in activity-dependent callosal axon projections and cortical circuit formation in general. Finally, we discuss a possibility that abnormal neuronal activity caused by genetic mutations in ion channels might influence activity-dependent phases of callosal axon projections, leading to some deficit in the structure/function of the corpus callosum.
2. Activity-Dependent Development of Callosal Axon Projections in the Mouse
Callosal axons are derived from cortical layer 2/3 and 5 neurons [51]. During development, they extend down towards the white matter, turn medially towards the midline, run in the white matter, cross the midline, extend through the white matter of the contralateral cortex, locate their target neocortical area for innervation, turn and make terminal arbors and synapses in the correct cortical layers (Figure 1). The formation of such long-range axonal projections could rely on activity independent and activity-dependent mechanisms. To test if neuronal activity is required for callosal axon projections, and, if it is, to determine which stage(s) of axonal development is activity-dependent, we examined the development of callosal axons in mouse visual cortex under the condition where the activity of callosal projection neurons was reduced [38]. We used a genetic technique of in utero electroporation for labeling callosal axons with EGFP while reducing the activity of callosal projection neurons with a potassium channel Kir2.1, a genetic tool to reduce neuronal activity [52, 53]. In control animals in which only EGFP was electroporated unilaterally at embryonic day 15 (E15), EGFP was expressed in layer 2/3 cortical excitatory neurons, and EGFP-labeled callosal axons extending from the electroporated hemisphere to the other were observed (Figure 1). In the visual cortex contralateral to the electroporated side, EGFP-labeled callosal axons projected densely to a narrowly restricted region at the border between the primary and secondary visual cortex, in which they terminated mostly in layers 1–3 and 5, and less in layers 4 and 6 (Figure 1(b)). This region-and layer-specific pattern of projection is consistent with the pattern observed in earlier studies using dye tracers [5, 54]. When Kir2.1 was electroporated with EGFP in layer 2/3 cortical excitatory neurons, their firing rate was reduced [38] as expected from earlier studies [52, 53, 55]. The effect of Kir2.1 expression on callosal axon projections was robust: terminal arborization of EGFP-labeled callosal axons especially in layers 1–3 was dramatically reduced (Figure 1(c)). In contrast, their midline crossing and extension to the target innervation area appeared unaffected. These results suggest that early phases of callosal axon development do not require neuronal activity, but that late phases (e.g., growth of axons and their arbors within the innervation area) are activity-dependent [38, 56].
Figure 1: Visualization of callosal axon projections and an effect of activity reduction. (a) An in utero electroporation-mediated gene transfer method [38] was used to unilaterally express EGFP in layer 2/3 cortical neurons (electroporated side). EGFP-labeled callosal axons extend through the corpus callosum, and project densely to a narrowly restricted region in the contralateral cortex (arrow). Scale bar, 500 μm. (b) EGFP-labeled control callosal axons show lamina specific projection pattern. (c) Reduction of neuronal activity in callosal projection neurons disturbs their axonal projections. Adapted from [38]. Scale bar, 200 μm.
Wang and colleagues took a similar approach to examine the role of neuronal activity in callosal axon projections in the somatosensory cortex [40]. Suppressing excitability of callosal projection neurons by Kir2.1 expression reduces arborization of callosal axons at the border region between the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, with some aberrant projections radially and tangentially. In addition, they used tetanus toxin light chain (TeNT-LC), a genetic tool to block transmitter release from axon terminals, to show that blocking synaptic transmission also affects callosal axon projections. Interestingly, TeNT-LC expression causes more severe effects on callosal axon projections than Kir2.1 expression: blocking synaptic transmission via TeNT-LC expression produces a more pronounced reduction in the projections to the target cortical layers, and the eventual loss of callosal projections. These results suggest that neuronal and synaptic activities are critically involved in callosal axon projections in the somatosensory cortex.
Many studies have suggested that the formation of connections requires both presynaptic and postsynaptic neuronal activities [28, 29]. To test if postsynaptic neuronal activity is required for callosal axon projections, we performed more intricate electroporation experiments in which one side of the cortex was electroporated with EGFP for labeling single callosal axons while the other side was electroporated with Kir2.1 for postsynaptic neuron silencing [41]. We found that callosal axons under postsynaptic activity reduction appeared normal until they contacted the putative postsynaptic neurons. However, callosal axons under postsynaptic activity reduction remained less branched after they reached the target cortical layers (Figure 2(b)). This was in contrast with control callosal axons that showed extensive branching (Figure 2(a)). These results suggest that postsynaptic neuronal activity is required for arborization of presynaptic axons after these axons contact the postsynaptic neurons (Figure 2(d)). Axon arbor growth may be enhanced by synaptogenesis [57, 58]; an axon arbor making stable synapses may grow further, while that making less stable synapses may not be able to grow and eventually retract. Formation and maturation of synapses require coordinated presynaptic and postsynaptic activity [28, 29]. If either (or both) were reduced, synapse formation would be suppressed, which may lead to poor arborization of presynaptic axons. This transsynaptic effect may be mediated by some retrograde signal(s) from postsynaptic neurons to presynaptic axons. Possible candidates would be neurotrophins, which are shown to act as retrograde messengers in mediating activity-dependent strengthening of synaptic connections [5963].
Figure 2: Effects of postsynaptic and presynaptic activity reduction on callosal axon projections. (a) The morphology of single callosal axons in the normal condition at P15. ((b) and (c)) postsynaptic (b) and presynaptic (c) activity reduction impede growth and branching of callosal axons. Scale bar, 200 μm. (d) An illustration showing the development of callosal axons in the mouse. Callosal axons reach the target innervation area around P5, arrive in the target cortical layers at P7, start to branch at P9, and elaborate their arbors afterwards. The effect of presynaptic activity reduction is apparent before axons reach the target cortical layers, but that of postsynaptic activity reduction is observed after their arrival in the target layers. Adapted from [41].
We also found that the effect of presynaptic neuronal activity reduction was apparent before axons reached the target cortical layers (Figures 2(c) and 2(d)) [41]. This result suggests that the activity of projection neurons themselves plays a role in axonal development before synapse formation. How does activity of callosal projection neurons regulate their own axonal development? Neuronal activity may modulate cytoskeleton rearrangement in the growing axons. Ohnami and colleagues have found that RhoA, a member of Rho family small GTPases, acts as a positive regulator for activity-dependent axon branching in cortical neurons [64]. It is also shown that neuronal activity can modulate the expression or function of some guidance molecules expressed on growing axons, thereby regulating axonal growth, pathfinding, fasciculation, and branching [6568].
What intracellular signaling mediates activity-dependent axonal development? Kir2.1 overexpression in cortical neurons hyperpolarizes their membrane potential and increases the threshold for evoking action potentials, thereby inhibiting the firing activity [38, 40, 52]. This reduction in firing could attenuate intracellular Ca2+ signaling. It is known that Ca2+ plays a critical role in the regulation of neuronal morphogenesis including dendrite and axon development [6973]. There are many protein kinases and phosphatases whose activities are regulated by Ca2+. Ageta-Ishihara and colleagues showed that a member of the Ca2+-dependent kinase family, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase , plays a critical role in callosal axon projections [74]. Using in vitro dissociated culture system, they found that blocking expression or function of specifically impaired axonal, but not dendritic, growth of cortical neurons. They also found that activation of GABAA receptors promoted axonal growth in a -dependent manner. They further showed that in vivo RNAi knockdown of in callosal projection neurons by in utero electroporation disturbed their axonal projections. It is known that the action of GABA is excitatory in the neonatal period (until two weeks of age) [75]. Although it was not shown whether GABA exerted its action on the cell body and dendrites, or directly on the growing axons, their results suggest that is critically involved in activity-dependent callosal axon projections and that this activity is at least in part mediated by excitatory action of GABA.
Many issues remain to be addressed. For example, the work of Ageta-Ishihara and colleagues suggests that is an important player which may work downstream of neuronal activity, but other possible candidates (Ca2+-dependent and independent intracellular signaling molecules) remain unexplored. In addition, these intracellular signaling molecules would influence the regulation of cytoskeletal proteins, thereby regulating growth and branching of axons, but the precise molecular mechanism is unknown. It is important to note that some of intracellular signaling molecules might work both activity dependently and independently: for example, they may be involved in midline crossing of callosal axons under the control of some guidance molecules and subsequently play a role in axon arbor growth and branching under the control of neuronal activity. If this is the case, intricate experiments such as those using temporally controlled RNAi knockdown of target molecule would be necessary.
Another important issue to be addressed would be the possible relationship between the process of thalamocortical projections and that of the formation of callosal connections. In the visual cortex during the neonatal period, the activity of cortical neurons is modulated by thalamocortical inputs, which transmit activity from the periphery (spontaneously generated massive neuronal activity in the retina, called retinal waves) [50, 76]. Thalamocortical connectivity develops until P8 in the mouse [77], several days before callosal connectivity forms [38]. Is thalamocortical innervation a prerequisite for callosal connections to establish? Does the activity supplied by thalamocortical inputs play a role in callosal connection formation? These are important not only from a developmental point of view but also from a functional view. Thalamocortical projections are arranged in the cortex in a retinotopic manner, and each visual callosal axon projects to a retinotopically matched region within the visual cortex [7881]. Olavarria et al. have shown that eye removal during the neonatal period alters retinotopically matched projection pattern of callosal axons [54, 82], suggesting a possibility that retinotopic information conveyed through the retino-thalamo-cortical pathway influences callosal connection formation. It would be interesting to examine whether eliminating thalamocortical projections (or suppressing activity of thalamocortical axons) also affects retinotopically organized callosal projection pattern. In addition, whether callosal axons under activity reduction (such as those shown in Figures 2(b) and 2(c)) show retinotopically correct projection pattern or not would be an important issue to be addressed in future.
3. Patterns of Neuronal Activity Observed in Rat/Mouse Cerebral Cortex during the Neonatal Period
Recent studies have revealed that several distinct patterns of neuronal activity take place in the rat/mouse cortex during the periods when callosal axon projections develop [4250, 8385]. Some of them are asynchronous (i.e., neurons fire action potentials individually), and others are network events in which activities of many neurons are synchronized locally or globally (called “cortical waves”). It is important to note that neurons in the sensory cortex can fire action potentials without sensory inputs. In development, cortical neurons differentiate to express a combination of ion channels, by which they start to fire action potentials spontaneously. They also start to receive synaptic inputs as cortical network matures, which drive, boost and modulate firing activity of the developing cortical neurons. This neuronal activity, “spontaneously” generated in the developing neurons and cortical network, has been thought to contribute to the formation of connections in the cortex during the developmental period before sensory inputs come in [28, 32, 33, 45, 86].
Garaschuk and colleagues used Ca2+ imaging technique to monitor neuronal activity in the developing cortical circuits in a slice preparation [42], and later in the intact brain [43, 49]. They found that spontaneous oscillatory Ca2+ waves traveled across cortical slices taken from P1–P4 rats and named them cortical early network oscillations (cENOs). cENOs were typically observed once per 1–12 minutes, and many neurons (typically over 80% of the neurons in the recorded area) participated in the wave. cENOs were completely blocked by AMPA-and NMDA-type glutamate receptor antagonists but not by GABA receptor antagonists, suggesting that cENOs are driven by glutamatergic transmission. Later, by using a similar approach, Allène and colleagues reported another synapse-driven network pattern in neonatal cortical slices, named giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) [46]. GDPs are different from cENOs, in that they are driven by GABAergic transmission, occur at a higher frequency, recruit smaller number and more localized population of neurons. In addition, GDPs emerge at later stages in cortical development than cENOs (P5–9 for GDPs versus P1–4 for cENOs). These differences may suggest that cENOs and GDPs are involved in different aspects/phases of cortical circuit formation. Ca2+ waves have been observed in vivo rat/mouse cerebral cortex [43, 4850], but these studies did not determine whether they corresponded to cENOs or GDPs.
Correlated Ca2+ activity mentioned above mostly reflects neuronal firings [46]. Extracellular recordings have detected similar network activities in neonatal rat/mouse cerebral cortex [44, 47, 76, 87, 88]. Yang and colleagues reported three distinct patterns of synchronized oscillatory activity in neonatal rat cortex: spindle-bursts, gamma oscillations, and long oscillations [47]. Spindle-bursts are neuronal burst firings of 1-2 s in duration, ~10 Hz in frequency, and observed approximately every 10 s. Gamma oscillations are neuronal activities at a frequency of 30–40 Hz, duration of 150–300 ms, and occur every 10–30 s. Spindle-bursts and gamma oscillations do not propagate but synchronize a local cortical network. In contrast, long oscillations propagate over large cortical regions. They occur every 20 m, last >40 s, and synchronize in the 10–20 Hz frequency range over 600–800 μm. The precise relationship between the two types of Ca2+ waves (cENOs and GDPs) and the three types of electrical activities (spindle-bursts, gamma oscillations, and long oscillations) is to be clarified.
All three types of electrical activity can be elicited by activation of the periphery. For example, in the somatosensory cortex, tactile, or electrical stimulation of whiskers can induce these network activities [47]. It has also been shown that spontaneously generated correlated activity in the retina (retinal waves) is transmitted to induce spindle-bursts in the visual cortex [76]. However, blocking the peripheral inputs can only reduce, but not eliminate, these network activities, suggesting that the peripheral inputs are not the only mechanism to trigger these activities [50, 76]. Spindle-bursts are modulated by cholinergic inputs [89], and microcircuits between cortical neurons and subplate neurons (a transient population of neurons that resides in the neonatal cortical white matter) play a critical role in the generation of spindle-bursts [88, 9092].
Interestingly, spindle-bursts and gamma oscillations are sometimes synchronized between hemispheres [47]. In this experiment, multielectrodes were inserted into both hemispheres simultaneously, and network activity recorded in each hemisphere was compared. The amount of interhemispheric synchronization increases progressively from P0 to P7, parallel to the development of callosal connections. It is not clear whether this synchronization occurs via callosal connections nor whether these activities can travel between hemispheres though callosal axons; however, surgical transection of the corpus callosum in neonatal rats modulates the expression of spindle-bursts [87], suggesting an existence of interhemispheric communication at this early stage. The synchronized neuronal activities between hemispheres may play a role in the formation and maturation of callosal connections.
