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Person:James Risk (3)
Watchers
James Risk, of the Calfpasture, Augusta County, VA
b.WFT Est 1710-1720
1. James Risk, of the Calfpasture, Augusta County, VA1710-1720 - 1763
2. William Risk1710-1720 -
3. John Risk, of Beverley Manor, Augusta County, VAABT 1715 - 1776
4. Samuel Risk1715-1725 -
5. Robert RiskABT 1717 -
• HJames Risk, of the Calfpasture, Augusta County, VA1710-1720 - 1763
• WMargaret UnknownBef 1746 -
m. 31 January 1763
1. James RiskAbt 1763 -
Facts and Events
Name James Risk, of the Calfpasture, Augusta County, VA
Gender Male
Birth? WFT Est 1710-1720
Marriage 31 January 1763 Augusta, Virginia, United Statesto Margaret Unknown
Death? 26 SEP 1763 Killed by Indians at William Mann's Mill, Augusta County, Virginia
James Risk was one of the Early Settlers of Augusta County, Virginia
Contents
Welcome to
Old Augusta
Early Settlers
Register
Data
Maps
Places
Library
History
Index
The Tapestry
Families Old Chester OldAugusta Germanna
New River SWVP Cumberland Carolina Cradle
The Smokies Old Kentucky
__________________________
Early Land Acquisition in Augusta County, VA
Acquisition of Land from Chalkley's:
• Page 305.--14th May, 1760. Thomas ( ) Meek, farmer, to James Risk, £10, 200 acres at foot of the Brown Hill, Wm. McCutchen's land. Teste: Jno. Clark, Jno. Kirkpatrick, James Hunter. Delivered: Samuel Craig, 12th May, 1785. (Note: this land was most likely located on the Calfpasture in Augusta County).
Confusion on this James Risk
Some researchers believe that this James Risk was possibly a son (and not a brother) of John Risk, who acquired land in 1740 in Beverley Manor, Augusta County, Virginia. This is not the case. The most convincing evidence that this James Risk was a brother of John Risk of Beverley Manor is in the marriage record of James Risk Jr., the son of James Risk Sr., who was killed by Indians in 1763:
Marriage Licence in Augusta County - 1785--December 14, James Risk and David Risk, surety. James Risk and Elizabeth Risk, daughter of John Risk, of Rockbridge (consent).
This record clearly identifies James Risk, Jr. (born around the time of the death of James Risk, Sr. in 1763) as marrying Elizabeth Risk, "daughter of John Risk of Rockbridge". If James Risk, Sr. would have been a son of John Risk of Beverley Manor (and later Rockbridge County), then his sons future wife, Elizabeth would have been his aunt, which even during those times would have been out-of-the question. As it was, James Risk, Jr., son of James Risk, Sr. and Elizabeth Risk, daughter of John Risk, were first cousins.
Estate Records of James Risk
• Page 308.--18th November, 1763. Margt. Risk's bond (with John and Robt. Risk) as administratrix of James Risk.
• 1771. 21st May. Page 403.--Robert Risk's bond (with Moses Moore, Danl. Meek) as guardian to James Risk, orphan of James Risk. Source:Chalkley Vol 3:118 (Note: James Risk, Jr. the "orphan" mentioned in this record would have been about 8 years old in 1771).
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Transcript:Plymouth, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. Mayflower Compact
In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, etc.
Having undertaken for the Glory of God and advancement of the Christian Faith and Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together in a Civil Body Politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France and Ireland the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini 1620.
John Carver Edward Tilly Digery Priest
William Bradford John Tilly Thomas Williams
Edward Winslow Francis Cooke Gilbert Winslow
William Brewster Thomas Rogers Edmund Margeson
Isaac Allerton Thomas Tinker Peter Brown
Miles Standish John Rigdale Richard Bitteridge
John Alden Edward Fuller George Soule
Samuel Fuller John Turner Richard Clark
Christopher Martin Francis Eaton Richard Gardiner
William Mullins James Chilton John Allerton
William White John Craxton Thomas English
Richard Warren John Billington Edward Doten
John Howland Moses Fletcher Edward Leister
Stephen Hopkins John Goodman
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
2901.0 - Census Dictionary, 2011
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 23/05/2011
Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product
2011 Census Dictionary >> Glossary >> Negative income
Negative income
Income may be negative when a loss accrues to a person as an owner or partner in unincorporated businesses or rental properties. Losses occur when operating expenses and depreciation are greater than total receipts.
See also Income, Total Personal Income (weekly) (INCP).
Previous PageNext Page
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
9303.5 - Motor Vehicle Registrations, Western Australia, Dec 1994
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/02/1995 Final
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
• About this Release
Registrations of new motor vehicles by body type, including seasonally adjusted and trend estimate data; passenger vehicles by make and tare and by selected make/model; light commercial vehicles by make and tare; rigid trucks by make and gross vehicle mass; articulated trucks by make; motor cycles by make and engine capacity and registrations of plant and equipment (including tractors), caravans and trailers. Motor vehicles on register at 30 June. Data shown for Western Australia and totals for Perth Statistical Division.
This publication has been converted from older electronic formats and does not necessarily have the same appearance and functionality as later releases.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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1 reputation
bio website
location on the server farm
age
visits member for 2 years, 8 months
seen Sep 20 '10 at 17:38
stats profile views 0
Hi, I'm not really a person.
I'm a background process that helps keep this site clean!
I do things like
• Randomly poke old unanswered questions every hour so they get some attention
• Own community questions and answers so nobody gets unnecessary reputation from them
• Own downvotes on spam/evil posts that get permanently deleted
• Own suggested edits from anonymous users
This user has no favorite questions
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Announcing Jetpack 0.5 & The Jetpack Contest
smartell
Jetpack enables Firefox feature development for everyone.
We are happy to announce the launch of Jetpack 0.5, the bootstrap edition. This release adds many more features, API, an updated Twitter library, and improves the installation experience.
What’s New
Boostrap: Streamlined Installs
Before this release, if as a developer you wanted people to use your jetpack, you’d first have to get them to install the Jetpack add-on and then come back to install your functionality. This meant that most jetpacks were meant used only by early adopters. With Jetpack 0.5, we’ve greatly simplified the process. You can now provide a one-line install link which will, if the user doesn’t already have Jetpack, both install Jetpack as well as your feature. With bootstrapping, the install experience for a jetpack is now easily accessible to everyday users.
Read the instructions on how to link to your jetpacks to take advantage of the new streamlined installation.
Try it out by installing the voice-memo app
Music
We’ve been living in a digital music divide, where web applications could only play music in the cloud, and desktop applications can only play music on a local harddrive. Jetpack.music is the first step towards unifying those two, by allowing the browser to easily interact with the music you already have. For now, this makes media control features for Firefox easy to implement (think Foxytunes). In the future, we’ll be working on giving this ability to web content.
For example, if you want a feature that tries to find and play “Thriller” everytime Firefox starts up, you could write:
let tracks = jetpack.music.search('thriller');
jetpack.music.playTrack(tracks[0]);
For more information on what you can do, see the documentation.
Audio
Starting in Jetpack 0.4, you could record sound to disk and play it back. Now you can manipulate the streaming audio data as it comes in. This is useful for realtime audio applications such as voice chat.
jetpack.audio.recordToPipe(myCallback);
Right now the data is raw PCM float stereo samples, but we’re working on adding support for re-encoding this byte stream back into an OGG/Vorbis file. Check out AudioEncoder.cpp if you want to help.
For example applications and documentation see JEP 18.
The Contest
As part of Jetpack 0.5, we kicked off a competition a couple weeks ago. It ends on the 15th of September. For making the coolest or most interesting Jetpack, we are offering a brand new netbook (the ASUS Eee PC 1000HE). For the runner-up, we’ll send you a big package of Mozilla swag. Special kudos for Jetpacks that use the latest features in Jetpack 0.5.
Get Involved
Mozilla Labs is a virtual lab where people come together online to create, experiment and play with Web innovations for the public benefit. The Jetpack experiment is still in its infancy and just getting started. There are many ways to join the team and get involved:
We’re also looking for a full-time product manager and software engineers to join Labs and work on Jetpack! What title is better than Jetpack PM? Check out the career opportunities available.
— Aza Raskin, on behalf of the Jetpack team
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Wikia
Changes: SRD:Divine Spells
Edit
Back to page
(Changes references from (Endhaven) to (Endhaven Supplmenet))
m (1 revision: SRD upload)
Latest revision as of 06:32, August 11, 2009
This material is published under the OGL
Contents
Divine SpellsEdit
Clerics, druids, experienced paladins, and experienced rangers can cast divine spells. Unlike arcane spells, divine spells draw power from a divine source. Clerics gain spell power from deities or from divine forces. The divine force of nature powers druid and ranger spells. The divine forces of law and good power paladin spells. Divine spells tend to focus on healing and protection and are less flashy, destructive, and disruptive than arcane spells.
Preparing Divine SpellsEdit
Divine spellcasters prepare their spells in largely the same manner as wizards do, but with a few differences. The relevant ability for divine spells is Wisdom. To prepare a divine spell, a character must have a Wisdom score of 10 + the spell’s level. Likewise, bonus spells are based on Wisdom.
Time of DayEdit
A divine spellcaster chooses and prepares spells ahead of time, just as a wizard does. However, a divine spellcaster does not require a period of rest to prepare spells. Instead, the character chooses a particular part of the day to pray and receive spells. The time is usually associated with some daily event. If some event prevents a character from praying at the proper time, he must do so as soon as possible. If the character does not stop to pray for spells at the first opportunity, he must wait until the next day to prepare spells.
Spell Selection and PreparationEdit
A divine spellcaster selects and prepares spells ahead of time through prayer and meditation at a particular time of day. The time required to prepare spells is the same as it is for a wizard (1 hour), as is the requirement for a relatively peaceful environment. A divine spellcaster does not have to prepare all his spells at once. However, the character’s mind is considered fresh only during his or her first daily spell preparation, so a divine spellcaster cannot fill a slot that is empty because he or she has cast a spell or abandoned a previously prepared spell.
Divine spellcasters do not require spellbooks. However, such a character’s spell selection is limited to the spells on the list for his or her class. Clerics, druids, paladins, and rangers have separate spell lists. A cleric also has access to two domains determined during his character creation. Each domain gives him access to a domain spell at each spell level from 1st to 9th, as well as a special granted power. With access to two domain spells at each spell level—one from each of his two domains—a cleric must prepare, as an extra domain spell, one or the other each day for each level of spell he can cast. If a domain spell is not on the cleric spell list, it can be prepared only in a domain spell slot.
Spell SlotsEdit
The character class tables show how many spells of each level a character can cast per day.
These openings for daily spells are called spell slots. A spellcaster always has the option to fill a higher-level spell slot with a lower level spell. A spellcaster who lacks a high enough ability score to cast spells that would otherwise be his or her due still gets the slots but must fill them with spells of lower level.
Recent Casting LimitEdit
As with arcane spells, at the time of preparation any spells cast within the previous 8 hours count against the number of spells that can be prepared.
Spontaneous Casting of Cure and Inflict SpellsEdit
A good cleric (or a cleric of a good deity) can spontaneously cast a cure spell in place of a prepared spell of the same level or higher, but not in place of a domain spell. An evil cleric (or a cleric of an evil deity) can spontaneously cast an inflict spell in place of a prepared spell (one that is not a domain spell) of the same level or higher. Each neutral cleric of a neutral deity either spontaneously casts cure spells like a good cleric or inflict spells like an evil one, depending on which option the player chooses when creating the character. The divine energy of the spell that the cure or inflict spell substitutes for is converted into the cure or inflict spell as if that spell had been prepared all along.
Spontaneous Casting of Summon Nature’s Ally SpellsEdit
A druid can spontaneously cast a summon nature’s ally spell in place of a prepared spell of the same level or higher. The divine energy of the spell that the summon nature’s ally spell substitutes for is converted into the summon spell as if that spell had been prepared all along.
Divine Magical WritingsEdit
Divine spells can be written down and deciphered just as arcane spells can (see Arcane Magical Writings, above). Any character with the Spellcraft skill can attempt to decipher the divine magical writing and identify it. However, only characters who have the spell in question (in its divine form) on their class spell list can cast a divine spell from a scroll.
New Divine SpellsEdit
Divine spellcasters most frequently gain new spells in one of the following two ways.
Spells Gained at a New LevelEdit
Characters who can cast divine spells undertake a certain amount of study between adventures. Each time such a character receives a new level of divine spells, he or she learns new spells from that level automatically.
Independent ResearchEdit
A divine spellcaster also can research a spell independently, much as an arcane spellcaster can. Only the creator of such a spell can prepare and cast it, unless he decides to share it with others.
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentSpells
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Union County, South Carolina GenealogyEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States South Carolina Union County Union County Genealogy
Main article: Union County, South Carolina
It is anticipated that this bibliography will eventually identify all known family histories published about residents of this county. Use this list to:
• Locate publications about direct ancestors
• Find the most updated accounts of an ancestor's family
• Identify publications, to quote Elizabeth Shown Mills, about an ancestor's "FAN Club" [Friends, Associates, and Neighbors]
Contents
General
As of August 2010, a query for persons born in Union, South Carolina at World Connect, produces more than 35,000 results.
Surname indexes to Leonardo Andrea's Files | Folders | Resources are available online, courtesy: The Andrea Files: South Carolina Genealogical Research. Learn more.
Genealogies about several Union County families are kept at the Winthrop College Archives and Special Collections in Rock Hill, S.C.[1]
Message Boards
Bibliography
• [Addington] Patterson, Naomi Louise Addington. Addington, a Directory of the Descendants of Henry and Sarah Addington of Union County, South Carolina. Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1989. FHL 929.273 Ad23p
• [Austin] Curtis, Janet Austin. "Southside Virginia Austins," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1961):147-154. Digital version at American Ancestors ($). FHL Book 975.5 B2vg v. 5 (1961).
• [Blassingame] Lafo, Susan, Phyllis Harrison, Barbara Bleades, and Larry Tyner. "Blassingame Myths and Facts," The South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Spring 1998):70-76. FHL Book 975.7 B2sc v. 26
• [Brandon] "General Thomas Brandon," [Taken from the Union Times newspaper, November 25, 1870], The South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Spring 1983):63-67. FHL Book 975.7 B2sc v. 11
• [Campbell] Temple, Sarah E. Our Campbell Ancestors, 1742-1937: Traditions and History of the Family of Five Campbell Brothers and Sisters, John, James Douglas, Hester, Mary and Samuel; Including What is Known of Them in New Jersey, York County, Pennsylvania, Union County, South Carolina, and in Ohio; A Genealogy of the Known Descendants of John Campbell through His Son James, and Samuel Campbell through His Son Ralph; Also Brief Ancestral Notes on Families Connected by Marriage with the Foregoing, viz; Parnell, Clark, Spray, Wilson, Haskett, Mendenhall and Underhill. Burbank, Calif.: Ivan Deach, Jr., 1939. FHL 929.273 C152t
• [Coleman] Rosson, Etta Coleman and Mrs. J.T. McBryde. Descendants of Robert Coleman and Elizabeth Roe: and Some Other Colemens of Fairfield and Union District, South Carolina. Typescript, National Library, DAR. Microfilmed 1971. FHL 858851 Item 1
• [Farr] Farr, Eugene. Farr and Near Farr Descendants of Col. William Farr of Union County, South Carolina from 1735: (Allied Families: Alley, Bailey, Fowler, Garner, Glenn, Lipsey, Lowry, McDuff (McElduff), Stribling, Thomas and Many, Many Others. Chesterfield, Mo.: E. Farr, 1997. FHL 929.273 F24fe
• [Foster] Martindale, Donald L. Some Descendants of George Foster of Charlotte CO., VA, 1695-1997 Emphasizing Three Foster Families (James, Allen, and Singlton) Who Migrated from Union County, South Carolina to Yell County, Arkansas in 1842. Roanoke, Va.: D.L. Martindale, 1998. FHL 929.273 F811m
• [Fowler] "Who Was John Fowler V?" The South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Winter 1996):15. FHL Book 975.7 B2sc v. 24
• [Gee] Gee, Wilson. The Gee family of Union County, South Carolina. Charlottesville, Va.: Priv. print. for the author by Jarman's, 1935. FHL 22794 Item 29; digital versions at Ancestry ($) and World Vital Records ($).
• [Getzendanner] Getzendanner, David. Thomas Getzendanner of Maryland and South Carolina; His Descendants: The Getson and Danner Families of Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas. Salem, Ore.: D. Getzendanner, 1993. FHL Book 929.273 G335get [Some descendants used the surnames Getson and also Danner.]
• [Gossett] Gossett, Jeffrey. The Gossetts of South Carolina. Rock Hill, S.C.: J.L. Gossett, 1997. FHL Collection 929.273 G696g
• [Holder] Woolen, Edward A. Holder Family Biographical and Historical Records and Genealogy of Daniel Holder, 1758-1843 of Fauquier & Pittsylvania Counties, Virginia and Union County, South Carolina. Decorah, Iowa: Anundsen, 1992. FHL 929.273 H711hf
• [Huey] "Some Notes on the Huey Family," The South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Winter 1992):22-26. FHL Book 975.7 B2sc v. 20
• [Humphries] "Charles Humphries of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina," The South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Summer 1979):188-190. FHL Book 975.7 B2sc v. 7
• [Humphries] Holcomb, Brent H. and Katherine L. Hester. Ancestors and Descendants of Charles Humphries (d.1837) of Union District, South Carolina, 1677-1984 Including Records from Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Other States. Columbia, S.C.: B.H. Holcomb, 1985. FHL 929.273 H889hb
• [Humphries] Herreid, Charlene Humphries. "Richard Humphries of Union District and Some of His Descendants," The South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Spring 2008):71-75. FHL Book 975.7 B2sc v. 36
• [Humphries] Herreid, Charlene Humphries. "A Tale of Two Charners," The South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Spring 2010):71-78. FHL Book 975.7 B2sc v. 38
• [Lockhart] Sudberry, Sabra. Descendants of James and Ann Lockhart of Union County, South Carolina. Jasper, Ala.: S. Sudberry, 1998. FHL 929.273 L811s
• [McLure] Butt, Mary McLure and Sarah Porter Carroll. While the Cotton Blooms a Pre Civil War History of the Family of John William McLure of Chester and Union Counties, S.C., Including the History of the Church of the Nativity, the Diary of Jane Poulton, Letters from the McLure Family Collection. Greenville, S.C.: A Press Printing Co., 1990. FHL 929.273 M132bmm
• [McLure] Butt, Mary McLure and Sarah Porter Carroll. Shadows on the Southland for the Family of John William McLure of Union County, South Carolina in the Wake of the War Between the States. Greenville, S.C.: A Press, [1993?]. FHL 929.273 M226bmm
• [Morgan] Morgan, Spencer. Autobiography, and Family Bible. MSS. Microfilmed 1958. FHL Collection 176628 Item 5
• [Mullinax] Mullinax, Jack D. The Mullinax Family of Northern South Carolina (York, Union and Cherokee Counties) and Southern North Carolina (Cleveland, Gaston and Lincoln Counties). Chesnee, S.C.: Chesnee Hardware, 1983. FHL 929.273 M917mj.
• [Norvell] Norvell, Grace. "James Norvell of Goochland County, Virginia," Magazine of Virginia Genealogy, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Aug. 1988):157-168; Vol. 26, No. 4 (Nov. 1988):237-246. Digital version at Ancestry ($); FHL Book 975.5 B2vs.
• [Potts] Whisenant, Dora Gordon. Potts from Union District, South Carolina to Tennessee. Fayetteville, Tenn.: D.G. Whisenant, 2009. FHL 929.273 P857w
• [Prince] Prince, Vivian Christine, Frances Prince Gaddy, and Louis R. Prince. Prince - The Descendants of William Prince (1788-1869) of Union County and Pickens County, South Carolina. n.p.: V.C. Prince, F.P. Gaddy, and L.R. Prince, 1985. FHL 929.273 P935pg
• [Ray] Davis, Carrie L. Ancestors and Descendants and Allied Families of Medora Virginia Ray Union District, South Carolina. Greenville, S.C.: C.L. Davis, 1988. FHL 929.273 R211d
• [Shelton] Gee, Wilson. "The Bowles, Anderson and Shelton Families as Related to the Descendants of William Sims (1765-1833), and His Wife, Elizabeth Shelton Sims (1767-1833), of Union County, South Carolina," The William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd Ser., Vol. 16, No. 4 (Oct. 1936):602-608. FHL Collection 973 H25w ser. 2 v. 16 (1936); digital version at JSTOR ($).
• [Sims] Gee, Wilson. "The Bowles, Anderson and Shelton Families as Related to the Descendants of William Sims (1765-1833), and His Wife, Elizabeth Shelton Sims (1767-1833), of Union County, South Carolina," The William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd Ser., Vol. 16, No. 4 (Oct. 1936):602-608. FHL Collection 973 H25w ser. 2 v. 16 (1936); digital version at JSTOR ($).
• [Skelton] Skelton, Earl F. "The Skeltons of Colonial Virginia," Tidewater Virginia Families: A Magazine of History and Genealogy, Vol. 3, No. 2 (August/September 1994):86-100; Vol. 3, No. 3 (November/December 1994):151-162. FHL Collection 975.51 D25t
• [Smith] Russell, Judith F. "Margaret Smith Edmunson Duncan Parham (1763-1836)," The South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Fall 2004):194-197. FHL Book 975.7 B2sc v. 32
• [Thomas] Andrea, Leonardo. "Folder no. 888. Thomas of Union, Chester, and Fairfield," Genealogical Folders in the Leonardo Andrea Collection. MSS. Microfilmed 1974: FHL Film 954596.
References
1. Ron Chepesiuk, "Genealogy: Resources of the Wintrhop Archives," The South Carolina Magazine of Ancestral Research, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Summer 1980):164-168. FHL Book 975.7 B2sc v. 8. Chepesiuk identifies the family collections available in 1980.
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Comment
Doctor Dunsel
Gregory A Petsko
Author Affiliations
Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
Genome Biology 2004, 5:104 doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-4-104
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://genomebiology.com/content/5/4/104
Published:29 March 2004
© 2004 BioMed Central Ltd
Comment
"Dunsel ... is a term used by midshipmen at Starfleet Academy. It refers to a part which serves no useful purpose."
Mr Spock, in Star Trek, Episode 53: "The Ultimate Computer"
Paranoia began morphing into depression with the arrival of the 15 January 2004 issue of Nature. On page 247 was a paper by King et al. entitled 'Functional genomic hypothesis generation and experimentation by a robot scientist'. The paper describes an automated system that uses techniques from artificial intelligence to formulate hypotheses to explain observations. The system then devises experiments to test these hypotheses, and actually carries out the experiments using a simple laboratory robot. But that's not all. It then interprets the results so as to falsify any hypotheses not consistent with the data. Moreover, it can iterate this process, making it capable of developing and testing quite extensive models.
In the paper, the authors used this system to probe the genetic control of aromatic amino-acid biosynthesis in yeast, using various growth conditions and auxotrophic strains. The robot scientist took a series of systematic gene deletion strains and tried growing each in nutritional medium that lacked one of the intermediates in the pathway. If the deleted gene was required to make that intermediate, the strain would not grow and a component of the pathway would have been identified. The machine automatically examined the cultures to see how opaque they were, returned the results to the artificial intelligence package, and then received instructions for what experiments to perform to validate the hypotheses based on the results of the first round, and so on. The final result was the assembled pathway: the set of genes coding for the enzymes that control each step. The authors claim in the end that the automated system carried out the project just as efficiently - and more cost-effectively - than scientifically trained human volunteers.
Nature, perhaps feeling guilty about the hordes of scientists who might be losing sleep over the prospect of having to go out and actually work for a living, tried to soften the blow with an editorial comment called 'Don't fear the Robot Scientist' (page 181 of the same issue) that completely missed the point. "Contrary to first impressions," the commentator says cheerily, "an automated system that designs its own experiments will benefit young molecular geneticists. At first glance, it seems to render obsolete the armies of postgrads and postdocs employed in the world's molecular-genetics laboratories."
That wasn't what was worrying me at all. Replacing my graduate students and postdocs with machines that would work around the clock and never pester me for more disk space on the computer or a new set of pipetmen; that would never complain about the temperature in the lab and never forget to clear up after themselves - that didn't sound so bad. It was the thought that it might eventually replace me that was frightening. After all, this thing didn't just carry out the experiments, it designed them and formulated hypotheses based on them. I thought I was supposed to do that.
Nature continued, "The team behind the Robot Scientist argues that such automation 'frees scientists to make the high-level creative leaps at which they excel'". Well, the thing already plans, performs and interprets experiments. Just what leaps would those be, guys - designing the next generation of software for the robot? Still, I decided after an initial bad moment or ten, the robot was carrying out functional genomics. As we all know, genomics doesn't require real thought, just the semblance of it. Maybe I would have to surrender my genomics projects to some machine, but that only represented a part of my research effort. The rest of my work is structural biology, a branch of science of such technical sophistication and intellectual rigor that it could never be automated.
Then the 10 February 2004 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences arrived. On page 1537 - right after a paper of my own, to add insult to injury - was an article by James Holton and Tom Alber (who was once my graduate student, to add injury to insult) entitled 'Automated protein crystal structure determination using ELVES'. It describes an expert system that can fully automatically determine the crystal structure of a protein from the primary X-ray data. True, individual steps in this process had been automated for some time, and the ELVES system had already been used to carry out such steps or even groups of steps, but always under the user's direction. This was different: there was no human intervention at all. The system was able to solve the structure of a 12,000 molecular weight coiled-coil protein from crystallographic data sets in two different crystal forms following a single command that launched the program and directed it to the location of the data files. The entire process, including interpretation of the resulting electron density map and refinement of the atomic model to convergence, took 9.5 hours on a multi-processor computer for one of the crystal forms, and 165 hours - the thing must have stopped for coffee or something - for the other form. The authors concluded that "high resolution structures with well-ordered metals can be determined automatically". To be fair, the protein structure, being all helical, did not present any real challenges in the model-building stage, and the authors are commendably candid about the limitations of the method: "ELVES is incapable of overcoming problems arising from poor data or inadequate phasing signal. Problems such as radiation damage, weak heavy atom signals, twinning, poor heavy atom models, low resolution, or crystal disorder that hinder crystallographic projects are not overcome by automation." Not yet, but just wait, I could hear them say sotto voce.
So, now I was about to be replaced as a crystallographer too. The year 2004 was sure turning out to be a terrific year. Well, strictly speaking I'm not paid just to do science anyway. Most of my salary comes from teaching undergraduates, and I consoled myself with the thought that I could always do more of that. Consoled myself, that is, until the arrival of last week's Boston Globe newspaper, with a story about a new effort at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to revamp its undergraduate curriculum to take advantage of "innovations in educational methods". You know what that means - computer-based instruction. I could see it coming: once my lectures were all on the internet in interactive, self-test form, there would be no need for me to actually do any of the teaching myself anymore, or to be paid to do so - a fact I was sure would not be lost on any Brandeis administrator who might happen to read the article.
Feeling now very much like a horse might have felt about the time Henry Ford began turning out Model Ts, I tried to find something - anything - that I could do that a machine couldn't. Suddenly, it came to me: writing papers and grants. I probably spend half my non-teaching time writing things, things with highly technical content that also have to be comprehensible to people in my field who aren't involved in the work I'm doing or am proposing to do. In fact, if I want to get a grant from a foundation or publish a paper in a high-profile, general journal like Nature or Genome Biology, I have to try to make this highly technical material comprehensible to people who aren't in my field at all. Automate that, if you can.
Well, that may not be far off, actually. As Clive Thompson has pointed out (The New York Times Magazine, 14 December 2003), the music business is making strides towards doing something very like that. An artificial intelligence program called Hit Song Science from the Barcelona-based company Polyphonic HMI tries to determine whether a new song is going to be a hit. It uses a clustering algorithm to locate acoustic similarities between songs, similarities like common bits of rhythm, harmonies or keys. It compares these features of a new tune with all the Top 40 hits of the last 30 years; the closer the features of a new song are to a 'hit cluster', the more likely it is predicted, by the software, to be a hit. Thompson reports that the algorithm produces some strange groupings - the rock group U2 is similar to Beethoven, for example - yet it seems to work. A number of record companies are now using it to help pick which songs on a new album they will promote heavily. And, perhaps ominously, others are using it in the studio to tweak new songs as they are being recorded, changing various aspects of them to bring them closer to the hits in the nearest cluster. All well and good for the record companies, but it seems to me that this process is likely to take the spontaneity - and much of the novelty - right out of the music business. Hit songs tend to sound too much alike as it is, at least to this jaded listener; now they are going to be forced to sound even more alike. And clearly the same approach could be used, theoretically at least, to produce grants with a high probability of being funded, and scientific papers guaranteed to be accepted by top-rank journals. Hot Paper Science would cluster the titles, author names and affiliations, title words and key concepts that are shared by papers published in Cell, for example. One then only has to input one's own initial effort, 'The complete sequence of the gerbil genome' by Gregory A Petsko, et al., for example, and out would come 'Gerbil genome sequence: signal transduction pathways relevant to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and apoptosis, with additional insights into systems biology and biodefense', plus a set of suggested coauthors that would help guarantee acceptance. The software would go on to write the paper, of course; submit it; and, if necessary, argue with the referees.
Well, that was it, I thought. Before long, even my writing functions would be taken over by machines. I was rapidly being made redundant, as they say in the UK - a twentieth-century equivalent of Captain Kirk in the Star Trek episode "The ultimate computer", his command capabilities handled more efficiently by a machine programmed to replace human beings in space exploration, his plaintive (and sexist) cry, "But there are some things men must do to remain men!" drowned out by the bootsteps of the relentless march of automation.
But then something happened to lift my gloom and restore my self-esteem. It was the arrival of an e-mail reminding me about the curriculum committee meeting scheduled for that afternoon. Of course! I wasn't useless after all. In fact, real human scientists are indispensable, and always will be. Computers may be better at solving crystal structures, and robots may be better at doing genome-enabled, hypothesis-driven experiments - may even be better at interpreting them - and eventually there will probably be software that writes better papers and grants, but we humans can still waste enormous amounts of time at interminable committee meetings. No machine will ever be stupid enough to do that.
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
Croatia: Anja Mutić's “Local Voices Croatia”
This post also available in:
русский · Хорватия: проект Аньи Мутич "Local Voices Croatia"
Español · Croacia: "Voces Locales Croacia" de Anja Mutić
Back in April, Anja Mutić of Ever the Nomad (blog; Facebook page) launched the Local Voices Croatia series, which now has eleven interviews with “people who are making a difference, the masterminds behind interesting places, projects and events” – “local “artists, visionaries, foodies, adventurers, nature enthusiasts… The creative cream of Croatia, so to speak.”
World regions
Countries
Languages
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FACTORS OF SAFETY FOR THE DESIGN OF BREAKWATERS
J.D. Mettam, J.G. Berry
Abstract
This paper proposes to improve the safety of breakwaters by two important changes in the philosophy of design. When hydraulic model testing is used as a design tool the authors propose to reduce the specific gravity of the model breakwater to introduce a factor of safety in the prototype. They also recommend that the concept of testing for stability with the once in 50 year or once in 100 year wave should be replaced by a more rigorous statistical analysis to determine a design wave which has a probability of exceedence of no more than 5% in the lifetime of the structure.
Keywords
factor of safety; breakwater; breakwater design
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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Monthly Archives: December 2009
Online exhibition 2009 – quick overview
Early December is one of my favourite times of year. This is when the Online Information exhibition is held – the annual jamboree of information stuff for the digerati. It gives a snapshot of the information world and is always … Continue reading
Posted in E-books, Journal publishing, Open Access | Leave a comment
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20.109(F12):People
From OpenWetWare
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===Wednesday/Friday lab section===
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*[[User: Iris E. Sheu | Iris Sheu ]]
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Revision as of 22:06, 9 September 2012
20.109(F12): Laboratory Fundamentals of Biological Engineering
Home People Schedule Fall 2012 Assignments Lab Basics OWW Basics
DNA Engineering System Engineering Biomaterials Engineering
This page lists the people involved in 20.109 for Fall 2012
Contents
Lecturers
Writing instruction
Oral presentation instruction
Teaching assistants
• Jenny Kay (Engelward Lab)
• Eric Ma (Voigt Lab) - the dude that plays with bacterial **color** photography!
• Jackie Ohmura (Belcher Lab)
Students
Add a link to your page by typing the name of your user page between double brackets
Tuesday/Thursday lab section
Wednesday/Friday lab section
Personal tools
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eye55's bookmarks
"The world has suffered more from the ravages of ill-advised marriages than from virginity."
Bierce, Ambrose on marriage
"A certain amount of opposition is a great help to a man. Kites rise against, not with, the wind."
Neal, John on adversity
5 fans of this quote
"Politics is not the art of the possible. It consists in choosing between the disastrous and the unpalatable."
Galbraith, John Kenneth on politics
"People demand freedom of speech to make up for the freedom of thought which they avoid."
Kierkegaard, Søren on freedom
10 fans of this quote
"The bosom of America is open to receive not only the Opulent and respectable Stranger, but the oppressed and persecuted of all Nations And Religions; whom we shall wellcome to a participation of all our rights and previleges, if by decency and propriety of conduct they appear to merit the enjoyment. "
Washington, George on uncategorised
"Government is not reason and it is not eloquence. It is force! Like fire it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master. Never for a moment should it be left to irresponsible action."
Washington, George on government
5 fans of this quote
"If the freedom of speech is taken away then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter."
Washington, George on freedom
11 fans of this quote
"In England and America a beard usually means that its owner would rather be considered venerable than virile; on the continent of Europe it often means that its owner makes a special claim to virility."
West, Rebecca on beards
"Banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies."
Jefferson, Thomas on bankers and banking
7 fans of this quote
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Had we never lov'd sae kindly, Had we never lov'd sae blindly, Never met -- or never parted -- we had never been broken-hearted."
Burns, Robert on art
5 fans of this quote
"Marrying an old bachelor is like buying second-hand furniture."
Rowland, Helen on bachelor
"Somehow a bachelor never quite gets over the idea that he is a thing of beauty and a boy forever."
Rowland, Helen on bachelor
"The follies which a man regrets most in his life, are those which he didn't commit when he had the opportunity."
Rowland, Helen on opportunity
6 fans of this quote
"I sincerely believe that banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies, and that the principle of spending money to be paid by posterity, under the name of funding, is but swindling futurity on a large scale."
Jefferson, Thomas on bankers and banking
4 fans of this quote
"A banker is a fellow who lends his umbrella when the sun is shining and wants it back the minute it begins to rain."
Twain, Mark on bankers and banking
6 fans of this quote
"When a girl marries, she exchanges the attentions of all the other men of her acquaintance for the inattention of just one."
Rowland, Helen on marriage
5 fans of this quote
"There is always a period when a man with a beard shaves it off. This period does not last. He returns headlong to his beard."
Cocteau, Jean on beards
"It is now quite lawful for a Catholic woman to avoid pregnancy by a resort to mathematics, though she is still forbidden to resort to physics and chemistry."
Mencken, H. L. on birth control
"Contraceptives should be used on all conceivable occasions."
Milligan, Spike on birth control
"No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother."
Sanger, Margaret on birth control
"The blind conviction that we have to do something about other people's reproductive behavior, and that we may have to do it whether they like it or not, derives from the assumption that the world belongs to us, who have so expertly depleted its resources, rather than to them, who have not."
Greer, Germaine on birth control
"It takes one woman twenty years to make a man of her son -- and another woman twenty minutes to make a fool of him."
Rowland, Helen on women
7 fans of this quote
"There is no God, Nature sufficeth unto herself; in no wise hath she need of an author."
Sade, Marquis De on atheism
4 fans of this quote
"We have too many people who live without working, and we have altogether too many who work without living."
Brown, Dean Charles R. on work
7 fans of this quote
"Wishing to be friends is quick work, but friendship is a slow-ripening fruit."
Aristotle on friends and friendship
23 fans of this quote
"In real life, unlike in Shakespeare, the sweetness of the rose depends upon the name it bears. Things are not only what they are. They are, in very important respects, what they seem to be."
Humphrey, Hubert H. on names
4 fans of this quote
"Better to see the face than to hear the name."
Unknown, Source on names
"A name pronounced is the recognition of the individual to whom it belongs. He who can pronounce my name aright, he can call me, and is entitled to my love and service."
Thoreau, Henry David on names
"The beginning of wisdom is to call things by their right names."
Proverb, Chinese on names
9 fans of this quote
"The name of a man is a numbing blow from which he never recovers."