The activity of individual cortical neurons and cortical network can be modulated by environmental factors. For example, the emergence of cENOs and GDPs is influenced by experimental conditions such as anoxia and aglycemia [46]. Some cortical network activity during neonatal periods is shown to be influenced by the hormone oxytocin, which is released by the mother during delivery [46, 93]. Alterations in the activity of individual neurons and network caused by these environmental factors may impede activity-dependent circuit formation in the cortex, including callosal axon projections.
The activity of cortical neurons and network can also be modulated by genetic factors. For example, genetic mutations in ion channels may affect excitability of neurons, causing some diseases such as epilepsy. KCNQ2 is a type of K+ channels crucial for the regulation of excitability in cortical neurons, and its genetic mutations are responsible for neonatal epilepsy (benign familial neonatal convulsions: BFNC) [9599]. All disease-causing mutations in KCNQ2 identified so far result in loss-of-function of channel activity [100]. Transgenic expression of a dominant-negative KCNQ2 mutant channel in developing mouse cerebral cortex is shown to induce spontaneous seizures [94]. Another study shows that a mouse model of human KCNQ2 mutation for BFNC exhibits early onset spontaneous seizures, reminiscent of the phenotype in human patients [101]. In both studies, reduced KCNQ2 channel activity resulted in abnormal cortical activity as recorded by electroencephalogram (EEG) or electrocorticogram (ECoG). Dysfunction of KCNQ2 during the first postnatal week induces morphological changes in the hippocampus [94], implying that repeated seizures during the neonatal period have adverse effects on cortical circuit formation [102, 103].
4. Do Mutations in Ion Channels Affect Activity-Dependent Callosal Connection Formation?
To test the idea that activity-dependent callosal axon projections may be affected by mutations in ion channels, we examined the effect of expression of a dominant-negative KCNQ2 mutant channel on callosal axon projections. As shown in Figure 3(a), we observed no apparent defects in overall projection pattern of callosal axons. We also examined the effect of expression of several disease-causing mutant Kir2.1 channels on callosal axon projections [38]. Kir2.1 is expressed in cardiac myocytes as well as cortical neurons, and its genetic mutations are responsible for Andersen syndrome, a disease associated with periodic skeletal muscle paralysis and cardiac arrhythmia [104, 105]. Most of these mutations result in loss-of-function with dominant-negative suppression of channel activity [105, 106]. Because reduced Kir2.1 channel activity causes severe manifestations in skeletal and cardiac muscle, we wondered if it might also affect circuit formation in the cerebral cortex. No apparent defects were observed in the development and axonal projection pattern of callosal neurons expressing disease-causing, dominant-negative Kir2.1 mutants [38] (Figure 3(b)). However, we found that a gain-of-function mutation in Kir2.1 (V93I), associated with familial atrial fibrillation (a cardiac disease characterized by rapid and irregular activation of the atrium) [107] caused severe defects in callosal axon projections [38] (Figure 3(c)). It has not been reported that patients with this Kir2.1 mutation have brain phenotypes [107]. However, there are some cases where a single mutation in an ion channel expressed in both heart and brain (e.g., KCNH2 and KCNQ1) can cause abnormalities in both tissues (cardiac and neural channelopathy) [108110]. Kir2.1 is expressed in both cardiac myocytes and cortical neurons, and enhanced Kir2.1 activity can have deleterious effects on callosal connection formation. It is therefore possible that anatomical and functional assessment may reveal some abnormality in the structure and/or function of the corpus callosum in patients with the Kir2.1 gain-of-function mutation.
Figure 3: Effects of expression of several ion channels on callosal axon projections. (a) Expression of a dominant-negative KCNQ2 K+ channel [94] does not influence callosal axon development. (b) A disease-causing, dominant-negative Kir2.1 mutant does not impair callosal axon projections. (c) Expression of a gain-of-function Kir2.1 mutant in callosal projection neurons impedes their axonal projections. Scale bar, 200 μm. Adapted from [38].
5. Concluding Remarks
Callosal connections mediate interhemispheric communication. They serve to integrate and coordinate information between hemispheres, thus involved in higher cognitive functions. Malformations such as partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum are associated with many human congenital disorders [18, 111], and significant reductions in its size are frequently reported in patients with certain psychiatric and developmental disorders [112117]. It is important to identify factors affecting function, structure, and development of the corpus callosum.
During development of callosal connections, both activity independent and dependent mechanisms are involved. Many genetic factors responsible for the activity independent processes have been reported [18], but “activity-dependent factors” have not been identified.
Recent advancements in electrophysiological and Ca2+ imaging techniques have enabled us to monitor neuronal activity in neonatal cerebral cortical circuits. These new techniques will be useful to examine how cortical activities are modulated by genetic and environmental factors. Hypo-or hyperactivity in neonatal cortical circuits caused by these factors may induce abnormality in the cortical architecture including the corpus callosum. In addition, genetic techniques such as in utero electroporation will allow us to identify molecular signals critical for activity-dependent callosal axon projections. Future work would link the factors that disturb activity-dependent callosal connection formation, with those that influence the patterns of neuronal activity in the developing cortex.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Research Grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (21700350 and 23500388 to Yoshiaki Tagawa), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Neural Diversity and Neocortical Organization” from MEXT (23123508 to Yoshiaki Tagawa).
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104. N. M. Plaster, R. Tawil, M. Tristani-Firouzi et al., “Mutations in Kir2.1 cause the developmental and episodic electrical phenotypes of Andersen's syndrome,” Cell, vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 511–519, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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112. J. Bodensteiner, G. B. Schaefer, L. Breeding, and L. Cowan, “Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum: a study of 445 consecutive MRI scans,” Journal of Child Neurology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 47–49, 1994. View at Scopus
113. B. Egaas, E. Courchesne, and O. Saitoh, “Reduced size of corpus callosum in autism,” Archives of Neurology, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 794–801, 1995. View at Scopus
114. J. S. Bloom and G. W. Hynd, “The role of the corpus callosum in interhemispheric transfer of information: excitation or inhibition?” Neuropsychology Review, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 59–71, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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117. J. Miyata, M. Yamada, C. Namiki et al., “Reduced white matter integrity as a neural correlate of social cognition deficits in schizophrenia,” Schizophrenia Research, vol. 119, no. 1–3, pp. 232–239, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
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Posts Tagged ‘ big labor ’
Labor Union Slush Funds Target Tea Party Movement
By
0
February 10, 2010
Big Labor is pissed that the American public is fed up with their fascist bullshit. Thus, they have taken to dumping millions into slush funds run by shady lawyers, who then distribute the stolen loot from the unions conscripted members to sleaze bag 527 organizations. Those organizations then dish out the loot to...
Read More »
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Text:
• Blog
• The Fill in the Blank Defence of Bell - Astral
Blog Archive
May 2013
SMTWTFS
1234
567891011
12131415161718
19202122232425
262728293031
The [Fill in the Blank] Defence of Bell - Astral
PDF | Print | E-mail
Monday September 10, 2012
After listening into the start of the CRTC hearing on the proposed Bell - Astral Media merger, it all seems strangely familiar...
We thank the [CRTC/government] for its support of our industry. We think the industry has a bright future, providing more consumer choice and creating more great Canadian content. We are investing unprecedented amounts in our [content/creators/local affiliates/networks]. However, in order to achieve our goals, we need [to become bigger/more flexible content requirements/tougher enforcement/freedom to manage our networks].
There has been an enormous amount of inaccurate rhetoric from [our competitors/consumer groups/pirates/independent ISPs]. We want to set the record straight as we consider [media convergence/broadcast regulation/Canadian content rules/copyright reform/net neutrality/usage based billing]. We want to be a global leader, but face a major threat. The [competitive/technological] landscape has changed and the danger of [Netflix/over-the-top video competitors/foreign broadcasters/peer-to-peer file sharing/BitTorrent/bandwidth hogs] is an [unfair/dangerous/costly] development that allows [foreign/unregulated/illegal] competition to harm legitimate, Canadian players. We have spent [millions/billions] on [content/creators/local affiliates/networks], but must have a level, fair playing field with a reasonable chance of return for our shareholders. Other countries have [larger competitors/more creator support/tougher enforcement/greater market freedom] that allow for stronger competitors.
Given the negative, inaccurate public commentary, we would like to use this hearing to announce the [launch a new broadcast network/online competitor/investment in Canadian content/support for local stations/promise not to sue consumers/network investment].
This [transaction/regulatory proposal/legislative reform] represents a made-in-Canada solution to a challenging issue that will benefit Canadian [creators/consumers/culture/local communities/economy]. We want to continue to invest in Canadian [creators/delivery channels/local affiliates/networks] and urge the [CRTC/government] to swiftly approve this [merger/regulatory reform/legislation].
joel said:
September 10, 2012
Crockett said:
September 10, 2012
Jason K said:
September 10, 2012
Un-Trusted Computing said:
September 12, 2012
David Shinebeck-Lowenstein said:
September 14, 2012
www.cheapnorthfacejacketssale.co.uk said:
September 28, 2012
Christian Louboutin Australia said:
November 02, 2012
Jimmy Choo Australia(www.louboutinheelsauonline.com/) said:
November 02, 2012
John said:
January 15, 2013
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High Activity
Contributors : brion
Analyzed about 6 hours ago based on code collected about 6 hours ago.
Activity on Maps by brion
All-time Commits: 1
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First Commit: 13-Dec-2011
Last Commit: 13-Dec-2011
Names in SCM: brion
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Project Commits
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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BISC 219/F10: RNAi Lab 7
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 15:41, 1 October 2010 by Tucker Crum (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Lab 7: Series 3- Reverse Genetics: Picking Your Transformant
Colony PCR
In theory, any colony of bacteria growing on your LB+amp plate should contain a plasmid because the plasmid is what confers antibiotic resistance to the bacteria and allows selection of transformants (those with a plasmid) from bacteria cells that did not take up a plasmid and maintain it in the progeny of bacterial asexual reproduction. However, sometimes you will find a few bacteria on your selection plates that either do not have a plasmid or have a plasmid without the gene of interest. That can happen when, during ligation, the plasmid DNA annealed back on itself. We need a way to find the colonies that are expressing our gene of interest off the vector plasmid.
To achieve this goal we are going to do a "colony PCR". Instead of adding purified bli-1 or rol-5 gene fragments as template DNA in a pcr reaction with primers specific for your gene, you will add a TINY little part of a colony as the template for your PCR reaction. During the first heat cycle the cells will burst open and release their DNA into the reaction. We will test 8 colonies per group to find out which have the bli-1 or rol-5 gene.
1. Obtain a strip of PCR tubes and lids from your instructor. DO NOT separate the tubes!
2. Label the side of each tube 1-8
3. Find 8 well isolated colonies and circle them and number them 1-8.
4. Add 30 ul of master mix to each tube. Your master mix will include: 1X PCR buffer, 10 mM dNTPs, 0.4 uM forward primer, 0.4 uM reverse primer and 2 units/ul Taq.
5. After each tube has master mix use a sterile toothpick and gently touch your colony of interest - starting with #1 - and pick up a small amount of the bacteria NOT THE ENTIRE COLONY!!!
6. Gently twirl the toothpick in the tube then discard the toothpick
7. Repeat until all colonies are picked.
8. Snap the lid on the tubes and bring them to your instructor.
PCR Conditions:
Step Temperature Time Repeat
1 94°C 2 minutes 1 time
2 94°C 30 seconds
3 54°C 30 seconds
4 72°C 1 minutes Steps 2-4 30 times total
5 72°C 10 minutes 1 time
6 4°C forever end program
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
While the PCR reaction is running you will pour a gel so you can run it to analyze the results of the amplification (the search for your gene).
To do on the day before the next lab: You and your partner will return to the lab to make an overnight broth culture of your selected colony as described below. This process will create a sub-culture of many identical copies of the plasmid carrying the pL4440 plasmid construct to RNAi the gene that you want to study.
1. Find your plate in the glass front refrigerator in a rack labeled with your lab day. Make sure you can see the colony you selected last lab period.
2. Begin by pouring (DO NOT PUT A PIPET INTO THE STOCK LB!!) 10 ml of sterile LB + tetracycline (12.5 μg/ml) broth from one of the stock containers in the refrigerator into a sterile orange-capped 15ml conical tube. You will use the volumetric marks on the tube for measuring the media rather than using a pipet. Make sure the LB stock does not look cloudy (indicating contamination by a previous user) and take care not to contaminate it yourself.
3. Add 10 microliters of the 50mg/ml ampicillin stock (also found in the refrigerator). Calculate the effective concentration of ampicillin that you will have in your LB tube (remember V1 x C1= V2 x C2) and record that information in your lab notebook.
4. Replace the cap of your LB +amp broth and invert the tube several times to mix the contents.
5. Label two sterile glass culture tubes (found in a rack in the lab) with tape in your team color. Label one with "pL4440 and the gene name" and your initials. Label the other with your initials only.
6. Using a 5 or 10 ml sterile disposable pipet, pipet 4 ml of your working solution of LB+ampicillin broth into each of the 2 tubes. Be careful not to touch the tip to anything non-sterile.
7. Inoculate the broth with your bacteria by using a sterile toothpick to scrape your candidate colony off the plate. Be sure not to touch the plate with the toothpick except on the desired colony and don’t pick up any satellite colonies. Make sure the toothpick falls into the sterile broth. The second tube of broth labeled with just your initials is a control and should not be inoculated with bacteria as it is your control for contamination.
8. Balance the 2 tubes across from each other on the rotating wheel in the incubator at the front of the room when you come in the door and incubate them at 37°C overnight. Do not forget to make sure the wheel is rotating when you leave!
Assignment
Remember to check the Assignment section of the wiki for instructions about the graded assignment due in the next lab and check the Weekly Calendar for other work to accomplish before the next lab.
Links to Labs& Project Info
Series1:
Worm Info
Lab 1: Worm Boot Camp & Sex-Linked or Autosomal Start
Lab 2: Sex-Linked or Autosomal Finale
Series2:
Background: Classical Forward Genetics and Gene Mapping
Lab 2: Mutant Hunt
Lab 3: Linkage Test Part 1
Lab 4: Linkage Test Part 2, Mapping and Complementation
Lab 5: Finish Complementation; Mapping Con't
Lab 6: DNA sequence analysis; Mapping Con't
Lab 7: Complete Mapping: Score
Series3:
Schedule of Reverse Genetics Project
RNAi General Information
Media Recipes
Lab 5: Picking your gene to RNAi
Lab 6: Cloning your gene of interest
Lab 7: Picking your transformant
Lab 8: Plasmid purification and transformation
Lab 9: Induction of bacteria for RNAi
Lab 10: Scoring your worms and RNA purification
Lab 11: RT PCR reactions
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User:Peng L. Liu
From OpenWetWare
Jump to: navigation, search
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contents
Contact Info
Peng L. Liu (an artistic interpretation)
I work in the Your Lab at XYZ University. I learned about OpenWetWare from I heard of your website from a professor in my research group., and I've joined because I want to set up a website of our BME lab so as to show our latest innovations to others and to share information in our research group..
Education
• Year, PhD, Institute
• Year, MS, Institute
• Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
1. Interest 1
2. Interest 2
3. Interest 3
Publications
1. Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258. PubMed HubMed [Paper1]
2. JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526. PubMed HubMed [Paper2]
leave a comment about a paper here
3. Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164. [Book1]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed HubMed
Useful links
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Google Releases New Version of Google Spreadsheets V1.2.0i
Mar 23, 2007 • 8:03 am | (0) by | Filed Under Other Google Topics
A Google Guide posted at Google Groups that they released a new small version update for Google Spreadsheets. The new version number is V1.2.0i and the improvements address:
• spreadsheets not loading quick enough
• spreadsheets not loading
• Disconnect error messages
• some of you will receive a disconnect error on occasion, but you will be reconnected automatically
• for IE users, if your spreadsheets aren't loading, you'll be prompted with instructions
• "press Ctrl + F5 on your keyboard"
• Added Tab-delimited (tsv) explained for Google Base users in help section.
• hyperlinks in spreadsheets now appear as actual, working hyperlinks in published spreadsheets
Forum discussion at Google Groups.
Previous story: First Screen Shots Of Google Pay Per Action In Action
blog comments powered by Disqus
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
American Crystal Drayton Power Plant
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is part of the Coal Issues portal on SourceWatch, a project of CoalSwarm and the Center for Media and Democracy. See here for help on adding material to CoalSwarm.
Learn more from the Center for Media and Democracy's research on climate change.
American Crystal Drayton Power Plant is a coal-fired power station owned and operated by American Crystal Sugar Company near Drayton, North Dakota. The plant powers American Crystal's sugar beet processing facility.
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Contents
Plant Data
• Owner/Parent Company: American Crystal Sugar Company
• Plant Nameplate Capacity: 6.0 MW (Megawatts)
• Units and In-Service Dates: 6.0 MW (1975)
• Location: Hwy. 44 North, Drayton, ND 58225
• GPS Coordinates: 48.592763, -97.176181
• Electricity Production:
• Coal Consumption:
• Coal Source:
• Number of Employees:
Emissions Data
• CO2 Emissions:
• SO2 Emissions:
• SO2 Emissions per MWh:
• NOx Emissions:
• Mercury Emissions:
Articles and Resources
Sources
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This article is a stub. You can help by expanding it.
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CMD sent two reporters to track ALEC in Oklahoma
Click here to help support our future investigations.
Mark Dayton
From SourceWatch
Jump to: navigation, search
Mark Dayton is the governor of Minnesota
Mark B. Dayton, a Democrat, is the governor of Minnesota since January 2011.[1] Previously, he was a U.S. senator from Minnesota, having served 2001 to 2007. He decided not to seek reelection for Senator.
Contents
Bio
Mark Dayton was born January 26, 1947 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Dayton graduated cum laude from Yale University in 1969. He worked as a teacher in New York City and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate in 1982. Dayton served as a legislative assistant to Sen. Walter Mondale (1975-76), on the staff of then-Governor Rudy Perpich (1977-1978), and was the Commissioner of Economic Development (1978). Next he served as Minnesota Commissioner of Energy and Economic Development (1983-1986) and was Minnesota state auditor from 1991-1995. He was elected to the Senate in 2000, defeating Republican incumbent Rod Grams.
Dayton, an heir to the Dayton's Department Store fortune, financed his 2000 Senate campaign with $12 million of his own money, a strategy that ultimately harmed his chances for re-election in 2006 because he did not have a fundraising strategy in place. [1]
On September 22, 2005, the forty-fourth anniversary of the day President John F. Kennedy signed the Peace Corps into law, Dayton became the first U.S. senator to introduce legislation creating a United States Department of Peace. At the same time, similar legislation was introduced in the House by Congressman Dennis Kucinich and sixty co-sponsors. [2]
In 2005, Dayton announced that he would not run for reelection the following year, stating, "Everything I've worked for, and everything I believe in, depends upon this Senate seat remaining in the Democratic caucus in 2007. I do not believe that I am the best candidate to lead the DFL (Democrat-Farmer-Labor) Party to victory next year." [3]Democrats nominated Amy Klobuchar and Republicans nominated Mark Kennedy to contest the November 2006 election for his Senate seat. (See U.S. congressional elections in 2006) [4]
2010 election
In 2010, the "governor's seat opened when former Gov. Tim Pawlenty (R) announced he would not seek a third term, sparking rumors that he might be eyeing a 2012 presidential run.
"Bypassing the party endorsement, Dayton spent $3 million of his own money on his primary campaign and battled opponent Margaret Kelliher's support from the state's top Democrats including Sen. Al Franken and former senator and Vice President Walter Mondale, who once employed Dayton as a legislative assistant." Dayton beat Republican Tom Emmer for the governorship.[1]
Meet the cash constituents
Links to more campaign contribution information for Mark Dayton
from the Center for Responsive Politics' OpenSecrets.org site.
Fundraising profile: 2006 election cycle Career totals
Top contributors by organization/corporation: 2006 election cycle Career totals
Top contributors by industry: 2006 election cycle Career totals
Records and controversies
Positions and views
Abortion
Dayton is in favor of legalized abortion, with 100% vote ratings from pro-choice advocacy groups. [5]
Sexual orientation-related legislation
In 2006, Dayton came out strongly against the Federal Marriage Amendment, which would have barred same-sex marriages and the legal incidents thereof, calling the measure "un-American, un-Christian, and unnecessary." [6]
CAFTA
In 1995, Dayton voted against the passage of CAFTA, citing its possible impact on Minnesota's sugar beet industry. This was in contrast to his Senate colleague Norm Coleman (R-Minn.), who initially voiced the same objections, but then agreed to support the measure after an amendment was included providing some continued protection for sugar. [7]
2004 office closing
In October 2004, Dayton closed his Washington office until the November elections, citing reports of a possible terrorist attack. Every other senator chose to keep their office open, and Dayton received national scrutiny, as well as some criticism, for his move. [8]
Disparaging remarks about South Dakota
In February 2005, Dayton stated that the Rochester, MN-based Mayo Clinic, is "worth a hell of a lot more than the whole state of South Dakota." The remark was in response to a South Dakota—based company's plan to expand its railroads into Rochester, bringing dozens of trains past the clinic each day. He later apologized for the remark. [9]
Support of Rev. Sun Myung Moon
Dayton was one of a number of members of Congress who was in attendance for the controversial "coronation" of Reverend Sun Myung Moon in June 2004. Moon is the head of the Unification Church. [10]
Iraq War
Dayton voted against the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq in Oct. 2002.
For more information see the chart of U.S. Senate votes on the Iraq War.
Committees and affiliations
Committees in the 109th Congress (2005-2006)
More background data
Wikipedia also has an article on Mark Dayton. This article may use content from the Wikipedia article under the terms of the GFDL.
Contact
Office of the Governor
130 State Capitol
75 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd.
St. Paul, MN 55155
Phone: 651-296-3391
Web: http://mn.gov/governor
Articles and resources
References
1. 1.0 1.1 Mark B. Dayton profile, The Washington Post, accessed January 2011.
External resources
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Person:Eric II of Norway (1)
Eric II Magnusson , King of Norway
Facts and Events
Name Eric II Magnusson , King of Norway
Gender Male
Birth? 1268 Tonsberg, Oslofjord, Vestfold, Norway
Occupation? BET 1280 AND 1299 King of Norway"Erik The Priest-hater"
Marriage 1281-08-31 Bergen,Bergen,,Norwayto Margaret Dunkeld, Queen of Norway
Alt Marriage 7 SEP 1281 ,Bergen,Bergen,Norwayto Margaret Dunkeld, Queen of Norway
Marriage 2 Oct 1293 Bergen, Hordaland, Norwayto Isabel Bruce, Queen of Norway
Death[2] 13 Jul 1299 Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
Ancestral File Number 9FTW-6J
Burial? Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Eric Magnusson (1268 – 15 July 1299) (Old Norse: Eiríkr Magnússon; Norwegian: Eirik Magnusson) was the King of Norway from 1280 until 1299.
This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original content was at Eric II of Norway. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with WeRelate, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
References
1. Eric II of Norway, in Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (Online: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.).
2. ERIK Magnusson (1268-Bergen 13 Jul 1299, bur Bergen, Christ's Church), in Cawley, Charles. Medieval Lands: A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families.
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Place:Jonesville Cemetery, Clifton Park, Saratoga, New York, United States
NameJonesville Cemetery
TypeCemetery
Coordinates42.910655°N 73.821678°W
Located inClifton Park, Saratoga, New York, United States
Also located inJonesville, Saratoga, New York, United States
Saratoga, New York, United States
To be accurate, Jonesville Cemetery is located at the corner of Longkill Road and Ushers Road in the hamlet of Jonesville, town of Clifton Park, county of Saratoga, state of New York.
Resources
FindAGrave: Jonesville Cemetery
Additional Information at Jonesville Cemetery
Interment Lists:
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1. Skip to navigation
2. Skip to content
3. Skip to sidebar
Source link: http://archive.mises.org/9290/famed-chef-failed-to-get-patent/
Famed Chef Failed to Get Patent
January 23, 2009 by
But then again, perhaps that is why is is famous. Had he gotten a patent, he would not have been copied, but he might still have died without money and the insult to injury would have been obscurity:
Mahmut Aygün, the Turkish immigrant who revolutionised German fast food with his tasty creation, died at age 87 this week after a serious illness. Aygün came up with the now ubiquitous döner while working at the “City Imbiss” snack shop in West Berlin in 1971. Cutting meat off a huge rotating spit, he was inspired to put it in pita bread and dress it up with vegetables and yoghurt sauce. Selling for two marks, the döner quickly became a staple of German street food alongside Teutonic favourites such as the bratwurst. Although Aygün went on to considerable culinary success in Berlin, he didn’t make money from the thousands of kebab shops across Germany that copied him because he failed to patent his invention. Still, he will be remembered by countless legions of döner kebab fans around the world.
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Editorial
Autonomic dysfunction in women with fibromyalgia
J Derek Kingsley
Author affiliations
Indiana State University, Arena C-23, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
Citation and License
Arthritis Research & Therapy 2012, 14:103 doi:10.1186/ar3728
See related research by Ribeiro et al., http://arthritis-research.com/content/13/6/R190
Published: 20 February 2012
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is an idiopathic disease characterized by widespread pain and a myriad of symptoms. Symptoms are diverse and include not only pain but also anxiety, depression, orthostatic intolerance, and cold intolerance. While the etiology of FM is not fully understood, data have suggested that FM may stem from dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. This dysfunction has been reported at rest, and after a physiological stressor such as exercise. However, few studies have examined the responses during exercise. This novel approach may shed some new light on the effect of exercise in women with FM.
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"url": "ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/view/10811",
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Weak-Form Efficiency of Foreign Exchange Market in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Countries: Unit Root Test
Juliana Ibrahim, Yasmiza Long, Hartini Ab. Ghani, Safrul Izani Mohd Salleh
Abstract
This paper will look at the weak-form efficiency of the foreign exchange market in thirty (30) Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. We employ Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF),
Philip-Perron (PP) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin analysis to examine for the unit root. Using weekly
data for the period 2000 to 2007, the results for weak-form efficiency using ADF and PP tests indicate that the
exchange rates studied follow random walks. The current value of the exchange rate cannot be predicted using its
past values. In addition, the OECD foreign exchange market consistent with the weak-form of the Efficient Market
Hypothesis.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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"warc_url": "http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/view/11577"
}
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Research on Construction of Management and Control System of Electricity Bill Risks in Power Grid Enterprises under Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Principle
Yimin Liu, Haiyang Hou, Kun Zhou, Jinpeng Liu
Abstract
As the subject of long-term stable development of the electric power industry, the power grid enterprises are
holding the important mission of power transmission. Their secure and stable operations play a very important
role in the entire electricity production and consumption system. This paper analysed the enormous profit risks
of electricity grid enterprises under the influence of implementing the current policy of energy saving and further
studied significance of constructing management and control system of electricity bill risks from aspects of
organization and institution construction, reporting system construction, information system construction,
supervision and evaluation and continuous improvement mechanism construction, as well as risk cultural system
construction. These careful studies will create favorable conditions for strengthening risk management in power
grid enterprises.
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Business and Management ISSN 1833-3850 (Print) ISSN 1833-8119 (Online)
Copyright © Canadian Center of Science and Education
To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the 'ccsenet.org' domain to your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.
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"uncompressed_offset": 68392189,
"url": "dotnetkicks.com/stories/30901/Benefits_of_Stored_Procedures",
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Error!
Success!
Benefits of Stored Procedures
0
kicks
Benefits of Stored Procedures (Unpublished)
One of the biggest advantages of using stored procedures over not using stored procedures is the ability to significantly reduce network traffic. And the more network traffic that can be reduced, the better the overall performance of your SQL Server-based applications.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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{
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"uncompressed_offset": 70058258,
"url": "dungeons.wikia.com/wiki/SRD:Mass_Hold_Monster?direction=prev&oldid=45766",
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"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:9a825b69-261d-4fb7-a8dc-1b5bde721650>",
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Wikia
SRD:Mass Hold Monster
Talk0
9,503pages on
this wiki
Revision as of 08:11, August 11, 2009 by Surgo (Talk | contribs)
This material is published under the OGL
Template:Spell
The subject becomes paralyzed and freezes in place. It is aware and breathes normally but cannot take any actions, even speech. Each round on its turn, the subject may attempt a new saving throw to end the effect. (This is a full-round action that does not provoke attacks of opportunity.)