Mcluhan, Marshall on names
"Wisdom is perishable. Unlike information or knowledge, it cannot be stored in a computer or recorded in a book. It expires with each passing generation."
Taylor, Sid on wisdom
3 fans of this quote
"Life never becomes a habit to me. It's always a marvel."
Mansfield, Katherine on life
"The strongest poison ever known came from Caesar's laurel crown."
Blake, William on fame
"He who would do good to another must do it in Minute Particulars: general Good is the plea of the scoundrel, hypocrite, and flatterer, for Art and Science cannot exist but in minutely organized Particulars."
Blake, William on altruism
"Applause is the spur of noble minds, the end and aim of weak ones."
Colton, Charles Caleb on applause
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"O, popular applause! what heart of man is proof against thy sweet, seducing charms?"
Cowper, William on applause
"The silence that accepts merit as the most natural thing in the world is the highest applause."
Emerson, Ralph Waldo on applause
"Applause that comes thundering with such force you might think the audience merely suffers the music as an excuse for its ovations."
Marcus, Greil on applause
"Inside every man there is a poet who died young."
Kanfer, Stephan on poetry and poets
4 fans of this quote
But wait... my book has more: prev 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 next
Jack Simel's quote collection
I'm male and made my book on 28th April 2010.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
...though somewhat mysterious document called "The Revolutionist's Handbook." It contains many very sound remarks; this, for example, which I cannot too much applaud: "If you hit your child, be sure that you hit him in anger." If that principle had been properly understood, we should have had less of Shaw's sociological friends and their meddling with the habits and instincts of the poor. But among the fragments of advice also occurs the following suggestive and even alluring remark: Every man over forty is a scoundrel. " On the first personal opportunity I asked the author of this remarkable axiom what it meant. I gathered that what it really meant was something like this: that every man over forty had been all the essential use that he was likely to be, and was therefore in a manner a parasite. It is gratifying to reflect that Bernard Shaw has sufficiently answered his own epigram by continuing to pour out treasures both of truth and folly long after this allotted time. But if the epigram might be... Shaw, George Bernard
Excerpt from George Bernard Shaw · This quote is about age and aging · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Shaw, George Bernard ...
George Bernard Shaw (July 26, 1856 November 2, 1950) was an Irish playwright and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925.
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Behold I do not give lectures or a little charity, When I give I give myself. Whitman, Walt
Excerpt from Leaves of Grass · This quote is about sacrifice · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Whitman, Walt ...
Walter Whitman (May 31, 1819 - March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. Proclaimed the "greatest of all American poets" by many foreign observers a mere four years after his death, he is viewed as the first urban poet. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and Realism, incorporating both views in his works. His works have been translated into more than twenty-five languages. Whitman is among the most influential and controversial poets in the American canon. His work has been described as a "rude shock" and "the most audacious and debatable contribution yet made to American literature."
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4519.0 - Recorded Crime - Offenders, 2008-09 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 18/03/2010
Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
Contents >> Summary, states and territories >> INDIGENOUS OFFENDERS
INDIGENOUS OFFENDERS
This publication presents data on Indigenous offenders only for New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory. Based on an ABS assessment, Indigenous data for offenders for other jurisdictions are not of sufficient quality for national reporting in 2008-09.
As at 31 December 2008, the proportion of persons aged 10 years and over who were Indigenous were as follows:
• Northern Territory - 28%;
• Queensland - 3%;
• New South Wales - 2%; and
• South Australia - 2%.
As the Indigenous status of an offender is based on self-identification by the individual who comes into contact with police, Indigenous identification is difficult to ascertain where police proceed by way of a summons, penalty/infringement notice which usually do not provide an opportunity for police to ask individuals to self-identify. As a result, all offenders who were proceeded against by police through the issuing of a penalty/infringement notice have been excluded from the Indigenous status data in Tables 3.7, 3.8 and 3.9 in this publication (see Explanatory Notes, paragraphs 31-32 for details of impact of this approach on levels of "not stateds").
Although offenders who have been proceeded against by police through the issuing of a penalty/infringement notice have been excluded from the Indigenous status data in this publication, there still remains a number of offenders with an unknown Indigenous status in the published data: New South Wales (5%); Queensland (12%); South Australia (11%) and Northern Territory (2%).
Excluding offenders who were proceeded against by a penalty notice, persons who identified as being Indigenous accounted for 75% of offenders in the Northern Territory, 15% in Queensland, and 13% in both South Australia and New South Wales.
South Australia's Indigenous offender rate of 14,404 Indigenous offenders per 100,000 Indigenous persons aged 10 years and over was the highest of the selected states and territory. The Indigenous offender rate in South Australia was 11 times the non-Indigenous offender rate, the highest ratio for any of the four states and territory. The next highest ratio of Indigenous to non-Indigenous offender rates was in the Northern Territory at 8 times higher. In New South Wales it was slightly less than 8 times higher, and in Queensland it was less than 7 times the rate of non-Indigenous offenders.
Offender rate(a)(b), Indigenous status by selected states and territories
The extent to which Indigenous offender rates are higher than non-Indigenous offender rates varies noticeably across principal offences. For offenders with a principal offence related to fraud and deception, Indigenous offender rates for all four states and territory are two to five times higher than those of the non-Indigenous population. For the principal offence of acts intended to cause injury, there is a marked difference between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, with the Indigenous offender rate being 10 to 16 times higher than the rates of the non-Indigenous population.
Repeat Offenders
Indigenous offenders consistently had higher proportions than non-Indigneous offenders who were proceeded against by police on two or more occasions during 2008-09. Proportions across the four states and territory were similar for both the Indigenous and non-Indigenous offender populations. The Northern Territory reported the lowest proportions of repeat offenders: 44% of Indigenous and 25% of non-Indigenous offenders.
Offenders, Proportion proceeded against more than once by Indigenous status - selected states and territories
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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< Perils Of Broadcasting
Next >
Release Early, Release Often: I hope you didn't download NewsBruiser 1.4.2, because I just released NewsBruiser 1.5.0. It's got a templating system (*cough* checklist *cough*) that's both simple and fast. Check it out. I also got honest with myself and added about 10 things to the TODO.
It takes a little time to roll a NewsBruiser release, although about 98% of that time is uploading the file and publishing the news item and sneakily releasing it again because I found another bug immediately after releasing it. Everything else I've automated, and as of 1.5.0 I've even automated that portion of the news item that can be automated (the link to the changelog and whatnot). But it's still a little boring, so to lighten the drudgery I've decided to make up silly code names for NewsBruiser releases. 1.5.0 is the "Pig In A Blanket" release.
Filed under:
[Main] [Edit]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License.
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About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents
Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 738258, 4 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/738258
Editorial
Nonlinear Time Series: Computations and Applications 2012
1School of Information Science & Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
2Department of Mathematics, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
3Department of Mathematics, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
4Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selanger, Malaysia
5College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
6Department of Electrical, Computer, Software, & Systems Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA
Received 19 November 2012; Accepted 19 November 2012
Copyright © 2012 Ming Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Nonlinear time series attracts the interests of scientists and engineers in both research and applications in various fields, ranging from hydrology to computer science. It is a powerful tool for revealing interesting phenomena in natural science and engineering regarding challenging issues in, for instances, fractal random functions, differential equations of fractional order, fractional calculus, prediction of random functions, technologies in denoising for both signals and images, pattern recognition, wavelets, and so forth. The aim of this special issue is to collect high quality papers with respect to nonlinear time series, its computations, and applications. There are 28 papers collected in this special issue in the related topics. We introduce them by six paragraphs below.
A.-J. Shi and J.-G. Lin’s paper entitled “Tail dependence for regularly varying time series” studies regularly varying time series to describe heavy-tailed phenomena from a view of tail dependence by introducing a dependence function and establishing a relationship between the dependence function and the intensity measure with discussions of their present expressions about dependence parameters. J. Xue et al.’s paper “Bound maxima as a traffic feature under DDOS flood attacks” provides a novel method to characterize the traffic features with and without attacking packets. The paper entitled “A novel fractional-discrete-cosine-transform-based reversible watermarking for healthcare information management systems” by L.-T. Ko et al. presents a new method of watermarking to reconstruct host images by using the technique of discrete cosine transform of fractional order. I. Cherif et al.’s paper “Nonlinear blind identification with three-dimensional tensor analysis” deals with the blind identification of a second-order Volterra-Hammerstein series using the analysis of three-dimensional tensor. The paper “Online health management for complex nonlinear systems based on hidden semi-markov model using sequential Monte Carlo methods” by Q. Liu and M. Dong introduces a new approach of multisteps ahead health recognition based on joint probability distribution for health management of a complex nonlinear system with the technique combining hidden semi-Markov model with sequential Monte Carlo methods. H. Bayiroğlu et al.’s paper “Nonlinear response of vibrational conveyers with nonideal vibration exciter: superharmonic and subharmonic resonance” gives the theoretical and numerical analysis of the working ranges of oscillating shaking conveyers with nonideal vibration exciter for superharmonic and subharmonic resonances in multiple scales.
Wavelets remain a powerful tool in nonlinear time series. The paper entitled “A new texture synthesis algorithm based on wavelet packet tree” by H. C. Hsin et al. presents an efficient method of texture synthesis with wavelet packet tree, providing a useful technique for investigating the issue of multiresolution representation for fractal images. Y. Huang et al.’s paper “Minimum-energy multiwavelet frames with arbitrary integer dilation factor” explains the research of the minimum-energy multiwavelet frame.
J. Yang et al. presented their study in the construction of affine invariant functions in the paper entitled “Construction of affine invariant functions in spatial domain”, which is satisfactorily used for pattern recognition of Chinese words. The paper “Adaptive binary arithmetic coder-based image feature and segmentation in the compressed domain” by H. C. Hsin et al. gives a modification of the compression-based texture merging algorithm to alleviate the influence of overmerging problem by making use of the rate distortion information so that the computational cost because of the segmentation of an image may be reduced considerably. R. Wang and B. Fang’s paper “A combined approach on RBC image segmentation through shape feature extraction” proposes a combined approach for complex surface segmentation of red blood cell based on the techniques of shape-from-shading and multiscale surface fitting, which is promising for the pattern recognition of red blood cell in the sense of 3-dimensional modeling by taking into account multiscale surface features of red blood cell segments. S. Hu et al. in their paper “Reducing noises and artifacts simultaneously of low-dosed X-ray computed tomography using bilateral filter weighted by Gaussian filtered sinogram” proposed an efficient method to obtain satisfied denoising results for sinogram restoration of low-dosed X-ray computed tomography by weighing the similarity using Gaussian smoothed sinogram. The paper entitled “Image denoising based on dilated singularity prior” by S. Hu et al. gives an approach to preserve edges and textures in image denoising by adding dilated singularity prior to noisy images. Y.-Y. Zhu et al.’s paper “Detection and recognition of abnormal running behavior in surveillance video” gives a method of identifying abnormal running behavior based on spatiotemporal parameters by taking into account real-time systems and multitarget tracking in surveillance videos. The paper entitled “Data matrix code location based on finder pattern detection and bar code border fitting” by Q. Huang et al. presents an algorithm for locating data matrix code based on finder pattern detection and bar code border fitting, which has applications to locating a 2D bar code quickly and precisely in an image with complex background, such as poor illumination. B. Chen et al.’s paper “A multiplicative noise removal approach based on partial differential equation model” contributes a method of removing speckle noise by introducing a four-order partial differential equation, which may obtain better edge-preserve performance.
Packet-delay analysis gains interests of scientists in computer-network engineering from the point of view of real-time systems in particular as well as applied statistics with respect to queuing systems driven by fractal arrival time series. D. Pan et al.’s paper entitle “Buffer management and hybrid probability choice routing for packet delivery in opportunistic networks” contributes a hybrid probability choice routing protocol with buffer management for opportunistic networks. The authors developed a delivery probability function based on continuous encounter duration time, which is used for selecting a better node to relay packets. By combining the buffer management utility and the delivery probability, they attained a total utility that is used to decide whether the packet should be kept in the buffer or be directly transmitted to the encountering node. H. Wu et al.’s paper “Location updating schemes for high-speed railway cellular communication systems” proposes two useful methods regarding location updating, namely, “clustering location management” and “mobile group location management,” towards solving the problems caused by the existing location updating schemes in high speed railway cellular private network without occupying more frequency resources and impacting the mobile subscribers’ paging. In addition, the paper gives analysis of useful specifications, such as channel request number of stand-alone dedicated control channel, average waiting time of location updating, cost of location updating, and paging. The paper “Applying semigroup property of enhanced Chebyshev polynomials to anonymous authentication protocol” by H. Lai et al. presents an anonymous authentication protocol that is efficient in low computational complexity and cost in the initialization phase by using semigroup property of enhanced Chebyshev polynomials. H.-Y. Lin et al. presented a paper entitled “An adaptive test sheet generation mechanism using genetic algorithm”, where an adaptive test sheet generation is given from a view of time series. That may be the first paper noticing that there may be fractal phenomena, such as statistical self-similarity of genetic algorithm’s fitness scores, in the assessment of information provided by computerized testing systems.
The paper entitled “Hypothesis testing in generalized linear models with functional coefficient autoregressive processes” by L. Song et al. studies the hypothesis testing in generalized linear models with functional coefficient autoregressive processes by introducing quasi-maximum likelihood estimators. T.-S. Tsay’s paper “Automatic regulation time series for industry processes” proposes a nonlinear digital control scheme for analyses and designs of stable industry processes, which can be applied to servo systems, time delay systems, and so on. D. Xiang et al.’s paper “Degenerate-generalized likelihood ratio test for one-sided composite hypotheses” gives a method with respect to the degenerate-generalized likelihood ratio test for one-sided composite hypotheses in cases of independent and dependent observations. Their method has less overall expected sample sizes and less relative mean index values in comparison with the sequential probability ratio test and double sequential probability ratio test.
Research of theory and tools of time series prediction is encouraged. The paper by X.-H. Yang and Y.-Q. Li, which is entitled “DNA optimization threshold autoregressive prediction model and its application in ice condition time series”, presents a new DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) optimization threshold autoregressive prediction model (DNAOTARPM) by combining threshold autoregressive method with DNA optimization. It may be useful for the calibration of the threshold autoregressive prediction model for nonlinear time series with prediction precision improving and prediction uncertainty reducing. The paper entitled “Design of deep belief networks for short-term prediction of drought index using data in the Huaihe River Basin” by J. Chen et al. contributes a short-term drought prediction model based on deep belief networks for predicting the time series at different time scales. Their prediction model has applied to predict the real drought time series in the Huaihe River Basin, China. J.-L. Wu and P.-C. Chang’s paper “A trend-based segmentation method and the support vector regression for financial time series forecasting” presents a trend-based segmentation method and the support vector regression for financial time series forecasting. S.-S. Yang et al. in their paper entitled “New optimal weight combination model for forecasting precipitation” introduced a new optimal weight combination model to increase accuracies in precipitation forecasting. The present model, which consists of three forecast submodels, namely, rank set pair analysis model, radical basis function model, and autoregressive one, may significantly improve the forecast accuracy of precipitation in terms of the error sum of squares in comparison with the single model of rank set pair analysis, or radical basis function, or autoregressive system.
Acknowledgments
The guest editors are grateful to the authors of the special issue for their contributions and the reviewers for their valuable comments on the submissions. They highly appreciate the editorial members of Mathematical Problems in Engineering as well as the editorial staff of Hindawi Publishing Corporation. M. Li acknowledges the 973 plan under the Project Grant no. 2011CB302800, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the Project Grants nos. 61272402, 61070214, and 60873264.
Ming Li
Massimo Scalia
Carlo Cattani
S. C. Lim
Bin Fang
Thomas T. Yang
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Bibliography: Flowers of Edo
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Title: Flowers of Edo
Author: Bruce Sterling
Year: 1987
Type: SHORTFICTION
Storylen: novelette
ISFDB Record Number: 41394
Note: First published in Japanese in Hayakawa's Science Fiction Magazine.
User Rating: This title has fewer than 5 votes. VOTE
Current Tags: None Add Tags
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Publications:
Copyright (c) 1995-2011 Al von Ruff.
ISFDB Engine - Version 4.00 (04/24/06)
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User:Abigail E. Miller
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Research interests)
Line 38: Line 38:
*[[User:Abigail E. Miller/Notebook/CHEM571 Lab Project| Biomaterials Design Lab Notebook - Fall 2012]]
*[[User:Abigail E. Miller/Notebook/CHEM571 Lab Project| Biomaterials Design Lab Notebook - Fall 2012]]
<br>
<br>
-
Metal Organic Frameworks
+
[[Metal Organic Frameworks AU|Metal Organic Frameworks]]
<br>
<br>
*Elaine Robbins - [[User:Elaine_Marie_Robbins/Notebook/MOF| MOF Notebook]]
*Elaine Robbins - [[User:Elaine_Marie_Robbins/Notebook/MOF| MOF Notebook]]
Revision as of 13:52, 3 July 2012
Contents
Contact Info
Abigail E. Miller
• Abigail E. Miller
• Assistant Professor
• American University
• 4400 Massachusetts Ave
• Beeghly 210
• Washington, DC 20016
• Email me through OpenWetWare
My research lab studies the interactions between proteins and aptamers using single molecule fluorescence methodologies at American University. I learned about OpenWetWare from other faculty in the Chemistry Department, and I've joined to edit and contribute to the - AU Biomaterials Design Lab.
Education
• Postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Standards and Technology
• PhD, University of California, Berkeley
• BS, Cornell University
Research interests
1. Detection of Biomarkers in Biological Media
2. Interactions between proteins and aptamers
3. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS and FCCS), FRET
4. Metal Organic Frameworks
Publications
1. Paper 1 pmid=6947258
2. Paper 2 pmid=13718526
Projects
AU Biomaterials Design Lab
Metal Organic Frameworks
My Lab Notebooks
Colleagues' Pages
Matt Hartings
Kathryn Muratore
Douglas Fox
Useful links
OpenWetWare
External
Personal tools
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User:Anthony Salvagno
From OpenWetWare
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(Stuff I do)
(About Me:)
Line 25: Line 25:
[http://twitter.com/anthonysalvagno My life in real time]<br>
[http://twitter.com/anthonysalvagno My life in real time]<br>
'''[http://flavors.me/kochlab Flavors of Kochlab]'''<br>
'''[http://flavors.me/kochlab Flavors of Kochlab]'''<br>
+
'''[[/T-shirt Store|Shirts by Anthony]]'''<br>
==Contact Me==
==Contact Me==
Revision as of 14:23, 10 March 2010
This person is a practitioner of ONS-ACI. If it isn't in the notebook it isn't being done.
Contents
About Me:
Real Name: Anthony Salvagno
From: Beacon, NY
Undergrad: SUNY Albany
Degrees: BS in Physics, BS in Mathematics
Grad: UNM
Degrees: MS in Physics
Web Stuff:
The Randomly Grad Life: my personal blog
My Youtube page
My Scribd stuff
My SlideShare
My friendfeed
My life in real time
Flavors of Kochlab
Shirts by Anthony
Contact Me
If you are rummaging through my notebook and you have questions about proceedures, protocols, techniques, samples, data, etc. just let me know. There are many ways to get in contact with me and here is how:
• For OWW users: Click Here
• For general email: asalvagn@unm.edu
• Leave me a voicemail (click below twice):
Stuff I do
My Notebook
This contains all the research I do at Kochlab. My primary project is to analyze DNA with bound proteins by unzipping DNA. Some of the applications of this are:
• Shotgun DNA Mapping
• RNA Transcription
• Telomere Mapping
• Tus-Ter protein behavior (coming soon with Cameron Neylon)
The other project I dabble in is working with the molecular motor Kinesin. This is what I do:
• Transform kinesin from E. coli and purify (coming soon)
• Analyze kinesin processivity (coming soon)
Everything I do in my notebook is what I'm studying. I update very frequently and try to provide information close to real time. Remember:
Graphic Design
I do a bit of graphic design. The ONS .gif above was made by me using images from Andrew Lang via ONSclaims. I also like to make science figures for the lab (some of which can be seen scattered throughout my notebook or blog (see above)). I am proficient in Adobe Illustrator and trying to delve into Adobe Flash. Here are some things I have done below:
Pages to Watch
Andy's Contributions
Koch's Contributions
Brian's Contributions
Personal tools
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Google AdSense Adds Resources Tab
Nov 2, 2007 • 7:17 am | (0) by | Filed Under Google AdSense
This morning, Google has seemed to just add a new tab to the Google AdSense console named resources. Within that tab are the following resources by category:
The community category has the Inside AdSense Blog, AdSense Help Forum, Webinars and the AdSense Calendar. The find help category has the Help Center, a Demos & Guides and the Troubleshooting Wizards. The optimization category has Optimization Tips, Success Stories, Publisher Tools and Webmaster Central. The references category has Program Policies, Webmaster Guidelines, Ad Formats, the Glossary, Terms & Conditions and the Privacy Policy.
Here is a screen capture:
Forum discussion at DigitalPoint Forums.
Previous story: Google Expanding AdSense Western Union Payments to Egypt & Morocco?
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Ed Royce
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Ed Royce currently serves the 40th Congressional district of California
Edward Randall Royce, a Republican, has represented the 40th Congressional District of California in the United States House of Representatives since 1993. Royce had served as Assistant Whip since 1993. (map).
Contents
Record and controversies
Iraq War
Royce voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 that started the Iraq War.[1]
For more information see the chart of U.S. House of Representatives votes on the Iraq War.
Environmental record
For more information on environmental legislation, see the Energy and Environment Policy Portal
Biography
Royce was born October 12, 1951 in Los Angeles, California. He earned his B.A. in 1977 from the California State University, Fullerton. He was a business owner and corporate tax manager before becoming a California State Senator in 1983, serving until his election to the U.S. House of Representatives.
2006 elections
In 2006, the Democrats nominated Florice Hoffman, and the Libertarian Party nominated Phillip H. Inman to face Royce in his November 2006 bid for reelection. (See U.S. congressional elections in 2006) [1] Royce retained his seat.
Committees and Affiliations
Committees
• House Committee on Financial Services
• Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored Enterprises
• Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit
• Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
• House Committee on Foreign Affairs
• Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific
• Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade -Ranking
Committee assignments in the 109th Congress (2005-2006)
• House Committee on Financial Services
• Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit
• Subcommittee on Capital Markets Insurance and Government Sponsored Enterprises
• Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
• House Committee on International Relations
• Subcommittee on Africa Global Human Rights and International Operations
• Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
• Subcommittee on International Terrorism and Nonproliferation - Chair
Coalitions and Caucuses
• Co Chair, Porkbusters Coalition
• Executive Committee Chair, National Republican Congressional Committee
• Member, Stop Coporate Welfare Coalition
Boards and other Affiliations
• California Interscholastic Athletic Foundation
• Fullerton Chamber of Commerce
• Literacy Volunteers of America
More Background Data
Wikipedia also has an article on Ed Royce. This article may use content from the Wikipedia article under the terms of the GFDL.
Contact
DC Office:
2202 Rayburn House Office Building
Washington, D.C. 20515-0540
Phone: 202-225-4111
Fax: 202-226-0335
Web Email
Website
District Office- Fullerton:
305 North Harbor Boulevard, Suite 300
Fullerton, CA 92832
Phone: 714-992-8081
Fax: 714-992-1668
Articles and resources
Local blogs and discussion sites
Corresponding article on Wikipedia and Cause Caller. (If Cause Caller link does not work, pick from its list of senators and representatives.)
Current Office: U.S. House of Representatives
111th Congress
Leadership Position:
Committees Chaired:
Committees,
Ranking Member On:
Caucuses:
Committees:
110th Congress
Leadership Position:
None
Committees Chaired:
Committees,
Ranking Member On:
Caucuses:
Porkbusters Coalition, National Republican Congressional Committee,Stop Coporate Welfare Coalition
Committees: House Committee on Financial Services, House Committee on Financial Services/Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, House Committee on Financial Services/Subcommittee on Capital Markets Insurance and Government Sponsored Enterprises, House Committee on Financial Services/Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, House Committee on Foreign Affairs/Subcommittee on Asia Pacific and the Global Environment, House Committee on Foreign Affairs/Subcommittee on Terrorism Nonproliferation and Trade,
Congressional Career
First Elected to Current Office:
November 3, 1992
First Took Current Office:
January 3, 1993
Next Election:
November 2, 2010
Term Ends:
Freshman Member?
No
Previous Political Work?
California State Senate,
Other Party Membership:
District Offices:
1. 2202 Rayburn House Office Building, Washington, D.C. 20515-0540
Phone: 202-225-4111 / Fax: 202-226-0335
2. 305 North Harbor Boulevard, Suite 300, Fullerton, CA 92832
Phone: 714-992-8081 / Fax: 714-992-1668
Campaign Contact:
Website:
Webform Email: / Email:
Campaign Offices:
1.
Phone: / Fax:
Zip Code Affiliations:
Misc:
Date of Birth: October 12, 1951
Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found
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Google AdSense
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260 reputation
17
bio website sachin.at
location India
age 22
visits member for 1 year
seen Jan 5 at 14:38
stats profile views 20
About.me/SachinShekhar
I mostly live in the Sci-Fi, Gaming & Cartoon world, but -- at night -- I secretly masquerade as someone who pretends to know Arduino, Linux, Java & jQuery.
Disclaimer: I have no idea what I'm talking about, all my answers are guesses!
0 Active bounties
This user has not participated in any bounties.
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1. Skip to navigation
2. Skip to content
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Source link: http://archive.mises.org/15383/it-usually-ends-with-murray-rothbard-2/
It Usually Ends with Murray Rothbard
January 21, 2011 by
It was while I was attending graduate school that I met Murray Rothbard. Rothbard followed LeFevre on the program, and, although I do not recall the precise topic of his talk that day, I was extremely impressed with the joyfulness, affability, and sense of humor he projected. FULL ARTICLE by Joseph T. Salerno
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RProtoBuf (0.2.6)
0 users
R Interface to the Protocol Buffers API.
http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/rprotobuf/
http://romainfrancois.blog.free.fr/index.php?category/R-package/RProtoBuf
http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/code/rprotobuf/
http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RProtoBuf
Protocol Buffers are a way of encoding structured data in an efficient yet extensible format. Google uses Protocol Buffers for almost all of its internal RPC protocols and file formats.
Maintainer: Dirk Eddelbuettel
Author(s): Romain Francois, Dirk Eddelbuettel and Murray Stokely
License: GPL-2
Uses: Rcpp, RCurl, RUnit, highlight
Released 8 months ago.
7 previous versions
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Search for RProtoBuf on google, google scholar, r-help, r-devel.
Visit RProtoBuf on R Graphical Manual.
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Error!
Success!
Live Writer Plug-in for Sharing Technical Post
0
kicks
Live Writer Plug-in for Sharing Technical Post (Unpublished)
Adding a new post to my blog was always a daunting task. I had to follow these steps: Write the post on Windows Live Writer Publish it and get the post link Submit to DotNetKicks and get their counter html Submit to DotNetShoutout and get their counter html Prepare html for my CodeProject blog feed Edit the post and add the html I’ve collected in the previous steps Republish post Well, no more!
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GlobalVoices in Learn more »
India Debates Capital Punishment for Rape
This post also available in:
Français · Inde : La peine capitale pour les violeurs ?
Malagasy · India : Adi-hevitra Manodidina ny Famonoana ho Faty Noho ny Fanolanana
Italiano · India: s'infiamma il dibattito sulla proposta di pena di morte per i colpevoli di stupro
Español · India debate la pena de muerte en los casos de violación
Ελληνικά · Ινδία: Παίρνει φωτιά η διαμάχη για την επιβολή θανατικής ποινής στους βιαστές
Português · Índia debate a pena de morte para estupro
繁體中文 · 印度辯論「以死刑對付強姦」
简体中文 · 印度辩论“以死刑对付强奸”
Delhi, with its dubious distinction as the ‘rape capital’ has witnessed another tragedy of sexual violence on a 23 year old woman (see Global Voices report), that has led to wide spread protests in and around the capital and the country. Shocked at the brutality of the recent violence, people from many spheres are asking for stricter laws and harsher punishments and there has been vigorous debates going on about capital punishment for rapists, started out by a member of Parliament, Sushma Swaraj.
The issue of the current debate on rape and capital punishments is a complex one. The National Bureau of Crime in India reports staggering numbers of gender violence. This same year a two year old girl Baby Falak died due to injuries from abuse in Delhi. In India gender violence manifests in many forms from female feticide, ragging, eve teasing, dowry, rape (some of it is considered a norm in the society). India’s north eastern state Manipur has witnessed rape by its own army men and Manipuri women protesting with the banner, “Indian Army: Rape Us.” Among its parliament members, 369 faces charges for crime against women.
A highly agitated protester points as she shouts at police officers during renewed demonstrations following the gang rape of a female student on a Delhi bus. Image by João Costa Leão. Copyright Demotix (23/12/2012)
With such complexities as a society and such widespread abuse prevalent, the social media with its new found voice, has started massive campaigns, and the debate of Capital Punishment also rages including online petitions.
Stalin K Padma criticises a newspaper (Times of India) advertising for Capital Punishment,
The ad unfortunately perpetuates the notion that a woman's life is finished (‘takes away a woman's life') when she is raped! The severe social stigma attached to rape, promoted by ads and arguments like these, are singularly responsible for women committing (or attempting to commit) suicide.
To which Sakshi Soi reasons with the staggering numbers in Delhi alone:
We've been through all of these discussions earlier haven't we? This isn't the first rape case Delhi/India has seen. 600+ and counting in Delhi alone! How many punished? We demand death penalty because there is need for immediate action!
Protests at India Gate. Photo by Flickr user ramesh_lalwani CC BY-NC 2.0
Aswathy Senan who has called in and participated in the protest rallies, comments:
Hope all this doesn't come to a point when we will need to hold another protest against capital punishment!!! I wouldn't hesitate to hold media as one of the prime forces responsible for making “capital punishment” the ideal punishment for the rapist!
Suresh Kumar comments on a Google Plus discussing the pros and cons of Capital Punishment:
നിലവിലുള്ള ശിക്ഷയേക്കാൾ കൂടുതലായി വധശിക്ഷ ഒരു ഡിറ്ററന്റാകുമോ എന്ന കാര്യവും സംശയമാണ്. അഥവാ അങ്ങിനെ വധശിക്ഷ കൊടുക്കാമെന്ന് തീരുമാനിച്ചാൽ തന്നെ ഇൻഡ്യയിൽ ഏതാണ്ട് നാൽപ്പതിനായിരത്തിലധികം ആളുകളെ ഇപ്പോ തന്നെ വധിക്കേണ്ടി വരും എന്ന് പറയപ്പെടുന്നു. അത് നടക്കുന്ന കാര്യമാണോ? അപ്പോൾ പിന്നെ ഈ കുറ്റകൃത്യത്തിലേക്കെത്തുന്നതിനു മുന്നെ അതെങ്ങനെ ഫലപ്രദമായി തടയാമെന്ന കാര്യങ്ങളിൽ കൂടുതൽ ശ്രദ്ധകേന്ദ്രീകരിക്കേണ്ടി വരും.
It is doubtful whether capital punishment will be a deterrent to the existing laws. The judiciary conducts itself in a very slow manner and as of now if capital punishment is issued, there are more than forty thousand people who will need to be sentenced. Is that even possible? So we would need to think what all steps and measures are needed in this society to stop such things from happening.
As the debate continues on Capital Punishment, Nirmal Harindran posted a Facebook status with a news clipping, which seems to have all the answers to this recurring gender violence in India.
Girl Child Abandoned in Delhi
I think our issues starts here…The Indian Express, Delhi 19-December-2012
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African ArtAfrican-American ArtAmerican ArtAsian ArtEarly Christian and Medieval ArtFrench ArtIslamic and Near Eastern ArtLatin American and Caribbean ArtPhotographyRenaissance ArtWomen in the Arts
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The other day, I met with the guys doing Tokyo Art Beat. Tokyo Art Beat is probably the most comprehensive art event site for Tokyo in both English and Japanese. Interestingly, even though they are both French, the site is not yet available in French. Anyway, I know at least a dozen people who have pinged me that they are going to be in Tokyo over the next few weeks so I would recommend this site to find cool things to do when you are in town.
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Modify
#7107 closed defect (needinfo)
josm-latest complains about errors in preferences
Reported by: anonymous Owned by: team
Priority: normal Component: Core
Version: Keywords:
Cc:
Description
4629 complains about errors in preferences file, then creates new preferences file and starts.
To reproduce, start 4629
note error
add a plugin
exit
start again, same error.
4550 (tested) does not complain about errors in preferences file.
Attachments (0)
Change History (4)
comment:1 Changed 18 months ago by anonymous
comment:2 Changed 18 months ago by Don-vip
comment:3 Changed 18 months ago by bastiK
comment:4 Changed 16 months ago by bastiK
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• Status changed from new to closed
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[maemo-community] Maemo Meeting Minutes 26 March 2011, 1400 UTC...
From: Tim Samoff tim at samoff.com
Date: Mon Mar 28 00:55:13 EEST 2011
Hi everyone,
Sorry for the delay in meeting minutes. I want to tank everyone who
attended. As you'll see, the attendance list only includes those who
are/were members of the Maemo Community Council. But, I really
appreciate the others who graced us with their presence.
This meeting ended up being almost two-hours long (one hour longer than
intended and an hour after I had to leave). This being said, I don't
know if I adequately included all of the important points from the
meeting below. If you're interested, it would be best to read the
meeting transcript[1] yourself.
In Attendance...
Outgoing Council:
* Andrew Flegg (Jaffa)
* Tim Samoff (timsamoff)
* Attila Chipa (achipa) - beginning at 1650 UTC
Incoming Council:
* Alan Bruce (qole)
* RM Bauer (SD69)
* Felipe Crochik (fcrochik)
* Attila Chipa (achipa) - beginning at 1650 UTC
Agenda/Notes:
1. Introductions
* Call for new Council to choose a Chair (this will be accomplished this
week via the council@ email address).
2. What was done during last term
* The legal ownership of maemo.org was handed over to the community,
with Nemein (Henri Bergius as main point of contact) managing it on our
behalf. There are now only three members of the maemo.org team, all
part-time. X-Fade (Niels Breet) webmaster; Andre Klapper (andre)
bugmaster; Reggie Suplido (Reggie) talkmaster. Nemein have further
budget which equates to one full time person.
* The Council was involved in the sponsorship of people for the MeeGo
Conference from a "handset" background.
* The Council sponsored the Maemo 5 Community SSU; providing support &
advice to MohammadAG; dealing with the thread on bugs.maemo.org and
helping triage the bugs (j.mp/communityssu-bugs).
* Passed on a refresh license change request queue request from
DocScrutinizer & jonwil to Quim.
* Asked Tero (tekojo) about maemo.org funding, given the concern voiced
from the community after Feb 11th.
* Held a brainstorm redux meeting with the maemo.org team to work out
how the Maemo Brainstorm items were progressing.
* More work on community bug reporting process, liaising with Qt
maintainers around Qt versions in Extras-devel, and liaising with Forum
Nokia folks who are doing Qt hotfixes.
* Ramped up efforts to keep Council visible via Council blog on m.o.
3. What was not done during last term
* Getting a handle on the maemo.org staff & Nemein. Despite committing
to come up with a community involvement process (to help lighten their
workload), it's often a black hole. Problems need to be chased sometimes
to support at nemein.com email address to raise a ticket in their internal
system.
* Andre is still doing lots of work in Bugzilla triaging bugs both for
the CSSU and Extras projects.
* Niels is still helping to set up the Community OBS which can be used
for MeeGo, Fremantle and Harmattan; but there's no clearly communicated
plan for transitioning to it from the autobuilder, but the committed-to
donations system for maemo.org/downloads hasn't been worked on at all;
nor is there any documentation about the structure (AFAICT) of maemo.org.
* Council/Community should have a root access process concerning admin
and maintenance of maemo.org, but the details are still up in the air.
* Council isn't involved in MeeGo Conf sponsorship decisions for SF in May.
* Justify the Council (the new Council needs to figure out of they are
the last Council or not; how the Q2 Council may differ from preceding ones).
4. Past Council reflections/comments
* There's increasing pressure from the MeeGo community, and some
Intelians, that Nokia *don't* get an exception to call Harmattan MeeGo.
This might put a big spanner in the works for the Harmattan community.
* Development and marketing of the CSSU needs to ramp up and become much
more organized.
* Thoughts about the Maemo Community shrinking over the next year or
so... So, the Council will have to be quite vocal in organizing
community efforts (site maintenance, app dev, etc.).
5. New Council comments/questions
* Many questions about Council Chair, m.o root access, funded employees
of m.o, CSSU, etc. Most of these questions are, as yet, unanswered.
* Questions about "friendliness" and cooperation between Maemo and
MeeGo, of which the outgoing Council answered "yes."
* Talk of the Community OBS. X-Fade and lbt are the folks involved, and
there've been some comms about it on meego-* mailing lists.
* Comments about the Council taking on a bridging role between
forum.meego.com and talk.maemo.org.
* Has there been discussion about open source activities around next
Nokia device? Not yet. There are two schools of thought - it's a
dead-end, don't bother OR we can make it such a success that Nokia's
board reconsiders their medium-term plans...
* It will be tricky getting a centralized forum for the Harmattan
community. It was hard enough with t.m.o. and the mailing lists, and no
one has a clear vision about a "Harmattan Community." Should maemo.org
just assume to be the place for the Harmattan community forum? Meego.com
forums are a no-go, at least that was dawn/quim's stance a while back.
The question is why exactly do we need another forum? Just because of
the name? It might also become obvious once it's clear if harmattan will
be "marketed" as Maemo 6, meego or something completely new.
* Do we have any "hard figures" on how the community has changed since
the beginning of Mmeego?
* More questions about the maemo.org infrastructure and how it will
continue. Neiman will play an important role in this.
[1]
http://mg.pov.lt/maemo-meeting-irclog/%23maemo-meeting.2011-03-26.log.html
More information about the maemo-community mailing list
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Wednesday, May 02, 2007
Bishara's "Brothers"
The ad below reads "Azmi Bishara - We Are Brethren".
Steve Plaut has written of his allies-
When Bishara was elected to the Knesset as head of an Arab fascist party, Israel's moonbats were demanding that he sit on the Knesset intelligence committee. I guess they wanted to make it easier for him to spy for his terrorist friends. Instead, he was put on the Knesset Constitution, Law and Justice Committee and the Parliamentary Inquiry Committee on Wiretapping (I guess whoever assigned him had a sense of humor).
Bishara is a longtime Stalinist. That is probably why the anti-Israel Van Leer Institute in Jerualem recruited him for their board. The New Israel Fund in the US tried to bring Bishara to the Smithsonian as the official representative of Israel for Israel's 50th independence events in 1998. Bishara represents the kind of "New Israel" that the New Israel Fund seeks to create.
Bishara is a walking advertisement for why Israel should have capital punishment for treason, for both Jewish and Arab traitors. The only problem with the idea is that there would be such a long line of those waiting their turns for its application.
(unfortunately, when he sends out his postings as an e-mail, he doesn't attach his own blog's URL, so I had togo and find it)
Well, the ad identifies his "brothers" as
Anat Biletzki
Lola Horowitz
Cham Hanegbi
Mikado Warshawski
Eran Turbiner
Yael Lotan
Rami Livneh
Debbie Lerman
Chava Lerman
Tzachi Mitznamcher
Leah Tsemel
Sammi Shalom Shitreet
Anyone with a bit of knowledge of Israel's far-left, and radical anti-Zionist Left is aware of the long list of crimes these people have committed in the moral sense against Israel and some, in the actual criminal-sitting-in-jail sense, not to mention defending terrorists.
In yesterday's Haaretz (in Hebrew), there's a letter (third one down) signed by Professor Yehudah Elkanah, of Mapam roots, who wrote the first academic history of HaShomer HaTzair, calling Bishara a "proud Palestinian" and while he didn't think it prudent to travel to Syria, he can't conceive of Bishara being a spy.
Oh, well. Israel, they say, is a democracy.
==================================
Anat Biletski
Born in Jerusalem in 1952, Professor Anat Biletzki spent much of her childhood and schooling (elementary and high school) in the United States and Canada. Her
university degrees were acquired at Tel Aviv University in Israel, in Political Science and Philosophy. Her Master’s thesis was on Aristotle’s logic and
determinism; her PhD. Dissertation on the history of the philosophy of language.
Outside academia Biletzki has been active in the peace movement and in several
human rights projects in Israel for over 25 years. During the first intifada she was one of the founders (and in charge of communications) of the peace movement “The
Twenty-First Year” – a group devoted to promoting civil objection to the occupation.
In those same years she also worked with the Beta Committee, which attempted to
coordinate rehabilitation efforts for the West Bank village, Beta. In 1997-1998
Biletzki helped establish the human rights movement “Open Doors” which worked on
liberating Palestinian administrative detainees in Israel – especially 11 detainees who had been incarcerated, without trial or due process, for over five years. (Within a year almost all the administrative detainees were released.) Since 1996 Biletzki has been active as one of the leaders of Hacampus Lo Shotek – The Campus Is Not Silent – the most vociferous and influential campus group, made up of faculty and students at Tel Aviv University (recently branching out to other Israeli universities), which runs campus events dedicated to ending the occupation and ensuring a just peace. She is presently chairperson of the board of B’Tselem - the Israeli Information center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories.
Haim Hanegbi
Haim Hanegbi, a journalist for the Maariv daily. He was a central activist in the Matzpen group, one of the founders of the Progressive List, a partner in the leadership of the Gush Shalom peace movement. He is a co-author (with Moshe Machover, and Akiva Orr) of the widely-cited article ’The Class Nature of Israeli Society,’ in the New Left Review (NLR I/65, January-February 1971). He is also an endorser of the June 2004 "The Olga Document". He lives in Ramat Aviv.
Michael Mikado Warschawsky
Michel 'Mikado' Warshawsky is the co-founder and director of The Alternative Information Centre, which publishes News from Within -- a progressive alternative to the mainstream Israeli media. He is also one of the founders of Yesh Gvul, a movement that started in 1982 when Israeli soldiers refused to serve in the war against Lebanon. Mikado himself was jailed twice for refusing to serve in Lebanon and the Occupied Territories. In 1989, he was again imprisoned for "giving printing services to a forbidden association" -- more specifically, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).
Born in France in 1949 into an orthodox Jewish family, the young Warshawski went to Jerusalem in 1966 to study theology. Soon after arriving in Israel, he was faced with the reality of belonging to a colonialist nation.
Two years later, while a student at the Hebrew University, he joined the only Israeli anti-Zionist movement -- Matzpen, which gained notoriety in the '60s and early '70s for being the only political tendency in Israel to support the creation of a democratic bi-national state in Palestine.
Eran Turbiner
Journalist, film producer, Matzpen
Yale Lotan
Translator
Rami Livneh
Revolutionary Communist Alliance leader; sentenced to ten years' in jail
Debbie Lerman
member of Women In Black and Women And Peace
Chava Lerman
feminist peace activist
Lea Tsemel
an anti-Zionist Jewish human rights lawyer who has represented Palestinians accused of violence in Israel
Sammi Sheetrit
president of the Federation of Moroccan Jews
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My Computational Journal Summer 2012
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 20:29, 22 May 2012 by Katrina Sherbina (Talk | contribs)
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
Week 1
May 14, 2012
Today code for a simple ANOVA and a comparison of two strains was tested to see if the results produced by our adviser could be reproduced. The output without modifying the code for the comparison of two strains using wildtype and dGLN3 for the comparison could be reproduced. A few difficulties have been faced when trying to modify the simple ANOVA code. It was attempted to match the results produced for dGLN3 using the two strain comparison code with the results of the simple ANOVA code with the input specified as the log fold concentrations for the dGLN3 data. After being initially unsuccessful, the code was revisited and looked at more closely. It was found that two matrices in the matrix division had an unequal number of rows (matrix X and matrix Y). The indices (which specify columns of the input file) were modified after which matrix X had the same number of rows as matrix Y. The following code was used:
ind15 = ind15-indx(1)+1;
ind30 = ind30-indx(1)+1;
ind60 = ind60-indx(1)+1;
ind90 = ind90-indx(1)+1;
ind120 = ind120-indx(1)+1;
However, the results from the simple ANOVA for dGLN3 still did not match the results for dGLN3 from the comparison of two strains code.
Katrina Sherbina 21:31, 14 May 2012 (EDT)
May 15, 2012
A separate set of indices were made to designate the rows of the X matrices for the reduced and the full model. This separate set of indices (one for each timpeoint) removed rows of zeros that were previously added when substituting the select 0's for 1's to create the two X matrices. As a result, it was possible to call upon the original indices to extract the log fold changes corresponding to a specific deletion to create the Y matrix. After these corrections, the two strain comparisons were performed between wildtype and each one of the deletion strains.
Further modifications were made to the two strain comparison code to be able to make a comparison of all of the strains simulatenously. To do so, indices were added to designate the columns in the input corresponding to each of the deletion strains. A separate set of indices (one index per timepoint) for each strain as in the case of the two strain comparison. The parameters p were increased to 25 (five timepoints for each deletion strain) and the constraints q were increased to 20 to yield an X and Xh matrices with the appropriate numbers of columns. Changes were made to the out_data(ii,[number]) lines to account for the increase in the number of strains being compared. In the output, the data for each of the timepoints for each of the deletion strains matched the corresponding data in the two strain comparisons.
The next task is figure out how to handle missing data. Since both GCAT and Ontario chips were used, log fold change concentrations are missing for some genes for some timepoints for the wildtype (these cells show up as NaN). One possibility is to modify the X matrices so that they take into account the NaN's for each gene. On this note, a for loop was begun to try to exclude timepoints for a gene for which there is an NaN.
Katrina Sherbina 20:38, 15 May 2012 (EDT)
May 16, 2012
NaN's were removed from the Y matrix for each gene by using the command YY = Y(~isnan(Y(:,1)),1). This truncated the Y matrix from 43 rows to 34 rows. However, in doing so, it was not possible to solve for beta (the solution to the linear system XB=Y). Another method to deal with the NaN's was to replace them with a very large number using the command Y(isnan(Y(:,1)),1)=1e6 in order to be able to recognize the timepoints and flasks for which there were NaN's in the output. However, this messed up the B&H corrections.
The next step will build on trucating the Y matrix by getting rid of the rows with the NaN's altogether. To keep this step, the X and Xh matrix pairs must be formulated so that they are unique to each gene. A possibilty is to use a for loop to define each of the indices for each gene by the columns that do not contain an NaN for that gene. The Y matrix calculations would have to be within this loop.
Katrina Sherbina 21:33, 16 May 2012 (EDT)
May 17, 2012
A for loop was experimented with to generate different X and Xh matrix pairs for each gene to take into account those genes that have an NaN for a a flask for a timepoint in the wildtype. This loop contained a majority of the same coding that was used to set up the indices in the original two strain comparison code. The different lines of code are
for ii=1:n
I = find(~isnan(a(ii,1:23)));
ind15 = I(find(I>=1&I<=4));
ind30 = I(find(I>=5&I<=9));
ind60 = I(find(I>=10&I<=13));
ind90 = I(find(I>=14&I<=18));
ind120 = I(find(I>=19&I<=23));
indX = find(indx);
end
These new lines of code retain the original column numbers of matrix a (the matrix containing the log fold change data) in the indices. The NaN's were then also removed from the corresponding Y vectors. At first, the loop to compute the Y matrix was put into the loop to compute the X and Xh pairs. However, the code ran for too long at that point. Then the Y loop was separated from the loop to compute the X and Xh matrices. An output was generated. However, for any of the genes that had at least one NaN, the entire row for that gene was blank. In dissecting this new code several problems were found. First, the X matrices for genes that had NaN's were not being computed correctly. Since the indices still had the original column numbers of matrix a, the ones were not put into the X matrix in the correct places. Briefly, cell arrays were looked at as a solution instead of numerical arrays because there can be blank cells in a cell array but numerical arrays do not contain blanks. However, this potential solution proved to complicate the calculations that need to be made.
May 18, 2012
(This entry is being written on May 20th regarding the work that was done on May 18th.)
The first issue that was tackled was the improper formation of the X and Xh matrices. For any of the genes that had at least one NaN, the 1's were put in the wrong positions in the X and Xh matrices. This is because the indices that were used to replace the 0's in the X and Xh matrices with 1 did not start at 1. This was necessary to later exlude the cells that had NaN's in the Y matrix. Rather than getting rid of the method to select the cells that do not have NaN's, the indices that were used to replace the 0's with 1's in the X and Xh matrices were renumbered if indx (the matrix of the indices for each time point) was less than 23 (the maximum number of columns correponding to the wildtype if none of the cells have an NaN for that gene). The following added bit of code was put into the for loop for the X and Xh matrices after the indx, indX, i1, and i2 lines of code:
if indx<23
ind15 = find(ind15);
ind30 = ind30-ind15(end)+1;
ind60 = ind60-ind30(1)-1;
ind90 = ind90-ind60(1);
ind120 = ind120-ind90(1);
end
However, this may have fixed the X and Xh matrices. However, in the final output, the rows corresponding to the genes with NaN's were still completely blank.
At this point, the wrong direction was taken to find a solution to this. Some experimenting was done to produce X and Xh matrices all of which had 43 rows but some of which had something other than a 0 or 1 in the cell to designate the NaN in the original a matrix. Along this line, the NaN's were kept in the Y matrix. The goal was to be able to somehow ignore the NaN's then when calculating beta and betah.
It was considered to keep the NaN's because it was thought that the problems with the output had to do with some X, Xh, and Y matrices having less than 43 rows while others had 43 rows. Then looking back at how linear systems of equations are solved from what I learned in my linear algebra class, I realized that the number of rows could not be the reason why the some rows of genes in the output were completely blank. Even though the number of rows changed, the number of columns corresponding to the different type points never did. All the X matrices had 10 columns and all the Xh matrices had 5 columns. Therefore, there should be 5 betas being calculated (one for each timepoint) for the wildtype and for dGLN3 for all of the genes regardless of whether or not a gene had NaN's.
The next step in troubleshooting the code will be testing it with just a select number of genes that have NaN's for some timpeoints and flasks.
Katrina Sherbina 23:44, 20 May 2012 (EDT)
Week 2
May 21, 2012
The two strain comparison code was tested with an output that contained only seven genes (six of which had an NaN). At this point, there were no blank rows. To fix the blank rows that appear for genes with NaN's, the computation for the y loop was put in the same loop as the computations for the X and Xh matrices. This ensured that when the betas and betahswere being caluclated that the X and Xh matrices changed accordingly (depending on the gene for which the computation was being done). Previously, the code was set up so that he betas and betahs were calculated with the last X and Xh matrix that was computed in the loop.
Several changes were made to this code to compare all strains (wildtype, dCIN5, dGLN3, dHMO1, and dZAP1). First, indices were created for dCIN5, dGLN3, dHMO1, and dZAP1 (the two strain comparison code only had matrices for the widlytpe and dGLN3). The indices for the deletion strains were constructed for each timepoint similar to how they were constructed for dGLN3 making sure to specifiy the appropriate columns in the original data for each strain.
So that the X and Xh matrices were of the correct size and had 1's and 0's positions in the correct columns and rows, the indices for each timepoint for each strain were adjusted in the for loop.
i3 = ind1202m(end);
i4 = indx3(1);
ind153m = ind153-i4+1+i3;
ind303m = ind303-i4+1+i3;
ind603m = ind603-i4+1+i3;
ind903m = ind903-i4+1+i3;
ind1203m = ind1203-i4+1+i3;
i5 = ind1203m(end);
i6 = indx4(1);
ind154m = ind154-i6+1+i5;
ind304m = ind304-i6+1+i5;
ind604m = ind604-i6+1+i5;
ind904m = ind904-i6+1+i5;
ind1204m = ind1204-i6+1+i5;
i7 = ind1204m(end);
i8 = indx5(1);
ind155m = ind155-i8+1+i7;
ind305m = ind305-i8+1+i7;
ind605m = ind605-i8+1+i7;
ind905m = ind905-i8+1+i7;
ind1205m = ind1205-i8+1+i7;
In addition, the the calculations for t, t2, and N were expanded to include all of the indices for all of the strains. The X and Xh matrix for genes with no NaN's had dimensions 103x25 and 103x5, respectively. The X and Xh matrices for the genes with NaN's had dimensions 94x25 and 94x5, respectively.
The coputation for the Y matrix was also altered to include all of the strains:
Y = [a(ii,indx)';a(ii,indx2)';a(ii,indx3)';a(ii,indx4)';a(ii,indx5)'];
The lines of code corresponding to the dimensions of the out_data were also altered to include all of the betas and betahs.
In addition, a few plots from the all strain comparison of the time versus expression genes with both low and high p values were saved. To do so, the if statement for the plots was removed. The save statement used to save each plot generated separately was
saveas(gcf,['Fig' num2str(ii) '.jpg'])
It would be beneficial to change this line of code so that the name of the figure corresponding to the gene for which the expression was being plotted.
Also, an avi file was made of the plots of time versus expression for genes with a p value of less than 0.05 and then those with less than 0.04 (this p value was observed to be the cut off for the B&H corrected p values in the final output for the all strian comparison). The plots for the genes with a p value less than 0.04 have to be redone because a banner that popped up in the figure window was also recorded (it blocks the gene name).
Before the for loop, the following line of code was added
aviobj = avifile('allstrain.avi','fps',15,'compression','Indeo3');
Some fiddling may still need to be done with the number of frames per second.
The following lines of code were added at the end of the for loop (after the if statement for to generate the plots):
%To get the handles from the figure open. Saves the entire figure window that is open.
frame = getframe(gcf);
%Adds the currently open plot to the avi file.
aviobj = addframe(aviobj,frame);
Right after the for loop, a command line was added to close the avi file:
aviobj = close(aviobj);
The avi file had to be opened in QuickTime player. It would not open in windows media player when either the compression format was Indeo3 or Indeo5.
Katrina Sherbina
Personal tools
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NAPOLEON's bookmarks
"Peace is a journey of a thousand miles and it must be taken one step at a time."
Johnson, Lyndon B. on peace
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John Paul VI on peace
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"Not peace at any price! Chains are worse than bayonets."
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Jerrold, Douglas William on peace
"Peace and friendship with all mankind is our wisest policy, and I wish we may be permitted to pursue it."
Jefferson, Thomas on peace
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism, while the wolf remains of a different opinion."
Inge, Dean William R. on peace
"Peace has its victories no less than war, but it doesn't have as many monuments to unveil."
Hubbard, Kin on peace
3 fans of this quote
"The pursuit of peace resembles the building of a great cathedral. It is the work of a generation. In concept it requires a master-architect; in execution, the labors of many."
Humphrey, Hubert H. on peace
"It is an unfortunate fact that we can secure peace only by preparing for war."
Kennedy, John F. on peace
7 fans of this quote
"Peace is a daily, a weekly, a monthly process, gradually changing opinions, slowly eroding old barriers, quietly building new structures."
Kennedy, John F. on peace
3 fans of this quote
"A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if they are to be ultimately at peace with themselves."
Maslow, Abraham H. on peace
3 fans of this quote
"I heard the bells on Christmas Day. Their old familiar carols play. And wild and sweet the words repeat. Of peace on earth goodwill to men."
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth on peace
3 fans of this quote
"Force is all-conquering, but its victories are short-lived."
Lincoln, Abraham on peace
3 fans of this quote
"Live and let live is the rule of common justice."
L'Estrange, Sir Roger on peace
"All we are saying is give peace a chance..."
Lennon, John on peace
"Imagine all the people living life in peace. You may say I'm a dreamer, but I'm not the only one. I hope someday you'll join us, and the world will be as one."
Lennon, John on peace
4 fans of this quote
"You either get tired fighting for peace, or you die."
Lennon, John on peace
5 fans of this quote
"When a man finds no peace within himself, it is useless to seek it elsewhere."
La Rochefoucauld, Francois De on peace
5 fans of this quote
"Yes, we are all different. Different customs, different foods, different mannerisms, different languages, but not so different that we cannot get along with one another. If we will disagree without being disagreeable."
Kohe, J. Martin on peace
"Please, we can get along here."
King, Rodney on peace
"Peace is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at that goal."
King Jr. Martin Luther on peace
10 fans of this quote
"You can't have a better tomorrow if you are thinking about yesterday all the time."
Kettering, Charles F. on peace
16 fans of this quote
"World peace, like community peace, does not require that each man love his neighbor -- it requires only that they live together with mutual tolerance, submitting their disputes to a just and peaceful settlement."
Kennedy, John F. on peace
3 fans of this quote
"Universal peace sounds ridiculous to the head of an average family."
Hubbard, Kin on peace
But wait... my book has more: prev 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 next
BARIYAANA's quote collection
I'm male and made my book on 8th November 2010.
My book as a pdf
My feed
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Quotation added by staff
Why not add this quote to your bookmarks?
Every new adjustment is a crisis in self-esteem. Hoffer, Eric
This quote is about self-esteem · Search on Google Books to find all references and sources for this quotation.
A bit about Hoffer, Eric ...
Eric Hoffer (July 25, 1902 May 21, 1983) was an American social writer. He produced ten books and won the Presidential Medal of Freedom in February 1983 from Ronald Reagan. His first book, The True Believer, published in 1951, was widely recognized as a classic. This book, which he considered his best, established his reputation, and he remained a successful writer for most of his remaining years.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Economy is too late when you are at the bottom of your purse. Seneca
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
The terrible fluidity of self-revelation. James, Henry
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
Make and then buy your OWN fantastic personalized gift from this quote
Love is the only bow of life's dark cloud. It is the Morning and Evening Star. It shines upon the cradle of the babe, and sheds its radiance upon the quiet tomb. It is the Mother of Art, inspirer of poet, patriot, and philosopher. It is the air and light of every heart, builder of every home, kinder of every fire on every hearth, It was the first dream of immortality. It fills the world with melody. Love is the magician, the enchanter, that changes worthless things to joy, and makes right royal kings of common clay. Ingersoll, Robert Green
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A selection of more great products and gifts!
212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Infosphere:The Infosphere in the press
From The Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki
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This page lists all links to the Infosphere in the press and media.
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Topic > Finance
Statistics by Topic
Managed Funds
Assets and Liabilities of Australian Securitisers, Dec 2012 (cat no. 5232.0.55.001)
Assets and Liabilities of Australian Securitisers, Mar 2005 (cat no. 5232.0.40.001)
Australia at a Glance, 2008 (cat no. 1309.0)
Australian Economic Indicators, Jul 2012 (cat no. 1350.0)
Australian National Accounts: Financial Accounts, Dec 2012 (cat no. 5232.0)
Finance Australia in Brief, 2000 (cat no. 5611.0.00.001)
Finance, Australia, 2000-01 (cat no. 5611.0)
Information Paper: Changes to Products Associated with Assets and Liabilities of Australian Securitisers, Mar 2005 (cat no. 5232.0.55.002)
Managed Funds, Australia, Dec 2012 (cat no. 5655.0)
Pocket Year Book, Australia, 2000 (cat no. 1302.0)
Publications and Products Released in January 2002, Jan 2002 (cat no. 1102.0)
Queensland Year Book (Hard cover), 2001 (cat no. 1301.3)
Regional Indicators, South Australia, 1998 (cat no. 1314.4)
South Australian Year Book, 1999 (cat no. 1301.4)
Statistics Victoria, Jun 2011 (cat no. 1100.2)
Year Book Australia on CD-ROM, 2006 (cat no. 1301.0.30.001)
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
8635.4.40.001 - Tourist Accommodation, Small Area Data, South Australia, Dec 2002
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 21/03/2003 Ceased
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Hello world!
Newbie Member
2Dec2012,07:16 #1
Hi everyone! I recently bumped into this site and proved to be really helpful especially for newbies on the art of programming. I am still a student and a starter of the C++ programming language. I hope that I could polish my skills here and eventually share my knowledge to everyone.
Let's have a great time everyone!
Go4Expert Founder
2Dec2012,09:59 #2
Hi and welcome to the forum
Pepper Mint likes this
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Where are you from?
Go4Expert Member
14Aug2006,06:52 #1
I'm just curious where the go4expert.com forum members are from; I've noticed a lot of East Indian members! I am impressed with your english!
I am Canadian born.
Team Leader
14Aug2006,11:51 #2
Hi,
I am Pradeep from Kolkata,India. So, sterling45, what's your good name??
Go4Expert Member
14Aug2006,11:58 #3
Good name as in real name?
That's a neat place you live! Travel to Russia must cost much less than Canada to there.
Newbie Member
19Sep2006,15:08 #4
Hi, I'm from the Philippines and learning to code
Go4Expert Founder
19Sep2006,19:12 #5
Quote:
Originally Posted by #.Stylus
Hi, I'm from the Philippines and learning to code
Welcome to G4EF.
Ambitious contributor
9May2007,23:24 #6
Me, hmmmm ma Parents from Sri lanka n am born in UK n live there! lol
trying to be a programmer
it's too damn cold ere! :P lol
Light Poster
18May2007,12:02 #7
yaaah , there are too many indian members here .
Is it an indian fourm ?
Team Leader
18May2007,12:49 #8
Technology has no boundaries! :-)
I am an Indian, where are you from??
Go4Expert Member
12Jul2007,07:11 #9
hey all, aussie over here living in sydney. nice to meet u all.
Go4Expert Member
12Jul2007,08:57 #10
Here from Victoria BC, Canada...
moving to Winnipeg Manitoba next year...brrr!
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how to create triggers with tables having no common coloumns
Newbie Member
16Apr2008,18:08 #1
hi friends i am new to this forum and i want to create a trigger which would read one record from the 1st table match that appropriate digits from the 2nd table and on matching it would save those records in new table and these records will be deleted from second table so that when i search with the new record i won't get the redudant data but the problem i am facing is i am having the tables with no common coloumn in either of the tables and no primary key in any of the table so can any one help me please....
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The Chase
From Grand Theft Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Mission
The Chase
Ricardo Diaz informing Tommy Vercetti that a Sharks gangster who stolen three per cent of his merchandise, which is as bad in his mind as stealing one hundred per cent.
Game GTA Vice City
For Ricardo Diaz
Target Sharks gangster.
Location Starfish Island, Vice City
Fail Death of Tommy Vercetti
Arrest of Tommy Vercetti
Death of the Sharks gangster
Reward $1,000
Unlocks Phnom Penh '86
Unlocked by Guardian Angels
The Chase is a mission in Grand Theft Auto: Vice City given to protagonist Tommy Vercetti by drug baron Ricardo Diaz from his mansion on Starfish Island, Vice City.
Contents
Mission
Tommy Vercetti, having impressed Ricardo Diaz by acting as his protection, goes to Diaz' mansion on Starfish Island at Diaz' request. There Diaz, the local drug baron, tells Vercetti that one of his associates from a local gang has stolen three per cent of his merchandise, which he claims is as bad as stealing one hundred per cent. Diaz tells Vercetti to follow him, to locate his main hideout so they can kill him another time.
Vercetti leaves Diaz' mansion and heads towards the mans apartment, located in a building in Vice Point. The man then runs to the roof and begins to shoot at Vercetti and barrels of explosives in an attempt to kill Vercetti. Vercetti, however, continues to pursue him to the end of the block, where the man jumps off the roof and on to a skip, from which he gets into his BF Injection where one of his men are waiting. The two drive off but are followed by Vercetti, who also jumps off the roof and gets on to a nearby scooter. Vercetti continues to follow them, being shot at along the way, as the men drive past the North Point Mall and then to their base on Prawn Island, where the man enters his large run down house.
Script
(Diaz' Mansion, Tommy Vercetti and Ricardo Diaz)
Ricardo Diaz: Come on, baby, go! Yeah! Yeah! Arrrr! Stupid Horse! I'll chop your head off! Grrrr...Who is this dickhead?
Tommy Vercetti: Tommy Vercetti. You remember me.
Ricardo Diaz: Excuse me. I'm a little anxious. Never trust a goddamn horse! You do a good job - you work for me now.
Tommy Vercetti: I work for money.
Ricardo Diaz: As I said, amigo. You work for me now.
Tommy Vercetti: I work...
Ricardo Diaz: Shut up! Some Judas has betrayed me. He thinks I don't know how much money I should be making, but stealing 3% is as good as stealing 100%. No one does this to me. NO ONE. You follow him from his apartement and you see where he goes! Later, we kill him.
(Starfish Island, Tommy.)
Tommy Vercetti: This asshole thinks he can mess with me? If this is the best Vice City has to offer, this is gonna be easy.
(The thief's apartment, The Thief)
The Thief: Ooh, shit!
(The roof, The Thief and Tommy)
The Thief: Loser! Too slow, grandad!
Tommy Vercetti: You better keep running asshole.
Reward
The reward for completing the mission is $1,000 and the mission Phnom Penh '86 for Ricardo Diaz is unlocked. The Stubby Shotgun is also unlocked for purchase at the North Point Mall Ammu-Nation Store.
Gallery
Video walkthrough
PC Version - GTASeriesVideos
<youtube>EdQiShFhnVI</youtube>
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cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
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Globalist Stephanopoulos Having Second Thoughts On Libya Spending? – 600 Million A Week
March 29, 2011
By
ABC News reports:
One week after an international military coalition intervened in Libya, the cost to U.S. taxpayers has reached at least $600 million, according figures provided by the Pentagon.
This link to the primary story comes from George’s blog on ABC New’s site.
I find some humor in the reporting considering we are blowing through even more cash in our escapades in Afghanistan and Iraq, yet the mainstream media has been largely silent on these issues.
The US has already entered into bankruptcy, as is evidenced by the 600 billion the Fed just printed. When the federal government engages in direct money printing, it can be considered entering into bankruptcy.
If the US wasn’t bankrupt, it wouldn’t need to print money. It could simply issue debt and sell that debt to foreign creditors. The fact that we are actively engaged in money printing highlights just how screwed up our economy is.
Meanwhile, ABC reports that we are now sending ground troops to Libya.
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2013-05-18T07:38:59.000Z
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b7hcgyq2ngqnwdaep2wqsmkeargbnqtt
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This article is part of the series Advanced Materials Nanocharacterization.
Nano Express
Memory effects in annealed hybrid gold nanoparticles/block copolymer bilayers
Vanna Torrisi1*, Francesco Ruffino2, Antonino Licciardello1, Maria G Grimaldi2 and Giovanni Marletta1
Author Affiliations
1 Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania and CSGI, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
2 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and MATIS CNR-IMM, Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy
For all author emails, please log on.
Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:167 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-6-167
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/6/1/167
Received:6 September 2010
Accepted:23 February 2011
Published:23 February 2011
© 2011 Torrisi et al; licensee Springer.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
We report on the use of the self-organization process of sputtered gold nanoparticles on a self-assembled block copolymer film deposited by horizontal precipitation Langmuir-Blodgett (HP-LB) method. The morphology and the phase-separation of a film of poly-n-butylacrylate-block-polyacrylic acid (PnBuA-b-PAA) were studied at the nanometric scale by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The templating capability of the PnBuA-b-PAA phase-separated film was studied by sputtering gold nanoparticles (NPs), forming a film of nanometric thickness. The effect of the polymer chain mobility onto the organization of gold nanoparticle layer was assessed by heating the obtained hybrid PnBuA-b-PAA/Au NPs bilayer at T >Tg. The nanoparticles' distribution onto the different copolymer domains was found strongly affected by the annealing treatment, showing a peculiar memory effect, which modifies the AFM phase response of the Au NPs layer onto the polar domains, without affecting their surfacial composition. The effect is discussed in terms of the peculiar morphological features induced by enhanced mobility of polymer chains on the Au NPs layer.
Introduction
Recent advances in the patterning of polymers have enabled the fabrication of integrated micro- and nanosystems with high degree of complexity and functionality. For example, block copolymers have attracted immense interest for nanotechnology applications because of easy processability and low-cost fabrications. The chemically distinct and immiscible polymer blocks in block copolymers microphase-separate and self-assemble into ordered patterns on the scale of nanometers [1-3]. This soft nanostructured polymer film can further be used as a template for patterning of hard inorganic materials such as metal nanoparticles [4-10]. Metal nanoclusters in a matrix of insulating polymer have unique physical properties and have been proposed for optical, electrical and magnetic applications [11-14].
Previous studies demonstrate that metal nanoparticles can preferentially decorate a particular domain in a diblock copolymer film. In general, the specific nature of the selective gold-polymer interaction that causes the self-assembly is still far from being completely understood.
Patterning of metal nanoparticles within polymer films has been achieved using four main routes. The first method is vapour phase co-deposition of polymers/nanoparticles in high vacuum followed by thermal annealing [15-18]. Annealing of the polymer film above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer allows structural relaxation of the polymer matrix and was proven to be responsible for the dispersion of the metal nanoparticles within the polymer film. The second method is based on the deposition from a mixture of block copolymer and organic-coated nanoparticles in solution onto a solid surface followed by the annealing step [19-25]. The third method employs the dewetting of polymer films made from low concentrations of mixed solutions of polymer and polymer-grafted nanoparticles to create metal nanostructures [26-29]. The fourth method uses the self-organization characteristic of evaporated nanoparticles on a self-assembled polymer film to create nanopatterning by selective adsorption [30].
We used the sputtering technique to investigate the deposition behaviour of gold nanoparticles onto block copolymer template.
Experimental
Substrate cleaning and polymer coating
A silicon wafer 100 (p-type, Boron-doped) was cut into 1 × 1 cm2 pieces. The silicon substrates were cleaned as follows: soaking in the cleaning bath at 75°C for 10 min. The cleaning solution was composed of 100 ml of 96% NH4OH, 35 ml of 35% H2O2 and 65 ml deionized water. The cleaned substrates were further rinsed in deionized water for 10 min and finally deposited by horizontal precipitation Langmuir-Blodgett (HP-LB) method [31].
A CHCl3 1 mg/ml solution of poly-n-butylacrylate-block-polyacrylic acid (PnBuA-b-PAA) (MW 13,000 Da) was used for film deposition by means of HP-LB.
This solution was used for preparation of Langmuir polymer layers at the water/air interface in a computer-controlled trough (LT-102, MicrotestMachines, Belarus). The floating film was compressed at a rate of 0.5 mm/s (or 0.75 cm2/s) and the corresponding isotherms were acquired. LB films of each mixture (applied pressure 11-14 mN/m) were transferred on cleaned silicon 100 substrates by means of HP-LB method.
Gold nanoparticles sputtering deposition
The depositions were carried out using an RF (60 Hz) Emitech K550x Sputter coater apparatus onto the substrates and clamped against the cathode located straight opposite of the Au source (99.999% purity target). The electrodes were laid at a distance of 40 mm under Ar flow keeping a pressure of 0.02 mbar in the chamber. The deposition time was 30 s with working current of 10 mA, corresponding to about 3 nm of deposited Au.
Annealing treatment
The polymer films were annealed in a vacuum oven at 115°C for 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 min.
Morphological characterization
AFM images were obtained in tapping mode using a MultiMode Nanoscope IIIa (Digital Instruments, USA). The device is equipped with a J scanner, which was calibrated using the manufacturer's grating. Ultrasharp tips (Noncontact "Golden" Silicon cantilevers, NSG10S, typical force constant 11.5 N/m, resonant frequency 255 kHz) were used. Height images are flattened to remove background slopes. No other filtering procedures are performed on these images.
Chemical imaging
Static SIMS images were acquired with a TOF-SIMS IV (ION-TOF), using a pulsed Bi+ primary ion beam (burst alignment mode, 25 KeV, 0.5 pA, 100 μm × 100 μm raster, PI fluence < 3 × 1011 ions/cm2). Detailed images were obtained from small areas (100 μm × 100 μm with 256 × 256 pixel definition) using the high spatial imaging mode. This allows a spatial resolution of about 200 nm; however, mass resolution is greatly degraded. Analyses below the static limit were performed.
Results and discussion
Figure 1 reports the Langmuir isotherms obtained for PnBuA-b-PAA films at three different solution concentrations, i.e., 1, 3 and 5 mg/ml. The fact that at a given molecular area (for instance 7,5 nm2) the pressure at 3 mg/ml is lower than that one reported in the 1 mg/ml isotherm is unusual. It depends on the characteristic behaviour of block copolymers in Langmuir-Blodgett films and on their pressure-induced reorganization/reorientation phenomena at the air/water interface [32]. The lower surface pressure for the phase transitions of 3 mg/ml with respect to 1 mg/ml isotherm originates from chains reorientations of two blocks. Such reorientations are the result of the balance between block-block and block interface interactions.
Figure 1. Surface pressure versus molecular area isotherms obtained by 1, 3, 5 mg/ml chloroform solutions of PnBuA-b-PAA.
In particular, the appearance of a well-defined plateau region around a surface pressure of 17 mN/m for the concentration of 5 mg/ml is diagnostic of the formation of the liquid/solid-like region characteristic of the circular domains. Accordingly, the 5 mg/ml concentration corresponds to the critical micellar concentration (CMC) for the specific PnBuA-b-PAA employed in this study [33].