A winged creature who is paralyzed cannot flap its wings and falls. A swimmer can’t swim and may drown.
Arcane Focus: A small, straight piece of iron.
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:55080",
"uncompressed_offset": 99849329,
"url": "globalvoicesonline.org/2006/03/22/jamaica-commonwealth-games/",
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Jamaica: Commonwealth Games
Leon wonders why the 18th Commonwealth Games aren't getting more media attention. “Is it because the mighty U.S is not involved, since the Commonwealth games only include former territories of Britain? (But wait, America is a former territory of Britain!).”
World regions
Countries
Languages
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Colorado
From Hitchwiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Colorado is a state of the United States. It is generally regarded as welcoming towards hitchhikers.
Contents
Free/Budget Public Transport
• The traveler passing through Denver will be wise to note the presence of several Mexican bus companies. More affordable, more comfortable, more reliable, and with noteably nicer co-passengers than the Dirty Dog (greyhound), these companies can take you to Kansas City, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Southern California, and of course, Mexico. If you've got a few bucks and you don't feel like thumbing your way out of suburban sprawl, head over the area between Welton and Champa between 19th and 22nd streets. Autobuses Los Paisanos, Los Limosines, Autobuses Americanos and others can get you to Mexico for 50-60 dollars.
• There is a bus that runs between Fort Collins and Loveland with a policy which allows you to ride free if you claim to be 17 or younger.
• There is a free bus that runs between Gunnison and Crested Butte. Ask the locals for detailed schedules.
Difficult Routes
While Colorado is generally an easy state to hitch, doing these routes may prove more difficult than others.
• Difficult: CO92 Delta to Blue Mesa Reservoir
Note: Buena Vista and Canon City are prison areas which tend to be more difficult to hitchhike around.
Law
42-4-805. Pedestrians walking or traveling in a wheelchair on highways.
(2) No person shall stand in a roadway for the purpose of soliciting a ride from the driver of any private vehicle. For the purpose of subsection (2) "roadway" means that portion of the road normally used by moving motor vehicle traffic.
(5) Any town or city may, by ordinance, regulate the use by pedestrians of streets and highways under its jurisdiction to the extent authorized under subsection (6) of this section and sections 42-4-110 and 42-4-111, but no ordinance regulating such use of streets and highways in a manner differing from this section shall be effective until official signs or devices giving notice thereof have been placed as required by section 42-4-111 (2).
(6) No person shall solicit a ride on any highway included in the interstate system, as defined in section 43-2-101 (2), C.R.S., except at an entrance to or exit from such highway or at places specifically designated by the department of transportation; or, in an emergency affecting a vehicle or its operation, a driver or passenger of a disabled vehicle may solicit a ride on any highway.
(7) Pedestrians shall only be picked up where there is adequate road space for vehicles to pull off and not endanger and impede the flow of traffic.
Basically, hitch all you want in Colorado from off the traveled portion of the road and not on the interstate and you will be fine. There are some municipalities in Colorado that prohibit hitchhiking, but they are required to post official notices.
Federal Districts
Note:All land regulated by the National Park service prohibits hitchhiking under the Code of Federal Regulations Title 36 section 4.31: Hitchhiking or soliciting transportation is prohibited except in designated areas and under conditions established by the superintendent.
• Rocky Mountain National Park
Hitchhiking in the park is allowed and restricted to the road shoulder.
Experiences
I would not hesitate to claim Colorado as the easiest state in America to hitchhike in. Anywhere west of the front range is incredibly easy. You might start wishing people would stop picking you up so fast so you'll have more time to absorb the scenery. I have hitchhiked almost every US and State highway in Colorado and many of the County Roads and wait times have averaged about 15 minutes depending on traffic. Thewindandrain (talk) 03:50, 8 March 2013 (CET)
Cities
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State Roundup, August 13, 2012
August 13, 2012 at 8:24 am
DEM ANTI-PETITION LAWSUIT REJECTED: David Hill of the Washington Times reports that a Maryland court on Friday upheld a petition forcing a referendum this fall on the state’s congressional map. Anne Arundel Circuit Court Judge Ronald Silkworth rejected a lawsuit filed by the Maryland Democratic Party against the state Board of Elections, alleging that it erroneously validated thousands of signatures collected using the website MDPetitions.com.
David Moon of Maryland Juice blogs that it appears that an appeal may be pending, but for now, the GOP redistricting referendum is one step closer to the November ballot.
BILL WILL CHANGE: A bill authorizing gambling expansion in Maryland will likely be amended with a lot of tweaks, according to the chairman of the House subcommittee that is holding hearings on the legislation, reports Bryan Sears of Patch.com. He also writes that focus on legislation to expand gambling and overturn a controversial Court of Appeals ruling on pit bulls shifts to the House of Delegates.
John Wagner of the Post reports that Speaker Michael Busch said that House of Delegates will seek to make the governor’s gambling bill fair to casinos and counties that would lose money if a venue opens in Prince George’s County.
GAMBLING EXPRESS SLOWS: House slows gambling express train but not because of a cautionary tale from a former Montana lawmaker, writes Len Lazarick of MarylandReporter.com.
HELP FOR GAMBLERS: Brian Witte of the AP writes in the Cumberland Times-News that while much of the debate on expanding gambling has focused on who will get what, how much and when, a fund for problem gamblers was not assured of getting anything. But one advocate was in Annapolis last week urging lawmakers to approve a $1,000-per-table annual fee to help adjust to an expansion to table games like blackjack, after she learned nothing had been included in a draft of the bill.
JOINT OVERSIGHT: Robert Lang of WBAL-AM reports that Del. Eric Luedtke will propose changing the measure to allow table games and a casino in Prince George’s County to include creating a joint House and Senate panel to oversee gambling.
REIMBURSEMENT OPPOSITION: Opposition appears to be brewing for a plan to reimburse Anne Arundel County for gambling tax revenue it is expected to lose if a casino opens in Prince George’s County, reports Earl Kelly for the Capital-Gazette.
GAMBLING’S INFLUENCE: The editorial board of the Sun writes that Gov. Martin O’Malley and Comptroller Peter Franchot don’t agree on a lot of things, particularly when it comes to gambling. But they do appear to agree on one thing: Contributions from the gambling industry have the potential to unduly influence legislative and executive decisions about the expansion and management of the state’s gambling program.
And Ben Giles of the Washington Examiner writes that state senators and delegates are battling over the provision in the bill to expand gambling that would prevent casino owners from making campaign contributions to lawmakers.
Delegates voiced their concerns about some provisions in the bill, including language banning casino owners from making campaign contributions to state and local elected officials, writes Daniel Leaderman in the Gazette.
SENATE PASSES: It didn’t get many changes in the Senate after rejecting more than two dozen floor amendments offered mostly by Republicans, writes Dana Amihere for MarylandReporter.com. The Senate, in a 28-14 vote Friday night, passed the bill to expand gambling with table games and sixth casino in Prince George’s County.
Here’s how the senators voted on the bill, brought to you by John Wagner of the Post.
Dan Menefee for Talbot Spy has a video report with Senate Republican Leader E.J. Pipkin before and after Friday’s vote.
Few of the Senate votes were close, and most amendments failed by about a 3-to-1 margin as Senate President Mike Miller flexed his political muscle to pass the bill, which would permit table games at the state’s five licensed casinos as well as the one proposed for Prince George’s, writes Michael Dresser and Annie Linskey for the Sun. Five senators were absent.
Sun cartoonist KAL offers up his take on the General Assembly special session: The Five Ring Circus.
MORE THAN POLITICIANS: Jennifer Shutt of the Salisbury Daily Times writes that, as senators and delegates returned to the State House to broaden gambling laws, they simultaneously convened for the third special session within the last 12 months. And for a General Assembly in which many of the elected officials have other jobs and are not exclusively politicians, committing time outside of the annual 90-day session can become a balancing act.
PIT BULL LEGISLATION: The editorial board for the Washington Post urges the state legislature to act on pit bull legislation this special session.
Duane Keenan has an audio report for MarylandReporter.com on Senate action and House testimony on the dog-bite legislation.
VOTER FRAUD FRAUD: The tea party-inspired Election Integrity Maryland recently alleged dead voters on the registration rolls, incorrect addresses and so on. The Arundel County Board of Elections is investigating, but according to the director of voter registration at the Maryland Board of Elections, “Voter fraud is very, very, very rare.” The right, opines Pat Furgurson in an opinion piece in the Capital-Gazette, has connived to depress turnout.
GOLD MEDAL IN TECH JOBS: Sarah Gantz of the Baltimore Business Journal quotes Alice Hill of Dice.com, a career website focused on the technology industry, as saying “Maryland has the gold medal right now for tech jobs in the country.”
TAX FREE SHOPPING: Shoppers in showed up at Maryland malls and other retail outlets in large numbers yesterday, the first day of the state’s Tax Free Week, writes Kevin Rector of the Sun.
Jennifer Liu of Frederick was shopping with her family along Urbana Pike, grabbing items for her three boys to take back to school with them, report Danielle Gaines and Ed Waters of the Frederick News-Post. The family waits for tax-free week each year to save a little extra cash, she said.
HEALTH REFORM LEADERS: The District and Maryland are moving aggressively to implement virtual markets of insurance plans, becoming national leaders in carrying out President Obama’s vision for health care reform, while their Republican neighbors in Virginia remain less than eager to implement the controversial law, writes Tom Howell of the Washington Times.
HARASSMENT SUIT: Erin Cox and Andrea Siegel of the Sun report more about the depositions from Anne Arundel police officers in the harassment suit against County Executive John Leopold. One nickname for Leopold given to him by police is “Crazy Uncle Jack.”
COUNCIL INVOLVEMENT IN SUITS: Two Anne Arundel County councilmen want to revive a bill that would allow the council to have the final say on lawsuit settlements, writes Allison Bourg for the Capital-Gazette. The councilmen want to re-introduce the legislation in light of developments in former county employee Karla Robinson Hamner’s federal lawsuit against the county.
WICOMICO CHARTER: Along with making choices for president, senator and congressional representative this November, Wicomico County residents will also have a hand in changing the county’s governing laws, reports Jennifer Shutt for the Salisbury Daily Times.
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BME103:T930 Group 7
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 03:12, 15 November 2012 by Wesley M. Karlin (Talk | contribs)
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BME 103 Fall 2012 Home
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Lab Write-Up 1
Lab Write-Up 2
Lab Write-Up 3
Course Logistics For Instructors
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Contents
OUR TEAM
Name: Wesley Karlin
Role(s) Experimental Protocol Planner
Name: Lauren Edwards
Role(s) Experimental Protocol Planner
Name: Raphael Pascua
Role(s) Machine Engineers
Name: Elyse Candell
Role(s) Machine Engineers
Name: Katey Hemphill
Role(s) Research and Design Scientist
LAB 1 WRITE-UP
Initial Machine Testing
The Original Design
Description The OpenPCR Machine creates many copies of a small strand of DNA. In order to duplicate these DNA strands the PCR Machine must use many different temperatures during denaturing, annealing and extension. Denaturing is where the two strands of DNA separate. Annealing is where the DNA primer binds to the separate strands. Extension is when Taq Polymerase copies the DNA strands.
Experimenting With the Connections
When we unplugged the LCD screen from the OpenPCR circuit board, the machine's LED light no longer worked.
When we unplugged the white wire that connects the OpenPCR circuit board to the main heating block, the temperature reading on the LCD screen changed.
Test Run
The date the machine was used was on Thursday October 24th, 2012. We had machine number 13. The team's experience with the device was as follows:
Pro's:
Lightweight
Silent
User Friendly
Great Software (it was very easy to use)
Con's:
Took too long to complete its task
Needed a computer
Hard open the lid
Not Aesthetically Pleasing
Flammable (Wood + Extreme Heat=A Bad Situation Waiting to Happen.)
Protocols
Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a process used to make copies of the same DNA sequences. This process includes a template DNA strand, which serves as the DNA that will be replicated. Primers are also needed to artificially synthesize the DNA strand. Taq polymerase then matches base-pairs, thus replicating the DNA. Magnesium Chloride is also needed because it binds to Taq, allowing it to function. Finally, dNTP’s are the nucleotides, A, T, C, and G, that are used to make the new DNA. The process includes the following steps:
1. Heat Denaturation: The heating of DNA to 95 degrees celsius allowed for the separation of the two strands of DNA. The nucleotides lose their base pair partners as the DNA is separated into a positive and a negative strand.
2. Annealing: The DNA now undergoes cooling of 57 degrees celsius to assist the process of annealing. Two primers are necessary for DNA replication as it's the primers that identify the specific targeted strand of DNA. Binding to the complementary sequence, the primers begin to produce the replication that's desired.
3. Extension: To finish off the first cycle of PCR, the temperature is once again raised to 72 degrees celsius. The enzyme Taq DNA polymerase then creates the new DNA strands by making each single strand now a double strand using the complementary sequences produced in annealing. The conclusion of these three steps is the production of two new DNA strands that are the replicate of the original strand.
PRC Master Mix Components:
- Bacterially derived Taq DNA polymerase
- dNTPs
- Magnesium Chloride
- Reaction buffers
Reagent Volume
Template DNA (20ng) 0.2 uL
10 uM forward primer 1.0 uL
10 uM reverse primer 1.0 uL
GoTaq master mix 50.0 uL
dH2O 47.8 uL
Total Volume 100 uL
The Samples
There were eight samples that were ran PCR on during this experiment. This included a positive control cancer DNA template and a negative control without a DNA template. Patient 1, a 57 year old male with an ID of 58515, had three samples tested on and patient 2, a 59 year old female with an ID of 19033, also had three samples tested on.
Flourimeter Procedures
The Flourimeter is a device that detects flourescence, when a molecue produces a light after being excited by another light with a shorter wavelength. The process is completed through the following steps:
1. To keep the patient samples and solutions separate, 10 pipettes were labeled at the top with a permament marker with their corresponding sample
2. Take 10 Eppendorf tubes containing 400mL of buffer and label them with the permament marker to their corresponding sample
3. Next, transfer the patient sample into the assigned Eppendorf tube with an appropriate pipette. For example, Patient Sample A will be transferred into Eppendorf Tube A while using Pipette A only. This prevents the samples from contaminating each other.
4. Using the SYBR Green and its assigned pipette, two drops are placed in the first two center circles on the glass slide with the rough, Teflon layer
5. Then two drops of a patient sample were placed on top of the SYBR Green drops on the slide
6. With the SYBR Green mixed with the patient sample on the slide, the slide was positioned so that the blue ray of light would pass through the SYBR Green and patient sample
7. Afterwards, the smarphone operator took a picture of the slide (as seen below) under the following conditions: an inactive flash, iso changed to 800, white balance set to auto, exposure set to maximum, and the contrast is set to minimum.
8. The picture was then sent to the Image J software for processing.
9. This process was repeated for all 6 patient samples, a positive and negative control, pure SYBR Green, and pure water.
Image J Software Procedure
The process at which an image is turned into an Image J involves several steps. The first step is to set the settings of a camera's phone and then take a picture. The picture should then be emailed or downloaded onto a computer, and it then should be saved to the computer and opened in the Image J software. There are several parameters needed to be adjusted to produce the wanted picture so the measurement needs to be set to integrate the density and the linear gray value. The bubble's green spot is subsequently isolated, integrated density is measured and the background is then deleted to have the isolated desired picture.
Research and Development
Specific Cancer Marker Detection - The Underlying Technology
PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a process used to make copies of the same DNA sequences. This process includes a template DNA strand, which serves as the DNA that will be replicated. Primers are also needed to artificially synthesize the DNA strand. Taq polymerase then matches base-pairs, thus replicating the DNA. Magnesium Chloride is also needed because it binds to Taq, allowing it to function. Finally, dNTP’s are the nucleotides, A, T, C, and G, that are used to make the new DNA. The process includes the following:
1. Heat to 95 degrees C. This separates the complementary DNA strands
2. Cool to 57 degrees C. This allows the primers to bind to the DNA strand.
3. Heat to 72 degrees C. This allows Taq to extend the DNA copy
4. Repeat
A cancer gene will produce a positive result because only when the cancer gene is present will the primer bind to the template DNA. Therefore, the DNA will be replicated exponentially, creating thousands of the same DNA sequence. If there is no cancer gene present, then the primer cannot bind to the template DNA, and the DNA will not be replicated exponentially.
A SNP, or single nucleotide polymorphism, is a point mutation, meaning one nucleotide in a sequence is changed. This change is stable over many generations, and is present in at least 1% of the population. This makes the SNP ideal for a gene marker. The following sequence, rs17879961, was used as a primer for the cancerous gene
Cancer Sequence: AAACTCTTACACTGCATACA
Normal Sequence: AAACTCTTACATTGCATACA
the red C, specifically, makes the gene cancerous
The forward primer would be TTT because it matches AAA
The backward primer would be TGT because it matches ACA
Bayes' rule compares the odds of one event to another. We use it to predict the reliability of the PCR with detecting cancerous genes. In a study of 180 people, 1.1% were shown to have the mutation for cancer. Using Baye's rule, it was found that 7.8% of people should have cancer.
The formula for Baye's Rule is p (A|B) = [p(B|A) p(A)]/ p(B)
[[[Image:]]]
source: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/primer/pcr.html
Results
Sample Integrated Density DNA μg/mL Conclusion
PCR: Negative Control 594480 0.303589886 Negative
PCR: Positive Control 4626020 2.362422427 Positive
PCR: Patient 1 ID 58515, rep 1 (Sample A) 816444 0.416942775 Negative
PCR: Patient 1 ID 58515, rep 2 (Sample B) 1268071 0.647580289 Negative
PCR: Patient 1 ID 58515, rep 3 (Sample C) 1126610 0.575338786 Negative
PCR: Patient 2 ID 19033, rep 1 (Sample D) 701057 0.358016779 Negative
PCR: Patient 2 ID 19033, rep 2 (Sample E) 275743 0.140816825 Negative
PCR: Patient 2 ID 19033, rep 3 (Sample F) 1030791 0.526405804 Negative
KEY
• Sample = The DNA that we tested.
• Integrated Density = Integrated density means the sum of all the pixels in the selected area. To get this value we used background subtraction. Background subtraction is when the background area value is subtracted from the sample (DNA) area value.
• DNA μg/mL = To calculate this we used The DNA Calf Thymus Integrated Density and DNA ug/ml, and the integrated Density of another sample. We set it up as a fraction and solved for x. (DNA Calf Thymus Integrated density)/(DNA Calf Thymus DNA ug/ml) = (Integrated density of a sample)/x.
• Conclusion= If the result was positive it meant that DNA was present and the PCR reaction was successful. If the result was negative it meant that DNA was not present and the PCR reaction was not successful. This is what the positive and negative controls were designed to do. The positive control was meant to be successful and the negative control was not.
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"If you are neutral in situations of injustice, you have chosen the side of the oppressor. If an elephant has its foot on the tail of a mouse and you say that you are neutral, the mouse will not appreciate your neutrality."
Tutu, Bishop Desmond on neutrality
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The wisdom of others remains dull till it is writ over with our own blood. We are essentially apart from the world; it bursts into our consciousness only when it sinks its teeth and nails into us. Hoffer, Eric
This quote is about wisdom · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Hoffer, Eric ...
Eric Hoffer (July 25, 1902 May 21, 1983) was an American social writer. He produced ten books and won the Presidential Medal of Freedom in February 1983 from Ronald Reagan. His first book, The True Believer, published in 1951, was widely recognized as a classic. This book, which he considered his best, established his reputation, and he remained a successful writer for most of his remaining years.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2011.0.55.001 - Information Paper: Census of Population and Housing -- Products and Services, 2011
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 10/08/2012 First Issue
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4. Key 2011 Census Output Strategies
The following key strategies are proposed:
• the Internet will be the main tool for dissemination of 2011 Census data with an expanded range of products and services
• place of usual residence as the basis for the dissemination of standard Census data
• implementation of the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) for the 2011 Census
• timely release of data through a three-phase release strategy, increasing the number of first release data items while maintaining timeliness
• enhancing the value of the Census through the Census Data Enhancement project by improving and expanding the range of official statistics.
EXPANDED RANGE OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES BASED AROUND THE INTERNET
The Internet has played an ever increasing role in the dissemination of Census products. It provides the ABS with the opportunity to place its products on the desktops and in the households of users not just Australia wide but world wide, and forms the cornerstone of the 2011 Census dissemination strategy.
Previously, the ABS released Census data as a defined range of products containing predefined tables for most levels of geography. While this defined data will still be available for the 2011 Census, a range of other Internet-based products will also be available. These products will have greater flexibility, allowing clients to choose topics rather than just geography and even to have some ability to create customised cross-classifications. There will be some restrictions on the level of geographic disaggregation that will be available in order to guarantee the confidentiality of information about individuals. This is dealt with in more detail in Chapter 7: Data Issues.
Most data from the 2011 Census will be released free of charge. The suite of 2011 Census products and associated pricing is outlined in Chapter 5: The 2011 Census Data Product Range.
PLACE OF USUAL RESIDENCE
Australian Censuses have traditionally given priority to place of enumeration data. The place of enumeration is the location at which the person was counted on Census night. This type of count provides a snapshot in any given area. Although the Census is timed to attempt to capture the typical situation, holiday resort areas, such as the Gold Coast and snowfields, may show a large enumeration count compared with the usual residence count, which is based on where people usually live.
It should be noted that Census usual residence population counts differ significantly from the official Estimated Resident Population. Usual residence counts have not been adjusted for underenumeration and exclude Australian residents who were overseas on Census night.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AUSTRALIAN STATISTICAL GEOGRAPHY STANDARD (ASGS)
The 2011 Census results will be released on a new geographical classification, the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). This geography is more stable than the previously used Australian Standard Geographical Classification and will improve the quality of outputs available from the Census. More detail about the ASGS is provided in Chapter 6: Changes between the 2006 and 2011 Censuses.
For more information about Census products and the ASGS, please refer to Census of Population and Housing: Outcomes from the 2011 Census Output Geography Discussion Paper, 2011 (cat. no. 2911.0.55.003).
TIMELY RELEASE OF DATA
One of the primary goals of the Census is to provide timely and responsive output to users. Due to the enormous task associated with processing in excess of 11 million Census forms, the previous three Censuses have aimed at delivering data as quickly as possible through a two-phase release. First release data contain core demographic variables and second release tables contain variables that require more complex processing.
First release data will be made available as soon as possible after the Census with a release date of 21 June 2012. The second release data will follow four months later, on 30 October 2012. The supplementary data release, third release, will begin on 28 March 2013, with products released progressively until the end of 2013. This will finalise all Census data output for the 2011 Census.
CENSUS DATA ENHANCEMENT PROJECT
Commencing with the 2006 Census, the ABS began a project to enhance the value of Census data by bringing it together with other datasets to leverage more information from the combination of individual datasets than is available from the datasets separately.
The Census Data Enhancement (CDE) project improves and expands the range of official statistics available to Australian society, and improves the evidence base to support good government policy making, program management and service delivery. For more detail, please refer to Census Data Enhancement Project: An Update, Oct 2010 (cat. no. 2062.0).
The CDE project is a major project involving integrating unit record data from the Census with other ABS and non-ABS datasets to create new datasets for statistical and research purposes. The project also adds value to data from the Census by bringing it together with data from future Censuses. There will be three components of the CDE project which will include the possibility of producing output products:
• the 5% Statistical Longitudinal Census Dataset (SLCD)
• bringing together the SLCD with other datasets, without using name and address, for statistical and research purposes
• bringing together 2011 Census data with other datasets, without using name and address, after Census processing.
The 5% Statistical Longitudinal Census Dataset
A Statistical Longitudinal Census Dataset (SLCD) will be created by bringing together data from the 2006 Census with data from the 2011 Census and future Censuses, without using name and address, to build a picture of how society moves through various changes: which groups are affected by different types of change and in what way.
Bringing together the SLCD with other datasets without using name and address
The 5% SLCD can be enhanced further by bringing it together with specified non-ABS datasets using statistical techniques, without using name and address. At this stage no data integration projects involving the 5% SLCD are planned.
Bringing together 2011 Census data with other datasets without using name and address
The ABS will support certain projects that bring together the full 2011 Census datasets with other ABS and non-ABS datasets without name and address after Census processing. There are a number of criteria that these projects must meet in order to proceed (see Census Data Enhancement Project: An Update, Oct 2010 (cat. no. 2062.0). Details of all such projects that are approved to proceed will be published. At this stage no data integration projects of this type are planned.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
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ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6302.0 - Average Weekly Earnings, Australia, Nov 2008 Quality Declaration
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Past Releases
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6503.0 - Household Expenditure Survey and Survey of Income and Housing: User Guide, 2003-04
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 08/03/2007 First Issue
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Chapter '2.6 Benchmarks and weighting of survey results' was reissued to correct the details of the age benchmarks which were previously incorrect. No other data has been affected by this correction.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
1318.3 - Qld Stats, Mar 2011 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/03/2011 Final
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Contents >> Economy >> Incomes
INCOMES
Average Weekly Earnings
The trend estimate of average weekly ordinary time earnings for full-time adult persons in Queensland was $1257.20.0 in November 2010. The corresponding national earnings figure was $1,272.50. The difference between the state figure and the national figure has become less in recent years.
The Queensland average weekly ordinary time earnings for full-time adult persons increased 4.0% over the 12 months to November 2010, compared with an increase of 3.9% for the corresponding national figure over the same period.
Average Weekly Earnings, Full-Time Adult Ordinary Time: Trend
The November 2010 trend estimates of average weekly ordinary time earnings for full-time adult persons in Queensland were $1,356.10 for males and $1,091.80 for females. The figure for males increased 4.3% over the previous 12 months compared with an increase of 4.0% for females.
The difference between male and female earnings in Queensland has widened over the ten years from November 2000 to November 2010 with males now earning $264.30 more than females for average weekly full-time adult ordinary time earnings.
Average Weekly Earnings, Full-Time Adult Ordinary Time, Queensland: Trend
In original terms, the Queensland public sector November 2010 estimate of average weekly full-time ordinary time earnings was $1,327.70, compared with $1,248.10 for the private sector. Over the ten years to November 2010 in original terms, public sector earnings have remained higher than the private sector.
Average Weekly Earnings, Full-Time Adult Ordinary Time, Queensland - Private and public sector: Original
More information on average weekly earnings can be accessed at Average Weekly Earnings, Australia (cat. no. 6302.0) or by contacting the National Information and Referral Service on 1300 135 070. This publication is released quarterly.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
7307.0 - Wheat Stocks and Exports, Australia, Apr 2012 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 06/12/2012
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Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Where does Iron Man live? Iron know!
Nice Origamoney: A man with a $1 nad $5 dollar bills
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Date: Mar / 17 / 2011 + Comments: 0
Nice touch that the Abraham Lincoln face was perfectly located in this origami.
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Study protocol
Randomized trial of achieving healthy lifestyles in psychiatric rehabilitation: the ACHIEVE trial
Sarah S Casagrande1, Gerald J Jerome2,3, Arlene T Dalcin2, Faith B Dickerson4, Cheryl A Anderson1,5, Lawrence J Appel1,2,5, Jeanne Charleston5, Rosa M Crum1,10,5,9, Deborah R Young9, Eliseo Guallar1,5, Kevin D Frick6, Richard W Goldberg7,8, Meghan Oefinger2, Joseph Finkelstein1,2,6, Joseph V Gennusa2, Oladapo Fred-Omojole2, Leslie M Campbell2, Nae-Yuh Wang1,2 and Gail L Daumit1,10,11,2,5,6*
Author Affiliations
1 Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
2 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
3 Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
4 Sheppard Pratt Health System, Towson, Maryland, USA
5 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
6 Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
7 VA Capitol Health Care Network (VISN 5) Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
8 Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
9 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
10 Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
11 Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Psychiatry 2010, 10:108 doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-108
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/10/108
Received:28 July 2010
Accepted:13 December 2010
Published:13 December 2010
© 2010 Casagrande et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Overweight and obesity are highly prevalent among persons with serious mental illness. These conditions likely contribute to premature cardiovascular disease and a 20 to 30 percent shortened life expectancy in this vulnerable population. Persons with serious mental illness need effective, appropriately tailored behavioral interventions to achieve and maintain weight loss. Psychiatric rehabilitation day programs provide logical intervention settings because mental health consumers often attend regularly and exercise can take place on-site. This paper describes the Randomized Trial of Achieving Healthy Lifestyles in Psychiatric Rehabilitation (ACHIEVE). The goal of the study is to determine the effectiveness of a behavioral weight loss intervention among persons with serious mental illness that attend psychiatric rehabilitation programs. Participants randomized to the intervention arm of the study are hypothesized to have greater weight loss than the control group.