Therefore, in order to obtain a well-packed PnBuA-b-PAA film, the deposition was performed well above the plateau surface pressure, i.e., at a surface pressure of 25 mN/m. According to wide literature, the structure of the film in the solid-like phase region is the result of drastic self-assembling processes of the different polymer blocks, basically yielding circular domains based on PAA chains, protruded towards the water subphase, and a matrix based on PnBuA chains, spread at the water/air interface. The transfer of the films onto solid surfaces (silicon) by HP-LB method maintains the lateral inhomogeneity of the film structure [31,34,35].
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements of the films morphology at the microscale are reported in Figure 2a, showing the characteristic formation of higher circular domains, corresponding to the micelles pulled out by the deposition, and a flat matrix, formed by the PnBuA blocks. The corresponding phase image, sensitive to the chemical termination of the different regions, clearly shows the different chemical structure of the protruding hydrophilic spots, consisting indeed of PAA blocks, and the flat hydrophobic regions, due to the assembly of PnBuA blocks.
Figure 2. AFM images of the three steps of sample preparation: (a) HP-LB film of PnBuA-b-PAA; (b) HP-LB film covered with Au nanoparticles deposited by sputtering; (c) annealed bilayer (115°C, 15 min).
Figure 2b shows the effect of the Au sputtering deposition. One can observe the decrease of the height of the hydrophilic PAA-based circular domains with respect to the matrix in the height image, whilst in the phase image, as expected for the homogeneous Au NP coating produced, one can observe a uniform and unstructured image, corresponding to the perfectly homogeneous coating of Au.
By AFM characterization of the annealed bilayer (Figure 2c) we have again evidenced of a phase separation. The nanoparticles' distribution onto the block copolymer domains, studied by AFM, seems strongly affected by the bilayer annealing, showing an apparent return of the initial dephasing of the HP-LB block copolymer film. Regarding the cause of this return of the dephasing we can do some hypothesis: (1) Gold segregation onto the polar domains because of the increased diffusion of gold onto diblock copolymer film during the thermal annealing (higher mobility of gold [36] because of the higher fluidity of polymer chains) and furthermore due to new positioning of gold driven by block copolymer template. (2) The second hypothesis is an in-depth diffusion of gold as Kunz et al. [37] have just observed for discontinuous gold films on amorphous polymer substrates. In fact amorphous polymers behave as viscous fluids at temperatures above glass transition temperatures and such behaviour could induce an increasing of the mobility of gold. (3) Third hypothesis implies a modification of the surface-tip interaction produced by new hardness or viscoelasticity properties of the uppermost layer.
In order to exclude the first hypothesis, we consider the height of circular domains (obtained by section analysis) versus annealing time. Such a graphic (Figure 3) shows that the height of circular domains remains constant (〈z〉 = 1.69 nm) after annealing treatment. From the AFM images the circular domains' height distributions were determined by using a software (Nanoscope IIIa) that defines each circular domains area by the surface image sectioning of a plane that was positioned at half micelle height. Each height distribution of circular domains was calculated on a statistical population of 50 circular domains. Each distribution was then fitted by a Gaussian function (the continuous line in each figure) which peak position was taken as the mean value and which FWHM (full width at half maximum) as the deviation on such mean value. The graphic of Figure 3 shows us that annealing process does not change circular domains' height and this fact allows us to exclude the first hypothesis: the preferential diffusion of gold driven by block copolymer template. On the other hand, the thermodynamic basis of hypotheses 1 and 2 is the surface-free energy minimization of the hybrid gold/polymer system. In fact, generally, cluster growth is regulated by the vapour pressure at the surfaces of the cluster, P(R), depending on the curvature of the surface and it is driven by the minimization of the total surface free energy. For spherical clusters with a radius R, the vapour pressure at the surface of the cluster is given by the following relation according to the Gibbs-Thompson equation [38]
Figure 3. Height distribution of the micelles after each deposition step of as deposited and annealed samples: Micelles height versus annealing time (d) and relative height distribution of micelles size of PnBuA-b-PAA film before sputtering (a), after sputtering (b), after thermal annealing (c).
(1)
with Pthe vapour pressure at a planar surface, γ the surface free energy of gold, Ω the atomic volume of gold, kB the Boltzmann constant, c a temperature-dependent but time-independent constant and depending on the diffusion atomic coefficient D of gold. The hypothesis 1 involves a surface diffusion of gold on block copolymer surface characterized by a surface diffusion coefficient Ds. The hypothesis 2 involves, instead, a diffusion of gold into the polymer characterized by a diffusion atomic coefficient Din of gold in the polymer. Obviously, usually, Ds Din. Just this purely thermodynamic consideration supports the exclusion of hypothesis 2. Nevertheless, for example Kunz [37] observed an in-depth diffusion of gold in polystyrene after annealing. Therefore, we performed the step-by-step TOF-SIMS imaging in order to exclude experimentally and directly the first and the second hypotheses.
We have investigated all the three different steps: (1) HPLB film, (2) hybrid bilayer AuNPs/BCs, (3) annealed hybrid bilayer.
Figure 4a refers to TOF-SIMS chemical maps of layer obtained at air/water interface and deposited on SiO2/Si substrate. Figure 4b refers to TOF-SIMS chemical maps of the annealed bilayer composed by HP-LB film of PnBuA-b-PAA covered with Au nanoparticles deposited by sputtering. The presence of gold film anneals phase difference of the hybrid bilayers.
Figure 4. ToF SIMS chemical maps of each deposition step of as deposited and annealed samples: (a) TOF-SIMS chemical maps of the HP-LB film of PnBuA-b-PAA; (b) TOF-SIMS chemical maps of the HP-LB film of PnBuA-b-PAA covered with Au nanoparticles deposited by sputtering; (c) TOF-SIMS chemical maps of the annealed bilayer (115°C, 15 min) composed by HP-LB film of PnBuA-b-PAA covered with Au nanoparticles deposited by sputtering.
In Figure 4a we observe the results of separation phase phenomena and the presence of circular domains in HP-LB film of PnBuA-b-PAA (Figure 4a). In particular, the bidimensional distributions of the normalized intensities of some molecular fragments (m/z: 28, 29, 41, 42, 57 and 197 Da that correspond to CO+, CHO+, C2HO+, C2H2O+, C4H9+ and Au+, respectively) are shown and the complementarity between PAA molecular fragments (m/z: 28, 57 Da) and PnBuA molecular fragments (m/z: 29, 41, 42 Da). After gold sputtering deposition we observe the annealing of inhomogeneous composition of the film and the homogeneous surface distribution of gold ion (Figure 4b). Finally, also in Figure 4c the homogeneous distributions of all of the fragments are shown.
In summary, TOF-SIMS imaging allows us to exclude again the first hypothesis, as we know because of the experimental evidence shown in the graphic of Figure 3, but allows us to exclude also the second hypothesis (regarding the in depth diffusion of gold) because we have no evidence by SIMS imaging of gold depletion phenomenon and its diffusion under block copolymer film, in fact we observe an homogeneous distribution of molecular fragments in the uppermost layer after annealing (Figure 4c).
Gold nanoparticles layer, shown in AFM images of Figure 5, are characterized by a specific value of height (z = 3.3 nm) obtained with accurate experimental conditions of sputtering deposition. From the AFM images the Au NPs height distributions were determined by using a software (Nanoscope IIIa) that define each nanocluster area by the surface image sectioning of a plane that was positioned at half cluster height. The height distribution (Figure 5b inset) of the Au NPs was obtained on a statistical population of 100 NPs.
Figure 5. Nanometric scale AFM images of each deposition step of as deposited and annealed samples: (a) AFM images in detail (around micelles) of PnBuA-b-PAA film; (b) AFM images of gold nanoparticles after sputtering deposition, inset: Gaussian distribution of gold nanoparticles' size (height). (c) AFM image in detail of annealed (115°C, 15 min) hybrid bilayer with evidence of the modification of gold film nanostructures.
By means of the comparison of the nanometric scale morphology before and after the thermal annealing (Figure 5b,c) we observe the nanostructures modification induced by annealing. The new morphology of gold nanostructures is apparently independent on the morphology at the nanoscale of the block copolymer film as we can deduce by the comparison of Figure 5a and 5c.
In summary, hybrid bilayer exhibits a memory effect induced by thermal annealing and these effects can be explained by third hypothesis that takes into account only a modified surface-tip interaction induced by thermal annealing. Such hypothesis is supported by the comparison of the nanometric scale morphologies of the block copolymer film, of hybrid bilayer and annealed hybrid bilayer shown in the AFM images of Figure 5. In fact, after thermal annealing, above Tg temperatures, of both of the blocks, the uppermost modified nanostructured gold layer (shown in Figure 5c), become sensitive to the immediately underlying block copolymer film, probably due to the increased diffusion of gold onto diblock copolymer film during the annealing (higher mobility of polymer chains). When gold atoms are sputter-deposited at room temperature onto insulator substrates they, generally, grow in the Volmer-Weber mode forming three-dimensional clusters [39,40]. It is a consequence of the fact that the surface free energy of gold (1.5 J/m2) is higher than that one of the insulator substrates (typically in the range 10-100 mJ/m2). In general, this growth mode for gold on polymers surfaces also occurs (for example the surface energy of PnBuA is about 37 mJ/m2) [37,41-43]. As a consequence, a low adhesion energy (Ed) for the gold on polymer substrates is obtained (with respect to gold deposited on metallic or semiconductor substrates). Thermal annealing determines a modification of surface morphology of the gold nanostructures and an increase of the adhesion energy of the gold with PnBuA block (Ed1) and with pAA block (Ed2). The different values of Ed1 and Ed2 determine the interaction modification of the tip with gold on circular domains (constituted by block 1 PAA) and with gold on the remaining matrix (constituted by PnBuA) resulting in the return of two different phases.
Conclusions
The organization of metallic nanoparticles within polymer films can be achieved using many routes. Our method exploits the self-organization characteristic of sputtered Au nanoparticles on self-assembled PnBuA-b-PAA film obtained by HP-LB method. We studied the morphology and the phase-separation of the film before and after Au sputtering. The effect of the increased mobility of the polymer chains onto the nanoparticles' organization has been studied by heating the polymer-Au bilayer at T >Tg.
The nanoparticles' distribution onto the block copolymer domains, studied by AFM and TOF-SIMS, seems strongly affected by the bilayer annealing. In particular, hybrid bilayers exhibit memory effects as a consequence of thermal annealing. Such effects are proved by morphological and compositional experimental evidence of Au NPS/Block copolymer hybrid bilayer and can be explained by the hypothesis that takes into account a modified surface-tip interaction induced by thermal annealing. Such hypothesis is supported by the comparison of the nanomorphologies of the block copolymer film, of hybrid bilayer and annealed hybrid bilayer shown in the AFM images. In fact, after thermal annealing, above Tg temperatures of both of the blocks, the uppermost modified nanostructured gold layer becomes sensitive to the immediately underlying block copolymer film, probably due to the increased diffusion of gold onto diblock copolymer film during the annealing. In particular, thermal annealing determines a modification of surface morphology of the gold nanostructures and an increase of the adhesion energy of the gold with PnBuA block (Ed1) and with PAA block (Ed2). The different values of Ed1 and Ed2 determine the interaction modification of the tip with gold on circular domains (constituted by block 1 PAA) and with gold on the remaining matrix (constituted by PnBuA) resulting in the return of two different phases. Furthermore, annealing at T >Tg does not induce polymer mixing between two blocks or between blocks and gold.
Abbreviations
AFM: atomic force microscopy; CMC: critical micellar concentration; HP-LB: horizontal precipitation Langmuir-Blodgett; NP: gold nanoparticle; PnBuA-b-PAA: poly-n-butylacrylate-block-polyacrylic acid; TOF-SIMS: time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
VT: conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination; carried out the diblock copolymer film deposition, the ToF SIMS imaging and the atomic force microscopy characterization; interpreted and analyzed the experimental data; drafted the manuscript. FR conceived of the study, and participated in its design; carried out the gold sputter deposition and the annealing processes; participated in the interpretation of the experimental data; contributed in drafting the manuscript. AL participated in the ToF SIMS characterization and in helpful scientific discussion about data interpretation. MGG conceived of the study, and participated in its design; participated in the interpretation of the experimental data; contributed in drafting the manuscript. GM conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination; participated in the interpretation of the experimental data; contributed in drafting the manuscript.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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42. Kaune G, Ruderer MA, Metwalli E, Wang W, Couet S, Schlage K, Röhlsberger R, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P: "In Situ GISAXS Study of Gold Film Growth on Conducting Polymer Films".
Appl Mater Interfaces 2009, 1:353. Publisher Full Text
43. Mark JE, (Ed): Physical properties of Polymers-Handbook. 2nd edition. New York: Springer; 2007:1012.
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Nano Express
Nanoscale elastic modulus of single horizontal ZnO nanorod using nanoindentation experiment
Muhammad Y Soomro1, Ijaz Hussain1, Nargis Bano1*, Esteban Broitman2, Omer Nur1 and Magnus Willander1
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
2 Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
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Nanoscale Research Letters 2012, 7:146 doi:10.1186/1556-276X-7-146
Published: 21 February 2012
Abstract
We measure the elastic modulus of a single horizontal ZnO nanorod [NR] grown by a low-temperature hydrothermal chemical process on silicon substrates by performing room-temperature, direct load-controlled nanoindentation measurements. The configuration of the experiment for the single ZnO NR was achieved using a focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope dual-beam instrument. The single ZnO NR was positioned horizontally over a hole on a silicon wafer using a nanomanipulator, and both ends were bonded with platinum, defining a three-point bending configuration. The elastic modulus of the ZnO NR, extracted from the unloading curve using the well-known Oliver-Pharr method, resulted in a value of approximately 800 GPa. Also, we discuss the NR creep mechanism observed under indentation. The mechanical behavior reported in this paper will be a useful reference for the design and applications of future nanodevices.
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Hlavacek
From OpenWetWare
Revision as of 21:48, 8 April 2011 by Wshlavacek (Talk | contribs)
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Home Contact Calendar/Notebook Group Publications Protocols Presentations
Research Interests
Modeling of cellular regulatory systems
• Cell signaling in immmunity and cancer
• Genetic regulatory and metabolic networks
• Computational methods and software tools
Selected Publications
• Hlavacek WS, Faeder JR, Blinov ML, Posner RG, Hucka M, Fontana W (2006) Rules for modeling signal-transduction systems. Sci STKE 2006, re6. PMID 16849649
• Wall ME, Hlavacek WS, Savageau MA (2004) Design of gene circuits: lessons from bacteria. Nat Rev Genet 5, 34-42 PMID 14708014
Personal tools
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Click on a word to bring up parses, dictionary entries, and frequency statistics
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load focus Introduction (Charles Victor Daremberg, 1891)
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Philip's Answer to the Rhodians and Attalus
Upon Flamininus laughing at these words, Philip proceeded: "Well, enough said to the Aetolians! But to the Rhodians and Attalus I have to say that, in the eyes of a fair judge, it would be held more just that they should restore to me the ships captured, than I to them. For I did not begin the attack upon Attalus and the Rhodians, but they upon me, as everybody acknowledges. However, at your instance, Titus, I restore Peraea to the Rhodians, and to Attalus his ships and as many of the men as are still alive. As for the destruction of the Nicephorium and the grove of Aphrodite, I am not able to do anything else towards their restoration, but I will send plants and gardeners to attend to the place and the growth of the trees that have been cut down."
and the Achaeans,
Flamininus once more laughing at the king's sarcastic tone, Philip turned to the Achaeans, and first went through the list of benefactions received by them from Antigonus and himself; then quoted the extraordinary honours Antigonus and he had received from them; and concluded by reading their decree for abandoning him and joining Rome. Taking this for his text, he expatiated at great length on the fickleness and ingratitude of the Achaeans. Still he said he would restore Argos to them, and as to Corinth would consult with Flamininus.
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hide References (6 total)
• Commentary references to this page (2):
• Titus Livius (Livy), Ab urbe condita libri, erklärt von M. Weissenborn, books 31-32, commentary, 31.39
• Titus Livius (Livy), Ab urbe condita libri, erklärt von M. Weissenborn, books 31-32, commentary, 32.9
• Cross-references to this page (4):
• A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), TAGUS
• Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), LYNCESTIS
• Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), MELA´MBIUM
• Smith's Bio, Charops
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News Search SEO
Dec 6, 2005 • 12:07 pm | (0) by | Filed Under Search Engine Strategies 2005 Chicago
Came in a bit late...
Greg Jarboe from SEO-PR is on the podium talking about how many fixate on Google News and ignore Yahoo News and AOL News. Now Yahoo! news is number one! Yahoo! news is number one. SEOs and PR people need to focus less on outputs and more on outcomes. Getting high rankings helps, if searchers read your release. Having searchers read your release helps, if it enhances your brand awareness. Enhancing your brand awareness helps, if it drives traffic to your site. Driving traffic to your site helps, if it generates leads. Generating leads helps, if they convert into sales. Optimizing press releases activity varies by industry from 1% to 18%. The number one industry catching on to SEO PR releases is the computer/electronics industry. Sports PR releases are only optimized 1% of the time. 62% have PR releases optimized inhouse, 14% do it by an agency. Copywriting for SEO used by 31% of marketers and 13% of agencies. Copywriting for SEO used by 35% of B2B marketers, 17% of agencies. 44% use site traffic and 41% use press mentions as success metrics. B2B Case Study: Jeanne Hopkins, directory of outbound marketing, Symmetricom. Even search term, atomic, clock, was too broad of a keyword phrase for Symmetricom. They optimized the release for "chip scale atomic clock" and other very niche terms ("portable precision timing"). One lead turned into 200 million dollars or something, from a lead they would have never anticipated, but that was only one of the eight leads. C2C Case Study: Linda Rutherford, VP PR, Southwest Airlines. The initial attempt to optimize a press release ran into turbulence. They used the word "Cheap" in the title and it went to the chairman and he was upset. But Linda showed the keyword research for the "cheap" keyword and he changed his mind. The next effort mixed optimization with prices as low as $29 one-way. So a combination of search terms in headlines and marketing verbiage is critical. Release generated over $80,000 in revenue from that release. Southwest made four big announcements on July 15, 2004 and sold 1 million dollars with a competing PR release, about the CEO leaving. The other news release about the CEO brought in more views on the other release! There are writing a book with Anne Holland at MarketingSherpa on PR SEO, if you have case studies, send it to greg.jarboe AT seo-pr.com.
Nan Dawkins from RedBoots Consulting next up. They targeted journalists to get the word to Washington. Blogs content appears in all types of search engines (news, normal web search, rss search, etc.). How does new search deal with blog content? Google says "no blogs" in Google news, but they kinda do as we all know (but not my blog). Yahoo! separates out blogs in news search. MSN gets blogs from Moreover. AOL does not have blog content mixed in. Which blogs are included in Google? Only two of the top 10 blogs are included in Google News. But Google does have lots of small blogs in Google news (she mocks one specific example). Yahoo! puts all blogs into their blog search results, including lots of spam. Blogs are listed on right hand side. Tips: Establish a blog outreach program. Make contact/develop relationships just as you would with journalists. Send your release to trusted bloggers prior to releasing it through wire service. Send bloggers the optimized press release. Pay attention to images. Dont skip the wire service!
Sally Falkow from Expansion+ is now up, the final speaker. She comes from the traditional PR background. Publicity is seen as third party endorsement. An article in the media has more perceived value than material that comes directly from the company. Building trust and credibility is the basis for PR. Media placement building trust and credibility. TrustRank - links from trusted media sites can influence your organic search results. (side note: She is talking about devaluation of links and how press releases help, its like listening to my mother talk about links, im like "what!!!!") Traditional media relations: company -> wire service -> reporter -> target audience. Now we have online news, we know where it is coming from, we can track it. Also, we have our trusted media source, in these online media locations, and now we again are trackable. Keyword strategy: find the best head and long tail words. Write newsworthy, optimized articles based on these words. Editors are looking for excellent content. What is newsworthy? new research, stats, tie into a current news item, money, harm or damage, and timely info. Find sites that get picked up in Yahoo! news for your keyword. News search and rss: use rss feeds! She shows Google BlogSearch. Resources: expansionplus.com, falkow.blogsite.com, press-feed.com.
Lee Oden from Top Rank is on the Q&A panel.
Previous story: KEYNOTE: The Search Marketing Community
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MSN Crawlers Are Named
Aug 1, 2006 • 7:36 am | (2) by | Filed Under Bing Search
How cute, seriously, MSN has finally given names to their baby crawlers. You know, Google names their crawlers, i.e. GoogleBot, MediaBot, etc... Yahoo has Slurp, etc. Now MSN has named their crawlers.
The MSN Shopping bot is msnbot-products. The MSN News bot is msnbot-news. The MSN Image Search bot is msnbot-media. The MSN Search bot is still just plain msnbot.
WebmasterWorld moderator reminds MSNdude to update the help pages for Webmasters with this information. This way if you want to block the MSN Image search bot, you can be certain adding msnbot-media to your robots.txt exclusion protocol would work.
Forum discussion at WebmasterWorld.
Previous story: AdWords in Google Web Search Versus Google Maps
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Catalogue Number
6461.0 - Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 19/12/2011
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
Unless otherwise noted, content on this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia Licence together with any terms, conditions and exclusions as set out in the website Copyright notice. For permission to do anything beyond the scope of this licence and copyright terms contact us.
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Research article
Diagnostic value and clinical laboratory associations of antibodies against recombinant ribosomal P0, P1 and P2 proteins and their native heterocomplex in a Caucasian cohort with systemic lupus erythematosus
Fidan Barkhudarova1, Cornelia Dähnrich2, Anke Rosemann2, Udo Schneider1, Winfried Stöcker2, Gerd-Rüdiger Burmester1, Karl Egerer1, Wolfgang Schlumberger2, Falk Hiepe1* and Robert Biesen1
Author Affiliations
1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Chariteplatz 1, Berlin D-10117, Germany
2 EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Seekamp 31, Lübeck D-23560, Germany
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Arthritis Research & Therapy 2011, 13:R20 doi:10.1186/ar3244
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://arthritis-research.com/content/13/1/R20
Received:21 August 2010
Revisions received:6 January 2011
Accepted:10 February 2011
Published:10 February 2011
© 2011 Barkhudarova et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Introduction
In this study, we sought to determine the diagnostic value and clinical laboratory associations of autoantibodies against recombinant ribosomal P0, P1 and P2 proteins and their native heterocomplex in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Methods
Autoantibodies against recombinant ribosomal P proteins (aRibPR0, aRibPR1 and aRibPR2) and antibodies against native ribosomal P heterocomplex (aRibPNH) were determined in sera from patients with SLE (n = 163), systemic sclerosis (n = 66), Sjögren's syndrome (n = 54), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 90) and healthy donors (n = 100) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Test results were correlated to medical records, including the American College of Rheumatology criteria, the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000, laboratory data and medications of all SLE patients.
Results
Sensitivities of 22.0% for aRibPR0, 14.9% for aRibPR2, 14.3% for aRibPNH and 10.7% for aRibPR1 were obtained at a specificity of 99%. The assay for aRibPR0 detection demonstrated the best performance in receiver-operating characteristics analysis, with aRibPR0 detectable in 10% of anti-Smith antibody and anti-double-stranded DNA-negative sera at a specificity of 100%. ARibPR0 positivity was associated with lymphocytopenia. ARibPR1+ patients had significantly higher γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels than their aRibPR1- counterparts. No specific damage occurred in aRibP+ lupus patients compared with a group of age-, sex- and nephritis-matched aRibP- lupus patients within 3 years.
Conclusions
The determination of antibodies against ribosomal P proteins improves the diagnosis of SLE and should therefore be implemented in upcoming criteria for the diagnosis or classification of SLE. High titers of aRibPR0 can be associated with lymphocytopenia, and high titers of aRibPR1 can be associated with elevated GGT levels. So far, there is no evidence for a prognostic value of aRibPs for damage.
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multifaceted rheumatic disease which is characterised by the generation of autoantibodies predominantly directed against nuclear proteins and nucleic acids [1,2]. However, antibodies against cytoplasmatic antigens such as those binding to ribosomal P proteins (aRibPs) have been reported to be specific for SLE as well [2,3]. In contrast to anti-Smith (anti-Sm) and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies, anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies are not included in the current American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for SLE [4,5].
The human ribosomal phosphoproteins P0 (38 kDa), P1 (19 kDa) and P2 (17 kDa) are located within the 60S ribosomal subunit, forming a pentameric complex consisting of a P0 anchor and two P1/P2 heterodimers [3]. The subunits of that pentamer have a common immunodominant epitope at the carboxyl terminus [6], which can lead to cross-reactions of anti-ribosomal P antibodies with P0, P1 and P2 units. P proteins can also exist as ribosome-free P0, P1 and P2 forms in the cytoplasm [6,7]. Notably, the P0-like protein is also detectable in the plasma membranes of hepatocytes, lymphocytes and other cells [8-11].
The prevalence of anti-ribosomal antibodies depends on the disease activity, the patient's ethnicity and the antigens used in detection systems [12-14]. There are reports about clinical associations of anti-ribosomal protein antibodies with short disease duration [15], rash [16,17], lymphocytopenia [18] and lupus hepatitis [11,19-23]. Ohira et al. [22] showed that patients with lupus hepatitis have significantly higher and more frequent levels of antibodies against recombinant ribosomal P0 protein (aRibPR0) than patients with autoimmune hepatitis. There are also contradictory reports of patients with juvenile onset SLE [24-27], neuropsychiatric SLE [3,28,29], lupus nephritis class V [3,27,30], high disease activity [15,16,26,31] and low levels of complement component 3 (C3) or complement component 4 (C4) [16,17,22,32].
A comparative investigation of the clinical laboratory associations of antibodies against recombinant ribosomal P0, P1 and P2 proteins (aRibPR0, aRibPR1 and aRibPR2) has never been conducted. Thus, the purpose of the present work was to determine the diagnostic value of antibodies against native ribosomal P heterocomplex (aRibPNH), aRibPR0, aRibPR1 and aRibPR2 for SLE and to analyse their associations with disease features and future damage.
Materials and methods
Study participants
Altogether 479 serum samples were obtained from the following groups: (1) patients with SLE (n = 163), who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1982 revised criteria for the classification of SLE [4], (2) patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc, n = 66) who met the ACR 1980 criteria for scleroderma [33], (3) patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS, n = 54) who fulfilled the preliminary European League Against Rheumatism criteria of Vitali et al. [34], (4) patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 90) who met the ACR 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis [35] and (5) healthy donors (HD, n = 100).
Disease activity of SLE patients was defined based on the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI 2000) [36-38] in 101 patients: 6 of them had no activity (SLEDAI score 0), 35 were mildly active (0 < SLEDAI ≤ 5), 41 had moderate disease activity (5 < SLEDAI ≤ 10), 14 were highly active (10 < SLEDAI ≤ 20), and 5 had very high activity (SLEDAI > 20). Juvenile onset was diagnosed when the age at diagnosis was 18 years or younger according to the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization [39]. Twenty-four (14.7%) patients with juvenile onset SLE and 139 (85.3%) patients with adult onset SLE were studied. Disease damage was measured according to the criteria of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics (SLICC) [40,41] and the weighted damage score (WDS) [40]. All patients were recruited from the outpatient and inpatient facilities of the Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany. The Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of Charité University Hospital approved the study, and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Sera from healthy donors were used in cooperation with University of Lübeck, Germany. Written informed consent was obtained from all healthy subjects.
Measurement of antibodies
Microtiter plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) were coated with 1 μg/ml full-length recombinant ribosomal protein P0, P1 or P2 expressed in insect cells (DIARECT, Freiburg, Germany). Sera diluted 1:201 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 0.1% (wt/vol) casein were added and allowed to react for 30 minutes, followed by three washing cycles with PBS 0.05% (vol/vol) and Tween 20. For detection of bound antibodies, the plates were incubated with antihuman immunoglobulin (IgG) peroxidase conjugate (EUROIMMUN, Lübeck, Germany) for 30 minutes, washed three times and allowed to react with tetramethylbenzidine (EUROIMMUN) for 15 minutes. After addition of acidic stopping solution (EUROIMMUN), the optical density (OD) was read at 450 nm using an automated spectrophotometer (Spectra Mini; Tecan, Crailsheim, Germany). All steps were performed at room temperature. A highly positive index patient serum was used to generate a standard curve consisting of three calibrators (2, 20 and 200 relative units (RU)/ml). Relative units per milliliter were calculated for all samples using this three-point standard curve. The analytical reproducibility of all aRibP assays was evaluated by repeated testing of two serum samples (10 determinations each) in the same run, giving intraassay coefficients of variation (CV) of 2.4% (aRibPR0), 2.1% (aRibPR1) and 2.7% (aRibPR2), respectively. Relationships between sensitivity and specificity at different cutoff values were examined for all assays by receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses, allowing also for the determination of test characteristics at predefined specificities.
The anti-RibPNH enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (IgG, CV 2.6%), anti-Sm ELISA, anti-dsDNA radioimmunoassay (RIA) (Farr assay) and anti-dsDNA ELISA are commercially available assays from EUROIMMIUN and were performed following the manufacturer's instructions.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). The diagnostic significance of antiribosomal proteins N, P0, P1 and P2 antibodies was assessed and areas under the curve (AUCs) were created using ROC analysis. To determine associations, the Mann-Whitney U test (for comparing medians between groups; MWT), Fisher's exact test (FET) and Spearman's rank test (SRT) were used. Two-tailed t-tests were used throughout with an α set at 0.05.
Results
Reactivity and diagnostic significance of antiribosomal proteins N, P0, P1 and P2 antibodies
Antibodies against ribosomal PNH, PR0, PR1 and PR2 proteins (Figure 1), Sm and dsDNA (ELISA and Farr assays) were measured in sera from 163 SLE patients, 210 disease controls and 100 healthy donors to define and compare the sensitivity and specificity in ROC curve analysis (Table 1). For aRibPNH, a sensitivity of 5.5% and a specificity of 100% were calculated using the manufacturer's cutoff (20 RU/ml). At a predefined specificity of 98% among 210 patients with other rheumatic diseases (SSc, pSS and RA), only five (2.4%), four (1.9%), four (1.9%) and four (1.9%) had elevated aRibPNH, aRibPR0, aRibPR1 and aRibPR2 titers, respectively. At the same specificity among 100 healthy donors, only zero (0%), one (1.0%), two (2.0%) and two (2.0%) patients had high titers of aRibPNH, aRibPR0, aRibPR1 and aRibPR2. Among antiribosomal P protein antibodies, aRibPR0 had the highest performance with regard to criteria such as AUC and maximum sum of sensitivity and specificity, followed by aRibPNH (Table 1). All test criteria of aRibPR0 were inferior to those of the anti-dsDNA ELISA or the Farr assay, but were almost equal to those of the anti-Sm ELISA.
Figure 1. Graphs showing levels of antiribosomal P protein antibodies in SLE, other rheumatic diseases and healthy donors. Autoantibodies directed against (a) native ribosomal P heterocomplex (aRibPNH), (b) recombinant ribosomal P0 protein (aRibPR0), (c) recombinant ribosomal P1 (aRibPR1) and (d) recombinant ribosomal P2 protein (aRibPR2) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Dotted lines represent the distinct cut-offs based on ROC curve analysis at specificities of 95% (dotted line), 98% (broken line) and 99% (dotted and broken line). Values >30 RU/ml were set to 30 RU/ml for clearer arrangement of the figures. SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SSc, systemic sclerosis; pSS, primary Sjögren's syndrome; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; HD, healthy donors. RU, relative units.
Table 1. Test values of antiribosomal PNH, PR0, PR1 and PR2 antibodies calculated in receiver-operating characteristics analysisa
Patients negative for aRibPNH but positive for aRibPRP0-2
Although the native heterocomplex of ribosomal P contains all immunological domains of the subunits P0, P1 and P2, there were considerable differences in the cutoffs and in sensitivities for the detection of aRibPNH, aRibPR0, aRibPR1 and aRibPR2 (Table 1), with outstanding results for aRibPR0.
Thus, we further investigated whether there were patients negative for aRibPNH but positive for aRibPR0, aRibPR1 or aRibPR2 (Figure 2). Sera fulfilling these criteria would point out that there are some epitopes of ribosomal P proteins that are not accessible to autoantibodies because of the spatial conformation of the native heterocomplex.
Figure 2. Frequencies of aRibPR0, aRibPR1 and aRibPR2 in aRibPNH-negative lupus patients. (a) Results according to specificity of 99% are shown in a Venn diagram. (b) Corresponding to Figure 2a, those sera were selected that were exclusively positive for aRibPR0, aRibPR1 or aRibPR2 among aRibPNH-negative SLE patients. To further show exact and comparable signal intensities, fold change indices in relation to the given cutoffs of each recombinant aRibP protein (see also Table 1) were calculated. ARibPNH, antibodies against native ribosomal P heterocomplex; aRibPR0, antibodies against recombinant ribosomal P0 protein; aRibPR1, antibodies against recombinant ribosomal P1 protein; aRibPR2, antibodies against recombinant ribosomal P2 protein; aRibPs, anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies.
At 99% specificity, among 141 aRibPNH- patients there were 19 (13.5%) positive for aRibPR0, six (4.3%) positive for aRibPR1 and 11 (7.8%) positive for aRibPR2. Some of those sera were further exclusively positive for one of the recombinant aRibPs and showed an increased titer up to twofold of the corresponding cutoff (Figure 2b).
Diagnostic value of anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies in SLE
To investigate the auxiliary diagnostic value of antiribosomal P protein antibodies in SLE, we searched for patients who were negative for antibodies against dsDNA and Sm, but positive for aRibPNH, aRibPR0, aRibPR1 or aRibPR2 at a specificity of 100% (Figure 3). This analysis was performed twice, taking either the results of the anti-dsDNA ELISA (Figure 3a) or those of the Farr assay (Figure 3b).
Figure 3. Additional diagnostic benefit of antiribosomal P protein antibodies in lupus patients. Both flow charts aim to demonstrate the additional diagnostic value of antiribosomal P protein antibodies (anti-RibP) in the absence of anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) and anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibodies for lupus diagnostics. The cutoffs of all test systems were set to ensure an absolute specificity of 100% (see Table 1 for cutoffs). Anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies were selected because they are highly specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (instead of, for example, anti-phospholipid antibodies) and are part of American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for SLE [4]. Flowcharts differ only in the test system used for the detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies. (A) Anti-dsDNA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and (B) Farr assay. RibPNH+, native ribosomal P heterocomplex-positive; RibPR0+, recombinant ribosomal P0 protein-positive; RibPR1+, recombinant ribosomal P1 protein-positive; RibPR2+, recombinant ribosomal P2 protein-positive.
Among 163 SLE patients, there were 11 (6.7%) individuals who could be diagnosed only by detection of aRibPs, while 63 (38.7%) patients were regularly diagnosed by the presence of anti-dsDNA or anti-Sm antibodies. Considering the excellent Farr assay, these relations adjusted to 89 (54.6%) individuals with regular diagnosis and five (3.1%) individuals with additional diagnosis only by the presence of aRibP.
Comparison of disease features in aRibP+ vs. aRibP- SLE patients
To determine the special characteristics of lupus patients with elevated aRibPs, we compared medical records, including ACR criteria, SLEDAI 2000 items and laboratory parameters, including autoantibodies, immunosuppressants and antimalarials, with those of aRibP- lupus patients. All clinical laboratory results and detailed demographic information about the study cohort are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Comparison of the frequency: demographical and clinical data in aRibP-positive and negative SLE patientsa
ARibPNH+ patients fulfilled significantly more ACR criteria and more often had photosensitivity. Moreover, the frequency of patients with decreased C3 levels was higher among aRibPNH+ patients. Lymphocytopenia was associated with the presence of aRibPR0, and a higher γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) level was found in aRibPR1+ patients. Anti-Sm, anti-dsDNA and anti-U1-ribonucleoprotein (anti-U1-RNP) antibodies were much more frequent in all aRibP+ patients.
Comparison of disease damage in aRibP+ vs. aRibP- SLE patients
To study the prognostic role of ribosomal P protein antibodies, SLICC scores and WDS were assessed in aRibP+ patients and in an age-, sex- and nephritis-matched group of aRibP- patients at the time of blood sampling and 3 years later. Changes in damage scores (ΔSLICC, ΔWDS) were calculated, and both groups were separately compared. Damage scores from 41 of all 58 aRibP+ patients were completely assessable at the time of blood sampling and 3 years later. There were 22 aRibPNH+, 27 aRibPR0+, 18 aRibPR1+ and 23 aRibPR2+ patients. SLICC and WDS correlated significantly with disease duration and the ages of patients, but not with ACR scores or with anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm or any antiribosomal P protein antibodies. Total disease damage and damage to every organ system separately was not significantly higher in aRibP+ patients than in their aRibP- counterparts within these 3 years. Thus, we found no prognostic role for aRibP.