Methods/Design
A targeted 320 men and women with serious mental illness and overweight or obesity (body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) will be recruited from 10 psychiatric rehabilitation programs across Maryland. The core design is a randomized, two-arm, parallel, multi-site clinical trial to compare the effectiveness of an 18-month behavioral weight loss intervention to usual care. Active intervention participants receive weight management sessions and physical activity classes on-site led by study interventionists. The intervention incorporates cognitive adaptations for persons with serious mental illness attending psychiatric rehabilitation programs. The initial intensive intervention period is six months, followed by a twelve-month maintenance period in which trained rehabilitation program staff assume responsibility for delivering parts of the intervention. Primary outcomes are weight loss at six and 18 months.
Discussion
Evidence-based approaches to the high burden of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in person with serious mental illness are urgently needed. The ACHIEVE Trial is tailored to persons with serious mental illness in community settings. This multi-site randomized clinical trial will provide a rigorous evaluation of a practical behavioral intervention designed to accomplish and sustain weight loss in persons with serious mental illness.
Trial Registration
Clinical Trials.gov NCT00902694
Background
The prevalence of overweight and obesity has significantly increased over the past several decades with roughly 34% of U.S. adults currently being obese [1,2]. In persons with serious mental illness (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), overweight and obesity are at epidemic levels that are higher than in the overall U.S. population [3-5]. Obesity significantly increases the risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease mainly through the effects of obesity on hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus [6,7]. Furthermore, many classes of psychotropic drugs are associated with weight gain. [3,8,9]. Given the long-term needs of most patients with serious mental illness to continue psychotropic medications, interventions to reduce obesity and cardiovascular risk are urgently needed.
National guidelines for weight loss emphasize a multifaceted approach to include reduced energy intake, improved dietary patterns and increased physical activity [10-13]. Randomized controlled behavioral weight loss intervention trials showing efficacy for weight loss in the general population have systematically excluded individuals with chronic mental illness from participating [14-19]. In addition, behavioral lifestyle interventions in persons with serious mental illness pose several challenges since these individuals may have competing demands on a daily basis. Person with serious mental illness are often dealing with active mental health symptoms, housing issues, substance abuse or other social issues that may take precedence over behavioral change for weight loss. Furthermore, the high prevalence of cognitive deficits in this population can impede individuals from successfully performing activities of daily living [20]. Thus, traditional behavioral interventions that have been shown to be effective in populations without mental illness should be tailored to meet the specific needs of persons with serious mental illness [14].
There have been few behavioral interventions that have targeted weight loss in persons with serious mental illness. Most previous studies have applied strategies similar to those used in trials for the general population and have focused exclusively on dietary intake with a few incorporating some physical activity component. Furthermore, the interventions in this population have been small (< 60 participants), without a control comparison group and have used various methods to induce behavior change [21-28]. Nevertheless, the literature indicates that selected persons with serious mental illness can benefit from short-term behavioral weight loss interventions [17]. Given the health benefits of exercise and healthy dietary patterns, randomized controlled trials of comprehensive weight loss interventions (dietary and physical activity components) are needed among persons with serious mental illness.
This protocol describes a randomized, controlled trial of a comprehensive behavioral weight loss and weight maintenance program among persons with serious mental illness that attend psychiatric rehabilitation day programs across Maryland. Psychiatric rehabilitation programs (PRP) are outpatient facilities where persons with serious mental illness attend up to several days a week and receive vocational and other services. Psychiatric rehabilitation programs may be opportune and efficient settings for testing, implementing and disseminating interventions. Rehabilitation programs have classroom and communal space suitable for group weight management and exercise sessions. The potential sustainability of a weight loss intervention at psychiatric rehabilitation programs may be more feasible than in other types of mental health settings because consumers regularly attend and the centers already offer other types of classes. In addition, most rehabilitation programs serve persons with a range of serious mental illness diagnoses, including schizophrenia; thus, interventions targeted to these settings could generalize to broad populations with serious mental illness.
Methods
Study Design Summary
The core design is a randomized, two-arm, parallel, multi-site clinical trial. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were chosen to enroll a population with chronic mental illness who are overweight or obese and who may safely participate in a weight loss intervention including moderate intensity exercise. Interested mental health consumers are being screened for eligibility at 10 psychiatric rehabilitation centers across Maryland. Three hundred and twenty adult participants completing screening are targeted for enrollment and randomization to the ACHIEVE (Achieving Healthy Lifestyles in Psychiatric Rehabilitation) intervention or usual care. Intervention participants receive group and individual weight management sessions and group physical activity classes. In the initial 6-month intervention phase, study interventionists lead the sessions and also train designated rehabilitation program staff. A 12-month maintenance intervention phase follows in which interventionists continue leading some sessions and trained rehabilitation staff assume responsibility for delivering part of the intervention. Interventionists also provide education to rehabilitation program kitchen staff to increase options for healthy meals served on-site. Follow-up data collection occurs at 6, 12, and 18 months from baseline. The study was approved by the Johns Hopkins Institutional Review Board (protocol number NA00015231).
Specific Aims
Primary Aim
Determine the effect of the ACHIEVE intervention on weight loss at 6 and 18 months. The hypothesis is that the ACHIEVE intervention group will have greater weight loss than the control group.
Secondary Aims
Determine the effect of the ACHIEVE intervention on the following outcomes at 6 and 18 months: physical fitness by submaximal bicycle ergometer; waist circumference; blood pressure; lipids; Framingham cardiovascular risk score; health status with SF-12 and depression with CES-D. The hypothesis is that the ACHIEVE intervention group will have greater improvement of these outcomes compared to the control group. In addition, costs per participant will be assessed and a cost effectiveness analysis will be performed.
Study sites and population
The study sites will include 10 community psychiatric rehabilitation programs across urban and suburban Maryland. Each location shares certain features: (1) adult psychiatric rehabilitation day program with consumers attending regularly at least 3 days a week; (2) space for on-site physical activity classes; and (3) meals served to consumers. The trial is enrolling men and women, age 18 and older who are overweight (body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) or obese and attend the psychiatric rehabilitation programs. By definition of their psychiatric rehabilitation attendance, these participants have a serious mental illness diagnosis. Persons with serious mental illness that receive care from rehabilitation programs' on-site mental health clinics are also eligible for recruitment. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the trial are listed below.
Inclusion criteria
■ Age 18 and older;
■ Overweight, defined by Body Mass Index at least 25.0 kg/m2;
■ Able and willing to give informed consent and participate in the intervention;
■ On the same psychiatric medications within the 30 days before baseline weight (dose changes allowed;)
■ Able to attend at least 2 intervention sessions per week (one weight management and one physical activity session) during initial 6-month phase;
Exclusion criteria
■ Contraindication to weight loss
- Receiving active cancer treatment (radiation/chemotherapy)
- Liver failure
- History of anorexia nervosa;
■ Cardiovascular event (unstable angina, myocardial infarction) within previous 6 months;
■ Prior or planned bariatric surgery;
Use of prescription weight loss medication or over-the-counter orlistat within 3 months
if participant does not agree to stop taking it;
■ Twenty pound or greater weight loss in 3 months prior to baseline, as documented by staff measurement;
■ Inability to walk to participate in exercise class;
■ Pregnant or planning a pregnancy during study period. Nursing mothers would need approval from physician;
■ Alcohol or substance use disorder either: 1) active and determined to be incompatible with participation in the intervention through discussion with program staff; or 2) new abstinence from alcohol or substance use disorder in past 30 days;
■ Planning to leave rehabilitation center within 6 months or move out of geographic area within 18 months;
■ Investigator judgment (e.g., for concerns over safety, adherence or follow-up);
■ Weight greater than 400 pounds.
Recruitment Strategies
Most recruitment activities occur on-site at the psychiatric rehabilitation centers and affiliated psychiatric clinics. The primary means of recruitment is direct communication with consumers. Regular mental health consumer meetings at the rehabilitation programs provide opportunities for study staff to present the study. During presentations, study staff often show an informational video and may incorporate an exercise class demonstration. Posters are displayed and fliers and brochures are distributed. In addition, study staff make presentations to rehabilitation program staff and outpatient mental health clinic staff. Rehabilitation program staff and outpatient clinic staff may mention the study to their clients. Potential participants also are identified by working with rehabilitation staff and reviewing together the list of rehabilitation program attendees, using a HIPAA waiver. Study staff are available on-site at the rehabilitation programs to discuss the study during the times when consumers attend. Potential participants are also given a phone number and a postcard to mail back to reach study staff to indicate their interest.
To track recruitment, a roster of consumers attending the center is provided by each rehabilitation program. These rosters assist in defining and counting the number of consumers contacted and enable the characterization of enrollees and non-enrollees.
Data Collection and Measurements
Before formal screening for the trial begins, oral consent from rehabilitation center attendees is obtained and their weight and height at study baseline is measured for calculation of body mass index; weight will be measured again at 6 and 18-month follow up data collection points. Measuring weight of all consumers at the day program, regardless of their interest in joining the weight loss intervention study, allows for an understanding of: (1) the natural history of weight gain in this population without intervention and (2) how the environmental component of the intervention (i.e., increasing options for healthy meals on-site) may affect weight at the centers in a pre/post fashion. The goal will be to measure height and weight for as many attendees as possible.
For the formal trial, all participants provide written informed consent using procedures reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins Institutional Review Boards (IRB). A two-stage consent process is used with the first consent obtained to conduct screening procedures and a second consent obtained after baseline data collection and prior to randomization. An evaluation of ability to give consent is also administered for each participant before screening consent which includes answering questions about the goal of the study, what they will be asked to do, and what risks may be involved if they join the study. If a participant is deemed not able to give consent, he/she may not join the study.
Participant eligibility is determined by the completion of several screening measures. The Rose Angina Questionnaire and a checklist of medical conditions are implemented to determine health status for a moderate intensity exercise program [29]. If potential participants have a positive Rose Questionnaire, a prior history of cardiovascular disease or have diabetes mellitus, they require an approval letter from their primary care physician in order to enroll in the study. In addition, primary care physicians for all participants are contacted about the study to ensure there are no contraindications to weight loss or participation in moderate intensity physical activity. Alcohol and substance abuse are assessed with the Addiction Severity Index-Lite [30]; medications are reviewed; and plans to remain at the rehabilitation center during the duration of the study to participate in the trial are discussed with the consumer.
Data collection visits occur on-site at psychiatric rehabilitation centers and are conducted by trained data collectors certified in study measures. Measurements are conducted using standardized operating procedures and quality control methods. Table 1 summarizes the data collection measures and schedule. Follow-up measures are collected at 6, 12, and 18 months after baseline.
Table 1. ACHIEVE Trial Data Collection Schedule
Randomization and Blinding
After baseline data collection and before the intervention begins, participants meet with study staff and the intervention arms of the study are described in detail. The study coordinator confirms that the participant meets eligibility criteria, and that all required baseline data have been collected. Participants interested in enrollment are consented individually and randomized to either the intervention or the control group. The study coordinator ascertains and communicates treatment assignments to participants [31]. Randomization is stratified by gender and site using blocks of sizes 2 and 4 in random order to create the randomization sequence for each stratum.
Due to the nature of the intervention, both participants and interventionists will be aware of the assignment. The following mechanisms are in place for data collection staff to be masked to treatment assignment: 1) designating and tracking unmasked study staff; 2) excluding data collection staff from any part of intervention delivery; 3) performing outcome assessments in separate rooms than the intervention; and 4) reminding participants not to share their group assignment. Until the trial end, investigators, staff and participants are masked to outcome data with the exception of the trial statistician and data analyst. In addition, the primary outcome variable, weight, is subject to very little measurement bias [32].
Intervention
The ACHIEVE intervention incorporates concepts from social cognitive theory, behavioral self-management and the relapse prevention model [33-36]. The theoretical base of the ACHIEVE Trial fits well within the psychiatric rehabilitation framework which emphasizes tenets of intrinsic skills building and environmental supports [37,38]. Motivational interviewing provides an important framework for helping participants problem solve and set goals for weight loss.
The ACHIEVE intervention operationalizes these models by providing frequent and extended contacts, opportunities for group interactions and social support, goal setting and self-negotiation, problem solving, and examples of new behavioral options. The intervention was developed from a comprehensive lifestyle intervention tested in the NHLBI sponsored PREMIER Trial (A Trial of Lifestyle Interventions for Blood Pressure Control), which has proven efficacious for weight loss by incorporating dietary and physical activity components [16,19,39]. To the PREMIER foundation of individual and group counseling sessions, on-site physical activity sessions were added to take advantage of the psychiatric rehabilitation environment as an opportunity for both skills modeling and attaining most of the weekly recommended physical activity. To further tailor the intervention, the neurocognitive deficits in working memory, verbal memory and executive function that are common in persons with serious mental illness were addressed [40,41]. Successful didactic interventions in schizophrenia emphasize learning a few, specific and narrow skills repeatedly, breaking material into small units, learning aides to reduce requirements on memory and attention, repetition of content, and rehearsing behavioral skills [42]. One successful approach for coping with cognitive deficits is the use of compensatory environmental strategies, which are adaptations in the environment designed to bypass neurocognitive impairments and improve adaptive functioning [43]; examples include signs, labels, and devices designed to cue and sequence appropriate behaviors and structure [44]. All aspects of the ACHIEVE intervention were tailored to meet the specific needs of a psychiatric rehabilitation population. Table 2 outlines the cognitive adaptations in the intervention.