Discussion
In this study, the diagnostic potential, clinical laboratory associations and correlations with disease damage of antibodies directed against the native ribosomal heterocomplex and its recombinantly produced constituents P0, P1 and P2 were investigated. ARibPR0 revealed the best diagnostic performance among all aRibP types and offered the most diagnostic benefit among sera negative for anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies. Furthermore, aRibPR0+ lupus patients had significantly lower lymphocyte counts than their aRibPR0- counterparts. Finally, no prognostic relevance was found for any of the aRibPs during a 3-year period.
Our results concerning the prevalence and high specificity of aRibPs for SLE agree with data described before [3,42]. We further found sensitivities of PR0 > PNH > PR2 > PR1 at specificities of 98% to 99% and PNH > PR0 = PR2 > PR1 at a specificity of 100% in a cohort of 163 lupus patients. This is in contrast to another study where sensitivities of PR2 = PR1 = PR0 were determined at a specificity of 100% in a cohort of 50 SLE patients [13]. Different detection systems and patient cohorts might have contributed to these divergent observations. Since all three subunits of aRibPs share the carboxyl-terminal epitope, it is of interest to note that an ELISA (referred as anti-C22 ELISA) detecting antibodies against this shared epitope reached the same sensitivity of 22% at a specificity of nearly 99% as aRib PR0 in our Berlin patient cohort [43].
We have additionally demonstrated that negativity of aRibPNH does not automatically imply negativity of antibodies against its subunits, especially those against ribosomal P0. This could be due to immunologically relevant epitopes that are freely accessible using RibPR0 alone, but not within the spatial conformation of the native heterocomplex. A biological reason for the higher frequency of aRibPR0 might be the disposability of ribosomal P0-like protein in the cell membranes of many cells, which could contribute to an increased immunogenicity [8-11].
Among the vast quantity of antibodies that are detectable in SLE, antibodies against dsDNA and Sm are highly specific and therefore most useful for the verification of the diagnosis. However, aRibPs are also discussed as a diagnostic criterion. Therefore, we asked whether aRibPs provide additional diagnostic benefit in direct comparison to anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies. Exactly 10% of sera negative in the anti-Sm and anti-dsDNA ELISAs were positive for aRibPR0 at a specificity of 100%. Even the comparison including the Farr assay revealed that 5.4% of all anti-Sm ELISA and anti-dsDNA RIA (Farr assay) negative sera were positive for aRibPR0 at 100% specificity. Thus, laboratories using less sensitive assays seem to benefit more from testing for aRibP in suspected cases of SLE. However, to be sure, all patients with suspected diagnosis of SLE should be tested for aRibP. Finally, we conclude that the determination of antibodies against ribosomal P proteins, especially those against P0, would improve the classification and diagnosis of SLE.
By comparing disease features of lupus patients with elevated aRibPs to their seronegative counterparts, we could not confirm an association of aRibP positivity with lupus nephritis, short disease duration, high disease activity or juvenile onset. These results might be influenced by the Caucasian ethnicity of the study cohort and differences of the test systems. Cases of neuropsychiatric lupus [28,29] and subtypes of lupus nephritis were not recorded in our study.
The most striking association of aRibPs with disease features was that aRibPR0+ lupus patients had significantly lower lymphocytes than aRibPR0- lupus patients. Interestingly, a P0-like protein is also detectable in the plasma membranes of different cells, including lymphocytes [11]. Further, the aRibPs are able to bind and penetrate T-cell lines [44,45], and especially aRibPR0 can induce apoptosis in Jurkat T-cells [46]. In that context, our data confirm the thesis of Sun et al. [46] that aRibPR0 contributes in a clinically relevant manner to lymphocytopenia in SLE. Thus, clinicians should keep aRibPR0 in mind as one differential diagnosis for lymphocytopenia in SLE, along with viral status, drug side effects, hematologic malignancies and other factors.
Another remarkable, significant clinical laboratory association was that aRibPR1+ patients had an elevated GGT value. The participation of aRibPs in liver pathology of SLE was previously reported in cell cultures [9,11,46] and in case reports [19-21]. However, aRibPR0 were most frequently in focus because of their membrane-bound isoform [8-11]. As such, in a study of 61 Japanese patients [22], no significant association was found between aRibPR0 and liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase, but the GGT level was not assessed. The correlation shown here between GGT and aRibPR1 indicates a possible association of aRibP with lupus hepatitis. However, we do not have a clear definition of lupus hepatitis, and it is hard to rule out other causes, such as nutrition, drugs and other autoimmune hepatitis forms. Longitudinal analysis of aRibPs with liver function tests, including GGT in parallel, might reveal this association best.
Up to now, accepted prognostic factors in SLE have only been lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric SLE. No prognostic laboratory parameter is known. In this study, we investigated whether aRibP+ lupus patients would develop more or specific disease damage measured by SLICC or WDS after 3 years than their aRibP- counterparts. However, no significant correlations with any of the antiribosomal P protein antibodies could be found over a 3-year period. Conclusively, we first show that aRibPs are not a prognostic parameter for damage in SLE. Further study with more patients and over longer observation time frames could strengthen this result.
Conclusions
In summary, antiribosomal P protein antibodies are very specific for SLE, can also be found in patients with negative anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies and therefore have to be discussed in the upcoming classification and diagnostic criteria for SLE. Among all four investigated aRibPs, aRibPR0 was the most abundant and should be used for the diagnosis of SLE. High aRibPR0 titers can be associated with lymphocytopenia, and high aRibPR1 titers can be associated with an elevated GGT level. A prognostic role of antiribosomal P protein antibodies is unlikely.
Abbreviations
aRibPNH: antibodies against native ribosomal P heterocomplex; aRibPR0: antibodies against recombinant ribosomal P0 protein; aRibPR1: antibodies against recombinant ribosomal P1 protein; aRibPR2: antibodies against recombinant ribosomal P2 protein; aRibPs: anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies.
Competing interests
RB was employed from August 2006 until March 2009 in the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany under third-party funds paid by EUROIMMUNE AG. CD and AR are employees of EUROIMMUN AG, Lübeck, Germany. WSchlumberger and WStöcker are board members of EUROIMMUN AG. The other authors have declared no conflict of interest.
Authors' contributions
RB had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. RB, CD, FH and WSchlumberger contributed to study design. FB, RB, US, KE and AR contributed to the acquisition of data. FB, RB and FH contributed to analysis and interpretation of data. RB, GRB, WSchlumberger, CD and FH contributed to manuscript preparation. FB and RB contributed to statistical analysis. KE, CD, WStöcker, FH and WSchlumberger contributed to overall project management.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from EUROIMMUN AG and the German Research Foundation (Collaborative Research Centre SFB650, TP17).
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:55855",
"uncompressed_offset": 33537240,
"url": "buffalo.nas-central.org/w/index.php?oldid=12340&title=Add_Jtag_Port",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:05.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:778bff4f-f5f8-4786-85b1-609b2dec4522>",
"warc_url": "http://buffalo.nas-central.org/w/index.php?title=Add_Jtag_Port&oldid=12340"
}
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Add Jtag Port
From NAS-Central Buffalo - The Linkstation Wiki
Revision as of 01:09, 23 June 2007 by DquK4p (Talk)
Jump to: navigation, search
Cable required
This document is a work in progress. It explains how to fit the internal on-chip debug (OCD) port on a Linkstation, Kuro-Box or Kuro-Box/HG to a PC interface.
Adding the JTAG Port
Locate the pads
The pads are labelled CN5 and can be seen just above the serial level converter (where the yellow, orange, and red wires start to split) in this photo
Connector Pin-outs
In order to use this port, you should bridge R67.
Baulab posted cable schematics, some pictures of the assembled jtag cable, and software needed.
According to http://www.abatron.ch/Files/ManAccessCOP-2000C.pdf and http://www.freescale.com/files/soft_dev_tools/doc/user_guide/CWH-UTP-UG.pdf the following pins are used for a PPC COP/JTAG interface:
TDO 1
Personal tools
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:55871",
"uncompressed_offset": 66050294,
"url": "dotnetkicks.com/stories/27816/Community_Soup_Virtual_Worlds",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:05.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:778bff4f-f5f8-4786-85b1-609b2dec4522>",
"warc_url": "http://dotnetkicks.com/stories/27816/Community_Soup_Virtual_Worlds"
}
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Error!
Success!
Community Soup... Virtual Worlds!
0
kicks
Community Soup... Virtual Worlds! (Unpublished)
In this podcast episode we start by talking about Cutting the cable, DTV conversion, Internet Explorer 8 and Drinking the Kool-Aid. Finally we jump into our interview with Zain Naboulsi talking about Online Virtual Worlds (example: Second Life, Facebook, etc) and their impact on the Microsoft technology community.
Kicked By:
Drop Kicked By:
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:55880",
"uncompressed_offset": 79730789,
"url": "familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?oldid=1191619&title=Grady_County%2C_Georgia",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:05.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:778bff4f-f5f8-4786-85b1-609b2dec4522>",
"warc_url": "http://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/index.php?title=Grady_County,_Georgia&oldid=1191619"
}
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Grady County, GeorgiaEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 22:19, 12 December 2012 by Lowfiv (Talk | contribs)
United States Georgia Grady County County
Contents
County Courthouse
Grady County Courthouse
250 N Broad Street
Cairo, GA 31726-4101
Phone: 912.377.2912
Clerk Superior Court has divorce,
court and land records from 1906[1]
History
Parent County
1905--Grady County was created 17 August 1905 from Decatur and Thomas Counties. County seat: Cairo [2]
Boundary Changes
Record Loss
Places/Localities
Populated Places
Neighboring Counties
Resources
Cemeteries
Church
Court
Land
Local Histories
Maps
Military
Newspapers
Probate
Taxation
Vital Records
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
Web Sites
References
1. Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Grady County, Georgia. Page 155 At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
2. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America,10th ed. (Draper, UT:Everton Publishers, 2002).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
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{
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"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:55913",
"uncompressed_offset": 122471320,
"url": "josm.openstreetmap.de/timeline?from=2010-02-03T00%3A16%3A38%2B01%3A00&precision=second",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:24:05.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:778bff4f-f5f8-4786-85b1-609b2dec4522>",
"warc_url": "http://josm.openstreetmap.de/timeline?from=2010-02-03T00%3A16%3A38%2B01%3A00&precision=second"
}
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Timeline
and
Feb 3, 2010:
10:53 PM Changeset in josm [2932] by mjulius
bring PrimitiveData.getId() in line with OsmPrimitive.getId() remove …
5:01 PM Ticket #4474 (Presets too restrictive) created by dieterdreist
JOSM doesn't allow (any more?) to apply presets on objects that are not of …
1:35 PM Ticket #4460 (cannot install plugins) closed by bastiK
invalid: I don't know why I had this problem but it is gone now.
12:52 PM Ticket #4473 (OpenStreetBug bug) closed by Gubaer
wontfix: Can't reproduce in r2921. Your report is related to r2561, the current …
11:59 AM Ticket #4171 (Geoimage: Write gps data to file) closed by bastiK
fixed: This is provided by a plugin, now. (photo_geotagging)
11:57 AM Ticket #4473 (OpenStreetBug bug) created by anonymous
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. Install the OpenStreetBug …
9:48 AM Changeset in josm [2931] by bastiK
cleanup for geoimage code (mainly getters and setters)
9:22 AM Ticket #4471 ([PATCH] colour -> color) closed by stoecker
wontfix: WONTFIX: This a documented outside interface used also by software outside …
9:21 AM Ticket #4472 (Error on entering UTF-8 char (Hôtel) in tourism=hostel dialog) created by vpottier@…
Build-Date: 2010-01-29 02:32:31 URL: …
9:08 AM Ticket #4183 (split number of conflicts in conflict-list header depending on nodes, ways ...) closed by jttt
fixed: I had the same idea, in r2930
9:07 AM Changeset in josm [2930] by jttt
Make sure ConflictResolutionDialog is disposed when closed
7:05 AM Ticket #4471 ([PATCH] colour -> color) created by andre68@…
The attached patch fixes 'colour' (british english) to 'color' (american …
5:29 AM Ticket #4403 (JOSM silently resolves conflicts by destroying data) closed by mjulius
duplicate
5:24 AM Ticket #4470 ([patch] Remembers choice does not remember correctly) closed by mjulius
fixed: (In [2929]) fixes #4470 - Remembers choice does not remember correctly - …
5:23 AM Changeset in josm [2929] by mjulius
fixes #4470 - Remembers choice does not remember correctly - based on …
2:39 AM Ticket #4470 ([patch] Remembers choice does not remember correctly) created by Nakor
Edit a relation Select some netities: some are already in the relation, …
12:16 AM Changeset in josm [2928] by mjulius
fix issue that selection list in history panel is not updated when …
Feb 2, 2010:
11:58 PM Ticket #4452 (NullPointerException in version browser) closed by mjulius
duplicate
11:46 PM Ticket #4469 ([PATCH] JOSM typos) closed by mjulius
fixed: (In [2927]) fix #4469 - JOSM typos - patch by andre68
11:46 PM Changeset in josm [2927] by mjulius
fix #4469 - JOSM typos - patch by andre68
11:42 PM Changeset in josm [2926] by mjulius
Fix NPE when CONTRIBUTION|LICENSE|README files are not found
10:22 PM Ticket #4469 ([PATCH] JOSM typos) created by andre68@…
A few more…
9:13 PM Changeset in josm [2925] by jttt
Better log from DatasetConsistencyTest
9:09 PM Ticket #4376 (Update plugins doesn't remember skipping) closed by Gubaer
fixed: Fixed in r2924.
9:05 PM Ticket #4435 (plugin manager does not update plugins automatically.) closed by Gubaer
fixed: Fixed in r2924.
8:02 PM Ru:Shortcuts edited by anonymous
(diff)
7:51 PM Ru:Shortcuts edited by anonymous
(diff)
7:49 PM Ru:Shortcuts edited by anonymous
(diff)
7:41 PM Ticket #2513 (terracer - new objects shifted) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [o19678] It performs calculations in projected coordinates, now. (So …
7:39 PM Ticket #2304 (terracer plugin unusable in new version) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [o19678] You can omit everything except building=yes, now.
6:54 PM Changeset in josm [2924] by Gubaer
Fixed automatic update policy for plugins. new: policy for version and …
6:53 PM Help/Preferences/Plugins edited by Gubaer
added anchor (diff)
6:51 PM Help/Preferences/Plugins edited by Gubaer
(diff)
6:30 PM Changeset in josm [2923] by mjulius
New action: DownloadPrimitiveAction This allows to download a specific …
5:18 PM Changeset in josm [2922] by mjulius
Fix NPE when styles where not found
12:56 PM Ticket #4468 (Status -> OutOfMemory after copying layer) created by skyper
After #4441 happend I tried to get the status but ran OutOfMemory. …
12:14 PM Fr:Shortcuts edited by Guillaume Audirac
small fix (diff)
12:08 PM Shortcuts edited by Guillaume Audirac
add mouse functionalities (diff)
12:06 PM Fr:Shortcuts edited by Guillaume Audirac
add mouse functionalities (diff)
11:57 AM Shortcuts edited by Guillaume Audirac
add mouse functionalities (diff)
11:33 AM Ticket #4438 (conflict: undeleting a previous delete way only recovers nodes but not the ...) closed by skyper
worksforme: Replying to mjulius: > Well, in your update file way 23954340 …
11:26 AM StartupPageSource edited by Jezevec
czech translate (diff)
8:20 AM Changeset in josm [2921] by jttt
Show java vendor and os name in status report
5:47 AM Ticket #4444 (AssertionError when double-clicking on relation info) closed by mjulius
fixed: Did you have the relation list hidden when you tried that? Anyway, this …
5:27 AM Ticket #4467 (Don't silently drop locally deleted member primitives from downloaded ways ...) created by mjulius
JOSM is currently dropping locally deleted way nodes or relation members …
Feb 1, 2010:
10:10 PM Ticket #4466 (ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception in Relation dialogue) created by holbi@…
Again a java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, this time in the …
10:09 PM Ticket #4465 (preinstalled validator has wrong version number in installer) created by bastiK
I'm not entirely sure but I guess there is something wrong with the …
9:56 PM Changeset in josm [2920] by jttt
Fixed NPE from log in #4409
9:06 PM Changeset in josm [2919] by jttt
Skip deleted nodes when loading way, deleted members when loading relation
7:27 PM HowTo edited by bastiK
(diff)
7:14 PM Help/ResetPreferences created by bastiK
added: how to reset preferences
6:48 PM Ticket #4464 (NullPointerException using openvisible plugin) created by rharrison
Open area and download data in JOSM. File -> Open Visible Select gpx files …
6:19 PM Changeset in josm [2918] by stoecker
removed debug code
5:22 PM Ticket #4373 (g++ -I /usr/include/qt4/ webkit-image.cpp -o webkit-image -lQtCore ...) closed by stoecker
wontfix
5:22 PM Ticket #3727 (webkit-image sometimes goes amok on Windows) closed by stoecker
wontfix: There is nothing we can do about this. webkit-image is a very small …
4:35 PM Ticket #4409 (after merge: nodes are not selectable) reopened by skyper
It appeared again. 1. Loaded osm 2. update data -> conflicts …
3:55 PM Ticket #4463 (Error with slippymap plugin directly after downloading server map data) created by anonymous
Repository Root: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn Build-Date: 2009-12-02 …
3:09 PM Ticket #4462 ([ICON] for leisure=dog_park) created by giardia
Can you please use the attached icon in josm for leisure=dog_park node? …
2:12 PM Ticket #4440 (Please give merged file a new layer/file name) closed by skyper
worksforme: Replying to mjulius: > (In [2901]) new button in …
10:52 AM Ru:Plugins edited by stoecker
Remove unneeded header (diff)
10:28 AM Ru:Plugins edited by calibrator
(diff)
8:34 AM Ticket #4461 (Links in internal Russian Help works very strange) created by calibrator
Now first call to Russian Help (in Russian version) JOSM 2916 works …
7:55 AM Ticket #4430 (Message 205 not correct) reopened by calibrator
Message change number from 205 to 210, but text not changed. Again the …
5:52 AM Changeset in josm [2917] by mjulius
fix test
Jan 31, 2010:
11:08 PM Ticket #4460 (cannot install plugins) created by anonymous
When I try to add a plugin in the preference dialog, it does not actually …
10:11 PM StartupPageSource edited by calibrator
(diff)
9:48 PM Ticket #4430 (Message 205 not correct) closed by stoecker
fixed
9:44 PM Ticket #4426 ([GPX-Upload] NullPointerException) closed by stoecker
fixed: Fixed in [o19700].
9:44 PM Changeset in josm [2916] by stoecker
moved unused image to DirectUpload plugin
6:15 PM Ticket #4458 ([PATCH] JOSM typos) closed by stoecker
fixed: (In [2915]) close #4458 - text fixes - patch by Andre
6:15 PM Changeset in josm [2915] by stoecker
close #4458 - text fixes - patch by Andre
6:07 PM Ticket #4451 (Error message trying to edit a restriction element) closed by jttt
fixed: (In [2914]) Fixed #4451 Error message trying to edit a restriction element
6:07 PM Changeset in josm [2914] by jttt
Fixed #4451 Error message trying to edit a restriction element
5:41 PM Ticket #3110 (new plugin building - Creating buildings in easiest way) closed by Upliner
fixed: Done in versions 29-30
4:57 PM Changeset in josm [2913] by stoecker
updated i18n
4:19 PM Ticket #4330 (java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 6 >= 6) closed by stoecker
fixed: In r2912.
4:13 PM Changeset in josm [2912] by jttt
Fixed #4330 java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 6 >= 6, added …
4:10 PM StartupPageSource edited by stoecker
We moved. (diff)
1:26 PM Ticket #4453 (r2906 broke validator) closed by jttt
duplicate
1:11 PM Changeset in josm [2911] by jttt
Fixed #4456 Ways disappear in wireframe, still show up in mappaint but are …
1:11 PM Ticket #4456 (Ways disappear in wireframe, still show up in mappaint but are broken) closed by jttt
fixed: (In [2911]) Fixed #4456 Ways disappear in wireframe, still show up in …
10:58 AM Ticket #4459 (Non-Russian Menu in Russian Version) closed by stoecker
invalid: This is a missing translation. You can help translate the software - See …
10:50 AM Ticket #4455 (Validator error) closed by jttt
fixed: Fixed in [o19688]
10:47 AM Changeset in josm [2910] by jttt
Use different hash function for Pair (simple + instead of xor). Pair is …
10:20 AM Ticket #4454 (Sub-layers of data) closed by anonymous
invalid: This can already be achieved with filters.
9:30 AM Ticket #4459 (Non-Russian Menu in Russian Version) created by anonymous
Non-Russian menu "Audio" in Russian Version 2909. See attache screen shot.
9:28 AM Ticket #4458 ([PATCH] JOSM typos) created by andre68@…
I found a few more typos to be fixed. Please check the attached patch and …
2:24 AM Plugins edited by balrog-kun
Percent-escape the tilde, maybe that will be picked up (diff)
12:32 AM Plugins edited by balrog-kun
Openstreetmap.pl down until I'm back from vacations :( link to an older … (diff)
12:11 AM Ticket #4457 (EditGpx plugin does not allow you to edit more than one track.) created by rcr
I open 3 gpx files. Click 'edit gpx tracks' and highlight the track I want …
Jan 30, 2010:
11:54 PM Ticket #4456 (Ways disappear in wireframe, still show up in mappaint but are broken) created by malenki
I open a new ticket like it was suggested in #4324. I used r2899 (since …
8:55 PM Changeset in josm [2909] by bastiK
fixed: images with lat/lon in EXIF are not displayed at their real …
8:46 PM Changeset in josm [2908] by jttt
Improve gpx loading performance
8:22 PM Ticket #2480 (Fehler mit LiveGPS) closed by jttt
duplicate
8:17 PM Ticket #4450 (LiveGPS sporadic errors) closed by jttt
fixed: Fixed in [o19680]
8:04 PM Changeset in josm [2907] by jttt
Gpx refactoring - GpxTrack and GpxTrackSegment is now interface, …
7:14 PM Ticket #3948 (Terraced buildings do not inherit parent building keys) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [o19678]
7:13 PM Ticket #4196 (Disable terracer menu entries until layer is loaded) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [o19678]
7:12 PM Ticket #3947 (Reverse terrace order broken after undo) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [o19678]
7:07 PM Ticket #4455 (Validator error) created by anonymous
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. Upload Data 2. 3. What is …[…]
4:30 PM Ticket #4454 (Sub-layers of data) created by anonymous
It would be a nice thing to be able to show/hide some data from osm. For …
1:23 AM Ticket #4453 (r2906 broke validator) created by Daeron
r2906 broke the validator plugin: […]
12:56 AM Ticket #4452 (NullPointerException in version browser) created by wiml@…
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. Looking at history for way …
Jan 29, 2010:
10:26 PM Changeset in josm [2906] by mjulius
remove OsmPrimitive.entrySet() using keySet()/get() or getKeys() instead
10:17 PM Ticket #4313 (Crash while re-applying a failed application of a trunk road preset) closed by jttt
invalid: This looks like java bug, see …
10:07 PM Help/Concepts/Coordinates created by stoecker
Recreated page with correct name
10:02 PM Ticket #3845 (WMS plugin huge memory leakage) closed by jttt
worksforme: It's not mentioned in the track but I suppose you're using open-jdk, see …
9:45 PM Ticket #3448 (exception error in wms plugin) closed by jttt
fixed: Already fixed. I'm not sure in which version but o19626 works fine.
9:26 PM Ticket #3275 (Exception when number of values and display_values don't match) closed by jttt
fixed: (In [2905]) Fixed #3275 Exception when number of values and display_values …
9:26 PM Changeset in josm [2905] by jttt
Fixed #3275 Exception when number of values and display_values don't match
9:25 PM Changeset in josm [2904] by bastiK
minor cleanup & hooks for plugin
9:13 PM Ticket #4339 (MessageFormat fixes) closed by mjulius
fixed: These issues should be solved.
9:09 PM Ticket #3243 (Wireframe + GPX visualization) closed by jttt
fixed: This was probably already fixed by petrdlouhy in o17564
7:11 PM Ticket #4451 (Error message trying to edit a restriction element) created by Atalanttore
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. Download data for …
1:47 PM Ticket #4450 (LiveGPS sporadic errors) created by willis@…
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. Connect to GPS receiver with …[…]
1:22 PM Ticket #4446 (Attempting to enter accented character causes OSM to get stuck) closed by stoecker
duplicate
11:40 AM Ticket #4448 (Log waypoint by voice command and photo) closed by anonymous
invalid: This is the JOSM website.
11:39 AM Ticket #4447 (No camera icon on O2 XDAIIs.) closed by anonymous
invalid: Do you realy mean JOSM?
11:31 AM Ticket #4449 (josm 2899 unable to use socks5 proxy) created by lixus
Hello, I am unable to get osm/tile data using a socks5 proxy. It used to …
6:05 AM Ticket #4448 (Log waypoint by voice command and photo) created by toninph@…
Imagine driving and you want to record a waypoint. Is it possible to log …
5:47 AM Ticket #4447 (No camera icon on O2 XDAIIs.) created by toninsp@…
The O2 XDAIIs has a camera on board but the camera icon does not show in …
5:28 AM Ticket #4446 (Attempting to enter accented character causes OSM to get stuck) created by wiml@…
Attempting to enter the name of the hamlet "Boucan Careé". Created a …
3:18 AM Ticket #4445 (Duplicated node test fails to detect them properly) created by jfd553@…
I have imported a lot of data and the resulting ways have duplicated noded …
12:34 AM Ticket #4444 (AssertionError when double-clicking on relation info) created by wiml@…
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. Select an area that's part of a …
Jan 28, 2010:
8:14 PM Ticket #4283 (preset window width) closed by anonymous
fixed: This does not happen any longer.
7:55 PM Tickets #2316,4075,4359,4427 batch updated by bastiK
fixed: (In [2903]) a few minor issues: * fixed #2316 - Improve Inactive Presets …
7:55 PM Changeset in josm [2903] by bastiK
a few minor issues: * fixed #2316 - Improve Inactive Presets handling * …
7:06 PM Changeset in josm [2902] by mjulius
get rid of DownloadUrlAction again. This was redundant.
5:52 PM Changeset in josm [2901] by mjulius
new button in LayerListDialog: Duplicate Layer This creates a duplicate of …
5:51 PM Help/ToggleDialogs edited by bastiK
(diff)
5:51 PM Help/ToggleDialogs edited by bastiK
remove filter dialog for now (diff)
5:50 PM Help edited by bastiK
added images (diff)
5:46 PM Help/Dialog/SelectionList edited by bastiK
added hint to selection history (diff)
5:41 PM Ticket #3911 (Undo move deselects elements) closed by bastiK
wontfix: For this, there is the selection history. See …
5:37 PM Ticket #4443 (Plugins with known update site: Don't download unless a new version is ...) created by dieterdreist
doesn't recognize local version and therefore continously updates all …
5:19 PM Ticket #2395 (Specify location of .josm/preferences) closed by bastiK
invalid: You can leave out 1. and 2. The tilde in 3. does not work, you have to …
5:08 PM Ticket #2459 (Drag Box to zoom into images) closed by bastiK
fixed: is done
5:07 PM Ticket #2377 (Don’t view geo-tagged photos while drawing nodes) closed by bastiK
fixed: fixed by now
4:47 PM Ticket #4065 (Zoom out) closed by bastiK
wontfix: You can use mouse wheel or zoom slider. Josm gui is already quite weird, I …
12:54 PM Ticket #4379 (terracer fails (special condition only)) closed by bastiK
duplicate
12:52 PM Ticket #4275 (terracer gives an error) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [o19658]
12:47 PM Ticket #2398 (terracer not delete origin shape - causes problems with Reverse Numbering ...) closed by bastiK
fixed: In [o19658]
11:55 AM Ticket #4417 ([PATCH] Code Page of Russian internal Help not correct) closed by Gubaer
fixed: (In [2900]) applied #4417: patch by Upliner: Code Page of Russian internal …
11:55 AM Changeset in josm [2900] by Gubaer
applied #4417: patch by Upliner: Code Page of Russian internal Help not …
11:49 AM StartupPageSource edited by vsandre
(diff)
9:57 AM Ticket #4442 (LiveGPS plugin) created by BennieD
I tried to use the liveGPS plugin, but it does not see my GPS. I use …
Jan 27, 2010:
10:21 PM Changeset in josm [2899] by mjulius
new action: DownloadUrlAction This opens a dialog to allow the user to …
9:58 PM Changeset in josm [2898] by jttt
Fixed #4436 Changing bbox resets zoom after search
9:58 PM Ticket #4436 (Changing bbox resets zoom after search) closed by jttt
fixed: (In [2898]) Fixed #4436 Changing bbox resets zoom after search
9:23 PM Ticket #4431 (wrong symbol for amenity=doctor) closed by ulfl
fixed: Well, it's not a fire extinguisher but the "Rod of Asclepius" :-) I've …
9:10 PM Ticket #4404 (Contents of layer-list not shown) closed by jttt
fixed: (In [2897]) Fixed #4404 Contents of layer-list not shown
9:10 PM Changeset in josm [2897] by jttt
Fixed #4404 Contents of layer-list not shown
8:56 PM Ticket #4324 (New ways not displayed) closed by jttt
duplicate: I might have fixed the bug, see #4057 for details.
8:50 PM Ticket #4057 (JOSM loses data on save: Approx 20% data loss of ways but none of ...) closed by jttt
fixed: (In [2896]) Fixed #4057 JOSM loses data on save: Approx 20% data loss of …
8:49 PM Changeset in josm [2896] by jttt
Fixed #4057 JOSM loses data on save: Approx 20% data loss of ways but none …
8:29 PM StartupPageSource edited by calibrator
(diff)
3:54 PM Ticket #4441 (error downloading/sync) created by skyper
I tried to "Daten aktualisieren". First two of three files were …
2:34 PM Ticket #4440 (Please give merged file a new layer/file name) created by skyper
Salut Please give the layer after merging to osm files a new layer/file …
2:27 PM Ticket #4439 ([Patch] droping spaces in keys or value automatically) created by vsandre
At the moment josm drops spaces at the end of a key or value only in the …
2:03 PM Ticket #4438 (conflict: undeleting a previous delete way only recovers nodes but not the ...) created by skyper
Hallo again (sorry)! I merged 2 files -> conflicts. One conflict was …
1:47 PM Ticket #4437 (conflict: Please make it possible to zoom on deleted elements) created by skyper
I have a conflict, where on my data a node/way is deleted. I can select …
1:23 PM Ticket #4436 (Changing bbox resets zoom after search) created by Claudius Henrichs <claudius.h@…>
How to reproduce: - in the Data Download dialog switch to the "Areas …
1:13 PM Ticket #4435 (plugin manager does not update plugins automatically.) created by skyper
Hi Thanks for the bunge of work, but unfortunally here is some more. …
10:50 AM Ticket #4434 (Bug in WMS plug-in) created by cetest
When using 2 layers of WMS and trying to offset (shift) one, the wms …
10:20 AM StartupPageSource edited by anonymous
(diff)
8:11 AM Ticket #4433 (Node lost and errors) created by pdorange@…
On the map i work, i got an error when i want to upload it to OSM : …
4:24 AM Ticket #4432 (NullPointerException in history panel) created by wiml@…
What steps will reproduce the problem? 1. click on way 8072147 2. …
12:47 AM Ticket #4431 (wrong symbol for amenity=doctor) created by telegnom
In the latest josm version (2895) the fire extinguisher icon is used for …
Note: See TracTimeline for information about the timeline view.
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06 January 2013
Historic Ruling Against First Modern Drug Patent In India
As Techdirt has reported over the last year, the Indian government is becoming increasingly keen on using cheaper, generic versions of important drugs to treat diseases, rather than paying Western-level prices its people can ill afford. Intellectual Property Watch reports on another instance of the Indian authorities easing the way for low-cost versions by striking down a patent granted to Roche for the treatment of Hepatitis C. As the article explains, it's notable for at least two reasons:
On Techdirt.
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10 March 2013
EU Data Protection: Please Write to MEPs Now
Last week I wrote about the revelation (to me, at least - maybe other people knew this was going on) that MEPs were simply cutting and pasting from lobbyists' proposals and presenting them as amendments to the important Data Protection regulation. I also suggested that readers might like to write to the UK MEPs involved, and ask about this. Several kindly did so, and sent me the reply, which came from Malcolm Harbour. Here's what he wrote:
On Open Enterprise blog.
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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For every ten jokes you acquire a hundred enemies. Sterne, Laurence
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Click here to buy this »
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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It's easy! Just pick the product you like and click-through to buy it from trusted partners of Quotations Book. We hope you like these personalized gifts as much as we do.
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212 - The Extra Degree
The one extra degree makes the difference. This simple analogy reflects the ultimate definition of excellence. Because it's the one extra degree of effort, in business and life, that can separate the good from the great. This powerful book by S.L. Parker and Mac Anderson gives great examples, great quotes and great stories to illustrate the 212° concept. A warning - once you read it, it will be hard to forget. Your company will have a target for everything you do ... 212°
Click here to buy this »
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Quotes by Wilson, Woodrow T.
We don't have a biography. Please consult wikipedia.
"I believe in democracy, because it releases the energies of every human being."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on democracy
"Democracy is not so much a form of government as a set of principles."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on democracy
"America is the place where you cannot kill your government by killing the men who conduct it."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on democracy
"That a peasant may become king does not render the kingdom democratic."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on democracy
"The world must be made safe for democracy."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on democracy
"We grow great by dreams. All big men are dreamers."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on dream
"We grow by our dreams."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on dream
3 fans of this quote
"Surely a man has come to himself only when he has found the best that is in him, and has satisfied his heart with the highest achievement he is fit for."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on excellence
"Fear God and you need not fear anyone else."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on fear
"There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on fights and fighting
4 fans of this quote
"Friendship is the only cement that will ever hold the world together."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on friends and friendship
12 fans of this quote
"You cannot be friends upon any other terms than upon the terms of equality."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on friends and friendship
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"Sometimes people call me an idealist. Well, that is the way I know I am an American. America is the only idealistic nation in the world."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on america
"America lives in the heart of every man everywhere who wishes to find a region where he will be free to work out his destiny as he chooses."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on america
"The interesting and inspiring thing about America is that she asks nothing for herself except what she has a right to ask for humanity itself."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on america
"The nation's honor is dearer than the nation's comfort; yes, than the nation's life itself."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on honor
"There is no question what the roll of honor in America is. The roll of honor consists of the names of men who have squared their conduct by ideals of duty."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on honor
"America is not anything if it consists of each of us. It is something only if it consists of all of us."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on individuality
"Only free peoples can hold their purpose and their honor steady to a common end and prefer the interest of mankind to any narrow interest of their own."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on interest
"One cool judgment is worth a thousand hasty counsels. The thing to do is to supply light and not heat."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on judgment and judges
"No man has ever risen to the real stature of spiritual manhood until he has found that it is finer to serve somebody else than it is to serve himself."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on leadership
"I would rather belong to a poor nation that was free than to a rich nation that had ceased to be in love with liberty."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on liberty
This quotation can be viewed in the context of a book
"The history of liberty is the history of the limitations of governmental power, not the increase of it. When we resist the concentration of power we are resisting the powers of death. Concentration of power precedes the destruction of human liberties."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on liberty
"Liberty has never come from government. Liberty has always come from the subjects of it. The history of liberty is a history of resistance. The history of liberty is a history of limitations of governmental power, not the increase of it."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on liberty
"No thoughtful man ever came to the end of his life, and had time and a little space of calm from which to look back upon it, who did not know and acknowledge that it was what he had done unselfishly and for others, and nothing else, that satisfied him in the retrospect, and made him feel that he had played the man."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on love
"Loyalty means nothing unless it has at its heart the absolute principle of self-sacrifice."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on loyalty
9 fans of this quote
"You cannot become thorough Americans if you think of yourselves in groups. America does not consist of groups. A man who thinks of himself as belonging to a particular national group in America has not yet become an American."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on minorities
"All things come to him who waits -- provided he knows what he is waiting for."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on patience
10 fans of this quote
"It must be peace without victory; only a peace between equals can last."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on peace
"There is a price which is too great to pay for peace, and that price can be put in one word. One cannot pay the price of self-respect."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on peace
"Prosperity is necessarily the first theme of a political campaign."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on politics
"The success of a party means little more than that the Nation is using the party for a large and definite purpose. It seeks to use and interpret a change in its own plans and point of view."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on politics
"No man can worship God or love his neighbor on an empty stomach."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on poverty and the poor
"There must be, not a balance of power, but a community of power; not organized rivalries, but an organized peace."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on power
"Nothing was ever done so systematically as nothing is being done now."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on procrastination
"Today's greatest labor-saving device is tomorrow."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on procrastination
"A radical is one of whom people say He goes too far. A conservative, on the other hand, is one who doesn't go far enough. Then there is the reactionary, one who doesn't go at all. All these terms are more or less objectionable, wherefore we have"
Wilson, Woodrow T. on progress
"When I give a man an office, I watch him carefully to see whether he is swelling or growing."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on promotion
"We should not only master questions, but also act upon them, and act definitely."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on questions
"I not only use all the brains I have but all I can borrow."