Table 2. Cognitive adaptations in the ACHIEVE intervention
The main intervention goals of ACHIEVE include: (1) reducing caloric intake by avoiding sugar drinks and "junk food," (2) eating 5 fruits and vegetables a day, (3) choosing smart portions and snacks, and (4) increasing caloric expenditure through participation in 3 moderate intensity aerobic exercise sessions per week at the psychiatric rehabilitation program [10].
Table 3 reflects the ACHIEVE intervention characteristics for participants randomized to the intervention group. In the first individual session, the interventionist begins a partnership with the participant and assesses his/her readiness to change and understanding nutritional principles. Behavior goals are set and in subsequent sessions the interventionist uses feedback and motivational interviewing techniques to assess the participant's current progress and to help move towards the next goal. These sessions allow the interventionist to tailor the intervention to individual needs.
Table 3. Description of ACHIEVE Intervention
Group weight-management classes occur three times per month during the intensive phase of the intervention and each month the classes are focused on one main topic, such as increasing fruit and vegetable consumption. The sessions begin with a discussion to support and review the concepts discussed and practiced since the prior session. A portion of the weekly session is devoted to didactic information about healthy eating or physical activity education, which is supported by food models and posters, a self-monitoring worksheet, hands-on activities related to the monthly topic, or food tastings. Participants set individual behavioral goals based on the material presented that week.
Group physical activity sessions are held three days per week at the rehabilitation center (e.g., in a multipurpose area) and led by a trained exercise leader from the study staff. A progressive exercise program starts at a level appropriate for sedentary adults: 10-minute warm-up; 10 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity and 5-minute cool down [45]. The exercise duration gradually increases each week until participants are completing 40 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity and 10 minutes of warm-up and cool-down. Participants are encouraged to incorporate daily physical activity outside of the group exercise class and may set goals that reflect this effort.
In addition to the organized sessions, participants meet with the intervention staff monthly for an individual weight loss counseling session. This brief activity provides immediate feedback on weight loss progress. If participants lose weight, they are asked what worked for them. If they gain weight, staff work to problem-solve and assist in working towards a behavioral goal or setting a more realistic goal.
Self-monitoring and positive reinforcement are important aspects of successful weight loss trials. Participants are asked to fill out a "Tracker" as a self-monitoring tool outside of group sessions. Each tracker is used for one week; participants record the number of servings of fruits and vegetables, and respond yes or no to: exercising for 30 minutes; drinking sugar drinks; eating junk food; smart portions or smart snacks. The Tracker provides a behavioral cue to participants. An incentive program rewards participation in class and individual sessions with choices of varying priced items (e.g., gym suit, store gift card) after a specified number of stickers have been earned. In order to earn a sticker in exercise class the participant must remain standing and engaged in class from the first minute of warm up through the last minute of cool down. For weight management group and individual visits, participants earn a sticker for being present in class throughout the entire duration of the session time.
For the maintenance intervention period, rehabilitation center staff assumes the responsibility for much of the exercise portion of the intervention in a stepped process over two 6-month phases. Designated rehabilitation center employees are trained by intervention study staff and provided with exercise videos made by the study team in an effort to mimic the instructor led exercise class as much as possible. The rehabilitation staff take responsibility for encouraging attendance and participation, starting the video, overseeing the safety of the class, and recording attendance data. Intervention study staff are available for consultation as needed to offer more support during this phase. This transition occurs in order to facilitate the rehabilitation center's ownership of the program, with the goal of increasing the likelihood that the center will continue to offer components of the intervention after the study is complete.
Intervention Delivery
ACHIEVE interventionists are skilled facilitators with experience in behavior change and group and individual-level counseling. Interventionists have a skill level that would be typical for a community health educator with a bachelor's degree; exercise leaders have at least one year of experience in leading an exercise class and/or are a certified exercise instructor. Intervention staff are trained to deliver any or all components of the intervention in order to maximize the resources of this multi-site trial. Manualized procedures and standardized materials are used to ensure consistency of the intervention including standardized formats for the group exercise classes. Staff members are regularly observed as part of ongoing staff training and fidelity assurance.
Psychiatric rehabilitation program leadership and staff at each site support the intervention and are involved in the study on multiple levels. Program leadership from each site work with the study team so that intervention classes fit into the overall center schedule, and collaborate on participants' individual rehabilitation plans. Each site designates at least one employee to become trained to conduct group physical activity classes using an exercise video.
Resources included in measuring the costs of the intervention delivery include the number of staff, and the duration of each activity. For each study site, staff record one week of data at intervention months 2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 15 and 18. Staff time includes time with participants for intervention sessions, time spent preparing for sessions, training and intervention-related meetings. All research related activities are excluded from the cost analysis.
Control Group
Participants in the control group receive standard nutrition and physical activity written information at baseline. Health classes are held quarterly for control participants with content unrelated to weight loss (e.g., cancer screening, oral health).
Environmental Nutrition Intervention
In order to support intervention group participants' ability to select healthy foods, interventionists provide consulting services to rehabilitation program kitchen staff. The consultation sessions help kitchen staff identify healthier food choices for meals served on-site within site budget and regulatory constraints (e.g., federal food guidelines). Interventionists work with rehabilitation staff to identify goals and then offer options to improve food choices such reducing high sugar foods, working on appropriate portion sizes and modifying vending machine offerings. Rehabilitation staff choose goals and which options they will incorporate.
A random sample of menus at baseline, 6 months, and 18 months are collected and evaluated for nutritional content using ESHA software (The Food Processor, 2009, Salem, OR) [46].
Data Analysis
Randomly assigned intervention group (i.e., behavioral intervention or control) is the main independent variable for intent-to-treat analysis [47]. The co-primary outcomes are weight loss at 6 and 18 months. To evaluate the efficacy of the intervention for each of these outcomes, generalized estimating equations are used [48]. These models account for the longitudinal nature of the trial and incorporate baseline, and 6, 12 and 18-month measurements and will account for study site and other baseline characteristics found not to be balanced by randomization. For secondary outcomes that are categorical, logistic regression GEE models are used according to the same principles outlined above for continuous outcomes.
In addition to the analyses that preserve the intention to treat principle, analyses on subgroups defined post-randomization are exploratory. These include analyses in participants who attended the majority of weight management and exercise intervention sessions.
Although second generation antipsychotics and other psychotropic medications can induce substantial weight gain [3,9], we expect that both study groups will be equivalent in their distribution of these medication due to the process of randomization. Several analytical approaches are planned to address three main potential effects of antipsychotic and other concomitant medication on study outcomes; these include: (1) imbalances in medication use between the intervention and control groups, despite randomization procedures, (2) variation in intervention efficacy by medication or medication class, and (3) changes in drug use after randomization.
The analytic approach to handle missing data will be anchored on the assumption that data is missing at random (MAR), where the probability of missing can depend on all observed information such as measured weights and covariates but does not depend on variables that are not recorded. The analysis model will include parameters for visit specific means for each treatment group, baseline covariates associated with study retention, and use an unstructured covariance structure. Missing at random is almost never strictly correct, but careful modeling should make the missing data process as close to MAR as possible. Primary analyses will be conducted under the assumption of MAR; sensitivity analyses will be based on sensible "missing not at random" scenarios to evaluate the robustness of the inferences under the MAR assumption.
For the environmental nutrition intervention, the menus are collected at each data collection time point and analyzed for nutrients using ESHA software. The mean number of calories, macronutrients, and micronutrients at each site are determined and t-tests are used to determine significant differences at each time point. Given the expected variability between sites in making changes to menus, differences in menu changes will be assessed within each site and then overall.
To support the long-term goal to integrate the ACHIEVE program into psychiatric rehabilitation centers, a cost analysis is planned. The primary analysis assesses the direct cost per participant of intervention implementation from the perspective of a future payer (e.g., Medicaid). A second analysis assesses costs from the societal perspective projecting cardiovascular risk factor changes 10 years into the future.
Sample size and power
The main objective of this trial is to detect weight loss having public health significance. Previous work has indicated that 4-5 pounds of weight loss should reduce systolic blood pressure by ~3 mmHg, which has been estimated to reduce stroke mortality by 6-8%; cardiovascular heart disease mortality by 4-5%; and to reduce risk of incident hypertension by 20% [18,49]. A Monte Carlo simulation study was used to assess the power to detect a clinically meaningful effect on weight loss at months 6 and 18 under a range of conservative assumptions about the effect size, standard deviation, and follow-up with potentially clustered sites [50]. It was assumed that a 4.5 lb difference in weight at 18 months between intervention and control groups would be observed and that the difference at 6 months would be larger. For power calculations, we assumed a standard deviation of change in weight of 12 lbs and that follow-up would be 80% complete. Under these assumptions, for two-sided 0.05-level tests of the null hypothesis, the study should provide approximately 86% power for detecting a difference of 4.5 lbs with SD = 12 lbs. In addition, the study will have the same power to detect the a similar effect size with a smaller sample size if we achieve a higher follow-up rate.
Discussion
Despite successful behavioral weight loss interventions in the general population, few randomized controlled trials of comprehensive behavioral weight loss interventions among persons with serious mental illness have been performed [51]. Given the high prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors, effective weight loss programs are needed in this vulnerable population. The ACHIEVE investigators led a previous pilot weight loss study (n = 52) in two psychiatric rehabilitation programs and demonstrated preliminary success with high levels of recruitment, retention and pre/post weight loss of 4.8 pounds [52]. The ACHIEVE Trial will definitively test the effectiveness of this innovative, practical intervention to realize and sustain weight loss in overweight and obese persons with serious mental illness. If successful, the intervention will be a model program that should provide important health benefits by reducing cardiovascular disease risk for persons with serious mental illness, and with appropriate resources, could be disseminated widely.
This study compares the effectiveness of a multifaceted weight loss intervention to a standard care group among persons who often have cognitive impairments and other comorbidities. Behavioral weight loss trials have shown efficacy for weight loss in other populations. For example, the ACHIEVE intervention was modeled after the PREMIER Trial, a comprehensive lifestyle intervention that incorporated education and counseling for diet and physical activity; the trial was proven effective for weight loss in the general population [39]. The Trial of Nonpharmacologic Intervention in the Elderly (TONE) study demonstrated significant weight loss (3.5-4.5 kg average reduction) among adults age 60-80 years over a 30-month follow-up period [53]. Similarly, initial 1-year results from the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial have shown that older adults (> 65 years) attend more lifestyle intervention sessions and participate in more physical activity than their younger counterparts [54]. At the end of a 6-month follow-up period, participants in The Weight Loss Maintenance trial demonstrated significant weight loss across racial and gender groups; weight loss was greatest among non-African American men and least among African American women [55].
Although there have been few behavioral weight loss intervention trials among persons with serious mental illness, previous work suggests that short-term weight loss can be achieved in this population [51,56]. The magnitude of weight change in ACHIEVE and other trials for persons with serious mental illness could be lower than seen in other studies and populations. If true, this may be due in part to participants having difficulty incorporating targeted behaviors from weight management sessions or lacking resources to buy lower-calorie foods. Other barriers to weight loss may include persistent mental health symptoms and frequent hospitalizations. However, the ACHIEVE Trial is unique in that interventionists provide frequent and extended contacts at locations participants regularly attend. In contrast, previous lifestyle interventions in populations without mental illness often have less frequent in-person interaction and require participants to go to other locations for intervention groups and data collection. The frequent contacts in a familiar setting in ACHIEVE may help overcome barriers from cognitive limitations and/or mental health symptoms and subsequently foster significant weight loss. The multiple components of the intervention are designed to include a variety of methods to induce behavior change through repetitive and on-going activities (e.g., group and individual sessions, rewards, food models, daily record trackers).
The ACHIEVE Trial is one of the first weight loss trials that incorporates tailored weight management sessions and on-site exercise classes to persons with serious mental illness. This multi-site study will include a diversity of racial/ethnic groups, suburban and urban areas across Maryland, younger and older adults, and persons with varying severity and types of psychiatric disease. Thus, the results should be applicable to a wide range of persons with serious mental illness.
One challenge of the ACHIEVE Trial is the extensive support and buy-in from staff at the psychiatric rehabilitation centers required for success. ACHIEVE interventionists and data collectors need the center's physical space and other resources such as time to consult with staff in order to implement the intervention and collect data. Even with enthusiasm from psychiatric rehabilitation programs, intervention implementation may still be challenging because of certain program constraints. In the current funding environment, many mental health programs are under significant financial stress and have high staff turnover.
If the ACHIEVE intervention proves effective, there will be strong justification for mechanisms to sustain the program at current sites and disseminate it to other centers. Resource data collected during the trial will inform future costs of continuing the intervention. Practical considerations for intervention sustainability and dissemination are complex and include how cardiovascular disease prevention fits into centers' priorities and what funding the rehabilitation programs would have to conduct the intervention. Centers likely would need dedicated resources or reimbursement mechanisms to contract with experienced interventionists and/or to invest in training psychiatric rehabilitation staff to conduct appropriate intervention components.
The ACHIEVE Trial tests an evidence-based approach to the problem of obesity in persons with serious mental illness. The study will provide knowledge about how to accomplish weight loss through an appropriately tailored intervention delivered in a psychiatric rehabilitation setting. Furthermore, the results from this study will inform future work in healthy lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular disease prevention in populations with chronic mental illness.
Abbreviations
CES-D: refers to Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SF-12: refers to Short Form 12 Health Survey; HIPAA: refers to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; GEE: refers to Generalized estimating equation.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
GLD conceived the design of the study. EG and NYW participated in the analytic and statistical analysis plans. KDF participated in the cost-analysis plans. GJJ participated in developing the exercise intervention and bike test measures. FBD participated in the study design. CAA, JVG, SSS, AD participated in the design and implementation of the environmental nutrition intervention. RWG participated in the intervention design. JF designed the data entry and documentation system. MO led the intervention staff. OF and LC directed data collection. JBC participated in the coordination of the trial. SSC, GLD, and LJA drafted the article. All authors edited and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
Funding for this study is provided by the National Institute of Mental Health, Grant R01MH080964
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/10/108/prepub
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The Probability Approach to English If-conditional Sentences
Mei Wu
Abstract
Users of the Probability Approach choose the right one from four basic types of conditional sentences—factual, predictive, hypothetical and counterfactual conditionals, by judging how likely (i.e. the probability) the event in the result-clause will take place when the condition in the if-clause is met. Thirty-three students from the experimental class received a 30-minute lecture on the Probability Approach between taking two conditional quizzes while 32 students from the control class did not. Averagely speaking, students who learned the Probability Approach were found to have scored 6 points higher in the second quiz than in the first quiz, compared with those who didn’t learn this approach. This finding proved that the Probability Approach was effective in helping students acquire the four basic types of conditional sentences.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/elt.v5n5p37
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
English Language Teaching ISSN 1916-4742 (Print) ISSN 1916-4750 (Online)
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Mississippi Online Genealogy RecordsEdit This Page
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ATA Raw
From Forensics Wiki
Revision as of 02:13, 4 August 2012 by Joachim Metz (Talk | contribs)
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ataraw
Maintainer: none
OS: unknown
Genre: Disk imaging
License: none
Website: simson.net/ref/2009/ataraw-0.2.1.tar.gz
ATA Raw is a library and user level program developed by the Naval Postgraduate School for constructing arbitrary ATA commands and sending them to an ATA device. The program was developed to enable testing of ATA write-blockers.
ATA Raw has been archived at http://simson.net/ref/2009/ataraw-0.2.1.tar.gz.
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User talk:JadedZipper
From Grand Theft Wiki
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user pagetalk pagecontributionsedit count
Welcome JadedZipper
Contents
Hi , welcome to Grand Theft Wiki! I hope you like the place and decide to stay.
Whether you're brand new to wikis or are an expert, check out our Tasks page, which shows you the sorts of things you can help out with on here. Feel free to contribute to this site and edit pages, even if you're new!
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I hope you enjoy being a part of this wiki, and that get involved in the community here! If you need help, ask any of our Staff members and leave a message on our talk/discussion pages. Have fun!
-- gboyers talk 02:42, 23 August 2011 (BST)
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Abstract and Applied Analysis
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 963105, 13 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/963105
Research Article
Existence of Three Solutions for a Nonlinear Fractional Boundary Value Problem via a Critical Points Theorem
Department of Mathematics, Huaiyin Normal University, Jiangsu, Huaian 223300, China
Received 13 May 2012; Revised 8 July 2012; Accepted 9 July 2012
Academic Editor: Bashir Ahmad
Copyright © 2012 Chuanzhi Bai. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
This paper is concerned with the existence of three solutions to a nonlinear fractional boundary value problem as follows: where , and is a positive real parameter. The approach is based on a critical-points theorem established by G. Bonanno.
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• Title: Equinus the Spirit Horse
• Authors: Adam Blade
• Year: 2011-07-01
• ISBN-10: 0-606-22765-2
• ISBN-13: 978-0-606-22765-0
• Publisher: Turtleback Books
• Price: $14.75
• Pages: 96
• Binding: hc
• Type: NOVEL
• Title Reference: Equinus the Spirit Horse
• ISFDB Record Number: 352972
• Notes: Library binding.
Data from Amazon.com as of 2011-05-20.
• Bibliographic Comments: Add new Publication comment (QNSTHSPRTH2011)
Verification Status
Reference Status
Primary Not Verified
Clute/Nicholls Not Verified
Clute/Grant Not Verified
Contento1 (anth/coll) Not Verified
Locus1 Not Verified
Reginald1 Not Verified
Reginald3 Not Verified
Tuck Not Verified
Miller/Contento Not Verified
Bleiler1 (Gernsback) Not Verified
Currey Not Verified
Primary (Transient) Not Verified
Bleiler78 Not Verified
OCLC/Worldcat Not Verified
Primary2 Not Verified
Primary3 Not Verified
Primary4 Not Verified
Primary5 Not Verified
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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Gus
From the Super Mario Wiki
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Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door Enemy
Gus
Max HP 20
Attack 3
Defense 0
Location(s) Rogueport
Log A super-annoying guy with a big spear that he tends to throw at people. Some people think he's a bunch of sass talk, but he's tough.
Items None
Moves Spear Throw (3); Spear Charge (3)
Bestiary
41 42 43
“CRUD! You dumb video-game heroes ALWAYS pull this stuff! It's RIDICULOUS! You think violence solves everything, don't you? Huh? DON'T YOU?!?”
Gus, Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door
Gus is an enemy encountered during the events of Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door. He is a member of the Robbo Gang of eastern Rogueport, along with his brother Garf and their associate Goose. Gus can be found outside of Professor Frankly's office, guarding the passageway to the farthest eastern area of Rogueport. Gus is the only member of the Robbo Gang that the player can fight. He can be battled at any time during the game.
Contents
[edit] History
Though not much is known about Gus's history prior to Mario's arrival to Rogueport, the duration of time Mario spends in Rogueport unravels some of Gus's history, particularly with his relationship to other members of the Robbo Gang as well as members of the Pianta Syndicate. The very first time Gus is seen is during a cinema in the game's prologue. As Toadsworth informs Mario of Princess Peach's disappearance, the player sees an additional cinema in the background pertaining to the Robbos and the Piantas. As Gus and Garf walk through Rogueport Plaza, Tony and Vinny, two members of the Pianta Syndicate, assault Gus and Garf, knocking Garf to the ground. As the two Piantas take off towards West Rogueport, Gus and Garf flee back to eastern Rogueport, cursing out the Piantas on their way.
Gus is not seen again until Mario and his partner see him guarding the entrance to the far eastern area of Rogueport. Gus then inquires Mario and his partner, asking if they would like to pass, giving them the option to say "No", "I'll pay", or "I can take you!". If Mario says "No", then Gus doesn't allow him to pass; if Mario says, "I'll pay", Gus allows him to go through the entrance for a toll of ten coins. Mario is required to pay Gus each time he passes through the area unless he says "I can take you!" If Gus is defeated in the ensuing battle, Mario is no longer required to pay the toll, as Gus returns to the Robbos' hideout (behind Admiral Bobbery's house), where he and Garf guard Ishnail for the remainder of the game.
Gus being damaged in battle.
In battle, Gus attacks using his sharp spear. Gus either charges towards Mario or his partner, ramming into them with his spear, or he hurdles a spear at the player, inflicting the same amount of damage. Characters cannot jump on Gus due to his spear unless they get the Spike Shield badge later in the game.
If Mario reaches five HP while fighting Gus, Gus advises Mario to flee, rather than stay and continue to fight. Gus is the only enemy in the entire game who actually provides the player with advice in the battle. If Mario flees the battle beforehand, the battle ends, but Mario loses no coins.
[edit] Character Description
[edit] Physical Appearance
Like other Craws, Gus appears with a rosy hue to his skin in addition to his gray beak. Gus also has a tail that appears to be made of feathers, though it is the same hue as his skin. He also appears to have some facial hair poking from his cheeks. He wears a light green hat with a pale white stripe running through its middle, horizontally; his vest is the same shade of green, though it lacks a stripe. He wears a dark olive bandanna around his neck, which hangs low, covering some of his body that his vest does not. His trousers are an extremely dark gray, covering his body from his stomach to his ankles. He wears no shoes; he walks around barefoot like almost all other citizens of Rogueport. He also wears white bands around both of his wrists.
His spear is identical to all other Craws. It is made up of a long, brown wooden pole for the handle; its pointed end is a diamond-shaped silver spear tied to the wooden pole with rope. This spear is Gus's only weapon; he carries it with him at all times.
[edit] Personality
Gus is a loyal member of the Robbo Gang, devoted to his charge of guarding the entrance to eastern Rogueport. Goombella describes him as a "workaholic", wondering if Gus might in fact perform his guard duty every day of the year. This also demonstrates his loyalty to Ishnail, as Gus is willing to stand around all day and take tolls for his boss. Additionally, after being defeated by Mario, Gus immediately directs his efforts to guarding Ishnail in his hideout, again demonstrating his loyalty to the gang and his boss.
Gus is also a confident fighter, and indeed this confidence tends to border on arrogance. He normally talks tough and insults those who try to fight him, but unlike other "tough guys", Gus has the fighting abilities to back up his words. Ultimately though, Gus is a nice person who really doesn't want to seriously harm others, as he actually advises Mario to flee if the plumber's HP gets low during their battle. While he gets upset over losing battles, in the end, Gus shows great respect for those that can beat him in a fair fight.
[edit] Field Tattle
• "That's Gus. He's a part of that band of thieves who call themselves the Robbos. He looks like a total maniac, but he's actually a nice guy. Don't judge books by covers!"
[edit] Quotes
• "Stay down, Bro!"
• "I'm gonna make you eat your words, tough guy! Let's get this party started!" - (Gus engaging in battle with Mario.)
• "You know, when the sky got all dark, even I was a little scared. But thanks to you, everything's okay now. You really ARE a hero."
• "Huh! That hurt? You have no chance of beating me, trust me... So, you'd better run. Yeah, if you don't, seriously, it'll be Game Over for you! You can choose to Run from your Tactics menu. Sometimes, it's best to run." - (Gus giving Mario advice in battle.)
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Japanese ガース
Gāsu
Gus
Spanish Angui Lucho A pun of "aguilucho" (eaglet). "Lucho" is also a male name (a form of say the name Luis).
French Lancet Pun on "lance" (spear) and the male name "Lancelot".
German Lanzo Pun on "lanze" (lance).
Italian Gaz Italian name of the craws.
[edit] Trivia
• Gus can only be battled once, but unlike most other enemies that can be battled only once, he is not a semi-boss; as such, the player can flee from his battle at any time. It is never required to defeat Gus to beat the game. However, beating Gus allows the player to not have to pay ten coins each time they pass him.
• Gus breaks the fourth wall twice, once when he says Mario's game will be over, and the other time when he calls Mario a "video game hero".
• There isn't an audience when battling Gus.
• Gus plays the role of Kent C. Koopa from the first game.
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Molecules 1997, 2(10), 157; doi:10.3390/21000157
Book Review
Comprehensive Polymer Science. By S. L. Aggarwal
FRACI, Division of Science & Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
Received: 17 September 1997 / Published: 31 October 1997
Download PDF Full-Text [3 KB, uploaded 13 October 2008 12:07 CEST]
No abstract available
Article Statistics
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Cite This Article
MDPI and ACS Style
Busfield, K. Comprehensive Polymer Science. By S. L. Aggarwal. Molecules 1997, 2, 157.
AMA Style
Busfield K. Comprehensive Polymer Science. By S. L. Aggarwal. Molecules. 1997; 2(10):157.
Chicago/Turabian Style
Busfield, Ken. 1997. "Comprehensive Polymer Science. By S. L. Aggarwal." Molecules 2, no. 10: 157.
Molecules EISSN 1420-3049 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert
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Nano Express
Theory of Raman Scattering by Phonons in Germanium Nanostructures
Pedro Alfaro-Calderón1, Miguel Cruz-Irisson1* and Chumin Wang-Chen2
Author Affiliations
1 Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIME-Culhuacan, Av. Santa Ana 1000, Mexico, 04430, DF, Mexico
2 Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-360, Mexico, 04510, DF, Mexico
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2007, 3:55-59 doi:10.1007/s11671-007-9114-0
Published: 21 December 2007
Abstract
Within the linear response theory, a local bond-polarization model based on the displacement–displacement Green’s function and the Born potential including central and non-central interatomic forces is used to investigate the Raman response and the phonon band structure of Ge nanostructures. In particular, a supercell model is employed, in which along the [001] direction empty-column pores and nanowires are constructed preserving the crystalline Ge atomic structure. An advantage of this model is the interconnection between Ge nanocrystals in porous Ge and then, all the phonon states are delocalized. The results of both porous Ge and nanowires show a shift of the highest-energy Raman peak toward lower frequencies with respect to the Raman response of bulk crystalline Ge. This fact could be related to the confinement of phonons and is in good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, a detailed discussion of the dynamical matrix is given in the appendix section.
Keywords:
Raman scattering; Phonons; Germanium nanostructures
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Activity Not Available
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Copyright © 2013 Black Duck Software, Inc. and its contributors, Some Rights Reserved. Unless otherwise marked, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License . Ohloh ® and the Ohloh logo are trademarks of Black Duck Software, Inc. in the United States and/or other jurisdictions. All other trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
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U.S. experts in Israel for counterterrorism seminar
PanARMENIAN.Net - Counterterrorism experts from some of the biggest police departments in the United States are in Israel for a week-long seminar with representatives of the Border Police, where they plan to share tactics on high-risk combat, The Jerusalem Post reported.
The 10-member delegation includes officers from police departments in New York; Los Angeles; Austin, Texas; Oakland, California; and Houston, Texas.
They are visiting Israel as part of the American Jewish Committee’s “Project Interchange,” and organizers said the week-long meeting “will showcase Israeli technological and operational advances in counterterrorism tactics,” and allow the U.S. participants to “exchange information on best practices with their Israeli counterparts.”
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Jorge Rafael Videla, an austere former army commander, led Argentina during the bloodiest days of its Dirty War dictatorship.
According to the United Nations, April was Iraq's bloodiest month for almost five years, with 712 people killed.
Reports suggest the rebel fighters may have tried to blow up the walls of the prison, which holds some 4,000 inmates.
Moscow has condemned other nations for supporting rebel forces and failing to condemn what it describes as terrorist attacks on the Syrian regime.
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Is AOL Gearing Up To Create Automated Search Spam?
Apr 23, 2009 • 8:45 am | (1) by | Filed Under Search & Web SEO Spam
A WebmasterWorld thread spotted an interesting paragraph in an Reuters article on AOL possibly using automated tools to create an infinite number of niche sites, targeted at driving users to the site via search and having them click on the ads on the site. The article says:
AOL, for example, is embarking on a strategy of creating a plethora of niche websites through automated methods on which to place ads, partly through its own ad platform. It has called this "leaning into the fragmentation of the Web.
The debate in the thread is two fold:
(1) Is this simply bad journalism and AOL is not trying to go this route? If not: (2) What will search engines do to combat such a large site creating such spam?
It is no doubt that there are many "authority" sites that create these types of pages and get by for doing so because of their "authority" status. In fact, many SEOs have called out these type of sites before.
AOL can make a lot of money if they did go this route, but are they really going to go the automated route when they do a pretty good job at creating unique content already?
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
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