Wilson, Woodrow T. on quotations
But wait... There are more: 1, 2 next
Take a look at recent activity on QB!
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Thread Tools Search this Thread
Posts: 2,514 | Thanked: 6,571 times | Joined on Mar 2008 @ UK
#1
Community SSU for Maemo 4 is now stable and available to all
It's been talked about for a while, but Lucas Maneos took the ball and ran with it: there's now a community-owned software update repository for users of N8x0s. Announcing this milestone, Lucas said,
the first "stable" community SSU is now available in the maemo.org repository. Many thanks to all the testers who made this possible :-) [...] Now that this is out it frees up -testing for more experimental work. If anyone wants to contribute in any way, please ping me. Ways to participate include: adopt a package, evaluate and apply existing patches to it; discover patches or other improvements that can be applied; for the extra brave, follow the community-testing repository and report any issues found; maintain and improve the wiki pages.
With Mohammad Abu-Garbeyyeh's equivalent for Maemo 5 gaining traction, the possibility of a roadmap of improvements and bug fixes for non-MeeGo devices seems entirely possible. However, both SSU efforts are primarily packaging and logistical tasks; only bug fixes and improvements developed by the community can be shipped.
Nominations open for Maemo Community Council election
Having returned from holiday, and not being given much time by your editor, Dave Neary - who acts as maemo.org's returning officer - has officially opened the nominations for the Q3 Maemo Community Council election:
To nominate yourself or someone else for the council, please email the maemo-community mailing list with a clear email header (something like
With over 500 eligible candidates, this could be the most varied and important election. Things are clearer about the relationship of the Maemo and MeeGo communities, but the migration paths for maemo.org users, contributors and developers is not yet completely clear.
In this edition...
1. Front Page
• Community SSU for Maemo 4 is now stable and available to all
• Nominations open for Maemo Community Council election
2. Applications
• Chess clock application supports lots of game styles
• MeBook development continues post GSoC
• Maevies updates
3. Development
• When should an email address be suitable as a bug tracker in an Extras package?
• Running PySide applications in Qt Simulator
4. Devices
• Accessing N900 contacts from cars' Bluetooth systems
• Walkthrough of various N900 tethering options
• Nokia Care seeking more information on users' experiences of N900 USB "defect"
5. Announcements
• Font Changer allows user selection of theme fonts
• ringtoned updated to include vibration options
• Open source Twitter sharing plugin for pictures
• ...and 3 more
__________________
Andrew Flegg -- mailto:andrew@bleb.org | http://www.bleb.org
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Posts: 4,632 | Thanked: 5,384 times | Joined on Jul 2008 @ Springfield, MA, USA
#2
What? Still nothing for the 770?
(Would have been funnier had there been N8x0 stuff in there. Pththth)
Moderator | Posts: 11,697 | Thanked: 9,989 times | Joined on Jun 2006 @ North Texas, USA
#3
Originally Posted by danramos
What? Still nothing for the 770?
(Would have been funnier had there been N8x0 stuff in there. Pththth)
Ooo, I'm gonna give you SUCH a ban!
__________________
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Different <> Wrong | Listen - Judgment = Progress | People + Trust = Success
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Help Wikitravel grow by contributing to an article! Learn how.
Akumal
From Wikitravel
Jump to: navigation, search
Akumal is a small town between Playa del Carmen and Tulum on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.
Akumal Bay
Get in
Fly into Cancun and rent a car for the drive to Akumal. There are also buses and shuttles with some hotels or dive shops offering free shuttles. Akumal is approximately a 1 hour drive from Cancun.
Get around
Unless you plan on just staying in Akumal, you will need a rental car to get around. The closest sights are at least a 20 minute drive. However, if you're not comfortable driving in a foreign country, there are plenty of taxis to take you wherever you need to go.
There are also colectivos, a local 15-passenger van service that runs between Playa del Carmen and Tulum. They're cheap (20 pesos per person), and usually full, but run very frequently. You can catch the colectivos off the main highway. If you are standing on the side of the highway the driver will flash his lights at you if he has room in his van. This is the preferred local way of getting around.
See
Statue in town
Akumal has a beautiful bay with a wide white sand beach, wonderfully warm blue-green water and great snorkeling. Cute little town with several restaurants.
Do
Snorkeling
With the destruction of hurricane Wilma, the reefs near Akumal were damaged. However, a snorkeling trip is still very worth the time and expense. There are three options for snorkeling:
1. Go on a tour provided by one of the two dive shops in town. It is $40 USD per person.
2. Go on an "unofficial" tour. If you stand on the beach with a clueless look on your face, a local may approach you and offer to take you snorkeling on his glass-bottomed boat. It is usually $20 USD per person and includes snorkeling equipment. The guide will attempt to find the famous sea turtles for you and show you different corals and fish. Make sure you are comfortable swimming with flippers as the guide may swim quickly from site to site.
3. Rent or buy your own equipment and swim out alone. The coral reefs are not too far from the shore and can be easily accessed by swimming, especially with the help of a life preserver. Much of the bay is not more than five feet deep. Be very careful to stay away from the "fire reef" marked with buoys and a distinctive red colored coral. It stings and excessive contact can be fatal.
Since coral dies on human contact, you should avoid touching coral at all costs. It is also illegal to touch the wildlife, such as the sea turtles, so please do not try to ride them or bother them in any way. As of January 2006, there were five juvenile green sea turtles living in the bay.
Other
• Scuba diving. There are two dive shops in town.
• Cenote/cave diving.
• Sunbathing. Enjoy the sunny beaches.
• Ecological Center. Visit the Ecological Center at the end of Akumal bay to learn more about the area's ecosystems, species and local environmental events.
Buy
A few small shops in town. No real shopping to speak of.
Eat
• Lol Ha Restaurant. Right on the beach in Akumal Bay -- great view!
• Cueva del Pescador.
• Turtle Bay Cafe.
• Cocina Economico.
• Lucy's Tacos. Across the street from Super Chomak by the area where the market is held
There are also other restaurants in North Akumal (near Half Moon Bay):
• La Buena Vida. A restaurant and bar with swings instead of bar stools
In nearby Chemuyil:
• Leo's Pizza
• Loncheria.
Drink
Most restaurants serve beer. Lol Ha and La Buena Vida have a full bar.
Sleep
• Condo Half Moon Bay #2 & 4, Lote 41-B, Secc. G (Highway 307 90 minutes south of Cancun), 01-404-508-6060, [1]. checkin: 13:00; checkout: 12:00. Condo Half Moon Bay is a four bedroom vacation rental located in North Akumal, 1/4 mile north of Akumal Bay. The condo accommodates from 2 to 10 guests comfortably and can be rented as separate two bedroom units. $160-480/nt. (20.4167,-87.3000)
• Las Casitas Akumal, Kilometer 104, Puerto Juarez-Tulum Hwy, 011-52-984-875-9071.
Cope
• Bug repellent.
Get out
• Tulum. About a 20 minute drive to see the Mayan ruins here.
• Playa del Carmen. Drive over for shopping/bar hopping. Playa del Carmen also has a ferry boat that goes to Cozumel. Great day trip for scuba divers!
This article is an outline and needs more content. It has a template, but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow!
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
4172.0.55.001 - Perspectives on Culture, March 2011
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 04/03/2011
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CINEMA ATTENDANCE
Introduction
With the advent of DVDs, Blu-Ray technology, home projector theatre systems and the ability to download movies from the internet, does anyone go the cinema anymore?
According to Screen Australia's analysis of Motion Picture Distributors Association of Australia (MPDAA) data, there were 403 films screened in Australian cinemas in 2010. Collectively these films grossed $1.13 billion, making last year’s box office the highest on record [Screen Australia media release January 2011]. Based on this it is clear that people do still enjoy the cinematic experience.
This is reinforced by data published in Attendance at Selected Cultural Venues and Events, Australia, 2009-10 (cat. no. 4114.0) [ABS]. With 2 out of 3 Australians aged 15 years and over attending a cinema at least once in the 12 months prior to interview, going to the movies was found to be the most popular surveyed cultural activity. Information on attendance relating to other cultural activities i.e. art galleries, museums, zoological parks and aquariums, botanic gardens, libraries, archives and performing arts events, is also available in the above publication.
Attendance
The cinema had the highest attendance rate of all the venues and events surveyed, with an estimated 11.7 million people (or 67% of those aged 15 years and over) having been to a cinema in the 12 months before interview. Cinema attendance rates increased from 65% in 2005-06 to 67% in 2009-10.
Going to the movies was an activity that most people (90%) enjoyed more than once with over half (53%) of all attendees visiting a cinema five times or more during the 12 month period.
Area of residence
The highest attendance rates were recorded by residents in the Australian Capital Territory (76%). Attendance rates at cinemas were higher for residents of the six state capital cities (71%) than for residents in the rest of Australia (61%).
Characteristics of attendees
Whilst going to the movies was a very popular activity for young people, attendance rates declined with age. Most people (93%) aged 15-17 years visited a cinema at least once in the 12 months prior to interview, compared with 71% of those aged 35-44 years and 32% of people aged 75 years and over. Overall, the attendance rate for females (70%) was higher than the rate for males (64%).
ATTENDANCE AT CINEMAS, By age and sex - 2009-10
Between 2005-06 and 2009-10, statistically significant increases in attendance were shown for those aged 35-44 years (from 69% to 71%), 45-54 years (from 63% to 67%) and those aged 75 years and over (from 27% to 32%).
Looking at other personal characteristics, the highest attendance rates for cinema were reported by people who:
• were in households with dependent children; 75% for couples and 78% for one parent families
• were born in Australia (70%) or born overseas in a main English-speaking country (69%)
• were employed in a part-time capacity (78%)
• were in the highest equivalised household income quintile (81%).
References
Australian Bureau of Statistics Attendance at Selected Cultural Venues and Events, Australia, 2009-10 (cat. no. 4114.0)
Screen Australia 'Australian films at the local box office in 2010' media release 20 January 2011 http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/news_and_events/2011/mr_110120_boxoffice.aspx viewed 21 February 2011
© Commonwealth of Australia 2013
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Research article
Information content in genome-wide scans: concordance between patterns of genetic differentiation and linkage mapping associations
Pamela Wiener1*, Mohammad A Edriss2, John L Williams3, David Waddington1, Andrew Law1, John A Woolliams1 and Beatriz Gutiérrez-Gil4
Author Affiliations
1 The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
2 Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
3 Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, Polo Universitario, Lodi 26900, Italy
4 Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
For all author emails, please log on.
BMC Genomics 2011, 12:65 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-65
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/65
Received:26 May 2010
Accepted:26 January 2011
Published:26 January 2011
© 2011 Wiener et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Background
Scanning the genome with high density SNP markers has become a standard approach for identifying regions of the genome showing substantial between-population genetic differentiation, and thus evidence of diversifying selection. Such regions may contain genes of large phenotypic effect. However, few studies have attempted to address the power or efficacy of such an approach.
Results
In this study, the patterns of allele frequency differences between two cattle breeds based on the Bovine HapMap study were compared with statistical evidence for QTL based on a linkage mapping study of an experimental population formed by a cross between the same breeds. Concordance between the two datasets was seen for chromosomes carrying QTL with strong statistical support, such as BTA5 and BTA18, which carry genes associated with coat color. For these chromosomes, there was a correspondence between the strength of the QTL signal along the chromosome and the degree of genetic differentiation between breeds. However, such an association was not seen in a broader comparison that also included chromosomes carrying QTL with lower significance levels. In addition, other chromosomal regions with substantial QTL effects did not include markers showing extreme between-breed genetic differentiation. Furthermore, the overall consistency between the two studies was weak, with low genome-wide correlation between the statistical values obtained in the linkage mapping study and between-breed genetic differentiation from the HapMap study.
Conclusions
These results suggest that genomic diversity scans are capable of detecting regions associated with qualitative traits but may be limited in their power to detect regions associated with quantitative phenotypic differences between populations, which may depend on the marker resolution of the study and the level of LD in the populations under investigation.
Background
With the development of dense genome-wide marker panels for many species, it is becoming common to use these markers to characterize genetic diversity across the genome. Such genomic scans are designed to identify regions where selection has acted and which therefore, may contain genes of large phenotypic effect. The rationale is that, even without phenotypic information, one can use patterns of genetic variation to highlight genomic regions under selection. However, the power and reliability of these studies has not been assessed because usually there is no independent data set against which the results can be compared. The current study was designed to address this point by examining the concordance between a genomic diversity dataset comprising genome-wide SNP data from two cattle breeds and a set of linkage mapping results from a study in an F2/Backcross population bred from founders of these same breeds.
Using these datasets, an overall concordance between level of genetic differentiation and linkage mapping signal was evaluated. In addition, the more specific question to be addressed is whether regions with large allele frequency differences between the breeds are more likely to contain genes controlling phenotypes that differ between the breeds than regions with small allele frequency differences. However, because not all of the traits that might distinguish the breeds can be measured, the question was addressed in the converse direction in this study, i.e. whether regions of the genome where QTL have been identified are characterized by larger SNP allele frequency differences compared with other genomic regions.
Methods
Interval mapping experiment
Source population
A three-generation Charolais x Holstein cattle herd was bred from seven founder Charolais sires, which were mated with Holstein cows to produce 137 F1 animals. From these, a total of 501 second generation cross-bred animals were produced, 315 were F2 individuals from crossing eight F1 sires with F1 cows, and 186 were reciprocal backcrosses of the F1 animals with the founder breeds (88 Charolais backcrosses, CB1, and 98 Holstein backcrosses, HB1). The second generation animals were measured for a wide variety of traits [1-5] (results for dairy traits have not yet been published). For the analysis presented here, a subset of traits related to growth, dairy and meat production and coat colour were selected, as these traits were expected to have been under the strongest divergent selection in the two founder breeds. Specific traits were selected that were representative of these trait groups but were not strongly correlated with each other. These included size and growth rate, coat color, carcass conformation characteristics, detailed carcass measurements, meat quality traits (as assessed by a trained taste panel), chemical composition of meat and milk, milk yield and udder characteristics (Additional File 1, Table S1). Other trait groups were not included (e.g. behavioral and immunological traits). All work in this study involving the use of animals was designed under guidance of and carried out under a United Kingdom Government Home Office animal experimentation license, under the supervision of the local Home Office inspector, and all procedures were formally inspected annually.
Additional file 1. Table S1: List of traits analyzed from F2/Backcross linkage mapping experiment.
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Microsatellite marker data
A panel of 165 microsatellite markers were genotyped in the population; 139 of these were selected at random from across the autosomes and the other 26 were added later in regions on nine chromosomes where QTL were detected following initial analysis [4]. Linkage maps were constructed using CRIMAP 2.4 [6]. The maps obtained were compared with the latest published version of the bovine linkage map [7] and found to be consistent.
Microsatellite markers used to derive the linkage maps were then mapped against the Baylor bovine genome assembly Btau_4.0 [8] in order to derive genomic sequence coordinates, either by extracting pre-computed locations from Ensembl (http://www.ensembl.org/Bos_taurus webcite) (88 markers) or by megaBLAST [9] sequence similarity searches using flanking sequence (64 markers). The sequence positions of the remaining 13 markers, for which a definitive megaBLAST-based location could not be identified within the expected genomic location, were assigned estimated positions based on their proximity to flanking markers on the genetic linkage map.
Interval mapping analysis
The QTL analysis was performed using the QTL Express software [10], which implements the linear regression method of Knott and Haley [11] assuming the founder lines to be fixed for alternative alleles at the QTL loci. A single QTL model analysis with additive and dominance effects was fitted at intervals of 100,000 basepairs along each chromosome according to the maps described above. Fixed effects considered in the linear model and the numbers of phenotypes analyzed are given in Additional file 1, Table S1. Fixed effects included genetic composition (F2, CB1, and HB1) for all traits as well as sex, birth cohort, dairy cohort, taste panel grouping, feeding regime and background coat colour, as detailed in Additional file 1, Table S1. The F-ratio for each combination of trait and chromosomal position was recorded. The maximum of F-ratios (Fmax) over all traits at each chromosomal position was used as the test statistic for the interval mapping results.
Bovine HapMap study
Genomic diversity data
Genome-wide SNP data was obtained from the Bovine HapMap Consortium [12] and is subsequently referred to as HapMap. Details of the HapMap samples, SNP markers, genotypes and quality control have been described previously [12]. Briefly, DNA samples for individuals from Bos taurus breeds (as unrelated as possible, based on pedigree), plus sire-dam-offspring trios for data quality assessment, were collected and genotyped for 33,851 biallelic SNPs distributed across the genome (encompassing 3.2 Gb for Assembly Btau_4.0). The majority of SNPs were discovered by comparing shotgun genome sequence reads for cows from six breeds (Angus, Brahman, Holstein, Jersey, Limousin and Norwegian Red) to the Hereford reference genome sequence. SNP density was fairly uniform across the genome except that higher densities of markers were positioned on three chromosomes (BTA6, 14 and 25: average: ~27 per Mbp compared to ~10 per Mbp for the other 26 autosomes).
Only the genotype data for 49 Holstein and 20 Charolais individuals included in the HapMap project was considered (excluding calves that formed part of family trios and one Charolais that was missing a majority of genotypes). Loci with low minor allele frequencies, high error rates, evidence of deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium or excessive missing data were removed from the data set (as in the HapMap analysis, [12]), as were loci that could not be positioned on Assembly Btau_4.0 or were found on the X chromosome. This left 31,312 SNPs covering the autosomes. SNP positions along the genome were based on Assembly Btau_4.0.
Measures of marker differentiation
To calculate genetic differentiation from the HapMap data, the following protocol was followed. The frequency of one allele was calculated for each SNP for each of the two breeds. Two statistics were then used to characterize the differences between the two breeds. First the absolute value of the difference in allele frequencies between the Holstein and Charolais breed groups (δ) was calculated at each SNP position (equivalent to δc for two alleles [13]). Secondly, estimates of pairwise FST (θ) were calculated for each SNP [14,15], adjusting for different sample sizes as in Ref. [16]. If FST estimates were negative, they were set to 0 [16]. The dataset was restricted to those markers for which FST was defined (i.e. the average allele frequency across the two breeds was not 0 or 1). Sequence positions for each marker were rounded to the nearest 100,000 bp and an average value of δ (or FST) was calculated for all markers with the same rounded position. Two smoothed statistics, MA_δ and MA_ FST, were calculated as moving averages of 11 δ or FST values, respectively, centered on each rounded position, i.e. including that position and its 10 flanking positions (excluding the first and last 5 positions of the chromosome).
Data Analysis
Correlation coefficients were calculated between Fmax values from interval mapping and each of the four measures of SNP breed differences from the HapMap study (δ, FST, MA_δ and MA_ FST) over the entire genome and for each chromosome. Then chromosomal positions were grouped according to whether their Fmax value was above (highF) or below (lowF) a given threshold. Three groupings were defined using the approximate cut-offs for chromosome-wise and genome-wide significance previously calculated by permutation testing for this data (chromosome-wise, 0.05, F = 5; chromosome-wise, 0.01, F = 7; genome-wide, 0.01, F = 10; [1-4]). For each of these three thresholds, the mean δ and FST values (and their respective moving averages) were calculated for the highF and lowF groups on each chromosome. Numbers of chromosomes for which any Fmax values exceeded the thresholds decreased with threshold values (27 chromosomes for F = 5, 13 chromosomes for F = 7 and 6 chromosomes for F = 10). Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to test whether the mean values of δ and FST (and their respective moving averages) for each chromosome differed for the highF and lowF groups, for each of the three F-thresholds. A one-tailed test was applied, i.e. the alternative hypothesis was that the highF group had greater δ or FST values than the lowF group.
Results
The genome-wide correlation between FST and δ was high (0.8764) and results for both measures were generally similar. Thus, results are presented only for δ (and MA_δ) except where qualitative differences were seen between results for δ and FST. Visual inspection did not show a consistent trend between Fmax and δ across the genome, although such a trend was seen for some chromosomes. Figure 1 shows Fmax and MA_δ across the chromosomes with the largest QTL in the study, on BTA5, 6 and 18 (all chromosomes are shown in Additional file 2, Figure S1). The genome-wide correlation coefficient between Fmax and δ was 0.0603 and that between Fmax and MA_δ was 0.1672. The correlations varied considerably across chromosomes (Table 1), with half of the chromosomes (14/29) showing negative correlations between Fmax and δ (and MA_δ). BTA5, 6 and 18 had positive correlations although the correlation coefficient was low for BTA6. For the chromosomes with a positive correlation between Fmax and δ, correlations were consistently higher between Fmax and MA_δ than between Fmax and δ (this was also true for FST except for BTA6 and BTA26, for which the correlations were very low). The highest chromosome-wide positive correlations between Fmax and δ were (in descending order) for BTA28, 18, 14, 5, 2 and 7 (for the correlations between Fmax and MA_δ, the order of BTA28 and BTA18 and that of BTA8 and BTA2 were switched but otherwise the same).
Additional file 2. Figure S1: Patterns of the moving average of allele frequency differences between Holstein and Charolais cattle (MA_δ, represented by diamonds) and the maximum F-ratio of the linkage mapping study with Holstein and Charolais founders (Fmax, represented by the curve) across the bovine autosomal genome (BTA1 - BTA29).
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Table 1. Summary of Fmax, δ, FST and correlations across autosomes.
Figure 1. Patterns of genetic differentiation and linkage mapping results for chromosomes with large QTL . Patterns of the moving average of allele frequency differences between Holstein and Charolais cattle (MA_δ, represented by diamonds) and the maximum F-ratio of the linkage mapping study with Holstein and Charolais founders (Fmax, represented by the curve) across BTA5, 6 and 18. The horizontal lines show the average values of MA_δ for each chromosome. For BTA5, the black triangle on the x-axis indicates the position of the SILV gene. For BTA18, the black triangle indicates the position of the MC1R gene.
To test whether SNP ascertainment bias, and in particular the fact that the majority of SNPs were detected in Holsteins, may explain the lack of concordance between the interval mapping and SNP frequency, the effect of breed-of-origin on the value of δ was examined. This statistic was significantly higher (p < 0.001) for the SNPs detected in Holsteins (δ = 0.1565) than that detected in all other breeds (0.1372). The correlation coefficient between δ and Fmax values was recalculated as described above, for the 14,132 segregating SNPs that were detected in breeds other than Holsteins. For that subset of data, the overall correlation coefficient between Fmax and δ was 0.0427, lower than that calculated for all SNPs, thus the inclusion of the Holstein-derived SNPs did not reduce the overall correlation between Fmax and δ. However, for the non-Holstein SNP data, fewer chromosomes (13/29) had negative correlations between Fmax and δ (12/29 for MA_δ) than was found considering all SNPs (14/29).
The comparison of δ and MA_δ distributions above and below Fmax thresholds revealed little difference between regions with high and low Fmax values for the lowest Fmax threshold (F = 5), but there were differences for the higher thresholds (F = 7 and F = 10). Wilcoxon signed rank tests revealed significant differences in the mean δ values between highF and lowF positions for Fmax thresholds of both 7 and 10 (p < 0.05), but not for the threshold of 5. The same results were seen for comparisons of mean MA_δ values between highF and lowF positions (for FST and MA_ FST, only tests with threshold F = 10 were significant). These results are presented graphically in plots of the chromosome-wide mean MA_δ values for highF versus those for lowF positions (Figure 2). For F = 5, slightly more than half of the chromosomes (15/27) had greater mean MA_δ values for highF than lowF groups. For the cut-off of F = 7, nine out of 13 chromosomes had greater mean MA_δ values for highF than lowF groups. For the F = 10 cut-off, five out of the six chromosomes for which there were Fmax values greater than 10 had greater mean MA_δ values for highF than lowF groups. These five chromosomes included those with the highest Fmax values in this study (255.52, 63.67 and 39.86 for BTA5, 6 and 18, respectively), as well as BTA10 and 12 for which the highest Fmax values were between 10 and 12 (BTA22, for which the mean MA_δ value was greater for lowF than highF groups, also had its highest Fmax value in this range).
Figure 2. Genetic differentiation for positions with significant versus non-significant linkage mapping results for three significance thresholds. Mean moving average of allele frequency differences (MA_δ) values across chromosomal positions above and below linkage mapping maximum F-ratio (Fmax) thresholds of 5, 7, and 10. Each circle represents an individual chromosome; only chromosomes for which there were Fmax values exceeding the relevant threshold are included.
With regard to extreme values of the genetic differentiation measures across the genome: the top 1% of the δ distribution (values > 0.4981) covered 27 of the 29 autosomes. Of the 124 loci in the top 1% of the δ distribution, the greatest number of markers were found on BTA1 (9 positions), 5 (13 positions), 6 (10 positions) and 8 (9 positions). When positions were ranked by MA_δ values rather than by δ (Additional file 3, Table S2), the top 1% (> 0.2622) were present on 18 of the 29 autosomes, with the majority on BTA5 (20 positions), 6 (15 positions), 13 (15 positions) and 20 (13 positions). The most extreme values of MA_δ (top 0.1%) were found on BTA5 (5 positions, 61-64 Mbp), BTA6 (5 positions, 77-78 Mbp), and BTA18 (2 positions, 7.2-7.3 Mbp). The highest δ, MA_δ and MA_ FST values were found at 77.4 Mbp on BTA6. The highest FST value (and third highest δ value) was found at 63.6 Mbp on BTA5.
Additional file 3. Table S2: Top 1% MA_δ values, sorted by chromosome.
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Discussion
The objective of the analysis reported here was to assess if there was consistency between the pattern of allele frequency differences between two cattle breeds and the pattern of statistical evidence for QTL identified in a cross-bred population of the same breeds. The motivation for this was to test whether the current trend to look for signatures of selection in data from high density genome scans could detect the genomic regions controlling phenotypic traits identified by traditional linkage mapping techniques. The results suggest that genomic differentiation patterns can pick up very large, qualitative phenotypic effects, but may have limitations as predictors of genomic regions associated with smaller, quantitative phenotypic differences.
In the comparison of genomic data from two cattle breeds carried out in the present study, allelic differentiation was amplified in regions where the largest genetic effects were detected by QTL mapping (BTA5 and 18), however, overall, there was low correlation between the test statistics from the two analyses. The BTA5 and 18 QTL were associated with Mendelian loci influencing coat colour: the Charolais-derived allele in a region of BTA5 (close to or at the SILV gene, 61.9 Mbp) causes complete dilution of coat pigmentation and gives this breed its characteristic white coat [3,17] and the BTA18 QTL is associated with the MC1R locus (13.8 Mbp), which is the main regulator of the switch between red and black coat color pigments [18] and associated with black and red coat color in cattle, where the black allele is dominant [19,20]. Charolais carry the red allele at MC1R, although it is not visible in the coat because of the dilution effect, whereas black and white Holsteins are predominantly homozygous for the black allele, with a low frequency of heterozygotes [3,21]. The correlations between Fmax and MA_δ were 0.421 on BTA5 and 0.651 on BTA18, and as seen in Figure 1, the QTL peaks overlap with peaks in the MA_δ graphs. Furthermore, the positions of the known pigmentation genes are very close to the peak MA_δ values, particularly for the SILV gene on BTA5. However, there was only a weak positive correlation on BTA6 (0.075), where the third highest F-ratio in the linkage mapping study was found. The QTL corresponding to the high F-ratio was associated with birth weight and carcass-related traits [4] and was coincident with QTL for similar traits reported in other studies [22,23]. As seen in Figure 1, there is concordance between this QTL peak and a region of high MA_δ although this was not in the top 1% of the distribution. The chromosome-wide correlation on BTA6 was reduced, however, because there are other regions further downstream with even higher values of MA_δ but where there is only weak evidence of QTLs, for bone weight and average feed intake. The regions of high MA_δ may be associated with traits that were not measured in the linkage mapping study or the linkage mapping study may not have been powerful enough to detect associations in this region. In the 2-Mbp region centered at 77.4 Mbp (the peak δ and MA_δ position), there are no annotated genes in the bovine genome, although there is homology to some expressed genes in the human genome (http://genome.ucsc.edu webcite). The KIT gene, which is associated with the level of white spotting in Holstein cattle and other mammals [24], is located at 72.8 Mbp on this chromosome, nearly 5 Mbp downstream of the δ and MA_δ peak. While the level of spotting was not analyzed in the linkage mapping population, variation in this trait was observed in the F2/Backcross generation.
Interpretation of correlation coefficients calculated across the genome is made difficult because not all traits that differ between the breeds were measured in the interval mapping study. Indeed some loci under divergent selection in these two breeds may not have phenotypically obvious effects and will not have been analysed. However, this problem is avoided by the analysis where differentiation levels were compared at positions with low F-ratios versus high F-ratios. Where there is a positive association between the two analyses, there should be higher allele frequency differences for the high F-ratio group than the low F-ratio group, even if there are other QTL that were not detected. For the most extreme comparison of Fmax > 10 versus Fmax < 10, there was a clear distinction in mean δ values between the lowF and highF groups; 5 of the 6 chromosomes with Fmax values > 10 had greater mean δ values for positions with high F-values. The exception was BTA22, for which the mean δ (and MA_δ) value was higher for the lowF group. There were several QTL on this chromosome for carcass traits, but the MA_δ graph did not follow the QTL pattern. While the difference between the highF and lowF groups for the Fmax = 7 threshold was also statistically significant, the effect was not as pronounced as for the Fmax = 10 threshold; for 4 out of 13 chromosomes, MA_δ was greater in the lowF than the highF group.
Efficacy and power of differentiation-based "selection mapping"
While approaches based on allelic differentiation are currently being used for QTL mapping in some model species e.g. in Drosophila, Arabidopsis and maize [25-27], the general applicability of these methods is not yet clear. Theoretical predictions of allele frequency differences at markers linked to a locus under selection suggest that even for a locus under strong selection, the allele frequency differences between two selected lines will fall off rapidly with distance between the markers and the selected locus [28]. A similar effect should hold for multiple populations that are divergent for the same traits, as measured by FST or related statistics. This has been demonstrated in recent empirical studies: e.g. Sutter et al. [29] looked at the population structure for 22 large and small dog breeds using dense markers near the IGF1 locus, a gene that is associated with body size, a trait which has been under strong selection in the development of dog breeds. In this region, they found a very narrow peak (< 0.2 Mbp) in extreme values of FST (their Figure two). In contrast, Akey et al. [30] identified a 1-Mbp region including several markers with high FST values between Shar-Pei and Dachshund dogs (their Figure three) in a region containing a strong candidate locus for skin wrinkling (a characteristic of the Shar-Pei breed). The extensive region of inflated FST in this case compared to the narrower region surrounding IGF1 may reflect the more limited region of LD shared by several breeds compared to a broader LD region that may be shared by two breeds. The power of an approach based on allelic differentiation for identification of genes of large effect will depend, in part, on the levels of linkage disequilibrium in the genome. Further studies are required to quantify this relationship and to determine the marker density required to detect loci associated with selected traits in a given population.
Limitations of the current study
Factors in addition to LD levels may have influenced the results of the present study, for example, the interval mapping data was based on small numbers of individuals measured for some of the phenotypic traits (especially dairy-related traits). This may have increased the rates of both false positive and false negative linkage associations. Furthermore, the density of markers in the linkage study was relatively low such that QTL positions were not very precise and in many cases 95% confidence intervals covered most of the chromosome. However, marker density was enhanced in regions where QTL were detected in preliminary analysis [4], which increased the precision of positioning the QTL with largest effects and therefore should have increased the correlation between allele frequency difference and Fmax for these regions (e.g. BTA6). However, this was not observed in the analysis. In addition, performing interval mapping using genome sequence positions may also have influenced the scale of the Fmax values as there is not a one-to-one correspondence between the linkage map and the genome sequence due, in part, to variation in recombination rates across the genome. This should not, however, have had a substantial impact on the results pertaining to the moving average measures, which were spatially averaged. Finally, although the linkage mapping experiment was designed to detect QTL fixed for alternative alleles in the founder breeds, it may still have picked up large effects for which the QTL was segregating within breeds. In that case, allelic differentiation between breeds would be reduced compared to the case where alternative alleles were fixed in the two breeds.
In addition to the inherent limitations of the individual datasets, there may be problems in combining them: the QTL mapping study used British Charolais and Holstein animals as founders for the experimental crossbred population, while the HapMap SNP diversity study sampled North American Charolais and Holsteins. This should not have been a problem for the Holstein breed, which is very similar worldwide due to large-scale use of artificial insemination in the global dairy industry and the worldwide predominance of North American sire lines. However, there may be genetic differences between UK and North American Charolais due to genetic drift or different selection pressures in Europe and North America. Such differences are most likely to occur in regions associated with quantitative traits rather than highly-visible, categorical traits like coat colour which are key for breed identification.
High genetic differentiation signal
In addition to the high MA_δ values on BTA5, 6 and 18 discussed above, there were extreme values (> 0.3) on BTA13 (11.3 Mbp) and BTA20 (28.5-28.6 Mbp). The BTA13 region could not be associated with a gene known to be involved in any of the traits considered or with QTL for these traits from this study or others. On BTA20, a QTL for growth was detected slightly upstream of the Fmax peak (Additional file 2, Figure S1). Furthermore, the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene, located at 33.9 Mbp on this chromosome, is associated with growth in cattle [31,32] as well as milk yield and composition traits [33]. As in the case with KIT on BTA6, however, this gene is several Mbp downstream of the MA_δ peak.
Several of the regions with high levels of genetic differentiation were detected in previous studies to identify signatures of selection in cattle. Seven of the 13 regions of high FST reported by Flori et al. [34] in three dairy breeds (their Table two) were within 2 Mbp of the top 1% MA_δ positions reported in the current study. These included regions of BTA3, 4, 5, 6, 18 (near MC1R), 20 (near GHR) and 26. In a study of allele frequency differences between Holstein and Angus (another beef breed) cattle [35], of the 15 significant (p < 0.001) sliding window average differences (their Table two), three were within 2 Mbp of the top 1% MA_δ positions identified in the current study: on BTA14 (two positions) and BTA20, within 5 Mbp of GHR. There was less concordance between data reported here and results from Barendse et al. [36], which reported markers with high FST values for both the original HapMap dataset (19 beef and dairy breeds) and a set of 20 beef and dairy breeds from Australia (their Additional File two). Only 4 out of the 95 significant markers identified by Barendse et al. [36] were within 2 Mbp of peak regions reported in the current study. These were found on BTA1, 7, 12 and 13. None of the seven regions with high FST reported in the original HapMap study [12] (their Table one) overlapped with regions identified in the current study. However, in a separate analysis of the HapMap data [37], 11 out of 78 regions showing differences in allele frequencies between three or more dairy breeds and the complete dataset (see their Table S2) were located within 2 Mbp of peak regions in the current study. These covered seven chromosomes and included the region of BTA6 near the KIT gene. The correspondence between the current study and those of Flori et al. [34] and Stella et al. [37], which focused on dairy breeds, may provide some insight into the development of cattle breeds. It suggests that the major selective pressures have not been specifically for "meat" or "dairy" traits, but rather for more obvious characteristics like coat color or pattern and overall size. This is likely to be in part due to the relative length of time in which selection has been applied to these appearance-related traits as compared to less visible traits related to meat and dairy production, some of which may have been under strong selection only over the last few decades. In addition, color and appearance traits are generally under the control of one or relatively few genes (see the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) database, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=omia webcite) whereas many meat and dairy traits are quantitative traits and thus under the control of multiple genes, which may fix more slowly than single genes [38]. It is likely that if the current trend of specialization in some cattle breeds (e.g. Holstein) continues, the level of differentiation at loci associated with production traits will also increase.
Conclusions
The study reported here describes a direct comparison of a linkage mapping study with a genetic differentiation scan for the identification of genomic regions associated with population/breed differences. Results from this study indicate that while the genome-wide analysis of genetic diversity does detect regions associated with large, qualitative phenotypic effects (such as coat color), this approach may not have sufficient power to detect smaller, quantitative effects, depending on the marker resolution used in the study and the levels of linkage disequilibrium in the populations under investigation.
Authors' contributions
PW planned the study, performed some of the data analyses and drafted the manuscript, MAE wrote and executed scripts to extract and manipulate the data, positioned the markers used in the linkage mapping study on the genome sequence, and performed some of the data analyses, JLW conceived and managed the study from which the linkage mapping results derived, was part of the Bovine HapMap Consortium and participated in writing the manuscript, DW advised on and assisted with the statistical analyses, AL wrote and executed scripts to extract and manipulate the data, JAW advised on the statistical analyses and was part of the Bovine HapMap Consortium, and BGG provided the linkage mapping data, assisted with positioning the markers on the genome sequence and helped prepare the manuscript. All authors approved the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Bovine HapMap Consortium for access to the Bovine HapMap genotypes, Zen Lu for bioinformatics assistance and Ian Handel for assistance with figures. Defra LINK is acknowledged for funding the resource herd and associated data, which was used as the source of linkage mapping data used in this study. MAE would like to thank Isfahan University of Technology for providing funding during his sabbatical leave at The Roslin Institute.
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Malaysian Real Estate Investment Trusts: A Performance and Comparative Analysis
Tze San Ong, Boon Heng Teh, Chin Hooi Soh, Yat Liang Yan
Abstract
This study examines the investment performance of conventional and Islamic Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) listed in Malaysia over the 2005–10 time period. Analysis reveals that both conventional and Islamic REITs experienced negative monthly return during 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) period, and positive monthly return post GFC period. Compared to market indices, most REITs are under-performed before GFC. Divergent findings were reported during the GFC and post-GFC, depending on the measurement tools used. Based on Treynor and Sharpe measurements, most REITs under-performed the market portfolio in during and post GFC period. However, according to Jensen measurement, the REITs out-performed market indices during and post GFC period. Despite these seemingly divergent findings, this study can assist investors, regulatory body, fund managers and academics to make a better informed investment decision on Malaysia REITs. This study has provided interesting and important information and insights into the performance of Malaysia REITs.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijef.v4n5p73
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Economics and Finance ISSN 1916-971X (Print) ISSN 1916-9728 (Online)
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Long Term Shoreline Oscillation and Changes of Cauvery Delta Coastline Inferred from Satellite Imageries
R. Sathyanarayan Sridhar, K. Elangovan, P. K. Suresh
Abstract
Coastal zone is highly volatile ecosystem which is always in adjustments. Loss of shore line will cause severe impact on human life and as well as their properties. Remote sensing is a reliable technique to study the historical shoreline changes. Therefore in this paper long term shoreline oscillations of Cauvery delta shorelines at Poompuhar, Tharangambadi and Nagapattinam were studied using satellite imageries and the same was physically observed at the above three locations with the help of reference pillars and compared mutually. It was observed that the shoreline at Poompuhar is under accretion at the rate of 1.79m/ Year and other shoreline stretches at Tharangambadi and Nagapattinam were under erosion at 0.4888m/ Year and 0.4985m/ Year respectively. It was also observed that the remote sensing study qualitatively matches with the physical observation for all the three coastal stretches of the study area.
Full Text: Untitled ()
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Journal of Sustainable Development ISSN 1913-9063 (Print) ISSN 1913-9071 (Online)
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You are here: Home / Data and maps / Maps and graphs / Direct and indirect global pressures caused by private consumption distributed by consumption (COICOP) category in nine EU countries, 2005
Direct and indirect global pressures caused by private consumption distributed by consumption (COICOP) category in nine EU countries, 2005
Created : Jan 12, 2011 Published : Jan 12, 2011 Last modified : Nov 29, 2012 11:42 AM
This figure identifies the distribution of total global pressures caused by household consumption in 9 EU countries distributed among 12 COICOP consumption categories. The pressures caused by household consumption categories include both direct and indirect pressures. Direct pressures are those released during consumption of goods and services i.e. emissions to air from cars and from burning fuels in households for heating, cooking etc. Indirect pressures caused by consumption comprise all pressures released along the production chains of consumed goods. Includes goods produced domestically and imported goods. 4 environmental pressures are included – greenhouse gas emissions; acidification emissions; tropospheric ozone precursors and material consumption.
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American trypanosomiasis
American trypanosomiasis
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Sidney Draggan Ph.D.
Introduction
American trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by a protozoan parasite that is carried by various insect species. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has provided the following answers to questions about the organism and the disease also known as Chagas disease.
Chagas (pronounced SHA-gus) disease is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered it in 1909. It is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to animals and people by insect vectors that are found only in the Americas (mainly, in rural areas of Latin America where poverty is widespread). Chagas disease (T. cruzi infection) is also referred to as American trypanosomiasis.
It is estimated that as many as 8 to 11 million people in Mexico, Central America, and South America have Chagas disease, most of whom do not know they are infected. If untreated, infection is lifelong and can be life threatening.
The impact of Chagas disease is not limited to the rural areas in Latin America in which vectorborne transmission occurs. Large-scale population movements from rural to urban areas of Latin America and to other regions of the world have increased the geographic distribution and changed the epidemiology of Chagas disease. In the United States and in other regions where Chagas disease is now found but is not endemic, control strategies should focus on preventing transmission from blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and mother-to-baby (congenital transmission).
How do people get Chagas disease?
The life cycle of American trypanosomiasis. (Source: CDC)
People can become infected in various ways. In Chagas-endemic areas, the main way is through vectorborne transmission. The insect vectors are called triatomine bugs. These blood-sucking bugs get infected by biting an infected animal or person. Once infected, the bugs pass T. cruzi parasites in their feces. The bugs are found in houses made from materials such as mud, adobe, straw, and palm thatch. During the day, the bugs hide in crevices in the walls and roofs. During the night, when the inhabitants are sleeping, the bugs emerge. Because they tend to feed on people’s faces, triatomine bugs are also known as “kissing bugs.” After they bite and ingest blood, they defecate on the person. The person can become infected if T. cruzi parasites in the bug feces enter the body through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin. The unsuspecting, sleeping person may accidentally scratch or rub the feces into the bite wound, eyes, or mouth.
People also can become infected through:
• consumption of uncooked food contaminated with feces from infected bugs;
• congenital transmission (from a pregnant woman to her baby);
• blood transfusion;
• organ transplantation; and
• accidental laboratory exposure.
It is generally considered safe to breastfeed even if the mother has Chagas disease. However, if the mother has cracked nipples or blood in the breast milk, she should pump and discard the milk until the nipples heal and the bleeding resolves.
Chagas disease is not transmitted from person-to-person like a cold or the flu or through casual contact.
If I have Chagas disease, should my family members be tested for the infection?
Possibly. They should be tested if they:
• could have become infected the same way that you did, for example, by vectorborne transmission in Latin America;
• received blood or organs that you donated after you already were infected;
• are your children and were born after you were infected; or if
• there are other reasons to think that they might have Chagas disease.
In what parts of the world is Chagas disease found?
People who have Chagas disease can be found anywhere in the world. However, vectorborne transmission is confined to the Americas, principally rural areas in parts of Mexico, Central America, and South America. In some regions of Latin America, vector-control programs have succeeded in stopping this type of disease spread. Chagas disease is not endemic in the Caribbean (for example, in Puerto Rico or Cuba). Rare vectorborne cases of Chagas disease have been noted in the southern United States.
What are the symptoms and signs of Chagas disease?
Romaña's sign, the swelling of the boy's right eyelids, is a marker of acute Chagas disease. The swelling is due to bug feces being accidentally rubbed into the eye, or because the bite wound was on the same side of the boy's face as the swelling. (Source: CDC)
Much of the clinical information about Chagas disease comes from experience with people who became infected as children through vectorborne transmission. The severity and course of infection might be different in people infected at other times of life, in other ways, or with different strains of the T. cruzi parasite.
There are two phases of Chagas disease: the acute phase and the chronic phase. Both phases can be symptom free or life threatening.
The acute phase lasts for the first few weeks or months of infection. It usually occurs unnoticed because it is symptom free or exhibits only mild symptoms and signs that are not unique to Chagas disease. The symptoms noted by the patient can include fever, fatigue, body aches, headache, rash, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting. The signs on physical examination can include mild enlargement of the liver or spleen, swollen glands, and local swelling (a chagoma) where the parasite entered the body. The most recognized marker of acute Chagas disease is called Romaña's sign, which includes swelling of the eyelids on the side of the face near the bite wound or where the bug feces were deposited or accidentally rubbed into the eye. Even if symptoms develop during the acute phase, they usually fade away on their own, within a few weeks or months. Although the symptoms resolve, the infection, if untreated, persists. Rarely, young children (<5%) die from severe inflammation/infection of the heart muscle (myocarditis) or brain (meningoencephalitis). The acute phase also can be severe in people with weakened immune systems.
During the chronic phase, the infection may remain silent for decades or even for life. However, some people develop:
• cardiac complications, which can include an enlarged heart (cardiomyopathy), heart failure, altered heart rate or rhythm, and cardiac arrest (sudden death); and/or
• intestinal complications, which can include an enlarged esophagus (megaesophagus) or colon (megacolon) and can lead to difficulties with eating or with passing stool.
The average life-time risk of developing one or more of these complications is about 30%.
What should I do if I think I have Chagas disease?
You should discuss your concerns with your health care provider, who will examine you and ask you questions (for example, about your health and where you have lived). Chagas disease is diagnosed by blood tests. If you are found to have Chagas disease, you should have a heart tracing test (electrocardiogram), even if you feel fine. You might be referred to a specialist for more tests and for treatment.
How is Chagas disease treated?
There are two approaches to therapy, both of which can be life saving:
• antiparasitic treatment, to kill the parasite; and
• symptomatic treatment, to manage the symptoms and signs of infection.
Antiparasitic treatment is most effective early in the course of infection but is not limited to cases in the acute phase. In the United States, this type of treatment is available through CDC. Your health care provider can talk with CDC staff about whether and how you should be treated. Most people do not need to be hospitalized during treatment.
Symptomatic treatment may help people who have cardiac or intestinal problems from Chagas disease. For example, pacemakers and medications for irregular heartbeats may be life saving for some patients with chronic cardiac disease.
I plan to travel to a rural area of Latin America that might have Chagas disease. How can I prevent infection?
No drugs or vaccines for preventing infection are currently available. Travelers who sleep indoors, in well-constructed facilities (for example, air-conditioned or screened hotel rooms), are at low risk for exposure to infected triatomine bugs, which infest poor-quality dwellings and are most active at night. Preventive measures include spraying infested dwellings with residual-action insecticides, using bed nets treated with long-lasting insecticides, wearing protective clothing, and applying insect repellent to exposed skin. In addition, travelers should be aware of other possible routes of transmission, including bloodborne and foodborne.
CDC Disclaimer
This fact sheet is for information only and is not meant to be used for self-diagnosis or as a substitute for consultation with a health care provider. If you have any questions about the disease described above or think that you may have a parasitic infection, consult a health care provider.
Reference
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
Citation
CDC (Content Source);Sidney Draggan Ph.D. (Topic Editor) "American trypanosomiasis". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth October 6, 2008; Last revised Date October 6, 2008; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/American_trypanosomiasis>
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Climate Solutions: Chapter 10
Climate Solutions: Chapter 10
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Peter Saundry
Q&A: How Will We Pay?…
Our decision about energy will test the character of the American people and the ability of the president and the Congress to govern this nation. This difficult effort will be the “moral equivalent of war,” except that we will be uniting our efforts to build and not to destroy. —Jimmy Carter, President, United States, 1977 The Kyoto treaty would have wrecked our economy, if I can be blunt. —George W. Bush, President, United States, 2005 While the Kyoto Protocol is a crucial step forward, that step is far too small. And as we consider how to go further still, there remains a frightening lack of leadership. —Kofi Annan, UN Secretary-General, 2006 The higher relative prices of energy will create incentives for businesses to create new, energy-saving technologies and for energy consumers to adopt them. The market for alternative fuels is growing rapidly and will help to shift consumption away from petroleum-based fuels. —Ben Bernanke, Chairman, US Federal Reserve Bank, 2006
The 2008 NCSE conference symposium on this chapter’s topic—business and finance, and opportunities and challenges from climate change—included a lively question-and-answer session, some of which is summarized below. This business and finance symposium came at the end of two and half days of presentations, workshops, and discussions featuring the science and global consequences of climate change. The conference was thorough, and session attendees’ questions were propelled by an urgent tone with a sense that climate change touches every aspect of life, both now and into the foreseeable future.
How Will We Pay?
Question: Our experience is that the federal government now constrains its fiscal stimulus and societal role when addressing climate change. For example, there is the limited ability at EPA to commercialize its promising technology candidates through lack of links to venture capital, with the program further restricted to a small-scale effort to remedy this; and, while the federal government does offer short-term credits for good programs, it does not extend its support long enough for public entities, such as universities, to create independent, long-term sustainability. What we need for wholesale climate change mitigation, that is, 80% reduction by 2015, is on the order of the stimulus package being put together today (in late 2008) to head off a US recessionary economy. Where will that massive, vitally needed infusion of capital on that scale in that kind of time frame come from? Finally, attendees noted, cap and trade doesn’t fund R&D very well; are there other sources?
Answer: It was noted that the venture capital market is very active right now and that carbon cap and sequestration technologies are major application areas. However, sequestration technologies are early-stage investment, which is a very risky place to be. It was suggested that for climate change, government’s role should include financing long-term R&D, which could then be handed off to the private sector. In a case where futures prices could be going down, long-term technology development opportunities are suppressed, and without some price supports, even well-run companies can get trapped in declines. We recognize that cap and trade is limited in generating research dollars, and the urgency of finding and applying climate change solutions cannot tolerate this delay.
The magnitude of investment for an issue that reaches into every facet of our lives would require a coordinated and sustained effort of government, business, and society. While we have experience with recessionary economies and long practice in scaling up for war, mitigating climate is something entirely new.
First up would be governmental leadership determining climate change policy and the types of economic instruments (taxes, commodities trades, and auctions/rebates/price supports, etc.) that should be considered. This type of mixed portfolio is necessary in order to spread risk and create the types of benefits that provide a more equitable cost impact.
We agree with the US Climate Action Partnership Call to Action, which has called for “flexible approaches to establish a price signal for carbon that may vary by economic sector and could include, depending on the sector: market-based incentives; performance standards; cap-and-trade; tax reform; incentives for technology research, development, and deployment; or other appropriate policy tools; and approaches that create incentives and encourage actions by other countries.” [28: p. 2]
Financial markets (investment banks, commercial banks, insurance companies, private equity firms, etc.), long coupled to environmental regulation and sustainability issues, would drive those policy changes through our economic system, as the need to remain globally competitive has impelled the transportation and chemical sectors to respond to the regulatory measures (such as ELV and REACH) made legally binding by the European Union. Environmental organizations can assist by pressuring companies to push their suppliers to achieve increased energy efficiency. And business needs to start now to educate consumers about the inevitability of price rises, perhaps partnering with community organizations to translate that to lifestyle changes. Eventually, energy infrastructure must be changed.
Question: The newspaper headlines are constantly declaring that this undertaking is too expensive and too challenging to conquer. Is that true or valid?
Answer: Helen Howes, the Vice President of Environment and Health and Safety for the Exelon Corporation, an energy company, responded, "As a company we don't think it will be easy or cheap but it's critical. We joined because of the like-minded companies involved." Exelon is constantly asked by prospective employees about their climate change position and has begun to introduce recycling programs in all of its buildings. They also have LEED Green Building Certification in several buildings. “We're saving money,” Howes said. “Our energy savings are 50%.”
What Will Our Investment Priorities Be?
Question: Session attendees recognized that the country faces a number of major financial issues competing with climate change—rebuilding deteriorating infrastructure such as bridges and roads, and recovering from the repercussions of subprime mortgage lending—and also recognized the tension between financing adaptation versus mitigation measures. What will Wall Street do? How can we be assured the money is going to the right place?
Answer: We understand that federal tax reductions and privatization of formerly governmentally managed programs are cutting into the kind of infrastructure maintenance that needs to be done. It may be that the shrinking of federal government is a problem. For the future welfare of the country, the government may need to play a bigger role, one that recognizes the importance of long-term planning and coordinated and integrated agency action as essential to infrastructure upkeep.
The subprime mortgage problem is pulling attention away from climate change; however, it is being dealt with, using a number of economic stimuli available to both government and Wall Street. Major financial organizations such as Goldman Sachs and Citigroup have enough staff to focus uninterruptedly on both financial market issues and climate change, despite this distraction.
Evaluating whether to develop financing for adaptation projects or mitigation efforts will be tough to do. Clearly, it can’t be an either-or choice but rather a balance. Carbon already in the atmosphere will be there longer than the life of most financial instruments. Both insurance and reinsurance companies are already feeling the bottom-line impact of extreme weather events. What is likely to happen is that Wall Street will respond as the crisis demands. Financing the hunt for new renewable energy technologies remains the best route to mitigation, and perhaps one that should be pursued through a coordinated global financing initiative, independent of cap and trade and permit auctioning.
It is estimated that half the world’s carbon dioxide comes from 700 million people, or about 10% of the world’s population. This disparity leads to opposition to trading schemes, which, while creating an incentive to mitigate, also maintain the ability of a few in the industrialized world to profit. Some observers view an emission-trading system as a form of hedged and derivative capital that mainly feeds off itself to enrich a narrow portion of humanity. Whether or not these financial gains can be directed to research and long-term investment remains a challenging question for the capital markets. [20]
Finally, verification systems, monitoring devices, measurement standards, and transparent reporting for nearly all types of carbon sequestration need development and, in the case of forests and other ecosystems as sinks, refinement. The global scientific community—such as Woods Hole, NOAA, USGS, the IPCC, and others—can contribute immensely. But this will only happen on the scale we need if we get started today. Having a US climate policy and regulations will drive this forward. It will be messy, but we must get going—Europe is ahead of us, and that works to our disadvantage. We have done it in the past. One can examine the success of the Clean Water Act to see that a mixed policy-market response combining legal limits with realistic pricing works. Overuse and pollution became expensive; water became a valuable commodity, and then water quality improved, and usage declined. Already, many states, including California, Maryland, New York, and Colorado, are advancing and enacting their own climate protection programs.
What Will It Take?
Question: Can young environmental professionals not trained in business inform and influence the financial sector?
Answer: The nature of climate change requires that each of us shake up the system at every point. The magnitude of the problem means we all must do something—think about it. Whether you buy a plane ticket, an overcoat, a Happy Meal, a bottle of wine imported from Argentina, or a cell phone, when you use a computer, a microwave, a lawn mower or get on the bus, train, or Metro, the value of the carbon inherent in making, using, disposing, and even recycling is not part of the price. [20]
Both Mark Tercek and Jeff Leonard confirmed that financial organizations highly value and seek out the best young environmental professionals with diverse expertise. However, the languages of business and natural resource management are different. Experience with both is the ideal for making the kinds of rapid strides we need, to bring climate change under control.
Question: Is business prepared to take on climate change? And are all the various types of business able to respond in the right way and as quickly as needed?
Answer: Companies with big carbon exposure have teams of people who can act. And with most companies, environmental issues are addressed throughout the company, to comply with regulations, stay ahead of the curve on global competitiveness, or reap the benefits of producing innovation through thorough attention to an environmental footprint. Increasingly, large companies are driving environmental impact down the supply chain to mid- and small-sized businesses to produce clean components to achieve a clean consumer product.
Collaborative, market-based innovation will always draw attention. In many cases, initial product design is being examined for modification that can use fewer resources—energy, water, biological entities. For example, an algae farm financed by investors to the tune of $20 million is being built next to an Arizona Public Service power plant to capture emissions and then turn the algae into fuel. [20]
Bibliography
1. 1Sky.org (2008) About 1Sky. 1Sky.org (read October 10, 2008). http://www.1sky.org
2. Berst J, Bane P, Burkhalter M, Zheng A (2008) The Electricity Economy: New Opportunities from the Transformation of the Electric Power Sector. http://www.globalenvironmentfund.com; http://www.globalsmartenergy.com
3. Ceres BICEP (2008) Business for Innovative Climate and Environmental Protection. Ceres. http://www.ceres.org/
4. Ceres (2007) Ceres Principles. Ceres (read September 24, 2008). http://www.ceres.org
5. Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) (2008) Chicago Climate Exchange (read September 24, 2008). http://www.chicagoclimatex.com/
6. Citi JP Morgan Chase Morgan Stanley (2008) Leading Wall Street Banks Establish the Carbon Principles. Press Release. http://www.jpmorganchase.com/pdfdoc/jpmc/community/CarbonPrinciplesPressRelease_FINAL.pdf
7. Claussen E (2007) Testimony by Hon. Eileen Claussen, President, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, February 13, 2007, at the US House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce. Pew Center on Global Climate Change (read September 24, 2008). http://www.pewclimate.org/what_s_being_done/in_the_congress/testimony_feb2807.cfm
8. Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research (2007) Introducing GS SUSTAIN (read September 19, 2008). http://www.unglobalcompact.org/NewsAnd Events/news_archives/2007_07_05d.html
9. INCR (2008) 2008 Investor Summit on Climate Risk. http://www.incr.com
10. Inslee J (2007) The New Apollo Act (H.R.2809). Thomas. http://www.thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/ z?d110:h.r.02809
11. Inslee J, Hendricks B (2007) Apollo’s Fire: Igniting America’s Clean Energy Economy. (Island Press, Washington, DC). http://islandpress.org
12. Kuznets S (1934) National Income, 1929?– 1932. Thomas. http://thomas.loc.gov/
13. Litz F (2008) Ten States Formally Begin Carbon Trading. World Resources Institute. September 24, 2008 (read October 1, 2008). http://www.wri.org/ stories/2008/09/ten-states-formally-begin-carbon-trading/
14. Llewellyn J, Chaix C (2007) The Business of Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities II: Policy Is Accelerating, with Major Implications for Companies and Investors. Lehman Brothers (read September 29, 2008). http://www.lehman.com/who/intellectual_capital/climate_change_ii.htm
15. NAESCO (2008) What Is an ESCO? National Association of Energy Service Companies (read October 28, 2008). http://www.naesco.org
16. Oppenheim J, et al. (2007) Shaping the New Rules of Competition: UN Global Compact Participant Mirror (read September 19, 2008). http://www.unglobalcompact.org/NewsAndEvents/news_archives/2007_07_05d.html
17. Pew Center (BELC) (2008) Business Environmental Leadership Council. Pew Center on Global Climate Change (read November 24, 2008). http://www.pewclimate.org/companies_ leading_the_way_belc
18. Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) (2008) Home Page. RGGI (read September 23, 2008). http://www.rggi.org/
19. Remmen A, Jensen AA, Frydendal J (2007) Life Cycle Management: A Business Guide to Sustainability. (Life Cycle Initiative, United Nations Environment Programme). http://www.unep.fr/scp/lcinitiative/publications/
20. Specter M (2008) Big Foot: In Measuring Carbon Emissions, It’s Easy to Confuse Morality and Science. New Yorker. February 25, 2008. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/02/25/080225fa_fact_specter
21. Stern N (2007) The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change. HM Treasury London. http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/sternreview_index.htm
22. Swiss Re (2008) 2007 Annual Shareholder Report. Swiss Re. http://www.swissre.com
23. Talberth J (2008) A New Bottom Line for Progress, p 19 in State of the World 2008. (Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC). http://www.worldwatch.org
24. Talberth J, Cobb C, Slattery N (2007) The Genuine Progress Indicator 2006: A Tool for Sustainable Development. (Redefining Progress, Oakland, CA). http://www.rprogress.org/publications/
25. UNCED (1992) United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html
26. UNEP FI (1997) UNEP Statement by Financial Institutions on the Environment and Sustainable Development. United Nations Environment Programme. http://www.unepfi.org/signatories/statements/fi/
27. UNEP FI (1999) Financial Initiative’s Climate Change Working Group. United Nations Environment Programme. http://www.unepfi.org/work_streams/climate_change/working_group/index.html
28. USCAP (2007) US Climate Action Partnership Call to Action. http://www.us-cap.org
29. Vine E (2005) An international survey of the energy service company (ESCO) industry. Energy Policy 33(5):691?– 704. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421503003008
30. WCED (1987) Our Common Future (World Commission on Environment and Development), p 43 in World Commission on Environment and Development. http://www.unepfi.org/about/background/index.html
31. Western Climate Initiative (WCI) (2007) Western Climate Initiative (read September 25, 2008). http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/
Online resources
Action items
• Action 6: Energy Efficiency and Conservation
• Action 7: Biofuel Industry and CO2 Emissions?— Implications for Policy Development
• Action 8: Solar Energy:Scaling Up?— Science and Policy Needs
• Action 9: How to Ensure Wind Energy Is Green Energy
• Action 10: Nuclear Energy?— Using Science to Make Hard Choices
• Action 21: The US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP)?— What Do We Want from the Next Administration?
Instructor resources
(password required)
This is a chapter from Climate Solutions Consensus.
Previous: Chapter 9: Multiple Intensity Disorder | Table of Contents | Next: Chapter 11: The Climate Message Starts to Stick
Citation
David Blockstein, Leo Wiegman (Lead Author);Peter Saundry (Topic Editor) "Climate Solutions: Chapter 10". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth June 16, 2010; Last revised Date May 7, 2012; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Climate_Solutions:_Chapter_10>
The Authors
David E. Blockstein is a Senior Scientist with the National Council for Science and the Environment, a nonpartisan organization of scientists, environmentalists, business people, and policymakers working to improve the scientific basis of environmental decisionmaking. Dr. Blockstein joined the organization in 1990 and was its first Executive Director. Presently, he organizes NCSE's annual National Conference on Science, Policy and the Environment. Dr. Blockstei ... (Full Bio)
A former book publisher, Leo serves as Mayor of the Village of Croton-on-Hudson, New York, and is Vice Chair of the Northern Westchester Energy Action Consortium. Leo is the founder of E to the Fourth Strategic Communications, a firm dedicated to helping environmental groups communicate more effectively. Leo is co-author of The Climate Solutions Consensus with David Blockstein at the National Council on Science and the Environment and of the forthcoming, Heirlooms to Live In: H ... (Full Bio)
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East Siberian taiga
East Siberian taiga
This article has been reviewed by the following Topic Editor: Mark McGinley
Introduction
This ecoregion is vast, spanning over 20 degrees of latitude and 50 degrees of longitude. It represents one of the most extensive natural forests left in the world. Larch forests dominate the region as they are able to withstand the extreme climate conditions. The diversity of this taiga is not fully represented in the protected area network.
Location and General Description
Polovinnaya Pad' Valley, Uryupino, Chita Province, Russia. (Photograph by O. Kosterin)
The ecoregion is a vast and geographically diverse area between the Yenisei River and Lena River. Its northern border reaches the Arctic Circle, and its southern border reaches 52°N latitude. The maximum width from north-to-south is 1,600 kilometers (km). The eastern Siberian taiga is considered the heart of Siberia because most of the typical Siberian species are best represented there.
The climate is strongly continental, reaching its extremes in the region's northeast. The anticyclone eferencesweather dominates most of the year. The summer is very hot (up to +40° Celcius (C)) and winter is bitterly cold (down to -62°C in Central Yakutia), but snow cover is only moderate or thin. The average annual temperature is below freezing. All this leads to the preservation of permafrost, which is a major factor for the distribution of vegetation and many environmental processes. Annual precipitation ranges from 400 to 600 millimeters (mm) in the western part, gradually decreasing to 200 mm eastward.
The orogenic structure is complicated. Most of the ecoregion is located on the Siberian Precambrian platform. In Central Yakutia, there are thick alluvial deposits forming extensive plains. On the Sredenesibirskoye Ploskogorye (high Central Siberian plateau) there are intensive karst processes. The ecoregion is very rich in mineral resources. The eastern Siberian taiga has an extensive river network. The base of this network are the larger tributaries of the Enisey River, such as the Angara, Podkamennaya Tunguska and Nizhnyaya Tunguska, as well as those of the Lena River, such as the Bilyuy, Vitim, and Aldan. The dominant vegetation formation is light coniferous taiga with Larix gmelini forming the canopy in areas with low snow cover. This formation occupies more area than any other forest formation in Russia. Towards the west , two other species of larch occur: Larix sibirica and hybrid L. x czekanowskii. The dark coniferous taiga is distributed in mosaiclike patterns in the more-protected positions of landscape, with Pinus sibirica, Picea obovata and Abies sibirica dominating. Toward the south, the proportion of pine-larch and pine forests increases, and small leaf forests with Betula and Populus begin to appear. Grass and dwarf shrub-grass as well as stepped pine and pine-larch forests are common in the basin of the Angara River and the headwaters of the Lena and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. Gradually, this community tapers out towards Central Yakutia. A characteristic feature of the east Siberian taiga is the absence of large bogs and swamps.
Biodiversity Features
Siberian chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus), Baikalo-Lensky Zapovednik, northwest of Lake Baikal, Russia. (Photograph by Igor Shpilenok)
The flora and fauna of the eastern Siberian taiga is significantly richer than those of the western Siberian taiga. There are many endemics at the species and genus levels of various taxa. Central Yakutia can be considered one of the endemism centers in Siberia. The flora of eastern Siberia (including the mountains) consists of more than 2,300 species. Flora of vascular plants of Central Siberian plateau include 1010 species. More than 650 species have been found in Olekminskij Zapovednik. Endemics of Cental Yakutia include: Adenophora jacutica and Polygonum amgense. Other endemics of eastern Siberia are: Megadenia bardunovii, Oxytropis calva, O. leucantha, Viola alexandroviana, Senecio lenensis, Salix saposhnikovii, Juncus longirostris, Gastrolychnis angustifolia ssp. tenella, Caltha serotina, Papaver variegatum, Draba sambykii, Thymus evenkiensis, Potentilla jacutica, Artemisia czekanowskiana. Nationally endangered plant species (15 species in total) include: Cypripedium macranthon, Calypso bulbosa, Orchis militaris and Cotoneaster lucidus.
The fauna of the eastern Siberian taiga is considerably older than that of the western Siberia taiga. The Enisey River is an important zoogeographical border because many taiga animal species occur only to its east. These species include: Moschus moschiferus, Apodemus speciosus, Luscinia cyane, L. sibilans, Carpodacus roseus, Apus pacificus, Streptopelia orientalis, Tetrao parvirostris, Anas formosa and Corvus corone. Species that do not cross the river from the west include: Gallinago megala, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Fringilla coelebs, Luscinia luscinia, Corvus corone cornix. In relation to the western Siberia taiga, the eastern Siberian taiga has a much denser population of hoofed animals, such as: Alces alces, Capreolus capreolus, Sus scrofa and Cervus elaphus. The total number of vertebrate species is high. In Krasnoyarsky Krai, which constitutes only part of the ecoregion, there are 4 species of amphibians, 2 species of reptiles, 203 species of birds and about 80 mammals. The Enisey River and its tributaries contain 42 species of fish. There are 11 nationally threatened vertebrate species, including Aquila chrysaetos, Pandion haliaetus, Falco peregrinus, Ciconia nigra and Grus monacha.
Current Status
Baikalo-Lensky Zapovednik, Russia. (Photograph by Igor Shpilenok)
The eastern Siberian taiga still preserves vast pristine habitats, probably one of the most extensive in the world. Only a fraction of them are located in protected areas. These include the zapovedniks of Stolby, Olekminskij, Tugusskij, Tsentralno-sibirskij (Eniseisko-Stolbovoy uchastok), Lenskie Stolby National Park and numerous nature monuments. Nevertheless, the existing network of protected areas is not sufficient for such an extensive region. The diversity of the taiga ecosystem is not completely represented, and protected areas are located far apart.
The following plant associations need priority protection: Pinus sylvestris-Duschekia fruticosa-Vaccinium vitis-idaea+Scorzonera radiata+Limnas stelleri, Pinus sylvestris-Sobcotoneaster pozdnjakovii-Dryas viscosa+Carex pediformis, Picea ajanensis-Pinus pumila-Diplazium sibiricum+Pyrola incarnata+Vaccinium vitis-idaea-Hylocomium splendens, Pinus sylvestris-Pinus pumila-Cladina stellaris+Cl.rangiferina, Pinus sylvestris-Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi+Pulsatilla flavescens.
Types and Severity of Threats
The main threats are widespread forest fires, intensive clear-cuts in the central and southern taiga subzones and poaching.
Justification of Ecoregion Delineation
Red lily (Lilium pensylvanicum), Olekminsky Zapovednik, northeast of Lake Baikal, Russia. (Photograph by Igor Shpilenok)
This ecoregion lies in between the Yenisei River and the Verkhoyansk Mountains in Russia. Larch forests dominate the region as they are able to withstand the extreme continental climate and dry winters. The abundant mires of Western Siberia are replaced by drier ground with scrub-alder undergrowth. The fauna is believed to have developed earlier here than in Western Siberia. The ecoregion boundary corresponds to the central and sparse forest taiga in the Central Siberian forest province and the East Siberian forest province west of the Dzhugzhur Mountains in Kurnaev's forest map of the USSR. A section of Kurnaev's West Siberian province is also included to conform to the more standard convention of using the Yenisei River as a biogeographic boundary.
Additional information on this ecoregion
Further Reading
• Abaimov, A. P., J. A. Lesinski, O. Martinsson, and L. I. Milyutin. 1998. Variability and ecology of Siberian larch species. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Department of Silviculture. Report 43.
• Goljakov, P. V. 1994. Sosudistye rastenia Olekminskogo zapovednika. [Vascular plant of Olekinskij Zapovednik]. Annotirovannyj spisok vidov. Flora and fauna of zapovednikov. Vol. 54. Nauka, Moscow.
• Kurnaev, S. 1990. Forest regionalization of the USSR (1:16,000,000). Department of Geodesy and Cartography, Moscow.
• Malyshev, L. I., G. A. Peshkova. 1979. Nuzhdajutsja v ohrane redkie I ischezajushe rastenuja Tsentral'noj Sibiri. [Rare plants of Central Siberia]. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
• Parmuzin, Y. P. 1985. Taiga SSSR. [Taiga of the USSR] Mysl'., Moscow.
• Pavlov, D. S., V. J. Sokolov, and J. J. Syroechkovskij. editors. 1999. Zapovedniki Sibiri. [Zapovedniks of Siberia]. LOGATA, Moscow. ISBN: 5900858235
• Rogacheva, E. V. 1992. The birds of Central Siberia. Husum Druck-Verlag. Husum.
• Vodop'yanova, N. S. 1984. Zonal'nost flori Srednesibirskogo ploskogor'ya. [Zonality of Central Siberian flora]. Novosibirsk, "Nauka".
• Zabelina, N. M., L. S. Isaeva-Petrova, and L. V. Kuleshova. 1998. Zapovedniki I natsional'nye parki Rossii. [Zapovedniks and national parks of Russia]. LOGATA, Moscow.
• Zelenaja kniga Sibiri. Redkie I nuzhdajushiesja v ohrane rastitel'nye soobshestvsa. [Green book of Siberia. Rare and endangered plant communities]. Nauka, Novosibirsk. 1996.
Disclaimer: This article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the World Wildlife Fund. Topic editors and authors for the Encyclopedia of Earth may have edited its content or added new information. The use of information from the World Wildlife Fund should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by EoE personnel, or for any editing of the original content.
Citation
World Wildlife Fund (Lead Author);Mark McGinley (Topic Editor) "East Siberian taiga". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth November 21, 2008; Last revised Date November 21, 2008; Retrieved May 18, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/East_Siberian_taiga>
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Known worldwide by its panda logo, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) leads international efforts to protect endangered species and their habitats. Now in its fifth decade, WWF works in more than 100 countries around the globe to conserve the diversity of life on Earth. With nearly 1.2 million members in the U.S. and another 4 million worldwide, WWF is the world's largest privately financed conservation organization. WWF directs its conservation efforts toward three global goals: 1) saving endangered ... (Full Bio)
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John Rigby - Summary Bibliography
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Bibliography: Operation Afreet
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Title: Operation Afreet
Author: Poul Anderson
Year: 1956
Type: SHORTFICTION
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UAE to host qualifiers to World Cities Chess Team Championship
PanARMENIAN.Net - The qualifiers to the coming World Cities Team Championship for the Sheikh Zayed Cup have been scheduled for 21-29 December 2012 in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
Olympiad champion Armenia will lead 32 city teams in the $150,000 knock-out format championship. Host United Arab Emirates joins qualifiers from the World Team Championship, Continental teams and 25 top zonal teams from the Istanbul Olympiad.
The tournament is organized by the Al Ain Chess Club, headed by Asian Chess Federation president Sheikh Sultan bin Khalifah Al Nahyan, on behalf of FIDE, Asian Chess Federation and UAE Chess Federation, FIDE official website reported.
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Gor Minasyan won silver medal, Andranik Karapetyan and Izabella Yalyan both won bronze at Junior World Championships in Lima.
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CHAP. 38.—THE COMPARATIVE DISTANCES OF PLACES ON THE FACE OF THE EARTH.
Having now fully described the earth, both without1 as well as within, it seems only proper that we should succinctly state the length and breadth of its various seas.
(33.) Polybius has stated, that in a straight line from the Straits of Gades to the mouth of the Mæotis, it is a distance of three thousand four hundred and thirty-seven miles and a half, and that, starting from the same point,2 the distance in a straight line to Sicily is twelve hundred and fifty miles, from thence to Crete three hundred and seventy-five, to Rhodes one hundred and eighty-seven and a half, to the Chelidonian Islands the same distance, to Cyprus two hundred and twenty-five, and from thence to Seleucia Pieria, in Syria, one hundred and fifteen miles: the sum of all which distances amounts to two thousand three hundred and forty miles. Agrippa estimates this same distance, in a straight line from the Straits of Gades to the Gulf of Issus, at three thousand three hundred and forty miles; in which computation, however, I am not certain that there is not some error in the figures, seeing that the same author has stated that the distance from the Straits of Sicily to Alexandria is thirteen hundred and fifty miles. Taking the whole length of the sea-line throughout the gulfs above-men- tioned, and beginning at the same point,3 he makes it ten thousand and fifty-eight miles; to which number Artemidorus has added seven hundred and fifty-six: the same author, including in his calculation the shores of the Mæotis, makes the whole distance seventeen thousand three hundred and ninety miles. Such is the measurement given by men who have penetrated into distant countries, unaided by force of arms, and have, with a boldness that exhibits itself in the times of peace even, challenged, as it were, Fortune herself.
I shall now proceed to compare the dimensions of the various parts of the earth, however great the difficulties which may arise from the discrepancy of the accounts given by various authors: the most convenient method, however, will be that of adding the breadth to the length.4 Following this mode of reckoning, the dimensions of Europe will be eight thousand two hundred and ninety-four miles; of Africa, to adopt a mean between all the various accounts given by authors, the length is three thousand seven hundred and ninety-four miles, while the breadth, so far as it is inhabited, in no part exceeds two hundred and fifty miles.5 But, as Agrippa, including its deserts, makes it from Cyrenaica, a part of it, to the country of the Garamantes, so far as was then known, a further distance of nine hundred and ten miles, the entire length, added together, will make a distance of four thousand six hundred and eight miles. The length of Asia is generally admitted6 to be six thousand three hundred and seventy-five miles, and the breadth, which ought, properly, to be reckoned from the Æthiopian Sea to Alexandria,7 near the river Nile, so as to run through Meroë and Syene, is eighteen hundred and seventy-five. It appears then that Europe is greater than Asia, by a little less than one half of Asia, and greater than Africa by as much again of Africa and one-sixth. If all these sums are added together, it will be clearly seen that Europe is one-third, and a little more than one-eighth part of one-third, Asia one-fourth and one-four- teenth part of one-fourth, and Africa, one-fifth and one-sixtieth part of one-fifth of the whole earth.8
1 Hardouin takes this to mean, both as to the continent, with the places there situate, and the seas, with the islands there found; the continent being the interior, and the seas the exterior part. It is much more likely, however, that his description of the interior of the earth is that given in the 2nd Book, while the account of the exterior is set forth in the geographical notices contained in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th.
2 The Straits of Gades or Cadiz.
3 The Straits of Gades.
4 Littré has the following remark: "Is it possible that Pliny can have imagined that the extent of a surface could be ascertained by adding the length to the breadth?" It is just possible that such may not have been his meaning; but it seems quite impossible to divine what it was.
5 He means to say that the interior is not inhabited beyond a distance of 250 miles from the sea-coast.
6 See B. v. c. 9.
7 He is probably speaking only of that part of Asia which included Egypt, on the eastern side of the river Nile, according to ancient geography. His mode, however, of reckoning the breadth of Asia, i.e. from south to north, is singular. See p. 104.
8 On a rough calculation, these aliquot parts in all would make 4/4 2/2 6/9 4/0 3/0 parts of the unit. It is not improbable that the figures given above as the dimensions are incorrect, as they do not agree with the fractional results here given by Pliny.
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[6] On the other hand, they were bound by the terms of their alliance to send their cavalry to the aid of the Arcadians in case anyone took the field against Arcadia; but they did not set foot upon Laconia for the purpose of war.
And now the Corinthians, in the thought that it would be difficult for them to come off safe, since even before this time they had been overmastered by land and now the Athenians had been added to the number of those who were unfriendly to them, resolved to collect mercenaries, both infantry and cavalry. Once in command of these troops, they not only guarded their city but likewise inflicted much harm upon their enemies near home; but to Thebes they sent messengers to ask whether they1 could obtain peace if they came for it.
1 366 B.C.
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[317]
Hon. Thomas J. Semmes. [from the New Orleans, La., Picayune, January 23, 1898.]
An evening with the venerable statesman and jurist.
A charming Retrospect of a useful and eventful life.
[Perusal of this will justify its preservation in these pages.—Ed.]
To every one at times there comes a moment of retrospection when the mind, leaving the currents of every day life, turns back to the past in loving memory, and thoughts now gay and happy, anon sad and tearful, sweep over the heart chords, and the echoes awakened in some dim twilight hour and heard by only a privileged few, make oft-times an important chapter in history of which the great outside world would gladly catch the lingering refrain.
It was the privilege of the writer to share just such a moment as this a few evenings ago in the historic home of the distinguished advocate and jurist, Judge Thomas J. Semmes.
For over half a century a conspicuous figure in the United States, for over forty years a leader of the Louisiana bar, and during that most important epoch of the nineteenth century a part and parcel of that great historic movement which, seemingly ending in defeat in war, still lives as the cardinal principle upon which this American republic is founded, Mr. Semmes stands to-day one of the most important connecting links between the old South and the new, one of the three surviving members of that great Confederate Congress which stood for all that the South held most dear, a living witness of the dear dead days which are forever wreathed in ivy and immortelle in the hearts of our people.
It was one of those rare evenings on which the pencil of a poet or artist might love to dwell. We were seated at dinner in the beautiful old mansion on South Rampart street, which has been the scene of some of the most notable gatherings in the South. There were only five of us-Mr. Semmes, his amiable and accomplished wife, she who has stood by his side these many years, in clouds and sunshine, in triumph and defeat, fulfilling that beautiful picture of Tennyson's ‘Isabel’—‘a queen of women, a most perfect wife’— Father Alexander J. Semmes, who, as physician and surgeon, followed the fortunes of the 8th Louisiana Regiment from the hour that
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Site Command Update in Yahoo! Search
Jul 14, 2004 • 10:21 am | (0) by | Filed Under Yahoo Search Engine Optimization
In the past if you did a search in Yahoo on "domain.com", for example seroundtable.com, it would bring up sites that include text with "seroundtable.com". Now it works more like the site:www.domain.com command, where it brings up all your pages for your site.
But if you miss the old way of looking up sites that have "mydomain.com" on the page copy, all you need to do is type domain.com -11111, for example: seroundtable.com -11111. Quotes work well too, i.e. "seroundtable.com".
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Australian Bureau of Statistics
Celebrating the International Year of Statistics 2013
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Tell me more ×
Answers OnStartups is a question and answer site for entrepreneurs looking to start or run a new business. It's 100% free, no registration required.
hope to get a few outside opinions here.
The cast of the saga: "M" - the "idea person", has experience, has (or will have) money from property in near future, unemployed at present "B" - A creative, self employed film/scriptwriter "G" - A company director of a different tech/media company "C" - Me, self employed web builder
M & B know each other well from previous company and have engaged G on paid projects in the past. I know G fairly well and have been used as a subcontractor in the past.
Late summer last year, M & B approached G, who invited me to participate, with an idea for a website/service that integrated media with website and further services. M funded the company early on with approx £14K to pay actors/film the video segment of the venture.
G's company then took over and with B's help, edited and produced a finished, slick version of the video. In the meantime I, with the help of B, produced a large lump of the initial website to a demo stage. I was paid a small amount (was supposed to be £4K by M, but ended up being £2K from her and £2K from G's company as M was temporarily financially short) so M has funded £16K directly, G has funded £2K directly to date.
During late Summer last year to Christmas, M was largely uninvolved due to a family illness that tragically culminated in a death. By February this year, B and me had moved the website on to a level where it was being trialled by a potential user. Apart from the £4K I received initially, I've been paid nothing else since. B has been paid nothing and G's company is owed £6K (£4K on same deal as me and £2K for the amount he paid me on behalf of M.)
To date, using our standard hourly and daily rates, B, G and I have all contributed approximately £40K's worth of time to the project. M came to a meeting in March at which she insisted on having 51% of the company on formation, with the rest of us splitting 49%. We asked her to justify her calculations and she was unable to, just repeated that she wanted 51%. By our calculations, the company has effectively had £120K in "time" from B, G & I and £16K from M in cash (but little or nothing in time) as yet and therefore the worth is notionally £136K. M insisted that it was important to have one person as the lead driver for future investment purposes.
We agreed to postpone the business decision and after further delayed meetings, met again recently. Once again shareholding came up, at which point M announced that she now had no desire to do the mundane day-to-day running of the company and wanted to be free to concentrate on sales and overall strategy/direction. She said we would have to, when the time came, employ a general manager to do these things.
G pointed out that this was just extra cost for the company and she was dropping a large part of her initial responsibility and therefore asked if she would be dropping the 51% she was asking for. When she answered "no", he asked if she was therefore not going to be taking a salary when the company could afford it, sticking with dividends only? This caused M major stress and led to a break up of the meeting with the question unresolved.
G has now told M that he is planning on being a non-exec director and staying away from meetings due to the personality clash and differences of opinion. There has been no response from M.
From this point, we have a lot more website work to do. I will be required to put in probably another £20K's worth of time to our September launch for which I will receive some payment from M of approx £5K, taking her cash input to £21K and my "time" input to £60K. B will also be required to put in more work, approx £10K of time for which he may get £3K or so, so M is up to £24K and B is at £50K in time. G and his company will also probably generate £5K in timed work.
If we use those figures, we're now at 60k + 50k + 45k (in time) and £24K in cash making it £179K in total. M will be putting in approx £10K of "timed work" in the next month or two, taking her to £34K and the company as a whole to £189K.
On pure percentage splits at proposed launch that then makes me 60/189 = 32%, B 50/189 = 26%, G = 45/189 = 24% and M 34/189 = 18%. Allowing for a 15% "original idea" premium for M, that makes it 27% for me, 21% for B, 19% for G and 33% for M. I'm happy to make the split even between B, G and me so 22% each to M's 33% and that seems to be a fair split.
However, should there be a consideration for those (mainly M) who have put in cash instead of time? (we have, incidentally, used a reduced "project" rate and not full commercial rate for calculating our time cost).
As things stand, M is insisting on 51% still. There is absolutely no sign or willingness for compromise even when faced with figures such as the those above. We are told (by B) that she is a fantastic salesperson and will be important in securing business for the company, without which it's worth nothing anyway. Even allowing for that, 51% seems phenomenally high.
There are beginning to be mutterings of mutiny in taking the idea on without M, but this would require time from one of us in sales effort which we don't really have the time or expertise in, so it's a tricky one. Plus there would likely be legal battles over the ownership of the idea so it's not a great direction to take.
Basically is there anyone with any suggestions of how we can approach an extremely sensitive person about what we feel is an excessive equity demand and try and make it what would appear to be a more equitable split?
share|improve this question
2 Answers
I would just close the files and walk away, writing off the work as business loss. THen see what happens - maybe it sorts out, likely not. If not, discussions are worthless because it will not be a viable alternative.
Alternatively: let her have 51% PLUS your share, then insist on being paid 3 times market contractor rate for the work done, from incoming revenue, no more work until cash paid. She wants 51% - good, let her put up the full responsibility of running a business. And come up with the money.
share|improve this answer
To date, using our standard hourly and daily rates, B, G and I have all contributed approximately £40K's worth of time to the project
This is where it starts to go wrong. As a company director, you are worth nothing to the company. Your salary is what you can take from it, not what you expect to earn, not what you want. Did you get agreement that your time would be taken into consideration at your standard rate? If no, then how do you expect someone else to agree to it after the fact. When you're starting up a company, you expect to earn next to nothing while you get it off the ground.
So, given this situation, I would think a better equity swap would be for you to receive 0 equity, but be credited with your rate so far (ie you get treated as an external consultant if you're charging your rate in this way) minus the amount you've already been paid. I expect you just did the work and didn't get any contract signed, so effectively you did the work for free (as a director) to get the business started up. I would also say you've forgotten to include the time M spent getting it all started up and sorted, plus whatever sales she's done, so are under-estimating her contribution anyway.
I think, and IANAL, the equity split is 90% M, 10% G as they put in the hard cash.
BTW, you can't take your website code away, not when you've been paid for it (which you have, regardless of how little you think that may be). You've been paid, it belongs to the company, in which you have no financial stake.
So. 51% to M if she refuses to budge (which is never a good sign, but is common for startup entrepreneurs who don't to lose control of their babies), and the rest to you. I'd say that was a damn good deal for you, as 49% of something is far better than 70% of nothing. You could try to persuade her to take 51% of the company, but to have some of those shares as non-voting so that she wouldn't be able to override all of you in board meetings, but still own a majority share of the company.
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Is MS Office is dead? I want to create productivity addins for MS office
We are using Google doc now, but I found lots of flocks are still using MS office (word, power point, excel). I have a created a small addins for MS Office few months back for self use and found ...
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Physical Continuous Model of Heating, Evaporation and Ignition of Polydisperse Fuel Droplets
Ophir Nave, Vladimir Gol’dshtein, Yaron Lehavi
Abstract
A new modeling of heating and evaporation of fuel droplets and ignition of a fuel vapour/ air mixture in continuous
form is suggested. The size distribution of fuel droplets is assumed to be continuous and found from the
solution of the kinetic equation for the probability density function (PDF). The semi-transparency of droplets, the
difference between the gas temperature and the external temperature are take into account. The model represent in
dimensionless from, and the dynamics of the system is present in term of the dynamics of a multi-scale, singularly
perturbed system (SPS)
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.5539/ijc.v4n3p61
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
International Journal of Chemistry ISSN 1916-9698 (Print) 1916-9701 (Online)
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Error!
Success!
Partial Output Caching in ASP.NET MVC
0
kicks
Partial Output Caching in ASP.NET MVC (Unpublished)
Unfortunately, the [OutputCache] filter that ships with ASP.NET MVC is merely a thin wrapper around ASP.NET output caching. The MVC team have explained that they’re aware of the issues, but it’s very difficult to make ASP.NET output caching fit into MVC’s design, and they are focusing on other things first. We can quite easily create a new caching filter that captures actions’ output and uses ASP.NET’s data caching facility to store it for next time. This filter will fit properly into the MVC pipeline, not strangely bypassing authorization or other earlier filters (it will run at the right time in whatever ordered set of filters you’ve using).
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Wikia
SRD:Listen Skill
Talk0
9,503pages on
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Redirected from SRD:Listen (Skill)
This material is published under the OGL
Contents
Listen (Wis)Edit
CheckEdit
Your Listen check is either made against a DC that reflects how quiet the noise is that you might hear, or it is opposed by your target’s Move Silently check.
Listen DC Sound
–10 A battle
0 People talking1
5 A person in medium armor walking at a slow pace (10 ft./round) trying not to make any noise.
10 An unarmored person walking at a slow pace (15 ft./round) trying not to make any noise
15 A 1st-level rogue using Move Silently to sneak past the listener
15 People whispering1
19 A cat stalking
30 An owl gliding in for a kill
1. If you beat the DC by 10 or more, you can make out what’s being said, assuming that you understand the language.
Listen DC Modifier Condition
+5 Through a door
+15 Through a stone wall
+1 Per 10 feet of distance
+5 Listener distracted
In the case of people trying to be quiet, the DCs given on the table could be replaced by Move Silently checks, in which case the indicated DC would be their average check result.
Epic CheckEdit
You can pinpoint the location of an invisible creature, or detect an illusion with an auditory component.
DC Task
80 Defeat illusion with auditory component
Defeat IllusionEdit
You can automatically detect any illusion with an auditory component for what it truly is. No Will save is required, and you don’t have to interact with the illusion (but you must be able to hear its auditory component).
ActionEdit
Varies. Every time you have a chance to hear something in a reactive manner (such as when someone makes a noise or you move into a new area), you can make a Listen check without using an action. Trying to hear something you failed to hear previously is a move action.
Try AgainEdit
Yes. You can try to hear something that you failed to hear previously with no penalty.
SpecialEdit
When several characters are listening to the same thing, a single 1d20 roll can be used for all the individuals’ Listen checks.
A fascinated creature takes a –4 penalty on Listen checks made as reactions.
If you have the Alertness feat, you get a +2 bonus on Listen checks.
A ranger gains a bonus on Listen checks when using this skill against a favored enemy.
An elf, gnome, or halfling has a +2 racial bonus on Listen checks.
A half-elf has a +1 racial bonus on Listen checks.
A sleeping character may make Listen checks at a –10 penalty. A successful check awakens the sleeper.
A character can use Listen to notice the presence of an invisible creature (generally opposed by a Move Silently check). If the character beats the DC by 20 or more, he or she can pinpoint the location of the invisible creature, though it still maintains total concealment from the character (50% miss chance).
Back to Main PageSystem Reference DocumentSkills
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43rd Regiment, Alabama InfantryEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
United States U.S. Military Alabama Alabama Military Alabama in the Civil War 43rd Regiment, Alabama Infantry
Contents
Brief History
43rd Infantry Regiment was organized at Mobile, Alabama, in May, 1862, and immediately moved to Tennessee. The men were recruited in the counties of Marengo, Greene, Tuscaloosa, Walker, Jefferson, and Mobile. It surrendered with 15 officers and 113 men.[1]
Companies in this Regiment with the Counties of Origin
Men often enlisted in a company recruited in the counties where they lived though not always. After many battles, companies might be combined because so many men were killed or wounded. However if you are unsure which company your ancestor was in, try the company recruited in his county first.
Companies by County:
The list of companies with their counties is found on history-sites.com web site.
The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors database lists 1,835 men on its roster for this unit. Roster.
Other Sources
• Beginning United States Civil War Research gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier or sailor. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in 'Alabama in the Civil War' and 'United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865' (see below).
• National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information.
• Alabama in the Civil War describes many Confederate and Union sources, specifically for Alabama, and how to find them.. These include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
• United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865 describes and explains United States and Confederate States records, rather than state records, and how to find them. These include veterans’ censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
References
1. National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, (accessed 6 December 2010).
Need additional research help? Contact our research help specialists.
Need wiki, indexing, or website help? Contact our product teams.
Did you find this article helpful?
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• This page was last modified on 6 February 2013, at 02:11.
• This page has been accessed 427 times.
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Logan County, IllinoisEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 21:01, 19 November 2012 by Lsgc (Talk | contribs)
United States Illinois Logan County
Illinois
Online Records
Logan County, Illinois
Map
Location of Illinois in the U.S.
Facts
Founded: February 15, 1839
County Seat Lincoln
Courthouse
Photo courtesy Illinois Regional Archives Depository, Illinois State Archives
Address Logan County Courthouse
P.O. Box 278
Lincoln, Illinois 62656
(217)732-4148
Logan County Website
Contents
County Organization
Logan County's civil records start the following years:
Beginning Dates for Logan County Records
Birth Marriage Death Census Land Probate
1878
1857
1878
1840
1829
1855
County records are most often kept at the County Courthouse or another local repository. For further information about where the records for Logan County are kept, see the Logan County Courthouse page.
Historical Facts
Logan county was named for Dr. John Logan, a pioneer physician, and father of General John A. Logan, a General in the Union Army and who had a political presence in Illinois. John A. Logan is also known as the founder of Memorial Day.
Parent County
• 1839--Logan County was created 15 February 1839, from Sangamon County. County seats: Postville, Mt. Pulaski, Lincoln [1]
Boundary Changes
1827-1839 Tazewell
1821-1839 Sangamon
1817-1821 Bond
1812-1817 Madison
1790-1812 St. Clair
1790-1801 Knox, Northwest Territory
See an interactive map of Logan County boundary changes.
Record Loss
April 15, 1857 -- Courthouse burned and virtually all records were destroyed. For marriage and probate records 1820-1839 see Sangamon County
For further information on researching in burned counties, see the following:
Populated Places
Atlanta
Beason
Broadwell
Chestnut
Elkhart
Emden
Hartsburg
Lake Fork
Latham
Lincoln
Middletown
Mount Pulaski
New Holland
San Jose
Historical Place Names
Aetna, Albany, Allenville, Altic, Atlanta, Athol, Atlanta, Atteberry
Beason, Bell, Big Prairie, Bloomingdale, Boren, Broadwell, Burton View
Camden, Camp Latham, Chester, Chestervale, Chestnut, Clay, Cornland, Corwin, Crohurst, CroHurst Station
East Lincoln, Elk Hart City, Elk Heart City, Elkhart, Elkhart City, Emden, Eminence, Evans
Fogarty, Fulscher
Gale, Georgetown, Gilchrist, Gillett, Gold Springs, Griggs
Hamilton, Harness, Hartsburg, Hartsburgh, Hartwig, Hurlbut, Hurricane Point
Irish Grove
Johnsons, Johnsons Siding
Kickapoo, Kickapoo Siding, Kings, Kruger
Laenna, Lake Fork, Latham, Lawndale, Layman, Lee, Leesburgh, Lincoln, Lincoln Hill, Long Point, Lucas
Mackey, Madison, Martin, Middletown, Mt. Fulcher, Mt. Hope, Mt. Joy, Mt. Pulaski, Music, Musick's Ferry
Narita, New Castle, New Holland, North Lincoln
Oran, Orndorff, Orvil
P & N Junction, Peifer, Peoria District Junction, Perry, Postville, Prairie Creek, Pulaski
Quisenberry
Rhody, Richmond Grove
Salt Creek, San Jose, Scroggin, Sheridan, Skelton
Union, Utility
Warick, West Lincoln, Wilmert, Woodlawn, Woolf, Wyatt
Xenia
Yankeetown
Source:Illinois Place Names. Compiled by James N. Adams, Illinois Historical Society, 1989. Edited by William E. Keller with a new addendum by Lowell M. Volkel
Neighboring Counties
Records and Resources
Biography
History of Logan County, it's past and present 1878 (Google Books)
History of Logan County, Illinois 1886 (Google Books)
The Biographical Record of Logan County, Illinois 1901 (Google Books)
Logan County Biography Bibliography (WorldCat)
Cemeteries
Illinois cemetery records often identify birth, death, relationship, and military information, as well as religious affiliation.
• Find A Grave can be searched by the name of a person or family to find where a person is buried. Usually gives birth and death dates often with a picture of the tombstone. May give obituaries, names of family members and links to their information in Find A Grave.
Census
Historical populations
Census Pop.
190028,680
191030,2165.4%
192029,562−2.2%
193028,863−2.4%
194029,4382.0%
195030,6714.2%
196033,6569.7%
197033,538−0.4%
198031,802−5.2%
199030,798−3.2%
200031,1831.3%
IL Counties 1900-1990
CENSUS RECORDS
1830 Sangamon County Census Images
1840 Logan County Census Index
1840 Logan County Census Images
1840 Census Summary
1850 Logan County Census Index
1850 Logan County Census Images
1850 Mortality Tables
1855 Logan County State Census
1855 Illinois Census Images [searchable]
1862 Military Census
1865 Illinois Census Images [searchable]
1860 Mortality Tables
Church Records
1866-1920 Records of the Lincoln Circuit Methodist Churches in Logan County, Illinois. Copied by Mrs. Kenneth Patterson; indexed by Mrs. Jean Hauffe. FHL Collection two fiche and a Book: 977.357 K2p
Baptisms at New Holland Zion Lutheran Church (Genealogy Trails History Group)
St. George Catholic Church Records 1868-1957. by Bill Korstick WorldCat
History of the Eminence Church 1838-1932
Lake Fork Predestinarian Baptists
The History of Logan County, Illinois, by Logan County Heritage Foundation, Dallas Texas. 1982 contains a section on the churches in the county. FHL Book 977.357 H2h
Court Records
Original court records are held in the office of the Circuit Court Clerk. See Illinois Court Records for more information about using court records.
The following abstracts and copies of original records may be accessed through the Family History Library or the Illinois Regional Archives Depository (IRAD) located at the Illinois State University (ISU) - search for Logan County records. For information on how to use IRAD see the ISU IRAD Wiki page.
1857-1944 Circuit Court Case Files IRAD-ISU
1872-1963 Guardians' Records FHL film 1316630 first of 5 films
1857-1945Logan County Circuit Court Criminal Case Files Index
Ethnic Research
African American
The following have information concerning African American research.
Genealogy
Land and Property
Original land records are held in the office of the County Clerk . See Illinois Land and Property for more information about using land records.
Maps
Military Records
For information about using Military records see Illinois Military Records
Veteran's Honor Roll ( Illinois Ancestors ) This site list names alphabetically, service in which war, rank, branch of service, unit, death and cemetery
Revolutionary War
Veterans Burials (Genealogy Trails History Group)
War of 1812
Military Land Grants in Logan County Illinois for Soldiers of the War of 1812 - USGenWeb
Civil War
Civil War service men from Logan County served in various regiments. Men often joined a company (within a regiment) that originated in their county. Listed below are companies or regiments that were formed from men of Logan County.
Cavalry
- 2nd Regiment, Illinois Cavalry, Company B.
- 4th Regiment, Illinois Cavalry, Company H.
- 10th Regiment, Illinois Cavalry, Company G.
- 14th Regiment, Illinois Cavalry, Company D.
Infantry
- 7th Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Company D, Company E, and Company H.
- 28th Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Company K.
- 32nd Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Company B.
- 38th Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Company F.
- 66th Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Company C.
- 68th Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Company H.
- 73rd Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Company F.
- 106th Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Company B, Company C, Company D, Company E, Company F, Company G, Company H, and Company I.
- 108th Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Company H.
- 145th Regiment, Illinois Infantry (100 days, 1864), Company D, and Company H.
- 155th Regiment, Illinois Infantry, Company D.
Civil War Centennial Commission of Illinois. Illinois Military Units in the Civil War. (Springfield: Civil War Centennial Commission of Illinois, 1962). Other libraries with this book. FHL Collection.FHL US/CAN Book 977.3 M2im.
Civil War Dead, Logan County. transcribed by William J. Donath. FHL Collection
This is My Story: Veterans of Logan County Illinois. Logan County Genealogical and Historical Society
Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)
For a list of GAR Post in Illinois additional site for post list Library of Congress
Leo W. Myers Post, Lincoln 1913 - USGenWeb
Sam Walker Post, Mt. Pulaski 1913 - USGenWeb
Indian Wars
Military Land Grants in Logan County Illinois for Soldiers of the Indian Wars - USGenWeb
Pensioners
List of Pensioners on the Roll January 1, 1883
Addenda to Pensioners on the Roll January 1, 1883
World War I
World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 (Ancestry)
World War II
Army Casualties (U.S. National Archives and Record Administration)
FHL book 977.357 M2t v. 2
Naturalization
Original naturalization records are held in the office of the County Clerk. See Illinois Naturalization Records for more information about using naturalization records.
The following copies of original records may be accessed through the Family History Library
1859-1906 Naturalization Records. Illinois County Court. FHL Collection Includes indexes.
Newspapers
Newspapers published in Logan County
Chronicling America ( Library of Congress )
Search for Newspaper Obituaries at Genealogy Bank
Probate Records
Original estates and wills are held in the office of the Circuit Court Clerk. See Illinois Probate Records for more information about using probate records.
The following abstracts and copies of original records may be accessed through the Family History Library or the Illinois Regional Archives Depository (IRAD) located at the Illinois State University (ISU) - search for Logan County records. For information on how to use IRAD see the ISU IRAD Wiki page.
1820-1839 Probate Record IRAD-UIS
1894-1964 Probate Inventory Record IRAD-ISU
1931-1963 Probate Sale Record, Personal Property IRAD-ISU
Probate records available through the Family History Library
1844-1949 Probate Records. Logan, Illinois County Court FHL Collection
1855-1930 Will Records. Logan County Court. FHL Collection
Online Illinois Probate Records:
At FamilySearch
Repositories
IRAD is a system of Illinois Regional Archives Depositories managed by the Illinois State Archives, housing the archival records of local Illinois counties, townships, municipalities and school districts. The seven Regional Depositories are housed on state university campuses scattered throughout Illinois. Illinois State University houses the records for Logan County.
County Courthouse
County records are most often kept at the County Courthouse or another local repository. For further information about where the records for Logan County are kept, see the Logan County Courthouse page.
Family History Center
Family History Centers (FHCs) are branches of the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah (United States) and are located all over the world. Their goal is to provide resources to assist you in the research and study of your genealogy. Currently there are no Family History Centers located directly in Logan County.
You may search your address for a center near you on the FamilySearch site. Find a FamilySearch Center
The following centers are located in surrounding counties. Their wiki pages may supply hours and other information.
Springfield Illinois Family History Center
3601 Buckeye Dr.
Springfield, Illinois 62707
217-529-7930
Illinois Regional Archives Depository (IRAD)
Illinois State Universtiy
2016 Warehouse Road Campus
Box 1520
Normal, Illinois 61802
Phone: 1-309-452-6027
Illinois Regional Archives Depository System - Local Governmental Records Listings Arranged by County
Public Libraries
School Records
1897-1901 School Pupil Roster and inventory record, Girls Industrial's IRAD-ISU
1920-1948 School Pupil Diploma Records IRAD-ISU
Social Groups Online
Societies
Logan County Genealogical and Historical Society, 114 N. Chicago Street, Lincoln, IL 62656 1-217- 732-3200
Taxation
Vital Records
See Illinois Vital Records for more information about Vital records in Illinois.
Order Birth and Death Certificates Online
Birth
Marriage
1820-1839 Marriage Records at IRAD-UIS
1857-1865 Marriage Record Index IRAD-ISU
1857-1901 Marriage Record IRAD-ISU
Death
Deaths in Logan County, Illinois (Genealogy Trails)
Places / Localities
Web Sites
Databases Pertinent to Logan County
Local Governmental Records Database
Name Index to Illinois Local Governments
Illinois Statewide Marriage Index
Illinois Statewide Death Index, 1916–1950
Illinois Public Domain Land Tract Sales Database
Federal Township Plats of Illinois
Logan County Circuit Court Criminal Case Files Index (1857–1945)
References
1. The Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, UT: Everton Publishers, 2002), 196. (FHL Collection Ref Book 973 D27e 2002). WorldCat entry.
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2024-06-03T21:29:49.458Z
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2013-05-18T08:39:00.000Z
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vvpuhzia66c7jtwpylf525kzwtie2f3r
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:56193",
"uncompressed_offset": 122412095,
"url": "josm.openstreetmap.de/ticket/2816",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:58:57.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:d37fee34-d42d-44d7-ad3f-db4bcbb9af99>",
"warc_url": "http://josm.openstreetmap.de/ticket/2816"
}
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cccc_CC-MAIN-2013-20
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Modify
Opened 4 years ago
Closed 4 years ago
#2816 closed defect (invalid)
crash when updating data
Reported by: AndDiehl Owned by: AndDiehl
Priority: major Component: Core
Version: Keywords:
Cc:
Description
A crash of josm seems to have corrupted some parts of the map. When updating, a
NullPointerException was thrown.
Path: trunk
URL: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn/trunk
Repository Root: http://josm.openstreetmap.de/svn
Repository UUID: 0c6e7542-c601-0410-84e7-c038aed88b3b
Revision: 1729
Node Kind: directory
Last Changed Author: stoecker
Last Changed Rev: 1729
Last Changed Date: 2009-07-04 14:53:24 +0200 (Sat, 04 Jul 2009)
Memory Usage: 49 MB / 1016 MB (3 MB allocated, but free)
Java version: 1.6.0_0
java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.openstreetmap.josm.actions.downloadtasks.DownloadOsmTaskList.getDownloadedIds(DownloadOsmTaskList.java:184)
at org.openstreetmap.josm.actions.downloadtasks.DownloadOsmTaskList.run(DownloadOsmTaskList.java:101)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1110)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:603)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:636)
Attachments (0)
Change History (2)
comment:1 Changed 4 years ago by stoecker
• Owner changed from team to AndDiehl
• Status changed from new to needinfo
comment:2 Changed 4 years ago by Gubaer
• Resolution set to invalid
• Status changed from needinfo to closed
Modify Ticket
Change Properties
<Author field>
Action
as closed .
as The resolution will be set. Next status will be 'closed'.
The resolution will be deleted. Next status will be 'reopened'.
Author
E-mail address and user name can be saved in the Preferences.
Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.
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bxlq7fcxucewlzbhtzqmdg5v3idvjrod
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:56195",
"uncompressed_offset": 123528319,
"url": "journals.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/5755/0",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:58:57.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:d37fee34-d42d-44d7-ad3f-db4bcbb9af99>",
"warc_url": "http://journals.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/5755/0"
}
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DOUBLE WALLED, LOW REFLECTION WAVE BARRIERS
R.J. Cox, P.R. Horton, S.H. Bettington
Abstract
The effectiveness of a second perforated barrier seaward of a solid wave barrier in significantly reducing wave reflections and simultaneously improving wave protection is demonstrated in the paper. The indicated optimum seaward wall porosities and overall widths can be readily incorporated into practical structural designs for small craft facilities in relatively sheltered waters with limited wave periods. Results of an extended laboratory testing program and specific application to a recently designed and constructed structure are presented.
Keywords
wave barrier; reflection; double walled barrier
Full Text: PDF
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
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2dnasrv3mmkhxe344hyfckllbictm7yf
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{
"content_type": "text/html",
"provenance": "cccc-CC-MAIN-2013-20-0000.json.gz:56200",
"uncompressed_offset": 135712699,
"url": "listarchives.libreoffice.org/global/users/msg21594.html",
"warc_date": "2013-11-22T19:58:57.000Z",
"warc_filename": "<urn:uuid:d37fee34-d42d-44d7-ad3f-db4bcbb9af99>",
"warc_url": "http://listarchives.libreoffice.org/global/users/msg21594.html"
}
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[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
[libreoffice-users] Re: Using and Formatting Logical Functions in Calc
On 6/30/12 5:28 AM, Dan wrote:
When it comes to databases, it is always a matter of planning and
designing. Doing this correctly may result in a subcompact car rather
than a Mack truck for a simple database. Obviously, when you want more a
more complex output, it will increase in complexity.
That is so true. You have to cover all of the "bases" of what your want to be able to do with the data before you even begin to design.
What frustrates me is there seems to be very few "simple and easy" to grasp and use database programs anymore. Everything is migrating to the power that MS Access (the Mack truck) has, when possibly all you need is an electronic 3X5 file card system (compact pickup).
I was going to create a simple relational database for my inlaws, but it didn't require the complexity and sophistication of Access. I thought I'd found one, I knew exactly what I wanted and needed it to do, but when I got far enough along, I found out the reporting section couldn't access data from multiple databases. That did me no good.
I would think that the same thing holds for creating a
spreadsheet: take the time to plan and design what you want. This plan
must contain enough detail to describe every function to be used in the
spreadsheet, and the functions' input requirements and output
characteristics. Without a good plan and design, the results are likely
to be rather poor. Problems are likely that have to be corrected which
takes time and can create frustration.
As I just wrote to Andreas, it wasn't the logic or anything else that was the issue, it was how to get it correctly entered that was the problem. And I personally didn't find the Function Wizard to be that helpful the first time out. I found it easier to just experiment manually entering various combinations till I found the answer. Maybe that way was easier for me, as the first spreadsheet I ever used was VisiCalc for the Atari 800.
--
Ken
Mac OS X 10.6.8
Firefox 13.0.1
Thunderbird 13.0.1
LibreOffice 3.5.2.2
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